History.

Designed by Sir James Douglass, construction began in November 1873 by contractor Mr Yerward of Wales under the supervision of resident engineer Henry Norris, Douglass and Norris having completed Souter Lighthouse in 1871. The tower is tall with the lamp being above mean sea level. It was blessed by Frederick Temple, Bishop of Exeter, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury, and the light was lit for the first time by Lady Stucley of Hartland Abbey during the opening ceremony on 1 July 1874. The optic, a first-order rotating catadioptric array designed by James Chance, had been installed earlier that year. It flashed alternately red and white, the pattern being two white flashes followed by one red flash every thirty seconds. The optic had ruby glass panels mounted over three of its nine lens panels, these panels being around double the width of the other six (to compensate for the loss of intensity of light passing through coloured glass). The light could be seen up to away from the coast. The lighthouse was initially provided with a reed fog signal, sounding once every two minutes, which was replaced by a two-tone fog siren later in the 19th century; both installations were powered by caloric engines. In 1911 this was replaced with a new reed horn, and oil engines replaced the caloric ones. The fog signal was sounded from a small building a little to the north-west of the lighthouse.  The lighthouse was built with accommodation for four keepers and their families; it was protected by a long sea wall which was built in 1925 to prevent erosion of the rocks on which it stands. The large concrete structures immediately to the south of the lighthouse were to provide the keepers with fresh water.  The light was electrified in 1927, when the optic was replaced by a biform (i.e. two-tier) third-order sextuple-flashing rotating catadioptric optic, designed and built by Chance Brothers; the light had a range of and displayed six quick flashes in 7.5 seconds. It was lit by two 3 kW filament lamps, one on each tier (the lower lamp was fitted to a turntable lamp changer, which automatically lit a standby lamp (either electric or acetylene) in the event of a bulb or power failure). At the same time a new diaphone fog signal was installed, sounding three blasts every 75 seconds.  In January 1959 the lighthouse was connected to mains electricity; the generator formerly in use was retained for emergency use. Some years afterwards the fog diaphone was replaced with an LIE300 electric horn. The tower was automated in 1984 and controlled from Trinity House Operations Centre at Harwich in Essex. The keepers' dwellings have since been demolished to make room for a Helipad to be constructed. This was necessary due to the precarious nature of the access road which is liable to frequent rock falls and landslips. Vehicular access is now very difficult and the gates tend to remain locked. The fog signal was discontinued in 2010.  Having carried out a thorough assessment of the requirements for Aids to Navigation off Hartland Point, Trinity House determined that the light at this location could be reduced to a nominal range of 8 nautical miles. This light can be more economically provided by a modern LED beacon in front of the original lighthouse, with no detriment to the safety of the Mariner. Consequently, the old light was decommissioned in 2012.  The Lighthouse was marketed and sold by Trinity House at a £500,000 guide price, consisting of "the former lighthouse, three bedroom living accommodation over two storeys, various stores, a helipad and access via a surfaced road that leads up the cliff to the gated entrance. The site in total amounts to about 16 acres of cliff and coastline, and has the best sea views in the area."

Hartland Point Lighthouse is a Grade II listed building at Hartland Point, Devon, England. The point marks the western limit (on the English side) of the Bristol Channel with the Atlantic Ocean continuing to the west. Trinity House, the lighthouse authority for England and Wales, have a lighthouse on the tip of the peninsula.


Career.

New York Yankees.

Davis attended Dixon High School in Holly Ridge, North Carolina. As a 15-year-old in early 2009, he committed to play college baseball at East Carolina University. Davis was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 14th round of the 2011 Major League Baseball Draft. He signed with the Yankees instead of attending East Carolina. He made his professional debut in 2012 with the Gulf Coast Yankees. In 2013, he pitched for the Staten Island Yankees and Charleston RiverDogs and spent 2014 with Charleston. He started 2015 with the Tampa Yankees. The Yankees added him to their 40-man roster after the season.

Cincinnati Reds.

On December 28, 2015, Davis was traded to the Reds with Caleb Cotham, Tony Renda, and Eric Jagielo in exchange for Aroldis Chapman. Davis made the Reds' Opening Day roster in 2017 and made his major league debut on April 6 against the Phillies.  Davis picked up his first major league win on May 3, pitching 5 scoreless innings over the Pirates in a 7–2 win.  He was outrighted to AAA on August 27, 2018 and became a free agent at the conclusion of the season.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

On February 18, 2019 Davis signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates and was invited to spring training. His contract was purchased on May 25. On September 1, Davis was outrighted off the Pirates roster and he elected free agency following the season.

Personal life.

Rookie got engaged to his fiance Allison Fisher on September 28, 2019. Davis' father, Billy, also attended Dixon High School, and played college baseball for Louisburg College. His older sisters, Lauren and Ayrien, both played softball and basketball at Dixon.

William "Rookie" Theron Davis (born April 29, 1993) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates.


Structure and equipment.

As of 2017, the group claimed to have 2,000 fighters, including 500 defected soldiers and 30 officers from the Syrian Armed Forces. The head of the group is the "joint command council", led by Captain Ahmed Tamer.  Fighters in the group typically operate in groups of 10. Its main equipment are Toyota Land Cruiser and Toyota Hilux gun trucks mounted with various weaponry including autocannons, heavy machine guns, recoilless rifles, and multiple rocket launchers. It also operate at least 1 T-62 and 2 T-55s.  The group received BGM-71 TOW missiles as one of the first rebel groups to do so in May 2014 and is also in possession of Chinese HJ-8 and Russian 9M133 Kornet anti-tank missiles paid by Qatar and supplied from Sudan.

History.

The group was involved in the capture of the Brigade 559 and the siege of Dumayr airbase. It primarily operates in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains and northern Damascus countryside regions. In March 2016 the group and the US-backed New Syrian Army captured the al-Tanf border crossing from ISIL in a cross-border raid.  On 9 June 2016, the group's leader, Colonel Bakour Salim, who was also the commander of the Damascus Military Council from 2012 to 2013, died from an ISIL suicide bombing after the group advanced and captured several ISIL positions. Later in June, the FMAA and the NSA were hit by airstrikes from 2 Russian Sukhoi Su-34s and participated in the failed 2016 Abu Kamal offensive against ISIL.  A new commander, Captain Ahmed Tamer, was appointed on 30 August 2016 after the previous commander was dismissed for alleged corruption.  Since 2016, the opposition local council of towns in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains have negotiated a ceasefire agreement with Syrian government forces. As a result, the group abided by it and focused their fighting on ISIL. As part of the Southern Front, the group also abided by a ceasefire in effect since the January 2017 Astana talks. In an interview with the group's commander in February 2017, he announced that the group will support an international attempt at a ceasefire in Syria.  In April 2018, along with other rebel groups in the eastern Qalamoun, fighters of the Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo were evacuated to the Turkish-occupied zone in the northern Aleppo Governorate.

The Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo is a Syrian rebel group previously affiliated with the Free Syrian Army's Southern Front. The group was named after either Ahmad al-Abdo al-Saeed, a Syrian civilian who was killed in the early 2011 protests, or first lieutenant Ahmad al-Abdo, a rebel commander who was killed in action during the war. The group received support from the Friends of Syria Group.


Early life and education.

Tonita Peña was the daughter of Ascensión Vigil Peña and Natividad Peña of San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico but at age 12, her mother and younger sister died, as a results of complications due to the flu. Her father was unable to care for her and she was taken to Cochití Pueblo and was brought up by her aunt, Martina Vigil Montoya, a prominent Cochití Pueblo potter. Tonita married four times and had six children. Peña's first marriage was at the age of 15, arranged by village elders to Juan Chavez. She had two sons, who were raised by their Aunt while Peña finished school. In 1913 Peña has a second arranged marriage to fine art painter Joe Hilario Herrera who died in a mining accident, followed by Epitacio Arquero, whom she married in 1922.  In the 1930s Peña was an instructor at the Santa Fe Indian School and at the Albuquerque Indian School and the only woman painter of the San Ildefonso Self-Taught Group, which included such noted artists as Alfonso Roybal, Julian Martinez, Abel Sánchez, Crecencio Martinez, and Encarnación Peña. As children, these artists attended San Ildefonso day school which was part of the institution of the Dawes Act of 1887, designed to indoctrinate and assimilate Native American children into mainstream American society.  Edgar Lee Hewett, an anthropologist involved in supervising the nearby Frijoles Canyon excavations (now Bandelier National Monument) was instrumental in developing the careers of several San Ildefonso “self taught” artists including Tonita Peña. Hewett purchased Peña's paintings for the Museum of New Mexico and supplied her with quality paint and paper.

Career and later life.

