Background.

While they never considered each other primary rivals, as two of the biggest and most successful clubs in London there has always been strong needle between the fans dating back to the 1930s. Matches between them would often attract large attendances.  The Arsenal and Chelsea rivalry has been more recently considered an important derby, after Chelsea's rise to the top class of the Premier League in the 2000s, when the two started to compete constantly for the Premier League title.  According to an internet survey of fans in December 2003, the Arsenal fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Chelsea as their third rival, after Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur.  Those Chelsea fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Arsenal as their main rival, however Tottenham and Fulham are their more traditional rivals.  In a 2009 survey by the Football Fans Census, Arsenal fans named Chelsea as the club they disliked the most, ahead of their traditional rivals Tottenham. Chelsea fans named Arsenal as their second most-disliked club, behind Liverpool. A 2014 Bleacher Report article ranks Arsenal as Chelsea's second-most hated rival.

History.

The first league meeting between the two teams took place on 9 November 1907 at Stamford Bridge. This was the first Football League First Division game played between two London clubs and drew a crowd of 65,000. A match between the clubs at Stamford Bridge in 1935 drew a crowd of 82,905, the second highest recorded attendance for an English league match. They met in two close contested FA Cup semi-finals in the 1950s, with Arsenal winning both times. In the 1960s Chelsea dominated the tie with 14 wins, two draws and just two losses during the decade.  The two teams have met in the quarter-finals of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League, with Chelsea winning 3–2 on aggregate to go through to the semi-finals.  In 2006, the transfer of Ashley Cole from Arsenal to Chelsea further stoked the rivalry, as Cole had been caught meeting Chelsea officials months before.  The 2007 Football League Cup Final was one of the most noted incidents. The game was marred by a fracas involving Frank Lampard, Cesc Fàbregas and others that resulted in yellow cards for the two and three other players sent off, the dismissal of Emmanuel Adebayor and incidents of Chelsea fans throwing celery at Arsenal players. This led the media to dub it the "Snarling Cup final". The match ended in a 2–1 victory for Chelsea.  On 27 December 2010, Chelsea came into the Emirates having beaten Arsenal five times in a row by a goal differential of 13–2. Arsenal, however, were victorious, 3–1.  On 29 October 2011, another game was played at Stamford Bridge. Arsenal won 5–3 with Robin van Persie scoring a hat-trick and André Santos and Theo Walcott scoring one goal each. Frank Lampard, John Terry and Juan Mata scored the goals for Chelsea. On 22 March 2014, in Arsène Wenger's 1,000th game in charge, Chelsea won 6–0. This marked the most goals Chelsea had scored against Arsenal, Chelsea's biggest margin of victory against Arsenal and the joint heaviest margin of defeat suffered by Wenger at Arsenal. Notable incidents in the match included Chelsea jumping out to a three-goal lead inside of 15 minutes, as well as the sending off of Kieran Gibbs by referee Andre Marriner for a handball committed by his teammate Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.  On 5 October 2014, Chelsea beat Arsenal 2–0, which meant Arsenal manager Wenger had not won against José Mourinho in twelve attempts. This game also featured former Arsenal captain Cesc Fàbregas playing against his former club for Chelsea for the first time, recording an assist on Diego Costa's goal. The match, however, is most notable for a touchline fracas that occurred between the managers in the technical area during the fierce match.  On 2 August 2015, Wenger finally recorded a win against Mourinho, defeating Chelsea 1–0 in the 2015 FA Community Shield.  On 24 September 2016, Arsenal beat Chelsea 3–0 at the Emirates Stadium. It was the first time Arsenal scored against Chelsea since 2013, and Arsenal's first win over The Blues since 2011 in the Premier League. All three goals were scored in the first half by Alexis Sánchez, Theo Walcott and Mesut Özil. It was Arsenal's biggest win over Chelsea since 1997.  On 4 February 2017, Chelsea beat Arsenal 3–1. Former Arsenal captain Cesc Fàbregas scored Chelsea's third goal.  The two teams have met in the 2017 FA Cup Final, where Arsenal won their record 13th FA Cup trophy by defeating Chelsea 2–1. Arsenal repeated the feat in the 2017 FA Community Shield, winning 4–1 on penalties after the match ended 1–1. It was also the first time the "ABBA" penalty taking system has been used by The Football Association. On 29 May 2019, the two teams met in their first-ever European final, doing so in the Europa League, where Chelsea defeated Arsenal 4–1 to clinch their second title in the competition. The game was also the final career match of Petr Čech, who played for both teams between 2004 and 2019.  In December 29 2019 Arsenal coach Mikel Arteta lost is first home game to Chelsea. The match ended with Arsenal 1-2 Chelsea Premier league

Statistics.

"As of 21 January 2020"

The Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry, also known as the North West London derby, is a rivalry between London-based professional association football clubs Arsenal and Chelsea. Arsenal play their home games at the Emirates Stadium, while Chelsea play their home games at Stamford Bridge.


Life.

Charles-Grégoire was born and baptised at Cherbonnières, roughly 19 km (13 miles) to the east of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, between Poitiers and Bordeaux in rural western France. He was a younger son of Henri-Charles de Beauchamps (1701-1777), lord of the manor at Cherbonnières. His mother, Madeleine-Dorothée de Lescours, was probably also of aristocratic provenance. He embarked on his military career late in 1757 when he took part in the disastrous (for France) Battle of Rossbach, receiving but surviving fourteen injuries, and retaining his "colours", albeit in a badly shredded condition. He was awarded the Cross of St Louis for his valour and progressed with a military career that took him, eventually, to the rank of a Maréchal de camp.  In April 1789, with the government in financial crisis, the French parliament (States General) was summoned for the first time since 1614 in order to come up with ideas for solving the government's cash shortage. As matters turned out, delegates arrived with their own agendas and the French revolution broke out a couple of months later. The parliament was divided into three classes (estates): Church, Nobility and Commoners. The Marquis of Beauchamps, by now a cavalry colonel, had been elected in March to the Second Estate and proved a passionate supporter of the threatened Ancien Régime. Mindful that his skills were better suited to fighting with a sword than with words, he persuaded his friend Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély to present a powerful protest on his behalf against the actions of the States General, which d'Angély duly did, even though Beauchamps's conservative views were contrary to his own position.  The early years of the French Revolution found the Marquis of Beauchamps on the wrong side of events, and he emigrated to Liège where he had property and family connections. His wife was the sister of one mayor of that city and had been the widow of another. However, as the Revolutionary army rolled across into what later became Belgium his estates in Liège were confiscated and he was driven into a remoter exile, staying with the Duke of Brunswick who was another (more distant) relative. By 1802 much of the earlier revolutionary savagery had been diverted into a more conventional war of territorial conquest and he had been able to return home, greatly impoverished but alive.  At the start of 1802 he was still banned from France, and Beauchamps again requested a favour of his former neighbour and friend, Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély, who by now held a senior government position and was on excellent terms with the First Consul. Initially, however, d'Angély reported that he had been unable to have Beauchamps' name removed from the banned list, because of information found in police files. Beauchamps quickly expressed his conviction that his name must be on the police list because of the passionate protest which d'Angély had himself composed on his behalf thirteen years earlier, against the actions of the States General. Regardless of whether or not this was indeed the cause of the problem, by the end of 1802 d'Angély had succeeded in getting the ban on Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps lifted.  With the Bourbon Restoration in 1814 the Marquis of Beauchamps lost no time in rediscovering his enthusiasm for the monarchy, and early in 1815, before Napoleon's brief return to France, the 84 year old Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps had written a letter of eye-watering but presumably appropriate obsequiousness to the relatively youthful the king. He was promoted to Maréchal de camp on 29 February 1816 and died fifteen months later. Sources differ as to whether he died at his Paris home at Rue St-André-des-Arts 55, or at Saint-Jean-d'Angély, close to his birthplace in rural western France. It was in any event at Saint-Jean-d'Angély that his body was buried.

Personal.

Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps married, as his first wife. Marie Anne Jeanne Françoise van Buel (1710-1778) on 7 June 1761 at Liège, at that time in the Austrian Netherlands. She came from a leading family in the city. His second marriage, which took place around 1785, was to Louise-Hélène de Rosen (ca. 1749-1789), who came from another leading Liege family.  Outside his marriage he had a daughter with Ferdinande de Horion, the young third wife of (and a niece of François-Charles de Velbrück). His paternity was freely acknowledged by all concerned and the girl, known as Catherine de Saintes, later went on to marry Antoine-Augustin Renouard and become the matriarch of a prominent Paris dynasty.

Charles-Grégoire, the Marquis of Beauchamps (25 July 1731 - 5 May 1817) was a French military general and politician. During the run up to the revolution he sat as a "second estate" member of the States General in the summer of 1789.


History.

In 1981 two researchers, Garold Stasser and William Titus, set out to challenge strongly-held beliefs about group decision making. The researchers attempted to use a number of formal models to identify what would happen when people are not fully informed. One of these was the persuasive argument theory (PAT). The theory, in this case, would state that polarization of judgments is due to culturally pooled arguments. This will bolster popularly held beliefs and arguments, yet not take into account unshared information. The novelty of arguments, on the other hand, does create change, but PAT assumes they are consistent with the norm. Stasser and Titus posit that this is not always the case. Through providing selective, unique information, they felt they could separate informational influence and normative influence. Though they ultimately found opposing results, they had devised "hidden profiles".

Causes.

