Career.

Nu Shooz formed in 1979 in a lineup that originally featured 12 members. This incarnation of the group released its debut album, "Can't Turn It Off", in 1982. Although the album saw limited success, the band continued on, paring its lineup down to seven members over the next several years.  Nu Shooz originally released the single "I Can't Wait" in Portland in April 1985 on Poolside Records. The original session happened at Cascade Recording in Portland in the fall of 1984 and was also featured on the band's sparsely distributed second album, "Tha's Right", in 1985. "I Can't Wait" was a big hit on Portland radio stations at that time, but Nu Shooz was turned down by every major label. A copy of the song made it to the Netherlands, where it was remixed by Peter Slaghuis. This version is known as the 'Dutch Mix.' The remix came back into the United States as an import on Dutch label Injection Records. This version got the attention of Atlantic Records, which signed the band to a contract in January 1986.  Nu Shooz scored two major hits. "I Can't Wait" climbed to No. 2 on the R&B charts and No. 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in June 1986 and spent 15 weeks in the Top 40, and it also hit No. 1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart earlier that year. Its follow-up, "Point of No Return," was remixed by Shep Pettibone and also topped the dance chart in September 1986; the song peaked at No. 28 on the Hot 100 and No. 35 on the R&B chart. Both singles were on the album "Poolside", which charted on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 200 chart at No. 27, and sold 500,000 copies in the U.S., garnering gold record RIAA certification on October 2, 1986.  In 1987, Nu Shooz was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best New Artist category, based on its breakthrough success the previous year. The group lost to Bruce Hornsby & the Range; the other nominees that year were Glass Tiger, Simply Red, and Timbuk3. In 1988, the band released the album "Told" U "So", which had its final chart entries to date: "Should I Say Yes?" hit No. 17 on the R&B chart and No. 41 on the Hot 100, while the track "Are You Lookin' for Somebody Nu" topped out at No. 2 on the dance chart. The album itself peaked on the Billboard 200 to No. 93 and was only an overall success in the urban market. "Time Will Tell" was supposed to be the first single from the third album for Atlantic, which was titled "Eat & Run", but the album was never released.  In 2007, Nu Shooz was inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame. Also that year Smith and Day formed a spin-off band called Nu Shooz Orchestra with a sound they called "Jazz-Pop-Cinema." They released one album, "Pandora's Box", in 2010 along with music videos for the songs "Spy vs Spy," (directed by Mike Wellins) and "Right Before My Eyes" (animated by Smith and Day’s son Malcolm Smith.) The following year "I Can't Wait" was sampled in the hit song "Buzzin'" by Mann.  In 2012, the band released "Kung Pao Kitchen", a return to their '80s roots. A year later they put the live group back together for the first time in 20 years and joined the '80s era tour Super Freestyle Explosion. A cover of "I Can't Wait", performed by Icona Pop and produced by Questlove, was used in a 2015 series of Target commercials.  Nu Shooz continues to record and perform.

Nu Shooz is an American freestyle/R&B group fronted by husband-and-wife team of John Smith and Valerie Day, based in Portland, Oregon, United States. Nu Shooz released four albums in the U.S. during the 1980s. Their third album, "Poolside", brought the group's sound to a wider audience.


Route description.

DE 6 begins at the Maryland border, where the road continues west into that state as MD 291. From the state line, the route heads east on two-lane undivided Millington Road, passing through the Blackiston Wildlife Area. The road runs through areas of woods and farms with some homes. In Blackiston, DE 6 intersects the western terminus of DE 42, which heads southeast toward the town of Kenton. The route continues east through more agricultural areas and reaches a junction with DE 15, at which point residential development near the road increases. DE 15 turns east to form a concurrency with DE 6, with the two routes continuing east. Upon reaching the western edge of the town of Clayton, DE 15 splits from DE 6 by heading to the north.  DE 6 proceeds northeast through Clayton on Main Street, where it passes homes along with a few businesses. In Clayton, the road crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade as it turns more to the east. The route continues into the town of Smyrna, where it becomes Smyrna Clayton Boulevard. Shortly after entering Smyrna, DE 6 crosses Greens Branch and intersects DE 300, where it turns northeast onto West Glenwood Avenue and forms a concurrency with DE 300. The two routes pass a mix of homes and businesses before gaining a center left-turn lane past the Main Street intersection and entering a commercial area in the northern part of Smyrna as East Glenwood Avenue. Here, the road widens into a divided highway before intersecting US 13. At this point, DE 300 ends and DE 6 turns southeast to form a concurrency with US 13. The two routes pass more businesses on four-lane divided North Dupont Boulevard. DE 6 splits from US 13 by heading to the east on two-lane undivided East Commerce Street, running through residential areas. The route passes over the DE 1 toll road without an interchange and leaves Smyrna.  Upon leaving Smyrna, DE 6 becomes Woodland Beach Road and passes to the north of Smyrna Airport. The road heads east into agricultural areas, crossing Mill Creek as it winds east. The route intersects DE 9 before turning northeast into marshland within the Woodland Beach Wildlife Area. DE 6 turns north and reaches its eastern terminus at an intersection with Delaware Avenue in the community of Woodland Beach, located along the Delaware Bay.  The portion of the route between Alley Mill Road west of Clayton and DE 300 in Smyrna is part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway, a Delaware Byway. DE 6 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 26,210 vehicles at the east end of the US 13 concurrency to a low of 525 vehicles at the Delaware Avenue intersection in Woodland Beach. None of DE 6 is part of the National Highway System.

History.

By 1920, what is now DE 6 existed as an unimproved county road. The road was completed as a state highway within Clayton and was proposed as one from Clayton west to Blackiston by 1924. On August 5, 1925, the state highway between Clayton and Blackiston was completed. In 1929, the road leading to Woodland Beach was completed as a state highway. The portion of the road between Blackiston and the Maryland border was upgraded to a state highway in 1930. When Delaware created its state highway system by 1936, DE 6 was routed between the Maryland border west of Blackiston and Woodland Beach, following its current alignment to Smyrna, passing through Smyrna on Commerce Street, and continuing east on its current alignment to Woodland Beach. All of the route was paved except for the easternmost portion. The eastern portion of the road was paved by 1967. By the 1990s, DE 6 was routed onto its current alignment through Smyrna along DE 300 and US 13, bypassing the downtown area.

Delaware Route 6 (DE 6) is a state highway in Kent County, Delaware. It runs from Maryland Route 291 (MD 291) at the Maryland border west of Blackiston to the Delaware Bay in Woodland Beach. The route passes through rural areas of northern Kent County as well as the towns of Clayton and Smyrna. DE 6 intersects DE 42 in Blackiston, DE 15 in Clayton, DE 300 and U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Smyrna, and DE 9 to the east of Smyrna. The road was built as a state highway during the 1920s and 1930s and received the DE 6 designation by 1936. The easternmost part of the route was paved in the 1960s and the route was moved to its current alignment bypassing downtown Smyrna by the 1990s.


