History.

The name is thought to derive from Tullamareena, a young member of the Wurundjeri (who later in 1838 escaped from the first Melbourne Gaol, burning it down in the process) according to Reverend Langhorne, an advisor to the first government surveyor, Robert Hoddle. Forty years ago the area was named as Toolimerin.  Tullamarine Village was on Bulla or Lancefield Road, which is now Melrose Drive. It was positioned at the intersection of three municipal boundaries (Broadmeadows, Bulla and Keilor), which came together at Victoria Street and Melrose Drive. The primary school was on land now in the airport (south of Victoria Street) and the post office was near the present day Tullamarine Reserve. Originally Tullamarine extended westwards to the Organ Pipes National Park, and the nearby area bounded by the Maribyrnong River, Jacksons Creek and Deep Creek was called Tullamarine Island because of the difficulties faced by inhabitants in getting across the watercourses during wet weather.  When the land in the Tullamarine Parish was subdivided into farm lots in 1842 only one lot sold, and the rest were sold by selection in 1850. A Wesleyan school was opened in 1855 and two other schools in 1859 and 1864. The Wesleyan one continued until the State primary school was opened in 1884. Tullamarine Post Office opened on 4 March 1859. By 1865 Tullamarine had a hotel and a district population of about 200 persons.  In 1988, Anthony Rowhead of F.A.C. developed a scheme to rename roadways within the airport after aborigines, and pioneers of Tullamarine and aviation. It was fully developed when it was cancelled at the last moment with no reason given, with Gowrie Park Drive the only named road. It was named after the farm owned by James Lane in the 1920s when it was used as a landing ground by those daring young men who would visit the Inverness Hotel (near the north end of the runway). When Donovans had the farm during World War II, planes were parked there overnight in case a bombing raid struck Essendon Aerodrome.  Section 1 of the parish of Tullamarine was just over the river from Keilor. Its most noted occupants were Edward Wilson, editor of "The Argus", and an acclimatation enthusiast, and Robert McDougall, a famed breeder of the Booth strain of Shorthorns. Section 2, Annandale, gave Annandale Road its name. Its most noted occupant was Bill Parr. Section 3 was granted to William Foster and became known as the Springs. His younger brother J.F.L.Foster took it, and section 21 Doutta Galla (south of Sharps Road) over later while he was acting Governor and the homestead on 21DG was called the Governor's House by locals. Section 21 became James Sharp's "Hillside" and the Crotty family's dairy farm called Broomfield. The southern part of Section 3 became the Reddans' "Brightview" and Tommy Loft's "Dalkeith". The Wesleyan School was near the bend in Cherie Street and the Methodist Church was on the south corner of Post office Lane at the northern boundary of Section 3. Also on Section 3 was the Junction Hotel (which later became The Greens Corner store run by Cec and Lily Green.) A 7-Eleven now stands on this site. Between there and Derby Street was "Broombank" farmed by John Cock, Keith Williams' parents and Ray Loft, on which stood David Niall's Lady of the Lake Hotel when Burke and Wills passed by.  Between Broadmeadows-Mickleham Rd and the Moonee Moonee Ponds was section 4, the southern half of which became E. E. Kenny's "Camp Hill" because diggers bound for the goldfields camped on his property. Eventually the part west of Bulla Rd (Melrose Drive) was sold off and became (Samuel) Mansfield's Triangle. The northern half of section 4 became Edmond Dunn's "Viewpoint". It was between Mickleham Road and the creek, north of Camp Hill Park to the Lackenheath Drive corner. North of Viewpoint was "Stewarton" whose occupant (1846–1855) was Peter McCracken, who later had a dairy in Kensington and built Ardmillan in Moonee Ponds. He was followed by John Kerr and, from 1892, by John Cock. A later prominent owner was Jim Barrow who had the first tractor in the district. Stewarton was renamed Gladstone and now, with Viewpoint, comprises the of Gladstone Park.  On the west side of Broadmeadows Road (now Mickleham Road) was section 6. This and section 15 (north to the Westmeadows Football Ground) were granted to John Carre Riddell, after whom Riddells Creek was named. The land from Freight Road to the creek was a farm called Chandos (after which a street was named in nearby Attwood) but in the early 1900s John Cock divided it into three farms; from the north, Judd's Chandos, Lockhart's "Springburn" and Wright's "Strathconnan".  Section 7 was to the west and was granted to John Pascoe Fawkner. As Bulla Road bisected sections 6 and 7, Fawkner and Riddell swapped land so that Fawkner's was now to the south west and Riddell's to the north east. Fawkner divided his land into blocks to enable his beloved yeoman farmers to obtain a block. James Henry Parr consolidated many of the blocks to form his farm "The Elms". Nearer to Grants Lane was the Loves' dairy farm. Riddell's land became Wallace Wright's "Sunnyside" (later Heaps) and Charles Nash's "Fairview". The area bounded by Derby Street as far north of Springbank was called Hamilton Terrace after Riddell's partner and subdivided into acre blocks. At the suggestion of Alec Rasmussen, the Tullamarine Progress Association bought Noah Holland's 6 acres and donated what is now called Tullamarine Reserve to Broadmeadows Shire in late 1929. A triangular part of section 15, now containing the airport terminal, later became the Paynes' "Scone".  Most of the airport is now on Section 14, "Gowrie Park", owned by the Ritchies of Aucholzie, James Lane and Donovan during most of the years until airport acquisitions began. Gowrie Park Drive recalls this farm. Section 8, east of McNabs Road and south of Grants Lane, was granted to John Grant and the McNabs. Grant's farm, the northern half, was called "Seafield" and the McNabs had two farms, Victoria Bank and Oakbank but the middle farm was absorbed into Oakbank. The two families are credited with introducing Ayrshire cattle into Australia. The Seafield School was where the runway crosses the line of Grants Lane.  Across McNabs Road was Fox's Barbiston and on the North of Barbiston Rd, the McNabs' second Victoria Bank (later owned by journalist Cornelius Percy Blom) and the Ritchies' Aucholzie. On both sides of Mansfields Road were farms owned by the descendants of David Mansfield. North of these farms was "Glenara" owned by Alister Clark, the breeder of the Black Rose and first Chairman of the Moonee Valley Racing Club until his death.  The three great leaders in Tullamarine's history were Alec Rasmussen, Major Murphy and Leo Dineen. The Spring Street Reserve was renamed after Leo because of his efforts to establish various sporting clubs and facilities. Alec Rasmussen was responsible for the progress association purchasing the Melrose Drive Reserve and donating it to Council. Walter Murphy moved two war memorials and Ann Greene's church as well as leading fire risk lessening burn offs (sources below).  The Tullamarine Methodist Church (just north of Trade Park Drive) was built in 1870 and managed to reach its centenary plus about two decades. It's stained glass windows were incorporated into the Uniting Church in Carrick Drive, Gladstone Park. Tullamarine State School 2613 was on the north corner of Conders Lane (Link Rd) but was relocated onto "Dalkeith" circa 1961 and given a new number. The Progress Association was formed in 1924 at a meeting convened by Tom Loft of Dalkeith (See The Argus 19 8 1924 page 13.). Tennis was played at the Johnson's Glendewar (east of the Airport Terminal buildings) until they moved to Cumberland (See The Argus 23 7 1914, page 4.). An application to play Sunday tennis at Tullamarine (Argus 1 9 1939 page 15) was refused but there is no evidence in newspapers of organised tennis apart from the above. By the 1930s, there was less demand for hay so pig farmers such as Heaps, Lacy and Payne (on the Airport Terminal site) became more common.  By the 1930s the Tullamarine Village also had a church, tennis and football clubs and a progress association. The chief activities were hay production and grazing. During the mid-1950s Tullamarine Village became an agricultural and residential township. Later in that decade the Federal Government announced that it was examining a site north and west of the township for a new airport, and land acquisition began in the early 1960s. The school was moved to a new site in 1961.  In 1955 the Village Drive-In was opened with one screen and a capacity of 862 Cars. The drive-in closed in 1984 and the site was developed into a housing estate with streets named after famous film studios such as Forum and Paramount.  Between 1967 and 1970 Tullamarine Freeway was built, dividing Tullamarine from its eastern area, which is Gladstone Park. The part west of the freeway has housing, a large industrial estate and is skirted by the Western Ring Road with interchanges where it crosses the freeway.

Present day.

Sharps Road, which runs east-west near the southern border of Tullamarine, was until the late 1980s a single carriageway road. On its southern side was a line of tall pine trees hiding a small pony club. Today, Sharps Road is a bustling dual-carriageway road providing an alternative route from the Western Ring Road to Melbourne Airport.  In 1987 the median house price in Tullamarine was 97% of the median for metropolitan Melbourne, and in 1996 it was 82% of the metropolitan median.  Tullamarine had census populations of 82 (1891), 190 (1921) and 204 (1947). Later population estimates were 385 (1955) and 1,666 (1966). The current population of Tullamarine is 8,758 as at September 2005.

Climate.

Tullamarine's climate is generally the same as Melbourne's, with some slight variation.

Sport.

Australian rules football.

Tullamarine has one football club, the Tullamarine Demons, who are competing in the Essendon District Football League. The club was formed in 1974 as a result of a merger between two existing Essendon District Football League clubs Essendon Baptist St John's and Ascot Vale Presbyterians and becoming known as Essendon-Tullamarine. In 1981 it changed its name to Tullamarine Football Club. It is situated at the Leo Dineen Reserve in Spring Street, Tullamarine.  The Hangar, the training ground and administrative headquarters of Australian Football League team Essendon Football Club since 2013 is in Tullamarine.

Cricket.

