History.

Born Françoise De Haes or Dehaes, Fanny Simonsen was a French lyric soprano, who claimed aristocratic parentage and had studied under Manuel Garcia II. She had on occasion shared the Paris stage with Madame Carvalho, and played "prima donna" roles in Brussels and the great French provincial cities. She married the eminent Danish violinist Martin Simonsen, and for nine years restricted her appearances to the concert stage in Europe and California.  The Simonsens arrived in Melbourne from Germany in August 1865 by the mail steamer "Northam" after a successful tour of China and India, and held a series of seven concerts at St George's Hall, Bourke Street, Melbourne, from Saturday 19 August 1865, with a different program every night.  In June 1866 Mme Simonsen joined Lyster's Grand Opera Company as "prima donna", commencing with Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. This was followed by Meyerbeer's "Les Huguenots" (as Marguerite de Valois), the Australian première of "L'Africaine" (alternately with Lucy Escott, playing Selika), perhaps her most celebrated role) and "Roberto il diavolo", perhaps their most popular production (as Isabel/Isabelle). In 1867 she played the name part in "Maritana" (Wallace), Amina in "La Sonnambula" (Bellini) and Auber's comic operas "The Crown Diamonds" as Catarina and "Masaniello" as Elvira. Despite Lyster's alternation of loss-making grand opera productions with crowd-pleasing comic offerings, his attention to detail and the quality of his orchestra and ensemble and stars Simonsen and Lucy Escott, Henry Squires and Armes Beaumont, he was failing in a business sense due to the public demand for novelty. Accordingly, he announced his intention to withdraw from Melbourne, which compounded the problem. After the troupe's tour of country Victoria — Ballarat Geelong and Bendigo — and before they crossed over to Adelaide, the Simonsens made their own farewell tour and returned to San Francisco; Geraldine Warden was Lyster's new soprano.  They returned to Melbourne by the "Marpesia" in July 1869 and held a short series of concerts at the Academy of Music (Princess's Theatre on Spring Street), and the goldfield towns, supported by Rebecca Nordt (soprano), Arthur R. Moule (tenor) and Harcourt Lee (bass and pianist).  Far from quitting the Melbourne musical scene, in 1869 Lyster formed a partnership with John Washington Smith, previously of Lenton & Smith, to establish, in January 1870, an Italian Opera Company with Lucia Baratti, Lucy Chambers, Mariano Neri (tenor), Enrico Dondi (basso). Simonsen and Beaumont were among their first recruits. Another prominent member of the company was Signor Leandro Coy, whose family contributed much to Melbourne's music scene.  Simonsen's first appearance for this season was as Lucia in "Lucia di Lammermoor" on 10 February 1870, followed by "Un Ballo in Maschera", "Maritana", "Il Barbiere di Siviglia", "Martha" (as Lady Harriet) and others. In May 1871 the Simonsens had a farewell tour of the major towns of Victoria and South Australia, having announced their leaving the country. On 19 August 1871 the Simonsen troupe, consisting of Rebecca Nordt, her husband Arthur Moule (tenor), Edward Farley (baritone), Barry O'Neil (comic singer), Henry King (pianist) held a concert at the Lyceum Theatre prior to leaving for Europe. The programme included Offenbach's "The Rose of Auvergne, or, Spoiling the Broth" and the first act of Verdi's "Il Trovatore". Their farewell tour included New Zealand, and dragged on to September 1872.  The Simonsens returned to Melbourne aboard the "Norfolk" in January 1876 and staged a couple of concerts at the Town Hall which were very well received by the few who attended. They also performed at the Metropolitan Liedertafel, held that same week. They assembled an opera company of some 40 or 50 singers to tour Victoria and New Zealand; they had brought with them a full wardrobe and scores for a hundred operas, some new to the colonies. She appeared at Melbourne's new Opera House (on Bourke Street) for Lyster in February 1876, alternating with Ilma De Murska, who appeared in "Lucia" and "Sonnambula" while Simonsen had "The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein" and "Maritana". In March the Simonsens' Royal English Opera Company, of around 40 performers left for a tour of New Zealand. In Dunedin they played "The Hermit's Bell" and Lecocq's "La fille de Madame Angot", and were received well despite having no recognised names apart from Simonsen. At Christchurch they performed "Martha" and at Wellington "Lucia di Lammermoor", "Martha", "La Sonnambula" and Auber's "Carlo Broschi". The highly successful tour concluded at Invercargill in November 1876. The pianist, C. B. Foster (1853–1894), was praised. The Simonsen Opera Company (or Royal English and Opera Bouffe Company) embarked on a tour of south-western Victoria and across the border to Mount Gambier and another extended tour of Tasmania. In May 1877, after a year of frustration in not being able to hire a hall in Melbourne, Martin Simonsen announced his taking over the lease of St George's Hall to establish it as an English Opera House. While noting the unsuitability of the hall for opera — its lack of depth, so most of the audience were too close to the tiny stage, and insufficient volume for decent acoustics — the first offerings, Balfe's opera "Satanella", in which Minna Fischer made her Melbourne "debut", and Flotow's "Martha" were well received. The first season concluded with "The Hermit's Bell", "Maritana", "Giroflé-Girofla", "The Bohemian Girl" and "The Grand Duchess", with smaller audiences. For the 1878 season the Simonsens leased the Prince of Wales Opera House,a much more suitable venue, also on Bourke Street. Works included "Die Fledermaus", "The Hermit's Bell", "Satanella", "The Bohemian Girl", "The Grand Duohess", "Giroflé-Girofla", "Maritana" and "Der Freischütz". Camille Dubois and C. H. Taylor joined Amy Sherwin, Minna Fischer and the rest of the cast. This was Armes Beaumont's last appearance before leaving for Europe and Fanny Simonsen's second announcement of her retirement.  Simonsen's daughters Leonora and Martina made their stage debut at the Mechanics' Institute, Ballarat, in December 1879. In September 1880 Martina joined her mother's Royal English & Italian Opera Company of some 50 members, which included Martin Simonsen as conductor, Carrie Godfrey, Eugenie Dehaes, tenors Pietro Paladini and Gaetano Bianchi, and basses Ernest St Clair and Tom Riccardi. "Frances Saville", whose status as Simonsen's third daughter was not revealed, joined the company in 1882 for a 10-week season at the Gaiety Theatre, Sydney in 1882, when one critic commented on the daughters' German accent. They played at the Theatre Royal, Adelaide, in August and September to good and appreciative houses for ten different works, "Un Ballo" perhaps making the greatest impression. A feature was the company's first staging of Von Suppé's "Boccaccia", translated from the German by Dexter Smith. The newly-reopened Theatre Royal, Hobart, followed in October, and again "Boccaccio" was a "hit". Fanny Simonsen finally quit the stage on 22 September 1884, but continued to give singing lessons at her home in St Kilda.  Martin Simonsen continued concert management, bringing out the New Royal Italian Opera Company in 1886, whose stars included the bassos Tomaso De Alba and Attilio Buzzi and baritones Warwick Gainor and Achille Rebottaro and his sister Alice Rebottaro. In 1888 he brought out a troupe known as the "Spanish Students and Spanish Dancers", whose premiere on 8 September 1888 was described by a newspaper critic as a failure: the large and expectant audience was treated to a concert of mostly unfamiliar tunes and songs in a language which, though performed superbly, was unintelligible to most. The dancers were described as heavy-hoofed and immodestly dressed, an affront to the audience's sense of decency. The critique concluded with "Indeed, most of them appeared to be glad when it was over." Around the same time Martin Simonsen had in Sydney an Italian troupe starring Lilian Tree and Giuseppe Pimazzoni, which had to be disbanded due to personal difficulties. His losses were substantial, and in February 1889 he filed for insolvency, his chief debtor being his wife. In 1891 husband and wife imported the Italian Opera Company, which opened with "Il Trovatore" at the Alexandra Theatre on 8 August. This was poorly attended and the tour cancelled; another financial blow. Inclement weather and the depressed economic climate were blamed, but a more likely cause was the opera's refined artistry and lack of well-known stars, as more prosaic entertainments nearby were doing well.  Henry Bracy, in conjunction with Johnny Solomon, took over many of the Simonsen artists to form his own company.

Last Years.

The Simonsens brought several Italian opera troupes to Australia which lost them a great deal of money. They also lost money on their Spanish Students scheme. Mme Simonsen brought in a little money as a singing tutor at their Carlisle Street, St Kilda, home. She died aged 61, as the result of an apoplectic fit shortly before midnight on 19 September 1896. She had a similar seizure some eleven years earlier but otherwise had enjoyed good health. In her last moments she requested that the score of "Faust" should be buried with her, which was carried out at the St Kilda Cemetery on 20 September 1896.  After Mme Simonsen's death Mr Simonsen lived as a boarder with a Mrs Goulding (another source says Mr. and Mrs. Dunning) at 588 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne. Three years later, nearly deaf and blind and suffering from rheumatism, he died in his upstairs room of a self-inflicted pistol shot.

Students.

