Plot.

In 1930 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, eleven passionate, mostly anonymous but very talented soccer players and their journey from the cobblestone streets of impoverished Belgrade neighborhoods to the formation of the national team before the very first World Cup in faraway Uruguay. So far away that the country's capital, Montevideo, seems more a distant dream than a familiar reality. Named after the city where the inaugural World Cup was held, director Dragan Bjelogrlić's adaptation of journalist Vladimir Stanković's best-selling book centers on the relationship between the two top players: natural talent and poor boy Tirke (Miloš Biković) and playboy superstar Moša (Petar Strugar).  The two young men eventually become friends when they're thrown together on the front line of the dominant local team, BSK Belgrade￼￼. As the club hierarchy is faced with the challenge of keeping the squad afloat, the opportunity arises to create a national team. However, team unity is strained when Tirke and Moša clash over beautiful women. Rosa (Danina Jeftić), the voluptuous, small-town innocent who adores Tirke, but her soccer-mad uncle conspires to set her up with Moša; and vampish Valeria (Nina Janković), a rich flapper who seduces Moša and finds much fun in pitting him against Tirke. The initial doubt that surrounded their personal and professional lives is transformed into a shared ambition to prove themselves in Montevideo; as a result, a story about friendship, enthusiasm, persistence and love for the game is unraveled.

DVD and TV series.

The movie was released on DVD during 2011.  On 1 January 2012 it was broadcast on RTS1, achieving stellar ratings with over 3.1 million viewers.  The extended version of the film, including 5 hours of footage unseen in the theatrical cut, began to be broadcast as the eponymous television series on RTS starting 13 February 2012, and onwards weekly every Monday in the 8pm prime time slot. Nine episodes aired, with the first season concluding on 9 April 2012.  The second series, titled "Na putu za Montevideo", (season two) began on 31 December 2012, this time airing Sundays. The plot now moved to the preparations for the long trip to Uruguay. Nine more episodes were shown concluding on 10 March 2013.  In July 2013, the first series began airing in Croatia on RTL Televizija.  On 3 August 2013, "Montevideo, God Bless You!", aired on the Chinese CCTV-6 network.  On 15 January 2014, the sequel feature film "Montevideo, vidimo se!" got released in theaters.

Montevideo, God Bless You! (/"Montevideo, Bog te video!"; internationally titled Montevideo, Taste of a Dream) is a 2010 Serbian film directed by Dragan Bjelogrlić about the events leading to the participation of the Yugoslavia national football team at the first FIFA World Cup in Montevideo, Uruguay in July 1930. The film gained considerable media attention throughout 2010 and achieved significant box office success in Serbia since its release on December 21, 2010. The entire project has been hugely successful regionally thus far. More than 520,000 people in Serbia saw the first film, which won numerous awards.


History.

In toponymic terms, "Portela" gets its name from two Portuguese definitions: "portela" is derived from a corruption of the Latin "portulla" or "portella", which means "small door" or "entryway", since it can be considered the accessway to Lisbon (and/or south part of the Tagus estuary); the term "portela" is also, literally "a point where a road or street forms a bend or angle, ordinarily in a bottleneck or tributary". Geographically, the second statement is also true, since the parish's northern limits are cornered by two important bends (Avenida Infante Dom Henriques-IC17 and IC17-A1).  Portela's masterplan was deeply inspired by Swiss architect Le Corbusier's utopian scheme of ""A Contemporary City for 3 Million People"" (1922), and its urbanism based on the premise of a modern architecture that was exposed it to the maximum levels of sun, air and nature (as stated in the 1933 Athens Charter of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne).  Similarly, in the early part of the 1960s, a development in Buenos Aires had a comparable effect on the future urbanization of Portela; the development was geometric in design, with composite linear roadways around a central centre. In Lisbon, a similar layout was achieved by a New York architect, who was commissioned to construct a development that centred on a large commercial mall in the 1970s (the first of its type to be completed using urban planning concepts in the capital). The idea was to organize apartment blocks around a central commercial structure, in order to create a pole of socio-economic activities. Constituted in 1985, the civil parish of Portela has become a Portuguese reference for urban architecture.  In 1965, a draft plan for the future scheme was approved by the Government, implying the expropriation of five farms which were sharing this parcel of land and supplying Lisbon with agricultural goods. The plan, covering an area of 50 hectares, laid out a vision for a future area with 4500 homes and all sort of social equipments, responding to the big demand of housing for the people who were flocking to the Capital in a high number either from the ex-colonies in Africa or from other parts of the country.  The early residents of the modern Portela were young couples with their children, many returning from the Portuguese Colonies, others liberal professionasl such as lawyers, engineers, physicians, or judges and some older politicians, ostensibly from middle- to upper-middle class. The growth of the region was influenced by the youth culture, a bohemian collection of punk, metal, anarchist and others on the vanguard of the youth movement, who would spend time in the Bairro Alto district, ending their nights in Cais do Sodré, Jamaica, Tóquio or Shangrila. As time evolved, the Association of Portela Homeowners, the parish Church and the "Junta Freguesia" became more active in the activities of the residents. By the 1990s, the youth movement had moved on to areas of Alcântara-Mar, the Kapital or the Kremlin. At this time, the "Esplanada da Portela" (the main strip), with its open-air green-spaces attracted more of the local residents, and slowly the tennis courts and football field were constructed to fix the local population. As the population continued to age, many married and moved away, although some remained in the region while others moved closer to the river's edge, as the Expo 98 lands were repurposed for residential living.

Geography.

Bordering the urban parishes of Moscavide, Sacavém, Prior Velho and the municipality of Lisbon (parish of Santa Maria dos Olivais), Portela includes approximately 20,000 inhabitants in an area of about one km2. It is located barely two kilometres from Lisbon's International Airport and at the intersection of two of Portugal's main road axisways: the A1 (Lisbon-Oporto motorway) and A12-IC17 CRIL (Circular Regional Interior de Lisboa) inter-urban ring-roadway (linking it directly to the Vasco da Gama bridge and the southern part of the Tagus estuary. The parish is situated on a gentle slope running west to east forming a slight plateau. Starting from the southern edge of the Seminary of Olivais, the southern border extends east to the on/off-ramps of the Vasco da Gama bridge, then follows the motorway northeast until the intersection of the A1-E1 cloverleaf interchange. The border then follows the A1-E1 west until the interchange at "Avenida Mal. Craveiro Lopes", where it bypasses the "Avenida Dr. Alfredo Bensaúde", instead following the "Estrada da Circunvalação" until the "Largo dos Bombeiros", before returning to the Seminary. It is several blocks north of the "Parque das Nações" (), which lies in the neighbouring Santa Maria dos Olivais.  Its demographics identify an area that includes 41% youth, while only 5.6% seniors, indicating a relatively young population; infant natality (130) to mortality (63) from 1997 identifies a community that is growing (1997). Portela is a high-density residential neighborhood situated on the northeastern section of Lisbon's city boundary. It is the home of 11809 people, most of whom commute to Lisbon for work and leisure. The Commercial Centre of Portela (), hosts one of the higher builduing in Lisbon, Concórdia (80m), the Church of Cristo Rei da Portela, the "Parque Desportivo da Associação dos Moradores da Portela", the Seminary of Olivais and the parks of Almeida Garrett and Descobertas, are examples of the urban social and cultural structures that have attracted residents to the area in the past. The "Centro Comercial" is situated in the heart of the civil parish, at the former-centre of the communities traditional centre. It was remodelled and reinvigorated to include new shops such as computer and technology, spas, clothing/apparel outlets and shoe shops, in addition to banking. The Church of Cristo Rei da Portela is the pride of the Catholic faith community; erected slowly, through local contributions, it is a significant modern architectural design uncommon to the other Portuguese styles. The parish has a Complex with two pools, that is operated by the municipal company GesLoures. One pool of the Complex (25 x 12,5 meters) is used for swim competitions, training and more advanced classes, while the other (12.5 x 8 metres) is used for more basic swimming classes. The facilities were one of the few buildings to the constructed to be energy efficient, recycling energy, utilizing solar panels and reducing the consume of energy and emissions of carbon dioxide. The "Parque Desportivo" has three tennis courts and field, an esplanade and a swimming pool. Generally, the parish is a linear alignment of roads, comprising a hundred 10- to 12-storey buildings, that form a rectangle which has a circular shaped shopping centre and a 20-storey tower at its very middle point.  With a large population density (approximately 12430 inhabitants per square kilometre), the parish is equipped with many collective structures including water supplies, sewage treatment, garbage pickup (with access to landfill in Vila Franca de Xira) and recently the canalization of natural gas. In the northwest corner of the civil parish, on the corner of "Avenida do Ralis" and the "Estrada da Circunvalação", remains a degraded part of this modern civil parish, consisting of dozens of bungalows, abandoned buildings and ruins.

Portela () is a former civil parish in the municipality of Loures, Lisbon District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Moscavide e Portela.


Biography.

A graduate of Agricultural University of Poznań in Poznań (currently known as the University of Life Sciences) in 1964 she attended the College of Fine Arts (later University of Arts) in Poznań and received her diploma at the faculty of painting in 1966 in the studio of Professor. M. Szmańda. She worked at the university until 1992. She started at the studio of M. Abakanowicz and became in 1980 head of the color studio at the Faculty of Interior Design. In 1991 she founded Schola Posnaniensis, the Higher School of Applied Arts and was its president and a lecturer until 2007.

Artistic activity.

She commenced her artistic activity in the 1970s by creating woven forms and spatial structures, metal structures covered with weaving material. This was also the time of the introduction of tapestry into spatial designs such as "Landscape activities", which were a form of performance to be recorded photographically. The later period was marked by the artist's return to weaving techniques which she applied in her work ever since. Participation in the prestigious 5th International Biennial of Tapestry in Lausanne in 1971 led to the invitations to the succeeding bi-annual events and paved the way to many exhibitions worldwide. Her presentation at the 1979 International Biennial turned out to be a breakthrough: the tapestries "Madonna from Krużlowa" and "Marilyn Monroe". This confrontation of two canons of beauty, history and modern times was the artist's response to the discussion between twentieth-century artists on the mutual infiltration of various art disciplines. A frequent theme of the monumental works of Plewka-Schmidt is the contemplation of time, its passing, its impact on people and the interpretation of the traditions of the past. In her wall tapestry compositions the artist uses, among others, familiar images of secular art and objects of worship.

