Taxonomy.

There are about 75 species of "Caulerpa". Many of them exhibit polymorphism, showing different growth forms in different habitats which makes them difficult to identify. "Caulerpa racemosa", "C. laetevirens" and "C. peltata" form a species complex. A number of forms and varieties for "C. racemosa" are listed but further study is needed to clarify their exact phylogenetic relationships.

Description.

A plant of "C. racemosa" consists of a number of branches linked to stolons which are anchored to the sandy substrate by rhizoids. The branches are a few centimetres apart and can grow to a height of. Many spherical or ovate side-shoots branch off these and give the seaweed its name of sea grapes. Like other members of the order Bryopsidales, each "C. racemosa" plant consists of a single enormous cell with a large number of nuclei. The chloroplasts containing chlorophyll are free to migrate from any part of the organism to another and there is a network of fibrous proteins that helps movement of organelles.

Distribution.

"C. racemosa" is widely distributed in shallow temperate and tropical seas. In 1926 a new form of the alga was reported off Tunisia, possibly an immigrant from the Red Sea, and this later spread to much of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. In 1990, a new, larger form with two vertical rows of branches on opposite sides of the stem was found off Libya. It spread widely, invading much of the Mediterranean Sea and becoming more widespread than the invasive species, "Caulerpa taxifolia". It is known as "C. racemosa var. cylindracea" and may have originated from Australian waters. In America "C. racemosa" is found in shallow water in the Caribbean Sea, around Bermuda and along the eastern seaboard of America from Florida to Brazil.

Biology.

In the Mediterranean, growth begins in April when new stolons develop and erect branches start growing, and continue till December, after which the plants decline and become dormant.  "C. racemosa" reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation. When pieces of the plant get broken off they develop into new plants. Small pieces of tissue only a few millimetres across are capable of doing this.  "C. racemosa" can also reproduce sexually and in so doing exhibits holocarpy. This means that all the organism's cytoplasm is used up in the creation of the gametes and only a husk remains at the site of the original plant. The plants are monoecious with male and female gametes being produced by the same plant and liberated into the water column where they unite to give spherical zygotes. These settle and after five weeks produce germ tubes which elongate and branch to develop into new plants. Mass spawnings sometimes take place in the Caribbean Sea and normally do so just before dawn. There were 39 such mass spawnings during a period of 125 days and the days on which they took place showed no relation to the tidal or lunar cycles. The gametes remain motile for about 60 minutes. Mass spawning is advantageous to the plant in increasing the chances of fertilisation. Underwater visibility can be reduced to less than one metre by the green cloud produced in the process. Similar mass spawnings take place in the Mediterranean Sea causing a cloud of green gametes to be released in the water approximately 14 minutes before sunrise.

Ecology.

"Caulerpa" species contain secondary metabolites that are cytotoxic, of which caulerpenyne is the most abundant. These deter animals from consuming the plants. A study has been done on herbivores that graze on meadows of the invasive "C. cylindracea" in the north west of its range in the Mediterranean. The sea breams "Boops boops" and "Sarpa salpa" were found to feed on the algae, as did the sea urchins "Paracentrotus lividus" and "Sphaerechinus granularis". Other herbivores also grazed occasionally, but the total amount consumed was compensated for by the rapid growth of the plant and it was considered that these organisms were not likely to play a valuable role in bio-control of the plant. "Caulerpa taxifolia" and "Caulerpa racemosa" shows the great influence of substratum on their spatial distribution with a high colonization of the dead matte of the seagrass "Posidonia oceanica"  Caulerpenyne content is lesser in "Caulerpa racemosa" than in the related and also invasive Lessepsian migrant "Caulerpa taxifolia".

Uses.

Like the closely related "Caulerpa lentillifera", "C. racemosa" is edible. It is consumed widely in salads in Japan, Fiji, the Philippines, and Thailand. It is also eaten by local fishermen in Malaysia and Indonesia. They are rich in fiber, proteins, minerals (calcium and magnesium), folic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin B1 while also being low in fat.

Caulerpa racemosa is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. It is commonly known as sea grapes (along with the related "Caulerpa lentillifera") and is found in many areas of shallow sea around the world. There are a number of different forms and varieties, and one that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea in 1990, which is giving cause for concern as an invasive species.


Plot.

Fourteen-year-old Diana Barrymore is being raised by her domineering mother, a poet. Her father, the famed actor John Barrymore, has not laid eyes on Diana for 10 years, but they share an evening on his boat before John abandons her again.  At 18, Diana has become an actress and has a steady boyfriend, Lincoln Forrester. When a Hollywood contract comes her way, Diana's mother warns her not to live with John, now a washed-up alcoholic.  She finds her father living in a nearly empty mansion, having sold or pawned his belongings to pay his bills. He keeps a bald eagle in a cage indoors and has a servant, Gerhardt, who must physically knock out John to put him to bed.  Diana's famous name gains her some publicity, but her performances are panned. Her new husband, actor Vince Bryant, is away a lot, so Diana turns to drink and leaves Vince for tennis player John Howard. When her father dies alone, a penniless and often drunk Diana and her husband move in with her mother, who can only stand so much before making them leave.  After marrying again, this time to recovering alcoholic Bob Wilcox, she discovers after her mother's death that she has been left no inheritance. Diana takes demeaning jobs, including a striptease. She becomes violent and is hospitalized. Her only hope at salvation is an offer to write her memoirs, and old friend Linc returns to her life, offering some badly needed kindness.

Original book.

The film was based on the tumultuous anecdotes of Barrymore and Gerold Frank's. 1957 best-selling autobiography. Frank was a renowned ghostwriter and had previously worked on "I'll Cry Tomorrow", a popular book about another alcoholic celebrity, Lillian Roth. The book, released as "Too Soon Too Much", was published through Henry Holt & Co. in 1957, and re-published in 1958 through Signet publishing. Warner Bros. picked up the film a year later in 1958. The book aimed to assuage the immense negativity surrounding Diana’s name; the book’s subtitle, “the Cinderella story — in reverse,” epitomizes the self-aware and reflective tone of the book. Barrymore focuses on the theme of self redemption in the book, primed with an explanation of her plunge followed with a triumphant description of her resilience.  The devastating mental health issues plaguing the Barrymore family is well documented — Diana expands upon her childhood of neglect and the cycle of abuse she suffered throughout her life in her book. The writing process served as an outlet for Barrymore, where she was able to express her frustrations which "[she] usually only [got] rid of on a psychiatrist’s couch."  Although the book was intended to reintroduce Barrymore into the limelight, Diana faced an untimely death in 1960, a meager three years after the publishing. Unfortunately, it appeared as if she had never overcome her demons, and succumbed to a drug and alcohol overdose. Articles concerning Diana’s public perception revealed some negative opinions, especially around her death. For example, Hugh Strathmore analyzes the waning days up until her death, and inconsiderately concludes that Diana’s “stubborn pride” and that the fact that she “wouldn’t admit that the hooch had her licked” was what cause her ultimate overdose. He also describes her demise as “unsurprising."  "There's no message, I didn't set out to point a moral", said Barrymore. "But writing it has been a cleansing process. It's like psychiatry in a way."

Reception.

When the book was published, "The New York Times" called it "an extremely skillful piece of work, a craftsman's product aimed at a mood and a market that spell big business. It is a book for the mass audience... as an artisan, Mr Frank is no slouch."  "The Washington Post" thought the book "fails to touch the heart even though it spins a recognizably sad story."  Louella Parsons said the book "told too much too loudly."  "The Cincinnati Enquirer" describes the tale as “sordid,” “pathetic,” “outrageous,” and “oddly admirable.” Moreover, the "New York Herald Tribune" lauds the narrative’s emotional appeal, going as far to label those who downplay the potent emotion as “heartless or hypocritical.”  By the time the book came out Diana Barrymore tried to reactivate her acting career and was seeing a psychiatrist but had not given up drinking.

Production.

There was film interest in the book early on – "I'll Cry Tomorrow" had been a box office hit and Diana Barrymore had been fictionalised in a popular movie, "The Bad and the Beautiful" (1952) (the character played by Lana Turner). In December 1956, even before the book had been published, Warner Bros took an option on the film rights for a reported minimum of $100,000. (Another source said it was $150,000.)  In January, it was announced that Gerold Frank would work on the script in collaboration with Irving Wallace, and that Irving Rapper would direct and Henry Blanke would produce. By June however it was reported that the film was having "script problems" with the script two months overdue. "Casablanca" (1942) director, Michael Curtiz was initially in talks to direct the picture until he ultimately decided that the story was too sordid. Additionally, Errol Flynn had refused to work on another movie with director Curtiz, after they paired together for 12 films. In August, Warners said that Art and Jo Napoleon would write and direct the movie.

Casting.