A list of Fanny Simonsen's pupils includes Ada Crossley, Lillie Crowle, Ada Prull, Flora Graupner, Julia Simmons, Muriel Walsh, Jeanne Ramsay, Emilie Lambert and her own children Frances Saville, Martina Simonsen and Jules Simonsen, and presumably her granddaughter Frances Alda, whom she brought up from the age of five. Crossley was arguably her most important pupil — she would travel from her country home to St Kilda twice weekly for lessons, until Simonsen agreed to take her as a boarder, a situation which lasted two or three years. Crossley recognised the benefit she gained by living in the musical home after Madame Simonsen's death by contributing £50 towards her headstone.

Martin Simonsen compositions.

Martin Simonsen composed for solo violin:

Family.

Martin Simonsen (30 January 1830 – November 1899) married Françoise Geanine "Fanny" De Haes (c. 1835 – 19 September 1896). Their eleven children, of whom two, perhaps three, were born before arriving in Australia, included: several sons were at the front in WWI. More information is needed.  They had a home "Cambo", on Carlisle Street, St.Kilda, Victoria.

Fanny Simonsen (c. 1835 – 19 September 1896), also written Fannie Simonsen, was a French soprano singer who had a substantial career on the Australian stage, later a concert manager with her violinist husband Martin Simonsen (c. 1829 – 28 November 1899). Several daughters and one grand-daughter, Frances Alda, were first-rate singers.


History.

There have been people living at the site of Bridge Inn since at least 1086, as the dwelling was mentioned in the Doomsday Book. Parts of the present building date from the late 16th century, although the majority was built in the 18th century. It is built of cob with stone, although a later 19th-century addition is built of brick. The roof is slate throughout. Inside there are three public rooms, one of which used to contain a brewery on-site. The interior includes many of the original 19th-century fixtures and fittings. It was designated Grade II listed status on 11 November 1952. The interior has been registered on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. Inside, lager is only served in bottles, regular drinkers leave post-it notes on their favourite barrels of beer to be called when opened, and the pub will serve drinks by the third of a pint to allow for a wider variety of tasting.  The Bridge Inn has been a public house since at least 1797, when it included two dwellings, a quay and a salt refinery. The inn attracted wrestling competitions during the 19th century, and by 1900 there were cattle sales at the site. In 1998, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Bridge Inn, the first time she had officially visited a pub. There she was presented with a crate of commemorative ale, which she remarked that her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, would enjoy. As of 2014, the inn has remained in the hands of the same family for more than a century.

The Bridge Inn is a Grade II listed public house at Bridge Hill, Topsham in the county of Devon, England. Mentioned as a dwelling in the 1086 Domesday Book, the building was largely constructed in the 18th century of cob and stone, with a 19th-century brick addition. Queen Elizabeth II visited the inn on 27 March 1998, her first official visit to a pub.


19th century.

The term became common in the late 19th century, especially when the newly arrived rich in key cities such as New York City, Boston, and Newport, Rhode Island, built great mansions and sponsored highly publicized parties. The media lavished attention on them, especially when newspapers devoted whole sections to weddings, funerals, parties and other events sponsored by the local high society. In major cities, a Social Register was published that listed the names and addresses of people who properly belonged. Informal identifiers appeared, such as the "upper tens" in mid-19th century New York City, or "the 400," Ward McAllister's late 19th-century term for the number of people Mrs. William Backhouse Astor, Jr's ballroom could supposedly accommodate, although the actual number was 273.  Debutantes are young female members of high society being officially presented for the first time, at debutante balls or cotillions. An example of a high society debutante ball is the prestigious International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.  Gold and silver mining, in the mid 19th century brought enormous wealth overnight to certain small towns such as Central City, Colorado and Leadville, Colorado. The new rich typically build a lavish opera house in the mining town, but then moved to a major city, especially Denver or San Francisco, where their wealth could be more suitably displayed and enjoyed. When the men attended to business affairs, women generally took charge of comings and goings and doings in high society.  Starting with the Stuyvesant luxury apartment house that opened in 1869, and The Dakota in 1884, affluent New Yorkers discovered the advantages of apartment living, where a full-time staff handled the upkeep and maintenance, as well as security.  In most French cities the very rich, often holding an old aristocratic title, maintained an elaborate high society well into the 20th century. Ten to twenty servants demonstrated the taste for conspicuous consumption. The richest households in Paris typically employed 30 servants. After 1945 the supply of servants dried up and there was a move to smaller inner city apartments in elite neighborhoods.

Art.

Art in this time was almost exclusively linked to the possession of money. The art of high society focused greatly on absorbing cultures from around the world, and referencing great architecture from the past, and commissioning artists that were from Europe. The culture was to possess knowledge and artifacts from other cultures or at least replicated it very well.  Acquiring rare and valuable items was another way of high society representing its prestige. Art was also a way of representing taste level and someones ability to commission the right artist or chose the best piece to have installed in their homes.

Portraiture.

Portrait painters were in high demand in London. Meanwhile, the smaller corps of American artists shifted their focus from painting the great landscapes of America to making portraits of great Americans. However art historians generally ignored the society artists such as John Singer Sargent (1856 – 1925) until the late 20th century.  Portraiture became the most common art in order for people in high society to record and have evidence of their accomplishment and valuable possessions.  New York City started its "Great Portrait Exhibition", focused on high society. The exhibition became a place for people to see Who's Who in New York City high society and focused more on the names of the people in the portraits rather than the quality of the portraits. The art community focused on portraiture, and changed art into a circle that created a tight knit between, patronage, artist, and critiques.

Architecture.

Stanford White (1853-1906) was the most influential architect for High Society. High Society was also immortalized through the building of mansions glittered in decadence and detail that were reminiscent of the renaissance, and the Victorian gothic. These massive homes were visible in dense cities like New York, they sprinkled main avenues that belonged to the wealth or middle class and stayed clear of the poor areas that were dense and littered with filth and the poor working class. Richard Morris Hunt played a large role in giving many members of High Society what they were looking for: homes that represented their cosmopolitan outlook and outshine all that was around it. For more on the homes of this time era see List of Gilded Age mansions.

Sociology.

Members of high society depend greatly on the people and social circles they are surrounded by. In many cases an elite member can confirm status by having servants, people who remove a task from everyday life, or artists and performers, whose talent and skills are at their disposal.  Social groups play the most important role in establishing members of high society. Members of high society usually must attend social gatherings throughout the year while also putting together social gatherings in their own homes. The sociological distinction is the use of social capital in order to attend or be invited to certain events. Members of high society tend to be aware of the connections that should be made in order to move up the social ladder.

Recent decades.

High society is less visible in the 21st century—privacy is much more valued, and the very expensive housing is not as conspicuous to ordinary pedestrians as the famous old mansions. There are far fewer servants, but much more attention to security. Remote ski resorts in places like Vail and Aspen are especially popular with high society. The quality of housing remains important.  Philanthropy is a high-prestige activity in high society. Sociologist Francie Ostrower states:  The wealthy take philanthropy and adapt it into an entire way of life that serves as a vehicle for the social and cultural life of their class. This is reflected in the widespread popularity of educational and cultural causes among donors.

High society, also called in some contexts simply "society", is the behavior and lifestyle of people with the highest levels of wealth and social status. It includes their related affiliations, social events and practices. Upscale social clubs were open to men based on assessments of their ranking and role within high society. In American high society, the "Social Register" was traditionally a key resource for identifying qualified members. From a global perspective, see upper class. The quality of housing, clothing, servants and dining were visible marks of membership.


History.

Joseph M. Field founded Entercom on October 21, 1968, on the conviction that FM broadcasting, then in its infancy, would eventually surpass AM broadcasting as the leading radio band.  During the 1990s, the Federal Communications Commission's regulations on the ownership of multiple radio stations were eased, beginning with the introduction of duopoly rules, which allowed a company to own two stations in each radio market. Entercom took advantage of the change to expand its presence in the markets where it already operated. In April 1995, the company paid $24.5 million for three stations in Portland, Oregon, acquiring KGON, a classic rock station; KFXX, an all-sports station; and KMUZ-FM, a modern rock station.  In January 1999, Entercom went public in an IPO in which it raised around $236 million. In July 1999, the company purchased 43 radio stations from Sinclair Broadcast Group for $821.5 million in cash. It was Entercom's largest deal to date. The deal included stations in eight markets, Kansas City, MO.; Milwaukee; New Orleans, LA; Memphis, Tennessee.; Buffalo, NY.; Norfolk, VA; and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, PA. The deal more than doubled both the number of stations under the company's control, and the number of markets in which it had stations. The acquisition made Entercom the fifth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States, with 88 stations in 17 markets. That year, Entercom announced that it would direct its radio stations not to play songs that promoted violence.  On August 21, 2006, Entercom agreed to buy 15 mid-market stations from CBS Radio. Locations included Austin, TX; Cincinnati, OH; Memphis, TN; and Rochester, NY. However, due to ownership limitations set by the FCC, Entercom had to sell off three of its stations in the Rochester market; these were acquired by Stephens Media Group. Shortly after the transaction, the company exited the Cincinnati market by trading all four of its stations in Cincinnati and three of its stations in Seattle in exchange for three stations in San Francisco in a deal with Bonneville Broadcasting. A year later, Entercom was investigated for payola and fined $4.45 million by the FCC.  In 2007, Entercom station KDND was sued after a participant in a "Hold Your Wee For a Wii" contest held by the station's morning show died of water intoxication.  In May 2014, Entercom announced its launch of SmartReach Digital product line focused on creating digital marketing options for small and medium businesses.  On December 8, 2014, Entercom announced its acquisition of Lincoln Financial Media for $105 million; the deal gave the company 14 additional stations in Atlanta, GA; Denver, CO; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA. To comply with FCC ownership limits in the Denver market and DOJ antitrust concerns, Entercom entered into an exchange agreement with Bonneville under which Entercom exchanged four stations in Denver for Classic Rock station KSWD in Los Angeles and $5 million in additional consideration. The stations Entercom exchanged with Bonneville were KOSI-FM, KYGO-FM, KKFN-FM and KEPN-AM. Entercom previously owned KOSI-FM, while the remaining stations were acquired through the acquisition of LFM.  Entercom and Bonneville began operating the exchanged stations under time brokerage agreement (TBAs) once the LFM transaction was completed. In November 2015, the swap deal was closed successfully.  In October 2016, Entercom announced that it would acquire four radio stations in Charlotte, North Carolina, from Beasley Broadcast Group for $24 million in cash. The deal closed in January, 2017 and WBT AM/FM, WLNK-FM and WFNZ-AM joined Entercom.  On August 3, 2017, Entercom announced the purchase of a 45% stake in Cadence13 (formerly DGital Media), a startup that handles ad sales and distribution for podcasts, including "Pod Save America", "Recode Decode" and "The Tony Kornheiser Show".