The Tullamarine Cricket Club (TCC) was formed in the season of 1968/69 and is situated at the Spring Street Reserve, and affiliated with the North West Cricket Association. It is a relatively young club with over one hundred members that are either players or social members.

Soccer.

The Tullamarine Jets FC Soccer Club was formed in 2005 but moved to its current home ground, Tullamarine Reserve on Melrose Drive in 2008. The club has approximately 100 members, either playing or social, and fields the City of Hume's only open age Women's team. The club is affiliated with Football Federation Victoria and had its most successful season in 2009 with its First, Seconds and Under 18's all winning runners up flags.

Tennis.

The Tullamarine Tennis Club has approximately 200 members and caters the needs of both social and competition players. Non-members are also welcome to the club. Competitions available to members include Pennant, Juniors and Seniors. It has six synthetic grass courts, a clubroom with bath/shower, kitchen facilities, and an undercover barbecue area used for social and tennis events

Horse racing.

A horse by the name of Tullamarine took part in the 1988 Grand National at Aintree in England. His odds of 200/1 were justified when he fell at the first fence.  Netball Tullamarine Demons Netball Club.

Economy.

As there is an industrial area located in the suburb and its proximity to the state's largest airport a handful of global aerospace businesses have local offices located here.  When OzJet, an airline, existed, its head office was in Tullamarine.  Melbourne newspaper The Age had its Print Centre facility in Tullamarine; an iconic building which, in the early 2000s, cost $220 million to develop and which was sold in 2015 to Zagame Automotive for $16 million.  The head office of Schweppes Australia is located on Beverage Drive.

Transport.

There are five public bus routes that run through Tullamarine.  Railway stations nearest to Tullamarine are Broadmeadows and Jacana, both on the Craigieburn line.  There are various roads that run through Tullamarine- linking to residential homes, motorways, city and airport.

Tullamarine is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 15 km north-west of Melbourne's central business district. It is split between three local government areas—the cities of Brimbank, Hume and Moreland. As of the, Tullamarine had a population of 6,605.


History.

In 1978 Cagiva entered the motorcycle business with two racing motorcycles ridden by Gianfranco Bonera and Marco Lucchinelli. In the same year it bought a factory in Varese's frazione of Schiranna from Aermacchi/AMF-Harley-Davidson and went into motorcycle production. By 1979 the company reached an annual production of 40,000 motorbikes, with eight models powered by two-stroke engines ranging from 125 cc to 350 cc.  Many of the Harley-Davidson models were continued in production as Cagivas, and the off-road motorcycle division was improved and expanded, eventually producing its own race-winning WMX series of moto-cross motorcycles. In 1983 Cagiva also sourced Ducati four stroke v-twin engines from 350 cc to 1000 cc and entered the big displacement market. Cagiva bought Ducati in 1985, but kept the Ducati brand that was better recognized outside Italy. Ducati motorcycle production continued in Bologna, while the Varese-built Cagiva Ala Azzurra (sold under the name "Alazzurra", "Bluewing") and Elefant were introduced, both featuring Ducati engines.  Cagiva continued with strategic buyouts of Moto Morini in 1985 and Husqvarna in 1987. In 1991 Cagiva also bought the trademarks for the MV Agusta brand.  In 1996, Cagiva accepted the offer by the Texas Pacific Group and sold the Ducati and Moto Morini brands. In 1999, for strategic purposes, the company was restructured. MV Agusta Motor become the main brand comprising Cagiva and Husqvarna.  In 2000, production of the Cagiva Roadster ended. In 2008, Harley-Davidson bought MV Agusta Motor, the parent company of Cagiva, thereby regaining some control of its old Aermacchi factory.  In October 2009, Harley-Davidson informed that it would put Cagiva up for sale. In the August of the following year, Cagiva was bought back by the son of the founder and former owner Claudio Castiglioni.  In 2012, production of new high engine capacity Mitos ended. Increasingly stringent environmental emission requirements and the concentration of resources on MV Agusta's F3 were cited as reasons. The last few Mito SP525s produced were white in colour, and personally signed by MV Agusta CEO Giovanni Castiglioni, thus ended the legacy of the Mito, alongside the end of the Raptors.  Last Cagiva-branded bikes were Raptor and Mito 125cc. The Cagiva brand is no longer active, the production being focused on MV Agusta.

Racing.

In the early 1980s Cagiva began to manufacture dirt bikes and started a massive public relations program with the opening of its North American branch. It hired Ron Turner and Duane Summers to test and develop its bikes. Cagiva motocross bikes were characterized by their fast powerful engines and innovative features, such as the MX line that had only one spring in the front forks with one fork controlling rebound and the other compression.

500cc World Championship.

At the end of the 1970s the company began campaigning the Grand Prix motorcycle racing circuit. Randy Mamola was its lead rider from 1988 to 1990, and he achieved Cagiva’s first podium result. It would also have some technical assistance from Yamaha. In 1991 it signed former world champion Eddie Lawson to its team. Lawson would claim the company's first victory when he won the 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix. John Kocinski would also win a Grand Prix on a Cagiva GP500 (C594), finishing third in the 1994 world championship.

Dakar Rally.

In 1990 and 1994 the Italian rider Edi Orioli won the Dakar Rally on the Ducati-powered Cagiva Elefant.

Mini Moke.

Cagiva bought BMCs design for the Mini Moke, manufacturing them in Portugal using British built engines from 1990 until 1993. Intending to transfer production to the Bologna factory early in 1995, the tooling for the Moke was transferred to Italy late in 1993, but production never restarted.

External links.

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Cagiva is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer. It was founded in 1950 by Giovanni Castiglioni in Varese, originally producing small metal components. Giovanni's sons, Claudio and Gianfranco Castiglioni went into the motorcycle industry in 1978. The name is a portmanteau derived from the founder's name 'Giovanni Castiglioni' and the founding location, i.e. "CAstiglioni GIovanni VArese".


History.

Because of the similarities to disulfram (tetraethylthiuram disulfide) poisoning, it was long speculated that disulfram was the active ingredient in common inkcap. In 1956 it was reported that disulfram had been isolated from coprinus, but this finding was unable to be replicated. In 1975 coprine was identified as the compound in the common inkcap, with the mechanism identified in 1979.

Symptoms.

Symptoms of coprine poisoning include facial reddening/flushing, nausea, vomiting, malaise, agitation, palpitations, tingling in limbs, and sometimes headache and excessive salivation. This can be described as the alcohol flush reaction. Symptoms typically arise five to ten minutes after consumption of alcohol. If no more alcohol is consumed, the symptoms will generally subside over two to three hours, and symptom severity is proportional to the amount of alcohol consumed. Consumption of alcohol can induce these symptoms for up to 5 days after ingesting coprine. Interestingly, symptoms of coprine poisoning do not appear when the mushroom is ingested raw, but only when the mushroom is cooked.  In examining coprine poisoning cases in Germany in 2010, none of the patients died, and all made full recoveries after abstaining from alcohol. In one case medical care was not sought at all, and while there was a range in time of ethanol consumption after mushroom consumption, all the cases had well-cooked the mushrooms before ingestion.  The symptoms of coprine poisoning and alcohol consumption are similar to those induced by disulfiram (marketed as Antabuse), a drug designed to treat chronic alcoholism by inducing severe side-effects to alcohol consumption. Because of this, research was done into the use of coprine as a similar drug for alcoholism. However, testing has shown coprine to have long-term mutagenic and reproductive effects, making it ill-suited for a clinical drug.

Mechanism of Action.

Coprine does not inhibit the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro. Rather, in vivo it undergoes hydrolysis to form glutamic acid and 1-aminocyclopropanol, which is the biologically active substance which inhibits the enzyme. 1-aminocyclopropanol quickly converts to cyclopropanone hydrate, which binds covalently to the thiol group present in the enzyme, deactivating the dehydrogenase activity. This then causes a buildup of acetaldehyde in the body if ethanol is ingested. Since acetaldehyde is toxic and can no longer be metabolized to the less toxic acetic acid, the characteristic symptoms of coprine poisoning occur. However, as shown in the mechanism below, the covalent bonding is reversible, which is what allows symptoms to subside if no more alcohol is consumed.  1-aminocyclopropanol also deactivates the esterase activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, but less significantly.

Synthesis.

Coprine is the first discovered compound with a naturally occurring cyclopropanone group. Chemical synthesis can be effectively carried out by conducting an N-acylation reaction on 1-aminocyclopropanol. Treatment of isocyanatocyclopropane with hydrochloric acid leads to the hydrochloride of 1-aminocyclopropanol. Adding sodium hydroxide to create 1-aminocyclopropanol will destabilize the structure, so synthesis must be conducted using the hydrochloride. The addition of the hydrochloride to N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic anhydride will undergo acylation. Lastly, the blocking group is removed using hydrazine, yielding coprine. The enantiomer, isocoprine, is formed in negligible quantities in small-scale synthesis but is synthesized in higher amounts in large-scale, industrial synthesis.

Coprine is a mycotoxin. It was first isolated from common inkcap ("Coprinopsis atramentaria"). It also occurs in other mushrooms in the genus "Coprinopsis" and in the brawny bolete ("Imperator torsus"). When combined with the consumption of alcohol, it causes "Coprinus syndrome". It inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is involved in the metabolism of alcohol. This inhibition leads to a buildup of acetaldehyde, causing an alcohol flush reaction. Because of this, the mushroom is commonly referred to as Tippler's Bane


Life.