Originally, Carroll Baker, who had just made a big impression with "Baby Doll" (1956) and was under contract to Warners, was to star as Diana. Fredric March was mentioned as a possible John Barrymore. However, Baker refused to play the role, and Warner Bros put her on suspension and refused to let her make "The Brothers Karamazov" (1958) at MGM.  Natalie Wood, also under contract to Warners, was mentioned as a possibility for the lead, as was Anne Baxter. Finally in August 1957 it was announced Dorothy Malone, who had recently won an Oscar for "Written on the Wind" would play Diana Barrymore. Malone never met Diana Barrymore. (She was invited to the set but declined.)  Gene Wesson was mentioned as auditioning for the part of John Barrymore. Jo Van Fleet was discussed for the part of Michael Strange.  By September 1957 Errol Flynn had signed to play John Barrymore. Errol Flynn was a friend of John Barrymore's and the film was the first he had made for Warner Bros in a number of years.  Flynn flew back into Hollywood to make the movie and was arrested only a few days later for public drunkenness, stealing an off duty policeman's badge and trying to kiss a girl. Flynn denied he was drunk and was released from jail on bail after an hour.

Shooting.

Warner Bros recreated John Barrymore's yacht and house for the film. A Hollywood mansion that used to be owned by Madge Kennedy and Pola Negri was rented for the latter.  A number of characters in the movie were fictionalised due to legal reasons – for instance first husband Bramwell Fletcher was turned into "Vincent Bryant". Real names were used for her last two husbands, despite their unsympathetic portrayals – John Howard had been arrested on white slavery charges and Robert Wilcox was dead. Howard later became a car salesman and threatened to sue Warner Bros.  Ray Danton, who played Howard, a tennis professional, received tennis coaching from Tony Trabert.  Flynn said "it would have been easy for me to simulate Jack Barrymore's physical characteristics for I can do, with the lifted eyebrow, an imitation about as good as anyone else’s." However he wanted to: Delve into his inner self, not to imitate him ~ that was too easy. I wanted to show a man with a heart, a man eaten up inside - as I knew him to be in those final days when I was close to him - a man full of regrets and all ready to die, but with one last thing to live for, the love of his daughter, Diana, his desire to get back her love. I determined that I would stay away from the least suggestion or imitation of manners. That would have been deadly wrong. The only concession I made to that was to try to look like him. To facilitate that, the studio put a tip on the end of my nose which aided in conveying his profile.

Reception.

Critical.

"The New York Times" wrote that the film was "not bad, just ineffectual... undaring and even unsurprising. Gone is most of the endless soiled linen that aggressively flapped through Miss Barrymore's best-selling autobiography – and, with it, it's left wallops, perhaps the book's only real substance... Mr Flynn steals the picture lock, stock and keg. It is only in the scenes of his savage disintegration, as the horrified girl looks on, that the picture approaches real tragedy."  The "Los Angeles Times" called the film a "depressing affair, one that never should have been considered... it doesn't stick to the facts... it is not good storytelling, either in structural form or characterisation... For all his capturing of John's surface mannerisms, some of the physical appearance and, most effortlessly, his way with a bottle, Flynn is not the great profile and great actor of our time. I resented him in the part."  "The Washington Post" called "Too Much, Too Soon" "a sorry film" in which Errol Flynn's performance "may seem to have at least dazzling vitality, but it's about as dishonest a portrait of the volatile actor as you're likely to find."  The "Chicago Daily Tribune" called "Too Much, Too Soon" "a sordid, unattractive tale, poorly written and badly acted".  "Filmink" magazine wrote that "Flynn never had Barrymore’s reputation as a great actor but he’s perfectly cast – full of charisma, charm and sadness, with a beautiful speaking voice and fondness for the bottle... the actor really tried on this one and you can tell. Everything he does is memorable... It was his best film of the decade."

Too Much, Too Soon is a 1958 biographical film about Diana Barrymore produced by Warner Bros. It was directed by Art Napoleon and produced by Henry Blanke from a screenplay by Art Napoleon and Jo Napoleon, based on the autobiography by Diana Barrymore and Gerold Frank. The music score was by Ernest Gold and the cinematography by Carl E. Guthrie. Diana died in 1960, two years after the release of this film.


Background.

AER's Youth Regional Network was established on 25 November 2008 in Wiesbaden (Hessen region, Germany), where a founding meeting of ninety young people representing 55 European regions launched Europe's first platform of regional youth councils, parliaments and organisations. They adopted the Wiesbaden Resolution, in order to define their main priorities and goals.  The YRN was founded on the idea that decision-making should be based upon the principle of subsidiarity. This means that, on the one hand, youth policy at European level should reflect the diversity of the regions and of the young people that live in those regions. On the other hand, youth policy within the regions should maintain a European dimension so that the common challenges faced by all young people can be tackled in co-operation with the sharing of ideas, knowledge and experiences.  2010 In order to ensure that YRN functions as a genuine platform linking regional youth Councils/parliaments/NGOs with AER and its activities, the AER General Assembly agrees to adopt the Declaration on Enhanced Cooperation with YRN, which marks the recognition of its role and commitment within AER, among AER member regions & at the European level.  2013 YRN adopted its statutes, rule of procedures and strategic priorities. From May 2013, YRN got a seat in the AER Executive Board.

Mission.

The mission of the YRN is to provide young people the opportunity to exchange views with other young people in order to get them more involved at the European and regional democratic processes.

Objectives.

There YRN has four main objectives: networking, influencing policy, exchanging best practice and experience and promoting sustainable governance.

See also.

Youth Participation.

Youth Summer Academy: Held annually over a five-day period, each summer academy focuses upon a specific theme and is hosted by an AER member region. The concept of the AER Summer Academy evolved in 1996 as a response to the increase in AER member regions coming from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The Summer Academy was therefore designed as a tool to facilitate the exchange of experience and information. The Summer Academy has since evolved into an annual forum for exchange of experience in the area of regional development in Europe.  AER Youth Participation Report: The AER Youth Participation Report aims at promoting the involvement of young people in regional and national political processes and public life, by promoting the work done by regional and national youth councils, parliaments and organization across wider Europe and identifying good practices in this field.

Awards.

"Do you speak European?" competition: this annual public speaking and personal expression contest gives teams of young people aged between 14 and 18 the opportunity to answer the question "What does Europe mean to you?". The competition's European-level final is preceded by regional and national heats that take place across the whole of Europe.  The Most Youth-Friendly European Region (MYFER) Award: in 2001, AER launched an award for the Most Youth-Friendly European Region. The award is presented every two years to the region that submits the most outstanding project or other initiative promoting youth issues. The 2014 edition of the Most Youth Friendly Region award (MYFER) will seek to underpin the topic of youth participation in democratic life with examples of best practice from the European regions.

Other.

AER European Citizens Forums: The forums aim to engage young citizens and regional politicians in a debate with representatives of the European Union on the future of Europe.  Eurodyssey: Eurodyssey is an interregional programme promoting vocational training and the mobility of young people across Europe.  Promoting Youth Employment: The ‘Promoting Youth Employment’ (PYE) project aims to foster best practice and facilitate youth employment through the exchange of best practice at regional level.

Events.

2013  2012  2011  2010  2009  2008

Created by the Assembly of European Regions (AER), the Youth Regional Network (YRN) is a platform of regional-level youth organisations, councils and parliaments from across wider Europe. The platform works as a forum where young people can influence regional and European policy while exchanging experiences and good practice. At the general Assembly in Vojvodina at the 7th of May 2017, YRN members elected their presidium, which is composed as follow:


Examples.

Every tree is a median graph. To see this, observe that in a tree, the union of the three shortest paths between pairs of the three vertices "a", "b", and "c" is either itself a path, or a subtree formed by three paths meeting at a single central node with degree three. If the union of the three paths is itself a path, the median "m"("a","b","c") is equal to one of "a", "b", or "c", whichever of these three vertices is between the other two in the path. If the subtree formed by the union of the three paths is not a path, the median of the three vertices is the central degree-three node of the subtree.  Additional examples of median graphs are provided by the grid graphs. In a grid graph, the coordinates of the median "m"("a","b","c") can be found as the median of the coordinates of "a", "b", and "c". Conversely, it turns out that, in every median graph, one may label the vertices by points in an integer lattice in such a way that medians can be calculated coordinatewise in this way. Squaregraphs, planar graphs in which all interior faces are quadrilaterals and all interior vertices have four or more incident edges, are another subclass of the median graphs. A polyomino is a special case of a squaregraph and therefore also forms a median graph.  The simplex graph κ("G") of an arbitrary undirected graph "G" has a vertex for every clique (complete subgraph) of "G"; two vertex of κ("G") are linked by an edge if the corresponding cliques differ by one vertex of "G". The simplex graph is always a median graph, in which the median of a given triple of cliques may be formed by using the majority rule to determine which vertices of the cliques to include.  No cycle graph of length other than four can be a median graph. Every such cycle has three vertices "a", "b", and "c" such that the three shortest paths wrap all the way around the cycle without having a common intersection. For such a triple of vertices, there can be no median.

Equivalent definitions.

In an arbitrary graph, for each two vertices "a" and "b", the minimal number of edges between them is called their "distance", denoted by "d"("x","y"). The "interval" of vertices that lie on shortest paths between "a" and "b" is defined as A median graph is defined by the property that, for every three vertices "a", "b", and "c", these intervals intersect in a single point:  Equivalently, for every three vertices "a", "b", and "c" one can find a vertex "m"("a","b","c") such that the unweighted distances in the graph satisfy the equalities and "m"("a","b","c") is the only vertex for which this is true.  It is also possible to define median graphs as the solution sets of 2-satisfiability problems, as the retracts of hypercubes, as the graphs of finite median algebras, as the Buneman graphs of Helly split systems, and as the graphs of windex 2; see the sections below.