Merger with CBS Radio.

On February 2, 2017, Entercom announced that it had agreed to merge with CBS Radio. The purchase will give Entercom operations in 23 of the top 25 markets, and make it the second-largest owner of radio stations in the United States, behind only iHeartMedia; under the terms of the Reverse Morris Trust, the company would retain the Entercom name, board of directors and base of operations, but CBS shareholders would hold 72% of its stock. The company also shut down KDND in Sacramento and returned its license to the FCC, with its programming moved to sister station KUDL. The FCC had designated that the renewal of KDND's license would be subject to a hearing over allegations it had failed to operate in the public interest.  On September 26, 2017, KSOQ-FM, WGGI and KSWD were sold to the Educational Media Foundation. KSWD and WGGI affiliated with the EMF's K-Love Christian music network, and KSOQ with its Air1 network.  In order to comply with federal ownership caps, Entercom stated that it would divest at least 15 stations. On November 1, 2017, Entercom announced a settlement with the Department of Justice, which allowed their merger with CBS Radio. The company also announced a series of asset exchange agreements with iHeartMedia and Beasley Broadcast Group in Boston, Seattle, Richmond and Chattanooga; and local marketing agreements with Bonneville International Corporation in San Francisco and Sacramento.  On November 9, 2017, the FCC gave the final approval needed for the Entercom merger by granting two 6-month waivers for market station limits in Miami and San Francisco. The merger occurred at midnight on November 17, 2017. Later that day, Entercom would switch WBMP/New York to alternative. This would then be followed up by WJMK/Chicago's switch to classic hip-hop and KVIL/Dallas-Ft. Worth's flip to alternative. The company also introduced a new corporate logo as well as other corporate strategy changes. The Entercom Divestiture Trust then entered into agreements with Bonneville International to operate its stations on their behalf.  Shortly afterward, the company announced renewed radio broadcasting partnerships with the Minnesota Twins and Philadelphia Eagles. The company also has partnerships with additional professional teams including the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Red Wings.  On July 19, 2018, Entercom announced that it would acquire Philadelphia market-leader WBEB from Jerry Lee Radio for $57.5 million. WXTU was divested back to its previous owner, Beasley Broadcast Group, to comply with ownership limits.  On August 3, 2018, Entercom announced that Bonneville would buy all eight stations for $141 million, which the company had been operating under LMA since after the merger with CBS Radio. The deal was completed on September 21, 2018.

Further divestitures and acquisitions.

On February 13, 2019, Entercom announced that it would trade its Indianapolis cluster (WNTR, WXNT, and WZPL) to Cumulus Media for WNSH in New York City, WMAS-FM in Enfield, Connecticut, and WHLL in Springfield, Massachusetts. Both companies began operating their newly-acquired stations via LMA on March 1; the swap was completed on May 13, 2019.  Later in 2019, Entercom announced its acquisition of Pineapple Street Media, a podcast producer, and the remaining portion of Cadence13.

Brands.

In addition to Entercom's radio stations, the company operates multiple brands, including Entercom's sustainability initiative, 1Thing, and its eCommerce platform, GetMyPerks. The company also provides a suite of digital marketing solutions for businesses through its SmartReach Digital product suite.  As part of the company's merger with CBS Radio, Entercom acquired Radio.com, Eventful and play.it.  On June 25, 2018, Entercom announced that Radio.com would become the exclusive streaming provider for all of its stations, beginning with its legacy stations on July 6, and former CBS Radio stations beginning August 1, ending its relationship with the third-party service TuneIn. All Entercom properties will also be branded on-air as "A Radio.com Station".

Entercom Communications Corporation is a publicly traded American broadcasting company and radio network based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1968, it is the second largest radio company in the United States, owning 235 radio stations across 48 media markets.


Definition.

This classification is for disability athletics. This classification is one of eight classifications for athletes with cerebral palsy, four for wheelchair athletes (T31, T32, T33, T34) and four for ambulant ones (T35, T36, T37 and T38). Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the athletes in this classification as: "CP6, see CP-ISRA classes (appendix) Ambulant " The classification in the appendix by Buckley goes on to say "These athletes do not have the capacity to remain still and they show involuntary movements with all four limbs affected. They usually walk without assistive devices" The Australian Paralympic Committee defines this classification as being for "Athetoid or Ataxic - Moderate involvement. Ambulates without walking devices." The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification on their website in July 2016 as, "Coordination impairments (hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis)".

Disability groups.

Multiple types of disabilities are eligible to compete in this class. This class includes people who have cerebral palsy, or who have had a stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Cerebral palsy.

CP6.

CP6 sportspeople are able to walk without the need for an assistive device. They lack coordination in all their limbs, with the greater lack of coordination involving their upper body. Their bodies are often in motion, and they cannot maintain a still state. While CP2, CP3 and CP6 have similar issues with Athetoid or Ataxic, CP6 competitors have "flight" while they are ambulant in that it is possible for both feet to not be touching the ground while walking. CP2 and CP3 are unable to do this. In athletics, CP6 competitors have some balance issues in track events and field events that require either running or throwing. Their form in running is often better than their form while walking.

Rules and performance.

Athletes in this class are not required to use a starting block. It is up to the individual. They have the option to start from a crouch, from a standing position or 3 point stance. T36 sportspeople are more prone to being deaf than other classes in the T30s. As a result, officials should be prepared to use a flag or strobe light to start a race if anyone in a race is deaf. They also have an option to have an assistant tap a runner when the starting gun goes off as an alternative.  In track events, officials are encouraged to avoid keeping these athletes in the starting block too long. Because of these issues, athletes may make movements that normally would disqualify them as a false start. If an official believes movement could be a result of this, they can restart the entire field without disqualifying any runners.

History.

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."  For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, athletics classification was scheduled for September 4 and September 5 at Olympic Stadium. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games.

Governance.

Classification into this class is handled by the International Paralympic Committee. For national events, classification is handled by the national athletics organization.

Becoming classified.

Athletes with cerebral palsy or similar impairments who wish to compete in para-athletics competition must first undergo a classification assessment. During this, they both undergo a bench test of muscle coordination and demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.

Competitors.

Notable T36 athletes include Roman Pavlyk (UKR), Graeme Ballard (GBR), Ben Rushgrove (GBR), Paul Blake (GBR), James Turner (AUS), Evgenii Shvetcov (RUS), Fang Wang (CHN), Elena Ivanova (RUS), Claudia Nicoleitzik (GER), Natalie Schaus (ARG) and Min Jae Jeon (KOR). Katherine Proudfoot, now a notable F36 field athlete, also holds T36 Australian records on the track.

T36 is a disability sport classification for disability athletics. It includes people who have coordination impairments such as hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis. It includes people with cerebral palsy. T36 is used by the International Paralympic Committee. This classification competes at the Paralympic Games.


Germany.