He was the only son of John Merivale of Barton Place, Exeter, and Bedford Square, London, by Ann Katencamp or Katenkamp, daughter of a German merchant settled in Exeter, and was born there on 5 August 1779. The grandson of Samuel Merivale (1715–1771), tutor in a local dissenting academy in Exeter, he was brought up a presbyterian. He spent some years at St. John's College, Cambridge, but left without taking a degree. In later life he conformed to the Church of England.  On 17 December 1798 Merivale entered Lincoln's Inn, where he was called to the bar in Hilary term 1804. He practised in chancery and bankruptcy, and published "Reports of Cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery", London, 1817–19. He sat on the Chancery Commission of 1824, in the report of which he concurred, but expounded a wider scheme of reform in "A Letter to William Courtenay, Esq., on the Subject of the Chancery Commission", London, 1827.  On 2 December 1831 Merivale was appointed to a commissionership in bankruptcy, which he held until his death, on 25 April 1844. He was buried in the churchyard, Hampstead.

Works.

In 1811 Merivale published, for the Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge respecting the Punishment of Death and the Improvement of Prison Discipline, "A Brief Statement of the Proceedings in both Houses of Parliament in the Last and Present Sessions upon the several Bills introduced with a view to the Amendment of the Criminal Law: together with a General Review of the Arguments used in the Debates upon those occasions", London. He was Robert Bland's principal collaborator in his ‘Collections from the Greek Anthology and from the Pastoral, Elegiac, and Dramatic Poets of Greece,’ London, 1813, In 1814 he published "Orlando in Roncesvalles", London, a poem in "ottava rima", based on the "Morgante Maggiore" of Luigi Pulci, and in 1820 a free translation in the same metre of the first and third cantos of Niccolò Fortiguerra's "Ricciardetto".  An edition of Merivale's "Poems, Original and Translated", appeared in 1838, London, 2 vols., with a continuation of James Beattie's "The Minstrel", some translations from Dante, and other miscellanea. When past middle age he learned German, and shortly before his death published translations, partly reprinted from the "New Monthly Magazine" for 1840, of "The Minor Poems of Schiller of the Second and Third Periods", London, 1844.  Merivale was a friend of Lord Byron, who praised his translations from the Greek and his "Orlando in Roncesvalles". He was a frequent contributor to the "Quarterly Review" and other reviews and periodicals. In 1837–8 he published in the "Gentleman's Magazine" letters by Walter Moyle.

Family.

Merivale married, on 10 July 1805, Louisa Heath, daughter of Joseph Drury, by whom he had six sons and six daughters. His two eldest sons were Herman Merivale and Charles Merivale.

John Herman Merivale (5 August 1779 – 25 April 1844, Bedford Square) was an English barrister and man of letters.


History.

The historical predecessors of "Euregiobahn" were the first 2-hour-interval "City Express" trains between Heerlen and Aachen of the (Sittard–Herzogenrath railway) and (Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway), which were introduced in 1992 to replace the Maastricht–Aachen railway. As the first stage of the "Euregiobahn" regional rail system, the service from Heerlen in the Netherlands, Herzogenrath, Kohlscheid and Aachen to Stolberg (Rhineland) came into operation in June 2001 until December 2015. The section from Stolberg - Hauptbahnhof to Stolberg-Altstadt was reopened to passengers, including the "Stolberg-Altstadt" station (formerly "Stolberg (Rhineland) Hammer") and the stations at "Stolberg Rathhaus" and "Stolberg Mühlener Bf".  As a second stage the Eschweiler - Talbahn, Stolberg to "Eschweiler-West" "Eschweiler Talbahnhof / Raiffeisen-Platz", "Eschweiler-Nothberg" to "Eschweiler-Weisweiler" and "section of" to " Herzogenrath Alt-Merkstein", "Herzogenrath August-Schmidt-Platz" came into operation between September and December 2004. In December 2005, the route was extended via "Alsdorf - Busch" to "Alsdorf - Anna Park". Finally the Euregiobahn opened two new stations in December 2007: "Heerlen de Kissel" and "Eygelshoven Markt" between Herzogenrath and Heerlen.  Despite public protests in support of the Eschweiler "Eschweiler-Aue" was not reopened in 2004 for financial reasons.  Owing to drastically reduced state funding, routes could at first be extended only sparingly. Construction of the new line from Eschweiler-Weisweiler to Langerwehe started in the summer of 2007 and it was opened on 14 June 2009. From that day trains ran from Eschweiler-Weisweiler to Langerwehe and finally in December 2009 the hourly service was extended to Düren. Since locations between Eschweiler-Nothberg and Langerwehe are now served by the Euregiobahn, the station at Nothberg on the Cologne–Aachen high-speed railway was closed in December 2009.  November 2011 saw the first test ride on the next section of the ring to be completed, the stretch from Alsdorf - Anna Park to Alsdorf - Kellerberg and Alsdorf - Poststrasse. The official inauguration took place on 9 December 2011 when a special train on the Euregiobahn at 18:02, for invited guests only, left the Alsdorf-Anna Park track. The scheduled passenger service began on 11 December 2011.  In June 2016, the ring between Stolberg, Herzogenrath and Alsdorf finally was inaugurated. Euregiobahn trains now start at the stations of Düren and Stolberg-Altstadt, are being coupled in Stolberg Hbf and continue their journey via Aachen and Herzogenrath back to Stolberg using the ring. During construction, there have been difficulties, because the track comes close to the Merzbrück Airport. When the runway of the airport will be moved in near future, there are still some minor works to be done.

Reactivated routes.

The following routes have been reopened for the operation of the infrastructure managed for Euregiobahn by EVS:

Euregiobahn is a system of regional trains (RB 20) in the combined area of the "AVV (Aachener Verkehrverbund)" at the Aachen (district), Düren (district) operated by DB Regio NRW.


Background.

Skin care is at the interface of cosmetics, and dermatology, a traditional medical discipline; there is some overlap with each of these topics.  The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines cosmetics as products intended to cleanse or beautify (for instance, shampoos and lipstick). A separate category exists for medications, which are intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, or to affect the structure or function of the body (for instance, sunscreens and acne creams), although some products, such as moisturizing sunscreens and anti-dandruff shampoos, are regulated within both categories.  Skin care differs from dermatology, as traditionally practiced, by its additional but less medical scope and by its inclusion of non-physician professionals, such as estheticians and wound care nursing staff. Skin care includes modifications of individual behavior and of environmental and working conditions. Nevertheless, dermatology has co-opted some aspects of skin care, particularly in the U.S., and to a significantly lesser extent elsewhere, such as the U.K. Add from

Neonate.

Guidelines for neonatal skin care have been developed. Nevertheless, the pediatric and dermatologic communities have not reached consensus on best cleansing practices, as good quality scientific evidence is scarce. Immersion in water seems superior to washing alone, and use of synthetic detergents or mild liquid baby cleansers seems comparable or superior to water alone. Add from

Sunscreen.

Sun protection is an important aspect of skin care. Though the sun is beneficial in order for the human body to get its daily dose of vitamin D, unprotected excessive sunlight can cause extreme damage to the skin. Ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) radiation in the sun's rays can cause sunburn in varying degrees, early ageing and increased risk of skin cancer. UV exposure can cause patches of uneven skin tone and dry out the skin.  This can reduce the skin's elasticity and encourage sagging and wrinkle formation. Sunscreen can protect the skin from sun damage; sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before exposure, and should be re-applied every four hours. Sunscreen should be applied to all areas of the skin that will be exposed to sunlight, and at least a tablespoon (25 ml) should be applied to each limb, the face, chest, and back, to ensure thorough coverage. Many tinted moisturizers, foundations and primers now contain some form of SPF.  Sunscreens may come in the form of creams, gels or lotions; their SPF number indicates their effectiveness in protecting the skin from the sun's radiation. There are sunscreens available to suit every skin type; in particular, those with oily skin should choose non-comedogenic sunscreens; those with dry skins should choose sunscreens with moisturizers to help keep skin hydrated, and those with sensitive skin should choose unscented, hypoallergenic sunscreen and spot-test in an inconspicuous place (such as the inside of the elbow or behind the ear) to ensure that it does not irritate the skin.

Elderly.

Skin ageing is associated with increased vulnerability. Skin problems including pruritus are common in the elderly but are often inadequately addressed. A literature review of studies that assessed maintenance of skin integrity in the elderly found most to be low levels of evidence but the review concluded that skin-cleansing with synthetic detergents or amphoteric surfactants induced less skin dryness than using soap and water. Moisturizers with humectants helped with skin dryness, and skin barrier occlusives reduced skin injuries.  There is limited evidence that moisturising soap bar; combinations of water soak, oil soak, and lotion are effecrive in maintaining the skin integrity of elderly people when compared to standard care.

Acne.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, between 40 and 50 million Americans suffer from acne each year. While many associate acne with adolescence, acne can occur at any age, with its causes including heredity, hormones, menstruation, food, and emotional stress.  Those with inflammatory acne should exfoliate with caution as the procedure may make conditions worse and consult a dermatologist before treatment. Some anti-acne creams contain drying agents such as benzoyl peroxide (in concentrations of 2.5 - 10% ).

Pressure sore.

Pressure sores are injuries to skin and underlying tissue as a result of prolonged pressure on the skin. A known example of pressure sore is bedsore called pressure ulcer.

Stoma.

Add from  When cleaning the stoma area, plain warm water should be use and dry wipe to gently clean around the stoma. Pat gently and make sure not to rub the area. Put all used wipes in a disposable bag and wash your hands after.

Wound healing.

Wound healing is a complex and fragile process in which the skin repairs itself after injury. It is susceptible to interruption or failure that creates non-healing chronic wounds.

Nutrition.

Add from

Radiation.

