Early life.

Farquharson was born on 4 December 1899 at 3 Lismore Cottages, Botanic Avenue, Dublin. He was the third child born to presbyterian Thomas Farquharson, a sanitary contractor, and Margaret Cassin, a dressmaker. Both of his parents hailed from Dublin and earned enough income to afford a live-in servant. Raised as a Catholic, he was brought up in the football heartland of Drumcondra at the family home in Golden Acre. The family later moved to Jones Road and his father became a reputable master builder and contractor in the area. Tom was educated at a school run by the Congregation of Christian Brothers.

Club career.

Early career.

As a youth, Farquharson played Gaelic football before taking up association football with Annually in 1916. He helped the side reach the final of the Leinster Minor Cup, held at Shelbourne Park, where they defeated Olympic B 4–2. Annually folded in 1919 after being unable to secure suitable playing grounds. Farquharson instead began playing for a Catholic Young Men's Society (CYMS). However, he eventually left Dublin because of his Republican sympathies during the Irish War of Independence. He was described as a "non-violent member" of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a role that included running messages for the group and transporting people to safehouses. A 19-year-old student at the time, he was arrested along with his friend Seán Lemass, later to become Taoiseach, for pulling down British Army wanted posters in St Stephen's Green. This proved embarrassing to Farquharson's father, who conducted business with the British. Farquharson and Lemass were held at Mountjoy Prison but Farquharson was released on bail by a British Army Major who was a friend of his father on the basis that he would leave Ireland.  He was sent to work in Blackwood, Caerphilly, in South Wales, gaining employment as either a carpenter or a painter and decorater. On arriving in Wales, he took up rugby union, playing as a full back for his local side Blackwood. He later went to watch local Welsh Football League side Oakdale who found themselves short of a goalkeeper for a match. Farquharson offered his services where his experience playing Gaelic football proved invaluable. He then moved onto Southern Football League side Abertillery Town for the 1921–22 season. His performances for the side saw him chosen to represent a Welsh Southern Football League XI.

Cardiff City.

Farquharson soon attracted the interest of Football League First Division side Cardiff City. His performances for Abertillery led to him being invited to a trial with Cardiff by club founder Walter Bartley Wilson in February 1922 before signing permanently. He made his debut for the club on the last day of the 1921–22 season, playing in a 3–1 victory over Manchester United on 6 May 1922. The following season, Ben Davies remained first choice at the start of the campaign before Farquharson featured in five consecutive matches between October and November 1922. The pair continued to compete throughout the season with Farquharson featuring in 21 league matches (one more than Davies) and playing in the club's 3–2 victory over Aberdare Athletic in the 1923 Welsh Cup final. His performances resulted in Davies' being sold at the end of the season to Leicester City with long-serving Herbert Kneeshaw remaining as cover. Having established himself as first choice, Farquharson featured 51 times during the 1923–24 season, missed only three matches during the campaign, featuring in all six of the club's FA Cup and Welsh Cup ties. Cardiff finished second in the First Division, losing out on winning the league title to Huddersfield Town on goal average. In the following campaign, Farquharson helped the side reach their first FA Cup final where they suffered a 1–0 defeat to Sheffield United. With the retirement of Kneeshaw, Farquharson saw off competition from Joe Hills and Tommy Hampson to continue his spell as first choice goalkeeper.  During the 1926–27 season, the club embarked on another FA Cup campaign to reach their second final in three seasons. He played in all six of Cardiff's fixtures leading up to the final. In his career, Farquharson had developed a reputation as a penalty specialist, even being dubbed "the penalty king". His method of saving spot kicks by rushing forward as the penalty was being taken proved so effective that in the quarterfinal of the FA Cup, his save to deny Chelsea forward Andrew Wilson's penalty prompted the sport's governing bodies to change the rules of the game. Goalkeepers were subsequently banned from rushing from their goal line when facing penalty kicks. Wilson later described the incident, remarking "I thought I was seeing things when I looked at Tom Farquharson in the Cardiff goal. As I placed the ball, he was standing with his back against the net [...] I shot and he dashed forward and made a wonder save." Farquharson explained the reasoning behind his technique, stating "By advancing forward I can leap to either side far more quickly than from a standing position."  In the final of the competition, Cardiff defeated Arsenal 1–0 at Wembley Stadium, becoming the only non-English side to have won the FA Cup. Farquharson kept five clean sheets from Cardiff's seven matches in the competition, conceding only three goals, becoming the first Irish goalkeeper to win the cup and keep a clean sheet in the final of the competition. At the end of the game, Farquharson acquired the match ball which he later donated to the church. The side returned to Cardiff following their victory where they were received by an estimated crowd of 150,000 people lining the streets to witness their return.  Farquharson remained as the club's first choice goalkeeper for several years after their cup success. However, economic troubles saw a steady decline for Cardiff and, in 1929, they were relegated from the First Division two years after winning the FA Cup. Their troubles continued as they were relegated to the Third Division South for the first time in their history soon after. In 1932, he nearly left the financially stricken club to join Hull City after a transfer offer was accepted. Cardiff planned to replace him with backup goalkeeper Len Evans, only for Evans to leave himself before the deal was completed. A board meeting was hastily arranged during which Farquharson agreed to remain with Cardiff, where he played for a further three years before retiring in 1935. In his book, "The Who's Who of Cardiff City", Dean Hayes describes Farquharson as "without doubt [...] the greatest goalkeeper in the history of the club." He played in 445 matches in the Football League, a club record which stood until 1985 when it was surpassed by Phil Dwyer. His total remains the highest by any goalkeeper in the club's history.

International career.

When Farquharson began his international career in 1923 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland – based Irish Football Association (IFA) and the Irish Free State – based Football Association of the Irish Free State (FAIFS) claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including Farquharson, played for both teams.  Between 1923 and 1927 Farquharson played seven times for the IFA XI. He made his debut for the IFA XI on 3 March 1923 in a 1–0 defeat to Scotland. On 10 October 1923, Farquharson was a member the IFA XI that beat England 2–1 at Windsor Park. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI on 28 February 1925 in a 3–0 defeat to Scotland. His appearances for the side were limited due to the presence of Elisha Scott.

Irish Free State side.

Between 1929 and 1931 Farquharson also played four times for the FAIFS XI. He had made his debut for an FAIFS XI shortly after winning the 1927 FA Cup with Cardiff, playing in a charity match against a Leinster Football Association XI. The match was regarded as unofficial, which meant the players were not awarded caps. He made his competitive debut for the side on 20 April 1929 in a 4–0 win against Belgium at Dalymount Park. On 11 May 1930 he won his second cap for the FAI XI when he played against Belgium again, helping his side to a 3–1 away win.  In April 1931, this situation saw Farquharson briefly embroiled in controversy when he was called up by the IFA to play against Wales but opted instead to play for the FAI XI against Spain. His comments made in a newspaper interview after his decision proved controversial when he claimed that "I will go so far as to say that the Irish Football Association usurped the name of Ireland by calling the side they have selected "Ireland"". His decision and comments saw him honoured with an award at a special presentation by the FAIFS. Soon after, he also appeared for a Welsh League XI against their counterparts from the Irish Free State at Dalymount Park, suffering a 3–1 defeat.  The highlight of his appearances for the FAI XI came on 26 April 1931 when he helped them hold Spain to 1–1 draw in the Montjuic Stadium in Barcelona. Farquharson was team captain and after conceding a penalty, he redeemed himself by saving the resulting spot kick. He made his final appearance for the FAI XI on 13 December 1931 in a 5–0 defeat to Spain at Dalymount Park.

Personal life.

After moving to Wales, Farquharson joined the order of the Benedictines. His wife Pearl hailed from Skerries in Dublin and the pair had five children together, three girls and two boys. Farquharson was believed to have carried a handgun in his kitbag during his playing career "for protection" following his involvement with the IRA in his youth. Several former teammates of his verified the fact and several claimed to have seen the weapon; Ernie Curtis stated in an interview "Tom told me about being on the move from house to house – and that he always carried a gun. He opened up his kit bag and there it was!" Eddie Jenkins also recalled an incident when Farquharson was annoyed by teammate George Russell, who he believed was showing off, and produced the weapon before he tongue-in-cheek "threatened to shoot him if he didn't behave".  Farquharson and his family lived on Allensbank Road in Heath, Cardiff, before later moving to Cyncoed in the northern part of the city. Following his retirement from football, Farquharson returned to his work as a painter and decorator. He later opened a tobacconist's in Cardiff City Centre. In July 1948, Farquharson was convicted of illegal distribution of Irish sweepstakes tickets and was fined £250. He ran his shop until he and his wife decided to emigrate to Canada; all five of his children had emigrated there in previous years. His daughter Pam later described her father as "a very passive, quiet and private man."  Farquharson's son Donald Farquharson was also an accomplished sportsman. He was an early pioneer of masters athletics and founded the Canadian Masters Athletics Association. His great-grandson Steve Farquharson was drafted to the Ontario Hockey League in the 3rd round (58th overall) to the Toronto St. Michael's Majors where he played two seasons before playing one season with the Barrie Colts. He later became a scout for the Colts.  Farquharson died of a heart attack on 24 December 1970.

Honours.

Cardiff City  FA Cup  FA Charity Shield  Welsh Cu

Thomas Gerard Farquharson (4 December 1899 – 24 December 1970) was an Irish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Born in Dublin, he played youth football for local sides. In his teens, he became a member of the Irish Republican Army and was arrested by the British Army for removing wanted posters and held in Mountjoy Prison. He was released on the basis that he would leave Ireland, instead settling in South Wales.


Life.