Peña began gaining more notoriety by the end of the 1910s selling an increasing amount to her work to collectors and the La Fonda Hotel. Much of this early work was done of traditional subject matter, in a style inspired by historic Native American works, however her use of an artists easel and western painting mediums gained her acceptance amongst her white contemporaries in the art world. At the age of 25 her work was being shown at museums and galleries in the Santa Fe and Albuquerque area. In the early 1920s Tonita did not know how much her painting sold for at the Museum of New Mexico so she wrote letters to the administrators because a local farmer was worried that she got paid to little.  In 1931, Tonita Peña exhibited at the "Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts" which was presented at the Grand Central Art Galleries in New York City. By 1932, the Whitney Museum in New York bought Peña's painting "Basket Dance" for $225. This was the highest price paid up to this time for a Pueblo painting and most Native American paintings at this time were selling between $2 to $25.  She died on September 9, 1949 of cancer after unsuccessful radiation therapy on her adrenal glands. At Peña's death, all of her remaining paintings and personal effects were burned in compliance with Pueblo customs.

Affecting social change.

Peña did not accept the traditional roles of women in arts within Native American culture. She focused primarily on two-dimensional works on paper rather than the more socially accepted pottery and ceramic mediums of her contemporaries. Beyond the choice of what medium she used, Peña's subject matter also pushed gender boundaries. At the time she was active, only men were allowed to portray living individuals in their work. Another way Peña rejected traditional roles of women was how she approached her role as a mother. Contrary to the traditions of her tribe and America at large, she chose to have others raise some of her children, so that she could focus on completing her education and also furthering her career. During her lifetime, the U.S. government pushed the idea of assimilating Native Americans within American culture. Peña's artwork emerged as a site of resistance towards those efforts, reaffirming the importance of ceremonial dances as crucial for Puebloan cultural survival.

Critics.

Critique of Peña can be found within the framework of studying "traditional" Native American art, versus "White patronage" supported art of Native American art. Artwork made by Native Americans and collected by White patrons served no traditional function for in Native American communities. Peña's critics were not only the established art world, but also her own tribe. Many of Peña's paintings depicted sacred rituals and her fellow tribespeople believed these were inappropriate subject matters to portray and share outside the tribe. Epitacio Arquero, Governor of the Pueblo and Peña's husband at the time of the most heated protests, defended the subject matter saying her paintings only depicted subject matter already visible to outsiders. Following the controversy, Peña's work changed to focus on Pueblo culture and traditions that were not sacred or private in nature.

Legacy.

Native arts (traditional crafts, dance, music as well as modern techniques like Peña's pen and ink with watercolor on paper) was a factor in modern Euro-Americans' changing perspective of the aesthetic and spiritual value of Native American culture and identity. Peña's artwork emphasized the role of women in everyday life and is credited with expanding the expectations of women in art by refusing to limit herself to the traditional female role of potter. Her son Joe Herrera, heavily influenced his mother, became an important figure in American modernism. Peña's artwork is part of the collections at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Cleveland Museum of Art in Ohio, the Cranbrook Institute of Science in Michigan, the Heard Museum in Arizona, the Dartmouth College Collection in New Hampshire, the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology at Brown University, and the Peabody Museum at Harvard. She has continued to have national art exhibitions posthumously. A crater on the planet Venus has been named after Tonita Peña.

Tonita Peña (born May 10, 1893 in San Ildefonso – died September 9, 1949 in Santo Domingo Pueblo) born as Quah Ah (meaning white coral beads) but also used the name Tonita Vigil Peña and María Antonia Tonita Peña. Peña was a renowned Pueblo artist, specializing in pen and ink on paper embellished with watercolor. She was a well-known and influential Native American artist and art teacher of the early 1920s and 1930s.


History.

The earliest records for the village of Kexby can be found in the Domesday Book, which dates back to 1086. According to these reports, the village went by the name of Cheftesbi/Chestesbi. These records also highlight that Kexby was home to 21 households which was condisered to be a relatively large number at this time. This point is backed up by the fact that in 1086, Kexby was the third largest settlement in the hundred of Well. This was out of the 15 settlements in the area.  Although Kexby is a separate village and parish council, it is served by the church in the neighbouring village and parish council of Upton. The church register in Upton, which include reports for Kexby, dates back to 1563. However, there is evidence that the Church of All Saints dates back much further, with parts of the chancel walls believed to date back to before the Norman Conquest of 1066.  In the 1870s, the village of Kexby was described as: "a township in Upton parish, Lincoln; 3 miles N of Marton r. station, and 5 SE of Gainsborough. Acres, 1, 540. Real property, £2, 215. Pop., 272. Houses, 61. The manor belongs to W. Hutton, Esq. There are chapels for Primitive Methodists and U. Free Methodists."  The parish boundaries have not changed in Kexby since the 19th century. The parish forms a long horizontal shape, stretching from Heaton's Wood in the East to Kexby Grange in the West. However, in the earlier reference from the 1870s, Kexby was described as being "a township in Upton parish"; as of today, this is not correct. In 1894, the government passed an act concerning parishes, creating 14,000 of them. We can only presume that this was when Kexby became independent from Upton parish.  Occupational statistics are available for Kexby in 1881. For men, the dominant employer was agriculture, with 53 working in this sector, over 60% of the male population at the time. These statistics also show that 9 women were employed as indoor domestic servants, possibly at the manor house owned by W.Hutton, highlighting the unequal nature of the workplace in the Victorian period. For a small village, Kexby was well supplied, as the occupational statistics state that the village was home to a bakery, a butchers and a grocery store.

Present day.

As of 2011, the occupational status of many of Kexby's population has changed. The census report of 2011 highlights this shift. The most popular form of employment for Kexby now is in the professional trade, with 31 people working in this sector, 17% of the villages population. 28 people also work as Managers, Directors and Senior Officials, with 29 involved in the Skilled Trade sector. These statistics go to show how much the workplace has changed over the past 130 years since the 1881 census. Now, only 15 residents of Kexby work in Elementary Occupations, such as farming. Kexby itself does not contain any schools. However, there are primary schools located in the nearby villages of Marton, Lea and Sturton-by-Stow. After primary education, the pupils of Kexby can attend schools such as the Queen Elizabeth's High School in Gainsborough, which also offers the chance for students to stay on at sixth form level.  In terms of transport, buses between Gainsborough and Lincoln stop at Kexby Corner bus stop roughly every hour. The nearest railway station is at Gainsborough Lea Road, which can be found 3 miles north west of the village, on the Gainsborough to Lincoln line.

Population.

Since 1881, the population of Kexby has remained relatively steady, never exceeding a total of 350. Unlike a majority of villages in the UK, Kexby seems to be unaffected by the events of World War 1. The population only decreased by 5 between 1911 and 1921, from 325 to 320. As of 2011, the total population of Kexby is 340. The age range in the population of Kexby is quite diverse; the census data for 2011 highlights this. The most populous age ranges seems to be from 40-49 and 60-69, but for a village like Kexby there also seems to be a healthy proportion of other younger and older generations.

Amenities and landmarks.

Kexby contains a gun shop and a 4-star Bed and Breakfast business and a picture framing business.  The course of the River Trent, one of England's longest rivers, passes approximately west of Kexby on its way to the Humber Estuary where it enters the North Sea.

Kexby is a small village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 340. It lies at the side of the B1241 road, and is situated south-east of Gainsborough and north-west of the city and county town of Lincoln.


Location.

The remains of Fort Cépérou are at the western edge of the present city of Cayenne, French Guiana. A map from 1769 shows the fort and town in the north west of the Island of Cayenne, which lies on the Atlantic coast of Guiana between the mouths of the Cayenne and Mahury rivers, with a channel connecting the two rivers and separating the island from the coast. The fort is located on Mont Cépérou, with a panoramic view over the land, the sea and the entrance to the Cayenne River. The fort was first named Fort Cépérou, then Fort Saint Michel and then Fort Saint Louis before returning to its original name. The town of Cayenne grew around the protective walls of the fort.

History.

Background (1604–34).

In 1604 Captain Daniel de La Touche, seigneur de la Ravardière, was the first Frenchman to make a serious reconnaissance of what would become French Guiana, originally called Equinoctial France (France équinoxiale). The Spanish and Portuguese had not settled this section of the coast, although it was thought to lead to the land of El Dorado. Between 1616 and 1626 Dutch colonies were founded on the estuaries of the Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara rivers. In 1630 the English settled at the mouth of the Suriname River. In 1626 Cardinal Richelieu authorized colonization of Guiana. In 1630 Constant d'Aubigné ordered a colony to be installed on the shores of the Sinnamary. Captain Bontemps was tasked with colonizing the new territories with 1,200 French people.

First settlement (1634–45).