Radiation induces skin reactions in the treated area, particularly in the axilla, head and neck, perineum and skin fold regions. Formulations with moisturising, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and wound healing properties are often used, but no preferred approach or individual product has been identified as best practice. Soft silicone dressings that act as barriers to friction may be helpful. In breast cancer, calendula cream may reduce the severity of radiation effects on the dark spot corrector. Deodorant use after completing radiation treatment has been controversial but is now recommended for practice. Add from

EGFR.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are medications used in cancer treatment. These medications commonly cause skin and nail problems, including rashes, dry skin and paronychia. Preventive intensive moisturising with emollient ointments several times, avoidance of water-based creams and water soaks (although in certain circumstances white vinegar or potassium permanganate soaks may help), protection the skin from excessive exposure to sunshine, and soap substitutes which are less dehydrating for the skin than normal soaps, as well as shampoos that reduce the risk of scalp folliculitis, are recommended. Treatment measures with topical antibiotic medication can be helpful.

Related products.

Cosmeceuticals are topically-applied, combination products that bring together cosmetics and "biologically active ingredients". Products which are similar in perceived benefits but ingested orally are known as nutricosmetics. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act "does not recognize any such category as "cosmeceuticals." A product can be a drug, a cosmetic, or a combination of both, but the term "cosmeceutical" has no meaning under the law". Drugs are subject to an intensive review and approval process by FDA. Cosmetics, and these related products, although regulated, are not approved by FDA prior to sale.

Procedures.

Skin care procedures include use of botulinum; exfoliation; fillers; laser medicine in cosmetic resurfacing, hair removal, vitiligo, port-wine stain and tattoo removal; photodynamic therapy; microdermabrasion; peels; retinol therapy.

Skin care is the range of practices that support skin integrity, enhance its appearance and relieve skin conditions. They can include nutrition, avoidance of excessive sun exposure and appropriate use of emollients. Practices that enhance appearance include the use of cosmetics, botulinum, exfoliation, fillers, laser resurfacing, microdermabrasion, peels, retinol therapy and ultrasonic skin treatment. Skin care is a routine daily procedure in many settings, such as skin that is either too dry or too moist, and prevention of dermatitis and prevention of skin injuries.


Early life.

Trude Herr was born in the Cologne district of Kalk, grew up in the city's district of Mülheim and attended school there. Her father Robert Herr was a locomotive driver and was imprisoned for a long time because of his membership in the Communist Party; later he was sent to a concentration camp. For him she wrote the song "Papa", in which she thanked her father for her time; she sang it in 1961 at his funeral. She herself was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. In 1933, she attended primary school in Cologne-Mülheim after which she worked in a bakery. Since the apartment of the Herrs was destroyed by bombs in 1943, they lived two years in the community of Ewersbach in Hesse.  There she worked as a typist in the Dillenburg city administration, where she was known by her nicknames of "Tutti" and jokingly also as "dat Pummel" because of her full figure. In 1946, she became an extra at the Aachener Wanderbühne, and from 1948 she received supporting roles at the Cologne Millowitsch Theater.

Career.

In the Millowitsch theater, she played her first major role in the recorded for television 1955 comedy "The Sold Grandfather" alongside Willy Millowitsch, Elsa Scholten, Franz Schneider and others. In 1949, she and her friend and mentor Gustav Schellhardt founded the "Cologne Lustspielbühne", whose existence, however, was not long lasting. Throughout her life, she was proud of this project and mentioned it repeatedly in press interviews. After its bankruptcy, Trude Herr worked between 1949 and 1954 as a barmaid in the gay bar Barberina (Hohes Tor).  From 1954 onwards, she performed at the carnival time again and again at the events of various clubs in Cologne as Büttenrednerin (carnival comedy speaker) and always earned great applause. In her performances, she followed the style of the well-known 1920s variety and revue singer Grete River. Trude Herr was discovered by Willi Schaeffers, the head of the cabaret Tingel-Tangel, who engaged her in Berlin in 1958. With the German version of Percolator under the title "Ich will keine Schokolade (ich will lieber einen Mann)" (English: "I do not want chocolate (I'd prefer a man)") she reached No. 18 on the German hit charts. The song's German text was written by Carl-Ulrich Blecher. The song was performed by Herr in the German hit movie "Marina" (where she played "Trude Pippes"). The film premiered on 19 August 1960 and featured 15 hits, helping Herr to achieve her 1960 breakthrough.  Afterwards, she appeared in more than 30 films, made numerous appearances on television programs and was successful in the German schlager genre. In August 1964, she took a five-month journey through the Saharan States, where in 1969 she met the Tunesian Tuareg Ahmed M'Barek. He accompanied her back to Germany, where they were married; the marriage lasted until 1976. With her own ensemble, she performed successfully in the Millowitsch Theater; from 16 September 1970 she delighted audiences in "The Pearl Anna", and from 21 September 1972 in "The Pütz Family".  On 9 September 1977, she opened her folk theater Theater im Vringsveedel on Severinstraße. There she wanted to build a popular alternative to the established Millowitsch Theater. With plenty of Cologne humor and Kölsch sentimentality, garnished with a dose of vulgarity, she wrote and performed in pieces like "Die Kölsche Geisha" (1977), "Der Hausmann" and "Massage Salon Denz" (1979), "Drei Glas Kölsch" (1980), "Scheidung Auf Kölsch" (1981), "Der Prophet" (1985) and, as the last play, "Der zweite Frühling" (1986). Her stage partner at this time was Hans Künster. The schedule lasted only from September to the end of December, the rest of the time the theater was rented out or was dark. Without municipal subsidies, which she vainly applied for in 1977 and 1982, the theater was financially constantly on weak feet. The very high visitor use rate of 97 percent did not change this either – the fixed costs, including for 21 employees, were too high. Even though it was one of the best attended theaters in North Rhine-Westphalia, and also because of increasing health problems, she ended the theater experiment on 27 February 1986.  In between theatrical productions, she worked in the WDR Fernsehen television production of "Schöne Bescherung", which was broadcast in December 1983. Between October 1986 and January 1987, she recorded in the Info Studios in Monheim am Rhein with producer Thomas Brück her album "Ich sage was ich meine" ("I say what I mean") with international hits featuring German lyrics. The melancholic song "Niemals geht man so ganz" ("You never leave completely"), which she interpreted with Wolfgang Niedecken (BAP) and Tommy Engel (Bläck Fööss) was her last great success; it reached in No. 20 in the German charts in August 1986.

Last years.

After six serious operations on her neck and legs, she moved to Fiji in 1987 for health reasons and settled near the capital of Suva. In 1988, she received the Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. That same year, she appeared in her final TV interview with Günther Jauch. In January 1991, she returned with Samuel Bawesi, her partner, from Fiji to Cologne. In February 1991, she moved to Lauris, a small village in Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in southern France, where she died of heart failure on 16 March 1991. She was buried in the Cologne North Cemetery.

Trude Herr (4 May 1927 – 16 March 1991) was a German film actress, singer and theatre owner. She was a popular entertainer in Germany from the early 1960s until her retirement.


Necessaries, child support and alimony.

Some creditors may compel payment out of the trust, particularly those who supply the beneficiary with "necessaries" (usually food and shelter, but sometimes clothing and transportation, if these are not extravagant). Most jurisdictions also permit the invasion of spendthrift trust assets to satisfy awards of child support and alimony.

Trusts where the beneficiary is also the creator.

A trust created by an individual for his or her own benefit is sometimes called a "self-settled trust", and may be a kind of asset-protection trust. If the creator of a self-settled trust is also a beneficiary of the trust, particular problems arise regarding the protection of assets from creditors, and the prevention of fraud, that is, the possibility that the creator of the trust seeks to defraud creditors.

The general rule: Self-settled trusts do not protect the trust creator.

To prevent individuals from creating trusts to defeat their own creditors, the laws of most states provide that a spendthrift clause in a trust document does not protect the beneficiary to the extent that the beneficiary is also the person who created the trust. The settlor does not need to be either the sole settlor or the only beneficiary of the trust. As long as the settlor is a beneficiary of the trust to any extent, to that extent the trust will be deemed self-settled. For example, Texas law provides:  Further, laws in some states (like Texas) are worded so broadly that anyone transferring property to the trust might be deemed to be a "creator" (i.e., settlor, grantor, or trustor), not merely the person or persons who originally set up the trust.

The exception: DAPT states.