Since Thomas was still in his minority at the time of his father's death, King Edward III of England, with whom Scotland was battling in the Scottish Wars of Independence, placed Thomas in the care of his (Thomas's) step-father, William Carsewell. He was prevented from receiving the earldom by Richard Talbot, 2nd Baron Talbot, who claimed the title Lord of Mar in the right of his wife, Elizabeth de Comyn. In the tumultuous years that followed Dupplin Moor, Thomas's grandmother, Lady Christina Bruce, held the seat of the earls of Mar, Kildrummy Castle. When she died in 1357, the castle passed to Thomas along with her lands and lordship, which were called the Earldom of Garioch.  In 1351, Thomas was one of the ambassadors sent to England to negotiate the ransom of Scotland's king, David II, who was prisoner there. When David was eventually released in 1357, Thomas was one of the seven lords “from whom three were to be selected as hostages” until the king's ransom was paid. As Earl of Mar (as he was styled in 1357), Thomas was made Great Chamberlain of Scotland in 1358. Thomas is said to have favored England's king, Edward III, inasmuch as the English king had granted him a pension of 600 merks per annum. In addition, the English king agreed to pay Thomas £600 sterling yearly if he lost his lands in Scotland. Thomas agreed to serve the English king by fighting in England's war with France in 1360. In 1362, he was sent as a Scottish ambassador to negotiate with England, and in 1369 he was one of the guarantees of a truce between the two nations.  Earl Thomas was in both England and France frequently in his life, as John Mackintosh has laid out in his book "Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland": In March, 1359, he had a passport through England for himself and thirty persons in his retinue, and three merchants; while in August, 1359, he had a safe conduct for himself and one hundred horsemen in his train. The same year, in October, he had a passport to France with twenty-four horsemen. In November, 1362, he had a safe conduct to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury for himself and twelve horsemen. He had passports for himself and twelve horsemen in February, 1363, in March the same year, and in February, 1365. In July, 1365, he had a licence to send eight horsemen to Newcastle-on-Tyne with one hundred and twenty oxen, which he had sold to merchants in that city. In October, 1368, he had a passport for himself and twelve gentlemen on their way through England in pilgrimage to St. [John of] Amiens, in France.  In 1363, he fell out of favor with David II, perhaps due to David's resentment of Thomas's alliance with the English or perhaps because of the extortions Thomas was alleged to have committed on his people. For whatever reason, David besieged and took his Castle of Kildrummy. However, in 1368, upon payment of a composition, Thomas received it back and was restored to the king's good favor.

Marriages.

Thomas married twice. His first wife was Margaret Graham of Menteith, whom he divorced because she bore him no children, or, as one old chronicler put it, “at the instigation of the Devil.” His second wife was Margaret Stewart, Countess of Angus, but this marriage produced no children either.

Death and Burial.

Thomas died childless, some say in 1374, others in 1377, the confusion arising from the fact that his brother-in-law was already claiming the title Earl of Mar in 1374. However, some scholars argue that Earl Thomas must have died in early 1377 because of a charter dated August 10th of that year, in which Douglas confirmed a charter previously made by Thomas.  Thomas of Mar was the last of the Celtic earls of Mar, and was buried within the walls of Kildrummy Castle. He was succeeded by his sister Margaret, through whom the title Earl of Mar did indeed pass to her husband, William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas.

Thomas, Earl of Mar, (c. 1330-1377) was a 14th-century Earl of Mar, an earldom located in the County of Aberdeen, Scotland. He is sometimes styled Mormaer of Mar since "mormaer" was the Scottish equivalent of the English word earl. Because the identification and numbering of the ancient earls of Mar is debatable, Thomas is variously numbered the ninth, tenth, or thirteenth. of the ancient earls. He was a son of Domhnall II of Mar, who fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332.


Design and development.

Design of the Caudron C.800 began soon after the Franco-German Armistice of June 1940, proceeding in parallel with that of the Castel C.25S. Both aircraft were intended to increase the number of machines available for recreational gliding in the southern, unoccupied region of France. Its wood framed, fabric covered high wings are braced from below with short and quite broad chord faired struts, one on each side, from the lower fuselage to the constant chord wing centre section. Outboard the wing panels taper roughly elliptically, with obliquely hinged ailerons filling their whole trailing edges.  The fuselage is a plywood covered wooden monocoque with an oval cross section; the wing is mounted at the highest point immediately behind the cockpit, which places instructor and pupil in side-by-side seats ahead of the leading edge, equipped with dual control and covered by a short, upward opening, rear hinged, multi-piece canopy. There is another pair of opening fuselage transparencies immediately below the canopy. Behind the wing the fuselage tapers, initially quickly, to the tail where the narrow chord, round tipped tailplane is mounted, with some dihedral, on top of it. The broader, split elevators are ahead of a straight edged, blunt tipped narrow fin and wide rudder. Like the wings, the empennage is wood framed and fabric covered. The monowheel undercarriage is assisted by a sprung, wooden skid reaching forwards from the wheel to the nose, and by a tail skid.  Two prototype C.800s were flown during World War II, the first in April 1942. A single-seat version, the C.810 was also flown in 1942 but these two prototypes were destroyed by bombing. An improved single-seat variant, the C.811 was flown after 1945 but not developed; it was seen by the French Air Ministry as too similar to existing types such as the Grunau.  In 1951 an improved version of the C.800 named C.801 was designed by Raymond Jarlaud. This had a reinforced structure, an enlarged rudder and balanced ailerons. Cockpit visibility was improved by simplifying the frames with more curved glazing and ground handling was made easier by moving the monowheel forward.

Operational history.

After the liberation of France in 1944, the French government ordered 450 as part of an effort to revive French aviation, though this was later reduced to 248. Production of 300 began in 1945 at the Aire-sur-Adour factory of the Fouga company, by then part of SCAN. Most went to civil gliding clubs becoming, along with the Castel C.25S, the national standard two-seat trainer type until their replacement by the Wassmer WA 30 Bijave in the early 1960s. It remained an important club stalwart for twenty years after its introduction. Some were operated by the French Air Force and Aéronavale.  Ten C.801s were built at Aire-sur-Adour but were withdrawn from use in 1957 on safety grounds.  In 2010 six C.800s remained on the French civil aircraft register and one on the Dutch.

Aircraft on display.

"Data from" Aviation Museums and Collections of Mainland Europe. C.800s are on public display at

The Caudron C.800, at first also known as the Epervier () is a French two seat training glider, designed and first flown during World War II and put into large scale post-war production. It was the dominant basic training glider with French clubs until the 1960s and several still fly.


Career.

After graduating from Duncanville High School and attending Texas Women's University, Jones was a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader for two years, a Dallas Mavericks Dancer for one year, and toured with the United Service Organization (USO) and United States Department of Defense to Korea, Japan, Israel, and Egypt. She has also performed on "Monday Night Football" and "The Miss Texas Pageant." She began her career as a model before moving to Los Angeles to pursue acting full time.  Jones made her television debut in 2000 on the Saturday-morning series "City Guys". Later that year, she won the co-leading role alongside Tracee Ellis Ross, Golden Brooks, and Persia White on the UPN comedy series "Girlfriends", which was created by Mara Brock Akil. She played the role of self-centered and materialistic "Toni Childs" for six seasons of the series. In May 2006 it was confirmed that Jones left "Girlfriends" because her contract expired, and she wanted to pursue film roles.  She had the female leading roles in the comedy films "Universal Remote" and "Redrum" (both 2007), and appeared in "The Perfect Holiday". In August 2007, Jones filmed "" with Jessica Simpson. In September 2008 she appeared in the Ne-Yo video for "She Got Her Own," a remix of his hit single "Miss Independent." She next appeared in the 2010 music video "Got Your Back" by T.I. featuring Keri Hilson. Jones also co-starred alongside Laura Harring in the 2009 independent film "Drool".  In 2010, Jones had the leading role in the TBS micro-series "Gillian in Georgia". In 2013 she appeared on the second season of the FX series "American Horror Story" in the episode "Spilt Milk" as a call girl named Pandora. Later that year, Jones was cast in the recurring role of Cynthia Irving in the Fox supernatural drama series "Sleepy Hollow". In 2015, Jones was cast in the leading role of Michigan State Trooper Amanda Fisher in the Starz comedy-horror series "Ash vs Evil Dead". In 2018 she began producing and starring in Urban Movie Channel's drama series "Monogamy". In 2019, she reunited with her "Girlfriends" co-stars Tracee Ellis Ross, Golden Brooks, and Persia White in an episode of the ABC comedy series "Black-ish".

Jill Marie Jones (born January 4, 1975 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress and former professional dancer and NFL cheerleader. She is best known for her role as Antoinette "Toni" Childs–Garrett from 2000 to 2006 on the UPN/The CW comedy series "Girlfriends".


Biography.

He is the first of his name to have borne the title of Earl of Menteith in his own right. He was the only son of Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine. Patrick was the younger brother of Sir Robert Graham; both of them being sons of Sir Patrick Graham, ancestor of the Earls and Dukes of Montrose. They are believed to have been direct descendants of John de Menteith, laird of Ruskie, younger son of Mary I, Countess of Menteith and her husband, Walter "Bailloch" Stewart. Sir John Menteith had become infamous for handing over Sir William Wallace to the English during the Wars of Scottish Independence after he was betrayed by his servant Jack Short. The younger Sir Patrick Graham married Euphemia Stewart, Countess Palatine of Strathearn, and became in her right Earl of Strathearn. Their son Malise, whose name was an anglicisation of the Gaelic name "Maol Íosa", was born about 1407, or perhaps later. It is through his mother that he descends from Robert II.  During the earlier years of his life he bore the title Earl of Strathearn, and as such was proposed as a hostage for King James I; he was named among those who welcomed King James at Durham in March 1424. The King, however, took advantage of the Earl's minority, and deprived him of the earldom of Strathearn, making him Earl of Menteith instead. The charter of the new earldom was dated 6 September 1427. His reduction of land from all of Strathearn to just Menteith was likely an indirect result of the death of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany who was said to have died in Stirling Castle in 1420. The lands named in the grant to be part of the reshaped earldom, many of which can still be identified, indicate that he received the newly constituted earldom comprehended the whole of Aberfoyle parish and a portion of that of Port of Menteith. But this was only the smaller half of the original earldom, the remainder being annexed to the Crown.  Two months after his receiving the above charter Earl Malise, in November 1427, entered England as a hostage for King James I, and was confined in the castle of Pontefract, whence he was not released until 17 June 1453. James, Lord Hamilton, who had married the Earl's sister, Euphemia Graham, widow of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, was the chief agent in obtaining the release, and received a grant on 17 December 1453 of the lands in the lordship of Kinpont, West Lothian. The Earl in the charter styles himself Earl of Menteith and Lord of Kinpont, the latter being a very early possession of the Graham family, which had descended to him through his father.  The Earl appears on various occasions in his place in Parliament, but little is known of his history except that he appears to have become involved in debt. He is said to have been present at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, and to have fought for the King; but this is doubtful, as he must then have been above eighty years of age. In the retour of his grandson to the estates on 6 May 1493, Earl Malise is said to have died at the peace of King James IV of Scotland. The exact date of his death is not known, but he was dead before 19 May 1490, perhaps not very long before that date, when a gift was made to John Home of Earlston of the ward of the lands of Gilmerton, held of Malise, Earl of Menteith, and then in the King's hands by his decease.  The Earl was at least twice married. His first wife is said to have been Janet de Rochford. On 19 April 1471 Janet, Countess of Malise, Earl of Menteith, is held to be entitled to her terce from Kinpont, belonging to her son Patrick. She probably died not long afterwards, but this is uncertain. In 1490 the Countess of Menteith was named Marion, and she survived her husband, marrying John Drummond before 17 May 1491. She was still alive in 1530, dying between 28 April and 23 August in that year. The Earl had a great many children, but was succeeded by his grandson, Alexander Graham, 2nd Earl of Menteith.