Distributive lattices and median algebras.

In lattice theory, the graph of a finite lattice has a vertex for each lattice element and an edge for each pair of elements in the covering relation of the lattice. Lattices are commonly presented visually via Hasse diagrams, which are drawings of graphs of lattices. These graphs, especially in the case of distributive lattices, turn out to be closely related to median graphs.  In a distributive lattice, Birkhoff's self-dual ternary median operation satisfies certain key axioms, which it shares with the usual median of numbers in the range from 0 to 1 and with median algebras more generally: The distributive law may be replaced by an associative law: The median operation may also be used to define a notion of intervals for distributive lattices: The graph of a finite distributive lattice has an edge between vertices "a" and "b" whenever "I"("a","b") = {"a","b"}. For every two vertices "a" and "b" of this graph, the interval "I"("a","b") defined in lattice-theoretic terms above consists of the vertices on shortest paths from "a" to "b", and thus coincides with the graph-theoretic intervals defined earlier. For every three lattice elements "a", "b", and "c", "m"("a","b","c") is the unique intersection of the three intervals "I"("a","b"), "I"("a","c"), and "I"("b","c"). Therefore, the graph of an arbitrary finite distributive lattice is a median graph. Conversely, if a median graph "G" contains two vertices 0 and 1 such that every other vertex lies on a shortest path between the two (equivalently, "m"(0,"a",1) = "a" for all "a"), then we may define a distributive lattice in which "a" ∧ "b" = "m"("a",0,"b") and "a" ∨ "b" = "m"("a",1,"b"), and "G" will be the graph of this lattice.

Convex sets and Helly families.

In a median graph, a set "S" of vertices is said to be convex if, for every two vertices "a" and "b" belonging to "S", the whole interval "I"("a","b") is a subset of "S". Equivalently, given the two definitions of intervals above, "S" is convex if it contains every shortest path between two of its vertices, or if it contains the median of every set of three points at least two of which are from "S". Observe that the intersection of every pair of convex sets is itself convex.  The convex sets in a median graph have the Helly property: if "F" is an arbitrary family of pairwise-intersecting convex sets, then all sets in "F" have a common intersection. For, if "F" has only three convex sets "S", "T", and "U" in it, with "a" in the intersection of the pair "S" and "T", "b" in the intersection of the pair "T" and "U", and "c" in the intersection of the pair "S" and "U", then every shortest path from "a" to "b" must lie within "T" by convexity, and similarly every shortest path between the other two pairs of vertices must lie within the other two sets; but "m"("a","b","c") belongs to paths between all three pairs of vertices, so it lies within all three sets, and forms part of their common intersection. If "F" has more than three convex sets in it, the result follows by induction on the number of sets, for one may replace an arbitrary pair of sets in "F" by their intersection, using the result for triples of sets to show that the replaced family is still pairwise intersecting.  A particularly important family of convex sets in a median graph, playing a role similar to that of halfspaces in Euclidean space, are the sets defined for each edge "uv" of the graph. In words, "W" consists of the vertices closer to "u" than to "v", or equivalently the vertices "w" such that some shortest path from "v" to "w" goes through "u". To show that "W" is convex, let "w""w"..."w" be an arbitrary shortest path that starts and ends within "W"; then "w" must also lie within "W", for otherwise the two points "m" = "m"("u","w","w") and "m" = "m"("m","w"..."w") could be shown (by considering the possible distances between the vertices) to be distinct medians of "u", "w", and "w", contradicting the definition of a median graph which requires medians to be unique. Thus, each successive vertex on a shortest path between two vertices of "W" also lies within "W", so "W" contains all shortest paths between its nodes, one of the definitions of convexity.  The Helly property for the sets "W" plays a key role in the characterization of median graphs as the solution of 2-satisfiability instances, below.

2-satisfiability.

Median graphs have a close connection to the solution sets of 2-satisfiability problems that can be used both to characterize these graphs and to relate them to adjacency-preserving maps of hypercubes.  A 2-satisfiability instance consists of a collection of Boolean variables and a collection of "clauses", constraints on certain pairs of variables requiring those two variables to avoid certain combinations of values. Usually such problems are expressed in conjunctive normal form, in which each clause is expressed as a disjunction and the whole set of constraints is expressed as a conjunction of clauses, such as A solution to such an instance is an assignment of truth values to the variables that satisfies all the clauses, or equivalently that causes the conjunctive normal form expression for the instance to become true when the variable values are substituted into it. The family of all solutions has a natural structure as a median algebra, where the median of three solutions is formed by choosing each truth value to be the majority function of the values in the three solutions; it is straightforward to verify that this median solution cannot violate any of the clauses. Thus, these solutions form a median graph, in which the neighbor of each solution is formed by negating a set of variables that are all constrained to be equal or unequal to each other.  Conversely, every median graph "G" may be represented in this way as the solution set to a 2-satisfiability instance. To find such a representation, create a 2-satisfiability instance in which each variable describes the orientation of one of the edges in the graph (an assignment of a direction to the edge causing the graph to become directed rather than undirected) and each constraint allows two edges to share a pair of orientations only when there exists a vertex "v" such that both orientations lie along shortest paths from other vertices to "v". Each vertex "v" of "G" corresponds to a solution to this 2-satisfiability instance in which all edges are directed towards "v". Each solution to the instance must come from some vertex "v" in this way, where "v" is the common intersection of the sets "W" for edges directed from "w" to "u"; this common intersection exists due to the Helly property of the sets "W". Therefore, the solutions to this 2-satisfiability instance correspond one-for-one with the vertices of "G".

Retracts of hypercubes.

A "retraction" of a graph "G" is an adjacency-preserving map from "G" to one of its subgraphs. More precisely, it is graph homomorphism φ from "G" to itself such that φ("v") = "v" for each vertex "v" in the subgraph φ(G). The image of the retraction is called a "retract" of "G". Retractions are examples of metric maps: the distance between φ("v") and φ("w"), for every "v" and "w", is at most equal to the distance between "v" and "w", and is equal whenever "v" and "w" both belong to φ("G"). Therefore, a retract must be an "isometric subgraph" of "G": distances in the retract equal those in "G".  If "G" is a median graph, and "a", "b", and "c" are an arbitrary three vertices of a retract φ("G"), then φ("m"("a","b","c")) must be a median of "a", "b", and "c", and so must equal "m"("a","b","c"). Therefore, φ("G") contains medians of all triples of its vertices, and must also be a median graph. In other words, the family of median graphs is closed under the retraction operation.  A hypercube graph, in which the vertices correspond to all possible "k"-bit bitvectors and in which two vertices are adjacent when the corresponding bitvectors differ in only a single bit, is a special case of a "k"-dimensional grid graph and is therefore a median graph. The median of three bitvectors "a", "b", and "c" may be calculated by computing, in each bit position, the majority function of the bits of "a", "b", and "c". Since median graphs are closed under retraction, and include the hypercubes, every retract of a hypercube is a median graph.  Conversely, every median graph must be the retract of a hypercube. This may be seen from the connection, described above, between median graphs and 2-satisfiability: let "G" be the graph of solutions to a 2-satisfiability instance; without loss of generality this instance can be formulated in such a way that no two variables are always equal or always unequal in every solution. Then the space of all truth assignments to the variables of this instance forms a hypercube. For each clause, formed as the disjunction of two variables or their complements, in the 2-satisfiability instance, one can form a retraction of the hypercube in which truth assignments violating this clause are mapped to truth assignments in which both variables satisfy the clause, without changing the other variables in the truth assignment. The composition of the retractions formed in this way for each of the clauses gives a retraction of the hypercube onto the solution space of the instance, and therefore gives a representation of "G" as the retract of a hypercube. In particular, median graphs are isometric subgraphs of hypercubes, and are therefore partial cubes. However, not all partial cubes are median graphs; for instance, a six-vertex cycle graph is a partial cube but is not a median graph.  As describe, an isometric embedding of a median graph into a hypercube may be constructed in time O("m" log "n"), where "n" and "m" are the numbers of vertices and edges of the graph respectively.

Triangle-free graphs and recognition algorithms.