Hidden profiles occur when some information is shared among group members and other pieces of information remain unshared. This phenomenon has a tendency to co-occur and interact with the shared information bias to produce poor decisions. Though each person in a group will have unique knowledge, group members will have the propensity to discuss already shared information. The motivation to do so will be to reach a consensus. This, however, does not yield the optimal decision choice. Initial decision preferences differ from what is ideal, but integrating the unique knowledge of individual group members will allow the optimal decision to be realized.  Stewart and Stasser (1998) state that shared information bias, and in turn hidden profiles, occur more often for judgment-based tasks because of the ultimate goal of reaching consensus. To support this, a meta-analysis of information sharing and teams by Mesmer-Magnus and DeChurch (2009) found that information sharing most affected intellectual tasks. These findings supported Laughlin’s (1980, 1996) claim that intellectual tasks require more information sharing. That is, tasks featuring a hidden profile were less affected by the shared information bias when they were intellectually based (i.e., goal of correctness) rather than judgmentally based (i.e., goal of consensus).  One issue with hidden profiles is the time dedicated to discussion. Shared and unshared information are markedly different in the amount time each is debated in group discussion. In other words, shared information is discussed far more often than novel, unshared information. This unbalanced approach to group decision making does not yield optimal decision choices. This effect is even more prominent for judgmental tasks, as discussed above. Due to this, though an optimal decision is attainable, it will likely not be realized. In hidden profile situations, groups rarely find the alternative decision, likely the optimal one.  One’s affect may also have an effect. When in a group setting, the unbalanced time dedication to shared information may be due to the uncomfortable nature of sharing novel, unique information. Discussing shared information can help to enhance other’s evaluation of a person, while unique information may impair on evaluation. As well, affect does influence reception of knowledge. In a series of studies, it was found that knowledge transfer of novel ideas is greater for those with a positive affect rather than those with a negative affect. This trend does not implicate the sender of information, but the receiver. However, if pairs are affect-congruent (negative-negative, positive-positive) rather than affect-incongruent, knowledge transfer is greater.

A hidden profile is a paradigm that occurs in the process of group decision making. It is found in a situation when part of some information is shared among group members (i.e. all members possess this information prior to discussion), whereas other pieces of information are unshared (i.e. information known to only one member prior to discussion). Furthermore, shared information and unshared information have different decisional implications, and the alternative implied by the unshared information is the correct one given all information available to the group. However, no group member can detect this best solution on the basis of her or his individual information prior to discussion; it can only be found by pooling the unshared information during group discussion. This topic is one of many topics studied in social psychology.


Design.

The decision to create the museum was made by the Menton city council in December 2003. An international competition was held by the council in 2007, with a winner for the design of the museum announced in June 2008. The foundation stone was laid in December 2008, with the shell completed in January 2011. The competition to design the museum building was won by French architect Rudy Ricciotti, an exponent of 'hedonist architecture' in the 1980s. Ricciotti had previously designed the new Islamic art wing at the Louvre, among other cultural commissions. Ricciotti's design was directly inspired by Cocteau's life and work, he has said of the museum's design that "Black and white no longer serve as colours here...they create an interplay of structural forces calling to mind both the artist’s works on paper and the poet’s personality, his zones of light and darkness, his enigmatic self-mythology fueled by contrasts." The distinctive facade of the building has been variously described as "...like a fierce set of teeth or a string of alabaster forearms holding up the sky" and "...like a spider, with jagged black pillars sprawling leg-like over the building".  Among the financial backers of the museum was Pierre Bergé, partner of the late Yves Saint Laurent. The museum took eight years to create, and is 29,000 sq ft in size.

Collection.

Divided into seven parts, the museum contains almost 1000 graphic works by Cocteau, with the majority of the collection from collector Severin Wunderman. Wunderman was 19 when he began collecting works by Cocteau. He had offered his collection to the University of Texas, but later withdrew the offer, keeping his collection in his own Cocteau museum in Irvine, California, which he dedicated in 1985. He would frequently lend pieces to exhibitions and shows.  The scope of the collection spans early avant-garde graphic works with pencil, pastel, and watercolours on paper, to his films, with extensive clips from his "Orphic Trilogy". As well as Cocteau's work, the museum contains a collection of 240 original photographic prints by Lucien Clergue relating to the work of Cocteau, mostly taken during the filming of Testament of Orpheus.  The work Cocteau left upon his death in 1963 was catalogued by Annie Guédras, who identified at least three dozen fakes and copies among the pieces, some of which were destined for Wunderman's donation to the museum. The museum did eventually withdraw the works in question. Guédras later felt that she was excluded from the Cocteau Committee that created the museum in the early 2000s because of her discovery.  A documentation centre for Cocteau's work is based at the museum, which contains books, magazines, journals, catalogues, and monographs on Cocteau. An Office of Graphic Art at the museum conserves the collection when not on display. The museum also features a cafe, shop, and spaces to hire.

Jean Cocteau and Menton.

From 1950 onwards, Jean Cocteau was a frequent guest at Francine Weisweiller's villa "Santo Sospir" in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat on the French Riviera. In 1955, he was invited to attend the Classical Music Festival in nearby Menton. Delighted by the experience, he developed an attachment to the town and befriended the mayor, who suggested he decorate the town's wedding hall. In recognition of this work, which Cocteau accomplished in 1957 and 1958, Menton declared him an honorary citizen. The Cocteau hall remains to this day a popular venue for weddings in the town.  In September 1957, the mayor of Menton also offered Cocteau to create a museum in the Bastion, a then disused 17th century fort situated near the harbor. Enthusiastic about the project, the artist worked on rearranging and decorating the building in his last years, as well as selecting the pieces he wanted exhibited there. The Bastion museum opened to the public in 1966, three years after Cocteau's death.

Temporary closure.

On the night between 29 and 30 October 2018, a severe storm hit the Menton region. The museum, which is around 50 metres away from the shore, was hit by waves and its basement was flooded. The museum's management (Menton's city council) had decided to store a number of works in the basement. Those works were damaged by seawater, and the ground floor was also partially flooded. As a result of the storm, management decided to shut down the museum until further notice in order to allow for restoration of the damaged works at several locations throughout France. As of mid-April 2019, the museum was still closed "for repairs (travaux)" and Menton's tourist office informally stated that the museum might remain closed until autumn 2019, although no official expected date of reopening has ever been specified by Menton's municipality. In the meantime, a partial exhibition has been set up at the Bastion Museum. Menton's Bastion is a small fort built in 1619 overlooking the Mediterranean Sea; it withstood the October 2018 storm and subsequent floods.

The Jean Cocteau Museum/Séverin Wunderman Collection is a museum in Menton, on the French Riviera, in the Alpes-Maritimes department. Dedicated to the French artist Jean Cocteau, it incorporates the collection of American businessman and Cocteau enthusiast Séverin Wunderman.


Route description.

I-435, a loop route of I-35, is long and intersects with nearly every other interstate highway in the Kansas City area (except for I-635 and I-670). An additional near Kansas City International Airport is signed along with I-29 and U.S. Route 71 (US 71), making I-435 the second-longest complete beltway numbered as a single Interstate Highway in the U.S., and seventh longest in the world after Cincinnati, Ohio's I-275 at, Houston, Texas's Beltway 8 at, Berlin's Bundesautobahn 10 at, and London's M25 motorway at as well as Beijing’s 7th and 8th ring roads. The majority——of I-435 is within the state of Missouri, and most of that roadway lies within the city limits of Kansas City. The first/last exit is at I-435's parent route, I-35, in Lenexa, Kansas. Going clockwise around Kansas City, the next interchange is exit 1A for Lackman Road. The milepost numbers do not start over when I-435 crosses the state line, but where it shares the same roadway as I-29, the latter's milepost (and therefore exit) numbering takes precedence.

History.

I-435 in Kansas City was built piece by piece starting in the mid-1960s and not finished until 1987.  In 1965, the first segment of I-435 was built and opened between I-35 and US-69 (which at that time was signed with Metcalf Avenue) near Overland Park, Kansas. A second segment was opened the same year between I-70 and US-50 in eastern Kansas City, Missouri, but the two were not connected.  By 1968, the eastern segment of I-435 was extended south to Gregory Boulevard and north past 23rd Street/Route 78.  By 1969, I-435 was fully built between these two segments, through southern and eastern Kansas City.  By 1971, the freeway was extended from 23rd Street/Route 78 to US-24.  In 1973, I-435 was extended north from the former terminus of US-24 across the Missouri River to I-35 in Claycomo. It now extended halfway around the city.  In 1983, a small segment was opened on the outskirts of Kansas City north between US-169 and Route 291 near Kansas City International Airport (KCI).  By 1985, this small segment was connected with the rest of the freeway. A segment was built heading almost due north from I-35 in Claycomo to Route 291/Cookingham Drive at North Reinking Road, curving due west from there to US-169. In this year, the southwest end was also extended to K-10.  In 1987, the freeway was opened all the way around the city. The northwest end was signed on I-29 for northwest, then exited, near Platte City and bore south on the west side of KCI. It crossed several small highways before crossing the Missouri River into Wyandotte County, Kansas. It continued generally south or southwest, crossed several state highways and I-70, then the Kaw River, before connecting with the former southwest end at K-10.

Interstate 435 (I-435) is an Interstate Highway beltway that encircles much of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the states of Kansas and Missouri in the United States.


Early life.