Malise Graham (1st Earl of Menteith) (1416–1490) was a 15th-century Scottish magnate, who was the heir to the Scottish throne between 1437 and 1451, if Elizabeth Mure's children were not counted as lawful heirs (a question that hadn't been addressed).


Plot.

Reggie Wilson's Hollywood career as a film editor ended after he had an affair with his boss's wife. He then moved to England, became successful and married the daughter of a producer. They are both working on a new film 'Eclipse'. His new life is threatened when he starts receiving intimate letters from a woman. She reminds him of a relationship they had some time ago but he genuinely has no knowledge of it. Has he a sick mind or is he the victim of an evil scheme?

Production.

Losey was blacklisted in the United States at the time when he made the film. Along with a number of other American directors and screenwriters, he moved to Britain and began making films, disguising his real identity behind an alias. The screenplay was written by Howard Koch who had also been blacklisted, and wrote under the name Peter Howard. The film was made at Shepperton Studios.  Losey has a small cameo part in the film, playing a film director.

Critical reception.

Allmovie wrote "Perhaps Koch and his director Joseph Losey...were too drawn in to the plot's semi-metaphorical take on blacklisting to see that the scenes are not properly focused, the dialogue lacks enough sparkle and that the string of coincidences causes some plausibility problems. Fortunately, Finger is helped immensely by the on-target performance of leading man Richard Basehart and the beautifully wicked one of Mary Murphy, as well as the solid turn from Constance Cummings"; Derek Winnert wrote "It is one of the least well known of all Losey’s films, but then it is arguably also one of the least too, though far from negligible"; and Dennis Schwartz noted a "tightly scripted crime thriller...The conclusion comes with a pat resolution, but by that time I was engrossed in the improbable story and too much impressed with the fine acting to care that much if I was being manipulated."

The Intimate Stranger is a 1956 British film-noir, drama film directed by Joseph Losey, under the pseudonym Alec C. Snowden, and starring Richard Basehart, Mary Murphy, Constance Cummings and Roger Livesey. It was released in the U.S. as Finger of Guilt.


Background.

After years of civil war since the failed campaign against Dong Zhuo, two major factions emerged from the multitudes of feuding warlords: one led by the northern warlord Yuan Shao who nominally controlled the provinces of Ji, Qing, Bing, and You; the other led by his former friend and subordinate Cao Cao, who, in addition to the three provinces of Yan, Yu, and Xu, also had the imperial court and the Han Emperor Xian under his control. The two warlords clashed in the Battle of Guandu of 200, which ended decisively in Cao Cao's favour. Although Yuan Shao was defeated, he managed to reorganize his army, and the rebellions that sought to take advantage of his defeat were quickly suppressed. Yuan Shao died in June 202, said to be in frustration and anger at his defeat, leaving his sons to succeed his legacy.  Yuan Shao was survived by three sons: the eldest son Yuan Tan, the second son Yuan Xi, and the youngest son Yuan Shang. Although it was customary for the eldest son to succeed the father, Yuan Shao had favoured the good-looking Yuan Shang and had arranged for Yuan Tan to be adopted by his elder brother, Yuan Tan's uncle. Since Yuan Shao never formally decided on an heir, the uncertainties regarding the inheritance remained uncertain upon his death, dividing Yuan Shao's camp into two. Among Yuan Shao's advisors, Xin Ping and Guo Tu supported Yuan Tan while Pang Ji and Shen Pei rallied behind Yuan Shang. Although there was a general expectation that the eldest Yuan Tan will succeed his father, the pro-Yuan Shang faction feared reappraisal from Yuan Tan and produced a forged will that proclaimed Yuan Shang as the successor. A resentful Yuan Tan then took his army away to Liyang (黎陽; northwest of present-day Xun County, Henan) by the Yellow River which held the frontier against Cao Cao. Yuan Shang sent a few additional troops with Pang Ji to assist (or spy on) Yuan Tan, but refused his brother's plea when Yuan Tan requested further reinforcements. A furious Yuan Tan killed Pang Ji in response.  Cao Cao had shifted his focus away from the Yuan clan after his victorious Guandu campaign, but eventually returned to the frontline fortifications in Guandu in the spring of 202. His advisor Xun Yu had previously warned Cao Cao to not turn his back on his newly defeated enemy, lest the remnants regroup and strike from behind. Four months after Yuan Shao's death, Cao Cao led his army across the Yellow River to attack the remnants at Liyang.

The battle.

Cao Cao put Li Dian and Cheng Yu in charge of supplies while he crossed the river. The supplies were to be ferried by water, but Yuan Shang's officer Gao Fan (高蕃) held a position on the river and blocked the supply line. Cao Cao initially suggested that the goods should be brought by land instead, but since Li Dian argued that Gao Fan's men were lightly armed and not prepared for naval warfare, he allowed Li Dian and Cheng Yu to attack Gao Fan. The attack was successful, and the water route was cleared for the supply train.  Historical sources vary on the events following Cao Cao's crossing. The official Wei records in "Records of the Three Kingdoms" indicate that Cao Cao won successive battles over the course of six months, forced the Yuan brothers out of Liyang but suddenly lifted the siege of the Yuan headquarters of Ye and withdrew to Xu City. However, Yuan Shao's post-biography in the "Records", the "Book of the Later Han", and contemporary references such as the "Chu Shi Biao" contradict the Wei account, while the fact that the operation took so long also suggests that it might not have gone as smoothly as Cao Cao's official biography stated. It was more likely, therefore, that the Wei records suppressed mention of Cao Cao's defeats in this region. Using a combination of the aforementioned sources, an alternate account of the battle is presented below.  Outmatched by Cao Cao in numbers, Yuan Tan found it difficult to hold his position in Liyang and sent for help. In response, Yuan Shang left Shen Pei to guard Ye while he brought his army in person to reinforce Liyang. The two sides fought west and south outside Liyang, where remains of the defenses used in the battle could still be seen during the Tang dynasty. In April 203, the Yuan brothers came out of their fortification, but Cao Cao overran them and forced them back behind the walls of Liyang proper. Before Cao Cao could lay siege to Liyang, though, the brothers withdrew at night to Ye, seventy kilometers to the north.  The next month, Cao Cao's army followed the Yuan brothers' retreat until they reached Ye. Here, however, he appeared to had outstretched himself and was driven back by Yuan Shang's counterattack outside the city. The setback caused Cao Cao to turn his attention away from the Yuan headquarters for the moment, as he turned east to storm the city of Yin'an (陰安; in present-day Qingfeng, Henan) and collected grains from the granaries in southern Wei Commandery (魏郡; around present-day Handan, Hebei). By the time Cao Cao was ready to attack Ye again in late May or June 203, his advisor Guo Jia offered advice to the contrary to take advantage of the Yuan brothers' simmering tensions: Cao Cao accepted the advice and retreated homeward, placing Jia Xin (賈信) in the beachhead fortress of Liyang while presumably leaving the untenable position of Yin'an to his enemies.  When Cao Cao was retreating across the Yellow River, Yuan Tan requested new equipment and additional troops from Yuan Shang so he could catch Cao Cao mid-river. Doubtful of his elder brother's intentions, Yuan Shang granted neither. Yuan Tan's advisors Guo Tu and Xin Ping added fuel to the fire by suggesting it was Shen Pei who made Yuan Shao send Yuan Tan away to be adopted by his uncle, causing a furious Yuan Tan turned his army to attack Yuan Shang and Shen Pei in Ye. Yuan Tan was defeated and fled to Nanpi, while Cao Cao returned to his capital Xu City apparently unmolested.

Aftermath.

Despite initial successes, Cao Cao had suffered setbacks, and in the end could only retain the beachhead Liyang after nine months of campaigning. He stayed in Xu City for the next three months, possibly to assert his authority to prevent any disorder that might arise from his extended absence. During his stay there, he issued two proclamations that sought to punish and demote officers who had been unsuccessful, with the reason that ranks and rewards should not be given to those who failed to earn them.  The threat of the Yuan brothers would soon resolve itself, as Guo Jia had reasoned. The Yuan brothers had turned against each other, with Yuan Shang gaining the upper hand in the fraternal conflict. Yuan Tan was eventually driven from Nanpi and took refuge in Pingyuan; besieged there, he turned to Cao Cao for help. The Governor of Jing Province Liu Biao, an old ally of Yuan Shao, had the famed writer Wang Can write a letter each to Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang on his behalf, urging them to fight against their nemesis Cao Cao, not amongst themselves. The letter to Yuan Tan in particular celebrated the Yuan brothers' victory in Ye against a strong enemy, and sternly disapproved of Yuan Tan's reliance on Cao Cao. Still, Liu Biao's remonstrances fell on deaf ears.  Cao Cao was engaged in battle with Liu Biao on their common border when Yuan Tan's ambassador Xin Pi came to him. It turned out that Xin Pi was disillusioned about his lord, and suggested to Cao Cao that this would be the opportunity to destroy both Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, before the two brothers make up and unite their forces. Xun Yu had also made an argument along these lines previously. Cao Cao accepted the advice, and ostensibly allied with Yuan Tan. In 204, Cao Cao launched an attack from Liyang and routed Yuan Shang's army from Ye to relief Yuan Tan, causing Yuan Shang to seek refuge with Yuan Xi. In the year after that, Cao Cao accused Yuan Tan of ill intent and cancelled the alliance, and followed that by laying siege to Nanpi. Yuan Tan was killed in that battle. The Yuan clan's hold on China's north was thus broken, though they would hold on until their final destruction in 207.