An official government memoir written after 1765 says that "establishments were made at Cayenne itself in 1634 and 1636 where a fort was built near the western extremity of the island, at the mouth where the river formed the port, and above the fort, a town which has remained the capital of the colony." Another source says that in 1638 merchants from Rouen built the first fort on the northwestern shore of the island of Cayenne.  In 1643 Charles Poncet de Brétigny of the Compagnie du Cap du Nord, or Compagnie de Rouen, arrived with 400 settlers. He bought the hill at the mouth of the Cayenne River from the local Kalina people (Caribs) and named it "Morne Cépérou" after the Kalina chief who sold it. The first wooden Fort Cépérou was built on the hill, and a village was built below it. Bretigny was ruthless and despotic, and terrorized both the colonists and the indigenous people. He persecuted and enslaved the Kalinas, who responded by revolting and slaughtering many of the colonists. In 1644 a Carib killed Bretigny with an axe to the head. Twenty-five Frenchmen survived, but none left Guiana alive.

Fresh settlement attempts (1652–76).

In September 1652 the twelve "seigneurs" of the Compagnie de la France équinoxiale landed 800 men at the tip of the Pointe du Mahury, where they found the 25 survivors of the Compagnie de Rouen. Jean de Laon, a king' engineer, replaced the wooden walls of the fort with a stone bastion called Fort Saint Michel. The purpose was to guard against attacks from the Caribs across the river, and attacks by the English and Dutch. All of the settlers had soon been killed by the Caribs or had escaped to Barbados. Guerin Spranger obtained a grant from the States General of the Netherlands and established a Dutch colony on Cayenne Island around 1656. By 1660 there were no Frenchmen left in Guiana.  In 1664 Jean-Baptiste Colbert sent a force of 1,200 to recapture Cayenne from the Dutch. The town was rebuilt with 200 huts, and had 350 French settlers and 50 slaves. In 1666 the English commanded by Captain Peter Wroth visited the colony of Cayenne but did not harm the governor Cyprien Lefebvre de Lézy. Cayenne was looted by the British under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir John Harman in August 1667. The English destroyed the fort and the town of Cayenne. After they left, from December 1667 the Jesuit father Jean Morellet was the de facto governor until the new governor Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre arrived.  The Dutch vice admiral Jacob Binckes arrived at Cayenne on 4 May 1676 and landed 900 troops near Fort Saint Louis (Fort Cépérou) the next day. Lefebvre soon surrendered. Binckes left shortly after for Marie-Galante and Tobago, leaving a small force to hold Cayenne. On 18 December 1676 French troops under vice-admiral Jean II d'Estrées took the city back from the Dutch. After this the colony was French until the time of Napoleon, but it failed to prosper. In 1685 the total population of colonists and slaves was just 1,682.

Zenith and decline.

A 1677 map, still using the Dutch name of Bourg Louis, shows a watchtower, some small batteries and a miniature star-shaped fort on Morne Cépérou. A report that year says the small ("peu spacieux") fort had walls that were so thin they were disintegrating. In 1689 new fortifications for the town were laid out by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, the king's engineer. Vauban's fortifications were built between 1689 and 1693. The original Fort Cépérou remained, surrounded by the much more extensive ramparts of Vauban.  In 1701 the structures in the fort were destroyed by a fire that spread to the palm-thatched huts of the city. The Portuguese occupied Guiana from 1809 to 1817 and destroyed all the defenses of Cayenne Island. The remains of the town's walls were torn down, the fort's bastions were destroyed, and only three dilapidated buildings remained of the fort. In 1862 governor Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel had a lighthouse built on Mount Cépérou. By 1864 the fort was almost abandoned.  A great fire destroyed the southeast part of Cayenne in August 1888. The bell on the fort's pagoda rang for eight days during the fire until it split on 12 August 1888. A public clock was installed on the site in the first half of the 20th century. Some walls and a bell tower are all that remain. The pagoda holding the bell is classified as a "monument historique". In 2016 work was done to rehabilitate the pagoda, which was in danger of collapse. The site was transferred from the armed forces to the city of Cayenne in February 2009.

Fort Cépérou was a fort that protected the city of Cayenne, French Guiana. The original wooden fort was built on a hill looking over the mouth of the Cayenne River in 1643. Over the years that followed the French temporarily lost the site to the Dutch, English and Portuguese. The fort was torn down and rebuilt several times. Between 1689 and 1693 the whole town of Cayenne, including the fort, was surrounded by a classic line of fortifications by Vauban. The town was occupied by the Portuguese during the Napoleonic wars between 1809 to 1817 and Vauban's fortifications were destroyed, as were the bastions of the fort. Little remains of the fort today.


Location.

Burnham-on-Sea is notable for its beach and mudflats, which are characteristic of Bridgwater Bay and the rest of the Bristol Channel where the tide can recede for over. Burnham is close to the estuary of the River Parrett where it flows into the Bristol Channel, which has the second highest tidal range in the world of, second only to the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada. The constantly shifting sands have always been a significant risk to shipping in the area.

History.

The pillar or High Lighthouse was designed and built by Joseph Nelson for Trinity House, and was first lit on 1st December 1832. It was equipped with four oil lamps, which shone through a window set behind a half-gallery on the uppermost storey (at a focal height of above mean high water springs). The High lighthouse was designed to be used in conjunction with a new Low lighthouse, which was commissioned on the same date (and is still operating as of 2020). These new lights replaced the original Round Tower Lighthouse (which itself had been built to replace the light kept burning in the tower of St Andrews Church to guide fishing boats into the harbour); it was decommissioned on the same day that the new lights were brought into service.  The ground floor of the High lighthouse was in diameter and the top room. Cottages at the base of the tower provided accommodation for the keepers who attended the two lights. The High Lighthouse was painted plain white, initially, and the Low Lighthouse was white with a black vertical stripe on the seaward side. In 1890, in order to make the lighthouses more conspicuous by day, a red vertical stripe was added to the High Lighthouse and the colour of the stripe on the Low Lighthouse was altered, likewise, to red.

Early operation.

Burnham High and Burnham Low initially functioned as leading lights for vessels entering the River Parrett. In 1839, the lighthouses in line were described as indicating the way through a narrow entrance channel to the river, which lay between extensive mud flats: Berrow Flats to the north, Stert Flats to the south. As early as April 1844, however, Trinity House issued a notice warning that the Gore Sand (at the southernmost tip of Berrow Flats) had extended itself in a southerly direction to such an extent that the two lighthouses in line no longer indicated the deep water passage between the flats.  The High light was visible for, and was given an arc of visibility north of the line of transit, so as to provide a fix for vessels navigating between the Culver Sand and Steepholm (two hazards in the middle of the Bristol Channel). The Low light was visible for, and as such the two lights in line also served to provide a safe line of approach for vessels navigating up the Bristol Channel from the direction of Foreland Point and Minehead. South of this line the High light was'masked'.  In contrast to the fixed light of the Low lighthouse, the High lighthouse displayed an 'intermittent' (i.e. occulting) light (being bright for three-and-a-half minutes, then obscured for thirty seconds). At the time, it was the only Trinity House lighthouse listed as having an intermittent (as opposed to either fixed or revolving) light, this new light characteristic having first been introduced at Scotland's Tarbat Ness Lighthouse in 1830. The means of providing the High light's intermittent character was described in 1861 as a clockwork mechanism which raised and lowered a shutter behind the light-room window so as to obscure the light for 30 seconds every four minutes. At the time the light source was four fixed Argand lamps, with 21-inch parabolic reflectors. The mechanism for eclipsing the light had been transferred to the High Light from the old lighthouse, which had latterly displayed a similar intermittent light.  In 1884 the High light was upgraded and its occulting characteristic was altered to two two-second eclipses every minute.

Automation and upgrade.

When electricity was brought to Burnham in 1927 a 1000-watt incandescent light bulb was installed in each lighthouse (replacing the paraffin vapour burners then in use) which rendered the keepers redundant. (Burnham was the first Trinity House lighthouse in England to be converted from manned to unmanned automatic operation, following the automation of their lighthouses at Trwyn Du and St Tudwal's Island in Wales five years earlier.) A submarine cable was laid between the two lighthouses and the characteristics of the two lights were synchronised (being controlled by a'motor driven character machine' installed in the High lighthouse, which controlled both light circuits together). Both lights were given an occulting characteristic, the Low light occulting every 2.5 seconds, the High light every 5 seconds. In each location the lamp was set within a sectional fixed optic, backed by a dioptric mirror. An automatic lamp changer was provided: in the event of a lamp failure the spare bulb was brought into operation and if it also failed an acetylene lamp would be automatically lit.  As of 2 December 1969, the characteristic of the High light was altered to one white flash every 7.5 seconds. At the same time, a subsidiary sector light was introduced, shown from a lower window in the same tower (focal height: ) to indicate the correct bearing for the deep-water channel; it was a fixed light with red, white and green sectors. The new sector light rendered the Low lighthouse surplus to requirements and it was therefore deactivated on the same date.

Decommissioning and sale.