The problems of testing whether a graph is a median graph, and whether a graph is triangle-free, both had been well studied when observed that, in some sense, they are computationally equivalent. Therefore, the best known time bound for testing whether a graph is triangle-free, O("m"), applies as well to testing whether a graph is a median graph, and any improvement in median graph testing algorithms would also lead to an improvement in algorithms for detecting triangles in graphs.  In one direction, suppose one is given as input a graph "G", and must test whether "G" is triangle-free. From "G", construct a new graph "H" having as vertices each set of zero, one, or two adjacent vertices of "G". Two such sets are adjacent in "H" when they differ by exactly one vertex. An equivalent description of "H" is that it is formed by splitting each edge of "G" into a path of two edges, and adding a new vertex connected to all the original vertices of "G". This graph "H" is by construction a partial cube, but it is a median graph only when "G" is triangle-free: if "a", "b", and "c" form a triangle in "G", then {"a","b"}, {"a","c"}, and {"b","c"} have no median in "H", for such a median would have to correspond to the set {"a","b","c"}, but sets of three or more vertices of "G" do not form vertices in "H". Therefore, "G" is triangle-free if and only if "H" is a median graph. In the case that "G" is triangle-free, "H" is its simplex graph. An algorithm to test efficiently whether "H" is a median graph could by this construction also be used to test whether "G" is triangle-free. This transformation preserves the computational complexity of the problem, for the size of "H" is proportional to that of "G".  The reduction in the other direction, from triangle detection to median graph testing, is more involved and depends on the previous median graph recognition algorithm of, which tests several necessary conditions for median graphs in near-linear time. The key new step involves using a breadth first search to partition the graph's vertices into levels according to their distances from some arbitrarily chosen root vertex, forming a graph from each level in which two vertices are adjacent if they share a common neighbor in the previous level, and searching for triangles in these graphs. The median of any such triangle must be a common neighbor of the three triangle vertices; if this common neighbor does not exist, the graph is not a median graph. If all triangles found in this way have medians, and the previous algorithm finds that the graph satisfies all the other conditions for being a median graph, then it must actually be a median graph. This algorithm requires, not just the ability to test whether a triangle exists, but a list of all triangles in the level graph. In arbitrary graphs, listing all triangles sometimes requires Ω("m") time, as some graphs have that many triangles, however Hagauer et al. show that the number of triangles arising in the level graphs of their reduction is near-linear, allowing the Alon et al. fast matrix multiplication based technique for finding triangles to be used.

Evolutionary trees, Buneman graphs, and Helly split systems.

Phylogeny is the inference of evolutionary trees from observed characteristics of species; such a tree must place the species at distinct vertices, and may have additional "latent vertices", but the latent vertices are required to have three or more incident edges and must also be labeled with characteristics. A characteristic is "binary" when it has only two possible values, and a set of species and their characteristics exhibit perfect phylogeny when there exists an evolutionary tree in which the vertices (species and latent vertices) labeled with any particular characteristic value form a contiguous subtree. If a tree with perfect phylogeny is not possible, it is often desired to find one exhibiting maximum parsimony, or equivalently, minimizing the number of times the endpoints of a tree edge have different values for one of the characteristics, summed over all edges and all characteristics.  To form the Buneman graph for a set of species and characteristics, first, eliminate redundant species that are indistinguishable from some other species and redundant characteristics that are always the same as some other characteristic. Then, form a latent vertex for every combination of characteristic values such that every two of the values exist in some known species. In the example shown, there are small brown tailless mice, small silver tailless mice, small brown tailed mice, large brown tailed mice, and large silver tailed mice; the Buneman graph method would form a latent vertex corresponding to an unknown species of small silver tailed mice, because every pairwise combination (small and silver, small and tailed, and silver and tailed) is observed in some other known species. However, the method would not infer the existence of large brown tailless mice, because no mice are known to have both the large and tailless traits. Once the latent vertices are determined, form an edge between every pair of species or latent vertices that differ in a single characteristic.  One can equivalently describe a collection of binary characteristics as a "split system", a family of sets having the property that the complement set of each set in the family is also in the family. This split system has a set for each characteristic value, consisting of the species that have that value. When the latent vertices are included, the resulting split system has the Helly property: every pairwise intersecting subfamily has a common intersection. In some sense median graphs are characterized as coming from Helly split systems: the pairs ("W", "W") defined for each edge "uv" of a median graph form a Helly split system, so if one applies the Buneman graph construction to this system no latent vertices will be needed and the result will be the same as the starting graph.

In graph theory, a division of mathematics, a median graph is an undirected graph in which every three vertices "a", "b", and "c" have a unique "median": a vertex "m"("a","b","c") that belongs to shortest paths between each pair of "a", "b", and "c".


April 2007.

Mainz, Germany recorded an average high of for April, the strongest deviation (+) from the 1989-2018 average of any month. It was also the first calendar month without any measured precipitation since February 1959. A high of was reached on April 14.

June 2007.

Up until 21 June, temperatures generally hovered around in most of the aforementioned countries; however, starting on 22 June, temperatures skyrocketed in this entire region. From this point on Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Turkey experienced record-breaking temperatures in a situation unprecedented even for these nations, typically used to conditions of extreme heat.  During the weekend of 23–24 June and on 25 June, temperatures soared to. By 26 June, however, Greece seemed to bear the brunt of the heatwave with temperatures in Athens reaching. The same day, Greece's national power consumption set a new record. Parts of Greece, including neighbourhoods in Athens, suffered from power outages due to high electricity demand and heat damage to the grid. Explosions from overheating transmission towers were implicated in the forest fires ravaging the country. The discomfort was exacerbated by high night-time temperatures, which exceeded averages by up to, and remained at very high levels for more than half of the 2007 summer.  More than 200 people were hospitalized for heat-related treatment and 18 people died from heat exhaustion. By 28 June northerly winds started blowing from the northwest and temperatures finally began falling, reaching a cooler. Nonetheless, at a time when everyone believed that the worst part was over, more than 100 fires erupted across the country. Two people perished in the village of Aghia, near the city of Larissa. In the evening of that same day a major wildfire broke out in Mount Parnitha near Athens. By the dawn of 29 June, a significant part of the popular Parnitha National Park had turned into ashes. Temperatures fell by as much as and the worst heatwave since records began came to an end leaving Greece reeling upon its disastrous effects.

July 2007.

By late July, temperatures again rose to more than in Southern Europe, impacting agriculture, electricity supply, forestry and human health. From 21 to 25 July, temperatures reached or exceeded. Over 500 deaths in Hungary were attributed to the heatwave. Major wildfires destroyed large forested areas across the region. Six people (including two Canadair pilots) lost their lives while trying to extinguish the flames in Greece. The country's electricity grid nearly collapsed due to exceptional demand for air conditioning. Hundreds of tourists were stranded on the beaches of Apulia, in Southeastern Italy, and had to be rescued by boats.  In Bulgaria, six people were killed in the fires that started on 22 July. An estimated 1,530 fires broke out between 20 and 24 July, three times the yearly average. During the largest fire near Stara Zagora, of pine forest burned for three days, as firefighters were unable to control the fire by conventional means. Strong winds and the extremely dry air quickly sparked new fires. The government requested help from Russia, and Be-200 amphibious water bombers finally managed to contain the blaze near Stara Zagora.

August 2007.

In the beginning of August, the Dalmatian coast in Croatia was hit by severe fires, especially in the surroundings of Dubrovnik.

The 2007 European heat wave affected most of Southern Europe and the Balkans. The phenomenon began affecting Italy and Turkey on 17 June and expanded into Greece and the rest of the Balkans, Hungary and Ukraine on 18 June. The costs of the heat wave were estimated at 2 billion euros.


Early life.

Virginia Astley was born in Garston, Hertfordshire, England, alongside her twin, Alison in 1959, the second daughter of composer Edwin Astley, noted for TV themes such as "The Saint", and his wife Hazel Balbirnie, who married in 1945. Virginia Astley's family was from the Warrington area and lived in Grappenhall, where her elder sister Karen was born in 1947. The family relocated to Stanmore in Middlesex because of Edwin's work as a film and TV writer. In the early 1960s he was musical director at ITC Entertainment in Borehamwood, the company responsible for TV series such as "The Saint" and "Danger Man".  In 1968 her sister Karen married Pete Townshend of The Who. In the 1970s Virginia's elder brother, Jon Astley, became a tape operator for Eric Clapton and worked his way up to his current activities as a remasterer and producer.

Music career.

Virginia began learning piano at the age of six and flute at 14. After leaving school, she studied at the Guildhall School Of Music. Her first professional appearance in public was as a busker outside South Kensington tube station. In 1980 she auditioned for a new band from Clapham, the Victims of Pleasure. Virginia, playing keyboards, worked with them for a short while playing in clubs and pubs around London. The band released three singles between 1980 and 1982 before splitting up.  Afterward, Virginia wrote, arranged and performed music with Skids frontman Richard Jobson for the album "The Ballad Of Etiquette". Their collaboration continued when Jobson moved to Belgian label Les Disques Du Crépuscule, and Astley contributed to the Crépuscule compilation "The Fruit of the Original Sin". She also contributed as part of The Dream Makers (in collaboration with filmmaker Jean Paul Goude) for a cover version of "La Chanson d'Helene" (Helen's Song), showcasing an early example of her distinctive vocal style.  It was during this early period that Virginia started to give serious consideration to releasing her own material; however, nothing immediately came of these plans. Then in 1981, she signed to the small UK label Why-Fi and recorded a series of songs. A school friend, Jo Wells (Kissing the Pink) and a university friend Nicky Holland both contributed as did Tony Butler, Mark Brzezicki and Peter Hope-Evans. Virginia then received an offer from another Why-Fi artist, Troy Tate, for a supporting band position with The Teardrop Explodes. In the nineties, finding that her musical style was popular in Japan, she went on to collaborate with Asian artists.

Ravishing Beauties.

Virginia recruited Nicky Holland and another university friend, Kate St. John to form the band the Ravishing Beauties. The trio joined The Teardrops in Liverpool during the winter of 1981 for a series of dates at a small clubs and a UK tour in early 1982. They also recorded with Echo & the Bunnymen, Skids, and Siouxsie and the Banshees.  Kate St. John and Nicky Holland went on to maintain solo careers in the 1990s at the time of Virginia's reemergence in Japan. The Ravishing Beauties did not record as a band, but appeared on radio shows, including a John Peel Session on BBC Radio 1 in April 1982.  The Ravishing Beauties first played at Club Zoo in Liverpool and followed this with the support tour with The Teardrop Explodes. Virginia wrote most of the band's songs, some of which appeared on her first solo project with Why-Fi. The band was short lived, with St. John first becoming a model and then eventually a member of The Dream Academy, while Holland did session work and joined Tears for Fears.