However, several states have changed their laws to provide that a person may create a self-settled spendthrift trust (i.e., a spendthrift trust for his or her own benefit). Such trusts are also called Domestic Asset Protection Trusts ("DAPT"), and sometimes informally called "Alaska trusts", as Alaska was a pioneer in allowing this kind of spendthrift trust. However, because of the danger of the misuse of Alaska trusts to defraud creditors, the legality of such trusts (to the extent that they purport to protect the trust share of a beneficiary who is also a creator of the trust) is uncertain in the states not allowing self-settled spendthrift trusts.  Nevada has enacted a series of statutes, codified at Chapter 166 of the Nevada Revised Statutes, that specifically enable the creation of self-settled spendthrift trusts. This form of trust is commonly referred to as a "Nevada Asset Protection Trust". Under Chapter 166, an individual can serve as the settlor, trustee, and beneficiary of the trust. This network of laws is specifically designed to protect trust assets from the claims of any creditor. NRS 166.170 specifically limits the circumstances under which a creditor may bring a claim. If a creditor existed at the time of the property's transfer to the trust, then the creditor must bring its claim against the trust within 2 years after the transfer or within six months after the creditor reasonably should have known of the transfer, whichever is later. NRS 166.170(1). If the creditor's claim surfaces after the transfer is made, the creditor must bring its claim within two years after the transfer, regardless of notice. NRS 166.170(1). Moreover, the creditor can only sustain its claim if it can prove by clear and convincing evidence (a tough evidentiary standard) that the transfer was made as a fraudulent conveyance. NRS 166.170(3).  The extent to which sister states will recognize the asset protections of these DAPTs, like those created under the laws of Nevada and Alaska, is unclear due to a somewhat sparse body of relevant case law. While states are generally compelled to honor and recognize the laws of sister states, pursuant to the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution, some of these laws may be in direct conflict with the laws of other states. Some of these DAPT laws can be quite expansive. The scope of the Nevada law is drawn quite broadly to govern Nevada's enforcement of all trusts created within or outside the state, so long as they meet certain limited criteria. See NRS 166.015(1). The law goes on to require that the statutes be applied to the enforcement by any other state of any spendthrift trust created within Nevada, so long as the law is not in direct conflict with the other adjudicating state. NRS 166.015(3). In fact, the Nevada law does not even require that the trust assets be located within Nevada, so long as one of the trustees declares his/her domicile as Nevada. NRS 166.015(1)(d).  The following other states now have a DAPT statute: Delaware, Mississippi (as of July 31, 2014, see Miss. Code 91-9-701 et seq.), South Dakota, Wyoming, Tennessee, Utah, Oklahoma, Colorado, Missouri, Rhode Island and New Hampshire.

In the United States.

Because estates and trusts are largely governed by state law in the United States, individual states each may have their own statutory or common law treatments of spendthrift clauses and trusts.  For example, the Nevada Property Code provides:  In Texas, the Texas Property Code provides:  A clause in the terms of a trust agreement that complies with the above-quoted statute is an example of what the law calls an "anti-alienation provision."  To continue with the example of the Texas law, the Texas Property Code further provides:  The above-quoted language essentially means that a trust instrument does not (at least, in Texas) have to contain complex legal jargon to qualify the trust as "spendthrift"; simply using the word "spendthrift" in the trust document may be sufficient.

A spendthrift trust is a trust that is created for the benefit of a person (often unable to control his/her spending) that gives an independent trustee full authority to make decisions as to how the trust funds may be spent for the benefit of the beneficiary. Creditors of the beneficiary generally cannot reach the funds in the trust, and the funds are not actually under the control of the beneficiary.


Cost.

In 2017 experiences show that city subway TBM tunnels cost approximately 500 Million EUR per kilometer. In Switzerland a kilometer of motorway tunnel was roughly calculated at 300 Million CHF, at the time 200 Million Eur. The undersea tunnel between Denmark and Germany is planned for 425 Million per km, in 2015.

Cut-and-cover.

Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel. Two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunnelling are available:  Shallow tunnels are often of the cut-and-cover type (if under water, of the immersed-tube type), while deep tunnels are excavated, often using a tunnelling shield. For intermediate levels, both methods are possible.  Large cut-and-cover boxes are often used for underground metro stations, such as Canary Wharf tube station in London. This construction form generally has two levels, which allows economical arrangements for ticket hall, station platforms, passenger access and emergency egress, ventilation and smoke control, staff rooms, and equipment rooms. The interior of Canary Wharf station has been likened to an underground cathedral, owing to the sheer size of the excavation. This contrasts with many traditional stations on London Underground, where bored tunnels were used for stations and passenger access. Nevertheless, the original parts of the London Underground network, the Metropolitan and District Railways, were constructed using cut-and-cover. These lines pre-dated electric traction and the proximity to the surface was useful to ventilate the inevitable smoke and steam.  A major disadvantage of cut-and-cover is the widespread disruption generated at the surface level during construction. This, and the availability of electric traction, brought about London Underground's switch to bored tunnels at a deeper level towards the end of the 19th century.

Boring machines.

Tunnel boring machines and associated back-up systems are used to highly automate the entire tunnelling process, reducing tunnelling costs. In certain predominantly urban applications, tunnel boring is viewed as quick and cost effective alternative to laying surface rails and roads. Expensive compulsory purchase of buildings and land, with potentially lengthy planning inquiries, is eliminated. Disadvantages of TBMs arise from their usually large size – the difficulty of transporting the large TBM to the site of tunnel construction, or (alternatively) the high cost of assembling the TBM on-site, often within the confines of the tunnel being constructed.  There are a variety of TBM designs that can operate in a variety of conditions, from hard rock to soft water-bearing ground. Some types of TBMs, the bentonite slurry and earth-pressure balance machines, have pressurised compartments at the front end, allowing them to be used in difficult conditions below the water table. This pressurizes the ground ahead of the TBM cutter head to balance the water pressure. The operators work in normal air pressure behind the pressurised compartment, but may occasionally have to enter that compartment to renew or repair the cutters. This requires special precautions, such as local ground treatment or halting the TBM at a position free from water. Despite these difficulties, TBMs are now preferred over the older method of tunnelling in compressed air, with an air lock/decompression chamber some way back from the TBM, which required operators to work in high pressure and go through decompression procedures at the end of their shifts, much like deep-sea divers.  In February 2010, Aker Wirth delivered a TBM to Switzerland, for the expansion of the Linth–Limmern Power Stations located south of Linthal in the canton of Glarus. The borehole has a diameter of. The four TBMs used for excavating the Gotthard Base Tunnel, in Switzerland, had a diameter of about. A larger TBM was built to bore the Green Heart Tunnel (Dutch: Tunnel Groene Hart) as part of the HSL-Zuid in the Netherlands, with a diameter of. This in turn was superseded by the Madrid M30 ringroad, Spain, and the Chong Ming tunnels in Shanghai, China. All of these machines were built at least partly by Herrenknecht., the world's largest TBM is "Big Bertha", a diameter machine built by Hitachi Zosen Corporation, which is digging the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel in Seattle, Washington (US).

Clay-kicking.

Clay-kicking is a specialised method developed in the United Kingdom of digging tunnels in strong clay-based soil structures. Unlike previous manual methods of using mattocks which relied on the soil structure to be hard, clay-kicking was relatively silent and hence did not harm soft clay-based structures. The clay-kicker lies on a plank at a 45-degree angle away from the working face and inserts a tool with a cup-like rounded end with the feet. Turning the tool manually, the kicker extracts a section of soil, which is then placed on the waste extract.  Used in Victorian civil engineering, the method found favour in the renewal of Britain's ancient sewerage systems, by not having to remove all property or infrastructure to create a small tunnel system. During the First World War, the system was used by Royal Engineer tunnelling companies to put mines beneath the German Empire lines. The method was virtually silent and so not susceptible to listening methods of detection.

Shafts.

A temporary access shaft is sometimes necessary during the excavation of a tunnel. They are usually circular and go straight down until they reach the level at which the tunnel is going to be built. A shaft normally has concrete walls and is usually built to be permanent. Once the access shafts are complete, TBMs are lowered to the bottom and excavation can start. Shafts are the main entrance in and out of the tunnel until the project is completed. If a tunnel is going to be long, multiple shafts at various locations may be bored so that entrance to the tunnel is closer to the unexcavated area.  Once construction is complete, construction access shafts are often used as ventilation shafts, and may also be used as emergency exits.

Sprayed concrete techniques.

The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) was developed in the 1960s and is the best known of a number of engineering practices that use calculated and empirical measurements to provide safe support to the tunnel lining. The main idea of this method is to use the geological stress of the surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel, by allowing a measured relaxation and stress reassignment into the surrounding rock to prevent full loads becoming imposed on the supports. Based on geotechnical measurements, an optimal cross section is computed. The excavation is protected by a layer of sprayed concrete, commonly referred to as shotcrete. Other support measures can include steel arches, rock bolts and mesh. Technological developments in sprayed concrete technology have resulted in steel and polypropylene fibres being added to the concrete mix to improve lining strength. This creates a natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation.  By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual.

Pipe jacking.

In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with a maximum size of around.

Box jacking.

Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, but instead of jacking tubes, a box-shaped tunnel is used. Jacked boxes can be a much larger span than a pipe jack, with the span of some box jacks in excess of. A cutting head is normally used at the front of the box being jacked, and spoil removal is normally by excavator from within the box. Recent developments of the Jacked Arch and Jacked deck have enabled longer and larger structures to be installed to close accuracy. The 126m long 20m clear span underpass below the high speed rail lines at Cliffsend in Kent, UK.

Underwater tunnels.

There are also several approaches to underwater tunnels, the two most common being bored tunnels or immersed tubes, examples are Bjørvika Tunnel and Marmaray. Submerged floating tunnels are a novel approach under consideration; however, no such tunnels have been constructed to date.

Land tunnels.

A new kind of tunnels is used to reduce the environmental impact of motorways or railways: land tunnels. These are not underground tunnels, but built at ground level. The urban area next to the tunnel can be raised with ground or buildings (for instance parking facilities) to improve the integration of the tunnel in the immediate area. A good early example of such a land tunnel is the A2 motorway tunnel at Leidsche Rijn, near the Dutch city of Utrecht.

Temporary way.

During construction of a tunnel it is often convenient to install a temporary railway, particularly to remove excavated spoil, often narrow gauge so that it can be double track to allow the operation of empty and loaded trains at the same time. The temporary way is replaced by the permanent way at completion, thus explaining the term "Perway".

Enlargement.

The vehicles or traffic using a tunnel can outgrow it, requiring replacement or enlargement:

Open building pit.

An open building pit consists of a horizontal and a vertical boundary that keeps groundwater and soil out of the pit. There are several potential alternatives and combinations for (horizontal and vertical) building pit boundaries. The most important difference with cut-and-cover is that the open building pit is muted after tunnel construction; no roof is placed.

Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.


Drinks.

The Rheingau, which overlaps with western Hessen, is one of the main wine-growing regions in Germany, and the smaller Hessische Bergstraße region produces dry wines popular in South Hesse. Cider is also widely drunk, especially in the Frankfurt-am-Main area. The local Apfelwein ("apple wine", known as "Ebbelwei" or "Ebbelwoi" in the Hessian dialect) is traditionally served from a large clay jug called a "Bembel" and drunk from a glass with a diamond pattern called a "Geripptes" ("ribbed"). Other popular sour drinks include "Speierling" – Apfelwein with service tree berries added – and "Mispelchen", a glass of calvados or apple brandy served with a medlar. Hessen also includes a number of breweries, with local brands tending to dominate the market in each area.

Food.

Handkäse, a strong sour milk cheese, is associated with the Frankfurt area, where it is often served "mit Musik" ("with music")—a dressing of vinegar, onions and often a bit of caraway—the "music" referring to the flatulence brought about by the raw onions. Outside the Rhine-Main area, the north Hesse town of Kassel has its Ahle Wurst, an air-dried or smoked sausage; Speckkuchen, a bacon quiche; Weckewerk, a brawn sausage.

Sauces.

Another dish traditional to Frankfurt is "Grüne Soße" (or locally "Grie Soß") (meaning green sauce). It's a mixture of herbs, eggs, oil, and vinegar—which might be served with boiled eggs, potatoes or meat. Kassel and northern Hesse are known to have their own variety of or special recipe for "Grüne Soße", which is prepared with seven different chopped herbs, usually with sour cream, quark and/or yoghurt, and sliced boiled eggs. It differs in both appearance and taste.  "Duckefett" is a simple sauce and a regional specialty in northern Hesse, particularly in Kassel. It is made of bacon, onions, sour cream, and occasionally cooked and condensed milk is added. As for side dishes, they are usually Duckefett potatoes, potato dumplings, served occasionally. Because of the low-cost ingredients Duckefett was long considered peasant food.

Sweets.

Although the area is not known for its sweet recipes, Bethmännchen are popular in Frankfurt at Christmas time, and Haddekuche, a form of hard gingerbread scored like a Geripptes, is a traditional accompaniment to Apfelwein. Schmandkuchen, a flat tray-baked cake consisting of a sponge-mixture bottom topped with a thick layer of sour cream/smetana (called ""Schmand"" in German) and traditional whipped full-fat cream, spread generously with loose sugar and cinnamon before being served, is a favored and well-known dessert all over the state, in Northern as much as in Southern Hesse.

Hessian cuisine is based on centuries-old recipes, and forms a major part of the Hesse identity. Reflecting Hesse's central location within Germany, Hessian cuisine fuses north German and south German cuisine, with heavy influence from Bavarian cuisine and Rhenish Hesse. Sour tastes dominate the cuisine, with wines and ciders, sauerkraut and handkäse with onions and vinegar popular.


Geography.

The episcopal seat was in Havelberg near the confluence of the Elbe and Havel rivers. The bishopric roughly covered the western Prignitz region, between the Altmark in the west and the Brandenburgian core territory in the east. While the episcopal territory was supervised by nine Archdeacons ("Pröpste"), the bishop's—considerably smaller—secular estates were subdivided into four "Ämter":

History.

King Henry the Fowler in 929 marched against the Polabian Slavs settling east of the Elbe River and defeated them in a battle near Lenzen. Occupying the eastern riverbank, Henry had a fortification built on a hill above the Havel tributary, near its mouth into the Elbe. His son Otto I continued the expeditions and in 936/37 established the Saxon Eastern March ("Marca Geronis") on the conquered territories. In 948 he founded the dioceses of Havelberg and Brandenburg, initially suffragans to the Archbishops of Mainz, from 968 to the newly established Archdiocese of Magdeburg. Part of the Northern March from 968, Havelberg diocese was occupied by revolting Lutici tribes in the Great Slav Rising of 983 and merely remained a titular see.  Not until 150 years later, King Lothair III of Germany re-occupied Havelberg in 1130; the eastern Elbe bank was finally reconquered by the Ascanian margrave Albert the Bear in 1136/37. Its first and most famous Prince-Bishop was the Premonstratensian canon Anselm of Havelberg, who had been anointed already in 1129 by the Magedeburg archbishop Norbert of Xanten. Anselm first took his seat at Jerichow in 1144. Upon the Wendish Crusade in 1147, he was able to found a cathedral chapter at Havelberg and to begin the building of Havelberg Cathedral, which was consecrated in 1170.  The diocesan and secular territory were already separated in 1151. However, the bishops held no secular rights in the town of Havelberg itself, which was enfeoffed to the Brandenburg margraves. A charter issued by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to declare the residence an episcopal city was never carried out, and in the following centuries, the Havelberg bishops gradually moved their residence to their "Amt" Wittstock about to the northeast. In 1383 the Holy Blood of Wilsnack became a famous pilgrimage site, while Dietrich Man was bishop. From the 14th century onwards, the Havelberg bishops also used Plattenburg Castle as a summer residence.  After long-lasting quarrels with the mighty Brandenburg prince-electors, the Premonstratensian chapter finally gave in to transform Havelberg into a collegiate church ("Stift"). From 1514 onwards the deans of the cathedral were appointed by the Margraves of Brandenburg. In the course of the Protestant Reformation, the Bishopric of Havelberg turned Lutheran and from 1554 was administrated by Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern, son of Elector John George of Brandenburg. The Bishopric was finally secularised and incorporated into Brandenburg in 1571. Its annexation was complete, when Joachim Frederick succeeded his father as Brandenburg elector in 1598.

The Bishopric of Havelberg () was a Roman Catholic diocese founded by King Otto I of Germany in 946, from 968 a suffragan to the Archbishops of Magedeburg. A Prince-bishopric ("Hochstift") from 1151, Havelberg as a result of the Protestant Reformation was secularised and finally annexed by the margraves of Brandenburg in 1598.


Family.

Publius belonged to the gens Mucia, a noble Plebeian family of Rome, of which the Scaevola were the main branch. Several Scaevola appear in Roman magistracies before the appearance of Publius Mucius, including a certain Publius Mucius Scaevola who served as a tribune of the plebs in 486 BC and a Publius Mutius Scaevola—who, while not of the same branch, clearly belongs to the Scaevola clan—who held the Tribunate of the Soldiers in the same year, suggesting the Scaevola family was an entrenched Republican family of senatorial class from at least 486 BC. In legend the Scaevolas draw their name from a Gaius Mucius Scaevola of 508 BC who supposedly attempted to assassinate the Etruscan king of Clusium, Lars Porsena and upon killing his secretary due to a mix up in interpreting Etruscan dress, thrust his arm into a brazier and declared that 300 young men like him would come for Porsena, leading to the king's withdrawal out of fear for his personal safety.  Publius Mucius Scaevola had a father of the same name, who was consul in 175 BC with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Scaevola served as Pontifex Maximus following his younger brother Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus’s death. Mucianus was elected consul alongside with high priest Lucius Valerius Flaccus in the year 131 BC, after previously serving as Pontifex Maximus in 132 BC.  Scaevola was also the father of Quintus Mucius Scaevola who was a consul in 95 BC. He was responsible for the "Lex Licinia Mucia", which sent Italian residents of Rome falsely claiming citizenship back to their own towns.

Early political career.

Tribune of the Plebs 141 BC.

Publius Mucius Scaevola served as tribune of the plebs in 141 BC. The consuls of this year were Cnaeus Servilius Caepio and Quintus Pompeius. Not much is known of Scaevola’s actions during his year as tribune. Most significant in the historical record is his carrying of a plebiscite which placed Hostilius Tubulus on trial for accepting bribes during his year as praetor in 142 BC.

Praetor 136 BC.

Scaevola was elected as praetor in 136 BC. Lucius Furius Philus and Sextus Atilius Serranus were consuls during this year. During his year as a praetor Scaevola argued vehemently against the citizenship rights of Mancinus, who had demonstrated cowardice the previous year during a campaign in the Numantine War and had subsequently been surrendered to the Numantines as punishment, but had been rejected.

Consulship 133 BC.

Rome during Scaevola’s Consulship.

Publius was elected consul at a pivotal point in Roman history. The Punic Wars had ended only 13 years beforehand and Rome now controlled many new territories around the Mediterranean through military expeditions such as Scipio Aemilianus’ conquest of Numantia in modern-day Spain, as well as the annexation of Asia Minor. Upon the death of Attallus III of Pergamum in 133 BC Rome was granted the land belonging to Attallus in his will. However, an Attalid pretender called Eumenes III tried to retain the lands. In 130 BC he defeated Scaevola’s brother and then-consul Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, killing him. Later, Scaevola’s son Quintus Mucius Scaevola engaged in more fighting in the region, though not of clear nature, receiving a proconsular command in 121 BC. The rapid expansionism throughout this period caused internal unrest that had triggered the First Servile War in Sicily two years earlier in 135 BC. Publius Mucius Scaevola’s fellow consul Lucius Calpernius Piso led armies in 133 BC against the slave revolt on the island of Sicily. This revolt was led by a man named Eunus, a semi-prophetic military leader who managed to win several small scale engagements against larger Roman forces. Piso managed to suppress this long-running revolt, though Scaevola had little involvement in this campaign and therefore shared little of the popularity and prestige it incurred. At some point during this period both Piso and Scaevola were absent from the city of Rome, meaning the Senate was presided over by the urban praetor.

Tiberius Gracchus.

Lex Sempronia Agraria.