On 31 December 1993, however, the Low lighthouse was brought back into commission (and given the same white flashing light and subsidiary sector light), meaning that the High lighthouse was, in turn, deactivated.  The following year, Burnham High Lighthouse was put up for sale by Trinity House. It was bought by a member of the Rothschild family, who owned it until 1996 when it was bought at auction by Patrick O'Hagan. Conversion for residential use included the removal of the 6th floor and the construction of stairs where there had previously only been ladders. In 2018, having once more been put up for sale, the lighthouse was bought 'by an anonymous buyer'. The Fresnel lens and prism panels which formerly made up the optic in the light-room remain preserved in the tower as a constituent part of its Grade II listing. The red stripe on the building is still used, in conjunction with that on the Low lighthouse, as a leading mark.

The High lighthouse or pillar lighthouse is one of three lighthouses in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, England. A Grade II listed building, it is no longer functional as a lighthouse and has been converted for use as a private dwelling.


History.

Cap'n Jazz recorded several singles for independent labels in the early 90s as well as contributing to several compilations.  In 1995, the band released its only full-length album, "Burritos, Inspiration Point, Fork Balloon Sports, Cards in the Spokes, Automatic Biographies, Kites, Kung Fu, Trophies, Banana Peels We've Slipped On and Egg Shells We've Tippy Toed Over" on the Man with Gun label. The album is sometimes referred to as "Shmap'n Shmazz", which was printed on top of the CD.  The band broke up in July 1995, shortly after Shmap'n Shmazz's release, on the night of a show at Little Rock's Das Yutes a Go-Go. In 1998, Jade Tree assembled a double-disc Cap'n Jazz retrospective titled "Analphabetapolothology" which compiles the band's complete recorded works (save for Naive, their song on "Achtung Chicago! Zwei"): Shmap'n Shmazz, early singles, material from split releases, compilation tracks, unreleased demos and outtakes and several tracks from their farewell performance in Chicago.  The band's lineup was Tim Kinsella (vocals); Samuel Zurick (bass guitar); Mike Kinsella (drums, vocals); Victor Villarreal (guitar, vocals); and Davey von Bohlen (guitar, vocals from 1994–95).

Reunion.

Cap'n Jazz reunited at The Empty Bottle on Friday, January 22, 2010, as part of Joan of Arc's Don't Mind Control Variety Show.  After playing that short, impromptu set in Chicago, the band played its first official reunited show at the annual Forecastle Festival in Louisville on July 10, 2010, and a hometown reunion show a week later at the Bottom Lounge, supporting the vinyl re-release of Analphabetapolothology on Jade Tree Records, where they gained success. Due to the show selling out in about 48 hours, a second show was added the next night. Later, it was announced that they would also be playing reunion shows across the United States during the summer and fall of 2010.  Most recently, Cap'n Jazz was included in the lineup for the 2017 FYF Fest in Los Angeles' Exposition Park. This marks the band's first show since 2010. The FYF appearance was followed by shows in San Francisco, Chicago, New York and London, including an appearance at Riot Fest 2017 in Chicago.

Legacy.

Cap'n Jazz have influenced a number of bands. Former members of the band continue to play music, most notably in Make Believe, The Promise Ring, American Football, Owls, Ghosts and Vodka, Joan of Arc and Owen.

Cap'n Jazz was an American emo band formed in Chicago in 1989 by brothers Tim and Mike Kinsella, who were joined by Sam Zurick and Victor Villarreal. After a number of name changes and the addition of guitarist Davey von Bohlen, the band began to earn a cult following in the Chicago area and the Midwest.


History.

Lisbon was laid out in 1851. It was named after Lisbon, the capital of Portugal.

Geography.

Lisbon is located at (41.920721, -91.388188).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,152 people, 824 households, and 570 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 861 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.  There were 824 households of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.8% were non-families. 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.15.  The median age in the city was 36.4 years. 29.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 26.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,898 people, 728 households, and 516 families living in the city. The population density was 897.8 people per square mile (347.3/km2). There were 752 housing units at an average density of 355.7 per square mile (137.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.58% White, 0.37% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population.  There were 728 households out of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families.  Age spread: 30.1% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,139, and the median income for a family was $55,583. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $24,432 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,275. About 6.0% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.2% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

Lisbon is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, adjacent to the city of Mount Vernon. The population was 2,152 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Religious scholar.

Granius wrote a book "De indigitamentis" ("On Forms of Address"), on the "indigitamenta", that is, those pontifical books that contained prayer formularies or lists of deity names as a reference for accurate invocations. Granius dedicated this work to Caesar, as his contemporary Varro did his "Antiquitates Divinae". The title of the book is taken from a citation in the 3rd-century grammarian Censorinus. Macrobius cites him jointly with Varro as an authority on a religious point.  Granius was used as a source on ancient Roman religion by the Church Fathers; Arnobius, for instance, refers to him as many as five times in his books "Contra Paganos", second in number only to Varro, equal to the famed Pythagorean scholar Nigidius Figulus, and more often than Cicero. Arnobius implies that he knows the works of Aristotle only indirectly, and cites Granius as his intermediary source at least once. Granius, he says, demonstrates that Minerva is Luna, and also identified the Novensiles with the Muses.  Granius maintained that the Genius and the Lar were one and the same. He shared the view of Varro that the "res divinae" for both Apollo and Father Liber were celebrated on Mount Parnassus. It is sometimes unclear whether references to "Flaccus" refer to him or to Verrius Flaccus.

Jurist.

Granius is cited as an authority in the "Digest" of Justinian, where he is said to have written a book on Papirian law ("Ius Papirianum") as ascribed to the 6th-century pontifex Papirius. A reference in Cicero to the Papirii dates the book to sometime after October 46 BC. The "ius Papirianum" dealt with the laws of the kings ("leges regiae"), which were sacred laws and required knowledge of pontifical records; therefore, the interests of Granius in legal and religious formulas should be seen as compatible. Granius recorded, for instance, that Numa Pompilius, in founding religious rites for the Romans, struck a deal with the gods to punish those who committed perjury. It may be that no collection of "leges regiae" existed earlier, and the idea that there was a "ius Papirianum" originated with the work of Granius at the beginning of Augustus' reign. He may thus be a more significant jurist than the extremely scant remains of his work would indicate.  The point of law cited in the "Digest" involves distinguishing a girlfriend ("amica") from a concubine as defined by law ("concubina"). Granius explained that "pellex" (found elsewhere as "paelex"), Greek "pallakis", had become the usual term for a woman sleeping regularly with a man who has a legal wife ("uxor"), but that formerly it referred to a live-in partner in lieu of a wife.  This Granius is sometimes identified with Granius Licinianus; the latter, however, is almost always dated to the time of Hadrian.

Granius Flaccus (active in the 1st century BC) was an antiquarian and scholar of Roman law and religion, probably in the time of Julius Caesar and Augustus.


Etymology.

The first word of Kafr Zita, which is Kafr, is a Syriac word for "farm" or "village". The second word 'Zita' is another Syriac word which refers to olive oil. The village is known for cultivation of olives which is still until now one of the main crops of the village. Also pistachio became popular recently regarding to its better economic revenue.

History.

The ruins of a church dating to the Byzantine period in the 5th-century are located in Kafr Zita.  In the late Ottoman era between the 18th-19th centuries, the residents of Kafr Zita, which at that time was one of the largest villages in the area north of the Orontes River, were regularly in arrears for tax payment and had to obtain financial assistance.  During the period of the French Mandate in Syria, Kafr Zita, like many of the surrounding localities, was organized as a collective farming village. In 1975 the "nahiyah"s ("subdistricts") of Kafr Zita and Mhardeh were joined together to form the "mantiqah" ("district") of Mhardeh, with the latter as capital.  On 16 December 2012, during the Syrian uprising against the government of Bashar al-Assad that began in early 2011, government forces combating rebels bombed Kafr Zita, leaving three children dead, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR). On 20 December rebels claimed to have captured Kafr Zita and a string of other nearby towns during an offensive against government forces in the vicinity of Hama. In September 2013, Abu Shafiq checkpoint () which is between Kafr Zita and Morek, was captured by rebels. However, on 22 September 2014, it was reported that the rebels targeted the checkpoint. By early January 2014, the town was controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. However, later on, ISIL was removed from the town by the rebels.  On 20 August 2019, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the rebel and Islamic factions including jihadi groups like a Hayat Tahrir al-Sham have withdrawn from Kafr Zita in north Hama province.

Demographics.

Kafr Zita's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim Mawalis. In the early 20th-century they, along with the inhabitants of nearby Suran, were still proud of their Mawali origins. The Mawali were non-Arab Muslim nomadic tribes who dominated the desert regions of northern Syria for centuries before being forced out to the vicinity of Hama and Aleppo in the 18th century by the Annizah, a Bedouin tribal confederation from the Najd region of the Arabian Peninsula.