Chicanos and Bandidos members were involved in a large brawl with an Arab criminal family in Reinickendorf on 6 August 2007 which resulted in a biker and two Arabs being injured, one seriously. Baseball bats, machetes and knives were used in the confrontation, which escelated from a verbal disagreement. Four bikers were arrested and "Spezialeinsatzkommando" (SEK) was deployed during the subsequent investigation, which included a search of a clubhouse.  Chicanos members assaulted the president of the Hells Angels' nomads chapter in a nightclub in Eberswalde on 6 December 2008. On 5 June 2009, members of the Hells Angels-affiliated Brigade 81 raided the Chicanos' clubhouse in Ludwigsfelde, leaving several club members injured. Chicanos and Hells Angels were involved in a car chase in Schorfheide on 21 June 2009, which ended with four members of the Hells Angels nomads suffering injuries, including the chapter president who was stabbed in the back and almost lost a leg due to an axe attack. On 17 July 2009, a homemade bomb was discovered underneath a car belonging to a Chicanos chapter president in Eberswalde. Other incidents that year include a fight between Chicanos and Hells Angels in Rendsburg that left a man seriously injured, and an incident in which Chicanos fired shots at the home of a Hells Angels member in Neumunster. In May 2010, police prevented a potentially violent clash between the Chicanos' "South Central" chapter and the Hells Angels in Neukölln, Berlin when they intervened shortly before a confrontation between the two armed groups. Baseball bats and bladed weapons were seized from arrested Hells Angels.  Jörg Schönbohm, interior minister for the state of Brandenburg, outlawed the Barnim Chicanos chapter on 24 August 2009. The chapter, founded in February that year, had fourteen members, few of whom owned motorcycles. Weapons including swords, pistols, cudgels and brass knuckles – which were used to exert influence in the bouncer and drug scene in the region – were confiscated by police during searches of the clubhouse and members' homes.  Members of the Chicanos and the Underdogs Motorcycle Club fought in the street in Halle city center on 26 October 2010. Around twenty participants were involved, armed with firearms, Molotov cocktails and cobblestones. On 2 May 2012, the president of the Chicanos' Halle chapter shot the Underdogs Halle president several times from a car. The Underdogs member was saved by emergency surgery. Chicanos and Underdogs clashed at a party in Weißenfels on 26 August 2012, resulting in two Underdogs members from Saalkreis suffering non-serious stab wounds. In June 2013, a member of District 61 – a group comprised partially of former Underdogs members – shot in self-defense at two Chicanos members in Halle city center, although nobody was wounded. One of the two Chicanos was later shot and wounded by a member of the Underdogs in Halle in May 2014.  Chicanos chapters in Aachen, Alsdorf and Düren, along with the Aachen Bandidos, were banned by the ministry of SPD MP Ralf Jäger on 26 April 2012. Over six-hundred police officers were involved in subsequent raids on the chapters' headquarters and members' residences. A search of the Alsdorf chapter clubhouse resulted in the seizure of club regalia, firearms, bladed weapons and a police scanner.  A nationwide ban on wearing the emblems of the Chicanos and eight other motorcycle clubs in public came into effect on 16 March 2017.

Netherlands.

An investigation into the Limburg Bandidos chapter in January 2016 revealed that an associated Chicanos branch, which was founded by the Bandidos' vice-president, provided recruits and engaged in threats, drug offenses and violent crimes on the Bandidos' behalf.

Norway.

The National Criminal Investigation Service (NCIS, or "Kripos") has designated the Chicanos a criminal group. The first Chicanos chapter in Norway was formed in 2013 with assistance from the club's Swedish branch.

Sweden.

Sweden's first Chicanos branch opened in Vänersborg in 2012, with a patch-over of a No Surrender chapter. Several other Chicanos chapters were subsequently formed in the country, and the Vänersborg original chapter patched over to the Bandidos in 2016.  Four members were arrested on suspicion of extortion in February 2013, and subsequent searches of the men's homes resulted in a number of other charges. In late 2012, Chicanos members extorted kr5,000 from a man who had been selling drugs in Mellerud, which the club considered their territory. In April 2013, three were convicted of assault, extortion, theft and drug offences, including the chapter president, who was sentenced to one-year-and-a-half in prison.  The Chicanos in Dalsland became involved in a conflict with the Black Cobra gang after attempting to recruit Black Cobra members. On 5 April 2013, members of the Chicanos and Black Cobra rioted in Trollhättan  The president of the Sandviken Chicanos chapter was convicted of minor drug crimes and unlawful driving on 1 October 2015.  In October 2017, three Norwegian citizens – two men, one of whom was a member of the Chicanos in Norway, and a woman – were convicted of driving a man into the woods, beating him and sodomizing him with a tree branch, in an assault related to extortion, in Värmland in July 2017. Both men were sentenced to four years' imprisonment, while the woman was sentenced to two years'.  The Chicanos' clubhouse in Sandviken was set alight in a suspected arson attack on 21 November 2018.

The Chicanos Motorcycle Club is an outlaw motorcycle club that was founded in Pritzwalk, Germany on 23 August 2003. The Chicanos are a support club (called puppet clubs by law enforcement) for the Bandidos Motorcycle Club.


Toponomy.

The present name is a back-formation from Boxford. A previous name "Amalburna" is found in an Old English text dated after 991, published in the "Cartularium Saxonicum" (p. 1289). Eilert Ekwall discusses various possible roots, including the British (i.e. pre-English) root "ambro" meaning "water".

Course.

The river rises to the north of Little Waldingfield, near to where two other small streams also rise, which converge with the Box at Upsher Green.  From this point the river flows south-east, past Edwardstone towards the large village of Boxford, where it is crossed by the A1071. The river then continues in the same direction and passes a number of villages and hamlets, which are suffixed by the name street. These include Stone Street and to the south of Polstead, Mill Street. The river then passes Scotland Street before reaching the village of Thorington Street, and Thorington Hall. It continues flowing southeast to meet the Stour, between Langham and Higham, which is also close to the confluence of the River Brett and Stour.

Hydrology.

Since 1960 the flow of the River Box, has been measured in its middle reaches at a flume near Polstead. The fifty four year record shows that the catchment of to the gauging station yields an average flow of. The highest river level recorded was in January 1998 with a height of through the flume, which was estimated to have a flow of.  The catchment upstream of the gauging station has an average annual rainfall of and a maximum altitude of. Land use is mostly rural, consisting of arable farming.  The River Box has been classed as having moderate ecological quality under the Water Framework Directive. This is the middle band in the five part framework scale, which ranges from high, good, and moderate, through to poor and finally bad.

The River Box is a small river, in length, that flows through Suffolk, England. It is a tributary of the River Stour.


History.

Founding and Leadership.

Failure Analysis Associates (FaAA) was founded in April 1967 by then Stanford University professor Alan Stephen Tetelman along with his colleagues Bernard Ross, Marsh Pound, John Shyne and Sathya V. Hanagud with $500 in capital.  At the time of FaAA's founding, Ross was also an engineering program manager at SRI International (then the Stanford Research Institute) (1965–1970). While en route to the site of a Navy jet crash investigation, Tetelman was killed on September 25, 1978, in the PSA Flight 182 air crash over San Diego between a PSA jet liner and a private Cessna airplane that claimed the lives of 144 people. He was forty-two years old.  Ross assumed the presidency of Failure Analysis Associates after the accident. Ross and the late Tetelman were featured in a documentary film about the company titled "What Went Wrong" made by the United States Information Service and distributed worldwide. Tetelman was a world-renowned expert in fracture mechanics and co-authored a textbook titled "The Principles of Engineering Materials" with Craig R. Barrett (former CEO of Intel) and Stanford professor, William D. Nix, published by Prentice-Hall in 1973.  In 1982, Roger McCarthy assumed the leadership of FaAA, becoming Chief Executive Officer in 1982 until 1996, and Chairman of the Board in 1986 until 2005. McCarthy joined FaAA in 1978 and became a Director and Vice-President in 1980. In 2004, McCarthy was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.  Michael R. Gaulke served as the Chief Executive Officer of Exponent Inc. from June 1996 to May 28, 2009. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors. Mr. Gaulke served as President of Exponent Inc. from March 1993 to May 22, 2007. Mr. Gaulke first joined Exponent Inc. in September 1992 and served as its Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. In 2008, Oregon State University inducted Mr. Gaulke into its Engineering Hall of Fame.  Paul R. Johnston was the Chief Executive Officer at Exponent Inc. from May 28, 2009 – May 31 2018. Johnston was President of Exponent Inc. from May 2007 until July 2016. Johnston joined Exponent in 1981 and served as its Principal Engineer since 1987 and Vice President since 1996. Johnston has co-authored a book titled "Structural Dynamics by Finite Elements" published by Prentice-Hall in 1987. On May 31, 2018, Johnston stepped down from the position of Chief Executive Officer to be an Executive Chairman.  Catherine Corrigan was named President of Exponent, Inc. on July 29, 2016. Dr. Corrigan joined Exponent’s Philadelphia office in 1996, was promoted to Principal in 2002 and to Corporate Vice President in 2005. Corrigan was promoted to Group Vice President to lead the Transportation Group and joined the Company’s Operating Committee in 2012. On May 31, 2018 Corrigan was appointed to Chief Executive Officer.

Incorporation.

Failure Analysis Associates was founded as a partnership, incorporated in 1968 in California and reincorporated in Delaware as Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. in 1988. In 1989, McCarthy reincorporated Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. in Delaware under a holding company, The Failure Group, Inc. and took The Failure Group, Inc. public in 1990. The company changed its name to Exponent, Inc. in 1998.

Company activities.