The Battle of Liyang, fought between October 202 and June 203 in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was an invasion attempt by the warlord Cao Cao against the brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, the sons of Cao's rival Yuan Shao. The battle in October 202 was the first between the two factions since the death of Yuan Shao four months earlier. Although it ended in Cao Cao's withdrawal, events in this battle brought tensions between the Yuan brothers to the surface as Yuan Tan mutinied against his younger brother Yuan Shang after Cao Cao's temporary exit from the scene.


Background.

Public debt did not exist in the Regency of Tunis until the end of the reign of Mustapha Bey in 1837, but his successors found themselves in increasingly difficult financial circumstances. They wanted to modernise the country and its institutions: Ahmed Bey had set up a military academy at Le Bardo and begun training a larger army. He sent 15,000 Tunisian soldiers to fight for the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War, and also established new government offices—the rabta managing state grain silos; the ghaba in charge of olive oil forests; and the ghorfa, the central state procurement office. His successor Muhammad Bey was an ambitious palace-builder.  To fund these expensive new ventures, the Beys of Tunis relied on tax revenues paid on a customary basis. Most of the country paid the "mejba" () established in the seventeenth century under the Muradid dynasty. There is much scholarly debate about exactly what this constituted and how it was levied, but it appears that before 1856, the term "mejba" signified a tax paid by a tribe, clan or other social group, based on a collective assessment. The Beys also imposed monopoly taxes on salt, tobacco, tanned hides and other commodities.

Muhammad Bey - the mejba and foreign influence.

In 1856, Muhammad Bey embarked on a major fiscal reform. He gave up most of his taxes on commodities and agricultural goods (except for olive and date trees, oils and cereals) as well as the old "mejba" levies, and instituted a new capitation tax called the "i'ana" () which quickly also became known as the mejba, although it was a new tax calculated on a completely different basis—it was levied on individuals rather than on groups. This new mejba was fixed at 36 piastres per adult male per year. For most peasants, this equated to about 45 days' labour. To reduce potential unrest, the five largest towns—Tunis, Sfax, Sousse, Monastir, Tunisia and Kairouan—were exempted. The new tax raised 9.7m piastres out of a total 22.95m piastres of government income. Although burdensome, the new mejba was not sufficient to eliminate the government deficit. The developing economy meant that increasingly gold and silver coin tended to

Sadok Bey - Reform and rising debt.

Muhammad Bey was succeeded in 1859 by his brother Sadok Bey, In 1860, Sadok Bey introduced conscription for the first time in Tunisia—military service was now obligatory for a period of eight years. Recruits were selected by lot, and those who could afford it could buy themselves out of the service. Thus it was only the poor who ended up serving.  Following the introduction of the new mejba and military service, on 23 April 1861 Sadok Bey promulgated the first written constitution in the Arab world, separating executive, legislative and judiciary powers, through a new Supreme Council, legislature and court system and thereby limiting his own powers. This constitution reaffirmed the equality of rights for Muslims, Christians (effectively, therefore, for Europeans) and for Jews; in particular, concerning the right to own property. This created a new legal environment which encouraged Europeans to set up businesses in Tunisia. The new constitution was not popular. The new Supreme Council was filled with placemen of the Grand Vizier Mustapha Khaznadar, mamluks, and others of

Outbreak of the revolt.

In September 1863 the decision was taken to apply the new mejba (or, properly, the "i'ana") to the five towns that had previously been exempted, and to double the rate to 72 piastres per head. This measure was vigorously opposed by the Bey's ex-Minister Kheireddine Pasha, General Hussein and General Farhat Gaied Jbira who served on the Supreme Council and was also the caïd (governor) of El Kef. General Hussein exclaimed: 'the conditions of the country will not allow it to bear any more taxes. The country is in danger!' Kheireddine Pasha said that most of the additional revenue generated by the increase would be taken up by the cost of the army needed to raise it. The notables convened by Sadok Bey to hear his plans made clear that they would not be able to enforce them on their people.

Murder of General Ferhat.

As soon as the news spread, trouble broke out in the tribal regions. Caravans were looted and stocks of weapons and powder were built up. In an attempt to calm the growing unrest, a decree of 22 March 1864 modified the new mejba again, making it into a progressive tax. Those eligible to pay were graded into six categories on the basis of their wealth, and the mejba applied to them on a scale of 36 to 108 piastres. It was however stipulated that the average rate paid by the population under each caïd was to remain at 72 piastres. To show the government's determination to push ahead with the new tax, the Bey ordered

Revolt of Ali Ben Ghedhahem.

The death of General Farhat galvanised the rebels. El Kef was besieged by surrounding tribes, while the authorities refused to let them enter the town. The Governor of Kairouan, General Rashid, took refuge in a house with was then surrounded; the defenders opened fire and killed some of the attackers. After a tense negotiation, the General was allowed to leave for Sousse, but the countryside was so hostile that from there, he was obliged to make for Tunis on a British ship. A provisional government was set up by the rebels in Kairouan after he departed. Similar incidents unfolded across much of north an interior of the country. At Béja, Téboursouk, Makthar and Jendouba, the governors were forced to flee for their lives and their property was looted. The governor of the Majer tribe in the Thala region was not so fortunate. Besieged in his fortress, he killed dozens of attackers before it fell. He was killed, along with his entire family, and his body decapitated on 21 May.  The dead governor's secretary, Ali Ben Ghedhahem (), born

Uprising in the Sahel.

Despite these negotiations however, the rebellion spread to the coastal towns of the Sahel region as well. In the Gabes region, the governor escaped death by handing over to the rebels all the tax money he had already collected. The Bey then sent a boat to rescue him. On 30 April in Sfax, the rebels took control of the town, ransacked the tax offices, seized the casbah and freed the prisoners confined there. On 23 May the local authorities sought to regain control of the town by arresting the rebel leaders, but the entire town rose up to demand their

European and Ottoman intervention.

The French government instructed its consul Charles de Beauval not to involve himself in the internal politics of the Regency, but despite this, he did not hesitate to advise Sadok Bey to revoke his reforms, suspend the constitution, and send Khaznadar away. The British government had likewise given its consul Richard Wood instructions to keep out of the dispute, but he nevertheless offered the Bey the opposite advice— to support Khaznadar and maintain the new constitution, while cancelling the doubling of the mejba. With the official justification of concern for their expatriates, Britain France and Italy all sent naval forces to cruise the Tunisian coasts. In fact each wanted to be sure that neither of the others would take advantage of the rebellion to secure hegemony over the Regency.  On 11 May, Haydar Effendi, the former Ottoman Minister Plenipotentiary in Tehran, arrived at La Goulette with an Ottoman naval squadron to reinforce the rights of the Sublime Porte. He was welcomed enthusiastically by the people of Tunis who feared that European soldiers were about to land in the country. His real purpose was to take advantage of the situation to bring Tunis back under closer Ottoman rule. He proposed that Sadok Bey sign an agreement undertaking not to enter into any treaty with another power without the Sultan's consent, pay 3m piastres a year in tribute, and present himself in Istanbul to receive an Imperial investiture. Even the British consul, who favoured maximum Ottoman influence in Tunisia to frustrate the French, would not support these demands, and the agreement

Waning of the revolt.

The Ottoman envoy's mission had been a godsend for the Bey. Not only did he make a show of force to deter the European powers, he also brought desperately-needed financial support in the amount of 0.5m francs in gold coin. At the same time the government was able to raise further funds by selling the coming olive harvest to European traders in advance, with Khaznadar once again profiting from the transaction. This allowed the Bey to re-recruit 2,000 zouaoua troops who had been dismissed from service by his predecessor Muhammad Bey for grave indiscipline. As they were Kabyles from Algeria, their loyalty could be relied on as they had no ties to the Arab tribal leaders of the rebellion. The Bey was also able to use some of this money to begin buying off some of the tribal leaders, and mistrust started to spread among the rebels. The fear grew that if the uprising continued, the country would end up being occupied by the French army. The rebellion began to falter. In the countryside, people wanted to return to their fields in time for the harvest; in the coastal towns, fear of brigandage

Repression.

Reprisals in the Sahel.

Negotiations between Ben Ghedhahem and the Bey did nothing to discourage the rebels of the coastal towns. The arrival of General Osman in Sousse to recruit soldiers raised tensions once again. From 23 July, the town was besieged by the inhabitants of nearby towns who wanted him gone and the new taxes abolished. The people of Monastir, Tunisia refused to send help to Osman and even, on 11 September, refused to allow General Slim to land in the town, after he had been sent by the Bey to rally them.  On 29 August, a "mhalla" (military column) headed by General Ahmad Zarrouk set out from Tunis for the Sahel region. It advanced slowly - time was on the Bey's side as harvest approached

Harrying the north.

In the North, the troops of ’Ali Ben Ghedhahem tried to oppose the advance of a General Rustum's column as it approached El Kef. Some of his close allies were however betrayed and handed over to the Bey's forces. His lieutenant was given a thousand strokes with a stick in front of the women of the harem in the Bardo palace, and thrown barely alive into a dungeon. Soon a second mhalla under Ali Bey joined up with Rustum's forces. To avoid annihilation, Ben Ghedhahem and 5,000 of his men slipped away over the Algerian border to take refuge with the Nemencha people in January 1865. With him out of the way, the northwest was subjected to the same exactions as the Sahel and fines were imposed, though as more of the population were nomadic they could more easily evade the

The end of Ali Ben Ghedhahem.

In January 1865 Ali Ben Ghedhahem and his brother Abd En Nebi were taken under watch to Constantine while his men were disarmed and interned by the French. The French treated them well, as they saw him as a potential ally in the event of a future conquest of the country. On 5 February Sadok Bey granted a fresh amnesty to the rebels who had fled, but not to the Ben Ghedhahem brothers. At the same time, the Bey made secret contact with them, claiming that the French were making preparations to betray them and deliver them both to him at the Bardo. Finally, missing his homeland, Ali Ben Ghedhahem took flight on 17 November 1865 and returned to Tunisia, hiding out in the Regba massif near the border at Ghardimaou. The Bey's armies under General Slim laid

Aftermath.

Ruin of the countryside.