Solo work.

One of the first musicians Astley recorded with was Richard Jobson. Together with John McGeoch and Josephine Wells, they created a musical backdrop for Jobson's poetry. This work was released as "The Ballad of Etiquette" in late 1981. Later, Astley went with Jobson to perform in Japan. She also worked on other people's projects, including work for Les Disques Du Crépuscule label, playing piano and arranging music for Richard Jobson and Anna Domino. She also had a track on "From Brussels with Love" in 1982. Sessions followed with Richard Jobson and Russell Webb for the final Skids album "Joy", which featured Astley on flute and as a backing singer.  Astley recorded a solo album, "She Stood Up And Cried" for Crépuscule but this was withdrawn, eventually being released three years later as "Promise Nothing". She signed with Why-Fi in mid-1981 and recorded an EP called "A Bao A Qu", the title taken from a Malayan legend featured in Jorge Luis Borges's 1967 "Book of Imaginary Beings". This was produced by Jon Astley and Phil Chapman. Using a demo studio in Wapping called Elephant Studios, Astley recorded the song that was to place her in the indie top 10 (#8) in 1983: "Love's a Lonely Place to Be", a song of despair and anxiety in spite of its Christmas carol sound. The song would later form part of the 1986 LP "Hope in a Darkened Heart". In 1982 Virginia also played piano on her brother-in-law Pete Townshend's album "All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes".  The album "From Gardens Where We Feel Secure" was released in August 1983 and was recorded on Astley's own label Happy Valley and distributed by Rough Trade, which has since reissued it. The album achieved a place in the top 5 of the indie chart (#4), but neither single nor album was listed in the mainstream charts.  In 1983, Astley established a more permanent lineup with string players Audrey Riley, Jocelyn Pook and Anne Stephenson, with guests such as drummer Brian Nevill and composer Jeremy Peyton Jones.  In 1984, Astley played keyboards on tour with Prefab Sprout around the time of their first album, and she also did sessions for their Kitchenware Records labelmates Martin Stephenson and the Daintees, Vic Godard and Zeke Manyika.  In 1984 Virginia signed to Arista but left to join Elektra Records UK. "Darkness Has Reached its End" and "Tender" were both recorded at this time. When Elektra UK folded she went to WEA where she subsequently recorded the album "Hope in a Darkened Heart" with Ryuichi Sakamoto producing in 1986. The success of this album in Japan meant that Virginia was asked to sign to Nippon Columbia with whom she recorded a further two albums, "All Shall Be Well" in 1992 and "Had I The Heavens" in 1996. The following year, the first track from the album, "Some Small Hope" was released, a collaboration with David Sylvian.  Since then, Astley has guested on CDs by both Hideaki Matsuoka and the Silent Poets. "From Gardens Where We Feel Secure" was re-issued with a new cover in 2003, and in 2006 she released her first album of new material in ten years, entitled "The Words Between Our Words". This mini album features Astley reciting her own poetry to a backing of harp music. In 2007, she premiered a long poem "Ecliptic", with flute, harp and birdsong.

Virginia Astley (born 26 September 1959) is an English singer-songwriter most active during the 1980s and 1990s. Her songwriting career started in 1980. Her classical training influenced her as did a desire to be experimental with her music. Although more popular in the Far East, most notably Japan, she remains a cult artist in her native England.


Overview.

The wheel arrangement was widely used on passenger tank locomotives during the last three decades of the nineteenth and the first decade of the twentieth centuries. The vast majority of 2-4-2 locomotives were tank engines, designated 2-4-2T. The symmetrical wheel arrangement was well suited for a tank locomotive that is used to work in either direction.  When the leading and trailing wheels are in swivelling trucks, the equivalent UIC classification is 1'B1'.  While a number of 2-4-2 tender locomotives were built, larger tender locomotive types soon became dominant.

Usage.

Cape of Good Hope.

In 1899, the Walvis Bay Railway in the British territory of Walvis Bay, a Cape of Good Hope exclave in "Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika" (German South West Africa), placed a single tank locomotive in service. The engine, named "Hope" and built by Kerr, Stuart and Company, remained in service until 1904 when operations on the railway were suspended. The line was abandoned in 1905, partly as a result of being buried by a sandstorm.

Finland.

A 2-4-2 tank locomotive, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1899 and used on the private Raahe track in Finland, was later bought by the Finnish State Railways.

New Zealand.

In 1877, when the New Zealand Railways needed new motive power, the road turned to the Rogers Locomotive Works who supplied eight 2-4-2 tender locomotives between 1877 and 1879 that were designated the "K" class. These were the first American-built locomotives in New Zealand and proved to be quite successful.  Three of these locomotives have been preserved. No. K88 "Washington" was used on the first through train between Christchurch and Dunedin in 1877. After fifty years of service, "Washington" was dumped in the Oreti River, Southland, as a flood protection measure. In 1974, the locomotive was exhumed from her watery grave and, over the next eight years, restored to full active service.  Sister locomotives numbers K92 and K94 have also been salvaged from the Oreti river. No. K92 has been restored to full active service and has re-established her position on the Kingston Flyer train, which was made famous by the K class at the end of the 19th century.

United Kingdom.

The earliest British use of the 2-4-2 wheel arrangement appears to have been no. 21 "White Raven", supplied to the St Helens Railway by James Cross of Sutton Works in 1863. It was soon rebuilt as a 2-4-0 tender locomotive and eventually passed into the stock of the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR).  In 1864, Robert Sinclair of the Great Eastern Railway designed the first of six 2-4-2 tank classes built by the railway, eventually totalling 262 locomotives by 1912.  Francis Webb of the London and North Western Railway also designed two 2-4-2 classes which eventually totaled 380 locomotives, built between 1879 and 1898.  Other railway companies that built large numbers of the type included the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) with 330 locomotives built between 1889 and 1911, the North Eastern Railway with 60 locomotives built between 1886 and 1892 and the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway with 49 locomotives built between 1889 and 1898. One of John Aspinall's Class 5 locomotives, built for the L&YR in 1889, is preserved at the National Railway Museum, York.

United States.

The tank-type 2-4-2T was not uncommon in the U.S. around the dawn of the twentieth century in both suburban passenger service and on logging railroads. The Baldwin Locomotive Works built a demonstrator tender type engine which was displayed at the Columbian Exposition of 1893. This led to the type's name. This locomotive featured ambitious seven foot tall driving wheels, and was one of the first tender-equipped locomotives with a trailing truck. This freed the firebox from having to sit narrowly between, or above, the drive wheels, and was a very influential design.  This inspired three major U.S. railroads (Atlantic Coast Line, Burlington and Reading) to purchase a few of the type. But the two-wheeled lead truck was never well-suited to high speed service on far-flung North American rails. Some were converted to 4-4-2 Atlantic types and others were converted to 4-6-0 Ten Wheelers. The display locomotive was donated to Columbia University. In one respect, however, it was a success. A great many Atlantic types would follow, most based on the design.

In fiction.

The character "Sammy" from Sammy the Shunter is based on the United Kingdom design of the 2-4-2 engine. Two characters in the 1991 film "The Little Engine That Could" have this type of wheel arrangement. "Albert" from The Railway Series has this wheel arrangement.

Model railroading.

The Lionel Corporation used the 2-4-2 configuration in numerous of its O-27 locomotives. In the United States of America, this may be the most famous usage of a 2-4-2 configuration locomotive.

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The type is sometimes named Columbia after a Baldwin locomotive was showcased at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago, Illinois.


Plot.

The film tells the story of a psychiatric hospital in the Russian republic of Ingushetia on the border with war-torn republic of Chechnya in 1996. With the medical staff vanishing to apparently find help, the patients are left to their own endeavors. Zhanna (Yuliya Vysotskaya), a young woman, lives in the belief that the pop star Bryan Adams is her fiancé, that he is off on tour and will, at some point in the future, come to take her away with him. Zhanna is sort of the ad hoc keeper of peace, happiness and control of the others; she attempts to help curb some of the other patients exuberant impulses. Blissfully unaware of the terror of the war, the patients stick it out in the hospital. Their guests include a group of Chechen rebels, one of whom, Ahmed (Sultan Islamov), gives Zhanna the idea that he will marry her. At this point Zhanna falls in love with Ahmed. She goes back to the "House" where, with the help of her fellow residents, she prepares for her marriage to Ahmed. From this point on Zhanna prepares for and expects to be swept away by Ahmed. Her hopes do not come to fruition and Ahmed and Zhanna part ways. Zhanna returns to the "House" in order to resume her life there.  The story was partially inspired by the real-life tragedy of the psychiatric hospital in Shali, Chechnya, which was abandoned by the personnel during the Russian bombing campaign and in which many patients subsequently died from attacks and neglect.  The story also mirrors the plot of Philippe de Broca's 1967 French cult classic film "King of Hearts" ("Le Roi de coeur", starring Alan Bates) about the inmates of an asylum abandoned by the staff during World War I who take over the neighboring town. The two films even share similarities in their conclusion, with a soldier taking refuge from the insanity of war in the asylum when it returns to normal. Although there are some similar aspects to King Of Hearts, the difference in the two films is that the inmates/patients in King of Hearts take on the various personalities of the town folk; mayor, baker, prostitute, etc.  The film also features several genuine mental patients alongside actors.