Kafr Zita (, also spelled Kfar Zita, Kafr Zayta, Kfar Zeita, Keferzita or Kafr Zeita) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 30 kilometers north of Hama. Nearby localities include Kafr Nabudah and al-Habit to the northwest, Khan Shaykhun to the northeast, Mork to the east, Suran to the southeast, al-Lataminah, Halfaya and Mahardah to the south, Tremseh to the southwest and Kirnaz and Hayalin. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Kafr Zita had a population of 17,052 in the 2004 census. It is also the center of a "nahiyah" ("subdistrict"), part of the Mhardeh District, that consists of seven localities with a combined population of 39,032 in 2004.


Seasons.

In Argentina, the climate is divided into four, well defined seasons, those being winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter.

In winter (June–August), the northern parts of Argentina are generally warm, the central parts mild, and the southern parts cold with frequent frost and snow. The climate of the southern parts of the country is moderated by the surrounding oceans, resulting in cold weather that is less intense and prolonged than at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The northern parts of the country have the warmest temperatures, with an average

Spring.

Spring (September–November) is similar to autumn, with mild days and cool nights. During mid-October a large variety of wild and urban flora are in bloom. Temperatures range from in the north to in the center, and in most of Patagonia. Tierra del Fuego Province

Summer.

In summer (December–February), temperatures range from an average of in the north to a mean of in the center of the country except for the southeastern parts of Buenos Aires Province, where temperatures are cooler in summer due to the maritime influence. In the extreme south of the country, the temperature averages ; at very high altitudes, the average is below.  During summer, mean precipitation varies

Autumn.

Autumn (March–May) is generally mild. Some forests and vineyards display red and orange autumn foliage, especially in mid-April. Frost arrives notably earlier in the south and later in the north. Mean temperatures can exceed in the northern parts of the country, while they can touch in most of the central parts of the country, and less than at the higher altitudes. As autumn progresses, mean temperatures fall in all regions, with March warmer than May. In the north, mean temperatures range from in March to in May. In the central parts of the country,

Factors that influence the climate.

Different meteorological factors affect the Argentine climate. Some of these factors are local while others come from other countries.

Geographic factors.

The most important geographical factors that influence the climate of Argentina are latitude, elevation, and distance from the sea. With Argentina extending from 22S to 55S, there are differences in the amount of incoming solar radiation and the amount of daylight received in each season, which affects temperature. Thus, temperatures decrease from north to south due to the differences in latitudes.  Although the centre and the eastern parts of the country are mostly flat, the west is mountainous. Both the Andes and Sierras Pampeanas affect the climate of Argentina, leading to differences in temperature, pressure, and spatial distribution of precipitation depending on the topography and altitude. Here, the Andes exert an important influence on the climate. Owing to the higher altitudes of the Andes north of 40S, they completely block the normal westerly flow, preventing low pressure systems containing moisture from the Pacific Ocean from coming in. Thus, much of Argentina north of 40S is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. South of 40S, the Andes are lower in altitude, allowing much of Patagonia to be dominated by

Atmospheric Circulation.

The South Atlantic High and the South Pacific High both influence the pattern of winds and precipitations in Argentina. Owing to the greater high of the Andes at latitudes north of 40S, much of Argentina is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. The South Atlantic High transports moisture from the Atlantic Ocean to Argentina. This occurs throughout the year due to the atmospheric pressure being lower on land than in the ocean. Much of the north and central parts of the country are affected by the South Atlantic High, with a strong influence in the eastern parts than in the west. This is due to the eastern parts being more frequently affected by the South Atlantic High, causing precipitation to decrease westwards.  Throughout the

El Niño and La Niña.

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation leads to changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns (also known as teleconnections). Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, the impacts of the changes in atmospheric circulation patterns caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are more clearly observed in the more humid eastern parts of the country (between Uruguay and southern Brazil). During El Niño events, precipitation is more higher than normal while during La Niña events, precipitation is lower than normal in the Pampas. In general, El Niño tends

Antarctic Oscillation.

The Antarctic Oscillation, also known as the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode is the main factor in tropospheric circulation variability south of 20S and is characterized by pressure anomalies with one situated in the Antarctic and one situated in a band at around 40–50S around the globe. It mainly affects middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. It is characterized by the north–south displacement of the westerly wind belt that circle around Antarctica. Such variation in the position of the westerly wind belt affects the intensity and position of cold fronts and mid latitude storm systems and is partly responsible for variation in precipitation in the southern parts of Argentina. The Antarctic

Indian Ocean Dipole.

The Indian Ocean Dipole is an atmospheric–oceanic phenomenon characterized by differences in sea surface temperatures between the eastern and western sections of the tropical Indian Ocean. Similar to the Antarctic Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole is characterized by two phases: a positive and a negative phase. In the positive phase, the eastern section of the tropical Indian Ocean is

Regional climate.

In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features. The vast size, and wide range of altitudes, contribute to Argentina's diverse climate. Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, which features a mild and humid climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Argentina has 11 different climate types: Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), moderate oceanic (Cfb), warm semi-arid (BSh), subtropical highland oceanic (Cwb), warm desert (BWh), cold semi–arid (BSk), cold desert (BWk), moderate Mediterranean (Csb), cold oceanic (Cfc), and tundra (ET). Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south. However, despite the diversity of biomes, about two-thirds of Argentina is arid or semi-arid. Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole. From north to south, these regions are Northwest, Chaco, Northeast, Cuyo/Monte, Pampas, and Patagonia. Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation.

Mesopotamia.

The region of Mesopotamia includes the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes. has a subtropical climate with no dry season. Under the Köppen climate classification, it has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa"). The main features of the climate are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year; this abundant rainfall makes water scarcity and extended periods of drought uncommon; most of the region has a positive water balance.  Average annual precipitation ranges from less than in the southern parts of the Province to approximately in the eastern parts. Precipitation is slightly higher in the summer than in the winter and generally decreases from east to west and from north to south. Summer precipitation levels range from a low of to a high

Chaco.

The Chaco region in the center-north completely includes the provinces of Chaco, and Formosa. Eastern parts of Jujuy Province, Salta Province, and Tucumán Province, and northern parts of Córdoba Province and Santa Fe Province are part of the region. As well, most of Santiago del Estero Province lies within the region. This region, located in the center-north has a subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild, dry winters. Under the Köppen climate classification, the west has a semi-arid climate ("Bs") while the east has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa"). Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert. Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region.  Mean annual precipitation ranges from in the eastern parts

Northwest.

Northwest Argentina consists of the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, and western parts of Salta Province, and Tucumán Province. Although Santiago del Estero Province is part of northwest Argentina, much of the province lies in the Chaco region. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry, hot, and subtropical. Owing to its rugged and varied topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on the altitude, temperature and distribution of precipitation. Consequently, the vegetation will also differ. Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has five different climate types: semi–arid

Cuyo.

The Cuyo region includes the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis. Western parts of La Pampa Province (as shown in map) also belong in this region, having similar climatic and soil characteristics to it. It has an arid or a semi-arid climate. The region's wide range in latitude, combined with altitudes ranging from to nearly, means that it has a variety of different climate types. In general, most of the region has a temperate climate, with valleys at higher altitudes having a milder climate. At the highest altitudes (over ), icy conditions persist year round.  Average annual precipitation ranges from, though it is generally unpredictable. More than 85% of annual rainfall occurs from October to March, which constitutes the warm season. In contrast, the winter months are dry. Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than the western areas since

Pampas.

The Pampas includes all of Buenos Aires Province, eastern and southern Córdoba Province, eastern La Pampa Province, and southern Santa Fe Province. It is subdivided into two parts: the humid Pampas to the east, and the dry/semi–arid Pampas to the west. The Pampas has land that is appropriate for agriculture and raising livestock. It is a mostly flat area, interrupted only by the Tandil and Ventana sierras in its southern portion. The climate of the Pampas is characterized as temperate and humid with

Patagonia.

Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego are the provinces that make up Patagonia. The Patagonian climate is classified as arid to semi-arid and temperate to cool temperate. One defining characteristic are the strong winds from the west which blow year round (stronger in summer than in winter), which favors evaporation and is a factor in making the region mostly arid. There are three major factors that influence the climate of the region: the Andes, the South Pacific High and South Atlantic High, and an

Statistics.

The average annual precipitation ranges from in the driest parts of Patagonia to over in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country. Mean annual temperatures range from

Extremes.

High.

In general, the highest temperatures in Argentina are recorded in the northern Chaco region where temperatures of have been recorded. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the highest temperature ever

Low.

Patagonia and the Puna region register the lowest temperatures in Argentina where temperatures lower than have been recorded. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Argentina and South America

Precipitation.

With an average annual precipitation of, Lago Frías in Río Negro Province is considered to be the wettest place in Argentina. Although an average annual precipitation of has been recorded in Lago Tromen in Neuquén Province, the validity of the data is dubious owing to fewer years of data. Lago Frías also has the record for wettest monthly precipitation in Argentina: of precipitation was recorded in May 1951. In contrast,

Natural disasters.