Martini was born in Oderzo, Veneto and received his early training in drawing and painting from his father, who was a portrait painter and a professor of drawing at the Istituto Technico in Treviso.

Career.

Much of his career was spent illustrating famous literary works. In 1895 he began the first series of illustrations for Luigi Pulci's "Morgante Maggiore" and for Alessandro Tassoni's "La secchia rapita". During this time he had his first exhibit which was a series of fourteen paintings from the anthology "La corte dei miracoli" at the Venice Biennale in 1897, where his drawings of beggars were described as "picturesquely grotesque". In 1898 he moved to Monaco and worked as an illustrator for the magazines Dekorative Kunst and "Jugend". In 1901 he illustrated an edition of "La Divina Commedia". Beginning in July 1905, he produced 132 ink illustrations, which were described as "macabre", for the stories of Edgar Allan Poe which he worked on until 1909 and "inaugurated a period of great creative intensity within the graphics of literary inspiration." His work was clearly influenced by such artists as Albrecht Dürer, Urs Graf, Pieter Bruegel, Lucas Cranach, Albrecht Altdorfer, and Joseph Sattler whose work he had studied.  In 1907, he had his first solo show in London and met the publisher William Heinemann who went on to use some of Martini's illustrations. The death of his father in 1910, brought him back to Italy where he moved with his mother to a country home near Treviso. There he continued to illustrate great literary works such as Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and poems for Paul Verlaine. From 1915 to 1920 he devoted time to painting, mostly pastels, in the theme of woman-butterfly and did a series of "elegant" lithographs titled "Farfalle" (Butterflies) which were good examples of his proto-Surrealism.  At the outbreak of World War I, Martini designed a series of "frightening" propaganda postcards called "Danza Macabra Europea", to be distributed to the allies against the Austro-Hungarian empire. From 1912 to 1923 he continued to illustrate literary works and was commissioned to paint Marchesa Luisa Casati, Countess Revedin and Paola D'Ostheim and others. He continued to have many exhibits in London, Liverpool, Bologna, Milan and at the Venice Biennale. In 1923, he wrote "Vita d'artista". He had innovative ideas about theater and set design which he illustrated and published in the book "Il Tetiteatro" in 1923. The next year he met and married artist Maria Petringa and she became a source of inspiration for many of his works.

Later years.

He became disappointed and resentful toward Italian critics who, in the late twenties, seemed to ignore his work so he moved to Paris in 1928. From 1929 to 1934 he produced a large number of paintings, which he called "paintings with the colors of the sky". Although his wife remained in Italy, they corresponded and saw each other periodically and he returned to Italy in 1934. Around 1940 he published a satirical journal, "Perseus", with drawings and cartoons. In 1946 he was awarded a diploma of honor by the Museum of Fine Arts in Nancy. He did a series of lithographs for "Life of the Virgin and other poems" by Rainer Maria Rilke which he finished in 1952. Alberto Martini continued to paint "with considerable expressive effect" until the end. He died in Milan on November 8, 1954.

Alberto Martini (November 24, 1876 – November 8, 1954) was an Italian painter, engraver, illustrator and graphic designer. Critics have described Martini's range of work from "elegant and epic" to "grotesque and macabre" and consider him one of the precursors of Surrealism.


Route description.

I-635 begins at an intersection with I-20 in southeast Dallas, and travels northward through Balch Springs into Mesquite, where it intersects U.S. Highway 80 (US 80) and I-30. The route then turns to the northwest, continuing near the border between Dallas and Garland. later is takes a general westward turn as it intersects US 75 at the High Five Interchange. The section from I-35E to US 75 (Central Expressway) is one of the busiest stretches of road in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, at virtually all hours of the day and night. The route continues west, intersecting the Dallas North Tollway and its original terminus, I-35E in Farmers Branch. The freeway then continues to the northwest, intersecting the President George Bush Turnpike in Irving before arriving at its final terminus at SH 121 at the north entrance to the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport.

History.

I-635 was originally designated by the Texas Department of Transportation in 1959 as a loop around the eastern side of Dallas, connecting with I-35E to the northwest and southwest sides of the city.  In January 1969, the first section to open to motorists was a section from US 75 (now SH 310) near Hutchins to Barnes Bridge in Mesquite. In February 1970, the highway from US 75 westward to I-35E northwest of Dallas opened to traffic. The I-635 designation was truncated on December 2, 1971 when I-20 was rerouted south of Dallas, taking over of I-635's former route.  The connecting section of I-20 from the west was not completed until 1978. Initially, the section between I-35E and US 80 in southeast Dallas was concurrent with I-20. When the outlet for I-20 from southeast of Dallas to Terrell was completed, the I-635 designation was removed from I-35E to its intersection with I-20. On April 1, 1968, Texas State Highway Loop 635 was designated from I-35E and I-635 to Spur 459 at the north entrance of DFW Airport. Spur 459 became part of a rerouted SH 121 on July 31, 1969. On July 31, 1974, Loop 635 was redesignated as part of I-635, and this section was opened in the 1980s.

Later changes.

The High Five construction project (so called because it is five levels and rises almost above the lowest level), a rebuild of the interchange of I-635 and US 75, was opened for traffic in February 2006. This interchange carries over 500,000 vehicles per day and was built as the largest interchange in the state of Texas to handle this vehicle load.

Express project.

A $2.7 billion project was started on May 16, 2011, to widen I-635 and dig subsequent high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane tunnels beneath the primary roadway from I-35E to the High Five Interchange, a length of. Construction time was estimated in 2011 at five years and was completed and opened for traffic on September 10, 2015. The new freeway features tolled express lanes, known as TEXpress lanes, in between the main lanes or underneath them. The cost to drive on them fluctuates based on the current flow of traffic at the time. The project is among several billion dollar plus projects in the planning phase in and around downtown Dallas along with the rebuild of the I-35E & I-30 "Mixmaster".

Interstate 635 (I-635) is a partial loop around Dallas, Texas, in the United States between I-20 in Balch Springs and State Highway 121 (SH 121) at the north entrance of the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport in Grapevine. It intersects I-35E at exits 27B–C, but does not connect with I-35W. Portions of I-635 and I-20 are collectively designated as the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway; known locally as the LBJ Freeway, or simply LBJ. The roadway is named after Lyndon B. Johnson, the former U.S. Senator from Texas, 37th Vice President, and the 36th President of the United States.


Biography.

Early life.

Enriqueta Harris Frankfort was born on 17 May 1910 in Hampstead, London. Her father, Lionel Harris, was an English art dealer specialising in Spanish paintings, and her mother, Enriqueta Rodriguez, was a Spanish woman who converted to Judaism to marry him. Harris was raised as a Jew, and had one elder brother, Tomás Harris, who was an intelligence agent in World War II and art collector. She was introduced to the world of art at an early age. She attended University College London in 1928 to read the Italian and French languages. Harris was one of the university's first students to enroll in art history courses that were introduced in the curriculum in her second year. She graduated in 1931 but stayed in London to do a Doctor of Philosophy degree under the art historian Tancred Borenius, completing a thesis on the followers of painter Francisco Goya in 1934.

Career.

With a grant from the Leverhulme Foundation, Harris travelled to Spain to research Caravaggio's influence on 17th-century Spanish paintings combining a part-time teaching job at the Courtauld Institute of Art. She attempted to find a museum job but almost none had positions open for women. In Spain Harris met art historian August Liebmann Mayer and became friends with future Museo del Prado director Diego Angulo Íñiguez and the poet Manuel Altolaguirre. She also came into contact with scientists who had emigrated from Germany to the United Kingdom. In 1938, Harris's first book, "The Golden Age of Spanish Art," was published. Towards the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War, she arranged for the temporary accommodation of Basque refugee children in England, and then worked for the Ministry of Information's Spanish section, which encouraged Spain to stay neutral during World War II.  Despite the time spent billeting children Harris still conducted her own research while spending six months as a tuition fellow at New York University. She remained in contact with friends during World War II, visiting them at weekends, organising their photographic collections and working in their gardens. After the war ended in 1945 Harris renewed her contract with the Warburg Institute and was offered a post in the institute's Photographic Collection two years later. At the Warburg she met Henri Frankfort, a distinguished archaeologist and the institute's director, and married him in 1952 after Frankort divorced his wife. Their marriage ended two years later following Frankort's death. Harris returned to her position at the Warburg Institute as her marriage led to her resigning her job. She spent multiple years reviewing books and attending exhibitions saw new articles relating to Diego Velázquez's paintings and life.

Later career and death.

Harris served on the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition's executive committee of 1963–64 and produced a conglomeration of Goya-related articles which had little or unknown information about the painter. She later published an appraisal of his life and work in a book for Phaidon Press in 1969. The following year she announced her retirement from the university. Her book on Velázquez was published in 1982. During Harris's later years arthritis made it more difficult for her to travel and work in libraries, but formed collaborative enterprises with her extensive knowledge and shrewd judgement at the disposition of younger scholars. She funded lecture series at University College London and fellowships at the Warburg Institute.  Harris's work on Spanish paintings garnered widespread recognition in the country, being made a Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando corresponding member in Madrid. In 1989 she received the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts from Juan Carlos I, and the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic in 2002. The published homage of the Friends of the Prado Museum Foundation came in 2002. She died on 22 April 2006 at the age of 95. Harris was survived by her stepson and his family. The Warburg Institute holds material bequeathed by Harris in its Photographic Collection. They include her personal papers and photographs connected to her lifetime's work.

