History.

Early Years (1929–1983).

The club was founded on December 23, 1929, as "Club Deportivo Santa Rosa Lo Barnechea". Its name was changed to Deportivo Lo Barnechea in 1943.

Cuarta División (1983–1988).

Barnechea was part of the first season of the Chilean Cuarta División in 1983, where it played until 1988. A second-place finish behind Municipal Las Condes that season saw Barnechea promoted to the Chilean Tercera División.

Tercera División (1988–2011).

In the 2009–10 season the team played the Liguilla de Ascenso, finishing in 3rd place behind Trasandino and Magallanes.  The next season saw Barnechea win the Third Division, finishing 1st in the Liguilla de Ascenso, above Arturo Fernández Vial, Iberia Los Ángeles and Municipal Mejillones.

Primera División B (2011–2014).

In 2011–12 it played the Chilean Primera División B, finishing in 2nd place with 66 points. It won a place to play the two-legged promotion final against the third-placed Ñublense. After both the first leg (1–1) and second leg (2–2) finished in draws, the play-off went to penalties, where Barnechea lost 7–6.  The club had a final chance at promotion in the relegation play-off against the 16th-placed team of the Chilean Primera División, Cobresal. Barnechea won the first leg 3–1 at the Estadio Santa Laura with goals from Ignacio Caroca and Francisco Ibañez adding to an Eduardo Farías own goal. Agustín Vuletich scored for Cobresal. However, it lost the return leg 3–0 at Estadio El Cobre with a goal from Eduardo Martinez and two from Jose Miguel Cuéllar.  In the season 2013–14, AC Barnechea finished in 4th place with 59 points and won a place in the Play-off for the Second Promotion to the First Division. They defeated Santiago Morning in the semi-finals, winning 2–1 over two legs. In the finals against San Luis, Barnechea won the first leg 1–0 but lost the return fixture by the same score. Their captain and goalkeeper Jorge Manduca scored the decisive penalty in the resulting shoot-out to send Barnechea through to the Chilean Primera División 2014–15 by a 4–3 margin.

Primera Division (2014–2015).

On August 3, 2014, Nicolas Maturana scored Barnechea's first-ever goal in the top flight against Audax Italiano. A week later, Barnechea won their first match in the First Division, with Francisco Ibañez scoring the only goal in a 1–0 win against San Marcos de Arica.  The club were relegated to Chilean Primera Division B at the end of the 2014–15 season after finishing 18th.

Primera División B (2015–2018).

Back to the second category, the team started with a triumph before Deportes Concepción, followed by a tie as a visitor to Deportes Iberia and other local before Ñublense. But already in the fourth date, began to notice the fragility of the game – except the win 5–2 before Deportes La Serena as a visitor at the sixth date – where the results did not accompany and the game nor After the bad campaign, where the team was 13 dates without win. While they had a light of hope from the dates 20 and 21, the fall before the champion of the meeting, Deportes Temuco returned to its dark reality, such that the left trembling throughout this stage, until the equipment that came from further back, began to win games and obtain important points in his fight to save the category. The defeat before Coquimbo Unido of visit by 4–2 in the last date, determined its eventual decline to the third category of Chilean soccer, with a meager statistics only 5 wins, 8 draws and 17 defeats, with 25 goals in favor and 54 against, which gave him a difference of −29 and a figure of 23 points of 90 possible (its final performance was a 25.56%), ending the team in the 16th position (last), being relegated to the Segunda División for the season 2016–17. In the following season, the team won the Segunda División, being promoted to the Primera B for 2017, and in 2018, the team reached the semifinals of the Copa Chile for the first time in its history.

Athletic Club Barnechea is a Chilean Football club based in the Lo Barnechea commune of Santiago, Chile. They currently play in the second level of Chilean football, the Primera B.


Overview.

Nao, a Japanese American second generation or a teenage native Californian girl, experiences the pain and discomfort of being uprooted from her home in Silicon Valley after her father loses his job, prompting her family's move back to Tokyo. Identifying as an American, feeling like "an ordinary California girl adopted by Japanese parents," she feels alienated in her new environment and finds it difficult to relate to the Japanese part of her identity. Part of this discomfort derives from the fact that – unlike her parents, who identify as Japanese and speak the language fluently – she only speaks Japanese on a conversational level and has very limited knowledge about, as well as exposure to, the culture.  Identifying more as an American, she feels a complete discord with her surroundings, and feels as if her "life is unreal, and Sunnyvale, which was real, was a jillion miles away in time and space, like the beautiful Earth from outer space." She struggles in assimilating to a new, Japanese environment and experiences the disorientation of being viewed as "the other" in the country of her ethnic heritage. Her foreignness in Japan, as an American, causes relentless bullying from her classmates at a public Japanese school.  Not only does she have to grapple with her own social struggles, Nao is also plagued with an unhappy family life. Her father, unable to find a job in Japan, falls into a state of depression – withdrawing from the world and going into a state of social seclusion, or hikikomori – and attempts suicide twice. Her mother is constantly absent from the house, busy with her new job at a publishing firm, which she has taken up to compensate for her husband's unemployment.  Unable to find hope for the future in her current circumstances, Nao is considering suicide when she first starts writing her diary at a French maid café in Akihabara. Before she takes her own life, Nao is determined to document the life of her great grandmother, a Buddhist nun who is more than one hundred years old. Nao finds comfort in writing in her diary, addressing an imagined reader and friend. Nao becomes distracted while she is writing the diary, however, and what she actually ends up doing is capturing her own life to readers. Her diary entries cover a broad range of topics, and are characterized by their non-linear chronology; she jumps back in time to describe events that have taken place further back in the past, and makes frequent interjections – both to speak to the reader, and to send text messages to her grandmother.  Things start to look more positive after she spends a summer with her grandmother in Sendai, however. Jiko introduces Nao to new concepts such as "zazen" and helps her find a way to seek spiritual solace from her turbulent daily life and allow her to gain psychological strength to deal with difficult circumstances. Through Jiko, Nao forms a stronger connection to Japan. While Nao is in Sendai, she also unravels some family history, finding out about her great-uncle's involvement in World War II.  On the other side of the Pacific, Ruth, a novelist living on a small island off the coast of British Columbia, finds a Hello Kitty lunchbox washed up on the beach—possibly debris from the tsunami that struck Japan in 2011. Inside is Nao's diary, and Ruth becomes heavily invested in this narrative, and in finding out Nao's fate. Due to the geographic seclusion and rural nature of her home, Ruth feels isolated from the rest of the world in her environment. She feels a strong connection to Nao, and yearns to locate her in the real world in order to affirm her wellbeing. Ruth succeeds in finding several traces of Nao's father and great-grandmother online; however, her efforts to do so are continually thwarted. These attempts eventually culminate in a curious convergence between the two worlds.

Cultural context.

In the 1980s and 1990s, many assimilation and immigration narratives had been published within the canon of Asian American women's literature; one example of such a novel is "Jasmine". Ozeki's novel, however, marks the emergence of new genre of narratives: the return narrative, which depicts immigrants' assimilation back into the country of their ethnic heritage.

A Tale for the Time Being is a metafictional novel by Ruth Ozeki narrated by two characters, a sixteen-year-old Japanese American girl in Tokyo who keeps a diary, and a Japanese American writer living on an island off British Columbia who finds the diary washed up on shore some time after the 2011 tsunami that devastated Japan.


Biography.

Pepper was born Curtis G. Pepper II in Huntington, West Virginia. After a boyhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Champagne, Illinois, he entered the University of Illinois, majoring in art and architecture while writing for the student newspaper, "The Daily Illini". During the summer vacation of his second year, he handled the city-desk phones for the "New York Post", followed by front-page reports to the "New York World-Telegram" while cycling through Europe. Upon his return, he worked for the paper's cultural desk, interviewing stage and screen celebrities, until leaving to edit the "Palm Springs News" in California.  During World War II, he joined MIS-X, a specialized branch of military intelligence dealing with combat deception, escape and evasion, and edited the MIS-X manual for the U.S. Army, while also lecturing on this subject at military and air corps bases throughout the U.S. Assigned to the Italian theater, he joined A-Force, a field unit of MIS-X on the 5th Army front – covertly setting up "rat lines" behind the German lines to bring back downed pilots and escaped prisoners of war. From there, he was assigned to MI-9, an escape and evasion command in the British 8th Army, where he was twice cited in dispatches. He received a Bronze Star from the U.S. Army for wartime services.  After V-E Day, he remained in Italy to command a field unit investigating 143 alleged war crimes against U.S. Army and Air Corps personnel. Eventually retiring with rank of a major, he returned to Italy to study the Italian Renaissance at the University of Florence, and write a first, unpublished novel. At the same time, he free-lanced magazine articles and film scripts. In 1951, he joined the Rome bureau of the United Press, and three years later moved to CBS with special reporting for Edward R. Murrow. In 1956, as chief of bureau for "Newsweek" he produced cover stories on Italy's political leaders, film stars and directors, the death and election of three popes, the theology of the Second Vatican Council, profiles of kings, presidents and dictators in Jordan, Greece, Israel, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain and Yugoslavia.  He left Newsweek in 1966 to focus on his book writing.  Pepper was married to Beverly Pepper, the sculptor. The couple had two children: Jorie Graham, the poet, and John Randolph Pepper, photographer and director of theater and film. He divided his time between Umbria in Italy and New York City.

Literary career.