Individual exhibitions.

Since 1972 several domestic and foreign exhibitions including: Pittsburg, Geneva, Hertogenbosch, Eindhoven, Freiburg, Chicago, Stockholm, Moscow.

Group exhibitions.

Since 1965 participation in many domestic and foreign exhibitions and international presentations of Polish art including: Lausanne, Haarlem, Groningen, Venlo, Edinburgh, Liverpool, London, Havana, Brno, Chicago, Austin, Cleveland, Copenhagen, Aalborg, Prague, Chicago, New York, Berlin, Hamburg, Lille, Paris, Zagreb, Belgrade, Düsseldorf, San Francisco, Helsinki, Madrid, Lisbon, Moscow, Mexico City, Regstrup, Angers.

Urszula Plewka-Schmidt (29 December 1939, Smogulecka Wieś, Poland - 20 January 2008, Pławno, Poland) was a Polish artist and teacher, a co-founder of the "Polish school of tapestry", creator of monumental wall compositions.


Movements.

The composition of about 14 minutes presents a theme with six character variations, framed by an introduction and a postlude. Each variation expresses a movement or gesture similar to a mime artist or a dancer.

History.

"Gestural Variations", op. 43, was commissioned by bassoonist Henry Skolnick and written for the annual conference 1997 of the International Double Reed Society (IDRS). It was first performed in 1997 by John Dee, Henry Skolnick and José Lopez at the Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. G. Salter remarked in the "Double Reed News": "The composer's purposeful use of ambiguous, shifting harmonies and overlapping unisons sets these contrasts in miniature apart from much that is being written today, conveying the uncertainties of our times." This first version follows the scoring of Poulenc's Trio for oboe, bassoon and piano.  A second version, op. 43a, was written in 1999 for clarinet, cello and piano, a trio combination for which Beethoven composed his "Trio" op. 11 ("Gassenhauer-Trio"), Johannes Brahms his "Klarinettentrio" op. 114 and Alexander Zemlinsky his "Trio" op. 3, among others. This setting of Gestural Variations appears on a recording "Portrait", a selection of the composer's chamber music on Cybele Records, played by Markus Schön as the clarinettist, Waterhouse as the cellist, and Michael Wendeberg as the pianist. A review of Hubert Culot stated: The "highly contrasted variations display a remarkable instrumental mastery, that makes this work a feast from first to last." The versions were published by Hofmeister, Leipzig, in 1998 and 1999 respectively.  Gestural Variations in a third version, op. 43b, for oboe, cello and piano was awarded a prize at the competition of "Via Nova" in Weimar and premiered there on 31 March 2000.  The UK premiere of the clarinet version was played on 5 November 2002 in a Composer Portrait Concert with Graham Waterhouse in the St. Cyprian's Church in London.  The original version opened the Welcome Recital 6 of the British Double Reed Society at the IDRS conference 2009 in Birmingham, played by Richard Simpson, Julie Price and Janet Simpson.  A fourth version, op. 43c, for flute, cello and piano was premiered at the Gasteig Munich on 20 December 2009, played by Jens Josef, Waterhouse, and Rudi Spring. This version was played there again on 11 April 2010, this time with Christopher White as the pianist.

Gestural Variations, Op. 43, is a trio composition by Graham Waterhouse in 1997 originally for oboe, bassoon and piano. Later versions are scored for clarinet, cello and piano (1999) and flute, cello and piano (2009).


Name and geography.

The name Gökova means "blue" "(gök)" "plain" "(ova)" and refers to the plain on which the town of Gökova is situated. Today in the plain of Gökova there are two towns called Gökova and Akyaka, six villages named Ataköy, Akçapinar, Gökçe, Çitlik, Şirinköy and Yeşilova. The population is about 10,000.  Gökova town is situated about 2 km inland from the holiday resort of Akyaka. Gökova town is a separate municipality from Akyaka, yet Idyma's acropolis and necropolis are often erroneously attributed to Akyaka. However, there is relatively little of archaeological interest in Akyaka. Gökova town's Kozlukuyu Mahallesi is a first degree archaeological area with the ruins and rock cut chamber tombs of Idyma dating to 5th Century BC.

History.

The first recorded mention of Idyma (now Gökova) was in 546 BC. as a member of the Attika-Delos Sea Union founded against the Persians with the leadership of Athens. Idyma became a member of the Union by paying 1 Talent and 890 Drachmas in taxes. Idyma minted its own silver coins in the second half of the 5thC BC. The coins show the name IDIMION and the head of the God Pan on the reverse side.  Gökova was, until 1999, a village governed by a mukhtar. In 1999 it became a township or municipality with an elected mayor by a decision made by the Council of Ministers in November 1998. In the first local elections in April 1999, Mayor Durmus Ali Sazakli was elected. The Belediye [town council] has four civil servants and a small staff which may be expanded in the future. The township covers an area of 1,900,000 sq. metres.  As the area of Kozlukuyu, lying directly at the foot of the Idyma necropolis, is now a first degree archaeological area, new building permission is naturally refused. There is no direct route to either the acropolis or necropolis, both of which can only be reached by climbing.  Gökova town consists largely of Gökova, Kozlukuyu, Yazılıtaş and Çaydere. The world-famous Okaliptus Tuneli or Eucalyptus Tunnel which is part of Gökova Municipality - refers to the original route from Gökova town's 'Dört Yol' [meaning Four Roads - the main road junction in the plain] to Marmaris which pre-world war two was lined on both sides with eucalyptus trees. The area was mainly swampland and the then governor of Muğla had the trees planted to dry up the swamps. The Okaliptus Tuneli is around 1.5 km in length.  Gökova has the largest open market in the area. The market was until a few years ago, situated at the north end of Gökova and is still referred to by the traders as Kozlukuyu Pazarı rather than Gökova Pazarı. Since 2007 the produce stalls have been covered by a permanent roof and on days other than market day, the area serves to accommodate weddings and other social events. Gökova Town is famous for the Carian city of Idyma, the Idyma acropolis, necropolis and roadside tombs some of which like other Gökova features are often shown mistakenly on Akyaka's advertising and more recently for its wall and road-bridge paintings by a local artist.  Gökova Belediyesi has a website covering all aspects of Gökova Town and a new website for the Gökova Environment Group [Gökova Cevre Grubu] both of which are listed below.

Gökova is a municipality "(belde)" in the district of Ula in Muğla Province, Turkey. It lies at the head of the Gulf of Gökova in a plain also known as Gökova. The ancient Carian city of Idyma, with its acropolis and necropolis, is located above Kozlukuyu Mahallesi (Kozlukuyu Neighbourhood) at the northern end of Gökova town, not at nearby Akyaka as often incorrectly stated.


Early life.

James was born on 17 April 1991 in Melbourne. She is the daughter of former Richmond AFL player Stephen James.

Career.

Her first television role was playing Anne Baxter in the soap opera "Neighbours". She also played the lead role in the Australian short film "Hugo".  James joined the cast of "Home and Away" as Nicole Franklin in 2008. James enjoyed playing Nicole because she was "feisty and fun" and they did not have much in common, beyond a love for fashion. In March 2011, James confirmed that she had left "Home and Away", and had plans to audition for roles in Los Angeles. The following year, she appeared in the telefilm "Beaconsfield", a dramatisation of the Beaconsfield Mine collapse.  In 2015, James made an appearance in television drama "Love Child". She also filmed a small role in Australian feature film "Spin Out", and appears in comedy film "You're Gonna Miss Me". In 2017, James starred in a production of Nick Enright's "Blackrock" at the Seymour Centre.

Personal life.

In December 2010, James became engaged to professional rugby league footballer Nate Myles. The pair wed on 23 December 2011. In August 2017, James confirmed she was expecting the couple's first child. In February 2018, James announced she had given birth by posting a photo to her Instagram account showing Myles pushing a pram.  In 2014, James was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. She returned to the Gold Coast, Queensland to be with her husband and to receive treatment. Her father was being treated for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the same time. James is in remission.

Tessa James (born 17 April 1991) is an Australian actress. She made her acting debut as Anne Baxter in soap opera "Neighbours" in 2006. James played the role of Nicole Franklin in "Home and Away" from 2008 until 2011. She has also appeared in "Beaconsfield" and "Love Child".


Life and career.

Born in Aarhus, Thomsen started his career at local top-flight club AGF Aarhus, where he initially played as a midfielder. Thomsen made his debut for the Danish under-21 national team in May 1989, where under-21 national team coach Richard Møller Nielsen used the 6' 3" Thomsen as a central defender. Thomsen was named under-21 national team captain in 1990. In December 1990, Thomsen signed a new contract with AGF, rejecting interest from Brøndby IF and B1903.  In November 1991, Thomsen was scouted by Celtic FC manager Liam Brady, but the deal fell through due to "too many intermediaries" according to Claus Thomsen himself. He was injured in an under-21 national game against Poland in March 1992, but recovered in time to help AGF win the 1992 Danish Cup. He also captained Denmark at the 1992 Summer Olympics, where he played all three of Denmark's matches, and scored a goal against Mexico. In the fall of 1992, he lost his place in the central defence in AGF's starting line-up, and he was used in a number of different positions. He went on trial at Werder Bremen in December 1992, but was not signed by Werder manager Otto Rehhagel.

Ipswich Town.