Connotations.

It is the opinion of Horst Sendler that an "Unrechtsstaat" is characterized by a lack of striving for rights and an overall failure to achieve them. At the same time, individual violations of law and constitution do not make a state an "Unrechtsstaat", because such violations also occur in a "Rechtsstaat". Also, a state should not necessarily be considered an ""Unrechtsstaat"," even if it does not correspond with the model of a classical civil "Rechtsstaat" and in particular the German concept of a "Rechtsstaat". On the other hand, the term ""Unrechtsstaat"" does not exclude the possibility of instances in which such a state has areas where qualities characteristic of a "Rechtsstaat" are dominant and where justices is realized in practice. In contrast to this notion of an "Unrechtsstaat", Gerd Roellecke holds that the differentiating quality of an "Unrechtsstaat" is that it does not expect the equality of all people. In contrast with historical "Nichtrechtstaaten" (non-"Rechstaaten"), "Unrechtstaaten" have the capacity to be "Rechstaaten" after a period of historical development.  The German public is divided on whether to call the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as an example of "Unrechtsstaat". Those scholars, however, who view it as such maintain that it is an accurate designation because the state was not based on the rule of law and was unjust. It is also cited that the traditional and commemorative practices and framings sanctioned by the German government depict GDR as "Unrechtsstaat" as well as a dictatorship.  An "Unrechtsstaat" may be distinguished from a "Verbrecherstaat" or 'criminal state', where all the institutions of the state have been seized by a criminal enterprise; such that, while maintaining the nomenclature and appearance of state action, governmental institutions become wholly perverted to serve criminal purposes. The German Federal Constitutional Court, in a series of judgements in the 1950s, established the principle that Nazi Germany should be considered to have been a "Verbrecherstaat", such that all German governmental institutions, organisations and public servants had been wholly perverted into 'a power apparatus in the service of the Nazi Party'. A "Verbrecherstaat" is not a valid state at all; whereas an "Unrechtsstaat" is a valid state that nominally acknowledges the rule of law, but nevertheless systematically fails to maintain it.

The term Unrechtsstaat (pl. "Unrechsstaaten") is a pejorative used to refer to a valid state that is not a "Rechtsstaat"; hence a constitutional state in which the exercise of major aspects of governmental power is not constrained by the law. It is used not only as a jurisprudential term but also as a political one.


Early life.

Dillingham was born in Shutesbury, Massachusetts on August 10, 1799, a son of Paul Dillingham Sr. and Hannah (Smith) Dillingham. The Dillingham family moved to Waterbury, Vermont in 1805, where Dillingham worked on the family farm and attended the district school in Waterbury and Montpelier's Washington County Grammar School. In 1820, he commenced studying law in the office of Judge Daniel Carpenter. He was admitted to the bar in March 1823, and in April he began to practice in Waterbury as Carpenter's partner. He gained a reputation throughout Vermont as a skilled trial lawyer with a superior ability to present oral arguments to judges and juries.

Early career.

Entering politics as a Democrat, Dillingham served as a Waterbury justice of the peace from 1826 to 1844, and town clerk from 1829 to 1844. He served as Waterbury's member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1833 to 1835, as State's Attorney of Washington County from 1835 to 1838, and again as Waterbury's member of the Vermont House from 1837 to 1840. Dillingham served as a delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1836, and a member of the Vermont State Senate in 1841 and 1842.

Congressman.

Dillingham was elected as a to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1846. During Dillingham's House service, he served on the Judiciary Committee and the Committee on Claims. The only Democrat in Vermont's Congressional delegation, he favored the annexation of Texas and supported US involvement in the Mexican-American War.  Dillingham was a delegate to the 1857 State constitutional convention. In 1861, Dillingham served again in the Vermont Senate.

Lieutenant governor.

Increasingly opposed to slavery and secession, Dillingham declined the Democratic Party's 1860 nomination for governor. When the American Civil War started, he officially changed his allegiance from Democratic to Republican. He served as the 22nd Lieutenant Governor from 1862 to 1865. Holding office at the height of the war, Dillingham's efforts were focused on aiding governors Frederick Holbrook and J. Gregory Smith to obtain passage of laws for raising, paying, and equipping soldiers for the Union Army. In addition, he campaigned throughout Vermont for the Republican (Unionist) ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson in the 1864 United States presidential election.

Governor.

Dillingham served as the 29th governor of Vermont from 1865 to 1866. As governor, he created Vermont's first reform school and established Vermont's first normal school for teacher training (now Vermont Technical College). It also fell to Dillingham to appoint two members of the U.S. Senate to replace senators who had died. To succeed Jacob Collamer, Dillingham selected Luke P. Poland. To replace Solomon Foot, Dillingham first offered the appointment to former governor J. Gregory Smith. When Smith declined, Dillingham selected George F. Edmunds.

Later life.

He resumed the practice of law, and was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1870. He retired in 1875.

Death and burial.

Dillingham died at his home in Waterbury on July 26, 1891. He is interred in the Village Cemetery in Waterbury.

Family.

He married Sarah Partridge Carpenter, a daughter of Daniel Carpenter. She died on September 20, 1831, and on September 5, 1832 Dillingham married Sarah's sister Julia. He had seven children who lived to adulthood, including William Paul Dillingham, who served as governor and U.S. Senator. Dillingham was also the father in law of Senator Matthew H. Carpenter.

Paul Dillingham Jr. (August 10, 1799 – July 26, 1891) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Vermont, the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 1862 to 1865, and the 29th Governor of Vermont in 1865 and 1866.


Early life.

Washburn was born in Lynn, Massachusetts on September 7, 1814, the son of Judge Reuben and Hannah Blaney (Thacher) Washburn of Cavendish, Vermont. His family moved to Vermont in 1817 and settled in Ludlow, Vermont in 1825. Washburn attended the public schools of Ludlow and Black River Academy, then attended Dartmouth College. He graduated in 1835, and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He was principal of the Haverhill Academy while studying law under his father in Ludlow, and with William Upham in Montpelier. After completing his legal education with a year at Harvard Law School, in 1838 Washburn was admitted to the bar, and he began practicing law in Ludlow in January 1839.  Active in politics as a Whig, Washburn was one of the secretaries of a Windsor County convention organized to support William Henry Harrison in the 1840 presidential election. From 1840 to 1842, Washburn served as Assistant Clerk of the Vermont House of Representatives.  In 1844, Washburn moved to Woodstock and formed a partnership with Charles P. Marsh, which they maintained until Washburn's death in 1870. Also in 1844, Washburn was elected reporter of decisions of the Vermont Supreme Court, a position he held for eight years. He represented Woodstock in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1853 to 1855. Washburn was also involved in civic causes, including becoming active in the temperance movement. He became active in the Republican Party in 1855; he was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention, and served as chairman of the Vermont delegation.

Civil War.