His first book, "The Pope's Backyard", was published by Farrar Straus in 1966. After he left "Newsweek," his second book, "An Artist and the Pope" (Grosset & Dunlap, 1968) covered the friendship between Pope John XXIII and the Marxist sculptor, Giacomo Manzù. After sculpting new doors for St. Peter's Basilica, Manzù did a bronze portrait of Pope John and, eventually, the death mask of his beloved friend, with a cast of the hands that had written Pacem in Terris. A Book of the Month and Catholic Book Club choice, it was condensed with a double cover in "Life", and published in seven foreign editions.  The third book, "Christiaan Barnard: One Life" (Macmillan, 1969) – his a scripted autobiography of the South African surgeon, culminating in the first human-to-human heart transplant, was a main selection of the Literary Guild and the "Reader's Digest" Book Club with ten foreign editions. The novel "Marco" (Rawson Associates, 1977) prefigured the Karen Quinlan-Terry Schiavano cases, was a Book of the Month Club Alternate. A fifth work, "Kidnapped!" (Harmony Books, 1978), focused on the kidnapping industry in Italy through seventeen days of terror experienced by Paolo Lazzaroni, millionaire son of Italy's "Biscuit King."  A sixth book, "We The Victors" (Doubleday, 1984) emerged from a four-year study of 100 people who survived cancer, the critical survival factors, and how this altered their lives. Serialized in the U.S. and abroad, the book was initially featured on the cover of "The New York Times Sunday Magazine".  His biographical novel, "Leonardo" (Alan C. Hood & Co., 2012), explores the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci, the formation of his universal mind, and development of his art as he emerged from a traumatic childhood – bastard son of a Circassian slave unwanted by his father, yet nurtured by the love of Albi his young stepmother who appears in his evolving portrayals of the Virgin Mary, culminating in a pregnant Mona Lisa.

Curtis Bill Pepper (August 30, 1917 – April 4, 2014) was an American journalist and author. Pepper was "Newsweek"s Mediterranean bureau chief in Rome from 1957 to 1969. He also worked for Edward R. Murrow at the Rome bureau of CBS, and covered the Vatican for United Press. Of his seven books, the last work, "Leonardo", was a biographical novel of Leonardo da Vinci. It was conceived in the years following his studies of the Italian Renaissance at the University of Florence.


Life & Work.

Stonequist was born in Worcester, Mass. and received his A.B. degree in History and Sociology at Clark University. He later studied at Cornell University, Columbia University, and the University of Paris. He received his doctorate in Sociology at the University of Chicago in 1930.  Stonequist taught and conducted research at the University of Hawaii, Duke University, and the University of Missouri. In 1970 Stonequist was honored by Union College in Schenectady for his contributions to the area of race relations. His expertise extended into many areas of research, including the problems of Jews living in primarily Gentile areas, and conditions in Ethiopia, Cyprus, Egypt, Kenya, Jordan, and Israel. In these respects he was clearly as much an anthropologist by inclination as a sociologist.  Stonequist spent most of his academic life teaching at Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, where he was a well-known figure as a leader on the city's planning commission and housing authority. His work led to the construction of low-cost housing to local residents, and the Stonequist Apartments senior citizen complex. He chaired the Saratoga Springs Housing Authority for almost 30 years and was a technical consultant and planner for the city planning board for 19 years. He was a popular speaker who was widely sought by high school groups and civic, social, and religious organizations.  ""He chaired the Skidmore College Department of Sociology from 1930 to 1970. His book, The Marginal Man, called attention to the problems experienced by people making transitions between different cultures, and specifically to pressures felt by minority and ethnic group members in American society. The book is generally credited with laying groundwork for later studies of "marginal" ethnic and occupational groups.""  Stonequist's sociological work on marginality builds on that of his chief mentor at Chicago, Robert E. Park. ""R. E. Park...[was] Stonequist's teacher and the originator of the term marginal man""  Park's notion that an individual suspended between two cultural realities is marginal results in difficulties in establishing an identity. This work was continued and developed further by Howard S. Becker and others most notably J M Billson, L H Bowker, F M Cox, A F Buono, J B Kamm, J Golden, Mark A Grey, and R A Stebbins.  ""One of Park's students [at Chicago], Everett Stonequist, was writing "The Marginal Man--A Study in Personality and Culture Conflict" (1937). He described the marginal man as "one who is poised in psychological uncertainty between two or more social worlds, reflecting in his soul the discords and harmonies, repulsions and attractions of these worlds." Stonequist's study examines representative types of marginal persons.""  In 1980, Dr. Stonequist's family and friends established the Everett V. Stonequist Award, given annually to a graduating senior who has shown outstanding interest and achievement in the study of sociology at Skidmore. The recipient, whose interest and grades in sociology are among the award criteria, is selected by the faculty of the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work.

Everett Verner Stonequist (October 5, 1901 - March 26, 1979) was an American Sociologist perhaps best known for his 1937 book, "The Marginal Man"


History.

The Heartbeat Extension for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocols was proposed as a standard in February 2012 by. It provides a way to test and keep alive secure communication links without the need to renegotiate the connection each time. In 2011, one of the RFC's authors, Robin Seggelmann, then a Ph.D. student at the Fachhochschule Münster, implemented the Heartbeat Extension for OpenSSL. Following Seggelmann's request to put the result of his work into OpenSSL, his change was reviewed by Stephen N. Henson, one of OpenSSL's four core developers. Henson failed to notice a bug in Seggelmann's implementation, and introduced the flawed code into OpenSSL's source code repository on December 31, 2011. The defect spread with the release of OpenSSL version 1.0.1 on March 14, 2012. Heartbeat support was enabled by default, causing affected versions to be vulnerable.

Discovery.

According to Mark J. Cox of OpenSSL, Neel Mehta of Google's security team secretly reported Heartbleed on April 1, 2014 11:09 UTC.  The bug was named by an engineer at Codenomicon, a Finnish cyber security company that also created the bleeding heart logo and launched the domain to explain the bug to the public. While Google's security team reported Heartbleed to OpenSSL first, both Google and Codenomicon discovered it independently at approximately the same time. Codenomicon reports April 3, 2014 as their date of discovery and their date of notification of NCSC-FI for vulnerability coordination.  At the time of disclosure, some 17% (around half a million) of the Internet's secure web servers certified by trusted authorities were believed to be vulnerable to the attack, allowing theft of the servers' private keys and users' session cookies and passwords. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, Ars Technica, and Bruce Schneier all deemed the Heartbleed bug "catastrophic". "Forbes" cybersecurity columnist Joseph Steinberg wrote:  A British Cabinet spokesman recommended that: On the day of disclosure, the Tor Project advised:  "The Sydney Morning Herald" published a timeline of the discovery on April 15, 2014, showing that some organizations had been able to patch the bug before its public disclosure. In some cases, it is not clear how they found out.

Bugfix and deployment.

Bodo Möller and Adam Langley of Google prepared the fix for Heartbleed. The resulting patch was added to Red Hat's issue tracker on March 21, 2014. Stephen N. Henson applied the fix to OpenSSL's version control system on April 7th. The first fixed version, 1.0.1g, was released on the same day., 309,197 public web servers remained vulnerable., according to a report from Shodan, nearly 180,000 internet-connected devices were still vulnerable. The number had dropped to 144,000, according to a search on shodan.io for “vuln:cve-2014-0160”.

Certificate renewal and revocation.

According to Netcraft, about 30,000 of the 500,000+ X.509 certificates which could have been compromised due to Heartbleed had been reissued by April 11, 2014, although fewer had been revoked.  By May 9, 2014, only 43% of affected web sites had reissued their security certificates. In addition, 7% of the reissued security certificates used the potentially compromised keys. Netcraft stated: eWeek said, "[Heartbleed is] likely to remain a risk for months, if not years, to come."

Exploitation.

The Canada Revenue Agency reported a theft of Social Insurance Numbers belonging to 900 taxpayers, and said that they were accessed through an exploit of the bug during a 6-hour period on April 8, 2014. After the discovery of the attack, the agency shut down its website and extended the taxpayer filing deadline from April 30 to May 5. The agency said it would provide credit protection services at no cost to anyone affected. On April 16, the RCMP announced they had charged a computer science student in relation to the theft with "unauthorized use of a computer" and "mischief in relation to data".  The UK parenting site Mumsnet had several user accounts hijacked, and its CEO was impersonated. The site later published an explanation of the incident saying it was due to Heartbleed and the technical staff patched it promptly.  Anti-malware researchers also exploited Heartbleed to their own advantage in order to access secret forums used by cybercriminals. Studies were also conducted by deliberately setting up vulnerable machines. For example, on April 12, 2014, at least two independent researchers were able to steal private keys from an experimental server intentionally set up for that purpose by CloudFlare. Also, on April 15, 2014, J. Alex Halderman, a professor at University of Michigan, reported that his honeypot server, an intentionally vulnerable server designed to attract attacks in order to study them, had received numerous attacks originating from China. Halderman concluded that because it was a fairly obscure server, these attacks were probably sweeping attacks affecting large areas of the Internet.  In August 2014, it was made public that the Heartbleed vulnerability enabled hackers to steal security keys from Community Health Systems, the second-biggest for-profit U.S. hospital chain in the United States, compromising the confidentiality of 4.5 million patient records. The breach happened a week after Heartbleed was first made public.

Possible prior knowledge and exploitation.

Many major web sites patched the bug or disabled the Heartbeat Extension within days of its announcement, but it is unclear whether potential attackers were aware of it earlier and to what extent it was exploited.  Based on examinations of audit logs by researchers, it has been reported that some attackers may have exploited the flaw for at least five months before discovery and announcement. Errata Security pointed out that a widely used non-malicious program called "Masscan", introduced six months before Heartbleed's disclosure, abruptly terminates the connection in the middle of handshaking in the same way as Heartbleed, generating the same server log messages, adding "Two new things producing the same error messages might seem like the two are correlated, but of course, they aren't."  According to Bloomberg News, two unnamed insider sources informed it that the United States' National Security Agency had been aware of the flaw since shortly after its appearance butinstead of reporting itkept it secret among other unreported zero-day vulnerabilities in order to exploit it for the NSA's own purposes. The NSA has denied this claim, as has Richard A. Clarke, a member of the National Intelligence Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies that reviewed the United States' electronic surveillance policy; he told Reuters on April 11, 2014 that the NSA had not known of Heartbleed. The allegation prompted the American government to make, for the first time, a public statement on its zero-day vulnerabilities policy, accepting the recommendation of the review group's 2013 report that had asserted "in almost all instances, for widely used code, it is in the national interest to eliminate software vulnerabilities rather than to use them for US intelligence collection", and saying that the decision to withhold should move from the NSA to the White House.

Behavior.

