French career.

In 1780, "Lutine" was under Cambray, and called the ports of Foilleri, Smyrna and Malta, before returning to Toulon, escorting a convoy. Later than year, she was under Garnier de Saint-Antonin, conducting missions in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 1781, she was under Flotte, also escorting convoys in the Eastern Mediterranean and calling Marseille, Malta, Smyrna and Foilleri. At Athens, Flotte was gifted an antique relief, that he reported to Navy Minister Castries. From 13 July 1782 to 16 July 1783, she continued the same missions under Gineste.  With the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition, "Lutine" was recommissioned as a bomb ship in 1792.

British career.

On 27 September 1793, the royalists in Toulon surrendered the city, naval dockyards, arsenal, and French Mediterranean fleet to a British fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Lord Hood. The French vessels included:  "Lutine" was one of the ships from the Old Basin. During the siege of Toulon, the British converted "Lutine" to a bomb vessel that fired mortars at the besieging French artillery batteries, which were under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte. When they abandoned Toulon on 19 December, the British took "Lutine" with them.  The ship was sent to Portsmouth in December 1793 for a refit and commissioned as HMS "Lutine".  The loss of the "Lutine" occurred during the Second Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars, in which an Anglo-Russian army landed in the Batavian Republic (now the Netherlands), which had been occupied by the French since 1795. (The French had captured the Dutch fleet the previous year in a cavalry charge over the frozen polders.) Admiral Duncan had heavily defeated the Dutch fleet in 1797 at the Battle of Camperdown and the remainder of the Dutch fleet was captured on 30 August 1799 by the Duke of York.  During this period "Lutine" served as an escort, guiding transports in and out of the shoal waters around North Holland.  In October 1799 she was employed in carrying about £ in bullion and coin (equivalent in value to £ in ), from Yarmouth to Cuxhaven in order to provide Hamburg's banks with funds in order to prevent a stock market crash and, possibly, for paying troops in North Holland. In the evening of 9 October 1799, during a heavy northwesterly gale, the ship under Captain Lancelot Skynner, having made unexpected leeway, was drawn by the tidal stream flowing into the Waddenzee, onto a sandbank in Vlie off the island of Terschelling, in the West Frisian Islands. There, she became a total loss. All but one of her approximately 240 passengers and crew perished in the breaking seas.  Captain Portlock, commander of the British squadron at Vlieland, reported the loss, writing to the Admiralty in London on 10 October: Three officers, including Captain Skynner, were apparently buried in the Vlieland churchyard, and around two hundred others were buried in a mass grave near the Brandaris lighthouse in Terschelling. No memorials mark these graves.  Captain Lancelot Skynner came from Easton on the Hill, near Stamford, England, where his father was rector for many years. Plaques on the former rectory (known for a time as Lutine House) and in the church commemorate this and Captain Skynner.  The failure of the gold to arrive precipitated the very crisis that it had been designed to prevent.

Legacy.

Site of the wreck.

The site of the wreck, the Vlie, was notorious for its strong currents and the danger of storms forcing ships onto the shore. The area is composed of sandbanks and shoals, which the currents continuously shift, with channels through them: in 1666, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Admiral Holmes had managed to penetrate these shoals and start Holmes's Bonfire, surprising the Dutch who had considered the shoals impassable. The depth of water also constantly changes, and this has caused much of the difficulty in salvage attempts.  "Lutine" was wrecked in a shallow channel called the IJzergat, which has now completely disappeared, between the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. Immediately after "Lutine" sank, the wreck began silting up, forcing an end to salvage attempts by 1804. By chance, it was discovered in 1857 that the wreck was again uncovered, but covered again in 1859. The wreck was probably partially uncovered between 1915 and 1916, although no salvage was attempted because of World War I.

The gold.

The gold was insured by Lloyd's of London, which paid the claim in full. The underwriters therefore owned the gold under rights of abandonment and later authorised attempts to salvage it. However, because of the state of war, the Dutch also laid claim to it as a prize of war.  Captain Portlock was instructed by the Admiralty on 29 October 1799 to try to recover the cargo "for the benefit of the persons to whom it belongs"; Lloyd's also sent agents to look over the wreck. The Committee for the Public Properties of Holland instructed the local Receivers of Wrecks to report on the wreck, and F.P. Robbé, the Receiver on Terschelling, was authorised in December 1799 to begin salvage operations. All three parties had drawn attention to the difficulty of salvage due to the unfavourable position of the wreck and lateness of the year. At this point, the wreck was lying in approximately of water.  In 1821, Robbé's successor as Receiver at Terschelling, Pierre Eschauzier successfully petitioned King William I and by royal decree received the sole right In return, the state would receive half of all recoveries. Eschauzier and his heirs therefore became the owners of the wreck by royal decree and thus are known as the 'Decretal Salvors'.  Eschauzier's attempts spurred Lloyd's to approach the British government to defend their rights to the wreck. In 1823, King William revised by subsequent decree the original decree: everything which "had been reserved to the state from the cargo of the above-mentioned frigate" was ceded to the King of Great Britain as a token "of our friendly sentiments towards the Kingdom of Great Britain, and by no means out of a conviction of England's right to any part of the aforementioned cargo." This share was subsequently ceded back to Lloyd's.  The gold was apparently stored in flimsy casks bound with weak iron hoops and the silver in casks with wooden hoops. Within a year of the wreck, these casks had largely disintegrated, and the sea had started to scatter and cover the wreck.  Lloyd's records were destroyed by fire in 1838, and the actual amount of the gold lost is now unknown. In 1858 Lloyd's estimated the total value at £, made up of both silver and gold. Despite extended operations, over 80% remains to be salvaged. An uncorroborated newspaper report in 1869 referred to the Dutch crown jewels being on board.

Initial salvage attempts 1799-1938.

1799-1801: An 1876 account reports that fishermen-with the sanction of the Dutch government in return for two-thirds of the recovered salvage-for a year and a half prior to 1801 recovered £80,000 of Bullion consisting of 58 bars of gold; 35 bars of silver; 42,000 Spanish silver pistoles; 212 half-pistoles, 179 Spanish gold pistoles; with smaller quantities of quarter; eighth and sixteenth pistoles. A 1911 account reports that, besides the gold, silver and pistoles listed above, there was also recovered 41,697-not 42,000- Spanish Silver pistoles; 81 double Louis d'or; 138 single Louis d'or and 4 English guineas with an estimated value of £83,000 pounds sterling. The Dutch government's two-thirds share was re-minted into £56,000 worth of Dutch guilders. Sent to England was a packet of silver spoons initialled "W.S" and recognized as belonging to "Lutine"s captain; likewise, a salvaged sword was identified as belonging to Lt. Charles Gustine Aufrere.  In August 1800 Robbé recovered a cask of seven gold bars, weighing and a small chest containing 4,606 Spanish piastres. Over 4–5 September, two small casks were recovered, one with its bottom stoved in, yielding twelve gold bars. There were also other, more minor, recoveries, making this year the most successful of all the salvage attempts; however, the expenses of the salvage were still greater than the recoveries by 3,241 guilders.  In 1801, although recoveries were made, conditions were unfavourable and the wreck was already silted up. By 1804 Robbé reported: "that the part of the wreck in which one is accustomed to find the precious metals has now been covered by a large piece of the side of the ship (which had previously been found hanging more or less at an angle), thus impeding the salvage work, which was otherwise possible." Salvage attempts appear to have been given up at this point.  In 1814, Pierre Eschauzier was allocated 300 guilders for salvage by the Dutch King and recovered "8 Louis d'or and 7 Spanish piastres fished out of the wreck of the Lutine".  In 1821, Eschauzier put together a syndicate with the intention of using a diving bell manned by "amphibicque" Englishmen. However, Mr. Rennie, the engineer died that year; in 1822, the diving bell arrived at the end of June, but operations were frustrated by bad weather and silting-up of the wreck; at this stage the wreck was reckoned to be under the sand. Although salvage attempts continued until 1829, little was gained and the diving bell was sold on to the Dutch navy. In 1835, the sandbank covering "Lutine" shrank and moved southwards, with the depth of water being and desultory attempts at salvage were made. Further attempts to raise capital were largely unsuccessful.  In 1857, it was discovered by chance that "a channel had formed straight across the Goudplaat sandbank, leading over the wreck, so that the latter was not merely clear of sand but had also sunk further below the surface with the channel [...] the bows and stern, together with the decks and sides, had come completely away, leaving only the keel with the keelson above it and some ribs attached to this". Recovery work immediately recommenced, now using helmeted divers ("helmduikers") and bell divers ("klokduikers"), the latter using a bell called the "Hollandsche Duiker" ('Dutch diver'). However, a large number of unauthorised salvors also displayed an interest, which led the Dutch government to station a gunboat in the area. Over the course of the season approximately 20,000 guilders-worth of specie was recovered.  The 1858 season was hampered by poor weather but yielded 32 gold bars and 66 silver bars. This ship's bell was also discovered in this year (see below). In 1859 it became apparent that the treasure had been stored towards the stern of the ship, and that the stern was lying on its side, with the starboard side uppermost and the port side sunk into the sand. This area, however, only gave up 4 gold bars, 1 silver bar, and over 3,500 piastres. By 1860, the depth of the wreck had reached and the quantity of salvage was declining. Nonetheless, over the four years salvage worth half a million guilders had been recovered: 41 gold bars, 64 silver bars, and 15,350 various coins, and the syndicate paid a 136% return; attempts were finally ended in 1863 as the wreck again silted up.  After 1860 to 1889 attempts at salvage are reported to have recovered 11,164 coins valued at $4,600.  In 1867, an inventor, Willem Hendrik ter Meulen, proposed using a 'zandboor' ('sand drill'), "a device which forced water into the sandy sea bed in order to clear a way for a helmet diver" and signed a three-year contract, subsequently extended for another three years and then a further twenty years. The plan was that when the depth of water reached, the machine would be used to excavate the same depth of sand down onto the wreck. Ter Meulen bought a steel-hulled, paddlewheel-driven 50 h.p. steam tug, "Antagonist". The engine was modified such that it could be disconnected from the paddlewheels and used to drive the centrifugal 'whirlpool' pump. The pump was capable of pumping water at a rate of, but tests showed that was sufficient, and the 'zandboor' took only a couple of minutes to penetrate through to the wreck. It was also found that the sand did not collapse once the diver descended through the drilled hole into the cavity excavated by the machine.  Unfortunately, the wreck remained heavily silted up, with the depth of water varying between a high of (in 1873) to a low of (in 1868 and again in 1884). However, ter Meulen was responsible for re-establishing the landmarks used for taking transits of the wreck site and for establishing its position:.  In 1886 a cannon was salvaged and presented by Lloyd's to Queen Victoria: it is now on display at Windsor Castle. Another was offered to the City of London Corporation and is on display at the Guildhall, London. A final cannon was passed to the Lloyd's sports club in Essex. More are on display in Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum, and at least four are in Terschelling. A number of coins and small relics were recovered to the value of ₤700.  In 1891 a few small coins were found  In 1896 a cannon was presented to Queen Wilhelmina.  In 1898 two hundred weight of timber was recovered from which a chair was made for Lloyd's of London.  In 1911 a Salvage Company was organized to salvage the reported treasure. In 1912 this effort is reported to have recovered silver coins, cannon, cannonballs, grapeshot and an anchor but no treasure.  In 1913 the two bower anchors, carried at the ship's bow, each weighing were recovered and put on display in Amsterdam. Consideration was given by Lloyd's to setting the anchors up as a monument behind the Royal Exchange in place of a statue to Sir Robert Peel, but this was not carried out and only the wooden stocks, marked "Lutine" were forwarded to Lloyd's.  Reportedly the outbreak of World War I prevented another salvage attempt.  In 1933 an attempt was made to salvage the reported treasure, but was stopped when the salvage bell was wrecked by a World War I sea mine.  In 1934 an attempt was made to salvage the reported treasure.  In 1938 an attempt was made to salvage the reported treasure. Only one gold bar was found.