Washburn had served as colonel of a Vermont militia regiment from 1837 until 1841, and in 1857 he organized the Woodstock Light Infantry company, which he commanded as a captain. In 1861, Washburn's unit was mustered into federal service for the American Civil War as Company B, 1st Vermont Infantry. He was commissioned lieutenant colonel and second in command of the regiment on May 9, 1861.  The commander of the 1st Vermont, John W. Phelps, was soon promoted to brigadier general and command of a brigade, so Washburn was the regiment's "de facto" commander during nearly all of its three months of service at Fortress Monroe and Newport News, Virginia. Washburn also commanded five companies of the 1st Vermont and five from the 4th Massachusetts infantry at the Battle of Big Bethel on June 10, 1861. He was mustered out with his regiment on August 15, 1861.

Later career.

In October 1861, the Vermont General Assembly elected Washburn to succeed Horace Henry Baxter as Adjutant General and Inspector General of the state militia with the rank of brigadier general. During his tenure, he oversaw the raising, equipping and fielding of seven infantry regiments, one cavalry regiment, three batteries of light artillery, and two companies of sharpshooters for the Union Army.  Washburn also took charge of Vermont's response following the October 1864 St. Albans Raid by Confederate soldiers based in Canada. The state responded by organizing the Frontier Cavalry and deploying it to patrol the Canadian border with Vermont and New York, and Vermont's contingent included two companies, one based in Burlington, and one in St. Albans.  Washburn issued a militia commission to Ann Eliza Smith, the wife of Governor J. Gregory Smith. The Smiths were residents of St. Albans, and Smith had been in the state capital of Montpelier on the day of the raid. His home was a target, and when Mrs. Smith appeared in the front doorway carrying an unloaded pistol (the only weapon she could find), the raiders decided to bypass the house. Mrs. Smith then worked to organize the people of St. Albans to mount a pursuit of the raiders, which unsuccessfully attempted to prevent them from escaping to Canada. Washburn recognized her heroism by appointing her as a brevet lieutenant colonel on the adjutant general's military staff.  Under Washburn's leadership, the adjutant general's office compiled 300 bound volumes of commander's reports, accounts and other records pertaining to service members from Vermont who took part in the war. Of the more than 34,000 men Vermont provided to the Union, only 75 were unaccounted for after the war.  In 1866, Washburn declined reelection as adjutant general. He was succeeded by William Wells. Washburn was one of the organizers of the Reunion Society of Vermont Officers and delivered the keynote address at the society's 1868 annual meeting.  In addition to resuming his law practice, Washburn was an organizer of the Woodstock Railroad Company, of which he was elected president. He also served on the board of directors for the Rutland and Woodstock Railroad.

Governor.

In 1869, Washburn was a candidate for governor and won the Republican nomination at the party's state convention in June by defeating Dudley Chase Denison and Julius Converse. He defeated Democrat Homer W. Heaton in the general election, and took office on October 15, 1869. During his term, the state enacted a law changing the term for state offices including governor from one year to two.

Death and burial.

Washburn died in Woodstock on February 7, 1870. Doctors could not find a cause, and attributed his death to nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork. He was interred at River Street Cemetery in Woodstock.

Family.

In 1839, Washburn was married to Almira E. Ferris (1816-1848) of Swanton, Vermont. In 1849, he married Almira P. Hopkins (1816-1910) of Glens Falls, New York. With his first wife Washburn was the father of son Ferris (1842-1860), who died at age 18 while a student at Dartmouth College, and daughter Emily May ("Emma"), who died at age 6 (1846-1853). With his second wife, Washburn was the father of four children, including Thacher (1859-1862), who died as an infant. Daughter Elizabeth (1852-1938), the wife of Thomas Wilson Dorr Worthen survived him, as did daughter Mary (1854-1941), the wife of George B. Parkinson, and son Charles (1856-1904).  Washburn was a descendant of James Chilton through Chilton's daughter Mary. As a result of this family connection, Washburn's surviving children became members of the Society of Mayflower Descendants when it was founded in the late 1800s.

Peter Thacher Washburn (September 7, 1814 – February 7, 1870) was a Vermont lawyer, politician and soldier. A veteran of the American Civil War, he was elected Governor of Vermont as a Republican in 1869, and was the first Vermont Governor to die in office.


History.

A post office called Morral has been in operation since 1877. The village was named after Samuel Morral, the original owner of the town site.

Geography.

Morral is located at (40.689435, -83.212985).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 399 people, 156 households, and 105 families living in the village. The population density was. There were 173 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 96.5% White, 0.8% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.  There were 156 households of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.06.  The median age in the village was 39.3 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 32.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 388 people, 147 households, and 114 families living in the village. The population density was 143.0 people per square mile (55.3/km). There were 154 housing units at an average density of 56.7 per square mile (21.9/km). The racial makeup of the village was 99.74% White and 0.26% Native American.  There were 147 households out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.7% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.03.  In the village, the population was spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 107.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $39,167, and the median income for a family was $39,861. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $18,977 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,272. About 6.7% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Morral is a village in Marion County, Ohio, United States. The population was 399 at the 2010 census. Morral is served by Ridgedale Local School District.


History.

Monroe was laid out in 1817 on the Dayton and Cincinnati pike. The city is named for President James Monroe, fifth President of the United States.  In the early 1830s, Monroe contained one store and 119 inhabitants.

Geography.

Monroe is located at (39.444658, −84.364044).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 12,442 people, 4,649 households, and 3,481 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 4,896 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 3.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.  There were 4,649 households of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.1% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.07.  The median age in the city was 36.9 years. 27% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.7% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,133 people, 2,685 households, and 2,040 families living in the city. The population density was 459.9 people per square mile (177.6/km2). There were 2,822 housing units at an average density of 182.0 per square mile (70.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.15% White, 1.42% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.  There were 2,685 households out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.91.  In the city the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $56,012, and the median income for a family was $62,528. Males had a median income of $44,864 versus $27,385 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,735. About 1.0% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.

Schools and utilities.

Most of the city is in the Monroe Local School District with some falling in the Lakota School District. Telephone service is provided through the Monroe, Middletown, and Mason exchanges. Mail is delivered through the Monroe, Middletown, and Lebanon post offices. There is both a police station and a fire station on the main road.

Monroe is a city located in east central Butler and west central Warren counties in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 12,442, up from 4,008 in 1990.


Story.