The RFC 6520 Heartbeat Extension tests TLS/DTLS secure communication links by allowing a computer at one end of a connection to send a "Heartbeat Request" message, consisting of a payload, typically a text string, along with the payload's length as a 16-bit integer. The receiving computer then must send exactly the same payload back to the sender.  The affected versions of OpenSSL allocate a memory buffer for the message to be returned based on the length field in the requesting message, without regard to the actual size of that message's payload. Because of this failure to do proper bounds checking, the message returned consists of the payload, possibly followed by whatever else happened to be in the allocated memory buffer.  Heartbleed is therefore exploited by sending a malformed heartbeat request with a small payload and large length field to the vulnerable party (usually a server) in order to elicit the victim's response, permitting attackers to read up to 64 kilobytes of the victim's memory that was likely to have been used previously by OpenSSL. Where a Heartbeat Request might ask a party to "send back the four-letter word 'bird'", resulting in a response of "bird", a "Heartbleed Request" (a malicious heartbeat request) of "send back the 500-letter word 'bird'" would cause the victim to return "bird" followed by whatever 496 subsequent characters the victim happened to have in active memory. Attackers in this way could receive sensitive data, compromising the confidentiality of the victim's communications. Although an attacker has some control over the disclosed memory block's size, it has no control over its location, and therefore cannot choose what content is revealed.

Affected OpenSSL installations.

The affected versions of OpenSSL are OpenSSL 1.0.1 through 1.0.1f (inclusive). Subsequent versions (1.0.1g and later) and previous versions (1.0.0 branch and older) are "not" vulnerable. Installations of the affected versions are vulnerable unless OpenSSL was compiled with "-DOPENSSL_NO_HEARTBEATS".

Vulnerable program and function.

The vulnerable program source files are t1_lib.c and d1_both.c and the vulnerable functions are tls1_process_heartbeat() and dtls1_process_heartbeat().

Patch.

The problem can be fixed by ignoring Heartbeat Request messages that ask for more data than their payload need.  Version 1.0.1g of OpenSSL adds some bounds checks to prevent the buffer over-read. For example, the following test was introduced to determine whether a heartbeat request would trigger Heartbleed; it silently discards malicious requests.  if (1 + 2 + payload + 16 > s->s3->rrec.length) return 0; /* silently discard per RFC 6520 sec. 4 */  The OpenSSL version control system contains a complete list of changes.

Impact.

The data obtained by a Heartbleed attack may include unencrypted exchanges between TLS parties likely to be confidential, including any form post data in users' requests. Moreover, the confidential data exposed could include authentication secrets such as session cookies and passwords, which might allow attackers to impersonate a user of the service.  An attack may also reveal private keys of compromised parties, which would enable attackers to decrypt communications (future or past stored traffic captured via passive eavesdropping, unless perfect forward secrecy is used, in which case only future traffic can be decrypted if intercepted via man-in-the-middle attacks).  An attacker having gained authentication material may impersonate the material's owner after the victim has patched Heartbleed, as long as the material is accepted (for example, until the password is changed or the private key revoked). Heartbleed therefore constitutes a critical threat to confidentiality. However, an attacker impersonating a victim may also alter data. Indirectly, Heartbleed's consequences may thus go far beyond a confidentiality breach for many systems.  A survey of American adults conducted in April 2014 showed that 60 percent had heard about Heartbleed. Among those using the Internet, 39 percent had protected their online accounts, for example by changing passwords or canceling accounts; 29 percent believed their personal information was put at risk because of the Heartbleed bug; and 6 percent believed their personal information had been stolen.

Client-side vulnerability.

Although the bug received more attention due to the threat it represents for servers, TLS clients using affected OpenSSL instances are also vulnerable. In what "The Guardian" therefore dubbed "Reverse Heartbleed", malicious servers are able to exploit Heartbleed to read data from a vulnerable client's memory. Security researcher Steve Gibson said of Heartbleed that:  The stolen data could contain usernames and passwords. Reverse Heartbleed affected millions of application instances. Some of the vulnerable applications are listed in the "Software applications" section below.

Specific systems affected.

Cisco Systems has identified 78 of its products as vulnerable, including IP phone systems and telepresence (video conferencing) systems.

Websites and other online services.

An analysis posted on GitHub of the most visited websites on April 8, 2014 revealed vulnerabilities in sites including Yahoo!, Imgur, Stack Overflow, Slate, and DuckDuckGo. The following sites have services affected or made announcements recommending that users update passwords in response to the bug: The Canadian federal government temporarily shut online services of the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and several government departments over Heartbleed bug security concerns. Before the CRA online services were shut down, a hacker obtained approximately 900 social insurance numbers. Another Canadian Government agency, Statistics Canada, had its servers compromised due to the bug and also temporarily took its services offline.  Platform maintainers like the Wikimedia Foundation advised their users to change passwords.  The servers of LastPass were vulnerable, but due to additional encryption and forward secrecy, potential attacks were not able to exploit this bug. However, LastPass recommended that its users change passwords for vulnerable websites.  The Tor Project recommended that Tor relay operators and hidden service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted that Tor relays use two sets of keys and that Tor's multi-hop design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay. 586 relays later found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken off-line as a precautionary measure.  Game-related services including Steam, "Minecraft", Wargaming, "League of Legends", GOG.com, Origin, Sony Online Entertainment, Humble Bundle, and "Path of Exile" were affected and subsequently fixed.

Software applications.

Vulnerable software applications include:  Several other Oracle Corporation applications were affected.

Operating systems/firmware.

Several GNU/Linux distributions were affected, including Debian (and derivatives such as Linux Mint and Ubuntu) and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (and derivatives such as CentOS, Oracle Linux 6 and Amazon Linux), as well as the following operating systems and firmware implementations:

Vulnerability testing services.

Several services have been made available to test whether Heartbleed affects a given site. However, many services have been claimed to be ineffective for detecting the bug. The available tools include:  Other security tools have added support for finding this bug. For example, Tenable Network Security wrote a plugin for its Nessus vulnerability scanner that can scan for this fault. The Nmap security scanner includes a Heartbleed detection script from version 6.45.  Sourcefire has released Snort rules to detect Heartbleed attack traffic and possible Heartbleed response traffic. Open source packet analysis software such as Wireshark and tcpdump can identify Heartbleed packets using specific BPF packet filters that can be used on stored packet captures or live traffic.

Remediation.

Vulnerability to Heartbleed is resolved by updating OpenSSL to a patched version (1.0.1g or later). OpenSSL can be used either as a standalone program, a dynamic shared object, or a statically-linked library; therefore, the updating process can require restarting processes loaded with a vulnerable version of OpenSSL as well as re-linking programs and libraries that linked it statically. In practice this means updating packages that link OpenSSL statically, and restarting running programs to remove the in-memory copy of the old, vulnerable OpenSSL code.  After the vulnerability is patched, server administrators must address the potential breach of confidentiality. Because Heartbleed allowed attackers to disclose private keys, they must be treated as compromised; keypairs must be regenerated, and certificates that use them must be reissued; the old certificates must be revoked. Heartbleed also had the potential to allow disclosure of other in-memory secrets; therefore, other authentication material (such as passwords) should also be regenerated. It is rarely possible to confirm that a system which was affected has not been compromised, or to determine whether a specific piece of information was leaked.  Since it is difficult or impossible to determine when a credential might have been compromised and how it might have been used by an attacker, certain systems may warrant additional remediation work even after patching the vulnerability and replacing credentials. For example, signatures made by keys that were in use with a vulnerable OpenSSL version might well have been made by an attacker; this raises the possibility integrity has been violated, and opens signatures to repudiation. Validation of signatures and the legitimacy of other authentications made with a potentially compromised key (such as client certificate use) must be done with regard to the specific system involved.

Browser security certificate revocation awareness.

Since Heartbleed threatened the privacy of private keys, users of a website which was compromised could continue to suffer from Heartbleed's effects until their browser is made aware of the certificate revocation or the compromised certificate expires. For this reason, remediation also depends on users making use of browsers that have up-to-date certificate revocation lists (or OCSP support) and honour certificate revocations.

Root causes, possible lessons, and reactions.