Exponent has been involved in the investigations of many well known incidents including the now debunked report aired on Dateline in 1993 about fires and explosions involving sidesaddle fuel tanks on Chevrolet C/K trucks, the disputed "Consumer Reports" finding on Suzuki roll-over safety, the 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls, the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 among many other aviation accidents, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Federal Emergency Management Agency also hired Exponent to examine the Oklahoma City bombing damage aftermath, specifically the damage to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. NASA hired Exponent in 1986 to determine the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. In 2003, Exponent was hired by the U.S. government to investigate the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. In 2017, Samsung hired Exponent to determine cause of thermal runaway of the Note 7 Phone batteries.  Exponent has ISO 9001 accreditation, indicating independently audited and certified quality management practices. The company also is certified for battery, energy storage and compliance testing.

Neutrality.

The quality and neutrality of reports produced by the company have been called into question on various controversial topics. Common points of critique include corporate denialism and that, for industrial clients, only favorable reports are seemingly produced. Examples include Exponent arguing that dioxins do not cause cancer. These questions of conflict of interest have been disputed. The type of work that Exponent performs is contractually highly confidential—until their clients decide otherwise. Thus, while Exponent may issue reports that are both favorable and unfavorable to its clients, Exponent's clients have the option of releasing only the favorable reports, creating the appearance of bias.  According to the "Los Angeles Times", "Exponent's research has come under fire from critics, including engineers, attorneys and academics who say the company tends to deliver to clients the reports they need to mount a public defense." Exponent's executive chairman responded that such criticism is a "cheap shot", responding "Do we tell our clients a lot of what they don't want to hear? Absolutely." but that they also often come up with results not favoring their clients. No concrete examples were however provided for the paper. In 2009, the Amazon Defense Coalition criticized an Exponent study commissioned by the energy company Chevron that dumping oil waste didn't cause cancer because Chevron's largest shareholder was a director on Exponent's board. The firm was also criticized for assisting industry efforts to reduce chromium regulation.

Notable Projects.

Partial listing of notable projects:

Research areas.

Exponent's services are concentrated on multiple practices and centers, including:

Exponent (formerly Failure Analysis Associates) is an American engineering and scientific consulting firm. Exponent has a multidisciplinary team of scientists, physicians, engineers, and business consultants which performs research and analysis in more than 90 technical disciplines. The company operates 20 offices in the United States and five offices overseas.


Creation of medal.

On 22 July 1997, during its 3802nd meeting, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1121, in which it established the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the resolution, the Security Council also requested that the UN Secretary-General establish criteria and procedures for the awarding of the medal. The first medals were awarded in October 1998.

Criteria.

On 1 December 2000, Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General, published regulations for the awarding of the medal. The award is given to any military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation, so long as the death did not result from misconduct or criminal acts. The criteria came into force on 1 January 2001 and the medal may be given to individuals who qualified before or after that date. The physical medals are presented to the next of kin of the deceased recipient.

Medal.

The medal is egg-shaped and made of clear lead free glass, engraved with the name and date of death of the recipient, the United Nations logo, and the inscription “The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal. In the Service of Peace”, in English and French.

Recipients.

On 6 October 1998, the first three Dag Hammarskjöld Medals were awarded to Hammarskjöld himself, René de Labarrière (killed by a land mine in Palestine in July 1948), and Folke Bernadotte (assassinated in Jerusalem by Jewish extremists in September 1948). Beginning in 2001, the UN began awarding dozens of medals each month for the UN peacekeepers who had been killed between 1948 and 2001. Since 2001, there have been an annual medal ceremony for those who were killed in UN peacekeeping operations the previous year. The ceremony is held on 29 May, which is the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers.  In 2009, the medal was awarded to each of the 132 UN peacekeepers who were killed in 2008.  Pakistani peacekeeper Naik Naeem Raza, who served the United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was martyred in January 2018, was on 25th May 2019, posthumously awarded a UN medal by Secretary General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres.  Raza had embraced martyrdom during an ambush on a UN Convoy in January 2018, according to a press release by the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the military's media wing.  "The medal is awarded to blue helmets for their supreme sacrifice in the line of duty," read the statement issued by the military's mouthpiece.  According to the press release, 156 Pakistan Peacekeepers have so far laid down their lives for global peace and stability. <ref  In 2019, Indian Officer Jitendra Kumar and 119 men and women honor posthumously awarded the medal for their courage and sacrifice in the line of duty, laid down his life while serving in the UN Organisation Stabilization Mission in the Central African country. <ref>.

The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961.


Life.

Early training.

He was born in Copenhagen to royal sculptor to the Danish Court, Just Wiedewelt (1677–1757) and his wife Birgitte Lauridsdatter. The elder Wiedewelt recognised his son's talents early, and the boy trained under the Italian history painter Hieronimo Miani, one of the two leaders of the Drawing and Painting Academy ("Tegne- og Malerakademiet") in Copenhagen along with Louis August le Clerc (1688–1771), as early as perhaps 1744. This Academy was the precursor to the still-extant Royal Danish Academy of Art ("Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi") established ten years later. When Miani left Denmark in 1745 to return to Italy, the elder Wiedewelt took a stronger hand in training the boy, apprenticing him in his workshop. At the same time the young Wiedeweldt continued at the Academy, drawing under Johan Christof Petzoldt (1708-1762) and he presumedly also trained under royal sculptor to the Danish Court, Didrick Gercken (169-1748). He began already to produce his own works early, and had produced in Spring 1750 two small busts cast in tin of King Frederik V and Queen Louise. He was paid a reasonable sum for this work, and it encouraged him to follow his dream to study outside of Denmark.

Student travel to Paris.

Several months later at nineteen years of age he ventured out on a student travel that took him over Hamburg to Rouen and finally to Paris in August 1750. There he met the Danish Legation secretary to the French Court in Paris Joachim Wasserschlebe (1709-1787) who would become a patron of the young sculptor. With Wasserschlebe's help, Wiedewelt was taken into the studio of the renowned Baroque sculptor Guillaume Coustou the Younger, where from 1750-1754 he worked partially as a student and partially as an assistant. He later received a yearly royal allowance from King Frederik, which was doubled after two years.  In Paris he also came to know Jean-Baptiste Pigalle. During 1752-1754, Wiedewelt made a sculpture of fellow-Dane, Magnus Gustav Arbien (1716–1760), medallionist who was at the time studying under a royal stipend from the Danish Court. Wiedewelt won a silver medallion from the French Academy of Art (Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture) in 1753.  There was a sweeping artistic interest during those times for the study of ancient art. This rage originated in the discoveries of Herculaneum in 1738 and Pompeii in 1748, and was fanned by the directorship of the French Academy, Marquis de Marigny Abel-François Poisson(1727–1781), brother of royal mistressMadame de Pompadour (1721–1764). Poisson introduced the technique of drawing from antiquities, especially architecture, sculpture and landscapes, instead of from models. This technique was based on his experiences in Italy visiting the recently excavated archeological sites.

Continued travel to Rome.

Wiedewelt was the first to receive a travel stipend from the newly established Danish Academy of Art in 1754 and used the funds to travel to Italy. Although Coustou tried to convince Wiedewelt to stay in Paris longer, the young sculptor left for Rome in May 1754. His trip took him over Lyon, Marseille and Civitavecchia; he arrived in Rome on 7 June 1754.  A letter of recommendation from Wasserschlebe introduced Wiedewelt to the Director of the French Academy in Rome ("l ́Academie de France á Rome"), Charles-Joseph Natoire (1700-1777). He lived and studied at the Academy, lodging at the Palazzo Mancini. Natoire put him in contact with others in residence there. Among these were German painter Anton Raphael Mengs, Italian Pompeo Batoni, and German archeologist and art theorist Johann Joachim Winckelmann who arrived in Rome 1755. At the Academy he, along with other students, came under the influence of Giovanni Battista Piranesi, who had lived in Rome since 1740 and who set a heightened focus on antiquities as artistic subject matter.  Wiedewelt visited private collections such as the Farnese collection, as well as the publicly accessible ones such as the Capitoline Museums and the Vatican Museum. He and Johann Winckelmann studied ancient sculptures together, and Winckelmann advised the younger Wiedewelt, encouraging him to use these sculptures as a base for his drawings and to use his knowledge of ancient art as the basis for his artistic production. Wiedewelt made many drawings and sketches of these ancient sculptures during his Roman residence. The two were inseparable. Wiedewelt's friendship and admiration for Winckelmann left a deep impression on him, especially in regards his acquired knowledge and appreciation for Ancient Greek artifacts and art. During his time in Rome he also managed to take excursions to Naples, Pompeii, Herculaneum and Portici. Several of these trips were made in the company of Winckelmann in 1758. The two would remain close, maintaining a lively letter exchange, until Winckelmann was murdered in Trieste in 1768.

Return to Denmark and an artistic career.