The Lloyd's Act 1871.

A brief history of the loss and salvage attempts is given in the preamble to the Lloyd's Act 1871:  The ownership of the remaining, unsalved, gold is vested in half shares between the 'decretal salvors' and the Society of Lloyd's, Lloyd's ownership being governed under the terms of the Lloyd's Act 1871, §35:

The Lutine Bell.

The ship's bell (engraved "ST. JEAN - 1779") was recovered on 17 July 1858. The bell was found entangled in the chains originally running from the ship's wheel to the rudder, and was originally left in this state before being separated and re-hung from the rostrum of the Underwriting Room at Lloyd's. It weighs and is in diameter. It remains a mystery why the name on the bell does not correspond with that of the ship. The bell was traditionally struck when news of an overdue ship arrived - once for the loss of a ship (i.e. bad news), and twice for her return (i.e. good news). The bell was sounded to stop the transaction of business while all brokers and underwriters were made aware of the news simultaneously. This was because reinsurance on an overdue vessel was often placed (so that an underwriter could close their books on a block of older business), so making the latest information on a ship highly material to a partly placed reinsurance contract. The bell has developed a crack and the traditional practice of ringing news has ended: the last time it was rung to tell of a lost ship was in 1979 and the last time it was rung to herald the return of an overdue ship was in 1989.  During World War II, the Nazi radio propagandist Lord Haw-Haw asserted that the bell was being rung continuously because of Allied shipping losses during the Battle of the Atlantic. In fact, the bell was rung once, with one ring, during the war, when the was sunk.  It tolls when a member of the Royal Family dies and was heard after the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. It is now rung for ceremonial purposes to commemorate disasters such as the 9/11 disaster, the Asian tsunami, and the London Bombings, and is always rung at the start and end of the two minutes silence on Armistice Day.  The bell has hung in four successive Lloyd's Underwriting Rooms:  There is also a chair and table at Lloyd's made from the frigate's rudder. The rudder was salvaged on 18 September 1858. This furniture was previously in the Lloyd's writing room and was used by the Chairman of Lloyd's at the annual general meeting of members, but is now kept in the Old Library of the Lloyd's building.

Notes, citations, and references.

Notes  Citations  References  External links

Lutine was a frigate which served in both the French Navy and the Royal Navy. She was launched by the French in 1779. The ship passed to British control in 1793 and was taken into service as HMS "Lutine". She sank among the West Frisian Islands during a storm in 1799.


Education.

Ivan Petrella holds a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, a Masters of Theological Studies from Harvard Divinity School and a Ph.D. in Religion and Law from Harvard University's Committee on the Study of Religion in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

Theological views.

As an Argentine liberation theologian that is also agnostic, Petrella's scholarship cuts across religious studies departments and divinity schools, the United States and Latin America, and theology and the social sciences. He is difficult to categorize. Historian Mario Aguilar notes that “for an Argentinean newspaper, he is a theologian, while for others in the United States he is a scholar of religion, two hats in one.” His work “marks the appearance of something new and something different within the discourse of liberation theology as a world phenomenon.”  Petrella is particularly interested in bridging the divide between different liberation theologies including black theology, Latin American liberation theology, Womanist theology and Hispanic/Latino(a) theology. He also argues that disciplines like economics, political science, and law need to be transformed in light of liberation theology's preferential option for the poor and envision undercover liberation theologians posing as social scientists to engage that task: “Here the liberation theologian need not carry the label ‘theologian’ and works best under a different disciplinary guise. Could the future of liberation call for the dissolution of liberation theology as an identifiable field of production?” He challenges those academic disciplines, which may operate in favour of the wealthy.

Public services.

He is the Secretary of Culture in Argentina's Ministry of Culture. Previously he was an elected representative in the City of Buenos Aires state legislature.

Ivan Petrella (born November 8, 1969) is an Argentine social theorist and liberation theologian. He is the Secretary of Culture in Argentina's Ministry of Culture and currently teaches at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was an associate professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida and co-executive editor of the “Reclaiming Liberation Theology” book series with SCM Press.


Topography.

The topography of the park mainly comprises undulating hilly terrain with altitude ranging between 177 and 599 metres above the sea level.

Flora.

The vegetation of the Indravati National Park is mainly of the tropical moist and dry deciduous type with predominance of bamboo, sal and teak. There are also rich patches of luxuriant grassland providing plenty of food to large herbivores such as wild water buffalos, chital, barking deer, nilgai, and gaurs. The most common tree in the park are teak, lendia, salai, mahua, tendu, semal, haldu, ber and jamun.

Wildlife.

Indravati National Park has one of the last populations of the endangered wild Asian buffalo. The national park is also home to a variety of other ungulate species. Reported from the area are gaur (Indian bison), nilgai, blackbuck, chausingha (four-horned antelope), sambar, chital, Indian muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain and wild boar. Large predators are represented by tigers, leopards, sloth bears, dholes (wild dog) and striped hyenas. Smaller mammals include flying squirrel, porcupine, pangolins, rhesus monkeys and langurs among many others. The commonly found reptiles in the park are freshwater crocodile, monitor lizard, Indian chameleon, common krait, Indian rock python, cobra and Russell's viper to name a few. The park also gives shelter to the large variety of birds of which the hill myna is the most important species.

Transport.

Indravati National Park is easily approachable from Jagdalpur, the district headquarters of Bastar. The village Kutrue, the main entry point of the park, is situated at the distance of 22.4 km north of Jagdalpur-Bhopalpattanam road. The Kutrue link road is at the distance of 145.6 km from Jagdalpur. Raipur (486 km) has the nearest airport and Jagdalpur (168 km) is the nearest railhead from the Indravati National Park.

Visiting.

The best season to visit the park is from 15 December to 15 June.

Indravati National Park is a national park located in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh state of India. It derives its name from the nearby Indravati River. It is home to one of the last populations of rare wild buffalo.


Company background.

The three main partners in the 1902 incorporation of the Jackson Automobile Company were Byron J. Carter, George A. Matthews and Charles Lewis. Carter had previously been a steam-driven press printer who later started a bicycle shop with his father, Squire B. Carter, in 1894. He built his first experimental, gasoline-powered car in 1899, and then used his steam experience to build a steam-powered car which became the Carter in 1901. Matthews owned the local Fuller Buggy Company and later built the Fuller automobile, also in Jackson, before it was absorbed by the Jackson Automobile Company. Both Matthews and Lewis were directors of Jackson banks, Matthews of Jackson City Bank and Lewis of Union Bank of Jackson. Carter convinced the two bankers to support him in forming a company to produce both gasoline- and steam-powered cars.

Jackson.

Full production started in 1903 with a single-cylinder engine car that closely resembled the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. The cylinder count in the engines doubled the next year, and doubled again in 1906. Not long after full production started, Carter left the firm to create the Cartercar. He left due to a disagreement with his partners, who did not wish to use the friction drive transmission he had developed. After Carter left, Jackson automobiles lacked any distinct feature, but they were well-built and long-lasting. In 1910, Matthews bought out Lewis, leaving him as the sole remaining partner. Lewis left to start the Hollier car. Matthews installed his sons in the president, secretary and treasurer positions within the company.  The engines used by the company continued to grow, with a Northway six-cylinder engine becoming available in 1913, and a Ferro V8 available in 1916. Later cars resembled the contemporary Rolls-Royce. Indeed, the company used the phrase "The Car with the Keystone Radiator" in advertisements.  During World War I, car production at the firm declined by more than half, since the company was producing materiel for the war effort. For 1919, all production was geared to military supplies. Many Jackson dealers at this time converted to Jordan dealerships. When car production resumed in 1920, the cars apparently were not as good as previously. One assembly line worker said that the company engineer "should have raised chickens instead".  The 1921 Princess Coupe was a hit at the Chicago Auto Show, but obtaining credit was difficult during that year's recession. In 1923, Jackson, Dixie Flyer and National merged into Associated Motor Industries. The Dixie Flyer and Jackson were transformed into the National 4-H and 6-51, respectively. These models lasted just a year and, by the end of 1924, Associated Motors was no more, taking all three marques with it.

Jaxon.

Carter further developed his automobile, eventually patenting a 3-cylinder steam engine of 6 horsepower. This became the basis of the 1903 Jaxon automobile. All Jaxons were steam-powered, with the Jackson name reserved for the gasoline-powered cars. There were two models on offer: the $975 Model A riding on a 72" wheelbase, and the $800 Model B on a 7" shorter wheelbase. Advertisements proclaimed that "steam is reliable and easily understood".