The present conventional form of the tale (Standard Type) can be summarized as follows: Momotarō was born from a giant peach, which was found floating down a river by an old, childless woman who was washing clothes there. The woman and her husband discovered the child when they tried to open the peach to eat it. The child explained that he had been bestowed by the Gods to be their son. The couple named him Momotarō, from "momo" (peach) and "tarō" (eldest son in the family).  When he matured into adolescence, Momotarō left his parents to fight a band of "Oni" (demons or ogres) who marauded over their land, by seeking them out in the distant island where they dwelled (a place called Onigashima or "Demon Island"). En route, Momotarō met and befriended a talking dog, monkey and pheasant, who agreed to help him in his quest in exchange for a portion of his rations ("kibi dango" or "millet dumplings"). At the island, Momotarō and his animal friends penetrated the demons' fort and beat the band of demons into surrendering. Momotarō and his new friends returned home with the demons' plundered treasure and the demon chief as a captive. This Standard Type of "Momotarō" was defined and popularized due to them being printed in school textbooks during the Meiji Period.  This is the result of development literary "Momotarō", which had been handwritten and printed since the early Edo period into Meiji. One significant change is that in most examples of Edo Period literature, Momotarō was not born from a peach, but born naturally to the elderly couple who ate the peach and regained their youth. Such subtypes are classed as, whereas the now convention subtypes are termed.

Development in literature.

Although the oral version of the story may have emerged during the Muromachi Period (1392–1573), it may not have been set down in writing until the Edo Period (1603–1867). The oldest works of Momotaro known to have existed had been dated to the Genroku era (1688–1704) or perhaps earlier.

Edo Period.

These older texts from around the Genroku era (e.g. "Momotarō mukashigatari") are lost, but surviving examples of later dates, such as the reprint "Saihan Momotarō mukashigatari" (c. 1777) purportedly preserve the older tradition, and form the first (most primitive) group of texts according to. The late date of the reprint has sometimes caused it to be classed as "kibyōshi" ("yellow cover") or later type of "kusazōshi" literature, but it should properly be classed as "akahon" ("red book") or early type.  A second group of texts, which Koike considered to be younger, includes the miniature "akahon",, printed in Kyōhō 8 (1723). This miniature book is now considered to be the oldest surviving copy of any written Momotarō story.  Whether belonging to the first or second groups, texts from the Edo Period generally follow the same general plot as the modern standard versions but exhibit certain differences in detail.

Dumpling, kindling, animals.

Momotarō is not supplied with "kibi dango" ("millet dumplings") but rather and other treats, in the oldest Genroku era texts and the first group. In the first group, the old man goes out to cut grass, rather than to cut. The same three companion beasts (pheasant, monkey, then dog) appear in both groups, but in different order.

Birth from peach.

As noted above, in most of the Edo Period books, peach boy is not born from the peach but from the woman who consumes the peach and grows years younger in age. Both the first and second groups consist entirely of "rejuvenation" types. The "birth from the peach" type examples (such as the version in Takizawa Bakin's 1811 essay "Swallowstone Miscellany") are found among tales that have deviated further, which Koike assigns to a third group of texts. While "birth from the peach" version has not been confirmed in earlier written texts from the Edo Period, one tantalizing sculpture dating to 1614 depicted a man standing in the middle of a split peach. This purported Momotarō carving at Kehi Shrine in Tsuruga, Fukui was lost during the air raids of 1945.

Momotarō's age.

It was noted that the protagonist Momotarō was being drawn progressively younger by artists over the years. In one subjective estimation, Momotarō appeared about age 30-ish until c. 1735, 25-ish up to c. 1800, and 20-ish until the end of Edo Period in 1867.  Not every text specifies age, but in the version in (1798–1861)'s Momotarō's was 15 years and 6 months when he set out on his expedition. And in "Momotarō takara no kurairi" (c. 1830-40), Momotarō was aged sixteen. The Momotarō in Iwaya Sazanami's version of 1894 was of similar age (15 years old) when he resolved to go to devil island.  Researcher also noticed the trend of Momotarō being depicted younger and younger, and he dubbed the phenomenon.

Meiji Period.

After Japan abandoned the feudal system and entered the Meiji Period, became a seminal figure in how the Momotaro story was shaped and became familiarized to the Japanese masses. For he was not only the author of the Momotaro tales in his commercially successful folktale collections, but also a major contributor to the textbook versions.  The "Momotarō" tale was first incorporated into nationalized textbooks for elementary schools by the Meiji government in 1887. It was subsequently omitted from the 1st edition of the National Language Reader or but reappeared from the 2nd edition onward to the 5th edition. It has been generally accepted that the 2nd edition reader of 1910 was "de facto" written by storybook author Iwaya Sazanami, who had joined the Ministry of Education as nonpermanent staff in 1906.  Iwaya had already published a version of "Momotaro" (1894) for his "Nihon mukashibanashi" (Japanese Folktales), where Momotaro is cast as a military soldier or commander (shōgun) of Great Japan (Dainihon), dispatched on a punitive campaign to quell the ogres who live in the northeast. Older texts took the punishing of "oni" for granted and dispensed with explaining what crimes the oni committed to deserve condemnation. But in Iwaya's version, the ogres were explicitly stated as being evil beings, who devoured the "poor people" and taken "plunder" from the Emperor's land of Japan (Ozaki's translation), thus morally justifying Momotaro's expedition. It has been suggested these ogres represented the Qing dynasty of China since the publication occurred in the year of outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War.

Taishō and Shōwa eras.

From the 3rd edition National Language Reader (1918–1932) onwards (until the end of World War II), "Momotaro" has occupied the spot of the last tale in Book 1 of these nationalized elementary textbook series. Teachers in essays submitted 1917 stated that the perception of the Momotaro tale was shifting, so that they were seen as containing lessons of assertiveness and helping in the material advancement of one's country. There was criticism from the liberalism side, for example, the novelist Yamamoto Yūzō (1925) protesting that the "oni" were being punished for no apparent reason, and is "tantamount to telling [children] to think of foreigners as "oni"".  In the early Shōwa era, after Emperor Hirohito assumed the throne, Momotarō continued to be used to instill patriotism (or the teachings of the Rescript on Education) pupils with the 4th edition National Language Reader (1933–1938) which begins with the picture of the cherry blossom. The "Momotarō" of the 4th edition was modified so that the "oni" now stated "We will no longer torment the people nor take things. Please spare our lives", and forfeits their treasures out of their own volition, thus addressing the foregoing issues (i.e., Momotarō accused of attacking "oni" for no legitimate reason).  The use of Momotarō in wartime propaganda against the U.S. and its Allies was discussed extensively by John W. Dower in his book "War Without Mercy" (1986). Dower is credited with coining the term "Momotarō paradigm" in this respect. Momotarō disappeared from Japanese textbooks at the end of World War II.

Oral variants.