Enriqueta Harris Frankort (17 May 1910 — 22 April 2006) was a British art historian and writer who specialised in Spanish art. Born into a family with an English father and a Spanish mother, she attended the University College London to read modern languages and later studied a Doctor of Philosophy art degree under Tancred Borenius. Harris travelled to Spain to research Caravaggio's influence on 17th-century Spanish paintings and her first book was published in 1938. She billeted Basque child refugees during the Spanish Civil War and worked with the Ministry of Information to keep Spain neutral during World War II. After the war ended she worked in the Warburg Institute and was offered the post in their photographic collection in 1947. Harris worked there until her retirement albeit for two years when she was married to the institution's director Henri Frankort. Her work on Spanish paintings earned her widespread recognition in the country and received multiple awards and honours.


Geography.

Centerville sits at the center of Hickman County, in the valley of the Duck River, a west-flowing tributary of the Tennessee River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it recorded as land.

Transportation.

Tennessee State Route 100 is the main road running the length of the town. It leads northeast to Nashville, the state capital, and southwest to Linden. Tennessee State Route 50 passes through the southern part of Centerville, leading northwest to Interstate 40 (via exit 148) near Only and southeast to Columbia. The town limits extend north from the town center along SR 100 to the formerly unincorporated community of Fairfield, where State Route 48 leads northwest to Interstate 40 at Exit 163.  Centerville and Hickman County are served by Centerville Municipal Airport (IATA code GHM), a city-owned public-use airport located three miles (5 km) north of downtown.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,793 people, 1,563 households, and 997 families residing in the town. The population density was 348.4 people per square mile (134.5/km). There were 1,688 housing units at an average density of 155.0 per square mile (59.8/km). The racial makeup of the town was 93.51% White, 4.77% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.03% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.  There were 1,563 households, out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.89.  In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $24,824, and the median income for a family was $35,448. Males had a median income of $29,693 versus $20,688 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,947. About 15.1% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.1% of those under age 18 and 21.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Centerville is governed by a mayor, vice mayor, and a board of 10 aldermen. It uses the council-manager government style of government. The mayor is elected to a four-year term. Each alderman represents one of five wards and is elected to a four-year term. Aldermen elections are staggered every two years, with one alderman from each ward being elected in each election. The vice mayor is selected from the board of aldermen.  The current mayor is Gary Jacobs. The current vice mayor is Mike Elkins. The current Board of Aldermen consists of:  "* designates vice mayor. Term expiration dates in parenthesis."

Notable people.

Notable people who were born in Centerville or lived in the community include:

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Centerville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Centerville is a town in Hickman County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,644 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat, and the only incorporated city or town in Hickman County. It is probably best known for being the hometown of country comedian Minnie Pearl.


Family and early life.

Ramaswami came from one of the leading sports families in India. He was the youngest son of Buchi Babu Naidu, often considered the father of South Indian cricket. His two brothers, son and four nephews all played first class cricket.  When the only brother of his mother died young, Ramaswami was given in adoption to his maternal grandfather, which led to his family name being different from that of his brothers.  He studied in Wesley High School, Wesley College and the Presidency. On one occasion while at Wesley, he put on more than 200 runs for the last wicket to win a match after his team was 50 for nine, himself scoring 188*.

Cambridge.

He joined Cambridge University in 1919 where he studied until 1923. In the summer of 1920, he won singles the Doherty Cup tennis tournament open to all students in the university. He won a 'half blue' that year, representing Cambridge in the doubles, and earned a blue in 1921. On a tour of Holland, he won the singles and the doubles partnering S. M. Hadi - another future first class cricketer.  In 1922, Ramaswami represented India in the Davis Cup with Dr. A. H. Fyzee and A. A. Fayzee. India defeated Romania in the first round at Bristol but lost to Spain in Beckenham. Ramaswami played only in the doubles partnering Dr. Fayzee and won both his matches. The Spanish pair of Comte de Gomar and Flaquer, whom they beat in five sets, went on to play the doubles finals at Wimbledon in 1923. In 1922, Ramaswami took part in Wimbledon, reaching the second round. In 1923 he won the singles title at the South of England Championships defeating Gordon Lowe in the final in three sets.  Ramaswami is one of the three Indian cricketing double internationals, the others being M. J. Gopalan and Yuzvendra Chahal

Career in India.

Ramaswami returned to Madras in January 1924 and joined the Agricultural Department as an Officer. He served in different parts of the Madras Presidency in the next 24 years.  His two appearances in Test matches came in England in 1936 when he was already 40. He wrote later in his autobiography that he was picked for non-cricketing reasons. Though well past his prime at the time, he scored 40 and 60 on debut and ended his career with an average of 56. He was a left-handed batsman and an attacking player. Ramaswami played for Hindus against Arthur Gilligan's MCC team in 1926-27 and scored 83 against Jack Ryder's Australian Services XI in 1935-36.  After the end of his career, he served as a selector, and manager to the Indian team to West Indies in 1952-53. His "Ramblings of a Games Addict" is one of the earliest autobiographies in Indian cricket. Ramaswami married Lakshmi Chaya Devi in 1928. He had two sons, Ram Swarup and Lakshman Swarup, and a daughter, Shantha Devi. Ram Swarup represented Madras and Andhra in first class cricket.

Disappearance.

Ramaswami left his home in Adyar on the morning of 15 October 1985 and never returned. There have been occasional rumours about him being sighted. "Wisden" listed him as 'presumed dead' from 1988 to 1991. When doubts were raised about his fate, this was removed in 1992 but brought back in 1996. In the more recent editions, he has the status 'd. unknown'.

Cotah Ramaswami - sometimes written as Cota or Cotar - (born 16 June 1896, Madras – presumed dead (possibly January 1990)) was a double sports international who represented India in both cricket and tennis.


Early life.

Mason was born in Linköping, Sweden, and grew up in the neighborhood of Ryd, Linköping. Her family originated in Iran, and she has one sister. She moved to the United States with her family at the age of 12. She was raised around the Chicago area.

Career.

Mason was one of two lead actresses in "The Finder" during its lone season in 2012. She played Deputy U.S. Marshal Isabel Zambada, the romantic interest of title character Walter Sherman (Geoff Stults). Both she and Maddie Hasson filled the void left by the departure of Saffron Burrows, the female lead in the series' backdoor pilot which was the 19th episode of Season 6 of "Bones".  In 2012 she co-starred on the ABC supernatural drama series "666 Park Avenue", which was canceled midway through its season.  In August 2015, Mason debuted in her role as Ofelia Salazar, on the "Walking Dead" companion series "Fear the Walking Dead".  In spring 2014, she debuted her role of DEA Special Agent Talia Del Campo on the CBS series "", which has since become a recurring role.  In 2018, she debuted in her role as Captain Zoe Andersen on the ABC series "The Rookie".

Personal life.

Mason currently lives in Los Angeles, California with her husband David Denman, whom she married in September 2014. The couple welcomed their first child on 10 January 2018, a son named Caius Kane.  Mason is a naturalized U.S. citizen, having taken the citizenship test in April 2016.  In addition to English, Mason speaks French, Spanish, and Persian; however, on the Swedish talk show "Skavlan" on 30 September 2016, she declared that she no longer speaks Swedish, but she does still understand it.

Mercedes Mason (; formerly Masöhn; born 1982/1983) is a Swedish-American actress known for playing the role of Zondra in the American television series "Chuck" and the role of Isabel Zambada in the American procedural drama "The Finder". She starred in the 2011 American horror film "". She played Louise Leonard in the 2012–13 American supernatural drama "666 Park Avenue" and Talia Del Campo in "". She was a regular on AMC's television series "Fear the Walking Dead" from 2015 to 2017.


Early life and education.

Carver Andress Mead was born in Bakersfield, California, and grew up in Kernville, California. His father worked in a power plant at the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, owned by Southern California Edison Company. Carver attended a tiny local school for some years, then moved to Fresno, California to live with his grandmother so that he could attend a larger high school. He became interested in electricity and electronics while very young, seeing the work at the power plant, experimenting with electrical equipment, qualifying for an amateur radio license and in high school working at local radio stations.  Mead studied electrical engineering at Caltech, getting his BS in 1956, his MS in 1957, and his PhD degree in 1960.

Microelectronics.

Mead's contributions have arisen from the application of basic physics to the development of electronic devices, often in novel ways. During the 1960s, he carried out systematic investigations into the energy behavior of electrons in insulators and semiconductors, developing a deep understanding of electron tunneling, barrier behavior and hot electron transport. In 1960, he was the first person to describe and demonstrate a three-terminal solid-state device based on the operating principles of electron tunnelling and hot-electron transport. In 1962 he demonstrated that using tunnel emission, hot electrons retained energy when traveling nanometer distances in gold. His studies of III-V compounds (with W. G. Spitzer) established the importance of interface states, laying the groundwork for band-gap engineering and the development of heterojunction devices.

GaAs MESFET.

In 1966, Mead designed the first gallium arsenide gate field-effect transistor using a Schottky barrier diode to isolate the gate from the channel. As a material, GaAs offers much higher electron mobility and higher saturation velocity than silicon. The GaAs MESFET became the dominant microwave semiconductor device, used in a variety of high-frequency wireless electronics, including microwave communication systems in radio telescopes, satellite dishes and cellular phones. Carver's work on MESFETs also became the basis for the later development of HEMTs by Fujitsu in 1980. HEMTs, like MESFETs, are accumulation-mode devices used in microwave receivers and telecommunication systems.