Much of the countryside was laid waste. The harvests had all been seized and sold, reducing the people to famine for three years. People ate herbs and roots, and there were even reports of desperate people eating children in some areas. In the wake of the hunger came cholera, in 1865, 1866 and 1867, and there was a typhus outbreak in 1867.  " 'Dead bodies lay in the roads, unburied. They were collected every morning in the caravanserais and the mosques, and heaped in carts. Bubonic plague and typhus combined; this new scourge caused such ravages that there were two hundred new victims each day in the town of Sousse alone. Already, when there was only famine to contend with, Europeans did not

Debt crisis.

The extorsions of Zarrouk and the other commanders did much to enrich them, but nothing to improve the government's finances. With no other recourse, Sadok Bey was persuaded by Khaznadar to take out yet another foreign loan, on which Khaznadar once again made substantial commissions. As Nassim Shamama had fled in June 1864, the following month a loan of 5m francs was arranged with a Jewish financier named Morpurgo from Alexandria, of which only 0.5m found their way to the treasury. A new contract was signed with the Erlanger Bank on 1 November 1864 for 15m francs guaranteed by customs revenues. A further 10m francs was subscribed several weeks later by the Oppenheim Bank, guaranteed by the tax on olive trees. As loan after loan was subscribed on terms very favourable to lenders, the Paris

Rebellion of 1867.

Unrest broke out again in 1867 in the northwestern border region of Kroumirie. The kroumirs lived an independent existence in their forests, and the government in Tunis did not have the means or the will to bring them firmly under its rule. The rebellion might therefore have remained a local affair, but on 11 September 1867, the government learned to its astonishment that Sadok Bey's youngest half-brother, Sidi Adel, had escaped from the palace in the night, travelled west, and placed himself at the head of the rebels, proclaiming himself Bey. He was accompanied by a number of high-ranking officials, who were deeply dissatisfied with the continued influence of Mustapha Khaznadar and the damaging effect it was having on the country. Sadok Bey confined himself in the Bardo palace, but

The Mejba Revolt (1864–65) was a rebellion in Tunisia against the doubling of an unpopular poll tax (the "mejba") imposed on his subjects by Sadok Bey. The most extensive revolt against the rule of the Husainid Beys of Tunis, it saw uprisings all over the country and came close to prompting military intervention by Britain and France. The revolt was suppressed with great brutality and the government became ever more seriously indebted to foreign creditors, backed by European governments, until it was finally unable to resist French occupation in 1881.


Precursor protest.

In the late 1960s, the U.S had plans for an underground nuclear weapon test in the island of Amchitka at Alaska. Because of the 1964 Alaska earthquake the plans raised some concerns of the test triggering earthquakes and causing a tsunami. A 1969 demonstration of 7,000 people blocked a major U.S.-Canada border crossing in British Columbia, carrying signs reading "Don't Make A Wave. It's Your Fault If Our Fault Goes". Further demonstrations occurred at U.S. border crossings in Ontario and Quebec. The protests did not stop the U.S. from detonating the bomb.  While no earthquake nor tsunami followed the test, the opposition grew when the U.S. announced they would detonate a bomb five times more powerful than the first one. Among the opposers were Jim Bohlen, a veteran who had served in the U.S. Navy during the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Irving Stowe and Dorothy Stowe, a Quaker couple. As members of the Sierra Club they were frustrated in the lack of action by the organization.

Formation.

In October 1969, Bohlen and the Stowes started meeting at a church basement, calling themselves the Don't Make a Wave Committee and planning anti-nuclear protests. From Irving Stowe, Bohlen learned a form of passive resistance, "bearing witness", where objectionable activity is protested by mere presence. Jim Bohlen's wife Marie came up with the idea to sail to Amchitka, inspired by the anti-nuclear voyages of Albert Bigelow in 1958. The idea ended up in the press and was linked to The Sierra Club. The Sierra Club did not like this connection and in 1970 Jim and Marie Bohlen, Irving and Dorothy Stowe and Paul Cote, a law student and peace activist established The "Don't Make a Wave Committee", working independently of The Sierra Club. Early meetings were held in the Shaughnessy home of Robert and Bobbi Hunter. The first office was opened in a back-room of a storefront off Broadway on Cypress, in Kitsilano, Vancouver.

Transition to Greenpeace.

During meetings in 1970 Bill Darnell combined the words ‘green’ and ‘peace’, thereby giving the organization its first expedition name, Greenpeace. Many Canadians protested the United States military underground nuclear bomb tests, codenamed Cannikin, beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska in 1971. In May the year, the "Don't Make a Wave Committee" sent Jim Bohlen and Patrick Moore, to represent the "Don't Make a Wave Committee" in US Atomic Energy Commission hearings in Alaska.The "Don't Make a Wave Committee" first expedition hired the "Phyllis Cormack", a halibut seiner available for charter, to take protestors to the testing zone on the island of Amchitka. The expedition was called "Greenpeace I", and included Canadian journalist Robert Hunter. In the fall of 1971 the ship sailed towards Amchitka and faced the U.S. Navy ship Confidence. The activists were forced to turn back. Because of this and the increasingly bad weather the crew decided to return to Canada only to find out that the news about their journey and the support from the crew of the Confidence had generated widespread sympathy for their protest. Greenpeace chartered another ship, a former minesweeper "Edgewater Fortune", which was renamed the "Greenpeace Too!". Paul Watson, also a co-founder of Greenpeace was selected to crew the 2nd vessel. One day out of Amchitka the United States Atomic Energy Commission conducted the underground 5 Mt Cannikin nuclear test a day earlier than scheduled on November 6, 1971. The nuclear test gained widespread criticism and the U.S. decided not to continue with their test plans at Amchitka. In 1972, The Don't Make a Wave committee changed their official name to "Greenpeace Foundation".  On 4 May 1972, following Irving Stowe's departure from the chairmanship of the Don't Make A Wave Committee, the fledgling environmental group officially changed its name to the "Greenpeace Foundation". Later that year David McTaggart would sail his yacht, "Greenpeace III", to French Polynesia to oppose the French atmospheric nuclear tests at Mururoa atoll, supported by the new Greenpeace Foundation.

The Don't Make a Wave Committee was the name of the anti-nuclear organization which later evolved into Greenpeace, a global environmental organization. The Don't Make a Wave Committee was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to protest and attempt to halt further underground nuclear testing by the United States in the National Wildlife refuge at Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. The Don't Make a Wave Committee was first formed in October 1969 and officially established in early 1970.


Garment types.

These garments can be broadly classed as pre-made, made to measure, and homemade.

Pre-made.

Padded underwear with pockets into which sections of padding can be inserted are marketed by companies catering to crossdressers. Many of these premade garments are often criticised for looking lumpy or false.

Made to measure.

At least one company specialises in manufacturing custom made garments specifically designed from the purchaser's measurements. These garments are more expensive than pre-made or homemade garments but are generally well made.

Homemade.

The cheapest form of hip and buttock padding is homemade. Information on making padding is available on web sites and in at least one book.  Using the person's own measurements and a table of comparative measurements, it is possible to determine how thick the padding needs to be at various places, such as the widest point on the hips and the fullest point on the buttocks.  Homemade padding is usually made by cutting a block of high-density polyurethane foam rubber to shape. This is the same type of foam as used for upholstery. The most common tool used for shaping the foam for this application is an electric knife. The block is usually cut as a flat piece which is wrapped around the hips and buttocks, rather than being carved as a curved piece. The foam is carved only on the "inside", so that the outside surface remains smooth.  The padding is usually worn inside a compression garment such as one intended to be worn by females to lift and shape the buttocks.

Hip and buttock padding is used to increase the apparent size of the hips and buttocks in order to increase apparent waist-hip ratio which implies more feminine body shape. It is used by both sexes: women wishing to increase their physical attractiveness, some transgender people and cross-dressers. Performers both male in drag and female. This technique is often used by drag queens to create the illusion of a feminine figure, often taking it to the extreme for comedic value.


Background.

She was born in Sheema District, Western Uganda, in 1969.

Education.

Kamatenesi attended Kasanna Primary School. She later attended "Nganwa High School" for her O-Level education, between 1984 and 1988. In 1985, she joined "Mary Hill Secondary School" in Mbarara, for her A-Level studies. In 1993, she was admitted to Makerere University, Uganda's largest and oldest public university. She studied Botany and Zoology, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree. She studied for the postgraduate Diploma in Education, also from Makerere. Her Master of Science in Environment and Natural Resources Management degree and her Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology, were both obtained from Makerere University.

Work experience.

Soon after writing her final examinations in Botany and Zoology at Makerere in 1996, she was recruited as a Teaching Assistant in the Faculty of Science at the same institution. From 1998 until 2000, she served as Lecturer and Head of Department, "Uganda Fisheries Training Institute" in Entebbe. She later would serve as the Head of Fisheries Extension Education and Administration, Fisheries Training Institute, Entebbe. From 2010 until 2011, she served as the Deputy Dean, Research and Graduate Studies, in the Faculty of Science, Makerere University. From February 2011 until May 2014, she served as the Dean of the School of Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences at Makerere University. On 2 May 2014, Kamatenesi Mugisha was appointed Vice Chancellor of Bishop Stuart University, a position she currently occupies.

Other considerations.

Mugisha has over 30 scientific publications to her name. She is married and is the mother of four children. She is a Born-again Christian.

Maud Kamatenesi Mugisha, sometimes written as Maud Kamatenesi-Mugisha, is a Ugandan natural scientist and academic administrator. She is the current Vice Chancellor of Bishop Stuart University, a private institution of higher education in Uganda, accredited by Uganda's "National Council for Higher Education" (NCHE).


Biography.

Fisher is best remembered for her 1959 song "The Big Hurt", written by her manager Wayne Shanklin. The song went to #3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the US. The track also peaked at #30 in the UK Singles Chart. "The Big Hurt" is notable because it featured a flanging effect when mixing engineer Larry Levine—who went on to help Phil Spector create his wall of sound—inadvertently mixed the mono and stereo versions of the song together but out of sync; a happy accident. It is claimed to be the first record to have such phasing. DJ Dick Biondi on WKBW in Buffalo, New York, would introduce the record as "Toni Fisher's weird one". The song was recorded in the Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles and engineered by Stan Ross and Dave Gold.  Disc jockey Wink Martindale commented that the record label billed the singer as "Miss Toni Fisher" because of her powerful voice, which is consistently audible over the phasing, the instruments, and the background noise, to confirm to the listener that the singer is indeed a woman.  "The Big Hurt" was later covered by Wes Montgomery, Del Shannon, Scott Walker, Vikki Carr, Nick Cave, and others.  In 1962 she had another Top 40 hit single with "West of the Wall" (#37), a song about the sadness of lovers separated by the 1961 erection of the Berlin Wall. She had recorded the melody before; an earlier version, "Toot Toot Amore" on Signet Records had different lyrics.  Fisher died in Salt Lake City, Utah, on January 11, 1999, of a heart attack at age 74.