The story has some regional variations in oral telling.  In some variants, a red and white box is seen floating down the river, and when the red box is chosen to be recovered, Momotarō is found inside. These may be a red box and a black box, or the box may contain a peach inside. These types are often seen in the northern parts of Japan (Tōhoku and Hokuriku regions).  Or Momotarō may exhibit the characteristic of the lazy protagonist in the "Sleeping Boy" stories. These subtypes have been collected mainly in the Shikoku and Chūgoku regions.  There are variances about the Momotarō's process of growth; one is that he grew up to meet the expectation of the old couple to be a fine boy. Another is that he grew up to be a strong but lazy person who just sleeps all day and does not do anything. It is possible that the Momotarō being a fine boy version is more famous to give lessons to children. Nowadays, Momotarō is one of the most famous characters in Japan, as an ideal model for young kids for his kind-heartedness, bravery, power, and care for his parents.  Grown up, Momotarō goes on his journey to defeat the demons when he hears about the demons of the Onigashima (demon island). In some versions of the story, Momotarō volunteered to go help the people by repelling the demons, but in some stories he was forced by the townspeople or others to go on a journey. However, all the stories describe Momotarō defeating the Oni and live happily ever after with the old couple.

Claims as local hero.

Momotarō now enjoys popular association with Okayama City or its prefecture, but this association was only created in the modern era. The publication of a book by Nanba Kinnosuke entitled "Momotarō no Shijitsu" (1930) for example helped the notion of Momotarō's origins in Okayama to gain wider familiarity. Still, even as late as the antebellum period before World War II (1941–1945), Okayama was considered only the third contender behind two other regions known as Momotarō's homeland.  The demon island () of the story is sometimes associated with Megijima Island, an island in the Seto Inland Sea near Takamatsu, due to the vast manmade caves found there.  Inuyama, Aichi has with a legend associated with it. In the 1920s and 1930s, lyricist Ujō Noguchi wrote three "folk songs" for the locality alluding to the Momotaro legend.

English translations.

The story has been translated into English many times. "The Adventures of Little Peachling" appeared in A.B. Mitford's "Tales of Old Japan" in 1871. William Elliot Griffis published a version in 1880, which remained obscure even to researchers, even though English translations in subsequent decades apparently borrowed from Griffis's phraseology and use of idiom, sometimes even copying outright.  Rev. David Thompson's translation as "Little Peachling" appeared as the first volume of Hasegawa Takejirō's "Japanese Fairy Tale" series in 1885. A second edition appeared in 1886, with a different set of illustrations, drawn by Kobayashi Eitaku  Susan Ballard included the tale in "Fairy Tales from Far Japan" (1899).  Yei Theodora Ozaki included a loosely translated version in her "Japanese Fairy Tales" (1903); Ozaki's retellings were based on a version by "Sadanami sanjin" ("sic.", i.e., ). Ozaki was credited with spreading Japanese folktales to the English-speaking nations by researchers such as.  There was another English translation that used the same source as Ozaki and published around the same time, namely, "The Story of Peach-Boy" in "Iwaya's Fairy Tales of Old Japan" (1903, repub. 1914) translated by Hannah Riddell. The translation of the collection was a collaborative effort with other translators, such as Fanny B. Greene, Tsuda Umeko and others. This latter effort was acknowledged by Iwaya himself.  Teresa Peirce Williston in her "Japanese Fairy Tales", Second Series, in 1911. And there are many other translations.

"Momotarō's Song".

The popular children's song about Momotarō titled "Momotarō-san no Uta" ("Momotarō's Song") was first published in 1911; the text's author is unattributed, while the melody was written by Teiichi Okano. The first two stanzas, with romanization and translation, are given below.

As war propaganda icon.

Portrayal of Momotarō as a soldier in the Japanese Imperial Army fighting hostile nations was already happening by the (First) Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The Momotaro tale was altered by Iwaya Sazanami in 1894 so that the "oni" lived to the northeast of Japan, a thinly veiled reference to Qing China given the then current geopolitics. Iwaya was not purely a major figure in children's literature, but a government official working as the head of the editorial bureau of the Ministry of Education, since 1878. Iwaya would later pen a whole book of essay on the use of Momotaro as an instructional tool, "Momotarō-shugi no kyōiku" ("the Education Theory Based on Principles in Momotaro", 1915).  Comic images picturing Momotarō defending Japan against "Oni" representing Russian "Northern Devils" were given out during the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.  Momotarō was an immensely popular figure in Japan during World War II, appearing in many wartime films and cartoons. Momotarō represented the Japanese government, and the enemy states, namely the Allies, later including the United States was symbolized by the oni, the demonic figure. One wartime movie in which Momotarō and his animals mount on a military operation for the Japanese Armed Forces (against the British) is "".

There is now a popular notion that Momotarō is a local hero of Okayama Prefecture, but this claim was invented in the modern era, and not accepted as consensus in scholarly circles.


Description.

The codex contains almost complete text of the four Gospels on 256 parchment leaves (size ), with the average dimensions of the text. Some texts were defects and were supplied in the 15th century on six paper leaves by later hands with texts of Matthew 1:1-6:2; Luke 13:15-14:20, 18:8-19:9, John 16:25-end.  The text is not divided according to the ("chapters"), but there are ("titles of chapters") at the top of the pages. There is a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234, 16:9) but added by later hand, with references to Eusebian Canons.  It contains the Eusebian tables, tables of the ("tables of contents") before each Gospel, lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use), numbers of, and numbers of. Synaxaria and Menologion were added by a later hand.  The codex contains supplementary leaves in Matthew, Luke, and John. The supplementary leaves of Luke 13:35-14:20 and 18:8-29 are palimpsest on parchment, the underwriting contains the Psalms.  The hand is not neat, but readable.

Text.

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Caesarean text-type. It belongs to the textual Family 1. Aland placed it in Category III. As a member of the "f" has a close affinity to the codices 205 and 209. They together constitute a sub-group within this family. According to the Claremont Profile Method 118 is a core of Family 1.

History.

C. R. Gregory dated it to the 13th-century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 13th-century.  The manuscript was donated by Narcissus March († 1713), Archbishop of Armagh, to the Bodleian Library.  It was well collated by Griesbach. According to Griesbach the text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian textual recension. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.  The manuscript was examined by Kirsopp Lake.  It is currently housed at the Bodleian Library (Auct. D. inf. 2.17), at Oxford.

Minuscule 118 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 346 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. It has complex contents with some marginalia.


Biography.

Fletcher was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on September 25, 1853. The son of a successful banker whose family was originally from Proctorsville, Vermont, he was educated at Willston Seminary in East Hampton, Massachusetts and became a banker and businessman with homes in Indianapolis and New York City. In 1881 he built a summer home in Proctorsville. He married Mary E. Bence and they had three children. In 1899 he moved to New York City and became a member of the Stock Exchange. Six years later he retired to spend more time in Vermont.  A Republican, Fletcher was a Proctorsville Village Trustee and served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1902 to 1903, the Vermont State Senate from 1904 to 1905, and the Vermont House again from 1906 to 1912. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908. Fletcher was a leader in the legislature; during his Senate term he was chairman of the Finance Committee. During the 1906 to 1908 legislative session, he was chairman of the House Appropriations Committee. In his final two House terms, he was chairman of both the Rules and Ways & Means Committees.  In 1912, Fletcher was elected Governor, serving from 1912 to 1915. Fletcher was selected by the Vermont General Assembly after a three way race including a Progressive party nominee prevented any candidate from obtaining the popular vote majority required by the Vermont Constitution. While in office the end of Fletcher's term was extended from October, 1914 to January, 1915 as part of changing the start and end dates of all statewide offices to January.  After leaving the Governor's office, Fletcher returned to his business interests, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican U.S. Senate nomination in 1916, losing to incumbent Carroll S. Page.