Although evaluating the total cost of Heartbleed is difficult, eWEEK estimated US$500 million as a starting point.  David A. Wheeler's paper "How to Prevent the next Heartbleed" analyzes why Heartbleed wasn't discovered earlier, and suggests several techniques which could have led to a faster identification, as well as techniques which could have reduced its impact. According to Wheeler, the most efficient technique which could have prevented Heartbleed is a test suite thoroughly performing robustness testing, i.e. testing that invalid inputs cause failures rather than successes. Wheeler highlights that a single general-purpose test suite could serve as a base for all TLS implementations.  According to an article on "The Conversation" written by Robert Merkel, Heartbleed revealed a "massive failure of risk analysis". Merkel thinks OpenSSL gives more importance to performance than to security, which no longer makes sense in his opinion. But Merkel considers that OpenSSL should not be blamed as much as OpenSSL users, who chose to use OpenSSL, without funding better auditing and testing. Merkel explains that two aspects determine the risk that more similar bugs will cause vulnerabilities. One, the library's source code influences the risk of writing bugs with such an impact. Secondly, OpenSSL's processes affect the chances of catching bugs quickly. On the first aspect, Merkel mentions the use of the C programming language as one risk factor which favored Heartbleed's appearance, echoing Wheeler's analysis.  On the same aspect, Theo de Raadt, founder and leader of the OpenBSD and OpenSSH projects, has criticized the OpenSSL developers for writing their own memory management routines and thereby, he claims, circumventing OpenBSD C standard library exploit countermeasures, saying "OpenSSL is not developed by a responsible team." Following Heartbleed's disclosure, members of the OpenBSD project forked OpenSSL into LibreSSL.  The author of the change which introduced Heartbleed, Robin Seggelmann, stated that he "missed validating a variable containing a length" and denied any intention to submit a flawed implementation. Following Heartbleed's disclosure, Seggelmann suggested focusing on the second aspect, stating that OpenSSL is not reviewed by enough people. Although Seggelmann's work was reviewed by an OpenSSL core developer, the review was also intended to verify functional improvements, a situation making vulnerabilities much easier to miss.  OpenSSL core developer Ben Laurie claimed that a security audit of OpenSSL would have caught Heartbleed. Software engineer John Walsh commented: The OpenSSL foundation's president, Steve Marquess, said "The mystery is not that a few overworked volunteers missed this bug; the mystery is why it hasn't happened more often." David A. Wheeler described audits as an excellent way to find vulnerabilities in typical cases, but noted that "OpenSSL uses unnecessarily complex structures, which makes it harder to both humans and machines to review." He wrote: There should be a continuous effort to simplify the code, because otherwise just adding capabilities will slowly increase the software complexity. The code should be refactored over time to make it simple and clear, not just constantly add new features. The goal should be code that is “obviously right”, as opposed to code that is so complicated that “I can’t see any problems”.  LibreSSL made a big code cleanup, removing more than 90,000 lines of C code just in its first week.  According to security researcher Dan Kaminsky, Heartbleed is sign of an economic problem which needs to be fixed. Seeing the time taken to catch this simple error in a simple feature from a "critical" dependency, Kaminsky fears numerous future vulnerabilities if nothing is done. When Heartbleed was discovered, OpenSSL was maintained by a handful of volunteers, only one of whom worked full-time. Yearly donations to the OpenSSL project were about US$2,000. The Heartbleed website from Codenomicon advised money donations to the OpenSSL project. After learning about donations for the 2 or 3 days following Heartbleed's disclosure totaling US$841, Kaminsky commented "We are building the most important technologies for the global economy on shockingly underfunded infrastructure." Core developer Ben Laurie has qualified the project as "completely unfunded". Although the OpenSSL Software Foundation has no bug bounty program, the Internet Bug Bounty initiative awarded US$15,000 to Google's Neel Mehta, who discovered Heartbleed, for his responsible disclosure.  Paul Chiusano suggested Heartbleed may have resulted from failed software economics.  The industry's collective response to the crisis was the Core Infrastructure Initiative, a multimillion-dollar project announced by the Linux Foundation on April 24, 2014 to provide funds to critical elements of the global information infrastructure. The initiative intends to allow lead developers to work full-time on their projects and to pay for security audits, hardware and software infrastructure, travel, and other expenses. OpenSSL is a candidate to become the first recipient of the initiative's funding.  After the discovery Google established Project Zero which is tasked with finding zero-day vulnerabilities to help secure the Web and society.

Heartbleed is a security bug in the OpenSSL cryptography library, which is a widely used implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. It was introduced into the software in 2012 and publicly disclosed in April 2014. Heartbleed may be exploited regardless of whether the vulnerable OpenSSL instance is running as a TLS server or client. It results from improper input validation (due to a missing bounds check) in the implementation of the TLS heartbeat extension. Thus, the bug's name derives from "heartbeat". The vulnerability is classified as a buffer over-read, a situation where more data can be read than should be allowed.


Signs and symptoms.

People affected by SUNCT often describe their headache attacks as excruciating pain. The attacks are severe enough to disrupt daily activities, but hospitalization is not necessary for most affected individuals.

Frequency and duration.

The average number of attacks per day is around 60, ranging from 3 to 200 times.  The attacks can be divided into three groups: single stabs, groups of stabs, and attacks with saw-tooth pattern, from the shortest to the longest duration respectively. The attacks usually last from five seconds to 240 seconds. Typically, longer attacks are more painful due to psychological effects, and patients often feel agitated before and during the attack. They occur mostly in the orbital, supraorbital, or temporal region, but can also occur in the retro-orbital (behind the orbit of the eye) region, side, top, and back of head, second and third trigeminal divisions, teeth, neck, and ear.

Cranial autonomic symptoms associated with headache attacks.

SUNCT often accompanies cranial autonomic symptoms, including lacrimation (tear flow), ipsilateral ptosis (drooping of the eyelid which is on the same side as the attacks), eyelid edema (swelling due to fluid accumulation), nasal blockage, and conjunctival injection (redness of eye). Depending on which division of the trigeminal nerve innervates the area affected, autonomic symptoms may be less obvious. Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic features (SUNA) is a subset of SUNCT and may be diagnosed when fewer autonomic symptoms are observed during attacks.  The majority of SUNCT attacks occur chronically; however, some occur episodically. In chronic SUNCT, attacks can occur regularly or irregularly without a distinct refractory period, whereas in episodic SUNCT, attacks occur only for a certain period of time and then cease for another period. Episodes of attacks last from a few days to a few months, and up to 22 attack episodes in one year have been observed. SUNCT can go into remission even after a chronic period, and relapse either spontaneously or due to some stimulus.

Triggers of headache attacks.

Most of the time SUNCT occurs spontaneously; however, attacks can be triggered by simple daily stimuli such as touching the face or scalp, washing, chewing, eating, talking, coughing, blowing nose, or showering. They also can be triggered by light (including sunlight and fluorescent lights) and injuries. Stimuli capable of triggering a cluster headache, including alcohol, smoke, strong smells and a warm environment, can also trigger SUNCT in a few patients. In some cases, patients with episodic SUNCT only exhibit symptoms biannually, in spring and fall. This periodicity suggests that the hypothalamus, which is responsive to day length and photoperiod for regulating circadian and seasonal rhythms, has a role in its triggering.

Diagnosis.

SUNCT must be properly distinguished from cluster headaches, since cluster headaches also occur several times per day with separate attacks, and share some common symptoms. However, cluster headaches usually last longer (up to three hours), occur less often (three to five attacks per day), and do not accompany cranial autonomic symptoms. IHS standard criteria for the diagnosis of SUNCT specifically includes pain in the trigeminal division of the face, especially in the orbital region, often with cranial autonomic symptoms which last for relatively short periods of time (from five seconds to several minutes) up to 100 times per day. SUNCT is a major subset of SUNA, which does not accompany cranial symptoms; complete separation between the two is inappropriate since SUNCT does not necessarily always accompany cranial autonomic signs. Exact statistical data is not available due to common mis-diagnosis, and setting up diagnostic criteria is important.  The International Headache Classification established by the International Headache Society criteria for diagnosing SUNCT for therapeutic purposes is:  Symptoms of SUNCT often lead to misdiagnosis as paroxysmal hemicrania, which is also categorized in the same group. Inefficiency of indomethacin usually indicates SUNCT over paroxysmal hemicrania.  Misdiagnosis and indecisive diagnosis in the past has made it difficult to obtain accurate statistics about SUNCT. Proper diagnosis will broaden data availability and facilitate discovery of new treatment options and useful statistics.

Pathophysiology.

The pathophysiology of SUNCT is incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest the existence of a relationship between the hypothalamus and the condition. Functional MRI and deep brain stimulation of a large patient pool showed activation of the posterior hypothalamus during attacks of primary SUNCT, on both sides and contralaterally (on the opposite side). Functional MRI studies suggest brain stem activation during attacks as well. Activation of the trigeminocervical complex and other related structures results from innervation from branches of trigeminal and upper cervical nerves. There exists a direct connection between trigeminal nucleus caudalis, which is located in the brain stem, and the posterior hypothalamus. Therefore, it is possible that stimulation of the peripheral trigeminal nerve activates the hypothalamus and the hypothalamus in turn communicates with the trigeminal nucleus caudalis via neurotransmitters such as orexin.  Elevated levels of prolactin, secretion of which is regulated by the hypothalamus, seem to be associated with SUNCT attacks. Some patients with a pituitary tumor only experience attacks at night. These patients only exhibit higher levels of prolactin at night, even where hormone levels, including prolactin, were normal throughout the day.  SUNCT is considered a primary headache (or condition), but can also occur as a secondary symptom of other conditions. However, a patient can only be diagnosed with SUNCT as a primary condition.  A pituitary tumor causes SUNCT as a secondary headache. Some patients with a pituitary tumor complain of short-lasting heachaches. Upon removal of the tumor, the symptoms of SUNCT may disappear permanently.  Although it occurs very rarely, paranasal sinusitis can also cause secondary SUNCT. The symptoms of SUNCT in such cases can be removed permanently with endoscopic sinus surgery.

Treatment.

As diagnostic criteria have been indecisive and its pathophysiology remains unclear, no permanent cure is available. Antiepileptic medications (membrane-stabilizing drugs) such as pregabalin, gabapentin, topiramate, and lamotrigine improve symptoms, but there is no effective permanent or long-term treatment for SUNCT. However, a few short-term treatments are available and can relieve and possibly prevent some symptoms of attacks.  Lamotrigine exhibits some long-term prevention and reduction in many patients; however, titration of dose is difficult due to adverse skin reactions.  Topiramate also has preventive effects but it is accompanied by a high risk of severe side-effects for patients with a history of kidney stones, glaucoma, depression, or low body weight.  Intravenous lidocaine can abolish symptoms during its administration, or reduce frequency and duration of attacks. However, administration of intravenous lidocaine requires careful monitoring of ECG and blood pressure. Methylprednisolone therapy shows some promise in short-term prevention of attacks, even though its mechanism of action is yet to be discovered.  The calcium channel blocker verapamil is reported to be useful in alleviating symptoms (lower frequency and duration of attacks), even though some patients experience worsened symptoms.  Various medications that are often used in other headache syndromes such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, tricyclic antidepressants, calcium channel antagonists do not relieve the symptoms of SUNCT.  There have been attempts to alter oxygen supply during attacks to alleviate the symptoms since some of the headaches are caused by decreased oxygen supply; however, elevated blood oxygen level did not affect the symptoms.  Researchers now focus on the administration of various combination of medications and therapies to treat symptoms of SUNCT.

History.

In 1977, a 62-year-old male patient was the first to be diagnosed with SUNCT. The patient had experienced unilateral, mild pain in the ocular and periorbital areas since he was 30 years old. The patient started to experience more severe attacks after being struck by a fishing rod in the lower medial supraorbital area when he was 58 years old. The attacks could be provoked by mechanical stimuli and occurred more frequently with symptoms of conjuctival injection, lacrimation, and rhinorrhea. The definitive diagnosis and determination of the role of the trauma (fishing rod strike) could not be made until 10 years later when another similar case occurred. Conditions of the next case ruled out the possibility of SUNCT being a post-traumatic headache.  Bad Brains singer H.R. has this disorder, as revealed by his wife.