In June 1994, he moved abroad to play for English club Ipswich Town, in a transfer deal worth £250,000. He was called up for his Danish national team début, by national coach Richard Møller Nielsen, in April 1995. Thomsen was also called up to the Danish national squad for the 1996 European Championship, and played in all of Denmark's three matches before elimination. He made a total 97 appearances and scored 8 goals for Ipswich, and was one of the stronger players in the weakest side in Ipswich Town's history. In his first season, he was relegated with Ipswich in 1994/95, and was a key player in the team that missed out on the First Division play-offs in 1995–96; however, as Ipswich were looking to improve their side, he was sold to Everton, for £900,000, in January 1997.

Everton.

At Everton, Thomsen notably scored an own goal in the Merseyside derby at Goodison Park on 16 April 1997, meaning that Everton were held to a 1–1 draw by Liverpool, although they still achieved Premier League survival in 15th place. He scored once at the right end for Everton, his side's only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Derby County.

Akademisk Boldklub.

After little more than a year at Everton, marred by poor performances, he moved back to Denmark for £500,000 in March 1998, to play for Akademisk Boldklub (AB). He stayed at AB for six months, before moving abroad once again.

VfL Wolfsburg.

Thomsen joined German club VfL Wolfsburg in September 1998. In April 1999, he ended his Danish national team career, citing a lacking energy surplus. Struggling with injuries, he remained at Wolfsburg for four years, but saw little playing time during this period, retiring in April 2002.

Honours.

AGF Aarhus

Claus Thomsen (born 31 May 1970 in Aarhus) is a Danish former professional footballer. He won the Danish Cup with AGF Aarhus and played in England for top level teams Ipswich Town and Everton, as well as Wolfsburg in Germany. He played 20 matches for the Danish national team, and represented Denmark at the 1992 Summer Olympics and 1996 European Championship.


Early life and education.

John Christian Friedrich Heyer was born in Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Prussia (now Germany), the son of John Heinrich Gottlieb Heyer, a prosperous furrier in Helmstedt, and wife, Fredericke Sophie Johane Wagener. After being confirmed at St. Stephen’s Church in Helmstedt, in 1807, his parent sent him away from Napoleonic Europe to reside in America with a maternal uncle (Wagener), a furrier and hatter in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who specialized in the popular beaver hat.  C.F. Heyer, as he is often referred, studied theology in Philadelphia studied under J. H. C. Helmuth and F. D. Schaeffer. He traveled back to Germany in 1815, and studied theology with his brother, Henry, at the University of Göttingen. He obtained his M.D. from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1847. (He did not attend Johns Hopkins University. as is sometimes claimed.)

Marriage and children.

In 1819, he married Mrs. Mary (Webb) Gash, a widow with two children, Caroline Gash (born about 1809) and Basil Gash (born about 1813). To this couple, six more children were born:

Career.

He was a teacher at Zion School, Southwark, Philadelphia from September 1813 to March 1815, when he returned to Germany for a visit. After his return to the United States in 1816, he was licensed as a lay preacher. Heyer worked as a preacher for three years until he was fully ordained in 1820. He spent the next twenty years ministering and establishing churches and Sunday schools in Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, the mid-western States, and as far west as Missouri.  From October 1829 to November 1831, he served as agent of "The Sunday School Union of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States". In this capacity he traveled more than 3,000 miles, visiting some 300 congregations and distributing Sunday School hymnals and tracts, and assisting pastors to establish Sunday Schools.  In 1829, he used his private funds, along with twenty two other stockholders (all Lutheran clergymen), to purchase the former Adams County Academy and form the Gettysburg Gymnasium, which would become Gettysburg College in 1832, at which time Heyer and his associates, through their private subscriptions, became the Patrons of Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg. Heyer was also elected to the first Board of Trustees, and was an occasional instructor at the Gymnasium.  He was the first pastor of the First Evangelical Lutheran Church in Pittsburgh, established in 1837, which was the earliest English-speaking Lutheran congregation west of the Allegheny Mountains. He organized The First German Evangelical-Lutheran Congregation of Pittsburgh, a German-speaking congregation, one week later, on January 22, 1837.

Missionary.

His wife and children remained in Friedens, Somerset County, Pennsylvania where Mrs. Mary Heyer died in 1839. The following year, Heyer was asked to enter the foreign missions. Heyer was commissioned in 1841 by the Ministerium of Pennsylvania as the first foreign missionary of the American Lutheran churches. He studied Sanskrit and medicine in Baltimore, and set sail for India from Boston in 1841 with three other missionary couples on the ship "Brenda", Captain Ward.  Returning to the United States in 1845, he continued his missionary work and established St. John’s Church in Baltimore. At the same time, he studied medicine, and obtained his M.D. from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1847.  He traveled to India a second time in 1847, spending a decade, mainly in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state, in southern India, where he ministered and performed yeoman service to the people there. Supported initially by the Pennsylvania Ministerium, and later by the Foreign Mission Board of the General Synod, Heyer was also encouraged and assisted by British government officials. He established a number of hospitals and a network of schools throughout the Guntur region.

Later travels.

For health reasons, he returned to the United States in 1857, and spent the next decade organizing churches, particularly in the new State of Minnesota. He traveled to Germany in 1867-1868. In 1869, at the age of 77, he made his third trip to India to reorganize the Rajahmundry mission.  Heyer returned to the United States in 1871. In January 1872, he was appointed chaplain and the first " house father" of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Despite his brief time among the students, he was much respected and loved by the faculty and students.  He died in 1873 at the age of eighty, and his body was buried beside his wife in the Friedens Lutheran Church cemetery, Friedens, Pennsylvania. His estate contained roughly $7,000-$500 of which he devoted to pay for his final expenses, a grave stone, and erecting an iron fence around his and his wife's graves. He left $2,500 to his children and grandchildren, with the condition that his grandchildren remain members of the Lutheran Church and abstain from alcohol and tobacco, and bequeathed the remaining $4,000 to the Somerset Lutheran congregation, the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Ministerium for foreign mission work in India, and to the Passavant orphanages in Zelienople and Germantown Pennsylvania.

Legacies.

In 1880, when a missionary society was organized by the students at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Mount Airy, they named it the Father Heyer Missionary Society.  The missionary field that Heyer founded in Guntur in 1842—together with the Rajahmundry Mission that was founded by the Rev. Luis P. Manno Valett of the North German Missionary Society in 1845—grew to become the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church (AELC), organized in 1927. By 2009, the congregational membership of the AELC grew to become one of the largest Lutheran churches in India, and the third largest Lutheran church in Asia, boasting a membership of about 2.5-million individuals in about 5,000 parishes. According to the President of the AELC, "The strong edifice built by the missionaries for the growth of education is still being continued by AELC. It also concentrates on diaconal works such as Establishment of Hospitals, Emancipation of Women’s Status, Rural Development Projects and Mother & Child Health Programme."  C.F. Heyer’s name also is commemorated by the Father Heyer Junior College and vocational schools in Deenapur and Phirangipuram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

His prayer.

Traditional language.

God of grace and might, we praise thee for thy servant John Christian Frederick Heyer, whom thou didst call to preach the Gospel in the United States and in India. Raise up, we beseech thee, in this and every land, heralds and evangelists of thy kingdom, that the world may know the immeasurable riches of our Savior Jesus Christ, who liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and ever.

Contemporary language.

God of grace and might, we praise you for your servant John Christian Frederick Heyer, whom you called to preach the Gospel in the United States and in India. Raise up, we pray, in this and every land, heralds and evangelists of your kingdom, that the world may know the immeasurable riches of our Savior Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and ever.

John Christian Frederick Heyer (July 10, 1793 - November 7, 1873) was the first missionary sent abroad by Lutherans in the United States. He founded the Guntur Mission in Andhra Pradesh, India. "Father Heyer" is commemorated as a missionary in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on November 7, along with Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg and Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen.


Early life.

Born 8 May 1934 in Cape Town, Leonard Hubert Hoffmann was the son of a well-known solicitor who co-founded what has become Africa's largest law firm, Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs.

Education.

He was educated at the University of Cape Town and then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he studied for the BCL degree and won the Vinerian Scholarship.  Between 1961–73, he was Stowell Civil Law Fellow at University College, Oxford, where he is an Honorary Fellow.

Legal career.

In 1963, he published the first edition of "The South African Law of Evidence", a work which became the standard text and which has since been published in four editions. After being called to the Bar from Gray's Inn in 1964, Hoffmann became one of the most sought after and highly priced barristers of his generation and was quickly made a judge, having taken silk on 19 April 1977.

Judicial career.

He was appointed to the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey on 20 November 1980 and stayed in office until 1985 and was appointed to the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division from 1985–92. On 23 July 1985, he was knighted upon his appointment, as is customary for High Court judges.  He was subsequently appointed to be a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1 October 1992 and stayed in office until 1995. In 1995, Hoffmann was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (more commonly known as a Law Lord) and thereby raised to the peerage as Baron Hoffmann, of Chedworth in the County of Gloucestershire.  "Twinsectra v Yardley" (trust law) and "MacNiven v Westmoreland" (tax law) are prominent examples of his judicial positions. Both cases led to differences of view between him and Lord Millett. Hoffmann gave the leading judgment in "Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society", in which he set out five principles for interpreting contracts.  He retired as a Law Lord on 20 April 2009 and joined the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, as Honorary Professor of Intellectual Property Law.

Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal.

Hoffmann has been a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal since 1998.  In 2014 he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

Links with Amnesty International.

Hoffmann's failure to declare his links with Amnesty International before ruling on whether Augusto Pinochet was immune from prosecution led to the unprecedented setting aside of a House of Lords judgment. He later commented to the "Daily Telegraph" that "the fact is I'm not biased. I am a lawyer. I do things as a judge. The fact that my wife works as a secretary for Amnesty International is, as far as I am concerned, neither here nor there."

Family.

Leonard and Gillian Hoffmann have two daughters and two grandchildren.

Opinions in terrorism cases.