Reception.

Awards.

Awards:  Nominations:

Ratings.

"House of Fools" received a rating of 52/100 at Metacritic and 40% "fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes. Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, saying that "House of Fools" is "A film that succeeds not by arguing that the world is crazier than the asylum, but by arriving at the melancholy possibility that both are equally insane."

House of Fools (, "Dom durakov") is a 2002 Russian film by Andrei Konchalovsky about psychiatric patients and combatants during the First Chechen War. It stars Julia Vysotskaya and Sultan Islamov and features a number of cameo appearances by Bryan Adams, with the music composed by Eduard Artemyev.


Legal framework.

The legal debate concerning euthanasia in the Netherlands took off with the "Postma case" in 1973, concerning a physician who had facilitated the death of her mother following repeated explicit requests for euthanasia. While the physician was convicted, the court's judgment set out criteria when a doctor would not be required to keep a patient alive contrary to their will. This set of criteria was formalised in the course of a number of court cases during the 1980s.  "Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act" was passed in April 2001 and took effect on 1 April 2002. It legalises euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in very specific cases, under very specific circumstances. The law was proposed by Els Borst, the D66 minister of Health. The procedures codified in the law had been a convention of the Dutch medical community for over twenty years.  The law allows medical review board to suspend prosecution of doctors who performed euthanasia when each of the following conditions are fulfilled:  The doctor must also report the cause of death to the municipal coroner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Burial and Cremation Act. A regional review committee assesses whether a case of termination of life on request or assisted suicide complies with the due care criteria. Depending on its findings, the case will either be closed or, if the conditions are not met, brought to the attention of the Public Prosecutor. Finally, the legislation offers an explicit recognition of the validity of a written declaration of will of the patient regarding euthanasia (a "euthanasia directive"). Such declarations can be used when a patient is in a coma or otherwise unable to state if they wish to be euthanised.  Euthanasia remains a criminal offense in cases not meeting the law's specific conditions, with the exception of several situations that are not subject to the restrictions of the law at all, because they are not considered euthanasia but normal medical practice:  Euthanasia of children under the age of 12 remains technically illegal; however, Dr. Eduard Verhagen has documented several cases and, together with colleagues and prosecutors, has developed a protocol to be followed in those cases. Prosecutors will refrain from pressing charges if this Groningen Protocol is followed.

Practice.

In 2016 the number of official cases of euthanasia in the Netherlands was 6,091 which was 4 % of total deaths in the Netherlands.  In 2010, the number had been 4,050, and according to research done by the Vrije Universiteit, University Medical Center Utrecht and Statistics Netherlands, and published in "The Lancet", that was not more than before the "Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act" took effect in 2002; and the study concluded that In effect, the legislation did not lead to more cases of euthanasia and assisted suicide on request.  In 2003, in the Netherlands, 1,626 cases were officially reported of euthanasia in the sense of a physician assisting the death (1.2 % of all deaths). Usually the sedative sodium thiopental is intravenously administered to induce a coma. Once it is certain that the patient is in a deep coma, typically after less than a minute, pancuronium is administered to stop breathing and cause death.  Officially reported were also 148 cases of physician-assisted dying (0.14 % of all deaths), usually by drinking a strong (10 g) barbiturate potion. The doctor is required to be present for two reasons:  In two cases the doctor was reprimanded for not being present while the patient drank the potion. They said they had not realised that this was required.  Forty-one cases were reported to combine the two procedures: usually in these cases the patient drinks the potion, but this does not cause death. After a few hours, or earlier in the case of vomiting, the muscle relaxant is administered to cause death.  By far, most reported cases concerned cancer patients. Also, in most cases the procedure was applied at home.  A study in 2000 found that Dutch physicians who intend to provide assistance with suicide sometimes end up administering a lethal medication themselves because of the patient's inability to take the medication or because of problems with the completion of physician-assisted suicide.  In 2010 there were 3,136 cases reported of a physician assisting the death of a patient. When categorised there were, 2,910 cases of "end of life on request", 182 cases of assisted suicide, and in 44 cases it was a combination. The evaluation commissions decided that in 9 cases the procedures were not according to protocol and referred the cases to the Public Prosecution Service and the Health Care Inspectorate. The number of reported cases was rising by 8 % each year. In 2017, the number of reported euthanasias had increased to 6,585; 99.8 % of them being performed carefully. The reason for this rise is not clear.

Further developments.

Under current Dutch law, euthanasia by doctors is only legal in cases of ""hopeless and unbearable"" suffering. In practice this means that it is limited to those suffering from serious medical conditions like severe pain, exhaustion or asphyxia. Sometimes, psychiatric patients that have proven to be untreatable, can get euthanasia. There is much discussion about people with early dementia who have previously stated in a written will that if they ever got dementia, they would want to get euthanasia.  In February 2010 a citizens' initiative called "Out of Free Will" further demanded that all Dutch people over 70 who feel tired of life should have the right to professional help in ending it. The organisation started collecting signatures in support of this proposed change in Dutch legislation. A number of prominent Dutch citizens supported the initiative, including former ministers and artists, legal scholars and physicians. However, this initiative has never been legalised.  In 2016, the Dutch Health Minister of the Second Rutte cabinet announced plans to draft a law that would allow assisted suicide in cases without a terminal illness, if the person feels they have completed life.

Foreign views.

In 2012, United States Republican presidential candidate Rick Santorum falsely claimed that forced euthanasia accounted for 5 % of all deaths in the Netherlands and that elderly Dutch people wear a bracelet reading “Do not euthanize me.” This claim was mocked by various Dutch sources and prompted the Dutch embassy to respond with relevant statistics disproving Santorum's claim, but the lack of a formal statement by Dutch officials angered Dutch politician Frans Timmermans, who demanded minister of foreign affairs Uri Rosenthal to take a public stance against such assertions.  The 2019 suicide of 17-year-old Noa Pothoven led to false reports in English-language media that she had been granted an assisted death.

Euthanasia in the Netherlands is regulated by the "Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act" which was passed in 2001 and took effect in 2002. It states that euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are not punishable if the attending physician acts in accordance with criteria of due care. These criteria concern the patient's request, the patient's suffering (unbearable and hopeless), the information provided to the patient, the absence of reasonable alternatives, consultation of another physician and the applied method of ending life. To demonstrate their compliance, the Act requires physicians to report euthanasia to a review committee.


Taxonomy.

The Drakensberg siskin was formerly placed in the genus "Serinus" but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the Drakensberg siskin were moved to the resurrected genus "Crithagra".

Description.

The Drakensberg siskin averages 13–14 cm in length. The tail has white sides, a feature which is diagnostic for both sexes, and especially visible in flight. The adult male has a faintly streaked light brown back, light brown wing coverts, rump and upper tail, and yellow underparts. The head and nape sides are yellowish grey and olive. The throat is bright yellow, but the rest of the underparts are a somewhat duller shade.  The female has similar but duller upperparts and has no yellow in the plumage. The head and underparts are buff with much fine dark brown streaks on the head and breast. The juvenile plumage is much like the female's but with heavier streaking.  There is no range overlap with the slightly smaller Cape siskin, which has white spots on the flight feathers and tail and more uniform upperparts.  The Drakensberg siskin's call is a "schwee", often given in flight. and the song, like that of Cape siskin, is a weak, pleasant warble similar to the yellow-fronted canary.

Behaviour.

Breeding.

One reason for the taxonomic uncertainty with this species is that, if it is a true siskin, it is the only one which breeds in cavities. A shallow cup nest is constructed in cracks or holes in rocks, on ledges or amongst vegetation, especially ferns. Natural hollows in trees are rarely used.  The nest is constructed by the female with fine plant material, lined with plant down and animal hair. The clutch is three or four, occasionally five, eggs, incubated by the female. She is fed by the male on the nest by regurgitation.

Feeding.

The Drakensberg siskin is seen in pairs or small flock, moving unobtrusively through bushes and scrub as it forages for seeds (including proteas), buds and insects.

The Drakensberg siskin, ("Crithagra symonsi"), is a small passerine bird in the finch family. It is an endemic resident breeder in the eastern Cape Province Transkei and western Natal in South Africa, and in Lesotho.


Siege of Plevna.

The Pleven Panorama depicts the events of the Siege of Plevna, which consisted of four major battles over a five-month period (20 July–10 December 1877), focusing on the third battle. The siege was pivotal in the outcome in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, which eventually resulted in the liberation of Bulgaria as well as Serbia and Romania from 500 years of Ottoman control.  At the time, Plevna was under Turkish control as Field Marshal Osman Pasha had set up fortifications there following his defeat at the Nikopol on 16 July. Osman was successful at fending off the Russian attacks on them during the first two battles. In the third battle, which began on 31 August and culminated on 11 September 1877, Russian forces under the command of General Mikhail Skobelev took two Turkish redoubts and a Romanian division took a third, the Grivitsa redoubt. Osman's troops were able to recapture the two redoubts taken by the Russians, but they were unable to dislodge the Romanians from Grivitsa.  This battle was the bloodiest for the Russian forces, with roughly 20,000 losses, but was also the turning point in the Siege. By 24 October, Russian and Romanian forces had surrounded Plevna. Osman requested permission to retreat, but the Ottoman high command would not allow him to do so. On 9 December Osman and his troops made a brief sally, defeated after initial success and incurring losses of 5,000 men. Osman was wounded. The next day, Osman surrendered the city to Romanian colonel Mihail Cerchez.