Orlo.

The Orlo was built only in 1904. The Orlo was a five-seat side-entrance model that was equipped with a 16/17 hp two-cylinder engine. The engine was located under the front seat and the drive was through a chain drive. The engine was water-cooled by a finned-coil mounted beneath the front of the bonnet. The Orlo cost $1,125.

Duck.

There is some debate over whether this is actually a different marque of automobile produced by the company or just a Jackson model. It was also referred to as the Jackson Back Seat Steer. This gives new meaning to the term "back seat driver" because this is the actual location of the steering controls. The company probably introduced the car to see if having a car with the passengers seated in the front seat would be a winning sales proposition. Since this car only was around in 1913, it is not likely that there were many purchasers for such an unusual car.

The Jackson Automobile Company was an American Brass Era automobile manufacturer located in and named for Jackson, Michigan. The company produced the Jackson from 1903 to 1923, as well as the 1903 Jaxon steam car and the 1904 Orlo.


History.

The song and drama society "Estonia" was founded in 1870. This was the beginning of what has become the current-day Estonian National Opera ().  Play-acting was taken up in 1871, although theatre as a tradition did not really come into being until 1895, when the society began to direct song plays, folk plays and comedies, usually with singing and dancing. By the start of the 20th century more serious drama was being staged.  In 1906, the society became the basis for the professional theatre called "Estonia" founded by the directors and actors Paul Pinna and Theodor Altermann. This remained tied to the "Estonia" society and the Estonian Theatre "Estonia" Limited Liability Company, founded in 1908, until 1940, at which time they were disbanded under the Soviet rule in Estonia as part of "the bourgeois remnant" and the theatre was nationalized.  The opera company is also known as the Estonia Theatre after the building it occupies in downtown Tallinn. This was built as a national effort under the leadership of the "Estonia" society in 1913 and was opened to the public on 24 August of the same year.  The opera house itself was bombed by Soviet air raids on 9 March 1944. It was reopened after the war in 1947. Estonian painters Richard Sagrits, Elmar Kits and Evald Okas painted the ceiling in tempera in the style of Socialist Realism.  Plays were staged in "Estonia" until 1949 when the drama troupe was disbanded, after which "Estonia" continued purely as a musical theatre. The company celebrated its centenary in 2006. The celebration was carried out in a newly renovated opera house.  Directors  Chief conductors

Estonian National Opera ("Rahvusooper Estonia") is the national opera company of Estonia. The company is based at the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn. The theatre has had several names throughout its existence. The latest one being "The Estonian National Opera", which was adopted in 1998. The company produces a lively and varied season which includes operas, ballets and operettas/musicals with over 500 people currently working at the Estonian National Opera.


Biography.

Anna Tatangelo was born in Sora to a family of producers of traditional bagel sorana. Since 1994, age 7, she began to take part in several shows in provincial and regional contests, collecting numerous placements, such as in 1999, where she placed second with "Minifestival della canzone" of Viterbo, which she won a year later. In 2001 she participated in the concert "La nota d'oro di Blera", won the traveling "Bravissimi in tour" stop in Sora and also won the national final of Cassano. Again, she won second place in the final of the competition "Una voce per... " and another victory to" Castelliri in Musica. " In August of that year, at age 14, she was selected by Rai for "Girofestival" where she presented her first novel titled, "Where is the Courage". For the same song she shot her first music video and also signed her first record deal (with the CSB Italy – Casalba). She perfected her style at the Music Academy of Sora, where she played for the youth choir in concert. In September of that year she participated and won the Academy's Song of Sanremo with the song Angelo of Syria: with this victory comes right in the cast of the youth category of the Sanremo Music Festival in 2002.

"Attimo per attimo".

In 2002, Tatangelo became the youngest person at 15 years old to win the Sanremo Music Festival's Newcomer's Award. Pippo Baudo chooses as co-host transmission "Sanremo Top", along with Silvia Mezzanotte, with the winner Matia Bazar. In the same year a duet with Gigi D'Alessio in "Un nuovo bacio", reaching ninth place among the best-selling singles. In July, she took part at the XVII World Youth Day, playing Amazing Grace with Tiziano Ferro, Raf, and Antonella Ruggiero in Piazza San Pietro. In 2003 Tatangelo at Sanremo Music Festival returns, this time in the Big, paired with Federico Stragà, with the song "Volere volare", signed by Claudioeg Bungaro and Claudio Passavanti. Summer Run preceded by the single comes out in August 2003 his first album, entitled Attimo per attimo produced by Fio Zanotti, the piece that gives the title track is a song originally written by the same Zanotti for Mia Martini, who died before to run it. From the album, as well as Corri, it extracts the same Attimo per attimo and L'amore più grande che c'è. In 2004 she was chosen by Disney to sing with Gigi D'Alessio in Il mondo è mio, the soundtrack of the animated film "Aladdin". In the same year, as well as working with several concerts of his first official tour, established a collaboration with the Video Italia channel: she was entrusted with the band for the afternoon Playlist Italy introduce such interviews, and live video programs requested by viewers of Live Italy. Tatangelo collaborates with Video Italia for two years.

"Ragazza di periferia".

In 2005, at eighteen, she participated for the third time at the Sanremo Music Festival with "Ragazza di periferia", a song written by Gigi D'Alessio with Vincenzo D'Agostino and Adriano Pennino. The song will be classified third in the category Women and weeks after the position reaches number 16 in the ranking of best-selling singles in Italy. By participating in the Festival will also quit the singer's second album, also titled "Ragazza di periferia". Two songs on the album (Dimmi dimmi e Quando dua si lasciano) are included in the soundtrack of the movie "Troppo belli". In July, after graduating from high school, Tatangelo starts on Tour in 2005, which includes several dates throughout Italy. When two are left is the new single. On 23 September the same year she participates in an O'scià and Italian pop music festival conceived by Claudio Baglioni and, during the same month, is the third single from the album, Qualcosa di te. In December, the host of the tour to Australia by Gigi D'Alessio. In 2006 Tatangelo her debut on records in Brazil and South America and get flattering criticism from European and French in particular. For the fourth time in five years, participated in the 56th Sanremo Music Festival with "Essere una donna", a song composed by Mogol and Gigi D'Alessio. During the course of the event on the evening of duets, performing a reworked version of the song, accompanied by Alberto Radius and Ricky Portera. The song won in the category Women and this statement allows her to participate in the final vote, where it ranks third. The song reached the fourth position in the FIMI. With the fourth participation in the Festival also comes a reissue of the album Ragazza di periferia, to which is added to the song San Remo and the brand "Colpo di fulmine", becoming one of the catchphrases of the summer 2006. The album was certified platinum with 150.000 copies sold. In summer, toured Italy with the summer tour and is awarded to the first in Venice Music Awards for Female Revelation 2006. In September, participating for the second consecutive year, the Festival O' scià.

"Mai dire mai".

Preceded by the single "Averti qui" arrives on 2 November, after a wait of two years, the third album titled "Mai dire mai", which represents the Tatangelo his debut as a writer: his people are the texts of the already mentioned here and Averti qui e Lo so che finirà, the album, which also sees the contribution of Gaetano Curreri of the Stadio, along with author Saverio Grandi Cosa ne sai, reached the sixth position of the FIMI and in November for a week also enters the Billboard European Hot 100, a prestigious list of 100 best-selling albums in Europe, the eightieth position, in addition to this unique Italian album of Eros Ramazzotti e 2. Between October and November of that year, Tatangelo was a guest in the American tour of Gigi D'Alessio. The second single from the album, from 23 November, I know it will end, accompanied by a video shot in San Francisco during the American tour under the direction of Gaetano Morbioli. The song, with over 18,000 downloads and reaches a gold record. The year 2008 saw its fifth participation in the Sanremo Festival, where it ranks second with the song My friend, dedicated to a gay friend of the singer, who has been criticized by some negative associations of homosexuals. The song reaches the second position in the ranking of best-selling singles and was certified platinum. Anna, duet with Michael Bolton and the same is inserted in the repackaging of the duet Mai dire mai, published on 29 February, who has since passed 130,000 copies and also reached platinum status. In March, begins his first theater tour throughout Italy, which received huge acclaim, and 17 May on the summer tour dates with more than fifty throughout Italy and one in Switzerland (Zurich), in September. On 30 May, extracts the new single "mai dire mai".

"Nel mondo delle donne".

On 7 November 2008 the new single "Profumo di mamma", the song anticipates the release of the new disc, which occurred on 28 November, titled in the world of women, a concept album entirely focused on the female. The album after only one month is certified platinum with over 100,000 copies sold. From 30 January enters the second single chosen radio airplay for the album, Rose broken song of protest against the abuse of women. With this single, the artist joins the association "Doppia difesa" of Michelle Hunziker and Giulia Bongiorno, and on 5 February, on the cover of TV Smiles and Songs with the same Hunziker, says it will donate the proceeds arising from the above download the song foundation. In June 2009, contributes to the mega-concert at the San Siro stadium in Milan in favor of victims of the L'Aquila earthquake of 2009. The charity initiative called Friends for Abruzzo is the brainchild of Laura Pausini and involves other female singers of Italian music. While giving his adherence Anna Tatangelo can not attend the event, however, on 21 June for health reasons. On 27 November 2009 he released QPGA, album Claudio Baglioni in which the song "Due universi" is sung in duet with Tatangelo and Gigi D'Alessio.

Reality TV.