Wiedewelt left Rome on 1 July 1758, when his financial support was running out, and after he had been ordered home to Denmark by the Academy. He traveled back in the company of friend, neoclassical painter Johan Edvard Mandelberg. They traveled over Caprarola, Siena, Florence, Pisa, Carrara, Lucca, Bologna, Padua, Venice, and Trieste where they studied the local art collections and churches, and on through the Tyrol and Germany. They arrived back to Copenhagen on 6 October 1758.  Hardly six months after his return Wiedewelt was named member of the newly organised Art Academy, as well as being named royal sculptor to the Danish Court in 1759, inclusive gratis studio at Materialgaarden near Frederiksholm's Canal. He was known for his good taste in art and his knowledge of antiquities. He became quickly the judge of artistic good taste in Denmark.  Commissions soon followed. As a first commission he was requested to sculpt a memorial monument to the long deceased king Christian VI of Denmark by his widowed wife, Sophie Magdalene. The marble monument was completed in 1768, but was not installed at Roskilde Cathedral until 1777. The neoclassical monument included a sarcophagus and two female figures, "Sorgen"and "Berømmelsen". This was the first neoclassical sarcophagus in Denmark, and is considered to be neoclassicism's start in Denmark.  In 1760 he began work on another comprehensive project, sculptural groups, individual sculptures and decorations for the gardens at the French-inspired baroque Fredensborg Palace. He produced a large series of drawings for the King giving his suggestions for the decoration of the gardens. He came to work closely with architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin, with whom he would travel together to London and Paris in the late 1760s. His outdoor sculptures here and at other gardens have come to comprise the greatest assembled collections of his works.  In 1761 he became a professor at the Art Academy. He also took on a leading position with Fourniers Porcelain Factory 1761-1766. Wiedewelt wrote a small manifesto in 1762 entitled"Tanker om Smagen udi Kunsterne i Almindelighed".  He contributed to the decoration of Frederiks Church, also known as the Marble Church ("Marmorkirken") with no less than 64 figures and 30 reliefs. Due to the scale of the royal projects, the time constraints and the common practices of the time Wiedewelt often left the direct work of sculpting be carried out by his studio assistants from sketches, which he delivered.  In 1765-1766 he delivered a plaster allegorical relief and twelve medallions of the Oldenborg kings to the sumptuous Knights Hall ("Riddersalen") at Christiansborg Palace, plus additional decorative pieces. These were all lost in the fire of 1794. Some of the medallions are evidenced in engravings.  He served as Treasurer of the Academy 1767-1772, and served as Director of the same 1772-1778, 1780-1789, and 1793-1795. He exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1769, and subsequently in 1778 and 1794.  In 1769 he completed the monument to Frederik V in Roskilde Cathedral which includes a large sarcophagus resting on footpieces and decorated by numerous sculptures, behind which is a column topped of an urn, a medallion with the king's portrait, and on each side of the sarcophagus, sitting approx. 9' high above the floor, are two crowned, grieving female figures representing Denmark and Norway. The memorial chapel was created as a collaboration between Wiedewelt and architect Caspar Frederik Harsdorff.

Later career.

In 1768-1769 Wiedewelt traveled to Paris and London in the company of architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin, then architect for Frederik's Church, now known as the Marble Church ("Marmorkirken"). His travel journals show that he visited famous gardens during the trip, and studied them carefully.  Large commissions from the court slowed down drastically after this foreign tour, as Johann Friedrich Struensee's took over control of the country from the weak, young, schizophrenic, newly crowned King Christian VII and put his cost-cutting reforms into place between 1769-1771. These cutbacks also resulted in Jardin's losing his position with the Church after this same two-year travel. German-born Struensee was widely disliked, and between 1770-1772 Wiedewelt created a series of drawings satirizing Struensee and his associate Count Enevold Brandt. He also designed several coins for Christian VII in 1771.  Starting in the early 1770s, the reaction to Struensee led to a wider distrust of foreigners in positions of power in Denmark. This included the foreign-born artists, especially French artists, in the King's service who lost power and influence in Denmark's official artistic and Academic circles. Friend Jardin resigned his professorship at the Academy on 26 March 1771.  From this point on, although Wiedewelt remained court sculptor until his death, his commissions came primarily from private patrons, and were mostly grave monuments and sarcophaguses. He received many such commissions, and during a thirty-year period he produced over 36 such works. Among these are one for Ludvig Holberg in Sorø made in 1779, and another for the first wife of Adam Gottlob Moltke, statesman and high official at the Danish Court.  The only large order he received from the court after that time was one for Høegh-Guldbergs National Historical Garden ("Høegh-Guldbergs nationalhistoriske anlæg") named for Ove Høegh-Guldberg, theologian and historian. The commission consisted of fifty-four monuments to be set up on the expansive grounds of Crown Prince Frederik V's Jægerspris Castle in Jægerspris. They were sculpted between 1777-1789. Wiedewelt was inspired by Ove Malling's book "Store og gode Handlinger af Danske, Norske og Holstenere" published in 1777. He decorated the park with monuments and memorial stones in honour of exceptional Danes, Norwegians, and Holsteiners, placing these pieces in the open parkland. He took advantage of his recent studies of foreign gardens, especially the English garden Stowe Park near Buckingham which he had visited, and created a new visual language.  Additionally his studio produced reliefs in 1773 of Hercules and Omphale for the Hercules Pavilion in the King's Garden ("Kongens Have"), the gardens of Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen. In 1782 he designed coin cabinets for the Royal Coin Museum ("Det kongelige Møntkabinet") at the same castle.  In 1783 he created Bernstorff Column ("Bernstorffstøtten"), a memorial for Foreign Minister Count Johan Hartvig Ernst Bernstorff in Lyngby, who had early-on instituted agricultural reforms ("landboreformer") on his estate, prior to the land-wide reforms that followed on 20 July 1788.  These land-wide reforms led to the monumental "Frihedsstøtten" in Copenhagen. Work was started August 31, 1792 and it was erected in 1797. It is still on public display although in a new location. The monument was 20 meters high and consisted of an obelisk of red sandstone, a pedestal of grey marble and a base on three steps of red sandstone before the renovation of 1998-1999. Wiedewelt contributed to this piece with the statue "Troskaben", which is one of four sculptures in this large piece, and with the relief "Retfærdighedens Genius". The other artists who contributed to the monument were Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, who designed the overall monument, colleague Andreas Weidenhaupt and Nicolai Dajon.  Between 1785-1801, Wiedewelt created fifteen monuments for the day's important people at Assistens Cemetery near Copenhagen's Northern Gate ("Nørreport"). Of these eight can still be seen today in the park-like setting.

Final Years.

Wiedewelt was chosen eight times as Director of the Art Academy; the last time he held the position was 1793-1794. He worked hard to keep the Academy running well, facing often-shifting attitudes from the court and uncertain royal financial support. He was committed to the end, in spite of ill health in his advanced age.  He also worked until the end, even though his own financial means worsened drastically, and he lived in abject poverty. During his many years of good economy he lived a festive life with no restrictions, and he was very generous. When times became rough, as it did not only for him but also for others who were accustomed to royal support, he suffered along with the royal house's financial problems. In spite of his meager economy he continued to support two elderly sisters, a servant man, as well as a poor cousin. He had never married.  By the end Wiedewelt had pawned most of his belongings, when a final catastrophe proved to be too much for him; a shipload of marble blocks he had purchased with borrowed money went to the bottom of the sea near Læsø. This apparently proved to be more than he could handle, and shortly thereafter on 17 December 1802 he drowned in an apparent suicide in Sortedamsøen, a lake just outside that day's Copenhagen limits. He was buried on Christmas Eve at Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen. His grave monument was made by friend and colleague Andreas Weidenhaupt (1738–1805).

Works.

He had a rich fantasy, and his compositions were easy and natural. His works were tasteful, and influenced by both his French Baroque training and his careful study of and appreciation for late Greek and Roman art. He was well-versed in the use of classical allegory and symbols, especially those having to do with death. He was also inspired by Nordic mythology and ancient, Viking and Icelandic sagas, and made many drawings based on these. Sculptures and reliefs attributed to him and his studio have been lost to time, and are sometimes only evidenced by sketches and engravings.  His works are a part of the royal households and gardens. Those in the gardens are the largest collections of his works in one place. He viewed his garden decorations as creating an outdoors theatre presentation relating to the surrounding trees of various types, to figure groups of sculptures and to decorative columns and obelisks. He had a sense of the developing romantic garden.  His memorial monuments are spread out in churches throughout Denmark, with the royal monuments at Roskilde Cathedral. Many of these monuments can be found at Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.  His drawings are also highly esteemed. He illustrated a deluxe edition of Ludvig Holberg's "Peder Paars" in 1772, engravings for which were made by Johan Frederik Clemens, who collaborated with Wiedewelt on several projects. He also made illustrations for a book by Peder Topp Wandal on the Jægerspris Castle project in 1783. Clemens also engraved these illustrations,  Wiedewelt, along with architect Harsdorff, was one of the primary figures responsible for introducing Neoclassicism to Denmark. He was highly esteemed by his contemporaries and by those artists who followed. He is considered an important transitional figure leading to future generations of Danish artists.  He had a large library of books covering many subjects, which often served as a source of inspiration.  As professor at the Academy he introduced his Neoclassical theories to artistic students. Among his many students was Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, future Director of the Academy and instructor for Bertel Thorvaldsen.

In memory of Wiedewelt.

In 1803, Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, poet and playwright, wrote a well-known elegy in his honour, calling him "Denmark's Phidias".  "Taus hun sukker"
 "Bølgen mildt sig lukker"
 "om den gamle Tindings sølvgråe Haar."
 "Hun forsvinder."
 "Dagen bleg oprinder;"
 "Hist paa Frihedsstøtten Lærken slaaer."