Construction and unveiling.

Most of the historical landmarks in Pleven are related to the Russo-Turkish war, with around 200 monuments commemorating the bloodiest battles of the war. The Pleven Panorama was constructed in honor of the centennial of the surrender of Turkish forces to Russian and Romanian troops, ending the siege on Plevna. It was conceived and designed by N. Ovetchkin, an author from Moscow as a counterpart to the Borodin Panorama in Belgorod, Russia. The panorama is situated in Skobelev Park, named for the general who commanded the Russian forces and led them to victory over the Turks at Plevna, and the site upon which the deciding battle of the five-month siege on the city occurred.  Eleven Russian and two Bulgarian artists painted and constructed the panoramic painting which includes a 115×15-meter main canvas and 12-meter foreground. The goal of Ovetchkin and the artists who created the panorama was to create a feeling of empathy for the battle that was fought on the site as well as a feeling of authenticity of the events that occurred on 11 September 1877. The panorama opened to the public on 10 December 1977, 100 years to the day that Field Marshal Osman Pasha surrendered to Colonel Mihail Cerchez, ending the Pleven Epopee.

Composition.

The architectural unit is composed of four rooms: introductory, panoramic, diorame and finale. The six canvases of the introductory room discover the tragic destiny of the people, their dramatic fight and their compassion to the fellow Russian soldiers. The spectator is in the middle of the battlefield, surrounded by an attacking Russian regiment, smoking shells, a doctor and a nurse, the attack of the Turkish cavalry, burning fires in the city, and the Russian General Mikhail Skobelev conducting an attack against the Ottoman fortification.

Pleven Epopee 1877, more commonly known as Pleven Panorama, is a panorama located in Pleven, Bulgaria, that depicts the events of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78, specifically the five-month Siege of Plevna (Pleven Epopee) which made the city internationally famous and which contributed to the Liberation of Bulgaria after five centuries of Ottoman rule.


Early life.

The seventh Prince of San Severo was born at Torremaggiore into a noble family. His father was Antonio, Duke of Torremaggiore, and his mother was Cecilia Gaetani of Aragon. His mother died shortly after his birth. From the age of ten he was educated at the Jesuit College in Rome.

Career.

In 1730, at the age of 20, he returned to Naples. He became a friend of Charles Bourbon, who became king of Naples in 1734, for whom he invented a waterproof cape.  In 1744 he distinguished himself at the head of a regiment during the Battle of Velletri, in the war between the Habsburgs and the Bourbons. While in command of the military he built a cannon out of lightweight materials which had a longer range than the standard ones of the time, and wrote a military treatise on the employment of infantry ("Manuale di esercizi militari per la fanteria") for which he was praised by Frederick II of Prussia.  His real interests, however, were the studies of alchemy, mechanics and the sciences in general. Among his inventions were:

Publishing.

The Prince spoke several European languages, as well as Arabic and Hebrew. After returning to Naples he set up a printing press in the basement of his house where he printed both his own works and those of others, some of which he translated himself. As some of these were censored by the ecclesiastical authorities he also wrote anonymously. Some of his publications were clearly influenced by Freemasonry, and he communicated with fellow masons such as the Scot Andrew Michael Ramsay, whose "Voyages of Cyrus" he translated and published, and the English poet Alexander Pope, whose "Rape of the Lock" he translated and published (although, due to condemnations by the Jesuits, he had to deny these activities). He was head of the Neapolitan masonic lodge until he was excommunicated by the Church, making an enemy of the Neapolitan cardinal Giuseppe Spinelli. The excommunication was later revoked by Pope Benedict XIV, probably on account of the influence of the di Sangro family.  Whilst in Naples, he forged a friendship with Fortunato-Bartolommeo de Félice, 2nd Count di Panzutti, who had been appointed chair of experimental physics and mathematics at Naples University by Celestino Galiani and later set up the famous publishing press at Yverdon in 1762. Together the Prince and the Count translated the physicist John Arbuthnot's works from Latin.

Rumours.

Many legends grew up around his alchemical activities: that he could create blood out of nothing, that he could replicate the liquefaction of blood of San Gennaro, that he had people killed so that he could use their bones and skin for experiments. The Chapel of Sansevero was said to have been constructed on an old temple of Isis, and di Sangro was said to have been a Rosicrucian. To justify this, locals pointed to a massive Statue of the God of the Nile, located just around the corner from his home.  To add to the sense of dread, di Sangro's family home in Naples, the Palazzo Sansevero, was the scene of a brutal murder at the end of the 16th century, when the composer Carlo Gesualdo caught his wife and her lover "in flagrante delicto", and hacked them to death in their bed.

Later life.

The last years of his life were dedicated to decorating the Chapel of Sansevero with marble works from the greatest artists of the time, including Antonio Corradini, Francesco Queirolo, and Giuseppe Sanmartino (whose "Veiled Christ"'s detailed marble veil was thought by many to be created by di Sangro's alchemy) and preparing anatomical models. Two of the models, known as anatomical machines, are still on display in the Chapel, and have given rise to legends as to how they were constructed (even today the exact method is not known). Until recently many Neapolitans believed that the models were of his servant and a pregnant woman, into whose veins an artificial substance was injected under pressure, but the latest research has shown that the models are artificial.  He destroyed his own scientific archive before he died. After his death, his descendants, under threat of excommunication by the Church due to di Sangro's involvement with Freemasonry and alchemy, destroyed what was left of his writings, formulae, laboratory equipment and results of experiments.

Death.

Raimondo di Sangro died in Naples in 1771, his death being hastened by the continuous use of dangerous chemicals in his experiments and inventions. In 1794, the Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg named the plant genus "Sansevieria" after him.

Raimondo di Sangro, Prince of Sansevero (30 January 1710 – 22 March 1771) was an Italian nobleman, inventor, soldier, writer, scientist, alchemist and freemason best remembered for his reconstruction of the Chapel of Sansevero in Naples.


Biography.

Sadi-Lecointe was born on 11 July 1891 at Saint-Germain-sur-Bresle. He learned to fly at the Zenith school at Issy-les-Moulineaux in 1910 and was awarded French Aero Club license No. 431 on 3 May 1911. Before formally qualifying, he had taken Georges Clemenceau for a short flight.  During the First World War he saw active service with Escadrille BL.10 and later, flying Nieuport scouts, with Escadrille MS.48. He became a flying instructor in 1916 and in September 1917 he became a test pilot with Bleriot-SPAD, working on the development of the SPAD XIII.  After the war he became a test pilot for Nieuport-Delage, flying their aircraft in a number of races and also using them to set seven speed and three altitude records. He was the winner of the 1920 Gordon Bennett race, securing permanent possession of the trophy for the "Aero Club de France" and was to fly the French entry for the 1921 Schneider Trophy at Venice, but had to withdraw after an accident during practice.  Between 1925 and 1927 he returned to military service as a volunteer, taking part in the Rif War in Morocco, afterwards returning to his job as chief test pilot with Nieuport Delage.  In 1936 he was appointed Inspector General of Aviation by the French Air Ministry. Mobilised at the outbreak of the Second World War, he became the Inspector of Flying Schools. His political sympathies did not allow him to serve under the Vichy government after the fall of France in 1940, and instead he was active in the French Resistance. On 21 March 1944 he was arrested by the Gestapo and held in Fresnes prison. Released after two months, he died on 15 July 1944 as a result of being tortured while in prison.

Records.

Speed Altitude  There is a street in the XIXieme arrondissement of Paris named in his honour.

Joseph Sadi-Lecointe (1891 – 1944) was a French aviator, best known for breaking a number of speed and altitude records in the 1920s.


History.

The M1877 was designed by one of the inventors of the M1873 Colt Single Action Army, William Mason, as Colt's first attempt at manufacturing a double-action revolver. The M1877 was the first successful US-made double-action cartridge revolver.  The M1877 was offered from the factory in two basic finishes: nickel-plated or a case-hardened frame with a blue barrel and cylinder. The revolver was available in barrel lengths from 2.5′′ to 7.5′′ and was available with or without the ejector rod and housing. The shorter barreled versions without the ejector rod were marketed as "shopkeeper's specials".  Neither "Lightning" nor "Thunderer" were Colt designations, nor used by the factory in any reference materials. Both terms were coined by Benjamin Kittredge, one of Colt's major distributors. Kittredge was responsible for the terms "Peacemaker" for the Single Action Army, "Omnipotent" for the Colt M1878 double-action (often known as the "Frontier" model), and nicknames for the various chamberings of the New Line models.  The M1877's early double-action mechanism proved to be both intricate and delicate, and thus prone to breakage. The design had a reputation for failure and earned the nickname "the gunsmith's favorite". Because of the intricate design and difficulty of repair, gunsmiths to this day dislike working on them. "Gun Digest" referred to it as "the worst double-action trigger mechanism ever made". Typically, the trigger spring would fail and this would reduce the revolver to single-action fire only. Outwardly, the Model 1877 shows a striking resemblance to the Colt Single Action Army revolver, however it is scaled down slightly and much thinner in dimension. The standard finishes were blued, with a case-colored frame or nickel plating. The bird's head grips were of checkered rosewood on the early guns and hard rubber on the majority of later-production guns.  The "Lightning" was the favored personal weapon of famous Manchester (UK) Victorian detective and then head of CID, Jerome Caminada. Old West outlaw John Wesley Hardin frequently used both "Lightning" and "Thunderer" versions of the Colt 1877 revolver. Likewise the 1877 "Thunderer" in.41 caliber was the preferred weapon of Billy the Kid and was his weapon of choice when he was killed by Pat Garrett in 1881. Doc Holliday was also known to carry a nickel plated colt thunder in his waistband as an accompanying gun to his nickel plated colt 1873. Both had ivory or pearl grips.