Moore's law.

Mead is credited by Gordon Moore with coining the term Moore's law, to denote the prediction Moore made in 1965 about the growth rate of the component count, "a component being a transistor, resistor, diode or capacitor," fitting on a single integrated circuit. Moore and Mead began collaborating around 1959 when Moore gave Mead "cosmetic reject" transistors from Fairchild Semiconductor for his students to use in his classes. During the 1960s Mead made weekly visits to Fairchild, visiting the research and development labs and discussing their work with Moore. During one of their discussions, Moore asked Mead whether electron tunneling might limit the size of a workable transistor. When told that it would, he asked what the limit would be.  Stimulated by Moore's question, Mead and his students began a physics-based analysis of possible materials, trying to determine a lower bound for Moore's Law. In 1968, Mead demonstrated, contrary to common assumptions, that as transistors decreased in size, they would not become more fragile or hotter or more expensive or slower. Rather, he argued that transistors would get faster, better, cooler and cheaper as they were miniaturized. His results were initially met with considerable skepticism, but as designers experimented, results supported his assertion. In 1972, Mead and graduate student Bruce Hoeneisen predicted that transistors could be made as small as 0.15 microns. This lower limit to transistor size was considerably smaller than had been generally expected. Despite initial doubts, Mead's prediction influenced the computer industry's development of submicron technology. When Mead's predicted target was achieved in actual transistor development in 2000, the transistor was highly similar to the one Mead had originally described.

Mead–Conway VLSI design.

Mead was the first to predict the possibility of creating millions of transistors on a chip. His prediction implied that substantial changes in technology would have to occur to achieve such scalability. Mead was one of the first researchers to investigate techniques for very-large-scale integration, designing and creating high-complexity microchips.  He taught the world's first LSI design course, at Caltech in 1970. Throughout the 1970s, with involvement and feedback from a succession of classes, Mead developed his ideas of integrated circuit and system design. He worked with Ivan Sutherland and Frederick B. Thompson to establish computer science as a department at Caltech, which formally occurred in 1976. Also in 1976, Mead co-authored a DARPA report with Ivan Sutherland and Thomas Eugene Everhart, assessing the limitations of current microelectronics fabrication and recommending research into the system design implications of "very-large-scale integrated circuits".  Beginning in 1975, Carver Mead collaborated with Lynn Conway from Xerox PARC. They developed the landmark text "Introduction to VLSI systems", published in 1979, an important spearhead of the Mead & Conway revolution. A pioneering textbook, it has been used in VLSI integrated circuit education all over the world for decades. The circulation of early preprint chapters in classes and among other researchers attracted widespread interest and created a community of people interested in the approach. They also demonstrated the feasibility of multi-project shared-wafer methodology, creating chips for students in their classes.  Their work caused a paradigm shift, a "fundamental reassessment" of the development of integrated circuits, and "revolutionized the world of computers". In 1981, Mead and Conway received the Award for Achievement from "Electronics Magazine" in recognition of their contributions. More than 30 years later, the impact of their work is still being assessed.  Building on the ideas of VLSI design, Mead and his PhD student David L. Johannsen created the first silicon compiler, capable of taking a user's specifications and automatically generating an integrated circuit. Mead, Johannsen, Edmund K. Cheng and others formed Silicon Compilers Inc. (SCI) in 1981. SCI designed one of the key chips for Digital Equipment Corporation's MicroVAX minicomputer. Mead and Conway laid the groundwork for the development of the MOSIS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service) and the fabrication of the first CMOS chip. Mead advocated for the idea of fabless manufacturing in which customers specify their design needs to fabless semiconductor companies. The companies then design special-purpose chips and outsource the chip fabrication to less expensive overseas semiconductor foundries.

Neural models of computing.

Next Mead began to explore the potential for modelling biological systems of computation: animal and human brains. His interest in biological models dated back at least to 1967, when he met biophysicist Max Delbrück. Delbrück had stimulated Mead's interest in transducer physiology, the transformations that occur between the physical input initiating a perceptual process and eventual perceptual phenomena.  Observing graded synaptic transmission in the retina, Mead became interested in the potential to treat transistors as analog devices rather than digital switches. He noted parallels between charges moving in MOS transistors operated in weak inversion and charges flowing across the membranes of neurons. He worked with John Hopfield and Nobelist Richard Feynman, helping to create three new fields: neural networks, neuromorphic engineering, and the physics of computation. Mead, considered a founder of neuromorphic engineering, is credited with coining the term "neuromorphic processors".  Mead was then successful in finding venture capital funding to support the start of a number of companies, in part due to an early connection with Arnold Beckman, chairman of the Caltech Board of Trustees. Mead has said that his preferred approach to development is "technology push", exploring something interesting and then developing useful applications for it.

Touch.

In 1986, Mead and Federico Faggin founded Synaptics Inc. to develop analog circuits based in neural networking theories, suitable for use in vision and speech recognition. The first product Synaptics brought to market was a pressure-sensitive computer touchpad, a form of sensing technology that rapidly replaced the trackball and mouse in laptop computers. The Synaptics touchpad was extremely successful, at one point capturing 70% of the touchpad market.

Hearing.

In 1988, Richard F. Lyon and Carver Mead described the creation of an analog cochlea, modelling the fluid-dynamic traveling-wave system of the auditory portion of the inner ear. Lyon had previously described a computational model for the work of the cochlea. Such technology had potential applications in hearing aids, cochlear implants, and a variety of speech-recognition devices. Their work has inspired ongoing research attempting to create a silicon analog that can emulate the signal processing capacities of a biological cochlea.  In 1991, Mead helped to form Sonix Technologies, Inc. (later Sonic Innovations Inc.). Mead designed the computer chip for their hearing aids. In addition to being small, the chip was said to be the most powerful used in a hearing aid. Release of the company's first product, the Natura hearing aid, took place in September 1998.

Vision.

In the late 1980s, Mead advised Misha Mahowald, a PhD student in computation and neural systems, to develop the silicon retina, using analog electrical circuits to mimic the biological functions of rod cells, cone cells, and other excitable cells in the retina of the eye. Mahowald's 1992 thesis received Caltech's Milton and Francis Clauser Doctoral Prize for its originality and "potential for opening up new avenues of human thought and endeavor". her work was considered "the best attempt to date" to develop a stereoscopic vision system. Mead went on to describe an adaptive silicon retina, using a two-dimensional resistive network to model the first layer of visual processing in the outer plexiform layer of the retina.  Around 1999, Mead and others established Foveon, Inc. in Santa Clara, California to develop new digital camera technology based on neurally-inspired CMOS image sensor/processing chips. The image sensors in the Foveon X3 digital camera captured multiple colors for each pixel, detecting red, green and blue at different levels in the silicon sensor. This provided more complete information and better quality photos compared to standard cameras, which detect one color per pixel. It has been hailed as revolutionary. In 2005, Carver Mead, Richard B. Merrill and Richard Lyon of Foveon were awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society, for the development of the Foveon X3 sensor.

Synapses.

Mead's work underlies the development of computer processors whose electronic components are connected in ways that resemble biological synapses. In 1995 and 1996 Mead, Hasler, Diorio, and Minch presented single-transistor silicon synapses capable of analog learning applications and long-term memory storage. Mead pioneered the use of floating-gate transistors as a means of non-volatile storage for neuromorphic and other analog circuits.  Mead and Diorio went on to found the radio-frequency identification (RFID) provider Impinj, based on their work with floating-gate transistors (FGMOS)s. Using low-power methods of storing charges on FGMOSs, Impinj developed applications for flash memory storage and radio frequency identity tags.

Reconceptualizing physics.

Carver Mead has developed an approach he calls "Collective Electrodynamics", in which electromagnetic effects, including quantized energy transfer, are derived from the interactions of the wavefunctions of electrons behaving collectively. In this formulation, the photon is a non-entity, and Planck's energy–frequency relationship comes from the interactions of electron eigenstates. The approach is related to John Cramer's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics, to the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and to Gilbert N. Lewis's early description of electromagnetic energy exchange at zero interval in spacetime.  This reconceptualization makes predictions that differ from general relativity. For instance, gravitational waves should have a different polarization under "G4v", the name given to this new theory of gravity. Moreover, this difference in polarization can be detected by advanced LIGO.

Companies.

Mead has been involved in the founding of at least 20 companies. The following list indicates some of the most significant, and their main contributions.

Carver Andress Mead (born 1 May 1934) is an American scientist and engineer. He currently holds the position of Gordon and Betty Moore Professor Emeritus of Engineering and Applied Science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), having taught there for over 40 years. He advised the first female electrical engineering student at Caltech, Louise Kirkbride. His contributions as a teacher include the classic textbook "Introduction to VLSI Systems" (1980), which he coauthored with Lynn Conway.


History of original system.