Hoffmann was involved in three important judgments of the House of Lords concerning terrorism: "Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman" [2001] UKHL 47; "A v Secretary of State for the Home Department" [2004] UKHL 56; and "A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department" [2005] UKHL 71. In "Rehman", at para 62, he wrote:Postscript. I wrote this speech some three months before the recent events in New York and Washington. They are a reminder that in matters of national security, the cost of failure can be high. This seems to me to underline the need for the judicial arm of government to respect the decisions of ministers of the Crown on the question of whether support for terrorist activities in a foreign country constitutes a threat to national security. It is not only that the executive has access to special information and expertise in these matters. It is also that such decisions, with serious potential results for the community, require a legitimacy which can be conferred only by entrusting them to persons responsible to the community through the democratic process. If the people are to accept the consequences of such decisions, they must be made by persons whom the people have elected and whom they can remove. It appeared that he was willing to defer to the executive in matters concerning national security in the fairly long tradition of English judges deferring to the executive in such matters, including Lord Denning in "ex-parte Hosenball". However, in 2004, Hoffmann took a robust stand (joining the majority of judges in the decision) against the executive in the Belmarsh case, "A v. SSHD" [2004] UKHL 56. In this case Hoffmann wrote at para 97 that: The real threat to the life of the nation, in the sense of a people living in accordance with its traditional laws and political values, comes not from terrorism but from laws such as these. That is the true measure of what terrorism may achieve. It is for Parliament to decide whether to give the terrorists such a victory.  In "A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department" [2005] UKHL 71, Hoffmann said:The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it.

Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, PC, GBS (born 8 May 1934) is a retired senior South African–British judge. He served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1995 to 2009.


History.

Under the Philippine Organic Act (1907–1916).

The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that a Philippine legislature would be established after several conditions were met, such as the end of the "Philippine Insurrection". The legislature was to have an upper house consisting of the appointed Philippine Commission and a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, its members chosen by national election. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. Two Filipino Resident Commissioners were sent to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. The act also extended the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines. The Philippine Legislature convened its first session on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House. Conflict between the bodies, the American-majority Commission and the all-Filipino, Nacionalista-led Assembly, were not uncommon. Such conflicts came to an end when the Jones Law created a bicameral legislature composed exclusively of Filipinos.

Philippine Commission (1900–1916).

The Second Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft and known as the Taft Commission, was established by the President of the United States William McKinley in 1900 to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. Its members, both American and Filipino, were appointed by the US President. Beginning in 1907, it acted as the upper house of a bicameral legislature.

Philippine Assembly (1907–1916).

On July 30, 1907, the first elections for the Philippine Assembly were held. Two political groups dominated the elections—the Nacionalista Party and Nationalist Progressive Party. Minority parties and independent candidates also competed. The Nacionalista Party, which espoused "immediate and complete independence" was headed by future Philippine president Sergio Osmeña, captured a majority of the 80–seat Assembly. The Assembly was the first fully elected national legislative body.

Under the Jones Law (1916–35).

The Jones Law of 1916, also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative arrangement. The Philippine Commission was abolished and replaced by the elected Senate of the Philippines. The Philippine Assembly was also reorganized and renamed the House of Representatives. The new Philippine Legislature was inaugurated on October 16, 1916.  The Philippine Legislature was the country's legislative body until 1935 when it was superseded by the National Assembly of the Philippines upon the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

The Philippine Legislature was the legislature of the Philippines from 1907 to 1935, during the American colonial period, and predecessor of the current Congress of the Philippines. It was bicameral and the legislative branch of the Insular Government.


Education and career.

Fujiwara graduated in June 1902 from secondary school at the Third Higher School in Kyoto and then studied mathematics at the University of Tokyo, where he graduated in 1905. His most important teacher was Rikitaro Fujisawa (1861–1933). In 1906 he became a secondary school teacher at the First Higher School "Daiichi Kōtō Gakkō" in Tokyo. In 1908 Fujiwara and Tsuruichi Hayashi (1873–1935) were appointed professors at Tohoku University in Sendai. To prepare for his professorial duties, Fujiwara was sent to study from 1908 to 1911 in Göttingen, Paris and Berlin. After his return in February 1912, Fujiwara worked closely with his colleague Tsuruichi Hayashi, who in 1911 founded the Tohoku Mathematical Journal. The Journal published many of Fujiwara's mathematical papers. In November 1914 he received his doctorate.  Fujiwara was an important contributor to the development of the Mathematical Institute of the University of Tokyo. His contacts with European mathematicians made it possible to create an extensive library. He worked in the mathematical fields of analysis, geometry, and number theory and wrote more than 100 mathematical articles in German, English, and Japanese. After the death of his colleague Hayashi in 1935, Fujiwara intensively studied the history of "wasan", "i.e." traditional Japanese mathematics. In 1928–1929 his two-volume algebra textbook was published, and from 1934 to 1939 his two-volume analysis textbook was published. His manuscript (about eight thousand pages) on the history of mathematics in Japan survived the bombing of Sendai in July 1945 and was published posthumously in 5 volumes from 1954 to 1960 by the Japan Academy. From historians active in the first half of the twentieth century, Matsusaburo Fujiwara and Yoshio Mikami are considered the two leading historians of "wasan".  In 1925 he and the mathematician Teiji Takagi were elected to the Japan Academy. While Takagi was considered the more original researcher (on the basis of contributions to class field theory), Fujiwara was known for his scholarship. In 1936 Fujiwara was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Oslo.

Matsusaburo Fujiwara (, "Fujiwara Matsusaburō", 14 February 1881, Tsu, Mie – 12 October 1946, Fukushima) was a Japanese mathematician and historian of mathematics.


Prehistory.

From cropmarks in the "policies" (improved areas) around Fetteresso Castle, there is evidence of a ring-ditch sited at the north end of a cursus. A cursus is a prehistoric set of parallel linear structures of unknown purpose that were, somewhat fancifully, considered by antiquarians as used for some type of athletic competition, possibly related to hunting or archery; this is unsubstantiated. In 1822 a cairn was discovered near Fetteresso Castle with some human remains inside. The burial site was clearly a Bronze Age construct by the size and shape of the chamber made of unhewn whinstone. Some legends tell that this is the grave of Malcolm I, who is recorded to have been slain at Fetteresso in 954 AD. The burial hillock has become known as Malcolm's Mount, even though it is not likely from current archaeological analysis that the crypt could be so recent. In 1998 a burial urn from the beaker people was found at Fetteresso Castle. The Roman Camp of Raedykes is located several miles northwest, where a full legion encamped and many archeological recoveries have been made. This location is one of a string of marching camps that connected Angus to Moray.

Middle Ages.

The property is recorded to have been owned by the Strachans.  Robert de Bruce opposed the Balliol (and later the Comyn) claim to the throne of Scotland, which culminated at the Battle of Barra Hill (1308). Castlehill of Strachan was in fact burned-out by Robert de Bruce, and the Barony of Strachan later disinherited from the 'de Strachan' family and granted by Robert de Bruce to Sir Alexander Fraser in c. 1316 (Robertson Index, 1-15). The Strachan family were supporters and kinsmen of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan.  The barony of Fettereso eventually passed to William Keith, the Earl Marshall of Scotland, who inherited the barony through his mother, the daughter of Sir Alexander Fraser in the 14th century to the Clan Keith Earls Marischal, who built the towerhouse. The Earls Marischal also held the nearby fortress, Dunnottar Castle.

17th and 18th centuries.

The characteristic Scottish designs of crow-stepped gables and the battlement crenellation elements were introduced. A dovecote of considerable height was constructed in the 17th century to the south of the castle itself. In the year 1659 a woman, Jean Hunter, lived at Fetteresso. From her behaviours, she was accused of witchcraft and hanged at her home. An artist and wright named Alexander Charles worked at Fetteresso as an overseer. Charles flourished in 1671 to 1678 and published his drawings in at least one book. Late in the 17th century, the Duff family controlled Fetteresso and expanded the building around the old towerhouse.

20th century.

In the 1940s, the castle was owned by Maurice and Geraldine Simpson (née Pringle). She was the heir to the Pringle Knitware fortune. Subsequently, the Simpsons acquired and lived in nearby Muchalls Castle. L After the Simpsons' tenure at Fetteresso, the roof was off the castle for some period starting around 1954, and the castle bought by a local landowner and then left to the Don family in his will. In the latter part of the 20th century, the castle was restored, greatly modified, to yield seven houses, which is its present use. As of 2006 Mrs. Simpson still resides in the local area.

Fetteresso Castle is a 14th-century towerhouse, rebuilt in 1761 as a Scottish gothic style Palladian manor, with clear evidence of prehistoric use of the site. It is situated immediately west of the town of Stonehaven in Kincardineshire slightly to the west of the A90 dual carriageway. Other notable historic fortified houses or castles in this region are Dunnottar Castle, Muchalls Castle, Fiddes Castle, Cowie Castle and Monboddo House.


Life and career.

Pritchard was born in Walthamstow, Essex, to a musical family. His father, Albert Edward Pritchard, was a violinist with the London Symphony Orchestra. The young Pritchard was educated at the Monoux School and studied violin, piano, and conducting in Italy.  Pritchard, as a conscientious objector, refused to serve in the Second World War, but was in any case unfit on medical grounds. In 1943 he took over the semi-professional Derby String Orchestra and was its principal conductor until 1951. He joined the music staff of Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1947 and was appointed chorus master in 1949. He remained associated with Glyndebourne for most of his career, as conductor, music counsellor (from 1963), principal conductor (1968) and musical director (1969–78).  Beyond Glyndebourne, Pritchard appeared with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, at Edinburgh in 1952 (deputising for Ernest Ansermet, who was ill). He made his début at the Royal Opera House in 1951 and at the Vienna State Opera in 1952. He appeared regularly with the Vienna Symphony (1953–55).  For Glyndebourne in this period he conducted Mozart's "Idomeneo" and Richard Strauss's "Ariadne auf Naxos" at the Edinburgh festivals of 1953 and 1954 and Rossini's "La Cenerentola" at the Berlin Festival, a performance described by the Dictionary of National Biography as 'a triumph'.  In 1957, Pritchard was appointed principal conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic where he launched the Musica Viva series showcasing contemporary music. His success in Liverpool led to his appointment as musical director of the London Philharmonic Orchestra (1962–66). Freelancing after leaving the LPO, he conducted concerts in Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, Philadelphia and the Far East, and opera in Buenos Aires, Chicago, San Francisco, New York, Salzburg, Florence, and Munich. In 1973 he conducted the London Philharmonic in China—the first visit by a Western orchestra.  His later permanent posts were chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, (1982–89) and musical director of the Cologne Opera (1978), La Monnaie, Brussels (1981), and the San Francisco Opera (1986). At the time of his death he was preparing Wagner's Ring cycle for San Francisco.  Pritchard was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1962 and knighted in 1983. The prestigious Shakespeare Prize (Hamburg) was awarded him in 1975.  He died in 1989 in Daly City, California, US. His homosexuality was described as "unabashed"; he left a large part of his estate to his partner, Terry MacInnes.