Death and legacy.

Fletcher died of a cerebral hemorrhage while staying at Rutland's Berwick Hotel. He is interred at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana.  Fletcher's family made numerous contributions for civic causes in Cavendish and Ludlow including constructing and donating Ludlow's Fletcher Library in 1901. His home "The Castle" is now an inn and restaurant near Okemo Mountain ski resort. In addition, his heirs donated the Ludlow property that is today the Fletcher Farm School, a non-profit educational center that offers instruction in the arts.  Governor Fletcher's son Allen M. Fletcher, Jr. served in the Vermont House and Senate in the 1940s.

Allen Miller Fletcher (September 25, 1853 – May 11, 1922) was an American politician who served as the 54th Governor of the U.S. state of Vermont from 1912 to 1915.


Biographical.

Hartness was born in Schenectady, New York, one of three sons. His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1863 where his father was a foreman in local machine shops and Hartness attended public school. Hartness worked up through the ranks in machine shops in Connecticut before moving to Springfield, Vermont, where he had a brilliant career as an innovator of machine tools. He became one of the nation's first aviators and became a one-term governor of the state of Vermont. He had two daughters, Anna and Helen. His daughter, Helen (Helen Hartness Flanders), was a noted folk song collector who married Ralph Flanders, a U.S. Senator from Vermont Hartness died in Springfield in 1934. He is buried in the Summer Hill Cemetery in Springfield, not far from his mansion.  He built his Springfield home in 1904, which is an example of shingle style architecture. An inn and restaurant since 1954, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its connection to him.

Engineering innovation and entrepreneurship.

At age 16, Hartness began his career in machine shops. At age 21 he became a foreman at the Winsted-Norway Bolt Company in Winsted, Connecticut. He moved in 1886 to Torrington, Connecticut to work as a tool-maker and foreman at the Union Hardware Company. His lifetime achievement of more than 100 patents began here with patents of locks, roller skates, and bicycle pedal mechanisms.  Hartness had an unpleasant experience at Union Hardware: he had been understandably naive about arranging for royalties on his patents, and the business owners chose not to help rectify the oversight. He did not get to share in the profits derived from the patents. In September 1888, after he had lost several weeks' work to illness, Union Hardware told him not to return.  During the winter of 1888–1889, he worked briefly for several companies: Pratt & Whitney in Hartford, Connecticut; Eaton, Cole and Burnham Co. in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and a plant in Scottdale, Pennsylvania. Roe (1937) surmised that Hartness developed the idea of the flat-turret lathe sometime before this period and sought a suitable machine tool company at which to build it. Only Ambrose Swasey of Warner & Swasey. saw the potential for success of Hartness' idea, reportedly saying "You will hear from that young man again, and from this 'Lazy Susan' of his".  In April 1889 Hartness moved to Springfield, Vermont to become the superintendent at the struggling Jones and Lamson (J&L) Machine Company. He used his creative energy to revitalize the company. Here he found his chance to manufacture the flat-turret lathe, which increased efficiency and productivity and was especially well adapted to the burgeoning automobile industry. The flat turret lathe improved upon earlier turret lathes via greater rigidity, allowing higher precision, higher speeds and feeds, and longer cuts. Hartness also developed an array of highly advanced tooling to complement the lathe, including improved roller bar feed and die head designs. All of these advantages allowed better parts to be made faster, and thus less expensively, which made the lathe highly desirable to manufacturers. This time, Hartness was prepared to defend his interest in his patent. He arranged with J&L to receive a $100 royalty on each machine.  Hartness changed J&L's business model from making a wide variety of machines to order to specializing in the manufacturing and improving of this one product. With rapid acceptance of this machine tool, orders reached 10 units per day from the manufacturing sector. As a result, Hartness reportedly received up to $1,000 per day in royalties. He also introduced appealing and informative catalogues to market the new Jones and Lamson products. Hartness acquired a large interest in J&L. He became manager in 1896 and president in 1901 until his retirement in 1933.  In 1915 Hartness reluctantly decided to engage in "war business," heeding his brother John's pleas from the London office of J&L. During World War I Hartness, as a representative of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), became Chairman of the National Screw-Thread Commission, the mission of which was to create international standards for the measurement and sizing of screw threads.  Hartness discouraged modernizing of the Hartness Flat Turret Lathe. Nevertheless, it remained a very successful product until after Hartness's retirement, when a new J&L turret lathe model by John Lovely finally replaced it.  The 1921 edition of the ASME mechanical catalog and directory showed that J&L offered several models of Hartness flat turret lathe, an automatic chucking lathe, an automatic die, a screw-thread comparator, and the Fay automatic lathe. J&L had offices in Springfield, Vermont, San Francisco, California, and London, England, plus agents in five other countries.  In 1929, Hartness and Russell W. Porter patented an optical comparator, a device that applies the principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured parts by projecting the magnified silhouette of a part onto a screen where its dimensions and geometry of the part are measured against prescribed limits. Traditionally, mechanics used a mechanical gauge to assess whether screws were to specifications. Hartness employed his knowledge of optics and magnification to devise a much more practical optical method for measurement. This contribution stemmed from Hartness' work as the Chairman of the U.S. National Screw-Thread Commission and from his familiarity with optics in astronomy and telescope-building. The Hartness Screw-Thread Comparator was for many years a profitable product for J&L. The optical comparator remains a standard means inspection of many kinds of parts.

Mentor of machine tool entrepreneurs.

Hartness encouraged talented inventors in his employ at J&L to strike out on their own as entrepreneurs. These included three Springfield companies and one Windsor, Vermont company:  The companies started by these men helped make Springfield and Windsor a prosperous manufacturing region, thanks not to its access to raw materials or markets, but due to a pool of talented engineers and machinists. Joseph Roe ranked Hartness in the class of Henry Maudslay and Elisha K. Root for his mentorship of a younger generation of machine tool builders.

Encouragement of smarter management with better relationship to workers.

His son-in-law, Ralph Flanders, reported that Hartness examined "some of the elements which go into making workmen both contented and productive" in his book "The Human Factor in Works Management." His "Hartness Turret Lathe Manual" starts with the statement, "Since the machine is only an implement, it cannot be considered a thing entirely apart from the man. In fact, the man is the greater part. The personal welfare of the operator must be considered. This is something more than the man's relation to the machine. It includes an equally important phase—his relationship to other men and to his environment in general."  In a sense Hartness was responding to the era's enthusiastic fervor for scientific management, which Hartness and many others felt did not adequately address the psychology of how to manage employees as human beings and maintain their respect.