In 2010 the singer participates in as a judge, the fourth edition of X Factor: Anna Tatangelo is entrusted with the Women 16/24, driving with the help of Adriano Pennino as a vocal coach. On 10 December 2010, with Valeria Marini and Gigi D'Alessio, publishes the compilation 3 x Te, project whose proceeds are intended to be donated to the associations Noi come voi, Doppia difesa and Amri In 2011 Anna Tatangelo is participating for the sixth time in Sanremo Music Festival with a song of which he is co-author, Bastardo, a rock ballad, with which it to the finals and is ranked ninth. The performances of the song are the most-watched by viewers of the 2011 according to Auditel (with 17.088 million contacts in one evening at onset). In conjunction with participation in the festival the singer is published 16 February 2011, the fifth album titled Project B. The album contains 12 previously unreleased songs and a re-interpretation of "Mamma", the song by Cesare Andrea Bixio chosen by the artist for the evening's special festival for the 150 anniversary of the unification of Italy. Among the authors of the songs on the album appear that Mario Biondi and signature Se e L'aria che respiro, the latter a duet sung by Tatangelo and published on 1 April as the second single, and Renato Zero, who wrote the song dedicated to the artist, Anna. On 22 March the Mondadori publishes the autobiography of Anna Tatangelo "Ragazza di periferia, La mia piccola favola". In May of that year he took part in the Wind Music Awards and the tour begins. Senses comes out on 24 June, the third single from Progetto B, accompanied by a video directed by Cosimo Alemà previewed on the site of ANSA and published by 27 June. In 2012, Tatangelo was teamed with Stefano Di Filippo in the eighth season of "Ballando con le Stelle" (the Italian version of "Dancing with the Stars"), broadcast on Rai Uno and hosted by Milly Carlucci with Paolo Belli. They placed third overall in the competition and won a standing ovation from judges and the public. Won boogie woogie Award, which goes annually to the couple who ran the ball better. Take part in Dancing with you where he won the team battle in Bobo Vieri team and ranks second in the Champions League.  On 15 June 2012 Anna performed at the studios' Interlomas "of Mexico City as a guest in the concert Gigi D'Alessio singing "Un nuovo bacio" and "Lo so che finirà" in Spanish. In September 2012, Anna flew to Egypt for a photoshoot and a TV transmission on travel and she was judge of Miss Italy on 9 and 10 September.

Anna Tatangelo (born 9 January 1987) is an Italian pop singer. At the age of 15, she became the youngest person to win the Newcomer's Award at the prestigious Sanremo Music Festival singing contest. Her repertoire consists mainly of pop music with slight influences of neo-melodic in some of the songs composed for her by singer Gigi D'Alessio, but also in the fifth fusion albums Progetto B. She faced several social issues and current affairs, such as the empowerment of women, homophobia, anorexia and violence against women. Since 2007 she also wrote some songs. She participated in the Sanremo Music Festival six times in ten years, winning in 2002 with the song "Doppiamente fragile" and getting on the podium three more times: in 2005, when it was ranked third in the category "Women" with "Ragazza di periferia", in 2006, when it was ranked in third place overall and first in the category women with "Essere una donna" and in 2008, when, with the song "Il mio amico" has reached the second position. The last was in 2011 with the song "Bastardo".


Early life and education.

Sikhanyiso Dlamini was educated in Britain at a mixed private school, St Edmund's College, Ware, in Hertfordshire, where she was in Challoner House. She continued to study drama at Biola University in California. In 2012, Princess Sikhanyiso graduated from the University of Sydney with a master's degree in digital communication. While in Australia, she resided in Glebe with her palace-appointed aide, Yemma Sholo. She is the first child of Inkhosikati LaMbikiza and has more than two hundred blood-related uncles and aunts through her grandfather, King Sobhuza II, who had seventy wives and two hundred and one children. She is also one of his one thousand grandchildren in the Royal Swazi House of Dlamini.  She is the first-born of thirty children born to King Mswati III, her mother being Mswati III's young love, Inkhosikati LaMbikiza (Sibonelo Mngomezulu). She has two hundred aunts and uncles, not including their spouses.  In 2001, Mswati III instituted the "umchwasho"—a traditional chastity rite—in Swaziland as a means of combating the AIDS epidemic. The princess became a focus of controversy because while she was staying abroad, she was not bound by the strictures of the "umchwasho". While studying abroad, Princess Sikhanyiso developed a reputation for ignoring or rebelling against her native country's traditions. Sikhanyiso wears Western-style jeans and miniskirts, something women in Swaziland are banned from doing.

Controversies.

On 14 December 2003, a report appeared in the "Times of Swaziland" claiming that Princess Sikhanyiso had gone on a trip to the US and Britain, and that the Swazi government had spent close to E1 million (US$100,000) on her trip. The Prime Minister's office subsequently issued a press statement denying these claims.  At the end of the ban in 2005, Princess Sikhanyiso, then seventeen years old, celebrated with a party involving loud music and alcohol at the Queen mother's residence. As punishment for the princess's disrespect of the royal residence, during which Mswati announced his engagement to a new wife-to-be, an official overseeing traditional affairs beat Princess Sikhanyiso with a stick.  The following year, the Princess criticized the institution of polygamy in Eswatini, saying, "Polygamy brings all advantages in a relationship to men, and this to me is unfair and evil." The Princess was subsequently "gagged" by the Royal Palace and the press was not allowed to contact her.  She was featured in a 2007 documentary titled "Without the King" about the monarchy in Eswatini, the disparity between the royals' wealth and the widespread poverty of their subjects, and Eswatini's HIV/AIDS crisis.  In late September 2013 she had a three-hour-long Twitter conversation with a proscribed Swazi organisation, the People's United Democratic Movement. Afterwards her Twitter account was deleted without explanation.

Achievements.

The King supported the Princess with her launch of the Imbali Foundation in April 2014. The foundation focuses on the health, education, and spirituality of Imbali YemaSwati (the regiment of Swazi maidens headed by the Inkhosatana or Chief Maiden). The Princess runs the beauty pageant Miss Swaziland Tourism. The Swaziland Deaf Association requested her patronage for Miss Deaf Africa and received the government's support.  The Princess is an aspiring actress and rapper and is commonly known as "Pashu" in Eswatini. During her brief stay in Malaysia for an internship program at Limkokwing University, she recorded a single titled "Hail Your Majesty" in honour of her father, The King. The debut of the tribute song received a standing ovation at Limkokwing during the conferment of an honorary doctorate to King Mswati III on 4 July 2013.  The Princess is a member of the board of directors of MTN Swaziland, a multinational mobile telecommunications company. She has appointed a businessman from Malaysia, the director of MyStartBiz Sdn Bhd, Muhammad Qadeer, as her Special Envoy for Investment Promotion in the Kingdom of Swaziland.

Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini (; born 1 September 1987) is a Swazi princess and politician. She is the eldest daughter of King Mswati III of Eswatini, and is the country's current Minister of Information and Communication Technology.


Early life and education in Estonia.

Karl Ristikivi was one of the first Estonian writers to create a comprehensive panorama of his country's urbanization. Once in Swedish exile, he also wrote the first Estonian surrealist novel, a work that is strongly influenced by existentialist philosophy. He orchestrated an impressive cycle of seventeen novels plus other books into a polyphonic unity with a time scale that embraces European history over two millennia. His invention and use of a complicated system of myths and symbols could be compared to the approach of the school of semiotic writers. Humanism, Christian religion, and traditional ethics are, however, the chief legacy of his works.  Ristikivi was born on 16 October 1912 in Varbla in western Estonia to an unmarried maidservant, Liisu Ristikivi, and was baptized Karp Ristikivi in the Russian Orthodox congregation to which his mother belonged. He spent his childhood on various farms where his mother found employment. In 1920 he entered a village school and suffered humiliation because of his illegitimacy and his frail physique.  He obtained some knowledge of literature and history by reading old German books that he found in the attic of a local manor house; although he did not know the language at first, he enjoyed looking at the pictures and asked grown-ups about the meaning of the texts. In the process he shaped his own imaginary world of medieval knights and Christian ideals.  His interest in history and talent for learning languages made Ristikivi an academic success at the village school. In 1927 a rich relative offered him an opportunity to continue his studies, and Ristikivi attended the Tallinn Commercial School and the Tallinn College; he graduated from the latter institution in 1932. The reminiscences of older residents of the city sparked Ristikivi's interest in the first period of urbanization in Estonia at the end of the nineteenth century.  Ristikivi began his literary career writing stories for family magazines, and in the 1930s he published a series of children's books with animal characters: "The Flying World" ("Lendav maailm", 1935), "The Blue Butterfly" ("Sinine liblikas", 1936), "Pals" ("Semud", 1936), and "Chums" ("Sellid", 1938). The money he received for these works enabled him to enroll in the department of geography in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences of the University of Tartu in 1936, where he chose sociology as his main subject.  While at the university he was active in the left-wing Estonian Students' Society Veljesto. Ristikivi graduated Tartu University "cum laude" in 1941.

Later life in Swedish exile.

Much of this section is based on the only longer book dealing with Karl Ristikivi's life, i.e. Nirk, op. cit.  The Nazi-German occupation of Estonia in 1941 formed a watershed in Karl Ristikivi's life. Ristikivi was mobilised into the German army. As the German occupation weakened, Estonians began to worry what would happen if the Russians returned. For instance, those who had been in the German army - would they get sent to Siberia? Or worse? Ristikivi ended up working in the Estonian Bureau in Helsinki, capital of neighbouring Finland. But at some point during 1944, Ristikivi decided to cross over to neutral Sweden, quite legally as he even obtained a visa. But he would never see Estonia again. He would live for the rest of his life, a further 33 years, in the Stockholm area and Uppsala.  Ristikivi began writing articles for the exile Estonian press in Sweden. But in the end, to make ends meet, he started work at a health insurance office. This meant that all his writing from then onwards would have to be done in his spare time. The first two novels he wrote in exile were those of the Unfinished Trilogy. These were still about Estonia, but by the early 1950s, Ristikivi must have undergone some kind of crisis. He did not complete the trilogy but instead started work on what has become his most famous novel "The Night of Souls" ("Hingede öö"; 1953; synopsis below).  Around the time that Ristikivi was writing his historical novel about Saint Catherine of Siena ("The Bridal Veil" op. cit.), he was interviewed by Vello Salo for Vatican Radio about his previous work. But he appears not to have been a very public figure, devoting much of his spare time to writing his novels and other works, and mostly mixing with other exile Estonians in his social life. Nevertheless, Ristikivi travelled quite a lot, often to southern Europe to look at some of the settings for his later novels.  Apart from writing the other novels described in the synopses section below, Ristikivi continued to write many reviews and critical essays, mostly about Estonian literature, for the exile Estonian press and helped his friend Bernard Kangro, also a poet and novelist to run the publishing house Estonian Writers' Co-operative, housed in a suburb of Lund in southern Sweden, and which published exile Estonian literature.  Apart from two translations of his early novels into Finnish, a couple of his short-stories in Swedish, and a few recent Russian translations of his key novels, Karl Ristikívi remains untranslated into any other language.  Karl Ristikivi is estimated to have died on 19 July 1977 in his flat on Östervägen, Solna, near Stockholm, Sweden. His body was found a little while later and he is assumed to have died instantly of a brain haemorrhage. He was buried in Stockholm a few days later. A monument to Karl Ristikivi was unveiled at his birthplace in Estonia to commemorate what would have been his 75th birthday in 1987.