See also.

Ophthalmodynia periodica

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT syndrome), is a rare headache disorder that belongs to the group of headaches called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TACs). Symptoms include excruciating burning, stabbing, or electrical headaches mainly near the eye and typically these sensations are only on one side of the body. The headache attacks are typically accompanied by cranial autonomic signs that are unique to SUNCT. Each attack can last from five seconds to six minutes and may occur up to 200 times daily.


Development.

Feo Aladag came up with the idea of making a film about German soldiers in Afghanistan when she saw a newspaper photograph showing a German soldier in Afghanistan back in 2002/3.  It seemed unfair to her how the work of German soldiers was being reflected in German society she describes in an interview with the magazine "Indie Wire": "Too much of too unreflected "United We Stand" makes me shiver, but too little respect for commitment and bravery make me feel worse. [...] It seemed time to shift perspective and move beyond the trauma. It's vital to communicate, to tell stories, to trigger some sort of dialogue and empathy by generating options of identification".  Aladag's research began with lots of reading about the German army and Afghanistan. During research, she made three trips to Afghanistan, each time for two to three weeks. She lived with German soldiers, went out on patrols with them, made contact with the locals and started listening to their stories. Like the one of the 18-year-old Afghan main actor Mohsin Ahmady who does not know his exact date of birth and has had first-hand experience of what it means to grow up in Afghanistan: In 2002, while still a pupil at the Gore Mar High School, he had to deal with the death of his father. Since then, as an eldest son, he has worked in order to earn money for his family and taken every opportunity to advance his education.

Filming locations.

"Inbetween Worlds" was shot primarily on location in northern Afghanistan, in and around the cities of Mazar-e-Sharif and Kunduz. This was necessary for the highest authenticity in environment, cast and atmosphere. Director Aladag said "I didn’t want a German Turk speaking a fantasy dialect in Morocco". Shooting locations in Germany were North Rhine Westphalia and Lower Saxony.

Critical reception.

Deborah Young describes in "The Hollywood Reporter" that the "territories are bound to appreciate the realism and muscular shooting by a woman director and crew (shades of Kathryn Bigelow and Zero Dark Thirty) on location in northern Afghanistan" and that "the immediacy and tension with which Aladag conveys the daily life of the soldiers is something to take home".  Guy Lodge writes in the "Variety" that the film "is a sensitive corrective to more partisan war dramas" and that the "film's visual palette, as well as its marriage of classic melodrama with contempo grit, is most strongly reminiscent of Susanne Bier's earlier work; if seen in the right places, it’s slick enough to potentially secure her an English-language assignment".  Fionnuala Halliganut wrote in "Screen Daily" that "Inbetween Worlds" is a "nuanced story, stylishly shot with a good deal of integrity", which '"should attract international arthouse audiences intrigued by the added weight of a German military presence in a modern battle zone".

Inbetween Worlds () is a 2014 German drama film produced, written and directed by Feo Aladag. The film tells the story of a friendship between the German soldier Jesper and his young Afghan interpreter Tarik. Both men are confronted with the adversities between their diverging cultures, their set of values as well as the risk of the international engagement in the Hindukush.


Personal history.

Cundy was born in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire to Alan, a fitter-welder, and Ann, an accountancy clerk. He grew up in Norfolk along with his younger brother Ashley. Cundy was born with a deformed foot, which was amputated when he was three years old.

Swimming career.

When Cundy was aged 10, his parents met a disabled girl's parents and they discussed disability swimming. After some research, Cundy's parents decided to get him involved. Cundy showed early potential, breaking swimming records for his age group. After become a leading member of his local King's Lynn club's team, he made his international debut at the Swimming World Championships in Malta in 1994. "I was," he recalls, "a rank outsider. I knocked four seconds off my personal best and won the world 100m butterfly title at the first attempt." But he was, he says, "never a naturally gifted swimmer. I don't have the build. I just worked very hard: 10 or 11 two-hour sessions in the pool each week, and weights and core strength work – 30 hours-plus a week." He later became a top athlete, and represented Great Britain three times in swimming at the Paralympic Games from 1996 to 2004, winning three gold and two bronze medals. After a 2004 Athens Paralympic Games that landed him a "not great" bronze, Cundy joined the high-performance swimming centre at Swansea.

Cycling career.

In 2006, he switched from swimming to cycling, competing at international events in the C4 disability category. Winning gold in the kilo in his debut at the 2006 world championships, he repeated this feat in 2007 and 2009 also taking the team sprint title at both events. Since switching to cycling he has been based in Manchester where he trains with the Great Britain Cycling squad.  Representing Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, Cundy broke the world record on the way to winning the gold in the 1km Time Trial with a time of 1 minute 5.466 seconds. This made him one of only a handful of athletes that have become Paralympic champion in two different sports.  Cundy was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.  He was selected for the Great Britain team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was expected to win gold in the C4/5 Men's 1 km time trial, but slipped shortly after starting, ostensibly due to the starting gate not working properly, gripping his wheel for too long. The technical delegate of the International Cycling Union, Louis Barbeau, disagreed, refusing him a restart. Cundy then erupted into a rage, swearing and throwing water bottles. He later apologised to the crowd, though made clear that he still disagreed with the decision. He won bronze in the C4/5 men's 4 km pursuit, racing Diego Gomez of Colombia. In the first kilometre of the race, he clocked a time of 1:05.317 in the heats, which would have won the 1 km time trial.  He is the fastest solo Paralympian of all time, completing the flying 200m in a time of 10.805 seconds (66.635 km/h).  On 12 October 2012, Cundy was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Anglia Ruskin University with a ceremony at the Cambridge Corn Exchange.  Cundy aimed to qualify for the England team for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, however he abandoned this hope after placing fifth among English competitors and eighth overall in the 1km time trial at the 2013 British National Track Championships, despite setting a new personal best and a world record for the C4 category. Subsequently he won gold at the 2014 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships in Aguascalientes in the C4 1 km time trial, earning his ninth world title and breaking his own world record with a time of 1:01.466.  In October 2014, Cundy was admitted to hospital with low blood pressure and cold or flu symptoms. Eventually diagnosed with Epiglottitis, Cundy was placed in an ICU unit and discharged 14 days later. Had he not had been in hospital the doctors believe this infection would have been fatal, he made a fast recovery and raced a few months later at the 2015 Newport Paracycling International where he again went undefeated and set a new PB, against all the odds.  More recently in 2015 and 2016 Cundy still remains undefeated in the 1 km TT, making it 10 years unbeaten on the track at the World Track Championships with the only missing medal being that of London 2012 with the controversial DNF. In addition to his 2016 Kilo Gold Medal, Jody Cundy became a double world champion with British Cycling teams mates Louis Rolfe and Jon-Allan Butterworth winning in a new world record time at the World Championships in Montichari, Italy in March. Since then it has now been officially announced that Cundy will be travelling to Rio for his sixth Paralympic Games.  Currently sponsors OSSUR are creating a new leg for the 2016 Paralympics and Jody is rumoured to be looking into a new customer design with good humour and replacing his trademark Union Jack prosthetic.  At the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, Cundy regained his Kilo Paralympic title in a new Paralympic record of 1:04.492 which when factored for C4 athletes gave a winning time of 1:02.473 In the final track cycling event of the 2016 Summer Paralympics Jody teamed up with Louis Rolfe and Jon-Allan Butterworth to take the Mixed Team Sprint C1-5 gold medal in a world-record time of 48.635.  Cundy was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to cycling and swimming.

Jody Alan Cundy OBE (born 14 October 1978) is an English cyclist and former swimmer. He has represented Great Britain at six Summer Paralympics winning seven gold medals across swimming and cycling events. He has also competed in multiple World Championships, winning 22 medals.


History.

Send appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as "Sande". It was held by Rainald (Reginald) from Alvred de Merleburgh (Marlborough). Its Domesday assets were: 20 hides; 1 church, 10 ploughs, 2 mills worth £1 3s 6d, 5 fisheries worth 4s 6d, of meadow, woodland for 160 hogs. It was headed by 41 households and had additionally fifteen serfs, although whether they had households or not is uncertain. It rendered £15 10s 0d per year to its overlords. In this case the manorial lords were simply recorded as Herbert; Reginald son of Erchenbald; and Walter, seemingly Anglo-Saxon. It was held at the time of the Norman Conquest by Karli of Norton.  The parish saw a little-known skirmish. On 14 June 1497 the first Cornish Rebellion was launched against Henry VII; the rebels were marching from Cornwall to Kent unbeknown to the King, and after passing Guildford they had a skirmish with some of the outposted royal troops on the road from Guildford to London. The troops fell back or were outmanoeuvred, for they had lost the rebels on the 16th and were looking for them on the Portsmouth Road again near Kingston when they were actually on the border of Kent. Old maps mark the place where the road crosses the stream which joins the Wey near Send as St. Thomas's Waterings.  Ripley was, at the time of the Domesday Book, a hamlet of Send. In 1878 Ripley gained its own parish. The earliest official record, such as a Patent Roll, revealing its manor's existence is in 1279. Growth in ambition of the local nobility coupled with a large enough population led to the first place of worship being built at Ripley, to become a chapelry to St Mary the Virgin, around the year 1160.  Brickfields were developed in the south of Send by the 1870s, and continued to be worked until at least 1911.  The Leese baronets "of Sendholme in Send in the County of Surrey", who lived at the large house of that name in the village, bore a title created in 1908 for Joseph Leese, Liberal Member of Parliament for Accrington from 1892 to 1910. The third Baronet was a Lieutenant-General in the Coldstream Guards and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Land Forces in South-East Asia from 1944 to 1945 and as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command from 1945 to 1946.  Send was the base of the defunct 1950s Formula One and sports car constructor Connaught Engineering.

Geography and transport.