Repertoire.

John Pritchard was a champion of a wide range of new music, conducting the premieres of Britten's "Gloriana" and Tippett's "The Midsummer Marriage" and "King Priam," all at Covent Garden, and the British première of Henze's "Elegy for Young Lovers" at Glyndebourne. Of the classics of the repertoire he was noted for his Mozart and Richard Strauss. His recordings include "Idomeneo", "L'incoronazione di Poppea", "Falstaff", "Macbeth," "Hansel and Gretel", "L'elisir d'amore" (with Plácido Domingo), "Il segreto di Susanna" (with Renata Scotto and Renato Bruson), "Lucia di Lammermoor" and "La traviata" (the last two with Joan Sutherland).

Sir John Michael Pritchard, CBE (5 February 19185 December 1989), born Stanley Frederick Pritchard, was an English conductor. He was known for his interpretations of Mozart operas and for his support of contemporary music.


Format.

The format change happened a little after the same time cousin station CFQM-FM in Moncton changed from an Adult Contemporary format, to a Classic Hits format in July 2009.  K100 was being programmed out of Moncton and in order to cut costs, MBS decided that instead of flipping K100 to a classic hits format they would change the format to a contemporary hit radio format to more effectively compete with rival CHWV-FM. CIOK-FM's switch to contemporary hit radio joined sister station CKCW-FM in Moncton, which moved from top 40 to hot AC by that same time. Nielsen BDS later moved the station to the Canadian hot adult contemporary panel after the flip of this station to top 40. In September 2015, the station returned to adult contemporary.

History.

On December 3, 1986, Mervyn Russell, representing a company to be incorporated received approval from the CRTC to operate a new FM radio station at Saint John. The station began broadcasting in 1987 with Gary Crowell as the GM, and Jim Goldrich returned to K100 from working at CJYQ in Newfoundland. K100's original studios and offices were on 400 Main Street in Place 400. In the mid-1990s, K100 moved their studios and offices to Union Street, where they are still located. In 1997, the station was purchased by Newcap Broadcasting and was re-purchased by MBS Radio in 2005.  K100 was the long-time radio home of Saint John radio personality Bruce Weaver who hosted K100's morning show from 1991 to 2002 and made K100 #1 in the ratings during that time.  K100 announcers along with the announcers of two other MBS stations and support staff continue their strike for a fair deal.

Ads.

Although the station's reports are not on Mediabase, the station's ads were exactly the same as sister hot adult contemporary station CKCW-FM in Moncton; however, Mediabase now lists the station as of March 2011 for adds on the same Canadian hot AC panel as rival CHWV-FM. As of August 2011, MBS's website identifies CIOK-FM, and sister station CKCW-FM's, formats as being CHR or Contemporary Hit Radio.

CIOK-FM, is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 100.5 FM in Saint John, New Brunswick, owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System. The station currently offers an adult contemporary format branded on-air as "K100, Saint John's Perfect Music Mix". Prior to July 2009, it had an adult contemporary format before changing to contemporary hit radio. As of September 2015, the station moved back to adult contemporary.


Life.

Erhard Frommold was born in Altenburg, a midsized, then largely working-class town roughly equidistant between Leipzig to the north and Zwickau to the south. Before his fifth birthday Germany had undergone a significant regime change when in January 1933 the Nazi Party took power and lost little time in imposing Germany's first twentieth century one- party dictatorship. Frommold grew up in an Anti-fascist family, however. By the time he left school, European war had resumed, and he undertook an apprenticeship as a plumber. War ended in May 1945 and the entire central portion of Germany, including Thuringia and Saxony, was redesignated as the Soviet occupation zone. In February 1946 Erhard Frommold joined the Communist Party.  He underwent a career switch in 1947 when he embarked on a four-year study course at Jena, focusing on Sociology along with the History of Art and Literature. This defined the rest of his career, and in 1951/52 he obtained a post with the newly formed in Dresden. He started out as a Literary editor, later becoming editor in chief of the books department. He remained with the Verlag der Kunst till 1991, although he was obliged to quit his position as Editor in Chief in 1968 after it was noticed by the authorities that a literary evaluation by Frommhold on an almost forgotten work by the distinguished scholar Wilhelm Fraenger had failed to apply the stigma of "Bourgeois decadence". During his time at the Verlag der Kunst Frommhold was a prolific producer of Monographs. His better remembered subjects include Otto Nagel, Hans and Lea Grundig, Lasar Segall and Klaus Wittkugel. Another noted achievement was the publication by Verlag der Kunst, starting in 1958, of the "Fundus series", a collection of international Marxist texts on Aesthetics, Art history and Cultural history which, despite not following the East German Party line, were able to become established texts.  During the final year of his life Erhard Frommert suffered from heart disease, and it was a heart attack that killed him in Dresden on 17 October 2007.

Erhard Frommhold (20 May 1928 – 17 October 2007) was a leading German writer and art historian. He was a committed socialist, but he was not always an uncritical supporter of the Party line in the German Democratic Republic which is where, while that state existed, he lived and made his career.


Description.

The Altuna Runestone is a granite stone 1.95 meters in height that was discovered in 1918 by a local historian in the wall of a chapel located near its current location. Before the historical significance of runestones was recognized, they were often used as materials in the construction of roads, bridges, walls, and buildings. It is one of few surviving runestones with exclusively pagan illustrations from Norse mythology. Most surviving runestones were raised during the 11th century after the Christianization of Sweden, and they were raised by people who wanted to show that they too adhered to the new faith, at least outwardly so, due to the fact that at least half of the runestones have inscriptions related to Christian.  One side of the Altuna Runestone, however, illustrates a legend recorded in the "Hymiskviða" of the "Poetic Edda", in which the Norse god Thor fishes for Jörmungandr, the Midgard serpent. Thor goes fishing with the jötunn Hymir using an ox head for bait, and catches Jörmungandr, who then either breaks loose or, as told in the "Gylfaginning" of the "Prose Edda", the line is cut loose by Hymir. The "Prose Edda" provides the additional detail that while Thor was pulling on the line with Jörmungandr on the hook, his feet went through the bottom of the boat. The image on the Altuna Runestone does not show Hymir, which may be due to the narrow shape of the stone, but it shows Thor, his line and tackle and the serpent, and notably, Thor's foot which has been pushed through the hull of the boat. This encounter between Thor and Jörmungandr seems to have been one of the most popular motifs in Norse art. Three other picture stones that have been linked with the myth are the Ardre VIII image stone, the Hørdum stone, and the Gosforth Cross. A stone slab that may be a portion of a second cross at Gosforth also shows a fishing scene using an ox head.  The runic inscription suggests that those to whom the stone is dedicated, the father Holmfastr and his son Arnfastr, were burned, possibly in a case of arson known as quickfire, a method commonly used in Scandinavian feuds. Arnfastr and his brother Véfastr share the common name element "fastr" with their father, Holmfastr. A common practice at that time in Scandinavia was the repeating of one of the name elements from a parent's name in the names of the children to show the family connection.  The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3, which is also known as Urnes style. This runestone style is characterized by slim and stylized animals that are interwoven into tight patterns. The animal heads are typically seen in profile with slender almond-shaped eyes and upwardly curled appendages on the noses and the necks. The inscription is signed by the runemasters with the normalized names Frösten and Balle and perhaps by Livsten. Balle was active in south-western Uppland and northern Södermanland during the second half of the eleventh century.

The Altuna Runestone ("Altunastenen"), listed as U 1161 in the Rundata catalog, is a Viking Age memorial runestone with images from Norse mythology that is located in Altuna, Uppland, Sweden.


Education.

He is a graduate of Middle East Technical University, in electrical engineering. He got his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford for his work on "Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Lasers without Inversion." He did post-doctoral work on "atomic and molecular physics" at Harvard.

Career.

In 1993, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1999, he became a professor of electrical engineering and physics. In 2001 he moved to the University of Stuttgart in Germany. Since 2002, he has been working at ETHZ (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Switzerland, where he is heading the research group on Quantum Photonics.  His group at ETHZ investigates quantum optics of solid-state zero-dimensional emitters, such as quantum dots or defects, embedded in photonic nano-structures. They are particularly interested in understanding physical properties that distinguish these solid-state systems from their atomic counterparts. Controlling quantum dynamics of quantum dot spins for applications in quantum information processing is one of their principal goals. As of February 2009, he had received ~8600 citations according to the Web of Science.

Awards and honors.

He received the Charles Townes Award of the Optical Society of America in 2010, Quantum Electronics Award of IEEE in 2009, the Muhammed Dahleh Award of UCSB in 2006, the Wolfgang Paul Award of the Humboldt Foundation in 2002, the TÜBİTAK prize for physics in 2001, David and Lucile Packard Fellowship in 1996, and National Science Foundation Career Award in 1995. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee at the IMDEA Nanoscience Institute. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society, of the Optical Society of America and the Turkish National Academy of Sciences.

Ataç İmamoğlu (born August 12, 1964 in Minneapolis, USA) is a Turkish-US physicist working on quantum optics and quantum computation. His academic interests are quantum optics, semiconductor physics, and nonlinear optics.