Floods.

Argentina's geomorphic characteristics make the country highly vulnerable to floods. These floods can damage infrastructure, cause loss of life, increase the risk of diseases, and negatively impact agricultural productivity, which is one of the main economic activities of the country. Many of the large Argentinean cities and agriculturally productive areas lie near rivers. The plains are at highest risk for flooding, particularly in the northeastern and central parts of the country, including Greater Buenos Aires. This is because these plains, which cover 35% of the land area in the country (including the Chaco and Pampean areas), are characterized by a flat landscape, which can impede proper water drainage. Both the Parana and Paraguay basins have a flat landscape and are

Droughts and dust storms.

Droughts are the most harmful natural disasters that are difficult to monitor, identify, analyse, and to manage. Events of droughts have considerable and serious negative impacts socially and economically. In the case of Argentina, it is highly dependent on rainfall in order to sustain production related to cereals and oilseeds. Argentina is highly dependent on water supplies originating outside its borders, making it highly vulnerable to changes in water supply due to climate change. In arid parts of the country, agricultural production is highly dependent on irrigation, making it vulnerable to droughts as they can reduce the availability of water which can negatively affect the commercial production of agricultural products or food security for smaller producers that depend on agriculture to feed their families. Droughts are frequent and devastating. Several years of droughts during the last decade have severely affected agricultural production and reduced economic growth. In 2018, a severe drought affected the country from the final months of 2017 to April 2018 was the worst in the last 50 years and one of the 10 most destructive climate related events in the world in 2018. Rainfall in some parts of the country were 50%

Tornadoes and severe weather.

Argentina experiences frequent tornadoes each year. Tornadoes occur in the South American "tornado alley" ("Spanish: Pasillo de los Tornados"), which includes the provinces of Entre Ríos, Córdoba Province, Santa Fe, La Pampa and Greater Buenos Aires. The frequency of tornadoes is similar to the one found in Tornado Alley in North America. However, there is no exact number of tornado occurrences per year, owing to the lack of data. These regions have the most frequent and intense mesoscale convective systems. Tornadoes

Snowstorms and cold waves.

Argentina regularly receives cold air from the south that can reach low latitudes owing to the influence of the Andes. Cold waves are usually accompanied with severe snowstorms or extremely cold conditions that can have a devastating impact on the country's economy.

Climate change.

According to the national government and scientists, climate change is predicted to have a significant effect on the climate of Argentina. There has been an increase in annual precipitation in almost all of Argentina during the 20th century, particularly in the northeast and the center of the country, where agricultural production has expanded to the west by more than in areas that were previously too dry during middle of the 20th century. In contrast, the Andean part of Patagonia, along with the Cuyo region, has seen a decrease in precipitation, leading to a reduction in river flow in the last 100 years. These trends were observed with an increase in the river–stream flows in most of the country, excluding rivers originating from the Andes, and an increase in extreme precipitation events that led to considerable socioeconomic losses. The increase in precipitation has led to more variability in precipitation from year to year in the northern parts of the country, with a higher risk of prolonged droughts.  Mean temperatures have increased by between 1901 and 2012, slightly lower than the global average. Temperatures in the Andean part of Patagonia have increased by more than, which has caused the retreat of almost all of the glaciers. This is affecting water availability to the arid areas of the country that depend on glacier meltwater. Higher temperatures can reduce winter snowfall, causing river flow to decrease, which in turn can reduce hydroelectric energy production; losses of up to 40% have been observed. In the last half of the 20th century, the lack of snow in the highest peaks in the Cuyo region has impacted agriculture and viticulture production due to the decrease in available water in the rivers. Outside of Patagonia, mean temperatures have increased at a slower rate since the increase in minimum temperatures is counteracted by the decrease in maximum temperatures. There has been a decrease in the number of days with frost, and there have been increases in the frequency of hot nights and heat waves throughout the country.  Within the next two or three decades (2016–2035), mean temperatures are predicted to increase by under the two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. In both scenarios, the projected warming will be more pronounced during the summer months. The predicted trend for precipitation is not as clear as the one for temperature. In the northern and central regions, precipitation is predicted to increase while in most of central–western Argentina and Patagonia, precipitation is predicted to decrease. Because Argentina is potentially vulnerable to climate change, such projected changes based on the models could exacerbate current problems or create new problems associated with climate change in Argentina.  Scientists predict that glaciers will continue to recede and melt or, in some areas, disappear. It is also predicted that the Cuyo region could face a potential water crisis due to an increase in water demand caused by a reduction in river streamflows. In northern Patagonia, a similar situation is projected in which there will be a negative impact on fruit and vegetable growing owing to a reduction in the river flow in the Colorado and Chubut rivers. In the north and central parts of the country, the higher temperatures and lower precipitation projected for this region will lead to higher evaporation, intensifying droughts and leading to desertification. Heat waves could become more frequent and intense, negatively impacting agricultural production while placing more demand on energy needs. Intense precipitation could become more common, increasing the likelihood of suffering from events such as flooding, since most of its population lives in urban areas near a body of water (rivers, lakes and oceans). Climate change could extend the habitats of vectors carrying tropical diseases such as malaria southwards. Though most of the coastal regions of Argentina will not suffer permanent flooding associated with sea level rise, it is predicted that storm surges will become more frequent in coastal areas, affecting locations such as Buenos Aires.

The climate of Argentina is a vastly complex subject, as the vast size of the country and wide variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types. Summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of the country except in most of Patagonia where it is the driest season. Winters are normally mild in the north, cool in the center and cold in the southern parts experiencing frequent frost and snow. Because southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans, the cold is less intense and prolonged than areas at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather.


Music video.

The music video for the single was directed by John Downer and utilised stop motion animation, a technique used in the videos for Gabriel's earlier hits "Sledgehammer" and "Big Time". The work was painstaking, especially for Gabriel himself who was required to lie still for hours at a time over the course of several days. The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1993. The woman in the video is played by Francesca Gonshaw.  The video is largely an exploration of the issues in his personal life at the time, the end of his relationship with Rosanna Arquette, his desire to reconnect with his daughter and the self-healing he was looking for in therapy.  In the video, Gabriel is displayed in a variety of disturbing imagery, including being buried alive, consumed by an overgrowth of foliage (thanks to a gruelling stop-motion process) and flying into a rage while trying to swat a wasp (after being stung). This time, Gabriel returned to stop motion and claymation that had served him so well in the 1980s, forgoing the computer graphics used in "Steam".  Initially, the word "DIG" forms in the grass while dark imagery plays. Gabriel morphs into a skeleton while at the same time trying to excavate himself. Ultimately, the viewers are left with a gleam of hope as mushrooms sprout to form the word "HELP," followed by "HEAL" in blooming flowers after Gabriel has emerged from underground, now clad in white.  The Secret World Live version of the song is far more intense than the studio version. This is due to a chaotic blend of high pitched distorted guitar (by guitarist David Rhodes), as well as occasional jarring synth bass stabs (Tony Levin) and an expansive performance by Manu Katché on the drums. Gabriel wore a special "helmet" with a video camera attached in an antennae-like way, showing in great detail his facial expressions, while moving in time with the music. This is used to create a particularly grotesque image of Gabriel, most prominent during the "freak-out" sequence in which the camera is pointed down Gabriel's throat.

Track listings.

CD maxi  7" single  All songs written by Peter Gabriel.

Personnel.

Additional musicians

"Digging in the Dirt" is a 1992 song by British musician Peter Gabriel. It was the first single taken from his sixth studio album, "Us". The song was a minor hit on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 52, but it topped both the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks and Album Rock Tracks charts. The song was moderately successful on the UK Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 24, and it reached the top 10 in Canada, Portugal and Sweden.


History.

Patterson was laid out in 1872. It derives its name from Alexander Pattison, the original owner of the town site, but the name was misspelled on the plat and stuck.

Geography.

Patterson is located at (41.348815, -93.880684), along the Middle River.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 130 people in 57 households, including 37 families, in the city. The population density was. There were 66 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 99.2% White and 0.8% Pacific Islander.  Of the 57 households 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.1% were non-families. 29.8% of households were one person and 10.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.84.  The median age was 43 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30% were from 25 to 44; 21.5% were from 45 to 64; and 22.3% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.3% male and 47.7% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 126 people in 58 households, including 33 families, in the city. The population density was 635.1 people per square mile (243.2/km). There were 67 housing units at an average density of 337.7 per square mile (129.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.  Of the 58 households 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% were non-families. 27.6% of households were one person and 6.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.74.  The age distribution was 16.7% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 34.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.8 males.  The median household income was $47,500 and the median family income was $52,500. Males had a median income of $31,607 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,457. There were no families and 1.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Patterson is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States. The population was 130 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Opinion polling for the 2017 French legislative election

Graphical summary.