Toni Fisher (born Marion Colleen Nolan, December 4, 1924 – January 11, 1999) was an American pop singer. She was known for her recordings of "The Big Hurt", "West of the Wall", "Maybe (He'll Think Of Me)," and "Why Can't The Dark Leave Me Alone". She was later known as Toni F. Monzello, following her marriage to Henry Monzello.


Life.

Details about the life and training of Adam de Coster are sketchy. It is known he was originally from Mechelen where he was born in the year 1585 or 1586 as the son of Jan de Coster and Clara van der Borcht. In 1607 he is recorded in Antwerp on his admission as a master to the local Guild of Saint Luke. Despite the lack of documentary evidence, it is assumed that de Coster travelled to Italy in his formative years. Here he would have been in touch with the works of Caravaggio and his followers, which would have such an important influence on his style and subject matter. Some of the recently rediscovered works of de Coster were part of Italian collections, which also points to a possible residence in Italy. Certain correspondences between his paintings and those of the Lombard artist Antonio Campi also point to a possible sojourn in Italy. The only evidence for any foreign travel is a document which places him in Hamburg in 1635. De Coster did have strong personal ties with Italy as some of his close relatives emigrated to Italy where they worked as painters.  He spent his active career in Antwerp where he seems to have enjoyed a high reputation. This is confirmed by the fact that Anthony van Dyck painted his "" in "grisaille" and an freely cut after this portrait by Pieter de Jode II was included in van Dyck's "Iconography" (Icones Principum Virorum), a collection of portraits of leading personalities of van Dyck's time. Below his portrait de Coster is described as a "Pictor Noctium" i.e. a 'Painter of Nights', a clear reference to his preference for tenebrist scenes. It demonstrates that his reputation as a painter of night scenes had been established firmly in Northern Europe by the 1630s. The artist did not have any known pupils. His name was largely forgotten after his death and his work attributed to other artists.

Work.

Adam de Coster was not in the habit of signing or dating his works. As a result, many of his works were attributed to other Caravaggisti. His oeuvre has been reconstituted mainly on the basis of an engraving made by Lucas Vorsterman the Elder (1595–1675) after the lost painting "". The engraving depicted tric-trac players and a musician illuminated by two burning candles on a table. The engraving states in the lower margin: "A De Coster pi:", which shows that it was engraved after an original work by de Coster. This work provided the basis for the attribution of further paintings. The English art historian Benedict Nicolson played an important role in the rediscovery of the artist and the re-attribution of works to de Coster. Adam de Coster's oeuvre is mainly composed of genre paintings with half-length figures and dramatic light effects. He preferred stark chiaroscuro and returned time and again to the motif of half-length figures illuminated by candlelight. He was clearly familiar with the work of Caravaggio and his followers and in particular the Utrecht Caravaggists. De Coster's paintings show a certain affinity with those of Georges de La Tour and other French variations of the tenebrist movement in Caravaggism. More direct influences, however, are Gerard Honthorst and Antonio Campi. He often used the trope of the half-masked flame in his compositions.  His subjects are those that one typically finds with Caravaggio and his followers: card sharps, fortune tellers, prostitutes, musical performances, the denial of St Peter etc. De Coster returned to certain themes regularly and various versions of the "Denial of St Peter" and the "Card Players" exist. He also painted "" (Statens Museum for Kunst), which is possibly a double portrait of Francois Duquesnoy and Georg Petel. This suggests he was also active as a portrait painter. A fine example of his work is the "Three Singers" (Liechtenstein Collections). In this work de Coster depicts a musical performance by three singers who are singing from the same songbook. The three musicians are drawn with fine yet sharp features, against the background of a red curtain. They are illuminated from below by a source of light outside the picture. De Coster shows his mastery in the sensuous rendering of the fabric of the female singer's dress and the way it catches the light. Another composition with a musical theme is "A Man Singing by Candlelight" (1625-1635) (National Gallery of Ireland). Here de Coster used the device of the covered light source to create splendid lighting effects on the costume. The singer is depicted with half-open mouth heightening the sense of drama and the realism of a captured moment in time. It is likely that the figure is a life study. Closely related to this work is (At Sotheby's 25 January 2017 in New York, lot 23), another composition depicting a single figure lit by the flame of what appears to be the same candle stick. The similarities between the two compositions illustrates de Coster's reworking of a successful compositional prototype.

Adam de Coster (c. 1586 in Mechelen – 4 May 1643 in Antwerp) was a Flemish painter who was a prominent member of the Antwerp Caravaggisti. These Caravaggisti were part of an international movement of European artists who interpreted the work of Caravaggio and the followers of Caravaggio in a personal manner. He is mainly known for his genre scenes with strong chiaroscuro effects. He was called a "Pictor Noctium", i.e. a 'Painter of Nights' because of his preference for tenebrist scenes.


Early life and career.

Saeroen was born in Yogyakarta, Dutch East Indies, to a courtier ("abdi dalem") and his wife. After failing to complete his schooling at two different elementary schools, during which time he worked cleaning horse-drawn carriages and delivering newspapers, he passed a written test equivalent to an elementary school diploma. He then went to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to work at a train station. After several months he was asked to work at the railway employees' news publication, "Vereniging van Spoor-en TramPersoneel".  Interested in the press, Saeroen left his job and became involved with several mainstream publications, including the Chinese-owned "Siang Po" and "Keng Po". He later established the daily "Pemandangan" with Raden Hajji Djunaedi, writing heated editorials with the pen name Kampret (the Indonesian word for microbats). At the time editorials were mainstays of minor publications, and several reporters were better known by their pen names than their birth names. Although the newspaper's circulation grew quickly, Saeroen's editorials led to "Pemandangan" being closed by the Dutch colonial government in the mid-1930s. This reportedly followed a nationalist editorial in which Saeroen described Mohammad Husni Thamrin as prime minister of a "United Indonesian Republic".

Film career.

With "Pemandangan" closed and the newly established "Antara" news agency gaining greater strength, Saeroen was asked to head the native desk at the Dutch-run news agency Aneta, where he also served as a translator. Around 1936 Saeroen was approached by Albert Balink and the Wong brothers to work on their new film collaboration, "Terang Boelan" ("Full Moon"), reportedly first only to improve the dialogue but later as the primary scriptwriter. As Saeroen had had experience with the popular "toneel" theatrical troupes, he was able to write a story which drew on theatre traditions and became popular among natives. The film, a love story starring Rd. Mochtar and Roekiah, was a commercial success, earning 200,000 Straits dollars in British Malaya; it proved to be the most successful production in the area until 1953's "Krisis" ("Crisis"), released after Indonesia had become independent.  After the success of "Terang Boelan" and Balink's emigration to the United States, much of the cast and crew – including Saeroen – were signed with Tan's Film. Saeroen's first film with the company, "Fatima" (1938), was a commercial success, earning 200,000 gulden on a 7,000 gulden budget. Around 1939 he was arrested for influencing the national media with Japanese funds, spending nine months in prison. During that year he also wrote "Gagak Item" ("Black Raven") for Tan's, a work inspired by Zorro.  Over the following two years Saeroen wrote four further films while continuing to write in "Pemandangan", which had been reestablished. In 1940 he wrote two films for Union Film: "Harta Berdarah" ("Bloody Treasure"), a story about an accursed treasure; and "Bajar dengan Djiwa" ("Pay with Your Soul"), a drama following the interactions between several families, including the philanthropist Basuki and the ne'er-do-well Umar. A further film was completed for the company in 1941, "Asmara Moerni". In 1942 Saeroen wrote two works for Star Film: "Ajah Berdosa" ("Father Sins"), and "Pah Wongso Tersangka".

Later life.

Saeroen's activities during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and ensuing national revolution (1945–1949) are not known. He resurfaced in 1953 as a writer for several newspapers, including "Lukisan Dunia", "Dewan Rakjat", and "Warta Bogor" – the last of which he published himself. These writings were again published using the pen name Kampret.  Over the next several years Saeroen continued to work as a journalist while opening several hotels in Cipayung with bat-themed names, including Kampret, Kalong (flying foxes), and Kelelawar (roundleaf bats); he is also reported to have helped raise the children of Titien Sumarni after the actress' death. Saeroen died in Bogor, West Java, on 6 October 1962.

Filmography.

All as a screenwriter:

Saeroen (Perfected Spelling: Saerun; fl. 1920s–1962) was an Indonesian journalist and screenwriter. Born in Yogyakarta, he became a journalist after a time working at a railway station. By the mid-1930s he had established the daily "Pemandangan" with Raden Hajji Djunaedi and was writing editorials with the pen name Kampret. When the paper was dissolved, Saeroen drifted into the film industry as a writer, making his debut with Albert Balink's "Terang Boelan" (1937). Much of his later life was spent working with several minor publications.


Overview.

Many of Lamaní's residents own farms where they raise cows and other livestock. Farmers also cultivate rice, beans, corn, coffee, tomato, cucumbers,eggplants,among other crops.  Some residents immigrate to the United States to work and provide income to their families. Being a small town, Lamaní immigrants know each other and tend to stay in touch, sometimes forming neighborhoods with a lot of Lamaní immigrants in the United States.  It has recently undergone changes to its physical and communications infrastructure, such as paving of roads, access to the internet, cable television service, etc. They have their own medical clinic and preparatory schools. Some studious residents have turned out to be lawyers, doctors, engineers, and even soccer players, most notably Fernando "Azulejo" Bulnes, who played for Atlético Español of Tegucigalpa in 1965-1966.

Climate.

Temperatures can range anywhere within the 32 degrees Celsius range to as low as 4 degrees Celsius.

Transport.

Lamaní is to experience further construction, as an international highway is to be built beside the town. This highway is to connect the northern coast of Honduras and continue into El Salvador.

Events.