Scientific contributions.

Professor Buckingham's research has focussed on the measurement and understanding of the electric, magnetic and optical properties of molecules; as well as on the theory of intermolecular forces.  Initially he worked on dielectric properties of liquids, such as dipole moments of molecules in both solution and gas phases. He developed the theory of the interaction of molecules in liquids and gases with external electric and magnetic fields. In 1959, he proposed a direct method of measurement of molecular quadrupole moments of molecules (measured in buckinghams), which he demonstrated experimentally in 1963 on the carbon dioxide molecule. In 1960, he developed theories of solvent effects on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and vibrational spectra of molecules. In 1962 he considered the effect on NMR spectra of molecular orientation in a strong electric field, and developed a method to determine the absolute sign of the spin-spin coupling constant. In 1968, he determined the first accurate values of hyperpolarizability using the Kerr effect. In 1971 Buckingham and Laurence Barron pioneered the study of Raman optical activity, due to differences in the Raman scattering of left and right-polarized light by chiral molecules.  In the 1980s, he showed the importance of long-range intermolecular forces in determining the structure and properties of small molecule clusters, with particular applications in biological macromolecules. In 1990 he predicted the linear effect of an electric field on the reflection of light at interfaces. In 1995, he proved that the sum of the rotational strengths of all vibrational transitions from the ground state of a chiral molecule is zero.

Amyand David Buckingham (born 28 January 1930 in Pymble, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is a chemist, with primary expertise in chemical physics. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom and Emeritus Fellow at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He obtained a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science, under Professor Raymond Le Fevre, from the University of Sydney and a PhD from the University of Cambridge supervised by John Pople. He was an 1851 Exhibition Senior Student in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford from 1955–57, Lecturer and then Student (Fellow) at Christ Church, Oxford from 1955–65 and University Lecturer in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory from 1958 - 65. He was Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Bristol from 1965 - 69. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge in 1969.


Description.

The church measures approximately by. It features heavy corner buttresses in front and has four pointed windows; two lancet windows are on the east wall, while there are two smaller windows on the north and south side of the chancel. A step divides the chancel and the nave. The main entrance to the church lies at the west end of the north wall. The church is heavily ruined on the south side in particular. A burial enclosure lies to the south of the chancel.  To the south of the chapel is a cemetery in which there are a large number of graves. Inside the church there are eight cross slabs, which probably date between the 14th and 16th centuries. There are also graves from the 17th and 18th centuries. The cemetery is still occasionally used today. In the southwest corner of the enclosed area, there is a slate high cross. It was placed there in 1926, but was probably made between 1500 and 1560.

History.

The exact date of the church's construction is not recorded. On the basis of architectural features, however, it can be dated to the 13th century. The earliest written record of the church to survive is from 1380. From this record and another reference in the year 1549, it is known that it served as the parish church. By the 16th century at the latest, St Kenneth's Chapel came under the control of Iona Nunnery, and Augustinian establishment. Probably as a result of the abolition of the Nunnery in 1547, the chapel ceased to be used and was left to decay. Because of the tilt of the east wall, reinforcements were added in the 16th or 17th century. In 1815 the outer walls were probably still intact, but they have since collapsed.

St. Kenneth's Chapel is a ruined chapel on Inch Kenneth Island, Parish of Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon, Isle of Mull, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It dates to the 13th century. It became a Scheduled Monument on 27 March 1928.


Writing and recording.

"Disappear" was written by Swedish singer–songwriter Hanne Sørvaag along with Danish musicians Remee and Thomas Troelsen, while production was handled by Remee and Troelsen. It was mixed by Will Simms and engineered by Savvas Iossifidis. Vocal editing was handled by Nicolaj Rasted. First drafts of a melody for "Disappear" were already in existence in 2005, with Troelsen, who also wrote the vocal melody, intensifying work on the track in January 2006. However, it took until 5 November 2007 for the song to be fully produced and provided with its final lyrics, which chronicle the aftermath of an unforgettable love affair. A Sørvaag-sung demo version of the song was recorded at the Delta Lab Recording Studios in Copenhagen and leaked through her MySpace account on 10 March 2008.  Sørvaag's demo recording was eventually presented to A&R manager Niklas Hafemann and the No Angels. One of several songs proposed for recording, "Disappear" was eventually accepted as the band's competition song for the German national finalGrand Prix Vorentscheid 2008. The vocals for their version were recorded at the Gutleutstudios in Frankfurt am Main on 22 December 2007. Nadja Benaissa has described the song as an earworm with international ambition: "[It's] an emotional, very sentimental [song]. With music, that's raising your spirits and carries away." The song premiered during an official press conference on 29 January 2008; the same day a thirty-seconds clip of the song was previewed on the band's official fansite. A day later the song was officially serviced to European radio. On 21 February 2008 an edited version of "Disappear" premiered on the website of daily newspaper "Bild-Zeitung", which was shortened to meet the three-minutes or less ESC conditions in length.

Release and reception.

Released on 29 February 2008 in German-speaking Europe, both the official CD single and the digital download single include three remixes by the Mozart & Friends team of music producers. The atmospheric Yin Yang remix is based on a piano performance by Australian producer Alf Tuohey and was refined by Marc Mozart with "trip-hop-esque" drumloops. Alexander Hahn contributed a trancy housemix of "Disappear," which was performed at his Chartlab Studio based in the center of Hamburg, Germany. The Soundbomb House remix has been declared "the heavier of the two house-mixes with plenty of traditional German techno elements;" the basic tracks were programmed by Manuel Loyo and Alexander Gernert, while Mozart added synthesisers.  Upon its release, "Disappear" debuted at number 12 on the German Singles Chart based on composite digital singles and CD singles sales. Following the band's participation and subsequent winning of the Grand Prix Vorentscheid it rose eight places to number 4 in its second week, making it both the biggest-moving single of the week and the No Angels' first top 10 entry (twelfth in total) since their 2007 comeback single "Goodbye to Yesterday" which peaked at the same position. The single eventually spent 14 weeks on that particular chart, also making it their longest-charting single since 2002's "Still in Love with You." On Media Control<nowiki>'</nowiki>s component charts "Disappear" reached number 2 on the German download chart as well as number 16 on the official airplay charts, according to Nielsen Music Control. It was ranked seventy-eighth on the German year-end chart.  In Austria, the single opened at number 63 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart. As on the German Singles Chart, sales were pushed by the Grand Prix Vorentscheid results and thus, it rose twenty-six places to number 37 in its second week of release, the group's highest peak since "Goodbye to Yesterday." The song remained another two weeks on the chart, but re-entered the top 100 at number 74 two weeks after the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. In Switzerland, the track became the group's first top 100 entry since "Goodbye to Yesterday" after the commercial failure of "Maybe" and "Amaze Me"/"Teardrops" the previous year, debuting and peaking at number 96. On a composite Eurochart Hot 100 Singles the song debuted at number 46 in the week of 22 March 2008, before jumping to number 21 the following week. Benefiting from strong airplay on foreign music markets, the single also peaked at number 22 on the Hungarian "Mahasz" Radio Chart, the band's first entry since "Still in Love with You" (2002).

Music video.

An accomanying music video for "Disappear", directed and produced by Daniel Lwowski for Katapult Film, was filmed on 23 January 2008 at Schloss Marquardt in the same-titled Potsdam district, near Berlin, Germany. Shooting lasted until 2:00am GMT of the 24th due to operating delays. German actor was approached to play a supporting role in the clip immediately after meeting band members Lucy Diakovska and Jessica Wahls at German talk show "Die Tietjen und Dibaba".  The video opens with a scene of Mommsen discovering a remote mansion in a seemingly deserted rural region, following the breakdown of his car, a BMW 2000. Deciding to search for help, he enters the empty antiquated building, which is occupied by four ghost-like entities (played by the No Angels), whose interest he awakes. Throughout the video, each of them tries to approach him in different ways, without touching him or being seen by him. However, every time he feels their presence and is tempted to catch a view of the beings, they disappear.  The clip world premiered on 5 February 2008 on German music network VIVA's show "VIVA Live". On 21 February 2008.de, the official website of the daily "Bild-Zeitung", released a shortened version of video, which has served as the official version for the ESC version of "Disappear." The fully animated clip features previously unreleased pictures and short videos of the band. A making-of-clip of the video was released on a digital video disc on the album's re-release edition, "Destiny Reloaded" (2008).

Eurovision Song Contest.

National final.

In January 2008, it was announced that the group and "Disappear" had qualified for the Grand Prix Vorentscheid, the German national pre-selection of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, organised and broadcast by Das Erste and the NDR. Having refused previous offers to participate in the pre-selection, it was the second time the band was asked to submit a song for the contest since their reunion in early 2007. Following several weeks of promotional appearances, the No Angels entered the competition on 6 March 2008 at the Deutsche Schauspielhaus in Hamburg, competing against all-male groups Marquess ("La histeria") and Cinema Bizarre ("Forever or Never"), and solo singers Tommy Reeve ("Just One Woman") and Carolin Fortenbacher ("Hinterm Ozean"). Dressed in white color, the No Angels hit the stage as the fifth entry of the evening, opening via lifting platform. During their performance however, their outfits transformed, with silken capes in orange, pink, purple, and blue coming from their dresses. Four wind machine were specially-installed on-stage for their performance.  After the five songs had been performed, televoters decided about the top two songs in the superfinal which were then voted on again. Widely considered as early favourites by the media the band eventually finished first, having earned tight 50.5% of the audience vote over Fortenbacher in the second and final election round, while the other three participants were ranked joint third. Following the win of the pre-selection, controversy occurred when several news sources reported that the writers of the track were alleged to have plagiarised several elements (both motifs and melodies) from "SSDSDSSWEMUGABRTLAD" contestant Steffi List's recording "Breaking the Silence" without giving credit or compensation. However, while investigators verified similarities in rhythm and phrasing, the NDR eventually denied any existing evidence proving this argument as "Disappear" was written and recorded prior to List's song.