Send is a lightly dispersed village centred south-west from Charing Cross and south-west of junction 10 of the M25 and has a developed clustered centre on the old course of the Portsmouth Road which bisects the highest settled part of the village, Burntcommon, which is on the start of rise of the London Clay. This road was relieved by the construction of a six-lane bypass, part of the A3 trunk road, which now forms the long south-east border of the village. The other principle road is the A247 Woking to West Clandon road which passes through the village from north to south.  The parish is bounded to the west and part of its northern side by the River Wey, which is controlled by sluices and has been expanded in capacity by a navigable channel running alongside, the Wey Navigation.  The nearest railway stations are at West Clandon, on the New Guildford Line, and Woking, on the South West Main Line, which offers frequent semi-fast and fast services to London as opposed to stopping services.

Soil.

Send is on a gently rising patch of Bagshot Sand, with Cartbridge, like Ripley, on sand and gravel of the lower Wey Valley; a southern part of the parish is on generally higher still London Clay.

Elevation.

Elevations range from Above Ordnance Datum in the south to at the far northern border on the Wey Navigation.

Localities.

Cartbridge.

Cartbridge is a mostly amorphous locality that covers the western end of the village's main street, particularly where it turns to the north towards Woking.

Send Marsh.

The neighbourhood is contiguous with the clustered, built-up estates of Boughton Court Avenue and the Portsmouth Road forming Burntcommon. For census analyses of the largest neighbourhoods in Surrey, in 2001 the county council opted to consider Burntcommon as a non-notable locality jointly with Send Marsh. On this basis its population at the United Kingdom Census 2001 was almost half of the village as a whole, at 1,937.  Send Marsh has Send's Grade II listed late 17th century manor house by the village green. It is built of brown brick in English bond. The hamlet has one public house, called the "Saddlers Arms", but no shops or church.  Unusually for Guildford schools it is within the admission priority area of Guildford's George Abbot School most years and the boundaries have not to date excluded it to be replaced by for instance closer areas of north-western Guildford.

Burntcommon.

Burntcommon is a locality of Send that directly adjoins Send Marsh. Its nearest town is Woking, which lies approximately north-west.

Amenities.

Health and well-being.

The small Send Surgery on Send Road next to the Church Rooms closed in 2003 and reopened on Send Barns Lane as the modern Villages Medical Centre serving 7,000 people in Send, Ripley and the surrounding villages. The old surgery is now occupied by a beauty treatment business. The Old Hall, on Send Marsh Road, is now a residential care home.

Businesses.

The main route through the community runs NE/SW, the A247 Send Road, along which are scattered the shops, businesses and facilities.  These include the post office, a takeaway, diving shop/centre, a fireplace outlet, an independent funerals firm, a hairdressers, a microscope and measuring devices manufacturer, Ghost Production Studios, based at the Old Riding Stables on Send Hill, have worked with several well-known clients, including Paul Connelly, Ben Lovejoy, Sue Macmillan, Social, Satellite State, Go West, Tony Hadley, Heat Wave, Charlie Morgan, Mark Brizickey, Adam Wakeman, Victoria Beckham, Elton John, and Draven.

Recreation.

Send has a recreation ground, the Lancaster Hall and the Church Rooms. There are two pubs in the village: "The New Inn" in Cartbridge, adjacent to the Wey Navigation and "The Saddlers Arms" in Send Marsh.

Schools.

Send National School, off Send Hill, was built in 1834 and enlarged in 1892. When the school closed, the building was converted to residential use. It is now known as The Old School.  Send Church of England Central School was built in 1939 but, with war imminent, its opening was delayed until 1941 in case the building was required for military use. During the planning process questions were raised in the House of Commons about the provision of adequate drainage. Initially conceived as a secondary school, it was built on a large plot of land with space for facilities including a light engineering workshop, a carpentry room, a domestic science room and a gymnasium, in addition to a vast playing field. Over time it became known as St Bede's and, from 1972, was relaunched as a middle school. Facilities grew to include two outdoor swimming pools.  Send Church of England (Foundation) First School was built in 1958.  Send's two schools formed the Federation of Send Church of England Schools on 29 March 2012.  Under its final title, St Bede's Church of England (Aided) Junior School buildings were demolished in Summer 2017 and a replacement building for 7– to 11-year-olds was erected on the Send First School site on Send Barns Lane.

Religion.

Church of England.

Send parish church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin and dates from around 1220. The nave was rebuilt and the tower added in around 1485. New kitchen and toilet facilities were completed in 2002. A York stone path was laid in the churchyard in 2003. The church is a Grade II* listed building and is the oldest building still in use in Send. In January 2008 the church was voted Visitor/Leisure Attraction of the Year in the Guildford "Life with Style" awards, attracting 75% of the votes and beating the Royal Horticultural Society gardens at Wisley, Watts Gallery, Guildford Tour Guides and Surrey Hills Llamas. In October 2008 the church received the Mayor of Guildford's Award for Access.

Roman Catholicism.

St William of York (RC) church closed in 2007.

Evangelical.

Send Evangelical Church opened in May 1974 using the former Congregational chapel in Cartbridge, built in 1875.

War memorials.

Send has three such memorials.  A Celtic-style stone cross next to the Church Rooms on Send Road rises above these inscriptions: "1914–1918 In memory of the men of this village who at the call of duty gave their lives their country. Faithful unto death." The names of the fallen are:  A brick memorial mounted with a wrought iron "1914 1918" in the recreation ground near the corner of Send Road and Sandy Lane bears the words: "This recreation ground was purchased by public subscription and was opened on 1 June 1920 for the benefits of the inhabitants of Send as a memorial to the sailors and soldiers who fell and in grateful recognition of those in the village who took part in the Great War of 1914–1918. Trustees: S. S. Boorman, A. H. Lancaster, J. A. Shirer, W. M. Grant, F. W. Morgan Jones, W. G. Whitbourn."  A stone tablet on the north wall of the nave inside the parish church bears this inscription: "The peal of six bells was hung as a memorial to those of this parish who lost their lives in two world wars and as a thank offering for victory." The names listed are the same as on the Celtic-cross memorial but with the addition of five people "killed by enemy action": V. Bowers, H. C. Parsons, H. E. Privett, M. J. Privett and V. Privett. Members of the Privett family were killed on 21 August 1944 by the explosion of a V1 flying bomb which landed on their home at Burnt Common Cottages.

Demography and housing.

The United Kingdom Census 2011 reported Send's population to be 4,245, an increase of 107 since the 2001 census. The number of households was 1,665, an increase of 42 since the 2001 census. Of the accommodation in the region, 28% was composed of detached houses, and 22.6% was composed of apartments. The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).

Occupations.

The high street provides some professional occupations and technical businesses, the schools and nearby prison form most of the government merit services; other occupations existing in the parish include manufacturing, agriculture and food and leisure-related categories of employment. Nonetheless, the village demographically has a very high proportion of professionals and in relation to these, it is part of the London Commuter Belt, with the City of London being the main destination by train from Woking. The nearest entertainment and large retail premises are in Woking. A former landfill in Send is a 20 hectare plantation of short rotation coppice willow. Occupations of the 2,114 workers between the ages of 16 and 74 were broken down in the 2011 census as follows:

Population over time.

Data for 1801–1961 is available at Britain Through Time. The loss of Ripley in 1878 ecclesiastically and in 1933 as a secular administrative unit (civil parish) represented almost half of the land area of the village.

Popular culture.

Music.

The Send Barns Orchestra, conducted by Jeremy Gilbert, are credited on the 1977 Anthony Phillips album "The Geese and the Ghost", large parts of which were recorded at his home in Send.

Film location.

In 1969, a scene for The Telling Bone episode of Catweazle, featuring Geoffrey Bayldon, filmed two backgrounds in Send: Church Lane using the lych gate and Send Parish Church and 1 Heath Farm Cottages, Tannery Lane as "Sam's Cottage". "Sam Woodyard" was played by Neil McCarthy. In 1999, scenes for The Mrs Bradley Mysteries, starring Dame Diana Rigg and Neil Dudgeon, were filmed in the churchyard.  In April 2009, scenes for a BBC Drama production of Jane Austen's "Emma", adapted by Sandy Welch and starring Romola Garai, Michael Gambon, Jonny Lee Miller, Blake Ritson, Dan Fredenburgh, Tamsin Greig and Rupert Evans, were filmed in and around Send Parish Church.  In August 2012, Willow Drive was used to film scenes for Cuban Fury, starring Nick Frost.

Prison.

Counterintuitively now named after the village is HMP Send, a women's prison on the site of a former isolation hospital. Following parish area reduction in the south the jail is now in the southern part of the parish of Ripley surrounded by farmland and woodland.

Sport.

Send's local football team is Send United. There is sailing on Papercourt Lake, which is owned by Papercourt Sailing Club. There is fishing on the River Wey and in the nearby sandpits.  The Concorde Cricket Club, formerly the British Aerospace Cricket Club, is based at Sendholme on Potters Lane. Sendholme was the home of William Hargreaves Leese, who played for the Marylebone Cricket Club in the late 19th century.

Military residents and events.

Lieutenant-General William Evelyn Colonel of the 29th Foot in the British Army and Member of Parliament for Helston (1767–74), a son of Sir John Evelyn of Wotton, established his home at Send Grove, Church Lane, and he laid out the grounds. On his death, in 1783, it was bought by Admiral Sir Francis William Drake, Governor of Newfoundland (1750–1752), second in command to Rodney in his victory of 1782 over De Grasse. As Rear-Admiral, Drake flew his flag on HMS "Victory" from 26 September to 29 December 1780.  Flight Lieutenant Robin R Skene, one of the first members of the Royal Flying Corps, was buried in the churchyard after crashing in his Blériot monoplane shortly after take-off from Netheravon, Wiltshire, in 1914 on 12 August "en route" to Dover and France at the start of the First World War. He and mechanic R. Barlow were the first members of the Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty and among the first British casualties of the war.

Flooding.