Affiliations, degrees, and medals.

Hartness was an active member of the following engineering, scientific, and arts societies: His life achievements were recognized with honorary degrees from the University of Vermont (ME in 1910 and LLD in 1920) and Yale University (MA in 1914). The Franklin Institute awarded Hartness the Edward Longstreth Medal in 1921, recognizing his invention of the Hartness screw thread comparator. In the same year the American Philosophical Society and the City Trusts of Philadelphia awarded the John Scott Medal to Hartness for the flat turret lathe, citing its usefulness in making artillery.

Aviation.

Hartness first flew in Germany in 1913 in a hydrogen-filled airship, designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin. In 1914, Hartness learned to fly a Wright Flyer near Garden City, New York. Hartness then obtained his pilot's license from the Aero Club of America. He encouraged, and served as president of, the Vermont Aero Club. He donated the land for the Springfield Aerodrome to the state, establishing the first airfield in Vermont, now known as "Hartness State Airport".  After his trans-Atlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh toured the United States in the "Spirit of St. Louis" to promote aviation. He landed in Springfield on July 26, 1927 in his visit to Vermont and spoke at a large gathering at the airport. Hartness hosted Lindbergh at his home.

Astronomy.

Hartness's interest in optics and astronomy led to his development of a telescope mount with the revolving dome on an equatorial plane. An additional feature of this telescope, which still stands at the former Hartness Mansion, was that the optics of the telescope passed through a lens in the wall of the dome. This allowed the observer to stay warm in winter. (Conventional telescopes were often contained within domes that opened an aperture for the telescope to gain exposure both to the sky and the ambient air.) The success of this patent led to more telescope activities and commissions. With Hartness's encouragement and financial support, Russell W. Porter initiated the Springfield Telescope Makers Club. The club still celebrates their annual Stellafane gathering in Springfield.

Governor of Vermont.

Hartness was a one-term governor of Vermont, elected in 1920 and serving from 1921 to 1923. He campaigned on the issue of enticing Vermonters to stay in state rather than seek employment elsewhere. He also promised an improved transportation system and more manufacturing to supplement the traditional agricultural economy. He won the election by a wider margin in the state than Warren Harding, who carried Vermont in the presidential race that year.

James Hartness (September 3, 1861 – February 2, 1934) was an American inventor; a mechanical engineer; an entrepreneur who mentored other inventors to develop their machine tool products and create a thriving industrial center in southeastern Vermont; an amateur astronomer who fostered the construction of telescopes by amateurs in his town; an early aviator who built one of Vermont's first airports; and the 58th Governor of Vermont from 1921 to 1923.


Brief history.

The British League was formed in 1965 as the sole professional speedway league in Britain, expanding in 1968 to incorporate two divisions. In 1995 & 1996 there was a single professional tier known as the Premier League (an amalgamation of the British League Division One and the British League Division Two), before the Elite League was created as a new top tier in 1997. The Championship was decided on a straight league table basis until 2001. A play-off system was introduced in 2002, with the top four in the table taking part in a knockout competition to decide the champions.

League format.

Each team raced every other team in the league home and away, and then raced five teams again home and twice away, giving a total of 38 meetings. The first of these home and away fixtures are called the 'A' fixtures, the second are the 'B' fixtures.  Teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and from 2008 three points for an away win. Placings were determined by points accumulated over all matches. Where two or more teams were tied on league points, the team with the greater difference of race points scored over race points conceded was placed higher.  The top four teams qualified for the play-offs. The semi-finals were single matches with the top two league positions having home advantage (1st vs 3rd and 2nd vs 4th). Winners from the semi-finals then met in a two-legged final to decide the Elite League winner.  From 2008, promotion and relegation between the Elite League and Premier League was introduced for the first time since 1991. The team finishing last faced the Premier League play-off winner over two legs (one match at each track), with the aggregate winner taking the Elite League spot in the following season, and the losing team racing in the Premier League. There is now no relegation from the Elite League, although teams can apply to move up or down between leagues.  For 2014 it was announced that each Elite League team would field two British riders from lower leagues at reserve. These would be picked from a draft of 23 riders. Riders were picked in two rounds, with the club finishing bottom of the league in 2013 getting the first pick.

Teams.

Team building.

At the start of each season, teams were built up to maximum points limit. The combined Calculated Match Average (CMA) of the best five riders declared in the team was limited to an agreed figure set at the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA) Annual General Meeting. For the 2015 the limit was 34.

2016 teams.

Source:

See also.

List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions

The Elite League was the top division of speedway league competition in the United Kingdom, governed by the Speedway Control Bureau (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA). It was sponsored by Sky Sports until the end of the 2013 season. In 2016, the Elite League featured 8 teams, unlike 10 in 2014, during a season which ran between March and October. Each team had a designated race day on which they normally staged their home fixtures, and they regularly had home and away fixtures scheduled in the same week.


History.

From the knapped flints that have been unearthed here, it can be concluded that the area around Oldendorf was settled as early as the Stone Age (8000 to 2000 BC). Oldendorf was first mentioned in the records in a document dating to AD 968 by the Saxon duke, Hermann Billung. At that time, a protective castle was built in Oldendorf, which was razed by the Wends in 959 and finally demolished in 1345.  In 1620 the first school was established in Oldendorf.  On 28 May 1785 a large fire broke out. As the houses of the time had thatched roofs and were built of wood, the fire spread very quickly. Within half an hour a total of 14 buildings fell victim to the blaze.  On 20 April 1820 a second major fire broke out in Oldendorf. Nine farms and all their outbuildings burned down. The character of the village changed significantly as a result.  On 10 August 1975 the largest forest fire in the Federal Republic of Germany broke out between Oldendorf and Eschede. Not until a whole week later, on 17 August 1975, was the fire extinguished.  The River Örtze flows through the town in a north-south direction. The original village lies on the west bank of river. This is where the first three free farms in Oldendorf are supposed to have been.  In the 1960s, a gravel works was built. First, only gravel from the old fish ponds on "Schlüpker Weg" was extracted, but later the operation was continually expanded towards Eschede. By autumn 2007, large-scale gravel extraction was under way. In 1986 a holiday home development of 32 small houses was established on the site of the first gravel pits to be exploited and subsequently abandoned. 400 houses had initially been planned, but were not approved. The gravel mines created large areas of water (the flooded gravel pits) which after a very short time provided a haven for many, sometimes rare, birds. The great crested grebe, coot and greylag goose breed here. Woodlark, goldeneye, little ringed plover, redwing, marsh harrier, reed bunting, reed warbler, teal, shoveler, pintail, wigeon and tufted duck can all be observed here; on rare occasions, osprey may be seen. Sand martins have created nesting holes in the banks.  Today Oldendorf is dominated by agriculture and tourism.

Oldendorf Manor ("Rittergut Oldendorf").