The trilogies, novels, and short-stories – synopses and descriptions.

A large part of what is written in this section is drawn from Neithal (op. cit.) and occasionally Nirk (op. cit.) There are simply no English-language sources or, for that matter, Swedish-language ones, although Ristikivi spent that last 33 years of his life living in Sweden.  The Tallinn Trilogy - "Fire and Iron" ("Tuli ja raud"; 1938); "The Abode of a Righteous Man" / "In a Strange House" ("Õige mehe koda" / "Võõras majas"; 1940); "The Herb Garden" ("Rohtaed"; 1942)  In 1938 Ristikivi published his first novel, "Fire and Iron". It and his next two novels treat the urbanization process as it affected three representative classes of Estonians — workers, merchants, and intellectuals — and comprise what is termed his Tallinn trilogy.  "Fire and Iron" begins in the 1880s with Jüri Säävel giving up farming and moving to Tallinn, thereby becoming a member of the first urban proletariat in Estonia. He witnesses the revolution of 1905, World War I, the Estonian declaration of independence in 1918, and the subsequent War of Independence. Throughout his life he retains his ideals of hard work, honesty, and charity. One of his sons dies in an accident; the other son, continuing the family tradition of moving to places of economic opportunity, seeks his fortune by immigrating to the United States. Säävel sends his orphaned grandson to the newly founded Tallinn Technical University, thereby establishing a pattern of progress: Säävel is a foundry worker, his late son was a train engineer, and the grandson gets a degree in engineering.  A reverse pattern is also apparent, however: the grandson divorces his wife, leaving her with a baby son. Säävel dies without forgiving his grandson, but the rest of the family continues living together to bring up the child.  "Fire and Iron" was the literary event of the year and won first prize in the fiction competition of the publishing house Loodus. The award money enabled Ristikivi to continue his studies; even more important to the young novelist was a public letter of praise from Anton Hansen Tammsaare, the "living classic" of Estonian literature. Tammsaare's words of encouragement suggest that the older writer was aware of Ristikivi's debt to Tammsaare's epic novel cycle "Truth and Justice" ("Tõde ja õigus", 1926-1933). Other influences on Ristikivi's Tallinn trilogy were the novels of Charles Dickens, John Galsworthy, and Thomas Mann and — oddly — the 1933 Hollywood movie "Cavalcade".  In June 1940 the Soviet Union annexed Estonia. One of the consequences of the Communist occupation was that when the next novel in Ristikivi's trilogy was published in December, its title was changed by the authorities from the author's "The Abode of a Righteous Man" to "In a Strange House" because the original title was thought to be too biblical.  In "In a Strange House" Jakob Kadarik, an orphan, is brought up in the household of a rich German merchant who owns a department store in a choice location in Tallinn. Jakob is ashamed of his peasant origin and obsessed with getting ahead. To reward his doggedly faithful service, humility, and business acumen, the merchant gives Jacob the hand of one of his daughters, who would otherwise remain an old maid. Another daughter, however, will get a much bigger dowry, so Jakob engages in an intrigue whereby he gets the other sister to marry him. Decades later, life in the Kadarik household is outwardly splendid: Estonia is an independent republic; Estonians have replaced Baltic Germans in business and society; and Jacob now owns the department store. Real happiness eludes Jakob, however. His wife has not forgiven him for the greedy and fraudulent maneuver that led to their union and has never loved him. Then the business fails. After the wife dies, the children find her diary, which reveals the ugly truth about her marriage; as a result, they become estranged from their father. Jakob's store burns down; he is suspected of having set the fire to collect the insurance; and one of his sons commits suicide.  The protagonist of the third novel "The Herb Garden", Juulius Kilimit, is the son of a village schoolmaster, lives in something of an aestheticist fantasy world of his own. He flees in his mind to an folkloric idyll, taking his urge towards freedom from German and Greek classics. But his god is not to be found in the groves of Arcadia, but in the landscape of Estonia, where he seeks his roots. While the Estonian literature of the time often portrayed the intellectual with some ridicule, Ristikivi picks his ideals from a symbolic herb garden. The younger generation try to undermine such feelings. The author allows romantic and positive values to prevail, as the novel had been planned before the Soviet and Nazi invasions of his homeland.  The Unfinished Trilogy - "All That Ever Was" ("Kõik, mis kunagi oli"; 1946); "Nothing Happened" ("Ei juhtunud midagi"; 1947)  Also sketched out while Ristikivi was still living in Estonia were the two novels of the Unfinished Trilogy, which appeared in Swedish exile in 1946 and 1947, respectively. These are the last novels that Ristikivi wrote that are set in and examine Estonia.  The first of the two novels, "All That Ever Was" is, not surprisingly under the circumstances, a nostalgic view of Estonia, full of Sundays and the blossom of fruit trees in spring. It is the swan song of the old clergyman August Tammik as death approaches.  But the backdrop to the second novel, "Nothing Happened", is the grim reality of the Soviet occupation of Estonia and the establishment there of Soviet military bases, the mass exodus of the Baltic-Germans, the title is ironic, as a lot happened during that time, events that would shape the destiny of Estonia for the next half century.  The Night of Souls ("Hingede öö"; 1953)  This novel is regarded as Ristikivi's masterpiece. It is a novel dealing with the very personal alienation and existential crisis experienced by a foreigner in a strange land. Ristikivi himself was now in exile in Sweden with no hope of ever returning to Estonia. The space in which the novel moves is a building in central Stockholm which the protagonist enters on New Year's Eve, hoping to flee the noisy drunken crowds on the streets, but also to attend a concert. But he ends up wandering up and down this labyrinthine house, meeting people, having desultory conversations, and never fully fitting in or getting into close contact with anyone. The epigrams at the beginning of chapters are taken from, for instance, John Bunyan, Walt Whitman, T.S. Eliot, Edgar Allan Poe, Christian Morgenstern, Lewis Carroll, A.E. Housman, Oscar Wilde, and the Finnish poet Uuno Kailas, which is a hint at what Ristikivi was reading at the time. The second half of the novel, entitled "The Seven Witnesses" begins with a strange waiting room scene where the protagonist appears to be in limbo between two countries, unable to proceed, unable to return. This is followed by a dreamlike court scene which is similar to the one that the old academic, Dr Isak Borg, experiences in the Ingmar Bergman film "Wild Strawberries" (1957). Each witness represents one of the Seven Deadly Sins. Between these two sections is a letter to a certain Mrs Agnes Rohumaa, which brings the reader down to earth, out of the dreams for a while. The novel ends on a relatively optimistic note. The protagonist is hardly reborn, but a number of matters have become clearer.  Ristikivi has documented some of the impulses that led to this novel. The first germ of an idea occurred when he was walking home alone one New Year's Eve through the almost empty streets of Uppsala, Sweden, in the mid-1940s. He then conceived of a short-story (which was never written) where a young man enters a completely unknown building, and it is not the people in there that are embarrassed at the fact that he is a stranger, but the young man himself. This idea gelled when Ristikivi celebrated the New Year at the Stockholm Concert Hall some years later. There are also musical and literary references in Ristikivi's description of the genesis of this novel such as Beethoven's 7th Symphony, Gide's "Counterfeiters", and T.S. Eliot's "Cocktail Party". But Ristikivi claims he had, at the time, not yet read Kafka.  The Chronicle Trilogy - "The Burning Flag" ("Põlev lipp"; 1961); "The Last Bastion" ("Viimne linn"; 1962); "The Horsemen of Death" ("Surma ratsanikud"; 1963)  Ristikivi changed his style completely for this trilogy whose novels are set during the period of the Crusades between 1266 and 1311. Where the previous novel was an intimate account, these three are written in a somewhat impersonal chronicle style.  "The Burning Flag" describes the life of the young German count Konrad von Hohenstaufen and his attempts to regain control of the Kingdom of Sicily which had once been ruled by his forebears, but his forces suffer defeat and he is killed.  "The Last Bastion" describes the attempts by Christians to take Acre (also known as Akka or Akkon), and the dramatic events, full of sacrifice, that took place in the Palestine of 1291.  In "The Horsemen of Death" the Crusades as such have just finished but the Occident still launches raids including the exploits of the notorious Catalan Company, i.e. the Knights of Death, who enjoyed victories in Asia Minor in 1302 and 1311.  The Isle of Miracles ("Imede saar"; 1964)  This short novel forms an interlude in Ristikivi's production. It is an allegory, based in part on the works of famous utopian authors such as Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella, and especially the Platonic idea of a good society. The utopia is an archipelago called Allotria, which has features of our modern Western society. Mankind has here become a victim of its own freedom. The book is therefore an anti-utopian work. Allotria is pitted against the Heliodorian realm that is the remains of a former tyranny and is hidden within the crater of a volcano. This is an aggressive nation and Allotria, a welfare state, ignores its threatening behaviour. The book is thus an allegorical examination of how democracies and totalitarian countries interact. How egotistical can democracies be, or should perhaps they be led by idealists who demand a certain degree of national sacrifice? The allegory is written in the form of a voyage in 1348 to Allotria. It is altogether lighter in tone than the previous historical trilogy.  The Biographical Trilogy - "The Bridal Veil" ("Mõrsjalinik"; 1965); "The Song of Joy" ("Rõõmulaul"; 1966); "The Apprentice to Sorcery" ("Nõiduse õpilane"; 1967)  "The Bridal Veil" is the story of Catarina Benincasa (1347-1380) better known as Saint Catherine of Siena. Ristikivi steers clear of the central mystical part of her life, instead focusing on her via dolorosa to achieve sainthood in this life. As a woman and an idealist in a rough man's world, she is often treated with suspicion. She hopes to conquer the evils of this world by moral means. The novel describes her personal struggle, but also the political ones in 14th century Italy. Each chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is more like a chronicle, the second is the personal view of someone who knew Catherine. Christian ideals and existential problems are dealt with in this novel.  The second novel of this trilogy, "The Song of Joy" tells the story of the mediaeval Welsh bard and composer David and asks the question whether the evils of this world can be countered by music. The title alludes to "Ode to Joy" i.e. Schiller and Beethoven. But David's music appears not to improve this world in any way, because as he grows more accomplished, the world around him grows more evil. A key theme is the road of any person through life, and to what extent it is possible for this world to be improved by the acts of individuals. It is also about turning the other cheek.  "The Apprentice to Sorcery", the third novel, is about the mediaeval thinker and physician Johannes Faber, a scientist in the spirit of Faust. He finds himself caught between the exigencies of science and church dogma. The action of the novel takes place during the last three days of Johannes Faber's life while he tell the Domican priest Anselm everything about his life as he awaits being burnt at the stake. This novel is an elegy, but intellectual joy shines through.  The Gates of Sigtuna ("Sigtuna väravad"; 1968) (short prose)  This book consists of ten short-stories with titles such as "The Philosopher Who Did Not Learn How to Keep Silent", "Creator of One's Own Joy", "Don Juan and the Virgin Johanna". Ristikivi is again examining moral paradoxes and dilemmas. The Don Juan story is where he meets Joan of Arc, perhaps in heaven, and they have their dialogue.  The Last Trilogy - "Noble Hearts or Two Friends in Florence" ("Õilsad südamed ehk kaks sõpra Firenzes"; 1970); "Dragon's Teeth" ("Lohe hambad"; 1970); "A Double Game" ("Kahekordne mäng"; 1972)  As the critic Reet Neithal puts it (op. cit.) Ristikivi both develops and sums up his oeuvre in this, his last, trilogy.  The first novel, "Noble Hearts or Two Friends in Florence" has a rather complex structure and is set in the London of the 1960s in the theatre world where a play set in Cromwellian England in the 1640s is being staged. This play in turn describes the life and death of Savonarola in Florence in 1398. Ristikivi uses this book to examine the politics of his day by way of analogy. history repeats itself. Friendships are hollow, and people are scheming all the time. There are also short scenes from the play that Ristikivi has himself made up. The narrator even makes a little topical joke on page 10 of this novel, when referring to the author of the play, Richard Cliff, that "a certain Mr Cliff Richard" may have borrowed his pseudonym from him.  The second novel, "Dragon's Teeth" is set in the Spain and Low Countries of the 16th century, as well as describing the life of a Catalan refugee in Paris in 1949, Joaquim Barrera, whose son Pablo is translating and commenting on his father's trilogy. The structure is therefore a novel within a novel. In the trilogy, there are two main characters, the idealist Ruy Pons de Granollers is described in the light of political goals and pointless sacrifice, and a more down to earth Fleming, Jan Bleis. This is to an extent a metanovel about the philosophy of history from a pessimistic point of view.  The third novel, "A Double Game" is once again an examination of history and morality, but in the form of a murder mystery. Some of the detective work has to be done by the reader.  A Rome Diary ("Rooma päevik"; 1976)  Ristikivi's last book is set in the 18th century Rome, among the ruins and historical buildings. It was published one year before the author's death. As critic Reet Neithal describes the book as: "[Ristikivi's] swan song, a finely textured and poetic travelogue that does not so much describe the travel venues -- the famous monuments of Rome - as the mood of the protagonist and his actions as a result of these. This subtle spiritual diary is one of the author's most personal works". The protagonist (i.e. author of the diary) is called Kaspar von Schmerzburg ("Schmerz" being the German for pain). He walks among the ruins of what was once a huge empire - i.e. the Roman one. He walks in the catacombs and tunnels, and thus sees what is hidden as well as well as easily viewed from the street. Ristikivi shows his more melancholy and pessimistic side.