Following flooding in the east of Send Marsh in 2000, when 16 properties were flooded to a depth of 1m, causing £600,000 of damage, a five-month Environment Agency (EA) scheme costing £400,000 began in February 2007 to reduce the risk from the East Clandon stream. The stream was diverted in the 1870s for brick-making and could revert to its original course when flooded. Demonstrated by the relatively few properties affected, almost all built-up areas in the parish are not subject to flood risk according to EA data.

Send is a village and civil parish in the Guildford borough of the English county of Surrey. Send acquired its name during the Great Vowel Shift from the word sand, which was extracted at various periods until the 1990s for construction and other purposes at pits in the outskirts of the parish. The north of Send is at the southern-eastern edge of the Bagshot Formation.


History.

The area was settled around 1827. The early residents included members of the Ebenezer Society.  Elma was the last town formed in the county. When the time came to put up a post office for the local lumber mill, a resident suggested it be named after a famous large American elm, then growing at the corner of the modern Clinton and Bowen Road. The name was accepted, and after all procedures were carried out, the new Elma Post Office was established in 1852 and began receiving mail three times a week. The town was officially created in 1857 from parts of the towns of Aurora and Lancaster.  Fran Striker, the creator of the Lone Ranger and the Green Hornet, was killed in a car accident here on September 4, 1962, while moving with his family.  After moving back to western New York in 2007, long-time Buffalo Bills running back Thurman Thomas opened Thurman Thomas Sports Training in Elma.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.03%, is water.  New York State Route 78 makes the west town line. The East Aurora Expressway (New York State Route 400) crosses the town.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,304 people, 4,186 households, and 3,294 families residing in the town. The population density was 327.7 people per square mile (126.5/km2). There were 4,296 housing units at an average density of 124.5 per square mile (48.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.09% White, 0.05% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.07% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.60% of the population.  There were 4,186 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.3% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.08.  In the town, the population was spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.  The town's median household income was $56,334, and the median family income was $63,922. Males had a median income of $42,679 versus $28,826 for females. The town's per capita income was $25,960. About 2.3% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Schools.

Public schools in Elma are under the jurisdiction of the Iroquois Central School District. Iroquois Central Schools consistently enjoys top rank as the 5th or 6th best public school in Western New York. Made up of approximately 3,000 students district-wide, Iroquois divides its students in an unconventional manner, with three primary schools for students in kindergarten through 3rd grade, an intermediate school for students in 4th and 5th grade, a middle school for students from 6th to 8th grade, and a high school for students in 9th to 12th grade.  While the primary schools are in the respective towns indicated by their names (Elma Primary, Marilla Primary, and Wales Primary), the other three schools are on the same expansive campus at 2111 Girdle Road in Elma. The campus is divided such that the high school and middle school are separated by the intermediate school, acting as a buffer between the similar age groups. The three buildings are connected by walkways, but students rarely leave the building to which their grade belongs. In accord, the primary, intermediate, middle, and high school buildings each have their own gymnasium, cafeteria, library, and administrative offices.  One of the school district's greatest assets is the expansive undeveloped areas that surround each school that provide open space for younger students to play and older students to take part in extracurricular activities.  Some of the latest additions to the school, in fact, involve the development of a large field across the street from the high school. These fields across from the high school have been developed recently into a parking lot for students as well as soccer and lacrosse fields for the teams. In addition, the middle school library was recently remodeled, an extra wing of classrooms was added to the high school, and plans call for the renovation of the high school music department.

Industry.

The headquarters for beverage manufacturer Elmhurst 1925 are in Elma.

Fire companies.

The town of Elma has four volunteer fire companies: Blossom, Elma, Jamison Road, and Spring Brook. Blossom is one of the oldest fire companies in the county, establishing in 1872.

Elma is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 11,317 at the 2010 census. The town is named after a type of tree.


United States Air Force.

Technical sergeant, "tech sgt" or "TSgt" in informal parlance, is the sixth enlisted rank (pay grade E-6) in the U.S. Air Force, just above staff sergeant and below master sergeant. A technical sergeant is a noncommissioned officer and abbreviated as TSgt (with no period in official USAF and other military correspondence). Official terms of address are "technical sergeant" or "sergeant", although many use "tech sergeant" in informal situations.  Within air force enlisted ranks, promotion to technical sergeant has historically been the second-most difficult rank to achieve (only the rank of senior master sergeant, capped by federal law, has lower promotion rates) and is the most difficult promotion that most career air force members achieve. A staff sergeant must have served at least 23 months in grade to be considered for promotion to technical sergeant. It normally takes 10–12 total years of service to attain this pay grade. Technical sergeants mentor junior enlisted personnel while preparing themselves for promotion to master sergeant, the entry rank of the senior non-commissioned grades.  High year of tenure was reduced from 22 to 20 years in the 1990s, back to 22 years for a short time after 2001, and back to 20 years in 2013. It was raised back to 22 years in 2018.  Historical promotion rates:

United States Marine Corps.

Technical sergeant was a rank in the United States Marine Corps until 1958. From 1941 until 1946, the rank was equivalent to grade 2, ranking with gunnery sergeant and other technical ranks with which it shared its insignia. From 1947 until 1958, the rank was reclassified as E-6 and became the sole rank in this grade. The rank was renamed gunnery sergeant and elevated to E-7 after the reorganization of grades in 1959.

United States Army.

The rank of technical sergeant existed from after World War I until 1948 when the rank was renamed sergeant first class. In 1920 the army combined several battalion/squadron level "staff" NCO ranks, including battalion quartermaster sergeant, battalion supply sergeant, ordnance sergeant, hospital sergeant, three grades of master sergeant (junior grade), and six additional senior-level technical and specialist ranks into the new technical sergeant rank. In 1944 when rifle squad leaders became staff sergeants, platoon sergeants were promoted to technical sergeants. In 1948 the army renamed technical sergeant as sergeant first class.

Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces. Outside the United States, it is used only by the Philippine Army, Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps.


Overview.

The festival offers its visitors a current overview of experimental films, installations, performances, digital art, and hybrid forms, ranging from personal and political subjects or formal experiments to provocative statements about media art and society. The Festival sees itself as a place of experimentation and a laboratory where extraordinary works, experiments and ventures are created and presented. It is the largest showcase of experimental short films and feature films, digital art, animation, and multimedia, in the world of media art, presenting as many as 250 works out of up to 2500 entries during an event attended by about 14,000 participants as of 2018. The festival has an "open policy" with room for projects ranging from "process-based experiments and technological innovations to dexterous crossovers between the media and genres." Students are included as filmmakers, exhibitors and visitors.

History.

The European Media Art Festival started in 1981 as an experimental film workshop (the official organising body is still called the "Experimentalfilm Workshop"), with the intention of providing a platform of expression for innovative and experimental art from the genres of film, video, multimedia and new media. The first workshop was organised by the Department of Media Studies at the University of Osnabrück. In 1988, the "Film and Television Year" proclaimed by the European Economic Community offered an opportunity to expand the workshop into something greater. A team of students developed the concept under the new title "European Media Art Festival".

Notability.

The European Media Art Festival is well-covered in regional media, with summaries in national dailies and trade papers as well as in magazines on art, movies and multimedia; there is also commercial and public broadcast coverage in regional and national programmes. The Festival is considered one of the most important media art festivals in Europe (and worldwide), attended by German and European producers, European TV companies, representatives of festivals, academies, agencies and distributors, setting trends in the international media art scene, highlighting socially-relevant events and giving artists an opportunity to be heard and established, defining itself above all as the avant-garde of media art and promoter of young media creators.  The Festival has featured film retrospectives by important international artists such as Shelly Silver, Michael Snow, Peter Greenaway, Fernando Birri, Al Razutis and David Rimmer.

Awards.

The European Media Art Festival has presented up to four awards and prizes each year (values as of 2018):  The deadline for submission of material to be presented each year is in January.

Other activities.

The Festival also functions as a distributor of experimental and media art works through cooperation with numerous cinemas and museums as well as the Goethe Institute's international affiliates, organising tour packages of films and videos through the Experimental Film Workshop, booked and presented in non-commercial cinemas, galleries, museums and other national and international cultural locations. These have included tours across Germany, other European countries, as well as to Australia, Brazil, China, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia and the U.S.

Themes.

Since 2000, the Festival has been organised according to a particular theme:

The European Media Art Festival (officially abbreviated as EMAF) is an annual festival and congress for film and media art which takes place every April/May in Osnabrück, Germany.


Early life.

Koch grew up in Wisconsin and he was the youngest of seven children. Koch attended college for jazz performance at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

Personal life.

Koch met his wife Sarah while he was attending college and together they have four children, two boys and two girls. Koch and his wife have been married since 1993. Their oldest son (Dylan Koch) is the drummer for Koch's band, The Koch Marshall Trio.

Career.

Koch won first place in the 1989 Bluesbreaker Guitar Showdown judged by singer/guitar player Buddy Guy. Koch has also played with Joe Bonamassa. Greg Koch is currently a Martin Guitar clinician. In addition to playing guitar Greg Koch has authored many books on various guitar methods and styles.

Greg Koch and the Tone Controls.

The group was formed as a trio that included guitar, bass, and drums. The original band members include Journeyman drummer and vocalist Gary Koehler, bass and vocals Kevin Mushel, and Greg Koch on six-string guitar and vocals. Other members of the band include John Calarco on drums and Tom Goode on bass.  Greg Koch and the Tone Controls won five Wisconsin Area Music Awards for Blues Artist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998).

Greg Koch and Other Bad Men.

Koch recorded a live album ("Greg Koch and Other Bad Men Live on the Radio") with bass player Roscoe Beck and vocalist Malford Milligan and various musicians on the drums: John Calarco and Tom Brechtlein.

The Koch Marshall Trio.

The Koch Marshall Trio is the most successful band that Greg Koch has assembled. The band has been well received and reviewed. In previous Greg Koch bands there have been some vocals. The Koch Marshall Trio has not used a singer.  The Koch Marshall Trio is an instrumental organ/guitar trio established by Koch in 2017. The Trio includes Koch's son Dylan Koch on drums, Toby Lee Marshall on Hammond organ and Koch on guitar. The Koch Marshall Trio has signed a contract with the Mascot Label Group. They released their debut studio album, "Toby Arrives", on February 23, 2018.  The Koch Marshall Trio's debut album "Toby Arrives" was submitted for a Grammy nomination 2018.