The Colt M1877 was a double-action revolver manufactured by Colt's Patent Fire Arms from January 1877 to 1909 for a total of 166,849 revolvers. The Model 1877 was offered in three calibers, which lent them three unofficial names: the "Lightning", the "Thunderer", and the "Rainmaker". The principal difference between the models was the cartridge in which they were chambered: the "Lightning" being chambered in.38 Long Colt; the "Thunderer" in.41 Colt. Both models had a six-round ammunition capacity. An earlier model in.32 Colt known as the "Rainmaker" was offered in 1877.


History.

The monastery was founded by Dmitry Prilutsky, formerly a hegumen of the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky. Dmitry left Pereslavl since he thought it was too crowded, and moved north. He first decided to settle down on the Obnora River, currently in Gryazovetsky District of Vologda Oblast, but he was not accepted warmly by the local population, and he moved further north. At the current location of the monastery, which was at the time relatively far from the city of Vologda, he built a wooden church and the cells.  The end of the 14th century was the time of rapid expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and Dmitry Donskoy, the prince of Moscow, considered it very important as an influence point of the Moscow State in the north. The princes of Moscow and later tsars belonged to the main benefactors of the monastery. Vasily III visited the monastery personally in 1528, when he and his wife, Elena Glinskaya, childless for a long time, made a pilgrimage to a number of Russian monasteries in hope to get a child. (The child who was eventually born was Ivan the Terrible). On December 16, 1612, the monastery was captured and burned by Polish-Lithuanian brigands, the so-called Lisowczycy.  In August 1924, the monastery was abolished. The buildings were subsequently used for a variety of purposes, including living quarters, a prison, a depot, and a museum. All the buildings consisting the ensemble of the monastery were preserved though. In 1991, the monastery was re-established. The "selo" of Priluki, where the monastery was located, in 1993 was included into the city of Vologda.  As of January 2013, images of the monastery and grounds were available via Google Street View.

Architecture.

The monastery is built as a fortress, has an approximately rectangular shape, and is completely surrounded by a wall, which has four corner towers and three gates. The northern wall has the main gate and the gate Resurrection Church, the western wall has a gate leading to the Vologda River, and the southern wall has the third gate which is now defunct. The wall was completed in 1656. The construction started after the monastery was plundered by Polish armies in the Time of Troubles.  The main cathedral, located in the center of the monastery, is the Saint Saviour Cathedral, built in 1537-1542. It was the first stone building in Vologda. The bell-tower was built between 1639 and 1654. In 1811, the cathedral burnt down and was only restored in 1813-1817. In the meanwhile, during the French invasion of Russia, the Napoleon army occupied Moscow, and some of the treasures belonging to the church were speedily evacuated from Moscow. They were kept in Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, in the cathedral which at the time was still not restored. The cathedral is connected to a set of buildings, including the Presentation Church, built before 1623.  The Church of All Saints was built in 1721, and the Church of Saint Catherine originates from 1830.  In 1962, the wooden Assumption Church, which was formerly located in the Alexandro-Kushtsky Monastery close to the selo of Ustye, was transferred to the Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery. This is one of the earliest surviving wooden buildings in Russia.

The Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery () is a Russian Orthodox monastery outside the old city of Vologda, Russia, on the bank of the Vologda River. As of 2011, it was one of the four monasteries still operating in the region. Its history goes back to the 14th-century missionary activities of St. Sergius of Radonezh and his disciples.


Early years.

The BBWAA was founded on October 14, 1908, to improve working conditions for sportswriters in the early part of the 20th century; It also sought to promote uniformity of scoring methods, and to professionalize the press box, such that access was limited only to working reporters, telegraphers, and others who had a reason to be there. The forty-three founding members of the Baseball Writers Association first met in mid-October 1908. They included Joe S. Jackson, who became the association's first president. At that time, Jackson was the sporting editor (today called "sports editor") of the "Detroit Free Press". Also selected as officers were Irving E. Sanborn of the "Chicago Tribune", syndicated columnist Hugh Fullerton, and "Boston Globe" baseball writer Tim Murnane A second meeting was held in New York City in December; Sanborn decided he could not serve as an officer at that time, and he was replaced by William Weart of the "Philadelphia Times". The slate of officers was ratified, and anyone who wrote about baseball in major league cities was eligible for membership. This policy changed, however, in December 1913, at which time it was decided that minor league baseball writers could also become members. Then, Jackson became a dominant force in the early years of the baseball writers, being elected as president of the association during nine consecutive terms. Jackson finally retired in 1919, while Sanborn returned to assume the position of president. After that, Jackson became a member of the BBWAA Board of Directors.

Mission.

The organization's primary function is to work with Major League Baseball and individual teams to assure clubhouse and press-box access for BBWAA members. In addition, BBWAA members also elect players to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, which is the organization's most public function. All writers with 10 continuous years of membership in the BBWAA, plus active BBWAA membership at any time in the preceding 10 years, are eligible to vote for the Hall of Fame. The BBWAA also votes annually for the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Most Valuable Player Award, Cy Young Award, Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year Award, and Manager of the Year Award in each of the two major leagues. The Hall of Fame also empowers the BBWAA's Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 or 12 veteran BBWAA members, to formulate the annual ballot for the Veterans Committee.  Considering the ready availability of television broadcasts for the majority of baseball games, plus instant access to information through the Internet, some have called into question why the BBWAA has not broadened its membership rules to include broadcasters and researchers. (Similar arguments were made for the inclusion of Web-based journalists, before the BBWAA added Web writers to its ranks in December 2007.)  Others have openly questioned why the BBWAA is involved in the award and Hall of Fame voting processes at all, citing in some cases journalistic integrity and the need to remain unbiased in their coverage of newsworthy events.

Awards voting.

The BBWAA's most public function is to annually vote on candidates for the National Baseball Hall of Fame.  In addition, the BBWAA is responsible for voting on several annual awards in each major league, including:  In or about 2000, the BBWAA took over the voting responsibility for the Edgar Martínez Award, given each year to the outstanding designated hitter in the American League.  From 1953 to 1962, the BBWAA presented a "Sophomore of the Year Award" in each league.  In 1997, a 36-member BBWAA panel selected the Major League Baseball All-Time Team.

Awards display.

Replicas of various BBWAA awards and lists of past winners are displayed at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, in the Records Room, which also has other exhibits, including charts showing active and all-time leaders in various baseball statistical categories.

J. G. Taylor Spink Award.

The annual J. G. Taylor Spink Award is the highest award given by the BBWAA. The award is open to both BBWAA members and nonmembers, but only one winner—Roger Angell of "The New Yorker", the 2014 recipient—had never been a BBWAA member in his career. Despite having written on baseball for more than a half-century, Angell never worked a specific baseball writing beat, thereby making him ineligible for BBWAA membership.

Web membership.

In 2007, the BBWAA opened its membership to web-based writers employed on a full-time basis by "websites that are credentialed by MLB for post-season coverage."

Presidents.

During the 2012 World Series, the Association elected its first female president, Susan Slusser, of the San Francisco Chronicle.

List of current members.

Names of members are followed by the name of the organization for whom they write.  Writers for "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", and the "Baltimore Sun" have stated that they are no longer permitted to vote by their employers. The "Los Angeles Times" has a similar policy, though it appears to be negotiable.

Footnotes.

"Baseball Writers Unite." Washington Post, October 15, 1908, p. 9.

The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) is a professional association for baseball journalists writing for daily newspapers, magazines and qualifying websites.


Geography.

Henrieville is in southern Garfield County, along Utah State Route 12. It is southeast of Bryce Canyon City and southwest of Escalante. Cannonville, the closest neighboring town, is to the west on Route 12.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Henrieville has a total area of, none of which is covered with water.

Climate.

The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Henrieville has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 159 people, 57 households, and 40 families residing in the town. The population density was 941.9 people per square mile (361.1/km2). There were 83 housing units at an average density of 491.7 per square mile (188.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.37% White and 0.63% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of the population.  There were 57 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.41.  In the town, the population was spread out with 32.1% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 74.7 males. For every ten females age 18 and over, there were eight males.  The median income for a household in the town was $28,500, and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had a median income of $21,667 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,231. About 4.5% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 11.1% of those sixty five or over.

Henrieville is a town in Garfield County, Utah, United States, along Utah Scenic Byway 12. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 230, up from 159 at the 2000 census.