Lamaní has two main festivities throughout the year. Christmas is celebrated throughout 4 days, often hosting bullfights in two town stadiums, simultaneously. One is sanctioned by a private party, the other is sanctioned by the municipality of Lamani. Thousands of people attend these bullfights. The other is called El Dia De La Virgen del Carmen, which celebrates the patron saint of Lamani. It is celebrated much in the same fashion that Christmas is celebrated.

Lamaní is a municipality in the Honduran department of Comayagua. It is located about 25 minutes from the City of Comayagua, in the vicinity of the Piedra Parada Mountain.


Club career.

Born in Nova Hartz, Rio Grande do Sul, Ruschel started his career at Juventude. He made his senior debut on 20 January 2009, starting in a 1–0 Campeonato Gaúcho home win against Sapucaiense.  Despite appearing regularly in the year's "Gauchão", Ruschel never established himself a starter for Juventude, and subsequently served loans at Pelotas and Luverdense. In May 2013, he joined Chapecoense permanently.  On 3 July 2013, Ruschel was caught in a doping exam, and was suspended for six months on 6 August. On 26 December of that year, however, he signed for Série A club Internacional.  A backup to Fabrício, Ruschel made his top tier debut on 14 September 2014 by starting in a 2–0 home win against Botafogo. The following 8 January, he signed a new three-year deal with the club.  On 6 August 2015, Ruschel was loaned to fellow top-tier club Atlético Paranaense, until December. After appearing in just one match, he suffered a knee injury and his loan was cut short.  On 7 June 2016, Ruschel returned to "Chape", now in a temporary deal until the end of the campaign. He acted as a second-choice to Dener as his side reached the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals for the first time ever.

LaMia Flight 2933 accident.

On 28 November 2016, whilst travelling with Chapecoense to the aforementioned finals, Ruschel was one of only six survivors of the LaMia Flight 2933 accident in the Colombian village of Cerro Gordo, La Unión, Antioquia. The first person to arrive at the hospital, he had a back injury which was later fixed through surgery. A few days later, a video was recorded with Ruschel walking again.  On 7 August 2017, Ruschel played his first match since the incident, playing in the 2017 Joan Gamper Trophy for the first 35 minutes and receiving a standing ovation along with his other 2 surviving teammates.

Alan Luciano Ruschel (; born 23 August 1989), known as Alan Ruschel, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for and captains Chapecoense, as a left back and midfielder.


Biography.

Early life.

Blanco is the daughter of musician Billy Blanco Junior and musician and English teacher Maria Claudia Blanco. She is the granddaughter of Billy Blanco, who was a successful bossa nova artist. Blanco was born in São Paulo and currently resides in Rio de Janeiro. She was raised in a large family of musicians; she has an older brother Pedro Sol and four younger siblings: Ana Terra, Estrela, Daniel, and Marisol. They were home-schooled by their mother in both English and Portuguese. The family moved often, including living in Peru for two years. The children entertained themselves with music and social projects.  She performed in musicals at a very young age in a band with her parents and siblings. Blanco and her siblings recorded an album called "O Trem do Arco-Íris" (The Rainbow Train), composed of children's songs in Portuguese and English.

Early career (2005–2006).

After recording a CD, "Família Blanco – É Natal" (It's Christmas) (2004), when Blanco turned 18, she and her family group began performing in bars and other small venues in Rio de Janeiro. Their repertoire consisted of bossa nova and The Beatles songs. In 2006, while in college, Blanco toured with her new band, Lágrima Flor (Flower's Tear), for which she was vocalist and composer. (The name of the band was a tribute to a song of her grandfather, introducing his work to a new generation.) After five years she left the band for other projects.

Theatre, television and film (2008–2010).

Blanco took courses to improve her talents: singing lessons with Professor Carol Savoy; Theatrical Interpretation at Casa de Cultura Laura Alvim, with Daniel Herz (2008–2009); Diving Theatre, the CAL course with Isaac Bernat, Claudia Melle and Renata Frisina (2009); Interpretation Workshop with Walter Lima to Cinema (2009); training workshop for "Rebelde" on TV Record, with Roberto Bomtempo (2010); workshop with the casting director Sergio Penna (2013).  Blanco began acting in 2008; her first stage role was Isolde in "Romeu e Isolda". That same year, she appeared in the Rede Globo telenovela "Três Irmãs" ("Three Sisters"), playing surfer Bia.  In 2009, Blanco returned to theater, cast as the character Mariana in the musical "O Despertar da Primavera" ("Spring Awakening") by Frank Wedekind; the musical produced a Latin version revived by Charles Moeller and Cláudio Botelho. Among the three thousand auditioned, Blanco and her siblings Pedro Sol and Estrela were among the 19 finalists. In 2010, they released a soundtrack album for the musical. Blanco also played rock-musician Joe in the Globo telenovela "Malhação" and joined the cast of young presenters for "TV Globinho".  In 2010, Blanco played Grace in the Globo telenovela "As Aventuras do Didi" (The Adventures of Didi). She re-recorded the hits "A Thousand Miles" by Vanessa Carlton and "Umbrella" by Rihanna, released on "Relaxing Bossa – Volume 4". Blanco also came to rehearse for Natália in the play "Confessions of a Teenager" based on the book series of author Maria Mariana, but because of other commitments she could not continue in the show.  In the beginning of 2011, she debuted as Talia in the feature film "Teus Olhos Meus" ("Soulbound" ), which was directed and written by Caio Sóh.

Success in "Rebelde" (2011–2013).

Blanco became known for playing Roberta Messi, one of the protagonists on the Brazilian version of the telenovela "Rebelde" ("Rebel" ). Written by Margareth Boury and directed by Ivan Zettel, it was inspired by the eponymous Mexican telenovela by Pedro Damián. Auditions lasted four months and in late 2010, Blanco was chosen as one of the finalists. She completed a series of tests including acting, dancing, and singing to play the rebellious character Roberta. "Rebelde" portrayed the everyday life of young people living at a prestigious boarding school, facing typical teenage drama beyond the main storyline, such as alcoholism, bullying, eating disorders, and family problems. The telenovela premiered on March 21, 2011 and completed its final episode on October 12, 2012; the series was divided into two seasons and was broadcast in 410 episodes.  Blanco and the other five lead "Rebelde" actors – Arthur Aguiar, Chay Suede, Mel Fronckowiak, Micael Borges and Sophia Abrahão – were also the vocalists for the Rebeldes band. They were signed to Rede Record to tour and record along with TV series, and performed about 90 shows in Brazil over three years. The first Rebel Tour (October 30, 2011 – January 30, 2012) had shows conclude with Blanco singing "Firework" by Katy Perry for up to 90 thousand spectators. Following the telenovela's conclusion, the Farewell Tour "Nada Pode Nos Parar" (Nothing Can Stop Us) (January 30, 2012 – August 18, 2012) showed an audience demand that allowed for multiple tour extensions. They chose to perform ten days of concerts in the northeast, then launched the "Turne Asepxia" (Tour Asepxia) (August 25 – September 23, 2012). Lastly, the Rebels "Forever Tour" began in September 2012, revisiting cities for additional farewell concerts.  On September 23, 2011, the band's album "Rebeldes" was released, selling about 120,000 copies and earning platinum certification. The music video for the single "The Way I Am" was released in December of the same year.

Achievements with Rebeldes.

In early 2012, the six lead actors recorded commercials for specialized products to combat pimples. Months afterwards when the ads aired, they learned that Asepxia was an official sponsor of the band.  On April 11, the band launched its first live album and DVD, Rebels Live, taken from show recordings in São Paulo. It sold 40,000 copies for gold certification, and a DVD equivalent of 50,000 copies for platinum. Together they yielded 140,000 copies. With the DVD they released a music video for the song "Nada Pode Nos Parar". In June, "After the Rain" became another hit single. On December 9, 2012, the band released a studio album, "Meu Jeito, Seu Jeito" (My Way, Your Way).  In 2012, Blanco appeared in the video "It was the Chosen" by her former band, Lágrima Flor, as an actress.  Rebeldes' final show was in Belo Horizonte on May 4, 2013.

2013–present.

At the beginning of 2013, Blanco recorded a duet with singer João Teles of Pietros for "Todo Dia" (Every Day), released in April, and appeared in the music video. She made another duet with Rodrigo Fragoso, "Tudo Vai Mudar" (Everything Will Change).  In 2013, Blanco returned to theater in the role of Anne, a protagonist of the comedy "Stand Up" with Matheus Souza, who directed and wrote the play. The show was successful and extended for another season. In the same year, she participated in the musical "As Coisas Que Fizemos e Não Fizemos" (The Things We Did and Did not Do) as Paula, where she worked with actress Giselle Batista and Matheus Souza (who wrote and directed the show).  In July–August 2013, Lua made a cameo in the last two performances of "Tudo por um Popstar" (Everything for a Popstar) in Rio de Janeiro and three performances in São Paulo. The play portrayed the adventures of three friends who travel to the capital to watch the show of their biggest pop idols. Blanco took the stage with the cast to sing "I'm Yours" by Jason Mraz, a song and video she recorded with the Pietros band (who also attended), plus "Meu Jeito Seu Jeito" (My Way, Your Way) from the Rebeldes catalog.  Blanco recorded the song "Turnaround" for the film "A Brasileira" (The Brazilian). The film's producers were Uri Singer and Fabio Golombek, and starring actors included Fernanda Machado, Greg Tuculescu, Dean Cain, Mariel Hemingway, and Scott Rodgers.  Blanco returned to telenovelas in "Pecado Mortal" ("Mortal Sin"), which debuted on September 25, 2013. Blanco radically changed her look for the role due to the nature of the plot, the 1970s setting, and to better resemble the actor who played her character's mother.  Blanco directed a series pilot for a show called "UO", featuring actors Miguel Romulo, Mariana Molina, Rael Barja, and Diego Montez.  In early 2014, Blanco was cast in "Se Eu Fosse Você – O Musical" (If I Were You – The Musical), a stage adaptation of the popular Brazilian film of the same name. Lua played Bia, the daughter of protagonists Helena (Claudia Netto) and Claudio (Nelson Freitas). It opened on March 21, in Rio de Janeiro, under the supervision of Daniel Filho, Flavio Marinho, direction and choreography by Alonso Barros, and musical direction by Guto Graça Mello.  In late 2014, Blanca began filming and recording for the feature "Turbulência" (Turbulence), a romantic comedy directed by Tiago Venâncio. She played Paula, one of the four protagonists, and recorded the song "Fall My Way" with singer Kevin White. The film was released on September 15, 2016.  On December 2, 2015, Blanco released the promotional single "Eu e o Tempo" ("Me and Time") and an autobiographical e-book to promote the release of her first solo album. She also sold collectibles in a campaign to promote and fund her tour. A second promotional single, "O Mundo Todo" (The Whole World), was released on December 25, and on February 27 the first official single "Perde Tudo" (Lose Everything). On March 5 (her 29th birthday), Blanco ended the campaign with 102% of her funding goal.  On March 21, Blanco sent fans who had supported her a digital version of her first studio album, "Mão No Sonho" ("Hand In The Dream"). The album includes the participation of her brothers in the song "Gosto do Amanhã", by fellow Rebeldes-member Micael Borges in "Vem Não Vem", and singer Gugu Peixoto, in the song "Tanto". Following the promotional tour, Blanco officially released "Mão No Sonho" on September 2, with a music video released on September 9.