Bibliography.

Biographies and reference works about Karl Ristikivi (in Estonian).

There are, as yet, no book-length reference works or longer articles about the life and works of Karl Ristikivi in any other language but Estonian. These are what are available:

Karl Ristikivi (; in Pärnumaa, Saulepi Parish, Lääne County (now Kilgi, Varbla Parish, Pärnu County) – 19 July 1977 in Solna, Stockholm) was an Estonian writer. He is among the best Estonian writers for his historical novels.


Biography.

At the age of 13, Reed began working as an office boy, and at 19 a bank clerk. At the outbreak of the First World War he enlisted in the British Army. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, gaining a single kill in aerial combat and severely burning his face in a flying accident ("Insanity Fair", 1938). Around 1921 he began working as a telephonist and clerk for "The Times". At the age of 30, he became a sub-editor. In 1927 he became assistant correspondent in Berlin, later transferring to Vienna as chief central European correspondent. He went on to report from various European centres including Warsaw, Moscow, Prague, Athens, Sofia, Bucharest and Budapest.  According to Reed, he resigned his job in protest against the appeasement of Hitler after the Munich Agreement of 1938. In "Somewhere South of Suez: a further survey of the grand design of the Twentieth Century" (1949), Reed wrote that his resignation came in response to press censorship which prevented him from fully reporting "the facts about Hitler and National Socialism." He believed that by becoming a "journalist without a newspaper," he would be free to write as he chose.  His 1938 book "Insanity Fair" analysing the situation in pre-war Europe brought him worldwide fame. His next few books were also bestsellers.  Reed spent the duration of the Second World War in England; in 1948, he moved to Durban, South Africa. In his 1951 book "Far and Wide" he wrote: "During the Second World War I noticed that the figures of Jewish losses, in places where war made verification impossible, were being irresponsibly inflated, and said so in a book. The process continued until the war's end when the figure of six millions was produced... No proof can be given". Reed was subsequently virtually banned by establishment publishers and booksellers, and his previous titles were often removed from library shelves.  His career as a published author effectively over, Reed nevertheless spent several years, including in New York and Montreal, working on his magnum opus "The Controversy Of Zion". Despite some initial discussions with a publisher, the manuscript was never submitted. In the 1960s Reed was outspoken in his opposition to the decolonization of Africa. In his "The Battle for Rhodesia" (1966) he explicitly compared decolonization to the above-mentioned appeasement of Hitler; he strongly supported Ian Smith's unilateral declaration of independence from the United Kingdom, arguing that Smith's Rhodesia had to be defended as "the last bulwark against the Third World War", just as Czechoslovakia should have been defended against Hitler in 1938.  Reed died in Durban in 1976. Two years later "The Controversy of Zion" was finally brought to print, the manuscript having lain on top of a wardrobe in Reed's home for over two decades.

Criticism.

Richard Thurlow noted that Reed was one of the first antisemitic writers to deny Hitler's extermination of the Jews. In a review of Reed's "Lest We Regret" written in 1943, George Orwell compared Reed, with his unheeded early warnings about the Nazis, to the Greek mythological figure Cassandra. Orwell noted Reed dismissed the Nazis' persecution of German Jews, and even the pogroms, as just "propaganda." Reed cited a story in the Daily Herald about Germans in football clothes playing football with 500 Jewish babies in a football stadium near Kiev "bouncing and kicking them around the arena." This story had also been dismissed in the New Statesman as "complete fabrication" and "nonsense." Orwell summed-up Reed's book as: ""the dominant notes being back to the land, more emigration, down with the Reds and—above all—down with the Jews."" Orwell warned that Reed had an ""easy journalistic style"", stating he was a ""persuasive writer"" through which he was ""capable of doing a lot of harm among the large public for which he caters."" Orwell compared Reed's outlook to that of the anti-Hitlerian Nazi dissident Otto Strasser and the British fascist leader Oswald Mosley.

Douglas Lancelot Reed (11 March 1895 – 26 August 1976) was a British journalist, playwright, novelist and author of a number of books of political analysis. His book "Insanity Fair" (1938) was one of the most influential in publicising the state of Europe and the megalomania of Adolf Hitler before the Second World War. By the time of his death, Reed had been largely forgotten except for various remarks about Jews. Thus, when "The Times" ran his obituary, it condemned Reed as a "virulent anti-Semite," although Reed himself claimed that he drew a distinction between opposition to Zionism and antisemitism. Reed believed in a long-term Zionist conspiracy to impose a world government on an enslaved humanity. He was also staunchly anti-Communist, and once wrote that National Socialism was a "stooge or stalking horse " meant to further the aims of the "Communist Empire."


Habitat.

The fish is characteristic of vertical rock walls in the middle and upper rocky intertidal community along the exposed coasts of Pacific coast of South America, ranging from southern Peru to southern Chile. Its niche is unique, with no known parallel development in other rocky intertidal communities. The most likely determinants of the distribution of "Sicyases sanguineus" are areas where vertical rocky shorelines encounter ocean swells and ample benthic prey.  "Sicyases sanguineus" attaches by means of a large disc formed of the fused and highly modified pelvic fins, bearing small and flattened dermal papillae. The combination of suction by disc and adhesion by papillae secure the clingfish to the rock.

Behavior.

When young, "S. sanguineus" is gregarious and often congregates on walls. They are alert and can detect moving objects over distances from. However, adults are quiescent and cluster on exposed rocks often well above water level. Among the many places where they can be seen are the boulder fields in Pozo Toyo and Antofagasta Bay, Chile.

Feeding.

"Sicyases sanguineus" is omnivorous, feeding on a wide range of algae (brown, green and red) and many types of invertebrates (especially molluscs such as chitons, marine snails, limpets and mussels, and barnacles, but also crabs, isopods, amphipods, insect larvae and sea urchins). They only take relatively small animals. For example, they have been observed living in apparent peace with large chitons and limpets, whereas the small individuals are eaten by this clingfish.  As known from some other clingfish, "Sicyases sanguineus" has relatively large, protruding front teeth on the upper jaw. The front teeth on the lower jaw are shorter and more chisel-like. When feeding on algae, they scrape the teeth along the rock surface, leaving distinctive marks.  Other methods are used when feeding on molluscs like limpets. The most common way for the fish to connect itself to a flat smooth surface with its ventral sucker. It then repeatedly swings its head in a small arc, raking its teeth downward in strokes. A second mode in which "Sicyases sanguineus" feed on them is to insert its teeth on the limpet's shell and then twist. This produces a characteristic break into the shell posteriorly and anteriorly.