ESC final.

With Germany being one of the biggest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union, the No Angels - alongside their competing entries from France, Spain, the United Kingdom and hosting country Serbia - were allowed to skip the contest's semi-finals and automatically qualified for competition with 24 other countries in the finals of the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. Thus, on Saturday 24 May 2008, the band started at number four during the show, following Albania's entry Olta Boka with her ballad "Zemrën e lamë peng" and preceding Armenia's Sirusho with "Qele Qele." Having decided to rework parts of their show for the final, the group performance differed from the Grand Prix Vorentscheid: While their stage clothes had been changed into two blue and two purple dresses with two capes each, a new choreography was added; the LED projections in the back of the stage showed flying feathers on a blue ground and moreover, pyrotechnics were included.  An estimated 100 million fans watched the final contest, and viewers from all 43 participating nations voted for their favourite performers via text message and telephone. While generally never considered a pre-contest favourite (online betting firms such as "Paddy Power" previously put Germany's chances of winning at 100 to 1, in the lowest third of competitors), the No Angels eventually ranked 23rd place out of the 25 countries that participated with a total of 14 points – taking 12 points from Bulgaria, band member Lucy Diakovska's native country, and 2 points from Switzerland only. In fact, only Poland and the United Kingdom placed below the four-member female band.  It was succeeded as German representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 by Alex Swings Oscar Sings (Alex C. and Oscar Loya) with "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang".

Track listings.

Notes

Credits and personnel.

Credits taken from "Destiny Reloaded" liner notes.

"Disappear" is a song recorded by all-female German pop group No Angels, taken from "Destiny Reloaded" (2008), the reissue of their fourth studio album "Destiny" (2007). It was written by Norwegian singer-songwriter Hanne Sørvaag along with Danish musicians Remee and Thomas Troelsen, the latter of which also handled production on the track. A mid-paced pop song that is built on a ticking clock sample, the song is influenced by elements of Europop and synthpop. Its instrumentation consists essentially of synthesizers and keyboards. Lyrically, it finds the protagonist thinking deeply over her relationship with her love interest from whom she parted; however, she still pines for him and feels self-conscious for doing so.


Background.

""草泥马 style"" (literally, "Grass Mud Horse Style"), was uploaded onto YouTube and other Chinese websites by the political activist and dissident Ai Weiwei. In his parody, Ai Weiwei dances "Gangnam Style" with a pair of handcuffs as a symbol of his arrest by Chinese authorities in 2011. According to the Associated Press, government authorities had removed the video from almost all Chinese websites the next day. In an interview with Reuters, Ai Weiwei remarked, "After we had uploaded it, a few hours later...we found that a lot of people, tens of thousands, had already watched it. Now, in China, it has already been totally removed, deleted entirely, and you can't see it in China".  In order to show his solidarity with Ai Weiwei and to protest against censorship by the Chinese government, Anish Kapoor enlisted the aid of some prominent British artists, including Tom Phillips and Mark Wallinger to produce another parody of "Gangnam Style". It was also produced to support other censored intellectuals and artists including Russia’s jailed feminist punk collective Pussy Riot, the Bahraini human-rights activist Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, and also to mark the International Day to End Impunity on 23 November.

Synopsis.

The video clip begins by showing Anish Kapoor lying on the floor in a bright pink shirt and his hands being restrained by a pair of handcuffs. Then, a few shots from Ai Weiwei's parody of "Gangnam Style" are shown. Kapoor then performs the dance moves of "Gangnam Style".  At 0:29, a group of activists holds up a sign which reads, "Human Rights For China". An Amnesty International placard shown at 1:31 reads "End repression. Allow expression". Other participants dance around the room wearing black-and-white masks of Ai Weiwei and Gao Zhisheng, a Chinese human rights lawyer who went missing in 2009. In the second part of the video, footage shows staff from contemporary art museums in the United States and elsewhere performing the dance moves of "Gangnam Style" in solidarity with imprisoned human rights activists. In another scene, a line of masked participants are shown with their middle fingers raised to symbolize their defiance against state censorship.  Towards the end of the video, a woman approaches Kapoor and frees him by removing his sunglasses. Kapoor then removes the duct tape from his mouth, and the video ends with a list of people "still being persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and forced into exile because of their expression".

Reception.

Kate Allen, the Director of Amnesty International UK, described the video as "a wonderful tribute to Ai Weiwei" and she also expressed hope that those who have watched the video would "reflect on the limits placed on freedom of expression in China".  Ai Weiwei himself interpreted the video as a "good inspiration for young people."

Credits and personnel.

The video was choreographed by Akram Khan, an English dancer of Bangladeshi descent. It features human rights activists from Amnesty International and was recorded in Kapoor’s studio in London. About 400 dancers and art patrons contributed to the production of the video, as well as staff from art museums such as:  Other prominent figures who participated in the recording of the video include:

Gangnam for Freedom is a 2012 video clip produced by the British sculptor Anish Kapoor. It is a parody of the international K-pop hit single Gangnam Style, and it was created to advocate the freedom of expression as well as to support the Chinese dissident Ai Weiwei, whose parody of "Gangnam Style" was blocked by Chinese authorities immediately after it was uploaded. The video features appearances by the staff of numerous contemporary art museums as well as human rights activists from Liberty, Index on Censorship, The Helen Bamber Foundation, and Amnesty International.


Terrain.

The Hipping vineyard extends along the Rhine north of Nierstein and south of Nackenheim. It is part of the large vineyard Rehbach of the Rheinhessen wine region and surrounds the exclusive site "Brudersberg" in southern direction and borders in the south on the location "Ölberg". The location is 90–160 m above NN. The slope gradient is up to 70% and the exposure to southeast, the incoming morning sun is particularly beneficial for Riesling. The soil is Rotliegend.  Due to its proximity to the Nierstein village centre, the Hipping is a frequently used area for wine festivals, in particular for the event "Weinpräsentation am Roten Hang" (Wine Presentation on the Red Slope) and vineyard tours of the local winegrowers.

Etymology.

The name of the location could be derived from the Middle High German "Hübel" for "hill" or from the tool "Hippe" for billhook. The interpretations are complex and ambiguous.

History.

The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 2 June 1953 was celebrated with a Riesling by Franz Karl Schmitt from this vineyard. A 2012 vintage Hipping Riesling of the winery Klaus Peter Keller, who had acquired exactly in 2010 the plot in the Hipping therefore became the official wine for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, which the Queen celebrated in 2012.

Property.

Propertied in the Hipping are the VDP wineries St. Antony, Gunderloch and Klaus Peter Keller, as well as the wineries Georg Albrecht Schneider, J. & H.A. Strub, Schätzel and many more.

Hipping is a vineyard of the red slope in the municipality Nierstein in Germany. Located at the Rhenish Hessian Rhineterrace (Rhineland-Palatinate), wines of this vineyard can be marketed as "Großes Gewächs" or "Erste Lage", provided that other quality characteristics are fulfilled.


History.

Planning for the tunnel began in the mid-1980s, when it was determined that a replacement for the Central Artery was needed. Originally built for 75,000 vehicles a day, the expressway was carrying 200,000 vehicles a day by the early 1990s. It was even projected that, by 2010, there would be 16-hour daily traffic jams that would cost the local economy $500 million annually. Furthermore, the North End was cut off from the rest of the city, which hampered economic growth.  One challenge for building the tunnel was constructing the project underneath the existing expressway, as well as crippling the city due to the amount of construction involved. In 1992, construction began on the tunnel, with the relocation of utilities. This was followed in 1996 by the beginning of construction on the tunnels with the pouring of slurry to build walls, which was preceded by underpinning the expressway. The northbound portion of the tunnel was opened in March 2003, followed by the opening of the southbound section in December of the same year. The renovated Dewey Square Tunnel, which was eventually incorporated into the O'Neill Tunnel, was opened in 2005.  In March 2003, Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney proposed to name the tunnel the "Liberty Tunnel". The state legislature and the Massachusetts delegation to Congress opposed the choice, and it was officially named after O'Neill (a longtime Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) by Section 1930 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), which was passed by Congress and signed by then-President George W. Bush in 2005.  Within a year of opening, a large leak backed up traffic for miles, which led to more investigation into leaks that were occurring within the structure. Due to the location of the tunnel near the ocean, brackish water was able to seep into cracks within the concrete, which have had the potential to cause flooding. This was also due to the purposeful design of the concrete to withstand 50-degree temperature swings, instead of the actual 100-degree swings that are experienced in Boston. In 2007, there were 500 leaks that needed to be repaired. Corrosion of the tunnel light fixtures also became a problem as well, which was evidenced in 2011 when a light fixture crashed down onto the roadway. Between fixing the leaks and fixing corroded structures, a report in 2011 estimated that the costs could run a few hundred million dollars.

The Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill Jr. Tunnel (colloquially O'Neill Tunnel) is a highway tunnel built as part of the Big Dig in Boston, Massachusetts. It carries the Central Artery underneath downtown Boston, and is numbered as Interstate 93 (I-93), U.S. Route 1 (US 1), and Route 3. It roughly follows the route of the old elevated Central Artery, though the northbound entrance, at the corner of Kneeland Street and Atlantic Avenue, is somewhat east of the southbound exit (at Kneeland and Albany streets) to allow for a reconfigured interchange with the Massachusetts Turnpike. It runs from the Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge at its north portal—barely east of the TD Garden sports facility's eastern corner—to Boston's Chinatown at its south portal. The tunnel is named for Tip O'Neill, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.


History.

Origins of the clan.