The averages in the graphs below were constructed using polls listed below conducted by the nine major French pollsters. The graphs are smoothed 14-day weighted moving averages, using only the most recent poll conducted by any given pollster within that range (each poll weighted based on recency).  No total for Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) was provided by the Ministry of the Interior in the 2017 legislative elections. According to statistics compiled by Laurent de Boissieu, 454 EELV candidates collected 3.41% of the vote in the first round.

First round.

The comparison for the French Communist Party and La France Insoumise with 2012 is made against the Left Front. Before their unification under the umbrella of the Union of Democrats and Independents, the New Centre, Radical Party, and Centrist Alliance were counted individually in 2012, and are included in the miscellaneous right total for that year, which would otherwise be 3.51%.

Second round seat projections.

Projections marked with an asterisk (*) were constructed for 535 out of 577 constituencies, including only metropolitan France only and excluding Corsica as well as overseas territories and residents.  The comparison for the French Communist Party and La France Insoumise with 2012 is made against the Left Front. Before their unification under the umbrella of the Union of Democrats and Independents, the New Centre, Radical Party, and Centrist Alliance were counted individually in 2012, and are included in the miscellaneous right total for that year, which would otherwise be 15.

By second round configuration.

By first round vote.

In each case, results were based on interviews in which respondents were presented with a list of candidates in their constituency.

By constituency.

First round.

Hauts-de-Seine's 9th.

The campaign of Marie-Laure Godin commissioned and released a PollingVox survey in this constituency, after which the campaign of Thierry Solère published an Ifop poll contradicting its findings.

Second round.

Hauts-de-Seine's 9th.

Pre-2017 polling.

First round.

Before their unification under the umbrella of the Union of Democrats and Independents, the New Centre, Radical Party, and Centrist Alliance were counted individually in 2012, and are included in the miscellaneous right total for that year, which would otherwise be 3.51%. The total for miscellaneous candidates in 2012 also includes regionalist, ecologist, and far-right candidates who were not counted separately in the CSA poll, and would otherwise be 0.52%.

Second round seat projections.

Before their unification under the umbrella of the Union of Democrats and Independents, the New Centre, Radical Party, and Centrist Alliance were counted individually in 2012, and are included in the miscellaneous right total for that year, which would otherwise be 15. The total for miscellaneous candidates in 2012 also includes regionalist and far-right candidates who were not counted separately in the CSA poll, and would otherwise be 0.

This page lists public opinion polls conducted for the 2017 French legislative elections, which were held in two rounds on 11 and 18 June 2017.


Biography.

Her father was Robert Pearsall Smith, her mother Hannah Whitall Smith. She studied at the Harvard Annex in 1884-1885. Here Mary met the Irish barrister Benjamin "Frank" Conn Costelloe, whom she married in 1885, having converted to Catholicism. This marriage was the occasion for the whole family, including her brother Logan Pearsall Smith and sister Alys Pearsall Smith to move to England in 1888. However, already in 1892 the couple separated, though Frank would not agree to divorce.  Mary had two daughters with Frank Costelloe; Ray Strachey and Karin Stephen. Through the latter Mary was related by marriage to the Bloomsbury Group of English artists and literary figures, as her son-in-law Adrian Stephen was Virginia Woolf's brother.  In 1888 in London she made the acquaintance of Bernard Berenson. With a dissatisfying marriage, she became an authority on art history and she took up in Italy with Berenson. Berenson developed a reputation as an art expert and it is believed Bernard's work were substantially helped by Mary. Their/His book "The Venetion Painters of the Renaissance" was published in 1894 and it is said that it was Mary's mother who asked that Mary not take credit for her work.  They eventually married in 1900 after her first husband died, although they both had affairs and Mary believed this was because they liked to hurt each other.  Her US lecture tours were instrumental in developing an interest in Italian Renaissance art among wealthy American collectors during the first decade of the twentieth century.  Subsequently, Berenson brought together a social circle at "Villa I Tatti", the Berenson home, and developed its gardens. She hosted some of the most celebrated personalities of the period, including Edith Wharton, Gertrude Stein, Gabriele D'Annunzio, John Maynard Keynes, and Isabella Gardner.  By 1927 Mary tired of entertaining, and left the duty of hosting to the couple's librarian Elizabeth Mariano. Mariano was one of Bernard's lovers, and Mary would much later write to give permission for Mariano to marry Bernard. In later life she was plagued by illness and by 1935 she was largely invalided. In 1940 she lost her eldest daughter to surgery complications, and she had to be left behind by her husband (being a Jew under Nazi rule) under the care of Mariano's sister.

See also.

Women in the art history field

Mary Berenson (1864 in Pennsylvania – 1945), née Mary Whitall Smith, was an art historian, now thought to have had a large hand in some of the writings of her second husband, Bernard Berenson.


Geography.

New Sharon is located at (41.469314, -92.650838).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,293 people, 538 households, and 368 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 590 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 99.1% White, 0.4% Native American, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.  There were 538 households of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.6% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.90.  The median age in the city was 41.8 years. 25.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 18.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,301 people, 540 households, and 361 families living in the city. The population density was 1,390.9 people per square mile (534.4/km2). There were 575 housing units at an average density of 614.7 per square mile (236.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.92% White, 0.08% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, and 0.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.  There were 540 households out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.87.  In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 24.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $36,125, and the median income for a family was $42,829. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $21,739 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,280. About 7.8% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

New Sharon is governed by a Mayor-City Council form of government. The residents elect five at-large council members and one mayor. Each serving a four-year term. The current Mayor of New Sharon is Keri Lamberson.

Education.

New Sharon is home to North Mahaska Community School District schools. North Mahaska Community School District is a rural school district serving nearly 600 students in grades Pre-K through 12th. Located adjacent to the schools is the North Mahaska Community School District Early Childhood education center which opened in 2009. This houses pre-school classes for 3 & 4 year olds as well as the Sunshine and Smiles Daycare Center.

New Sharon is a city in Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,293 at the 2010 census. The first building was erected in 1856 by Edward Quaintance.


Biography.

Early life.

Before the Romanian Revolution, Cristian Popescu was the head waiter at a seaside restaurant. In 1990, he opened his own restaurant named "Restaurantul Ciocârlia (""Nightingale Restaurant"")" on the Dâmbovița River quay in Bucharest. Popescu joined the Party of Social Democracy in Romania in 1994 after the youth wing of the party started congregating in his restaurant.  He began studying at the Dimitre Gusti High School in Bucharest in 1991, at the age of 28, graduating four years later. He later continued his studies at the University of Petroșani, which he graduated in 2002.

Local councilor.

In 2000, he was elected member of the General Council of Bucharest on the lists of the Social Democratic Party, becoming also an inspector at the Sector 6 city hall. In 2004, he was elected councilor for Bucharest's Sector 6.  He quit the Social-Democrats and joined the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, then the National Democratic Bloc, a small party created by trade unionists of "Blocul Național Sindical" ("National Union Bloc") and allied with Greater Romania Party and finally joined the Conservative party.  Following the election of Bucharest Mayor Traian Băsescu as President of Romania, a by-election was held to replace the now-vacant function. Popescu was a candidate representing the National Democratic Bloc, gaining 37,985 votes, or 8,71%.  In 2007, obtained his driving license in Pitești, Argeș County after temporarily moving his domicile to Priboieni. Following a fraud and corruption investigation, the authorities decided to cancel his driving license, together with hundreds other licenses. Journalists noted that moving his domicile without resigning from his function as member of the local council is illegal. Additionally, while a resident in Priboieni, he registered a Cadillac in Bucharest, for which he was criminally prosecuted.  Popescu Piedone founded an NGO named "Asociația pentru Protecția Cetățeanului" ("Association for the Protection of the Citizen"), which drew criticism after receiving donations from the State Lottery, a state-owned company managed by a fellow Conservative Party member.  His assumed moniker, "Piedone" (Italian for "big foot") is taken from the Spaghetti Western character by that name starred by Bud Spencer. In 2006, Popescu legally changed his name to include "Piedone".

Mayor of Bucharest's sector 4.