 "Troskab græder"
 "I de hvide Marmorklæder"
 "Kold og bleg, den ranke hulde Mø."
 "Haand paa Brystet"
 "Aldrig aldrig trøstet, "
 "stirrer hun henpå den sorte Sø"

 Silently she sighs
 The mild waves close in
 Round the old man's tempels, his silver-grey hair.
 She disappears.
 The pale day runs out.
 Yonder on Freedom's Monument the lark sounds.

 Faithfulness cries
 In its white marble clothes
 Cold and pale, the proud gracious maiden
 Hand on breast
 Never, never comforted
 She stares out onto the dark lake.

Johannes Wiedewelt (1 July 1731 – 17 December 1802), Danish neoclassical sculptor. He became a court sculptor, introducing neoclassical ideals to Denmark in the form of palace decorations, garden sculptures and artifacts and, especially, memorial monuments. He was undoubtedly the best known Danish sculptor before Bertel Thorvaldsen.


Description.

The Ganzu vole grows to a head and body length of with a moderate-length tail some long. The dorsal fur is dark reddish-brown and the underparts are dark grey, the guard hairs having buff-coloured tips. The upper surfaces of the hands and feet are dark brown. The tail is dark brown above and paler brown below but not obviously bicoloured as is the case in the closely related Kolan vole ("Caryomys inez"). The two species are also differentiated by the arrangement of the cusps on their molars.

Distribution and habitat.

The Ganzu vole is endemic to mountainous regions of China where it is found in the provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Hubei, Qinghai and Ningxia. Its typical habitat is moist forest with an abundance of mosses and its altitudinal range is above sea level. It seems to occupy the ecological niche that red-backed voles ("Eothenomys" sp.) occupy at lower altitudes.

Ecology.

The Ganzu vole feeds on plant material including buds, leaves, shoots, grasses, seeds and bark.

Status.

The Ganzu vole has a very wide range and is presumed to have a large total population. No specific threats have been identified for this species and there are several protected areas within its range. Although the population trend is unknown, it is unlikely that the species is declining at a fast enough rate to justify listing it in a threatened category so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

The Ganzu vole, Eva's red-backed vole, Eva's vole, Gansu vole, or Taozhou vole ("Caryomys eva") is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in mountain forests in China. The IUCN has assessed it as being of "least concern".


History.

By 1805, many Mennonites from Pennsylvania had settled nearby in Berlin but Wellesley Township itself was not surveyed until 1842-43, by which time squatters had occupied in certain areas.  In 1837, John Philip Schweitzer from Germany squatted at what is now Hawkesville, and had of land cleared over the following nine years. Then, John Hawke received government permission to buy the clearing for $700.00 on the condition that he build a grist mill (for flour) and a sawmill within two years.  The village of St. Clements was settled in 1840, by Michael Spiehlmacker. A post office opened in 1853. By 1864, there was a large Roman Catholic church, two stores, three hotels and some tradesmen, although the population was only about 100. By 1869, the population had increased to 200 and the post office was receiving mail daily.  Records from 1846 about the entire Township indicate that much of the land had been "Queen's Rush, crown land, where fifty acre lots were given away to actual settlers". The Population of the entire township in 1841, was only 254.  The area now the village of Wellesley on the Nith River was first settled in 1847, by John Smith and was originally called "Schmidtsville". The post office opened in 1851 and the village was renamed "Wellesley" after Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, the eldest brother of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. The community quickly grew to be the largest economic centre in rural Waterloo County, with a wood mill, feed mill, a grain mill (which still stands after being constructed in 1856), leather tanner, cheese factory, restaurants and housing, and many other businesses that also brought much trade to the town from the nearby farms and farming villages. By 1864, the village also had two stores, a flour mill, three wagon makers, boot and shoe shops, a hotel two churches and a school with 78 students. By 1869, the population of the village of Wellesley was 400; the nearest rail station was away in Baden.  The village of Heidelberg was settled in the 1840s and had a post office by 1855, receiving mail three times a week. By 1864, it contained two stores, two hotels, a Lutheran Church, and a school; the population was about 250. The township had three Roman Catholic Separate schools. In 1869, the village of Bamberg had a population of 200; it was on the stagecoach line to St. Agatha.  When the Waterloo County boundaries were established in 1852 to include the townships of Waterloo, Wellesley, Wilmot, Woolwich, and North Dumfries, John Hawke was named the first reeve of Wellesley and the first township hall was built in Hawkesville. When the decision was being made for the location of a county seat, Hawkesville originally anticipated being chosen over Berlin and Galt. However, John Hawke had the deciding vote, and he cast it in favour of Berlin. With the railway and the county seat, Berlin began to grow rapidly and kept on growing; Hawkesville flourished only until the end of the century before diminishing.  At the end of the 1900s, the area was home to doctors, blacksmiths, and merchants, as well as a tannery, hotels, and churches. Into the early 1900s, the village carriage and wagon maker, George Diefenbacker (his preferred spelling) would entertain his grandson, John Diefenbaker, each summer.  The first library in Wellesley Village was incorporated in 1900, and except for the period between 1916 and 1921, there has been continuous public library service ever since. The current branch, now part of the Region of Waterloo Library system, is located in the former S.S. No. 16 Wellesley Township public school building. The school closed its doors in 1967. The building gradually came back to life as the library was placed in the left classroom on the main floor in July 1970.  A residential summer camp for children has been located on Paradise Lake, located near Bamberg, since 1924; Camp Ki-WaY was owned by the Kiwanis Club until 2009 when it was donated to the YMCA. The early settlers of Bamberg were from Germany and the village was initially named Weimar; it was changed to Bamberg in 1852. The first settlers were squatters, including the Moser and Kroetsch families. By 1904, Bamberg, had two general stores, various businesses, a brewery, and post office.

Geography.

The country scenery and rolling hills, along with its small town feel, have gradually transformed the township into a growing commuter town with a population mostly living in suburban developments, and travelling into the nearby cities of Kitchener and Waterloo for work.  Hawkesville never would get the railroad. On a hill itself, ringed by the flat of the Conestoga River, itself inside a ring of tall hills, it was deemed too difficult a task to bring the trains through town. Instead of progress, Hawkesville has maintained the charm of the surrounding sugar maple woods and the quiet river banks. Summer mornings are sure to find a few young fishermen reclined on the bank, reeling in northern pike, yellow perch, and rainbow trout.  To the south, the tall hills beyond the river plain shelters a large gravel pit and in the skies over the hills, the river, the village and the woods, are sure to be found the red-tailed hawk and the common sightings of cardinals, blue jays, robins, chickadees, nuthatch, and numerous song sparrow.  Paradise Lake is surrounded by cottages on private land; there is no public access to the water nor a public beach.

Communities.

The township of Wellesley comprises the communities of Bamberg, Crosshill, Dorking, Hawkesville, Heidelberg, Kingwood, Knight's Corners, Linwood, Macton, Paradise Lake, St. Clements, Wallenstein and Wellesley.

Demographics.

The population of the township at the time of the 2016 census was 11,260. The following chart shows the growth since 1991: Private dwellings occupied by usual residents in 2016: 3,337 (total dwellings: 3,403).

Economy.

Most of the earlier companies have left the town of Wellesley, but many historic buildings still remain that enrich the heritage of the downtown area. A notable business that had its beginning in Wellesley is Erb Transport, which moved to the nearby town of New Hamburg. Presently, the largest businesses in town are Wellesley Apple Products (founded in 1922), two hardware and lumber retailers, two feed retailers, a gas station, a bank, an arena, an accessible playground, a splash pad, a community centre, a grocery store, a drug store, a furniture store, a funeral home, retirement residences, three auto body shops, insurance brokerages, a veterinary clinic, a bakery, a flower shop, a movie store, a pizza shop, a chiropractor, a catering business, three restaurants, a butcher shop, gourmet meats and deli, an art gallery, and numerous hair dressers.  Hawkesville is home to several small and medium size businesses including the larger Frey Building Contractors and the Country Lane Builders. The town is home to three furniture businesses: Chervin Custom Woodworks, Hawkwoods Custom Furniture, and Homestead Woodworks. Hawkesville was also home to Noah Martin and his famous summer sausage. Since his passing, Noah Martin's summer sausage has been made outside of Hawkesville.  The largest employer in the township is Jones Feed Mill, located in Linwood. They manufacture a large array of livestock and pet feeds as well as edible grains out of four facilities. The mill has been family run for almost 100 years. Currently Jeff Jones, grandson of the founder, is the president and CEO. Linwood is also home to Linwood Veterinary Services, one of the largest farm animal veterinary clinics in southwestern Ontario.  Also, there are many small manufacturing companies in the township such as EMB Manufacturing, makers of the Wallenstein brand of forestry equipment.

Arts and culture.