Sicyases sanguineus is a species of amphibious marine clingfish in the family Gobiesocidae. It lives in the Southeast Pacific along the entire coast of Chile and southern Peru.


Early life.

Willson was adopted as an infant by Frank Cole Willson and his wife, schoolteacher Rose Gray Willson. A gifted musician from a young age, Willson learned to play the piano, clarinet, and flute. After college, Willson worked as a public-school music teacher. She later resided in Bakersfield, California for a number of years, becoming known within evangelical Christian churches there as a vocalist and pianist.

Satanic ritual abuse allegations.

As Stratford, Willson wrote three books, the most famous of which was "Satan's Underground", purporting to tell a true story of her upbringing as a baby breeder (for sacrifices) in a satanic cult. Willson had also claimed to have first-hand knowledge of high-profile cases of alleged Satanic ritual abuse (including the child abuse cases in Kern County, where she resided), but her claims were dismissed by investigators as unreliable and fabricated.  An investigation by Bob and Gretchen Passantino and Jon Trott in the Christian magazine "Cornerstone" discovered Stratford's real name and family background, and that her stories of abuse were false. In interviews with Willson's family and former associates, it was revealed that Willson had a long history of mental illness and making false allegations of abuse. She repeatedly threatened suicide and practiced self-mutilation. She attracted the attention and sympathy of evangelical author Johanna Michaelsen, one of the most influential promoters of the Satanic moral panic of the period. While living with Michaelsen, Willson claimed to have given birth to three children as a result of rape; two were allegedly killed in snuff films, and the third was supposedly sacrificed in her presence at a Satanic ritual. However, "Cornerstone" found no evidence that she had ever been pregnant or adopted a child.  She was also briefly involved in the McMartin preschool trial, claiming to have witnessed the abuses and to have been involved in an ongoing lesbian relationship with Virginia McMartin.

False identity as a Holocaust survivor.

After her books were withdrawn from sale by her publisher, Willson legally changed her name to Lauren Stratford. She would later create another false identity in 1999. Pretending to be Laura Grabowski, a Jewish survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Willson collected thousands of dollars in donations intended for Holocaust survivors. As Grabowski, Willson befriended Binjamin Wilkomirski, claiming to remember him from the camps. Wilkomirski (real name Bruno Grosjean) later was revealed to be neither Jewish nor a Holocaust survivor, aiding in the exposure of Willson as a fraud.

Laurel Rose Willson (August 18, 1941 – April 8, 2002) was an American author whose allegations of Satanic ritual abuse (SRA) were published under the pseudonym Lauren Stratford, which she would later adopt as her legal name. Later, Willson assumed the guise of a Holocaust survivor, and adopted the alias of Laura Grabowski.


History.

The club was formed in 1947 and played for the first five decades as a local amateur team. "SV" for the first time made an appearance in the highest league of the state in 1994 when it was promoted to the tier five Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein, helped by the introduction of the Regionalligas that season which allowed an increased number of promoted teams to the league. After coming sixth in the league in its first season there the club's results declined and it was relegated again in 1998. Eichede returned to the Verbandsliga in 2003 and finished as high as runners-up in 2006 before being relegated again in 2008. Changes to the league system in 2008 meant that the Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein was renamed to Schleswig-Holstein-Liga and the four regional divisions below to Verbandsligas. SV Eichede was grouped in the Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein-Süd-Ost, won this league and moved up to the highest state level again.  In the Schleswig-Holstein-Liga the club became a top side, finishing in the top four in all of the next four seasons and eventually winning the league in 2012–13. Through this it earned promotion to the tier four Regionalliga Nord for the first time, while the club's reserve team won promotion to the Schleswig-Holstein-Liga at the same time.  SV Eichede played the 2013–14 season in the Regionalliga but came only seventeenth and was relegated again, dropping back to the Schleswig-Holstein-Liga, while the reserve team had to drop back to the Verbandsliga. A league title in 2015–16 and success in the promotion round took the club back up to the Regionalliga for 2016–17, only to suffer an immediate return to the renamed Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein.

Honours.

The team's honours:

Recent seasons.

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

The SV Eichede is a German association football club from the Eichede suburb of Steinburg, Schleswig-Holstein. The club's greatest success has been to earn promotion to the tier four Regionalliga Nord in 2013 and again in 2016. On each occasion the club was relegated from the Regionalliga after just one season.


Introduction.

On 3 November 1886, the Viceroy Earl of Dufferin and Ava laid the foundation stone of the main building. The building was designed by Bhai Ram Singh and built by Sir Ganga Ram, one a leading architect and the other a leading builder of that time.  The college is named after the then Lt. Governor of the Punjab, Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison, who, addressing the students in 1888, said:

History.

Wards at Ambala.

The history of Aitchison College goes back to the Ward's School at Ambala Cantonment which was envisioned in 1864 by Captain Tighe, then D.C. of Ambala. Established in 1868, it was originally intended for the education of young princes of the area but on the insistence of Sir Henry Davies - the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, it widened its scope in 1874 to cater for the education of all the other heirs of the Princely states living in other parts of Punjab. The present constitution of Aitchison College is still based on the set of rules framed for the Wards' School.  Because of this seamless history from the ""Wards School"" to the ""Chiefs' College"" to the ""Aitchison College"" the school is arguably 150 years old in 2018.

Chief's College.

The growing interest in the college prompted efforts by Lt. Gen Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison, after whom the college is named, to expand the Government Wards School into Chiefs College. North Mian Meer Road was initially selected as the new site for Chiefs College and collaboration between Bhai Ram Singh, Vice Principal of Mayo School of Arts and Colonel Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, Executive Engineer at Jeypore came up with an architectural design for the college. Even at its beginning, the college was designed to have a science laboratory, library and museum besides classrooms and amenities for students. Under the auspices of the new staff, including the first Principal W. A. Robinson and the famous Urdu poet Altaf Hussain Hali, Chiefs College began educating a modest first batch of 12 boys, who were temporarily accommodated at Abbot Road while construction was in progress. The college was formally inaugurated by the Viceroy, the Earl of Dufferin and Ava on 3 November 1886.

Aitchison College.

On 13 November 1886, a few days after the foundation stone of Chiefs College was laid, the school was renamed Aitchison College. Construction of the main building, now known as Old Building, began in 1887 and was finished in 1890, along with a gymnasium and a hospital. Soon after that, the main building became the center of academic life at Aitchison, moving classes away from their previous locations in the boarding houses and rented bungalows. Construction on other buildings continued as the school attracted more wards and princes.  Several efforts were made to provide facilities for physical education. In 1896, a cricket pavilion was built, and work began on a polo field. A year later, training in cricket, football, field hockey, and tennis was started. Following Aitchison's win in local sports competitions, the Aitchison Challenge Cup was established to honor the best sportsmen each year. In 1905, ACOBA (Aitchison College Old Boys Association) was established to allow the alumni of the school to compete against the current students in an event that brought together the alumni each year. In 1907, Aitchison College started sending contingents of sports teams to compete with schools outside Lahore and was allowed to host contingents from other schools. Swimming facilities were developed in 1923 and the Rani of Mandi Cup was established to honor the best swimmer of the year. The sports system soon evolved as competitions between the houses began in 1928. Hockey and tennis courts were established in 1938.  The school also offers several extra-curricular activities and awards. In the first half of the 20th century, the school began to offer awards to some of its top students, he most popular of which were those for best essay writer and best debater. Additionally, the first Rivaz medal for best leaving boy at Aitchison College was created in 1906. The school also first published "Pioneer" publication in 1936. The Prize Distribution Day ceremony, now known as Founders Day, held annually in May, was started in 1892. The Prize Distribution was later divided into two separate ceremonies: Founders Day Academics and Founders Day Sports.  The school also has a history of providing religious education and housing. A mosque was constructed for religious education of Muslim students in 1900, and a Dharamsala was created in 1913. A separate Sikh mess was organized in 1907, followed by the creation of a separate kitchen for Halal food in 1938. A mandir was also constructed, which was later redesigned to hold the Principal's office. Religious education was later made compulsory for Hindu and Sikh students. Until 1933, the school enforced a rule that separate boarding houses should exist for Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs.  Aitchison College has also changed its building make-up over the years. A separate building for the Preparatory School, which now holds classes for grades 7–9, was constructed in 1915, and the prefects system was established two years later. The school became affiliated with Cambridge University in 1933. In 1935, the policy of admission was broadened to include ordinary boys from surrounding areas. Following this policy, a separate house, Jubilee, was established for day boys. Classes for grades 9–13 were shifted from the main building to the newly constructed Barry Block (Senior School) in 1948. Following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was appointed Patron in Chief of the college in 1948. A separate building for Junior School, for Grades 1–5, was built in 1964. War between India and Pakistan in 1965 disrupted school activities for a while but normal school year resumed soon after cease fire. A number of modern buildings were constructed on the campus near the end of the 20th century, including an amphitheater, a large library, computer and science laboratories, housing for staff members, a riding school, and squash and basketball courts.

Organization and curriculum.

Academic organization.

Aitchison College is the first school in Pakistan to be admitted to the G20 Group of World Schools and is a Cambridge Examination Centre.

Curriculum.

The Senior School offers preparation for [IGCSE) from University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE), following the British Cambridge Assessment system. The grades 9 through 11 are prepared for International IGCSE or O Level (equivalent to national Secondary School Certificate or SSC) and grades 12 and 13 are prepared for International Cambridge AS and AS/A Level.  The national curriculum was also available to students of grades 9 and 10 who did not wish to pursue the international board examinations until 2002. It was cancelled by Principal Shamim Khan due to structural issues and incompatibility of O level and metric systems. In 2016, Principal Michael Thomson introduced Cambridge curricula throughout the whole school. Primary School and Middle School have now adopted Cambridge syllabuses for English, Mathematics and Sciences. In 2018, the college will offer the IGCSE and Cambridge International AS/A Levels.  Points of differentiation at Aitchison are: meta cognition courses held by old boy academics and visiting academics, adoption of the Harkness Table approach, and aptitude testing in Prep School.

Student life.

House system.