The Conservative Party's candidate for mayor in the 2008 local election in Sector 4, Popescu Piedone won the elections against PD-L's Radu Silaghi.  Before the 2012 Romanian local election, Popescu negotiated with the National Union for the Progress of Romania (UNPR) to be their candidate. He resigned in September 2011 from being the prime-vice-president of the Conservative Party and president of its Bucharest branch. In October 2012, he announced that he would run on the Conservative Party ticket, but the following month, he announced that he would run on the UNPR side. Romanian MP Elena Udrea announced that Popescu Piedone would be the coordinator of the UNPR - PD-L campaign. A few months later, in March 2012, Piedone decided to run on a Social Liberal Union ticket.  Popescu Piedone was reelected in the June 2012 elections, gaining 80.36% of the votes in Sector 4.  His Conservative Party merged with the Liberal Reformist Party to form the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) and in July 2015, Popescu Piedone resigned ALDE, joining UNPR, as he claimed he has "a beautiful friendship" with its leader, Gabriel Oprea. In September 2015, he announced that he would run again for Sector 4 mayorship from the National Union for the Progress of Romania.  A criminal complaint by the Save Bucharest Association related to the demolition of a building belonging to a heritage protected area was admitted by the Sector 4 court, with Piedone being officially criminally charged in August 2015. The case involves a building belonging to the Samurcășești Monastery which was demolished in order to be replaced a 5-floors building in association with a real estate investor.  On October 30, 2015, the Colectiv nightclub fire killed dozens of people. Since the nightclub had been authorized by mayor Piedone, protesters demanded his resignation, which he did on November 4.  The National Anticorruption Directorate began investigating the case and they arrested Popescu Piedone on November 6 on charges of abuse of power for not respecting the fire safety laws when authorizing the nightclub.  In April 2016, Popescu Piedone registered as a candidate for the Sector 4 mayorship in the 2016 local elections, but his candidacy was contested by an association of the victims in the Colective nightclub fire. The judges of Bucharest Tribunal decided to disallow him from becoming a candidate.

Cristian Popescu Piedone (born February 15, 1963) is a Romanian politician who has served as mayor of Bucharest's Sector 4 from 2008 until the November 4, 2015, when he resigned following the Colectiv nightclub fire and the subsequent 2015 Romanian protests.


Story.

Max, the protagonist of "Max & the Magic Marker", arrives home from school one day and finds his younger brother Felix playing in his room and smashing his beloved toys. Being annoyed by his little brother Max searches online on the search engine website "Giggle" (a parody of Google) for a way to get rid of Felix. He immediately stumbles upon a spell which promises to make his brother disappear. Inadvertently reading the spell out loud opens up a mysterious portal from which a giant claw emerges and kidnaps his little brother Felix. Realizing the consequences of his actions, Max jumps without hesitation into the portal to rescue Felix and enters a magical and hostile world controlled by the evil lord Mustacho and his henchmen.

Gameplay.

In its core "Max: The Curse of Brotherhood" is a physics-based puzzle/platformer and set in a 2.5D environment with a free and cinematic camera. The game has 7 chapters and 20 levels in total. All levels are connected so the game feels like one long journey. Besides platforming, the gameplay twist is the magic marker which introduces a creative and open approach to how puzzles can be solved. Throughout the game the magic marker will gain different powers.

Reception.

"Max: The Curse of Brotherhood" received mixed to positive reviews, with an aggregated score of 72/100 from Metacritic.  Gamesradar praised the inventive and well-balanced puzzle design, gorgeous visuals and beautiful environments providing a fresh and charming experience on the platformer genre. Destructoid also commended its visuals which are "Pixar-esque" charming and loved the mix of cerebral puzzles combined with thrilling action sequences in a memorable world. Edge described it as a memorable and enjoyable platformer with ingenious puzzles and steady flow of new sights. But they remark that the game "stretches the controls beyond their comfort zone" and criticize the limit of freedom to draw whatever and wherever you want. GameSpot loved its lush environments and attractive art design combined with an appealing story and protagonist. Regarding the puzzles they found them initially intriguing but they tend to get repetitive and therefore predictable over the course of the game.  Game Informer wrote that the game's central conceit was a "gimmick that simply doesn't work all that well", and for that reason, they did not expect players to advance to the end of the game. They added that the Xbox One controller was not precise enough for the puzzles. They commended the final puzzle. Kotaku did not recommend the game, which they compared to a larger version of the iPhone game. They praised the game's humor and background art, but complained that the game's drawing mechanics were needlessly difficult at times and extended the game's length in undesirable ways. Hardcore Gamer criticized the game for not breaking any new ground and failing to utilize the features of the Kinect for the drawing mechanics, while praising its voice acting, sound effects and soundtrack. GameZone stated that it is hard to recommend Max: The Curse of Brotherhood to fans of platformers, since the game presents such infuriating mechanics. However, they praised the visuals, calling them, "freaking gorgeous," and commended the detailed environments, which, "coupled with the brilliant lighting make it look like an interactive Pixar movie."

Max: The Curse of Brotherhood is a puzzle-platform video game developed by Press Play for Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Nintendo Switch and later on PlayStation 4. The game was announced during Microsoft's E3 2013 press event. It is a sequel to Press Play's previous work, the 2010 game "Max & the Magic Marker".


Biography.

Hans Jørgen Hammer was born in Copenhagen to Johanne (née Bistrup) and Peder Pedersen Hammer, a shipmaster. A younger brother, William Hammer (1821–1889), also became a painter. As a boy Hammer displayed an aptitude for drawing, and he received his first training from the Norwegian-Danish master Jon Gulsen Berg (1783–1864), a court painter and wallpaper designer.  Hammer was admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts as an apprentice in 1828. His development was slow, and in 1835 he worked as an assistant to a decoration painter. In 1836 he trained at the Plaster Replica School, and he began exhibiting his works in 1838. In 1840 he advanced to the Model School, and from 1841 to 1843 he studied with Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, who would remain a friend and mentor. Like many Academy students, Hammer was strongly influenced by Niels Laurits Høyen, an early avatar of the National Romantic movement who championed a new Nordic understanding of culture and art, advising students to eschew travel to foreign lands and urging them to portray the Danish people of humble agricultural origins in rural settings where folkways were as yet untouched by industrialization. In 1842 Hammer was awarded the Academy's Small Silver Medal, and in 1843 he graduated from the Academy with a Large Silver Medal. In 1845 he entered the Neuhausen Art Competition with "Farmers Return Home from the Field with the Final Sheaves of Grain". While the painting did not win the prize, it was purchased for the Royal Painting Collection. In 1847 he won the Neuhausen Prize with "Farmboys and Girls Gather for Outdoor Merrymaking on a Holiday Afternoon", also purchased for the Royal Painting Collection.  Hammer's career was interrupted in 1848 by the outbreak of Denmark's Three Years' War with Prussia over hegemony in the Duchy of Schleswig. He volunteered and was commissioned as a lieutenant in March 1849. In the years following Denmark's fragile victory, he remained on active duty with the rank of captain before shifting to the reserves and finally leaving the service entirely in 1860.  Prior to the war Hammer had been encouraged to apply for a stipend to cover the expense of a sojourn in Italy, and finally at the age of 41 he traveled there with the financial support of the Academy of Fine Arts. The paintings he produced in Italy in 1856–57 and immediately thereafter had considerable public appeal. "A Square in Ariccia after Sunset" (1862) with its striking coloration was highly praised and purchased for the Royal Painting Collection. Highlights among his later works are "Den lille Axsamlerske" (1866) and "The Postman with the Long-Awaited Letter" (1877). He delved into national history with "Jens Baggesen and Count Schimmelmann" (1872, painted in two copies) and "Count Gert and Niels Ebbesen" (unfinished, despite extensive preparatory studies), and he also illustrated works of Hans Christian Andersen, Adam Oehlenschläger, and Christian Winther.  In 1862 he was decorated a knight of the Order of the Dannebrog, and in 1874 he was named a member of the Academy of Fine Arts. He traveled to the United States in 1874–75 to visit relatives and also visited Skagen in 1875, painting motifs in both locales. He also traveled to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. He was decorated a knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1877 and was awarded a travel stipend from the Carl Andreas Anker Legacy in 1879. Hammer came close to dying of anemia, but he recovered and was able to travel to Italy for a second time in 1881–82. That winter he caught a cold and succumbed to fever, and he is buried in Rome's Protestant Cemetery. Hammer, who never married, was described by contemporary art historian Philip Weilbach as serious, diligent, and thoughtful, but also somewhat labored and tentative. A perfectionist streak is said to have curtailed his productivity and hampered his creativity.  His likeness is preserved in a portrait by Constantin Hansen (1863), a woodcut after a Bertel Christian Budtz Müller studio photograph, and various self-portraits, including one drawn in pencil and held by the Frederiksborg Museum. A number of his drawings and engravings are held by the Royal Collection of Graphic Art, the ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, the Roskilde Museum, the Randers Museum of Art, the Vejle Museum of Art, and the Museet på Koldinghus. His paintings are in the Fuglsang Art Museum on Lolland, the Bornholm Art Museum, the Sorø Art Museum, the Museum of Modern Art in Aalborg and, in Copenhagen, in the National Gallery, the Hirschsprung Collection, the Rosenborg Collections, the City Museum, and the M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark.

External links.

Peter Nørgaard Larsen, "H. J. Hammer", "Kunstindeks Danmark".<br> Hammer's gravestone in Rome's Protestant Cemetery

Hans Jørgen Hammer (29 December 1815 – 28 January 1882) was a genre, landscape, and portrait painter of the Golden Age of Danish painting. In addition, he served for eleven years as a military officer.