Lua Blanco (born March 5, 1987) is a Brazilian actress, singer, songwriter, TV host, and model. Blanco has been recognized for her talent, charisma and her ability to play different roles. She achieved success on the telenovela "Rebelde" and as a member of its accompanying band, Rebeldes, which received one gold, two platinum, and one double-platinum album awards. Band members included Arthur Aguiar, Chay Suede, Micael Borges, Mel Fronckowiak and Sophia Abrahão. Lua performed about 90 shows over a span of three years, for a total of over 1.2 million spectators in Brazil.


History.

Foundation and government, 1964-1998.

The United Bermuda Party was founded on 21 August 1964, by 24 members of Bermuda's Parliament, following the formation of the Progressive Labour Party the previous year. Sir Henry Tucker became the leader of the new party. The party won 30 of the 40 seats at the 1968 election and formed the first government and Tucker was appointed Bermuda's first Premier. under Bermuda's new constitution and universal adult suffrage. The party was loosely modelled on the UK's Conservative Party.  From 1968 until 1998, the UBP won 8 straight elections. The 1970s saw the UBP majority in Parliament decline as the PLP grew in strength. This trend was halted when Sir John Swan became party leader and Premier on 15 January 1982. Under Swan's leadership, the second black man to lead the party, the UBP control of Parliament strengthened at the 1983 and 1985 elections (where it reached an all-time high of 31 seats), though this trend ended at the 1989 election.  The 1990s were a troubling time for the party as the PLP increasingly gained seats. Following the 1993 election, the UBP held 22 seats. In 1995, Swan held a referendum on independence, which was soundly defeated. He had promised to resign if the measure was defeated as a sign of his support for the issue, and kept his word. He was replaced by David Saul, who was soon replaced by Pamela Gordon, Bermuda's youngest Premier, and the first woman to hold the office.

Opposition and disbanding, 1998-2011.

At the 1998 election, the PLP defeated the UBP for the first time, marking the first time in over 30 years that the UBP was not in power. At the 2003 election, the party won 48.0% of popular votes and 14 out of 36 seats under the leadership of Grant Gibbons. In January 2006, Gibbons was replaced by Wayne Furbert, who was unanimously selected as the new party leader. On 3 April 2007, Michael Dunkley replaced Furbert as party leader. Dunkley lost his seat at the 2007 election, and was replaced as leader by Kim Swan. The party's deputy leader was long-standing maverick MP Trevor Moniz, a recognised champion of Bermuda's Portuguese community.  On 3 May 2011, the UBP executive voted to merge with the Bermuda Democratic Alliance (BDA), to form the One Bermuda Alliance (OBA). However, leader Kim Swan refused to join after the executive failed to allow a disputes tribunal under the United Bermuda Party constitution to take place, and was granted an injunction in the courts. In response, seven UBP MPs resigned from the UBP and joined with the sitting BDA members under the OBA banner. While Kim Swan and Charles Swan remained as UBP Members of Parliament, the OBA replaced the UBP as the official opposition party. On 29 June 2011, the UBP announced that its offices would close and it would cease to operate on the following day.

Revival, 2011-2012.

In November 2011, the two remaining UBP MPs, Kim Swan and Charlie Swan, announced their intention to revive the UBP and to have it contest the next Bermudian election. The party's website was updated and election posters prepared. The two MPs were the only two announced candidates for the party. A March 2012 poll reported that the revived party had about 1% of voter support. When an election was called for 17 December 2012, Kim and Charlie Swan announced they would run as independent candidates, effectively ending the revival attempt.

Platform.

The United Bermuda Party's stated core objectives were:

The United Bermuda Party (UBP) was a political party in Bermuda, which represented itself as centrist party with a moderate social and fiscal agenda. The party held power in Bermuda's House of Assembly continuously from 1968 to 1998, the 47-year-old party was dissolved on 30 June 2011 after the majority of its members joined the One Bermuda Alliance.


Teams.

This season 18 nations took part in the Euro Beach Soccer League whom were and were distributed as follows:

Superfinal berths.

There were eight berths available in this season's Superfinal, expanded from the six spots in previous seasons. The table summarises in what positions nations needed to finish in their respective divisions in order to qualify to the Superfinal, what round of the Superfinal they would enter finishing in said positions, and the seeding they would receive.  Allocations

Division A.

Division A consisted of six rounds of fixtures known as "stages", with one stage hosted in each of the six countries participating as shown. Four teams took part in each, with each team taking part in a total of four of the six stages. In each stage, the teams played each other once. The nation who earned the most points at the end of the stage was crowned stage winners.  At the end of the six stages all results were tallied up in a final league table.

Stage 1.

The first stage took place in Marsielle, France. Portugal claimed the stage.

Stage 2.

The second stage took place in Scoglitti, Italy. Spain won their first stage of the season.

Stage 3.

The third stage took place in Portimão, Portugal. The hosts earned their second stage crown.

Stage 4.

The fourth stage took place in Stavanger, Norway. A second stage victory was claimed by Spain.

Stage 5.

The penultimate fifth stage took place in Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca, Spain. The hosts won their third stage title of the season. The Spanish also earned enough points during this stage to secure first place in the final division standings.

Stage 6.

The sixth and final stage was due to be the English stage of Division A, to be held in Brighton (originally to be stage 1 of the division, held at the end of June). However, the sponsors of the English event in previous years, Kronenbourg, and other potential sponsors, were deterred from investing in the event again due to this year's fixtures clashing with Euro 2004, in which it was believed audiences would be far more interested and therefore a risk to invest money into this event. Sky continued to offer TV coverage, but no new sponsor could be found, and so the stage was ultimately cancelled.  BSWW subsequently made an attempt to reorganise the stage as stage 6 in Catanzaro, Italy at the end of August, but this ultimately fell through too.

Final Division A table.

The top four Division A teams qualified to the Superfinal. The final positions of the nations occupying first through fourth respectively determined seedings in the quarter-finals. Spain were crowned runaway winners of the division, earning the top seed in the Superfinal. France, finishing in the last qualifying position, claimed the lowest seed on offer in Division A.  Despite the teams playing different numbers of games due to stage 6 being cancelled, this ultimately proved inconsequential to the final league table since, after the completion of stage 5, Norway had no fixtures remaining and it was impossible for England to gain enough points in the final round of matches to move up into a Superfinal qualification spot. Hence the four qualifiers were confirmed at this point. If played, the matches of stage 6 would have been dead rubbers.

Division B.

Like the top tier, Division B consisted of five rounds of fixtures known as "stages", with one stage hosted in each of the five countries participating as shown. Four teams took part in each stage, with each nation participating in four of the five stages overall. In every round of fixtures the teams played each other once. The nation who earned the most points at the end of the stage was crowned stage winners.  At the end of the five stages all results were tallied up in a final league table.

Stage 1.

The first stage took place in Istanbul, Turkey. Belgium won the first stage of Division B.

Stage 2.

The second stage took place in Linz, Austria. Switzerland won the event.

Stage 3.

The third stage took place in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, alongside the running of the Division A and C events. Austria claimed their first stage win.

Stage 4.

The fourth and next to last stage took place in Interlaken, Switzerland. The hosts won their second stage crown.

Stage 5.

The fifth and final stage took place in Brussels, Belgium. The hosts won the event, their second of the season, and secured the division title after beating Germany on the final day.

Final Division B table.

The top three Division B teams qualified to the Superfinal. The final positions of the nations occupying first through third respectively determined seedings in the quarter-finals. The remaining Division B nations exited this season's EBSL.  Belgium were crowned winners. Switzerland and Austria were the other two successful teams, qualifying ahead of Germany by a slim margin.

Division C.

Results.

The inaugural season of Division C was played as a straight knockout tournament. All teams contesting the division started in the quarter-finals, playing one match per round until the final when the winner was crowned. The losers of the quarter-finals played in consolation matches to determine their final division placements.  Slovenia withdrew immediately prior to the start of the event, giving Poland a walkover into the semi-finals, Monaco a bye in the consolation matches with no opponent to face, and meant there was no seventh place play-off.

Final Division C standings.

The winner of the division qualified into the Superfinal quarter-finals. The remaining Division C nations exited this season's EBSL.  The Ukraine won the Division C tournament title, comfortably beating Hungary in the final. Since they withdrew, Slovenia did not receive a placing.

Superfinal.

Qualified teams.

This is a summary of the teams who qualified for the Superfinal.

Results.

This season the Superfinal was played as a straight knockout tournament. All eight teams contesting the title started in the quarter-finals, playing one match per round until the final when the winner of the 2004 Euro Beach Soccer League was crowned. The losers of the quarter-finals played in consolation matches to determine their final league placements.

Superfinal final standings.

France beat Portugal in the final to win their first Euro Beach Soccer League title.  The success of the three nations finishing in the podium positions meant they earned qualification for the upcoming FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. The teams in fourth through seventh place competed in a final play off stage to decide which nation would gain the remaining berth at the World Cup.

The 2004 Euro Beach Soccer League, was the seventh edition of the Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL), originally known as the "European Pro Beach Soccer League", the premier beach soccer competition contested between European men's national teams, occurring annually since its establishment in 1998. The league was organised by Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) between July 2 and September 5, 2004 in ten different nations across Europe.