Greg Koch Solo.

Greg Koch works as a clinician for Fishman and Martin. In addition, Koch has his own signature amplifier ‘The Greg’, manufactured by the Koch Amplifier company. Koch also has a signature guitar which was released in 2019 by Reverend Guitars, named the ‘Greg Koch Signature Gristlemaster’. The guitar colors were given somewhat humorous names like: Kochwork Orange, and Blucifer.  Since 2011 Greg Koch has for Wildwood Guitars in Colorado each month. He has made approximately 4000 videos which have over 50 million views.  Greg Koch released an acoustic album in December 2019. The 38 minute album has 14 songs.  In 2019 Koch signed with True Grit Talent Agency.

Style.

Koch has developed his own style of picking which is referred to as "chicken pickin’” and has taught his method of picking, referred to as hybrid picking. Koch uses a guitar pick held with the index finger and thumb of his right hand to pick the bass notes; he uses his other three fingers to pick the treble strings.  Koch has termed his style of playing "gristle" and has been called the "Gristle King". Gristle is usually instrumental, guitar-driven music that leads to a crescendo of trading solos.  Koch's ability on the guitar has been admired by other guitarists. When guitar pioneer Les Paul had his 100th birthday celebration Koch was invited to play. Two contemporary guitarists had this to say about Greg Koch:

Greg Koch (born June 23, 1966) is an American guitarist from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Koch grew up in the Milwaukee area and began playing guitar at the age of 12. He was influenced by the guitarist and singer-songwriter Jimi Hendrix.


Performance history.

When the opera was performed at the Teatro del Fondo on 30 August and 2 September 1832, Donizetti added a duet for Luigi Lablache who had replaced Tamburini in the role of Costantino. Donizetti was not pleased with his interpretation; however, this was one of the very rare instances in which the composer made a negative remark about the famous bass.  "Fausta" was performed for the first time at La Scala, Milan, on 26 December 1832, as the prestigious season's premiere; the public fell in love with it and this resulted in a total of 31 performances. For this occasion Donizetti added an overture, and a cavatina "Par che mi dica ancor" for the soprano Adelaide Tosi. The composer borrowed this "aria di sortita" (entrance aria) from his earlier "Il castello di Kenilworth" and changed the words in "Ah, se d'amor potessi". Furthermore, an aria for the tenor "Se crudel cosi m'estimi" was added without Donizetti's consent.  Nevertheless the lyrics were later recycled by Donizetti for a tenor aria added to the January 1834 production at the Teatro Regio di Torino. In 1833, "Fausta" was performed at La Fenice in Venice, with Giuditta Pasta as Fausta and Domenico Donzelli as Crispo receiving mixed reviews. For this occasion Donizetti added a new scene at the beginning with a new aria for Fausta and, in act 2, a new duet "Per te rinunzio al soglio" for Fausta and Crispo. This duet was later utilized for "Buondelmonte" and ultimately in "Maria Stuarda" for the Milanese premiere of this opera as a duet for Maria and Leicester, "Ben io comprendi"; later, in 1865 for a Naples production the words were changed to those used ever since: "Da tutti abbandonata". Additionally, for the Venice production Donizetti wrote a duet (act 2) for Costantino and Crispo, "T'amo ancora" replacing the baritone's aria "Se di regnar desio"; and finally, a tenor's aria (also in act 2) "Ah! perche dirmi crudel".  In 1841, for a La Scala production, Donizetti added a duet for tenor and baritone, "E che mi valse...", borrowing from earlier operas "Pia de Tolomei" and "Il diluvio universale". Other important premieres include Madrid in 1833, Lisbon and Barcelona in 1834; Palermo, Genoa and Bologna also in 1834; Berlin in 1835; Havana in 1837; Vienna in 1841; London in 1841 (described as a "failure"); and Rio de Janeiro in 1850.  The opera received its first performance in modern times when it was revived at the Rome Opera in 1981 with Raina Kabaivanska in the title role.

Synopsis.

Act 1.

"Scene 1: The Capitol Square, with the Temple of Jupiter in the background"  The populace welcomes the return of victorious Crispo, son of Emperor Constantine and his first wife Minervina. A high priest by the altar is waiting to crown Crispo who has been successful in his campaign against the Gauls. Fausta, the second wife of Constantine, and her father Massimiano (archrival of the Emperor), as well as Licinia, Constantine himself and scores of prisoners witness the triumph of Crispo. Fausta looks at him and feels the pangs of her incestuous love; Constantine rejoices and Beroe, one the prisoners, remembers her love at first sight for Crispo. Constantine notices her and wonders about the female prisoner; Crispo explains that she is the daughter of a prince and declares his love for her. Fausta is stunned by the development and the Emperor tells Beroe to come forward; she declares her love and Constantine tells her that he is going to marry them that very day. Fausta is devastated by the announcement and tells her husband that the wedding will have to be set for the following day because the goddess Vesta so requires. Licinia and those attending the event rejoice. After the jubilation, everyone leaves except Massimiano who is conspiring against the Emperor, and although he failed his first attempt to kill both father and son, this time he is sure he will succeed.  "Scene 2: The magnificent imperial apartments"  The Empress's maids wonder why she no longer smiles. Fausta, in deep thought, is depressed and asks the servants and Licinia to leave. Alone, Fausta is perturbed by her unrequited love for Crispo and she feels that her only rewards are tears and endless despair.  "Scenes 3, 4, 5, and 6: The pavilion"  Licinia accompanies Crispo to the pavilion where Fausta is planning to meet him. After arriving, she ensures that no one is in sight and tells her stepson that she has to unveil a secret that has caused her great distress. It is no state secret, but her love for someone.  Unexpected, Beroe arrives much to the delight of her lover, Fausta shudders, and explains to the Empress that Massimiano needs to see her. Fausta tells her rival to leave. When they are alone again she implores Crispus to forget Beroe and to direct his love to someone who is really passionately devoted to him. He begins to understand what she means by a secret and is horrified by her revelation; he tries to leave, but she grabs his hand and tells him that if he rejects her, Beroe will perish. He falls on his knees and begs her not to do that.  Constantine, Beroe, Massimiano, members of the imperial household, Licinia and the maids arrive. The Emperor is suspicious seeing the son prostrated before his wife. When she explains that he was professing his love for her, all are aghast and even Beroe believes he is guilty. The Empress whispers to Crispo that she is willing to recant and die if he loves her. Massimiano is overjoyed because the turn of events is very favourable to his plans to topple Constantine who is determined to exile the son. Crispo, in turn, blames Fausta for the curse the father has cast on him; she begins to see the early signs of the great tragedy she has unleashed.

Act 2.

"Scenes 1, 2, 3 and 4: A grove close to the imperial palace"  It is night. Maximinian, who dreams to become Emperor before sunrise, has summoned his followers to murder both Crispo and Constantine.  While Maximinian and his men prepare to leave, Crispo and Beroe arrive. The former captive princess explains that Licinia has confessed to Fausta's machinations. Massimiano suspects there are other people in the grove and, when he bumps into Crispo, both become very suspicious of each other and brandish their swords.  Holding torches, Massimiano's followers, along with Constantine, appear. Seeing him with his greatest enemy, the Emperor declares that his son is plotting to get rid of him. Crispo kneels at his feet saying that he is ready to die. He professes his innocence on all accusations. The father responds that the judges and the Senate will decide his fate. Crispo is arrested and carried away by the pretorians.  At dawn, Beroe and Licinia talk about the impending trial that will sentence Crispo to death.  "Scenes 5 and 6: The Senate Hall"  The senators have gathered and the Emperor arrives escorted by his guards. Constantine realizes he still has deep feelings for his son and warns Massimiano to give a factual deposition. However, during his narration he alleges that Crispo was planning to kill the Emperor. Crispo responds that this is a lie and asks Beroe to tell the facts. She explains that Crispo is innocent and that she is ready to be exiled with him, the truth being that Massimiano and his assassins were ready to kill both father and son. Crispo confirms this explanation, but the father tells the senators to remember what had just been said. Constantine wants to speak to Crispo and all are asked to leave, but although he professes love for the son, when he sees no tears coming from the eyes of Crispo he remains convinced that the son is guilty. Crispo responds that an innocent person has no tears. The senators are summoned back to the hall and deliver a guilty verdict. Constantine realizes that he is about to send his son to the executioner and, trembling, he signs the death warrant.  "Scenes 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: The atrium of the jail"  Jailer Albino feels very sorry for the 20-year-old Crispo. Fausta enters and asks him to bring her stepson; she realizes that this is her last chance. Crispo cannot believe his eyes and ears as she professes love for him in a desperate delirium. Fausta tells him that they can run away, but he shows her the poison inside his ring. She snatches the ring and utters "Love will save you."  Massimiano and four armed guards arrive. Fausta is ordered to leave, but she resists and begs the father not to execute Crispo. One of the guards returns from Crispo's cell and confirms that the execution has been carried out. Fausta ingests the poison from the ring and collapses, Massimiano rushes to the cell and hears voices calling for his own death.  Constantine has heard the truth from Massimiano's hitmen and arrives with Beroe, Licinia, the Empress's maids and his pretorians. In his hand is the signed pardon for his son, but Massimiano proudly and cynically confirms that his son is dead. Meanwhile Fausta has regained some of her strength and tells Constantine about her lies. When the infuriated Emperor remonstrates that she will pay the ultimate price, she confesses that she has taken a deadly poison. Everyone is horrified and in unison respond, "Evil woman; there is no bigger monster than you on earth."

References.

Notes  Cited sources  Other sources

Fausta is a melodramma, or opera seria, in two acts by Gaetano Donizetti. The Italian libretto was partly written by Domenico Gilardoni, who died while doing so: the remainder was written by Donizetti. The literary source of the opera's libretto is "Crispo", a tragedy improvised by Tommaso Sgricci on 3 November 1827.