In celebration of some of the town's most well-known exports, the Wellesley Apple Butter and Cheese Festival was first held in 1975, and has been held annually on the last Saturday in September ever since. The festivities include many street market venues, coach rides, remote-controlled boat races, open heritage sites and amusements, horseshoe-pitching contests, guided farm tours, live music, meals that can be purchased on the main street, and a classic car show, all of which now attract thousands of visitors each year.  Linwood hosted its first Elvis festival in August 2008. This features Elvis impersonators from throughout Ontario.  On June 24, 2006, the town held its first annual Art Around the Pond gala where artisans of all kind were able to exhibit and advertise their creations and expertise. Stalls and tables are organized around the north and south sides of the Wellesley Pond while visitors can navigate the trail on the east side to access both ends. Speeches by local governors are given and live music is played on the central island.  The Wellesley Fall Fair is held once every year on the second Tuesday and Wednesday of September following Labour Day. There is a parade at around noon on the Wednesday that the local public school participates in and there are also rides and activities located on the community centre grounds.  Wellesley has also held the Wellesley Santa Claus Parade early in December since 2005 which includes floats created by many local businesses, churches and other organizations from around the area mainly driving down Queen's Bush Road, Nafziger Road, Maple Leaf Street, and Molesworth Street.  Though only the Hawkesville Mennonite Church and the Countryside Conservative Mennonite Fellowship remain, Hawkesville has been the birthplace of several congregations. A Presbyterian congregation worshipped in town from 1868 to 1946. Their old church building was dedicated as Hawkesville Mennonite Church on January 1, 1950.  A United Brethren church also existed in Hawkesville from 1865 until 1904. The gothic windows and rafters are still visible inside the shop of Hawkwoods Custom Furniture.  Another group started meeting in 1931 and completed the building of a Gospel Hall next door to the village's cemetery in 1939. This group became the Hawkesville Bible Chapel, but their Hall became overcrowded and they moved into a new building in Wallenstein in 1968 where the Wallenstein Bible Chapel remains today.  The first Catholic Church built in the township was a log church built in St. Clements around 1840, in 1853, the log church was deemed too small and in 1858, a large brick church was completed. A brass band from Buffalo, New York gave a concert before the church dedication. At the time of its opening, it was said to be the largest and finest church west of Toronto.  The Region of Waterloo Library operates branches in St. Clements, Linwood and Wellesley Village, which host author readings, family storytimes, and a variety of other programs.

Sports.

Wellesley is home to the Wellesley Applejacks, a junior hockey team that plays in the Provincial Junior Hockey League.  The Linwood Chiefs are the township's main junior fastball club and play in the South Perth Men's Fastball League.  The Wellesley Fishing Derby is an annual event, held on Labour Day Monday, also located on the pond in which fishers attempt to catch three tagged fish which cash prizes are awarded for.  On occasion, the Canadian Horseshoe Pitching Championships are held in Wellesley at the Kitchener-Waterloo Khaki Club. They've been in town the years of 1983, 1985, 1995, and 2001.  The community hosts an inter-township soap box derby, Wellesley Soap Box Classic that includes numerous teams and individual contestants who race their vehicles down the hill of Nafziger Road, just short of the downtown area.

The Township of Wellesley is the rural, north-western township of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. It encompasses and had a population of 11,260 in the Canada 2016 Census.


Demographics.

India census, Bakhtiyarpur had a population of 47,897. Males constitute 52.5% of the population and females 47.5%. Bakhtiyarpur has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the state average of 61.8 %; with 78% of the males and 61.1 % of females literate. About 18% of the population is under 6 years of age. Sex ratio is at 903 against the state average of 918. Majority of the residents follow Hinduism, approx. 95%, but there is scant presence of Sikhs and Jains(0.01%) and approx. 5% of Muslims.

Naming.

Bakhtiarpur is named after Bakhtiyar Khilji, who was military general of Qutb-ud- din Aybak and responsible for destruction of Nalanda University and later founded bakhtiyar city  Bakhtiyarpur railway station is located on the Howrah–Delhi main line and is about 46 km away from Patna. Bakhtiyarpur-Tilaiya line also originates here, connecting Rajgir, Bihar Sharif and Harnaut of Nalanda district up to Tilaiya and to be extended to Koderma Junction railway station.  Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport, Patna is the nearest airport. Gaya Airport is also close to Bakhtiyarpur city with a distance of approximately 120 km.  Bakhtiarpur is connected to Patna by NH 31, a 4-lane Expressway in the west, and NH 20 towards south to connect Bihar Sharif up to Ranchi and Barh in the east. Regular bus service is available for these places. It is also connected to Mokama by a 2-lane NH parallel to the Ganga River. A 4-lane bridge Bakhtiyarpur-Tajpur Bridge is also under construction for connecting Patna district to Samastipur district. A state highway road SH 108 between bakhtiyarpur and fatuha which is old NH 30,

Bakhtiyarpur is a block and a notified area in Patna district in the state of Bihar, India. Bakhtiyarpur is under the Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency), and is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Bihar in Patna District under the Barh sub-division of Bihar. It is a major railway junction in Danapur railway division, ECR. The incumbent Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar belongs to Bakhtiyarpur.


Sports Involvement.

Asian Games.

In 1966, he earned the accolade of being the fastest man in Asia by winning three gold medals at the Bangkok Asian Games in the 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m Men's Relay events.

Commonwealth Games.

At the Kingston Commonwealth Games in 1966, Dr Jega became the first Malaysian to qualify for the final of the 220-yard (now the 200 m) race.  Dr Jegathesan was not only an accomplished athlete, doctor and researcher, but held important responsibilities as Chairman of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) Medical Commission and honorary Medical Advisor for the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games.  In an interview with the New Straits Times, Dr Jega said it was a great honour, to serve his country.  "But in whatever capacity, being part of the Commonwealth Games in itself keeps the adrenaline pumping as it brings back fond memories," he said.

Olympic Games.

Dr Jega has competed in three consecutive Olympic Games, namely Rome (1960), Tokyo (1964) and Mexico (1968).  Dr Jegathesan qualified for two 200 m semi-finals in the Olympics and his time of 20.92 s, set in 1968 at the Mexico Olympics, still remains in the Malaysian athletics records book.  His 200 m record is probably the oldest in the records books but as much as he would love to see his record remain intact, he hopes Malaysian athletes would take down his record and to reinstate the country's status as a leading power in athletics, as it did in the 1960s.  "It is my sincere hope to see Malaysia emerge as an athletics powerhouse in the region and appear in the final of a major event like the Asian, Commonwealth or Olympic Games," he said.

References.

Sports Reference

Tan Sri Dr. Jegathesan Manikavasagam (born 2 November 1943), is often referred to as the "Flying Doctor of Malaysia" for his athletic achievements in Asia, despite being firstly a medical student then a doctor. He was an icon in the 1960s, regarded as the "Golden Era" of Malaysian athletics. In his hey day, he was regarded as the fastest man in Asia. He served the government health service for 32 years including the posts of Director of the Institute for Medical Research and Deputy Director-General of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections

Election summaries.

Following the 1810 Census, the House was reapportioned, adding 39 new seats.

Special elections.

There were special elections in 1812 and 1813 to the 12th United States Congress and 13th United States Congress.  Special elections are sorted by date then district.

Connecticut.

Connecticut elected its members September 21, 1812. Its apportionment was unchanged after the 1810 census.

Delaware.

Delaware gained a seat after the 1810 Census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.  Delaware elected its members October 6, 1812.

Georgia.

Georgia gained two seats after the 1810 Census.  Georgia elected its members October 5, 1812.

Kentucky.

Kentucky gained four seats after the 1810 Census.  Georgia elected its members August 3, 1812.

Louisiana.

Louisiana held its election for the 13th Congress September 28–30, 1812, at the same time as the election for the 12th Congress, with nearly-identical results.

Maryland.

Maryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.

Massachusetts.

Massachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 Census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.

New Hampshire.

New Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 Census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.

New Jersey.

New Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and the state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).  There was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated:

New York.

Ten seats were added after the 1810 Census, bringing New York's representation to 27, the largest of any state at the time. New York would remain the state with the most members until surpassed by California in the 1970 Census. There were two separate House of Representatives elections in 1812. The first was held in April 1812 for an un-reapportioned 17 representatives. This election was subsequently declared void and a new election was held on December 15–17, 1812, in which only three incumbents ran and two of whom were re-elected. New York thereby lost 4 Democratic-Republicans and gained 14 Federalists.

North Carolina.

North Carolina gained one representative as a result of the Census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.

Ohio.

The 1810 Census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.  There was aspecial election in the, held due to the death of Representative-elect John S. Edward before Congress met. That election was won by Reasin Beall.

Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania gained five seats in the House of Representatives as a result of the Census of 1810, which awarded it a total of 23 seats. Pennsylvania was re-districted into 15 districts, one with 4 seats, five with 2, and the remaining nine with 1 seat each. There were seven open seats for this election, five resulting from the increase in apportionment, and two resulting from the retirement of incumbents. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.

Rhode Island.

Rhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held August 25, 1812.

South Carolina.

South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 Census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12–13, 1812.

Tennessee.

Tennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 Census.  Its elections were held April 1–2, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.

Vermont.

Vermont gained two seats after the 1810 Census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).  Its elections were held September 1, 1812.

Virginia.

Virginia gained one seat after the 1810 Census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.  Its elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.

Non-voting delegates.

Four territories had delegates in the 13th Congress: Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their delegates in 1812 for both the end of the 12th and the start of the 13th Congresses.

Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 13th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1812 and August 1813 as James Madison was re-elected President.