Electric streetcar service in Fort Collins began on December 29, 1907. The first local street railway service had actually begun on August 8, 1907, temporarily using a steam locomotive borrowed from the Colorado and Southern Railway, hauling four elderly passenger coaches, on a newly constructed single-track line along Mountain Avenue. True electric trolley/streetcar service was inaugurated with the formal dedication of the new street railway system, on December 29 of the same year. The owner and operator was the Denver and Interurban Railroad (D&I), a subsidiary of Colorado & Southern Railway. The system struggled financially, its light ridership making it no longer economically viable as a private venture. The D&I itself soon went into receivership, and abruptly ceased operation of its Fort Collins trolley system, on the night of July 10, 1918. This left the town without public transportation service. It was proposed that the city purchase the system and restore service. This was approved by the city council and, in January 1919, in a vote by the citizens, and the Fort Collins Municipal Railway (FCMR) was formed. Rolling stock was not part of the deal, so four new Birney-type streetcars were purchased from the American Car Company, numbered 20–23, arriving on May 24, 1919. Within one to two weeks of that date, streetcar service in Fort Collins was restored. A fifth Birney car, No. 24, was purchased in 1920 from the Cincinnati Car Company, and in 1924 two secondhand Birneys (built in 1922 by American Car) were acquired from the Cheyenne Electric Railway Company, becoming Fort Collins cars 25–26. In the mid-1940s, cars 24 and 25 were replaced by two other Birneys, bought used from the Virginia Electric Power Company. The system operated three routes and ran on a 20-minute schedule. During its period of municipal ownership, 1919–1951, Birney-type cars made up the entire fleet, with a total of just five to seven cars (numbered in the range 20–26) on the active roster at any time. It was the last all-Birney streetcar system in North America.  By the end of service in 1951, the Fort Collins Municipal Railway was the last streetcar system in the U.S. to use any Birney cars.  Operation ended on June 30, 1951, after several unprofitable years. Fort Collins was the last city in Colorado to operate streetcars. Other streetcar systems in the state included Pueblo, which ceased operation in 1948, and the Denver Tramway, which terminated streetcar service in 1950.  At least five of the seven cars were preserved by individuals or groups after the closure. Car 20 is displayed in non-operating condition at Pioneer Village in Minden, Nebraska. Car 21 was the only one to remain in Fort Collins, where it was displayed outside the Pioneer Museum, predecessor of the Fort Collins Museum.

Restoration and heritage service.

In 1977, the Fort Collins Junior Women's Club proposed giving 1919-built streetcar 21 a cosmetic restoration, as the car suffered from years of exposure. This proposal evolved into a more ambitious plan to restore the car to operating condition, and restore a section of the former streetcar system as an operating heritage railway. With this goal, the non-profit Fort Collins Municipal Railway Society (FCMRS) was formed on March 31, 1980. A new carbarn was built at the west end of Mountain Avenue in 1982–1983, and car 21 was moved there on August 21, 1983. Volunteers from FCMRS then began restoring car 21. Under an agreement signed in 1981, the city permitted FCMRS to restore a section of track along West Mountain Avenue and Roosevelt Avenue and operate the streetcar along it. The section of route chosen for restoration was part of the city's first streetcar line, opened in 1907. A substation to provide 600Vdc electric power was purchased, and overhead wires were reinstalled along the route. Restoration of track and 1919 Birney car 21 was completed in 1984, and the first public trips on the heritage streetcar line occurred on December 29, 1984 – the 77th anniversary of the introduction of electric streetcar service in Fort Collins. Regular heritage service would operate in spring and summer, not year-round.  The heritage line normally operates from May through September, on weekends, from Noon to 5 p.m., half-hourly.  As of 2010, car 21 is still the only streetcar that has been restored to serve the heritage line. Since 1992 the society has been working to add a second car. After delays, in 2007 FCMRS acquired another Birney car which had previously operated in Fort Collins. Number 25 was purchased by FCMRS in 2007 and was returned to Fort Collins in 2008, where restoration work began. Car 25 was originally purchased for use on the Fort Collins system in 1946, having previously been Virginia Electric Power Company (Richmond, Virginia) car 1520. It replaced the first car No. 25 in the Fort Collins fleet. After the 1951 system closure, No. 25 had been sold to a person in Woodland Park, Colorado. It was later sold in the early 1990s and moved to Charleston, South Carolina, then to Charlotte, North Carolina before being acquired by FCMRS.

The 2010s.

One of car 21's axles broke on July 25, 2010, and service was indefinitely suspended, ultimately for the remainder of 2010. Replacement parts were obtained, and repair work and testing were completed in April 2011. Car 21 returned to service on May 1, 2011. The line remains in operation, with the season ending September 25.

The Fort Collins Municipal Railway operated streetcars in Fort Collins, Colorado, from 1919 until 1951. Since 1984, a section of one of the former routes has been in operation as a seasonal heritage streetcar service, under the same name, running primarily on Spring and Summer weekends. The heritage service is operated by volunteers from the Fort Collins Municipal Railway Society (FCMRS). The streetcar in use on the heritage line, Birney "Safety" Streetcar No. 21, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


2012 Dominican Republic presidential election

Background.

In 2008, Leonel Fernández of the Dominican Liberation Party defeated candidates Miguel Vargas Maldonado of the Dominican Revolutionary Party; Amable Aristy Castro of the Social Christian Reformist Party; Eduardo Estrella of the Revolutionary Social Democratic Party; Trajano Santana of the Independent Revolutionary Party; Guillermo Moreno of the Movement for Independence, Unity and Change; and Pedro de Jesús Candelier of the Popular Alliance Party in the presidential elections, while the Dominican Liberation Party maintained a considerable majority in both houses of Congress. The main topics of the campaign of 2008 were the issue of reelection, the macroeconomic stability maintained by the Fernández government, and the alleged corruption which dominated the political landscape. The Santo Domingo Metro and other national matters were also important topics, especially during the final months of the campaign.  During Fernández's third presidential term several public works projects were carried out, a second line of the metro was opened, tourism grew, and free-trade zones were expanded. There was a constitutional reform, new judges were appointed to the Supreme Court, and the Electoral and Constitutional Tribunals were created. Several treaties were ratified, including seven bilateral accords with the government of Haiti on the Bolivarian Solidarity Fund to finance projects, border security, commerce, migration, health, the environment, and agriculture, as well as an accord with Colombia on air transport. Also passed was a law granting fiscal amnesty to all employers behind on their payments into the Social Security system; nonetheless, the attempt to apply it in its entirety failed.  In the congressional and municipal elections of 2010, the Dominican Liberation Party won the majority of representatives in both houses of Congress, while the Dominican Revolutionary Party only managed a few seats in the Chamber of Deputies and none in the Senate.  A 2011 poll found that the majority of Dominicans were unhappy with the government. Nevertheless, although many Dominicans believed that Fernández could lead them through the economic difficulties, they showed themselves to be dissatisfied with his program.  The internal crisis of the two main contending parties led to divisions within both of them, unleashing mutual defections among their members. The PRD was afflicted with the most complicated internal conflict. In spite of agreeing to campaign in a civil fashion in a resolution signed by both parties in March 2012, this was not observed and the parties pursued an aggressive campaign strategy.

Electorate.

6.5 million Dominican voters were eligible to vote in the 2012 election. There were 14,470 polling places open for the election: 13,865 precincts were located within the Dominican Republic, while an additional 605 precincts were open overseas. Approximately 300,000 expatriates, making up around 5% of the total electorate, were eligible to vote abroad. The election board had set up official precincts for Dominicans voters living in the United States, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Panama, Switzerland and Venezuela. More than 100,000 of the eligible voters resided in the U.S. state of New York.

Political parties.

A total of 24 political parties were represented on the electoral ballot, including the two large parties and 22 small parties. The small parties are those which do not receive more than 10% of the vote and which are clearly not directly rivaling the main candidates. These parties generally choose to ally themselves with one of the large parties. Thirteen parties were previously rejected by the Central Electoral Commission.

Primary elections.

The Dominican Liberation Party and Dominican Revolutionary Party held primary elections with the following results.

Candidates.

Six candidates ran in the election, with former president Hipólito Mejía of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and ex-parliamentarian Danilo Medina of the ruling Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) being considered most likely to win. Mejía and Medina had already faced each other in the 2000 election. The constitution barred incumbent president Leonel Fernández of the PLD from running for a third term.

Reactions.

After the PLD declared victory, supporters of Mejía complained about cases of fraud, including vote-buying, and announced to contest the result. Mejía refused to concede to Medina and doubted the result. The PRD representative on the Central Electoral Commission claimed that the official result reflected much fewer votes than Mejía should have had received, and indicated that the head of the commission was a partisan of the PLD. Amid an overall orderly electoral process, there were some reports of adherents of both major parties offering money to voters in exchange for voting for their candidate or for passing their vote cards. Incidents of vote-buying were confirmed by the observers from the Organisation of American States (OAS), headed by Uruguay's ex-president Tabaré Vázquez. However, they considered the cases not sufficient to distort the overall result, and described the election by and large as "successful".

Presidential elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 20 May 2012. They were the fifth quadrennial elections for the presidency and vice-presidency since 1998, when a change in the electoral law separated the presidential from the congressional and municipal elections.


History.

Southern Football League.