Before Tiberius Gracchus drew up the highly significant "Lex Agraria", he consulted with the preeminent citizens of the day, including Publius Mucius Scaevola, who was consul at the time. Plutarch describes Publius Mucius as a jurist, foremost in virtue and reputation. Following his consultation with Publius Mucius, among others, Tiberius Gracchus drew up a law that was more lenient towards those occupying public lands than expected.

Jury (Gracchus vs. Scipio).

When conflict between Tiberius Gracchus and his opponents came to a head, Publius Mucius Scaevola publicly refused to support Scipio Nasica’s attempt to depose Tiberius Gracchus. But following Tiberius’ death he tried to restore stability to the Senate, by retrospectively approving the violent events he had previously refused to support. Twentieth century historians have debated whether this about-face demonstrates a man of integrity standing above the factional squabbles in order to secure stability in precarious circumstances, or the propensity to change his factional allegiance at the drop of a hat. For example, in 1965 Erich S. Gruen depicted Publius Mucius Scaevola as a man constantly changing factional allegiance – describing him as a successful but unprincipled politician. In contrast, Wiseman, Bernstein and Badian all argued in the early 1970s for a more favourable assessment of Scaevola as a man of independence and integrity.

Later life.

Pontifex Maximus 130-115 BC.

Publius Mucius Scaevola became Pontifex Maximus in 130 BC, after his brother, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, was killed in battle while fighting in the kingdom of Pergamum. His most notable contribution during this period was the publication of the final "Annales Maximi". The "Annales Maximi" were annals maintained by the Pontifex Maximus, dating back to 400 BC. The Pontifex Maximus, the highest-ranking priest in the Roman Republic, was responsible for recording the names of the magistrates of each year, as well as significant events. The annals ceased being written in the 130s BC, and Publius Mucius Scaevola reportedly published the complete record in his capacity as Pontifex Maximus.

Death.

According to historian David Stockton, the exact year of Publius Mucius Scaevola’s death is unknown. Later juristic writers indicate he was still alive in 121 BC, but he must have died some time before 114 BC, when a different chief pontiff presided over the first trial of the Vestal Virgins.

Publius Mucius Scaevola was a prominent Roman politician and jurist who was consul in 133 BC. In his earlier political career he was tribune of the plebs in 141 BC and praetor in 136 BC. He also held the position of Pontifex Maximus for sixteen years after his consulship and died circa 115 BC.


Background.

On behalf of Charles XII, who had occupied much of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Great Northern War, Stanisław Leszczyński was crowned king of Poland on 4 October 1705. A faction of the commonwealth, organized in the Sandomierz Confederation, remained loyal to Saxon elector Augustus the Strong, Polish king since 1697 and allied against Charles XII with Russian tsar Peter the Great.  The resulting civil war in Poland (1704-1706) did not go well for August. His attempt to regain control in Poland-Lithuania was thwarted by Charles XII in the Battle of Grodno and by Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld in the Battle of Fraustadt, both in the first months of 1706. As a consequence of Fraustadt, the Saxon electorate was virtually undefended, and when Charles XII combined his forces with Rehskiöld and moved through Silesia to occupy it, he met no resistance.

Terms.

Augustus the Strong made peace with the Swedish Empire. He renounced his claims to the Polish crown, accepted Stanisław Leszczyński as the Polish king and had to congratulate him.  Augustus' alliance with Russia, formalized in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and the Treaty of Narva, was declared void. All Russians under Augustus' command were to be handed over to the Swedish as prisoners. Johann Patkul was declared a criminal and likewise taken in Swedish custody.  The treaty was concluded in secrecy.

Consequences.

The diplomat and politician Johann Patkul was executed.  When the treaty was revealed to him, Peter the Great was disappointed. His diplomats, though aware of the possibility of a separate peace between Saxony and Sweden and actually negotiating a separate peace for Russia since 1703, had been unable to intervene. Furthermore, Peter had regarded Augustus not just as an ally, but as a close friend. With Augustus resigned, Peter unsuccessfully offered the yet to be conquered Polish crown to Hungarian rebel prince Francis II Rákóczi, to British general John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, to Polish Jakub Sobieski, to Savoyan commander in Habsburg service Eugene of Savoy, and to others.  In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the treaty had improved Stanisław Leszczyński's position. He subsequently gained the loyalty of part of the lesser gentry.  By the Treaty of Thorn (1709), Augustus the Strong was restored as Polish king and renewed the alliance with Russia which was made possible by Peter the Great's victory over Charles XII in the Battle of Poltava 27 June 1709.

The Treaty of Altranstädt was concluded between Charles XII of Sweden and Augustus the Strong of Saxony and Poland-Lithuania, on 13 October 1706, during the Great Northern War. Augustus had to renounce his claims to the Polish throne and his alliance with Russia.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Oradell borough had a total area of 2.577 square miles (6.673 km), including 2.424 square miles (6.278 km) of land and 0.153 square miles (0.395 km) of water (5.92%).  Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Delford.  The borough borders the Bergen County municipalities of Dumont, Emerson, Haworth, New Milford, Paramus and River Edge.  Oradell Reservoir was formed by the Oradell Reservoir Dam placed on the Hackensack River, which was started in 1921 and finished in 1923. The reservoir is fed by the Pascack Brook and Dwars Kill in addition to the Hackensack River. The Dam has greatly reduced the amount of flooding in the eastern part of Oradell caused by the Hackensack River, though it also resulted in the loss of flora and fauna that depended on the fresh water that flowed down the river. Fed by rain from Hurricane Irene in August 2011, the water level in the reservoir was two feet above the top of the dam, allowing billions of gallons of water to flow over the dam and exacerbating flooding conditions in Oradell and New Milford.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Oradell has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

2010 Census.

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $123,750 (with a margin of error of +/- $23,641) and the median family income was $147,139 (+/- $14,419). Males had a median income of $91,332 (+/- $10,621) versus $68,208 (+/- $17,195) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $39,520. About 1.4% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.  Same-sex couples headed 14 households in 2010, an increase from the 13 counted in 2000.

2000 Census.

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 8,047 people, 2,789 households and 2,300 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,319.0 per square mile (1,283.9/km). There were 2,833 housing units at an average density of 1,168.5 per square mile (452.0/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 90.07% White, 0.48% African American, 0.04% Native American, 8.09% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.09% of the population.  3.1% of Oradell's residents identified themselves as being of Armenian American ancestry. This was the 11th highest percentage of Armenian American people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry.  There were 2,789 households of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.9% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.5% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.17.  Age distribution was 25.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.  The 2000 Census showed that median household income was $91,014 and the median family income was $102,842. Males had a median income of $76,683 versus $42,318 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $39,520. About 1.7% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Oradell is the headquarters for Huntington Learning Center, a learning center chain founded in 1977 that provides tutoring services for students in primary and secondary schools and is specialized in standardized test preparation.

Government.

Local government.

Oradell is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 of 565 municipalities statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Oradell is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Oradell is Democrat Diane Carmelo Didio, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2023. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Tracy Schoenberg (D, 2021), Steven G. Carnevale (R, 2022), Robert Jannicelli (D, 2020), Thomas Kelly (R, 2020), Roger Tashjian (D, 2021) and Miriam Yu (D, 2022).  In May 2018, Miriam Yu was selected to fill the seat expiring in December 2019 that became vacant following the resignation of Andrew Rudman. In the November 2018 general election, Yu was elected to serve the balance of the term of office.</ref>  In the November 2017 general election, the Democratic and Republican candidates each took one seat. In the November 2016 general election, the Democratic and Republican candidates each took one seat. In the November 2015 general election, the Democratic and independent candidates who ran together as Put Oradell First won election to the mayoral and council seats up for vote, winning by a 2-1 margin over the Republican incumbents, who had not faced an election challenge since 2011. Although still a Republican-leaning borough, since November 2015 Oradell has been steadily tilting Democratic in its voting.

Federal, state and county representation.

Oradell is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 38th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Oradell had been in the 39th state legislative district.

Politics.

As of November, 2017, there were a total of 5,750 registered voters in Oradell, of which 1,535 were registered as Democrats, 1,750 were registered as Republicans and 2451 were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 14 voters registered to other parties. Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 70.0% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 94.8% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).  In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 2,345 votes (49.6% vs. 54.2% countywide), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 2,209 votes (46.7% vs. 41.1%) and other candidates with 173 votes (3.7% vs. 4.6%), among the 4,796 ballots cast by the borough's 6,130 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.2% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County).. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 2,354 votes (53.7% vs. 43.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 1,973 votes (45.0% vs. 54.8%) and other candidates with 40 votes (0.9% vs. 0.9%), among the 4,386 ballots cast by the borough's 5,856 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.9% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 2,491 votes (51.9% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,245 votes (46.8% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 29 votes (0.6% vs. 0.8%), among the 4,798 ballots cast by the borough's 5,826 registered voters, for a turnout of 82.4% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 2,592 votes (55.5% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 2,034 votes (43.5% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 32 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 4,672 ballots cast by the borough's 5,696 registered voters, for a turnout of 82.0% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).  In the 2017 gubernatorial election, Democrat Phil Murphy received 1,396 votes ahead of Kim Guadagno with 1,358 votes. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.4% of the vote (1,797 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.4% (878 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (32 votes), among the 2,753 ballots cast by the borough's 5,717 registered voters (46 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 48.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 1,775 votes (53.8% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,320 votes (40.0% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 158 votes (4.8% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 14 votes (0.4% vs. 0.5%), among the 3,302 ballots cast by the borough's 5,745 registered voters, yielding a 57.5% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).

Education.