The progenitor of the Clan Sutherland was a Flemish nobleman by the name of Freskin, who was also the progenitor of the Clan Murray. It has been claimed that Freskin was Pictish but it is much more likely that he was a Flemish knight, one of a ruthless group of warlords who were employed by the Norman kings to pacify their new realm after the Norman conquest of England. David I of Scotland who was brought up in the English court, employed such men to keep hold of the wilder parts of his kingdom and granted to Freskin lands in West Lothian. The ancient Pictish kingdom of Moray ("Moireabh" in Scottish Gaelic) was also given to Freskin and this put an end to the remnants of that old royal house. In a series of astute political moves Freskin and his sons inter married with the old house of Moray to consolidate their power. Freskin's descendants were designated by the surname "de Moravia" ("of Moray" in the Norman language). Freskin's grandson was Hugh de Moravia who was granted lands in Sutherland and was known as "Lord de Sudrland". Hugh's younger brother, William, was progenitor of the Clan Murray. Hugh's eldest son (also called William) was William de Moravia, 1st Earl of Sutherland. The place name and clan name of "Sutherland" came from it being the 'land to the south' of the Norse Earldom of Orkney and Caithness. Although the senior line of chiefs who were the Earls of Sutherland had the surname 'de Moravia', they often used the territorial surname 'Sutherland' and the younger sons of the family also took the surname 'Sutherland', thus creating the cadet branches of the Clan Sutherland.

Wars of Scottish Independence.

During the Wars of Scottish Independence, chief William de Moravia, 3rd Earl of Sutherland (William Sutherland) fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, where the English army was defeated. Kenneth de Moravia, 4th Earl of Sutherland (Kenneth Sutherland) was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333.  William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland (William Sutherland), whose wife was Margaret, the daughter of Robert the Bruce and sister of David II of Scotland, led the clan at Kilblene where he participated in the siege of Cupar Castle Fife. William, Earl of Sutherland accompanied King David II of Scotland into England where both were captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, by Durham. They remained in prison for over ten years before being released. John, the son of the Earl and Princess Margaret, was designated the heir to the Throne over Robert Stewart, who eventually became King Robert II in 1371.

14th-century clan conflicts.

The habitual enemies of Clan Sutherland were the Clan Sinclair of Caithness and the Clan Mackay and Clan McLeod to the west of Sutherland. A feud with the Mackays came to a head when Nicholas Sutherland of Duffus, head of one of the junior branches, murdered the chief of the Clan Mackay and his heir at Dingwall Castle, where they had met in an attempt to patch up the feud. A retaliatory raid by the Mackays on Dornoch took place, where the cathedral was set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. William, 5th Earl of Sutherland was killed by the Mackays in 1370 in feud which lasted for the next four centuries. In 1388 the Earl of Sutherland was a leader of the Scots invading into the west of England. He married Margaret Stewart, daughter of Alexander, Earl of Buchan, a younger son of King Robert II of Scotland.

15th century and clan conflicts.

The Battle of Drumnacoub was fought in 1431 where Angus Du Mackay, chief of Clan Mackay defeated Angus Murray and the Sutherlanders on the slopes of the mountain Ben Loyal near Tongue.  The Battle of Skibo and Strathfleet was fought in 1480 where John MacDonald of Islay, Earl of Ross invaded Sutherland and was defeated by the Clan Sutherland and the Murrays of Aberscross.  According to 17th-century historian Sir Robert Gordon, the Clan Sutherland joined the Clan Mackay in their victory over the Clan Ross at the Battle of Aldy Charrish in 1487. However, 19th - 20th-century historian Angus Mackay disputes the Sutherland's presence at the battle stating that it would be unlikely that the Earl of Sutherland at the time would have assisted against the Rosses as he was married to a daughter of the Ross chief of Balnagowan, and also that the feudal superiority of the Sutherlands over the Mackays "nowhere existed save in his own fertile imagination".

16th century and clan conflicts.

William Sutherland, 4th Laird of Duffus was killed fighting against the English at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.  In 1517 Elizabeth de Moravia, 10th Countess of Sutherland (Elizabeth Sutherland) married Adam Gordon, younger son of Gordon of Huntly. Their son was Alexander Gordon, Master of Sutherland who would become the legal heir to the Earldom of Sutherland and overall chiefship of the Clan Sutherland. According to Sir Robert Gordon, who himself was a son of Alexander Gordon, 12th Earl of Sutherland, in the same year the Mackays rose up against the Gordons who had taken power in Sutherland which resulted in the Battle of Torran Dubh, where the Mackays were defeated. Sir Robert Gordon also states that at the battle, the Sutherland force had been led by Alexander Sutherland, brother of Elizabeth, 10th Countess of Sutherland. However, this version of events is disputed by both historian Angus Mackay and historian Sir William Fraser, who state that it can be proved that Alexander Sutherland was in prison in 1517 when the battle is supposed to have taken place. Whatever the truth, the following year in 1518 or 1519, Alexander Sutherland claimed the Earldom of Sutherland for himself and rose up against his sister Elizabeth, 10th Countess of Sutherland and her husband Adam Gordon, but he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Alltachuilain.  According to the book "Conflicts of the Clans" which was published in 1764, in 1542 the Battle of Alltan-Beath took place where the Clan Mackay were defeated by the Clan Sutherland. According to historian Sir Robert Gordon, in 1542, chief Donald Mackay, 11th of Strathnaver was captured by the Gordon Earls of Sutherland and Huntly, and imprisoned in Foulis Castle. However, this is disputed by historian Angus Mackay.  In 1545 at Dingwall, the Earl of Sutherland entered into a bond of manrent with John Mackenzie of Kintail for mutual defense against all enemies, reserving only their allegiance to the youthful Mary, Queen of Scots.  In 1547 John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland led the clan against the English army at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh.  In 1555 the Battle of Garbharry was fought, which was the last battle between the Clan Mackay and the Clan Sutherland. In 1586 the Battle of Leckmelm took place where the Sutherlands, Mackays and MacLeods defeated the Clan Gunn.  In 1588 Castle Sinclair Girnigoe withstood a siege by the Earl of Sutherland and in 1590 George Sinclair, 5th Earl of Caithness, invaded Sutherland resulting in the Battle of Clynetradwell.

17th century and Civil War.

In the 17th century the Clan Sutherland began to acquire the reputation for enthusiastic and pious Protestantism. This is probably what made the Gordon Earls of Sutherland begin to distance themselves from their Gordon Earl of Huntly (Clan Gordon) cousins who were Catholics and later Jacobites. In 1645 John Gordon, 14th Earl of Sutherland led the clan against the royalists at the Battle of Auldearn but was defeated.  In 1650, the Clan Sutherland along with the Clan Munro and the Clan Ross joined forces with the Scottish Argyll Government to fight against James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose and his royalist army of foreigners, who they defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale.  In 1685, John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland, raised men of the Clan Sutherland to oppose Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll's expedition that was known as Argyll's Rising. The Earl of Sutherland also raised two regiments from the clan after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The second of which he was a Colonel in command in Flanders in 1694.

18th century and Jacobite risings.

Jacobite rising of 1715.

During the Jacobite rising of 1715, John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland who later resumed the surname Sutherland, called out his men to fight for George I of Great Britain. The Clan Sutherland garrisoned Inverness Castle against the Jacobites.

Jacobite rising of 1719.

In 1719, a detachment of men from the Clan Sutherland fought for the British Government at the Battle of Glenshiel where they helped to defeat the Jacobites. The Earl and chief of Clan Sutherland had been of the surname Gordon ever since the early 16th century, however John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland resumed the surname of Sutherland and was officially recognized as chief of Clan Sutherland by the Court of the Lord Lyon in 1719. General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 1,000 men.

Jacobite rising of 1745.

The Clan Sutherland also supported the British Government during the Jacobite rising of 1745. At the start of the rising William, 17th Earl of Sutherland and chief of Clan Sutherland reconciled with their ancient enemies, the Mackays, settling the ancient feud. In 1745 the fighting force of the Clan Sutherland was given as 2,000 men. During the rising, Jacobites under George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie occupied the Sutherland's Dunrobin Castle, and the Earl of Sutherland narrowly escaped them through a back door. He then sailed for Aberdeen where he joined the Duke of Cumberland's army. However, this same Jacobite force under the Earl of Cromartie was defeated by the Clan Sutherland militia, who formed an Independent Highland Company, in what became known as the Battle of Littleferry. However, despite all these efforts by the Earl of Sutherland to defeat the Jacobites, including his victory at Littleferry, he struggled to prove to the parliament in London that he had not had Jacobite sympathies.

Disputed chiefship.

The chief of Clan Sutherland was the Earl of Sutherland. When William Sutherland, 18th Earl of Sutherland died in 1766 he left an only daughter, Elizabeth. This led to a legal battle over the succession to the title. Elizabeth's right to succeed as a woman was challenged firstly by George Sutherland of Forse, who was a direct male descendant of the original de Moravia/Sutherland Earls of Sutherland and secondly by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun who was a direct male descendant of the later Gordon Earls of Sutherland. The case was heard by the House of Lords on 21 March 1771 and it decided in favour of Elizabeth. She married George Leveson-Gower, Marquess of Stafford who later became the first Duke of Sutherland in 1833. The Duke set up businesses on the coast and ruthlessly cleared his tenants off the land, abandoning the customary obligations of a Scottish clan chief. However, two tacksmen of the clan, the brothers Alexander and John Sutherland of Sciberscross, were opposed to the clearance of tenants in Sutherland. Alexander Sutherland of Sciberscross, an army officer, fiercely opposed the clearances and was the source of much of the London press's critical coverage of the clearance events in Sutherland. His brother, John Sutherland of Sciberscross, gave "covert aid" in 1813 to the Kildonan rebels opposing the clearances in Sutherland.  Upon the death of the fifth Duke of Sutherland, the chiefship of the clan and the earldom of Sutherland devolved upon his niece, Elizabeth Sutherland, 24th Countess of Sutherland.

Castles.

Castles that have been owned by the Clan Sutherland include amongst many others:

Clan Sutherland is a Highland Scottish clan whose traditional territory is the shire of Sutherland in the far north of Scotland. The chief of the clan was also the powerful Earl of Sutherland, however in the early 16th century this title passed through marriage to a younger son of the chief of Clan Gordon. The current chief is Alistair Sutherland who holds the title Earl of Sutherland.