Cardiff City F.C. was formed in 1899 as Riverside A.F.C. by members of a local cricket club. The team competed in the amateur leagues before gaining entry into the Southern Football League and turning professional in 1910. With growing interest in association football in the traditionally rugby union stronghold of Swansea, the decision was taken to form a club. Swansea Town A.F.C. was founded in 1912 and gained admission into the Second Division of the Southern Football League alongside Cardiff. The two clubs faced each other for the first time on 7 September 1912, in Swansea's first competitive fixture, with the match ending in a 1–1 draw; Billy Ball gave the Swans the lead before Cardiff captain John Burton equalised. Swansea went on to claim the first victory between the two sides five months later when they defeated Cardiff 4–2 in the semi-final of the Welsh Cup despite trailing 2–0 at half time. Cardiff lost two players to injury in the second half in a time when substitutes were not permitted, ending the match with nine players. Such was the friendliness between the two sides in the early meetings that when Burton scored a bicycle kick in the match, several of his opponents stopped to shake hands with him in appreciation of the goal.  Cardiff were promoted to the First Division of the Southern Football League at the end of the 1912–13 season. Although the clubs met in the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup the following season, it would be the last competitive fixture between the two sides for six years as the Southern Football League was suspended during the First World War. Two friendlies were played in April 1919 as the clubs began to prepare for a return of competitive football at the end of hostilities with both sides winning a match each. The popularity of the derby quickly became obvious as the first post First World War league fixture attracted a season high crowd of 15,500 for Swansea, who claimed a 2–1 victory, while Cardiff recorded its first victory in the return fixture on 7 February 1920, defeating the Swans 1–0 at Ninian Park following George Beare's goal. The second fixture was attended by 24,317 spectators, the largest crowd ever recorded in the Southern League at the time. A friendly was also held in October 1919 as a benefit match for Cardiff's trainer George Latham who captained his side for the fixture in a 1–1 draw.

Pre-war and wartime.

In 1920, in order to expand, the Football League absorbed the teams from the First Division of the Southern League. Swansea were placed into the newly created Football League Third Division but Cardiff were granted a place in the Football League Second Division after winning an election vote. The split resulted in the two sides facing each other only three times between 1920 and 1929, all of which came in the Welsh Cup. Cardiff enjoyed one of the most successful periods in the club's history during the 1920s, winning the 1927 FA Cup Final and finishing as runners-up in both the 1925 final and the First Division in 1923–24. In the 1920s the rivalry was more friendly; there are accounts of Swansea fans travelling to the 1927 FA Cup final in support of their neighbouring rivals. A goodwill message was also forwarded to the Cardiff team from Swansea ahead of the match. Cardiff were relegated to the Second Division in 1929. This resulted in the first league meetings between the two sides for 11 years, a goalless draw in October of that year. A benefit match for several Swansea players was held in April 1930 at Vetch Field and resulted in a 6–2 victory for the home side as Ronnie Williams scored five of his side's goals.  Cardiff were relegated again in 1932, dropping into the Football League Third Division South. As a result, the derby was only played a further four times before the outbreak of the Second World War; the clubs were drawn against each other twice in the Welsh Cup, with both ties requiring a replay to decide a winner. In the pre-war era, the Welsh Cup provided more meetings between the two sides than league competition with 10 derbies being played in the Welsh Cup between 1912 and 1939, two more meetings than in league fixtures. The last competitive pre-war derby took place on 23 February 1939 as Cardiff defeated Swansea 4–1 in the fifth round of the Welsh Cup following braces from Harry Egan and Tex Rickards.  With football restricted during wartime, the close proximity of the two sides led to them being grouped together in regional wartime leagues. The first wartime fixture was played in August 1939 under the guise of a charity match for the Jubilee Benevolent Fund. For the 1939–40 season Cardiff and Swansea were placed in the South-West Region and played out a 2–2 draw in their first meeting. In total, the teams met 42 times during wartime. Cardiff dominated competition during this period, winning 30 of the 42 meetings. This included an 8–0 victory for Cardiff in a match that was dubbed the "Bluebirds Blitzkrieg" following hat tricks from Beriah Moore and Billy James.

Post-war.

When the Football League resumed in the 1946–47 season, Cardiff won promotion from the Third Division South at the expense of Swansea who were relegated to the same division. Despite this, Cardiff manager Billy McCandless chose to leave the club to join Swansea after receiving a lucrative offer from the rival side. McCandless led Swansea back to the Second Division in 1949, resulting in the first post-war meeting of the sides on 27 August. The match was also the first league meeting between the two sides for 19 years, the longest gap between league matches in the derby's history. With football enjoying a post-war attendance boom, more than 60,000 tickets were sold although only 57,510 spectators were recorded through the turnstiles at the match. The figure is the biggest crowd ever recorded for a South Wales derby in which Cardiff claimed a 1–0 victory through a goal by Tommy Best. The original ticket sales of 60,855 would have also been a club record for both sides; Cardiff's record home attendance is instead 57,893 against Arsenal four years later. The return fixture, in December of the same year, also saw Swansea record its highest ever derby attendance with 27,264 spectators witnessing Swansea win 5–1.  In 1955, Cardiff was named as the capital city of Wales. The decision, along with the perceived favouritism from UK governments believed to have been shown to the city since has been credited as the starting point of the deterioration of relations between the two sides. In 1956, the South Wales derby was played in the final of the Welsh Cup in front of a crowd of 37,500 at Ninian Park. The attendance remains the highest ever recorded in the Welsh Cup. Cardiff went on to win the match 3–2 despite being reduced to ten men within the opening 30 minutes when forward Gerry Hitchens suffered a broken leg. The following year, Cardiff recorded its first victory over Swansea at Vetch Field, winning 1–0 following a goal from Colin Hudson. The next meeting between the sides, in March 1959, resulted in Swansea achieving the same feat by winning at their rivals home ground for the first time in league competition. Mel Nurse scored the only goal of the game from a penalty, the first league goal Swansea had scored at Ninian Park.  Before the 1960s the rivalry was a typically a friendly one and many fans held no animosity towards their Welsh rivals. In the area between the two cities, some fans supported both teams and matches between the sides in the post-war decade often saw opposing fans standing alongside each other on the terraces. The 1960s saw that change as football culture became more aggressive and local rivalries became more important than shared regional identities. The earliest trouble of note between the two teams occurred in February 1960 during a Welsh Cup sixth round tie. Cardiff were due to play a league match two days later and approached the Football Association of Wales (FAW) to postpone the match. The request was denied and in response, Cardiff manager Bill Jones named a reserve side for the fixture. Despite fielding a weakened team, Cardiff went on to win the tie 2–1 in a match that saw several confrontations. Cardiff's Colin Hudson was sent off for a foul with ten minutes remaining before his teammate Steve Mokone and Swansea's Harry Griffiths were also dismissed after wrestling each other to the ground and throwing mud in retaliation. The FAW subsequently fined Cardiff £350 for fielding a weakened side in the competition and warned the club against doing so again in future. Swansea historian Gwyn Rees has stated that fans' animosity began to increase in the late 1960s, citing the 1969 Welsh Cup final as a turning point. The match was the first derby that saw notable issues of violence between the two sets of supporters. At the end of the 1969–70 season, Swansea Town changed its name to Swansea City after the area was granted city status.

Lower divisions and hooliganism.

The appointment of John Toshack as Swansea manager in the late 1970s caused further rift between the clubs. Toshack had been born in Cardiff and began his career with the side but his subsequent success with the Swans, winning promotion from the Fourth Division to the First Division during his tenure, saw the balance of power in South Wales shift. Having only played each other five times during the 1970s, all in the Welsh Cup, the two sides met in a league fixture for the first time in for 15 years in 1980. Swansea recorded a 2–1 victory with goals coming from two former Cardiff players, Toshack, in his role as player-manager, and David Giles.  With the escalation of football hooliganism in the United Kingdom in the 1980s, the derbies became plagued by violence led largely by hooligan firms from both sides, Cardiff's Soul Crew and Swansea's Jacks. In September 1988, after seeing their side win in Swansea, a group of around 30 Cardiff fans were chased into the sea near Swansea Civic Centre by a group of around 50 Swansea fans. Since then, Swansea fans have adopted a "swim away" gesture, in reference to the event. During an FA Cup fixture in 1992, 39 fans were arrested at Swansea's Vetch Field after clashes between supporters. Significant damage was caused to local shops as well as public transport; John Williams, who played for both sides during his career, described how fans "would fight in the streets, the train station and all the way down the motorway. The fans wanted to show they were the better city."  On 22 December 1993, a match between the two sides was dubbed 'The Battle Of Ninian Park' after violence erupted. The start of the match was delayed for 40 minutes as police attempted to control the rival fans. Swansea fans were placed in the grandstand for the game, seated alongside sections of Ninian Park usually frequented by families. As Cardiff took the lead, Swansea fans began ripping out seats and throwing them at Cardiff supporters, which resulted in the home fans invading the pitch in an attempt to reach the away section. Police were forced to use mounted officers and dog handlers to regain control. The following day national news showing pictures of the violence shocked the nation, with "The Times" reporting that "at one point several hundred people were brawling on the pitch". The violence led the FAW to ban away fans from this fixture for several years, the first fixture in Britain to do so. Simon Chivers, a fan who attended the match and went on to become an intelligence officer on hooligan firms for South Wales Police, described the scenes at the match as "the worst violence I have ever seen anywhere in my entire life."  With the two teams in the Third Division, the 1990s saw frequent derby matches and several meetings in cup competitions, although poor results and frequent crowd trouble saw attendances drop; both sides recorded their lowest derby attendances in league competition between 1994 and 1996. Further political divide between the two cities was caused by the Welsh devolution referendum in 1997 when Cardiff was chosen as the site for the newly created Senedd, despite the majority of the city voting against devolution. Swansea, which largely voted in favour of devolution, received funding for a national swimming pool instead. Alan Curtis, who played for both sides, commented, "I think Cardiff has always been perceived [...] to receive whatever funding is going around. It seems to me that everything gets channelled in that direction". Away fans were eventually allowed to attend the fixture again in 1997 under strict monitoring and the introduction of 'bubble' trips, where away fans are escorted in and out of the stadium by police. The two teams were split in 1999 through promotions and relegation. Although they met in a FAW Premier Cup final in 2002, the two sides did not meet in the league for ten years. Despite this, the rivalry still attracted attention; during their celebrations after winning the Football League Trophy in 2006, Swansea players Lee Trundle and Alan Tate brandished a Welsh flag with an anti-Cardiff message and Trundle also wore a T-shirt with an image of a Swansea City player urinating on a Cardiff City shirt. The FAW stated that the images paraded at the match, which took place at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, were "of an extremely offensive and insulting nature". The two players were arrested for public order offences, fined £2,000 and handed one-match suspensions. A heavy police presence was also required when Swansea fans travelled to Cardiff when they played at the Millennium Stadium in the Football League Trophy final in 2006.