The Oradell Public School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at Oradell Public School. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 764 students and 62.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.2:1.  Oradell and neighboring River Edge share a combined school district for seventh through twelfth grades, River Dell Regional School District which was established in 1958. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are River Dell Regional Middle School in River Edge (with 571 students in grades 7-8) and River Dell Regional High School in Oradell (with 1,064 students in grades 9-12).  Public school students from the borough, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.  Oradell is home to Bergen Catholic High School, a private Roman Catholic college preparatory school that was founded in 1955 and is run by the Christian Brothers of Ireland, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Bergen Catholic serves students in ninth through twelfth grade, and had an enrollment of 667 students in the 2017–18 school year. It offers 17 sports at the varsity level, and attracts students from all over the Northern Jersey region. Oradell is also home to St. Joseph Elementary School, a Catholic school that serves children from Pre-K through grade 8, as part of the Newark Archdiocese.

Emergency services.

Oradell has a volunteer fire department that was first established in 1894, located on Kinderkamack Road. It is home to Tower 21, Squad 22, Engine 23, Engine 24, and Scuba 26.  Oradell has a police department, also located on Kinderkamack Road near the fire station.

Organizations.

Oradell has two Boy Scout troops - Troop 36 and Troop 142 - as well as two Cub Scout packs; Pack 136 and Pack 142.  Troop 36 was established on February 11, 1911. Originally known as Troop 1, it was one of the first Boy Scout troops chartered in the United States and the second troop chartered in New Jersey. Sponsored by American Legion Post 41 since 1919, Troop 36 is currently the oldest Boy Scout troop in the state of New Jersey and has the distinction of being the second-oldest continually operating troop in the United States. It is one of the largest and most decorated troops in New Jersey. Troop 36 has more than 170 Eagle Scouts.  Troop 142 was re-established in 1999, and has over 40 members and more than 30 Eagle Scouts.

Transportation.

Roads and highways.

, the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Bergen County.  County Route 503 is the only significant road serving Oradell. It follows Kinderkamack Road south to north through the middle of the borough.

Public transportation.

Oradell is served by NJ Transit at the Oradell train station, located at Oradell and Maple Avenues. on the Pascack Valley Line.  NJ Transit bus service is available to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 165 route, while local service is offered on the 762 and 772 bus linse.  Rockland Coaches offers service on the 11T/11AT route from Stony Point, New York to the Port Authority Bus Terminal. Saddle River Tours / Ameribus provides service to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station on route 11C.

Media appearances.

Rockapella, the a cappella group best known for performing on the children's game show "Where in The World Is Carmen Sandiego?", had their first gig at a private party in Oradell on April 5, 1986.  In the 2004 movie "Taxi", a map read by Detective Washburn (Jimmy Fallon) shows a fictional uncompleted highway off the Garden State Parkway in Oradell. The approximate location of the uncompleted highway is the location of the Bergen Regional Medical Center.

Notable people.

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Oradell include:

Oradell is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. At the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 7,978, reflecting a decline of 69 (-0.9%) from the 8,047 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 23 (+0.3%) from the 8,024 counted in the 1990 Census. The borough includes a dam on the Hackensack River that forms the Oradell Reservoir. Oradell is a suburb of New York City, located approximately northwest of Midtown Manhattan.


Range and habitat.

Members of this genus are found in the swamplands and forests of central and western Africa, in the countries of Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

Diet.

They feed on insects, larvae, small reptiles, crabs and berries. They use their claws and snouts for digging in leaf litter, under rotted trees and stones for the insects and larvae. They will also wade into shallow streams looking for freshwater crabs.  In most areas where members of "Crossarchus" live, they are the numerically dominant members of the forest carnivore community.

Reproduction.

Females are polyestrus and if not mated will come into heat nine times in a year. Litters range from 2-3 per year. The young can open their eyes in about twelve days, eating solid food in three weeks and have adult hair in five weeks.

Behavior.

"Crossarchus" live in groups of 10 to 24. One to three families live in a group. The families are made up of the mating pair and the young. They are diurnal, and will wander throughout their territories constantly, never staying in one place too long. In their wanderings they will create temporary shelters for themselves. As they do not occupy permanent den sites, the young are not able to keep up with the group for several weeks and must be carried to different foraging spots. Individuals in the group take turns carrying the young from place to place and also help feed them.  Since the sociable kusimanses do not live in open habitat, they maintain contact in the dense rainforest understory by giving constant whistling calls while traveling.

Local names.

They are known in French as "Mangouste brune" and in German as "Dunkelkusimanse".

Crossarchus is a mongoose genus, commonly referred to as kusimanse, often cusimanse, mangue, or dwarf mongoose. They are placed in the subfamily Herpestinae or Mungotinae, which are small, highly social mongooses.


Biography.

Born in the village of Fi Tong (), Vietnam, near the city of Nong Het, Laos, Yang grew up without learning to read or write, although he likely observed various writing systems. For much of his life, he subsisted as a farmer and basket maker. From 1959 onwards, he experienced a series of reported divine revelations during which he was taught the Pahawh script by a set of male twins. In his visions, he was instructed to teach the script to the Hmong and Khmu people. He believed that the groups who accepted the writing system would flourish and escape the hardships of the time leading up to the Laotian Civil War. Afterwards, he assumed the title of "Savior of the Common People" ("Theej Kaj Pej Xeem") and began teaching the script and his message of redemption across Laos.  Following initial successes, including the building of a school in the village of Fi Kha, Yang was targeted by communist forces for his association with General Vang Pao and his troops. Later, he fell under suspicion of Hmong groups who supported the Royal Lao Government (including members of Vang Pao's army) as well as Hmong who supported the communist Pathet Lao. By the bribe and order of General Vang Pao, Shong Lue Yang was assassinated in 1971 by Nos Toom Yang in the village of Nam Chia shortly after producing the final version of the Pahawh Hmong script. However, Nos Toom Yang never did receive his reward of 3,000,000.00 Lao-Kip (approximately $158.96 during the year 1974; adjusted for inflation (as of 14 February, 2011), the reward ranges between $340.14 to $377.96). In 1974, while attempting to collect the bribe from General Vang Pao in Thailand, Nos Toom Yang was killed by Thai officials ordered by General Vang Pao. Nos Toom Yang was handcuffed, blindfolded, and thrown into the Mekong River. Though Shong Lue Yang died, his writing system survived and was republished into many books. One of these books is "Mother of Writing," by William A. Smalley.

Shong Lue Yang (RPA: "Soob Lwj Yaj", Pahawh: 𖬌𖬤𖬵 𖬘𖬲𖬞 𖬖𖬲𖬤 ()) (September 15, 1929 – February, 1971) was a Hmong spiritual leader and inventor of the Pahawh script, a semi-syllabary for writing dialects of the Hmong language, as well as the Khmu language. He is honored as the "Mother of Writing" ("Niam Ntawv") among the Hmong people.


Near-field magnetic induction communication

Background: technical concepts.

Near-field magnetic induction (NFMI) communication systems differ from other wireless communications in that most conventional wireless RF systems use an antenna to generate, transmit, and propagate an electromagnetic wave. In these types of systems all of the transmission energy is designed to radiate into free space. This type of transmission is referred to as "far-field."  According to Maxwell's equation for a radiating wire, the power density of far-field transmissions attenuates or rolls off at a rate proportional to the inverse of the range to the second power (1/r) or −20 dB per decade. This slow attenuation over distance allows far-field transmissions to communicate effectively over a long range. The properties that make long range communication possible are a disadvantage for short range communication systems.  The NFMI system uses a short range (less than 2 meters).  The standard modulation schemes used in typical RF communications (amplitude modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation) can be used in near-field magnetic induction system  NFMI systems are designed to contain transmission energy within the localized magnetic field. This magnetic field energy resonates around the communication system, but does not radiate into free space. This type of transmission is referred to as "near-field." The power density of near-field transmissions is extremely restrictive and attenuates or rolls off at a rate proportional to the inverse of the range to the sixth power (1/r) or −60 dB per decade.  In current commercial implementations of near-field communications, the most commonly used carrier frequency is 13.56 MHz and has a wavelength (λ) of 22.1 meters. The crossover point between near-field and far-field occurs at approximately λ/2π. At this frequency the crossover occurs at 3.52 meters, at which point the propagating energy from the NFMI system conforms to the same propagation rules as any far-field system; rolling off at −20 dB per decade. At this distance the propagated energy levels are −40 dB to −60 dB (10,000 to 1,000,000 times) lower than an equivalent intentional far-field system.

Use.

Near-field magnetic induction technology has been in use nearly exclusively by the company FreeLinc. Using NFMI to create a secure wireless communication between two-way radio accessories. This is done by creating a magnetic communication "bubble" around headsets, speaker-microphones and radios. This magnetic bubble has a radius of approximately 1.5 meters, is immune from radio frequency (RF) interference and virtually secure from eavesdropping. An eavesdropper would have to be standing next to the radio, within the magnetic bubble, to intercept wireless transmissions to and from a microphone or headset.  NFMI was used in the DEF CON 27 conference badge to allow two-way communication between the badges.

External links.

http://www.freelinc.com/technology/  https://www.nxp.com/products/wireless-connectivity/miglo:NFMI-RADIO-SOLUTIONS  https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2027/DEF%20CON%2027%20presentations/DEFCON-27-Joe-Grand-The-DEFCON-27-Badge.pdf

A Near-Field Magnetic Induction communication system is a short range wireless physical layer that communicates by coupling a tight, low-power, non-propagating magnetic field between devices. The concept is for a transmitter coil in one device to modulate a magnetic field which is measured by means of a receiver coil in another device.