Each school is subdivided into houses that have members from each grade of that school. Houses are designed to promote inter-house competitions and mentorship opportunities, led by prefects and housemasters. Before 1947, Leslie-Jones House served as a day-boarders' house whilst Godley House was primarily the house for Hindu and Sikh students and Kelly House was the designated boarding house for Muslim boys. Bahawalpur House was reopened in 2017 as a house for M2 boarders.  Junior School  Prep School  Senior School

School counseling.

The Higher Education and Career Office provides students with the most up to date information on universities and modern careers. Applications are sent to universities in US, UK, Canada, Germany, Singapore, Turkey, Netherlands and Pakistan. The college has a long record of exceptional university admission results, including the Ivy League.

Co-curricular.

The college is noted for its exceptional co-curricular student clubs, most notably its Model United Nations Society which is regarded as one of the best High School MUN teams in Pakistan and one of the few Pakistani teams that have won in competitions such as The HarvardMUNs. Not only this the college's Science Society hosts one of the most competitive High School Science competitions of Pakistan "Aitchison College Science and Engineering Concept" which is one of the first STEM Olympiads of Lahore. The college's Debating Society also has produced some of Pakistan's best speakers with some going on to be a part of Pakistan's World Schools Debating Championships team. The Science Society is also one of the most up to date computer society's and has the most up to date workshops anywhere in Pakistan. Junior School  Prep and Senior School

Physical education.

Students have to enroll in two sports at the beginning of each winter. In summer, one sport is chosen other than swimming, which is compulsory. The choices include athletics, basketball, cricket, football, hockey, lawn tennis, water polo, riding, squash, badminton, and table tennis. The college introduced sports academies in 2017 to promote exceptional sportsmanship.

Alumni.

The Alumni Association of Aitchison College is called ACOBA and it denotes Aitchison College Old Boys Association. This is an official Association that holds elections and ensures that different years of graduation are represented. ACOBA is an active organization and holds an annual gathering at Aitchison College. ACOBA Section on Aitchison College Website

Aitchison College () is an independent, semi-private boys school for boarding and day students from grade 1–13. The school is located in Lahore, Pakistan. Established in 1886 as Aitchison College, it has a tradition of providing an education that uses academics, sports, and co-curricular activities as tools for character development. The school follows a curriculum designed to culminate in the International General Certificate of Education and AS Level/A Level qualifications and is geared towards preparing students for university education. The institute is one of only two Cambridge Examination Centres situated in a schools (other one is Chand Bagh School), also being a member of G20 Schools of the World. Aitchison has educated former Prime Ministers, one President, lawyers, cricketers, and politicians.


Club career.

Nottingham Forest.

Crossley was born in Barnsley and began his career with Nottingham Forest in 1987 as a trainee. He started the 1988–89 season as fourth choice but Hans Segers and Paul Crichton were transferred in quick succession to Wimbledon and Peterborough United respectively, and when Steve Sutton fell ill, Crossley found himself thrust into the first team, playing in league wins over Liverpool and Newcastle United and a League Cup win over Coventry City before Sutton's return. He had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1989–90 season but was never selected for the first team, although he played several games for the reserves. He had 2 spells in Forest's team, firstly when Sutton was injured and later when Sutton suffered a loss of form.  He was a huge favourite with the fans, despite being prone to occasional mistakes, and made over 300 appearances in thirteen years with the club, becoming first-choice 'keeper at the start of the 1990–91 season. This was strengthened by Steve Sutton's move to Derby County in 1992. Crossley played in the 1991 FA Cup Final loss to Tottenham Hotspur. He missed a run of games including the Full Members Cup and Football League Cup finals against Southampton and Manchester United respectively due to a breach of club rules. Andrew Marriott wore the gloves in his place, although Crossley regained his place for the next league game after the second final. He also has the dubious distinction of scoring the first Premier League own goal, in Forest's 4–1 defeat at Blackburn Rovers on 5 September 1992.  He was granted a testimonial match during the 1999–2000 season by Nottingham Forest, which was played in front of 15,000 supporters. During that season, Crossley found himself on the bench numerous times, playing second choice 'keeper to Dave Beasant. He was finally released from Forest, in 2000 as the club's financial troubles required them to reduce the wage bill.

Middlesbrough.

Crossley joined Middlesbrough on a free transfer to provide competition as well as cover for the number one spot at the club. He made seven appearances in the 2000–01 season, but was sent off against Arsenal in November 2000, and did not play again for the rest of the season. He played 18 more games in the 2001–02 season. He was loaned out to Stoke City on 29 November 2002 and played against Gillingham the next day. However, he was recalled by Boro until he re-joined Stoke towards the end of the 2002–03 season. He played in 11 matches helping the club avoid relegation from the First Division.

Fulham.

Frustrated by not playing many games at Boro, Crossley joined Fulham for £500,000 in 2003 and made his debut against Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium on 23 September 2003. He was mainly the second-choice goalkeeper during his time at the club, although he did have more opportunities to play in the first team during the 2005–06 season due to the sale of former number 1 goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar. His finest match that season came when, deputising for the injured Finnish international Antti Niemi, he kept a clean sheet against champions Chelsea in a 1–0 victory, producing many saves as Chelsea piled pressure on late in the game. Before joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan, he was the number 3 'keeper to Niemi and Czech goalkeeper Jan Laštůvka at Fulham.

Sheffield Wednesday.

Former teammate and Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws made Crossley his first signing in November 2006, bringing him in on loan. Crossley impressed, with a string of fine performances and the loan deal was extended to the end of the season. On 23 December 2006, Crossley scored a dramatic late equaliser for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–3 draw with Southampton at Hillsborough, in his 481st career match, after coming up for a late corner. However Iain Turner was brought in on loan and Crossley returned to Fulham.

Oldham Athletic.

After being released by Fulham at the end of the 2006–07 season, Crossley signed for League One side Oldham Athletic. He also took a coaching role at the club. He played most of the games available, despite being injured for 6 games in March.  Crossley signed a one-year extension to his current contract, he was contracted at Latics until the end of the 2008–09 season. After the final game of the season, the club reported that he and an assistant coach had parted with the club.

Coaching career.

In the summer of 2009 he joined Chesterfield as part of John Sheridan's new coaching team, as well as signing playing terms making him the club's second choice goalkeeper. In February 2011 Crossley announced he would be retiring from football at the end of the 2010–11 season.  In July 2012 Crossley was approached by Birmingham City to become the club's new goalkeeping coach for the 2012–13 season, however the move fell through when Chesterfield could not agree on a compensation fee. Following John Sheridan's dismissal from Chesterfield, Crossley was appointed caretaker manager alongside Tommy Wright. In September 2012, despite having retired from playing in 2011, Crossley was named as an unused substitute in Chesterfield's 2–2 draw at York City, taking the number 26 shirt. He left Chesterfield on 29 April 2013. On 13 August 2013, Crossley joined Sheffield Wednesday as the Owls' academy goalkeeper coach. Crossley joined Barnsley on 27 March 2014 as a replacement to Ian Wilcox as new goalkeeping coach. Prior to the 2015/2016 season, Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as a coach.  On 21 June 2019, Crossley leaves Notts County as first-team coaching set-up. On 2 July 2019, Crossley rejoined Chesterfield as goalkeeper coach.

International career.

Crossley qualified to play for Wales through a Welsh grandparent. He was a regular in the Welsh international squad, but served as understudy to Neville Southall, and then Paul Jones. He started only eight games. His full international début came against the Republic of Ireland. His most memorable moment with the national team was Wales' 4–0 win over Scotland. Prior to representing Wales, Crossley played for the England U21 team in a tournament in Toulon, France, in 1990.

Career statistics.

Club.

Source:

International.

Source:

Mark Geoffrey Crossley (born 16 June 1969) is an English-born Welsh former professional footballer. As a player, he was a goalkeeper from 1988 until 2011 and he has previously played for numerous clubs in England's top flight, notably for Nottingham Forest, where he became the only goalkeeper to stop a Matt Le Tissier penalty kick. He has also played for Manchester United, Milwall, Middlesbrough, Stoke City, Fulham, Sheffield Wednesday, Oldham Athletic and Chesterfield. He earned 8 international caps playing for Wales between 1997 and 2004.


Biography.

Parker was born in Laurel, Mississippi and he graduated from William Carey College with a BA in English in 1970. Before entering politics, Parker owned and operated a funeral home business, insurance companies, land and timber companies, and a sand, clay and gravel business. Parker was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1988 following a hard-fought primary with a wide field of contenders. The district included Jackson, Vicksburg, Natchez, McComb, and Brookhaven.

Party switch.

As a Democratic congressman, Parker wore his party ties very loosely. His voting record was conservative even by Mississippi Democratic standards. During Parker's successful 1992 general election campaign, he did not endorse Democratic Presidential candidate Bill Clinton. After his re-election in November 1994, Parker voted 'Present' in the election for Speaker of the House in 1995 instead of voting for the House Democratic leader Richard Gephardt.  On November 10, 1995, Parker joined the Republican Party. Although his district was almost 40 percent African-American—one of the highest percentages for a Republican-held district—Parker was reelected with little difficulty in 1996. He did not run for re-election in 1998 in order to focus on his bid for Governor of Mississippi.  In the 1999 gubernatorial election Parker had almost 9,000 fewer votes than his Democratic opponent, Lieutenant Governor Ronnie Musgrove. However, due to the presence of two minor candidates, Musgrove came up a few thousand votes short of a majority. Under an 1890 law, the first tiebreaker was whoever won the most state electoral votes, based on state house districts. Each candidate carried 61 of the 122 state house districts. The election was thus decided by the Mississippi House of Representatives, where the Democrats had a supermajority at the time. However, Parker refused to concede, and the House elected Musgrove 86-36 along partisan lines.

Army Corps.

Parker was appointed by George W. Bush as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works), with oversight of the Army Corps of Engineers, which has numerous projects in Parker's home state of Mississippi. Parker was one of the first political casualties of the Bush administration's heavily centralized management style when he spoke out to promote the Corps of Engineers priorities and was then asked to leave in the summer of 2002. In recent years Parker has been a Washington lobbyist, specializing in infrastructure issues.

Michael "Mike" Parker (born October 31, 1949) is an American businessman and politician from the U.S. state of Mississippi. He served in Congress as a member of the Democratic Party and, later, the Republican Party. He later served as Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Army, with authority over the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.