New eras.

The first derby in just under a decade took place in the League Cup on 23 September 2008, with Swansea winning 1–0. The match saw sets of supporters from both clubs clash with police after the match. A league fixture, on 5 April 2009 at Ninian Park, was marred by referee Mike Dean being hit in the head by a coin thrown from the crowd, as well as Cardiff fans clashing with police after the match. The following season, on 7 November 2009, at the Liberty Stadium Swansea claimed a 3–2 victory in a match that again saw crowd disturbances as hundreds of Swansea fans waited outside the ground for the Cardiff fans to depart. This resulted in a total of fifteen arrests being made during and after the match. Cardiff fans also vandalised the North Stand in which they were placed for the game for the second year in a row. Seats and toilets were vandalised, pipe work ripped from walls and doors broken in the away fans' area. The damage was reported to cost thousands of pounds. However, police praised the majority of supporters for their behaviour before, during and after the game which was attended by more than 18,000 fans.  Swansea achieved promotion to the Premier League in 2011, becoming the first Welsh team to do so and the first Welsh side in the top division of English football since Cardiff were relegated from the First Division in 1962. Cardiff also gained promotion in 2013. As a result, the first South Wales derby to be played in England's top division took place during the 2013–14 season. Cardiff won the first ever top tier meeting between the sides 1–0 on 3 November 2013, thanks to a headed goal from former Swansea defender Steven Caulker. Swansea went on to win the return fixture 3–0 in February 2014, but Cardiff's relegation at the end of the season saw the two sides separated again. The derby was not played for a further five years as the two clubs swapped leagues before both returned to the Championship for the 2019–20 season with Swansea winning the first meeting 1–0.

Record.

Tournament-wide summary, as of 12 January 2020

Results list.

Key.

Key to divisions:  Key to rounds:  Key to colours and abbreviations:

Player records.

Appearances.

Swansea goalkeeper Roger Freestone has appeared in more competitive South Wales derbies than any other player. He made his first derby appearance while on loan to the club from Chelsea in December 1989. He signed for Swansea on a permanent basis in 1991 and went on to feature in 19 derbies. His final derby appearance was a 1–0 defeat during the 2002 FAW Premier Cup final. Three players are tied for the second most derby appearances; Alan Harrington and Herbie Williams both made 17 appearances for one club, Cardiff and Swansea respectively, while Ivor Allchurch played in derbies during spells with both sides. Allchurch and Freestone both made a record 11 derby league appearances, tied with Ron Stitfall.

Goals.

Brayley Reynolds has scored more goals in competitive South Wales derbies than any other player. He began his career with Cardiff in 1956 but joined Swansea in 1959 and scored his first derby goal the following year in a Welsh Cup match. He went on to score in his next three derbies, including two braces. His final goals in a derby match was a third brace during a 3–0 victory for Swansea at Vetch Field in March 1964, ending his career with eight goals against Cardiff. Ronnie Williams tallied one less during his career, scoring seven times for Swansea, while Jimmy Gilligan scored six times in spells with both Swansea and Cardiff. George Johnston is the highest scoring Cardiff player, he scored four times all of which came in the Welsh Cup. Gilligan scored more league goals in the fixture than any other player with five of his goals being scored in the Football League.

Players for both clubs.

Transfers between the two sides are relatively rare, the last player to move directly across the South Wales derby divide was Warren Feeney who was loaned to Swansea from Cardiff for a brief spell in 2007. The last player to complete a permanent transfer between the sides was Dave Penney who moved from Swansea to Cardiff in 1997.  In the 1950s and 1960s, the two sides saw several players feature for both sides during their careers, including some of the most noted Welsh players of the era, such as Trevor Ford, Ivor Allchurch and Mel Charles. However, as the animosity between the two clubs has worsened, players have sometimes received a hostile reception when playing for both sides of the divide. Dave Penney captained Swansea during the 1997 Football League Third Division play-off Final and made over 100 appearances for the club before joining Cardiff. Despite this, ahead of his first return to Vetch Field in 2004, he stated that he "expected stick" on his return, adding "Moving from one Welsh club to the other is regarded as the ultimate sin down there." Andy Legg joined Cardiff in 1998 having played for Swansea earlier in his career and initially received a hostile reception Cardiff fans. When he attempted to celebrate his first goal for the club in front of home fans, he was met with abuse and even received a razor blade in the post. He later stated, "I'd say the hatred between (Cardiff and Swansea) fans [...] was the most intense I have come across." The rivalry is prevalent among the club's staff as well as fans; David Giles has described how he was warned away from speaking to former friends at Swansea when arriving at Vetch Field as a Cardiff player.

Newport rivalry.

Newport County are also a South Wales rival, regarding both Cardiff City and Swansea City as rivals, but particularly Cardiff for reasons of proximity and historic rivalry between the two cities. The clubs' relative league positions meant that Newport have rarely played Cardiff or Swansea since 1989, though they have faced each other in cup competitions. A survey by Football Fans Census in 2003 saw Swansea, Bristol City and Newport listed as Cardiff's main three rivalries, with Stoke City matching Newport in third. Swansea meanwhile regarded Cardiff, Bristol City and Bristol Rovers as their main rivals.

References.

Bibliography

The South Wales derby is a local derby between Welsh association football clubs Cardiff City and Swansea City. The fixture has been described by "The Independent" as one of the fiercest rivalries in British football. Although based in Wales, both clubs play in the English football league system and have won English honours: Cardiff the FA Cup in 1927 and Swansea the Football League Cup in 2013.


Early life and education.

Marie-Louise Jacotin was the daughter of a lawyer for a French bank, and the grand-daughter (through her mother) of a glassblower from a family of Greek origin. Her mathematics teacher at the lycée was a sister of mathematician Élie Cartan, and after passing the baccalaureate she was allowed (through the intervention of a friend's father, the head of the institution) to continue studying mathematics at the Collège de Chaptal. On her second attempt, she placed second in the entrance examination for the École Normale Supérieure in 1926 (tied with Claude Chevalley), but by a ministerial decree was moved down to 21st position. After the intervention of Fernand Hauser, the editor of the Journal of the ENS, she was admitted to the school. Her teachers there included Henri Lebesgue and Jacques Hadamard, and she finished her studies in 1929.  With the encouragement of ENS director Ernest Vessiot she traveled to Oslo to work with Vilhelm Bjerknes, under whose influence she became interested in the mathematics of waves and the work of Tullio Levi-Civita in this subject. She returned to Paris in 1930, married another mathematician, Paul Dubreil, and joined him on another tour of the mathematics centers of Germany and Italy, including a visit with Levi-Civita. The Dubreils returned to France again in 1931.

Career and research.

While her husband taught at Lille, Dubreil-Jacotin continued her research, finishing a doctorate in 1934 concerning the existence of infinitely many different waves in ideal liquids, under the supervision of Henri Villat. Before her, the only women to obtain doctorates in mathematics in France were Marie Charpentier in 1931 (also in pure mathematics) and Edmée Chandon in 1930 (in astronomy and geodesy).  Following her husband, she moved to Nancy, but was unable to obtain a faculty position there herself because that was viewed as nepotism; instead, she became a research assistant at the University of Rennes. She was promoted to a teaching position in 1938, and became an assistant professor at the University of Lyon in 1939, while also continuing to teach at Rennes. In 1943 she became a full professor at the University of Poitiers, the first woman to become a full professor of mathematics in France, and in 1955 she was given a chair there in differential and integral calculus. In 1956 she moved to the University of Paris and after the university split she held a professorship at Pierre and Marie Curie University.  In the 1950s, motivated by the study of averaging operators for turbulence, Dubreil-Jacotin's interests turned towards abstract algebra, and she later performed research in semigroups and graded algebraic structures. She was the author of two textbooks, one on lattice theory and the other on abstract algebra. As well as her technical publications, Jacotin was the author of a work in the history of mathematics, "Portraits of women mathematicians".

Legacy.

Rue Marie-Louise-Dubreil-Jacotin, a street in the 13th arrondissement of Paris within Paris Diderot University, is named after her, and the University of Poitiers also has a street with the same name. In semigroup theory, the Dubreil-Jacotin semigroups are also named after her, as is the Dubreil-Jacotin–Long equation, "the standard model for internal gravity waves" in fluid mechanics.

Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin (7 July 1905 – 19 October 1972) was a French mathematician, the second woman to obtain a doctorate in pure mathematics in France, the first woman to become a full professor of mathematics in France, and an expert on fluid mechanics and abstract algebra.