400 m north of Oldendorf lies the Oldendorf manor. In 1788 Field Marshal Johann Wilhelm von Reden was given the fief of Hermannsburg-Oldendorf by George III, prince-elector of Hanover and King of England, for his service as a soldier. He secured the field marshal's services particularly during the Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763) during which he was promoted from lieutenant colonel to lieutenant general. Johann Wilhelm von Reden died childless. He had, however, willed the fief during his lifetime to his two nephews, Friedrich Otto and Franz. On 5 November 1840 his heirs divided the fiefdom of Hermannsburg and Oldendorf between them. Each property was then about 500 ha in size. The estate is still owned by the von Redens today.

Beutzen Farm ("Hof Beutzen").

The parish of Oldendorf also includes the farmstead of Beutz. It is 1.5 miles south and was once owned by Julius Kothe and his wife, née Hartung. This Kothe family also owned the corn mill in Scharnebeck, where they also lived. Scharnebeck Mill lies to the north halfway between Oldendorf and Hermannsburg, on the Örtze. When the son and heir Traugott Kothe fell in the First World War, his father sold Beutz Farm in 1917 for 440,000 marks to a judge, Wilhelm Meyer, from Hanover. Judge Meyer was head of the Ilsede Ironworks ("Ilseder Hütte") and Peine Mills ("Peiner Walzwerke"). He designated his wife, Anna Meyer, née Glenck, an actress, as the owner. In 1926, a turbine house was built on her premises which produced electricity for her own use from a water-driven turbine until the 1950s. The mill, that had previously been working, was closed.  In 1933, Judge Meyer died and his wife sold the farm to Mr. Bertram, the Director of Hannover-Döhren Wool Washing, for 350,000 marks. In 1945 a children's home was established in the manor house of the farm by the Lobetal Institute, in which children, mainly orphans, of school and pre-school age, some seriously handicapped, were taught. In 1954 the orphanage closed in Beutz and moved to Stübeckshorn. On 1 October 2007 the St. Paul Academy (ASP) rented the former manor house. Chairman of the Beutz Farm board of trustees ("Johanneshaus Beutzen") is Prof. Dr. Paul Imhoff, who is also director of the ASP. The academy has since given the building up and it is now a spa house ("Kurhaus").  In the immediate vicinity of the farm is the Bornrieth Moor nature reserve. Part of this moor also belongs to the farm.

Dehningshof.

3.5 km southeast of Oldendorf lies Dehningshof farm. The name comes from Peter Heinrich Dehning (1781-1832), a carter ("Fuhrmann") from Oldendorf, who had been looking for a place to set up a staging inn at this spot as early as 1804. After twice being rejected by the farmers from Oldendorf who had wood grazing rights there, he was granted a site, four morgens in area, on 11 May 1816, subject to various constraints. Dehning saw this place as suitable for a carter's tavern, because the "Old Celle Military Road", from Hanover to Celle ran past here. They called the plot "Sandschellen". This was a spot that was unsuitable for farming because it was covered with sandy soil. This name is still in common use by the villagers of Oldendorf today. Later, when new roads were built that no longer passed by here, the inn was closed. Around 1950 its then owner, Gustav Stucke, built another restaurant, which he called "Zur Alten Fuhrmannsschänke" ("The Old Carter's Tavern") The property was not connected to mains electricity. In the public rooms and guest rooms the tavern only had gas lights until the 1960s. Later, electricity was produced using a diesel generator set. In 1984 the tavern changed owners. Next a power cable was laid to the Dehningshof and a hotel with a guest house for riders was established. The tavern is still run in this form today, even though the owner has changed again. The E1 European long distance path runs right past the property.

Oldendorf (meaning: "old village") is a village in the municipality of Südheide in the northern part of Celle district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It lies on the western edge of the Southern Heath Nature Park, on the Lüneburg Heath, about 2 km south of the main village of Hermannsburg and currently has about 640 inhabitants. In 1973 Oldendorf was incorporated into Hermannsburg as part of the Lower Saxony regional and administrative reforms.


Early life.

Piero Piccioni was born in Turin, Piedmont. His mother's maiden name was Marengo, hence his pseudonym Piero Morgan, which he adopted until 1957.  When he was growing up, his father Attilio Piccioni (a prominent member of the Italian Christian Democratic Party with the post-war Italian government), would frequently take him to hear concerts at the EIAR Radio Studios in Florence. Having listened to jazz throughout his childhood (he loved the music of Art Tatum and Charlie Parker) and attending studies at the Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini, Piero Piccioni became a musician.

Career.

Piccioni made his radio debut at 17 with his 013 Big Band in 1938, but only returned on air after the liberation of Italy in 1944. His 013 was the first Italian jazz band to be broadcast in Italy after the fall of Fascism.  He was influenced in the use of jazz by 20th century classical composers and American films. Directors he liked included Frank Capra, Alfred Hitchcock, Billy Wilder, and John Ford, while Alex North was a film score composer he admired. He began writing songs of his own and was soon able to get some of his works published by Carisch editions.  Piero Piccioni came into contact with the movie world in Rome during the fifties, when he was a practicing lawyer securing movie rights for Italian producers such as Titanus and De Laurentiis. During that time, Michelangelo Antonioni had called Piccioni to score a documentary film directed by Luigi Polidoro, one of his apprentices. Piccioni’s first score for a feature film was Gianni Franciolini’s "Il mondo le condanna" (1952). He consequently changed his lawyer's "toga" for a conductor's baton. He developed close-knit working relationships with directors Francesco Rosi and Alberto Sordi, and established strong personal and professional bonds with them.  Many directors sought Piero Piccioni to score the soundtracks for their films: Francesco Rosi, Mario Monicelli, Alberto Lattuada, Luigi Comencini, Luchino Visconti, Antonio Pietrangeli, Bernardo Bertolucci, Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio De Sica, Lina Wertmuller, Tinto Brass, Dino Risi, and others.  His film scores include "Il bell'Antonio", "Contempt", "The 10th Victim", "More Than a Miracle", "The Deserter", "The Light at the Edge of the World", "Puppet on a Chain", "Lucky Luciano", "Camille 2000", "The Nun and the Devil", "Swept Away", "Christ Stopped at Eboli", "Fighting Back", and many Alberto Sordi movies. He is credited with over 300 soundtracks and compositions for radio, television, ballets and orchestra. Among his favorite vocalists were female soul singer Shawn Robinson and Edinburgh born Lydia MacDonald.

Awards and legacy.

Piccioni won many prestigious prizes including the David di Donatello Award for the movie "Swept Away" (1975), Nastro d’argento Award for the movie "Salvatore Giuliano" by Francesco Rosi (1963), Prix International Lumière 1991, Anna Magnani Award 1975 and Vittorio De Sica Award 1979.  His song "Traffic Boom" was featured as the song for the fictional "Logjammin"' movie-within-a-movie in" The Big Lebowski".  The song "It's Possible" was sampled by DJ Khaled in "Jermaine's Interlude" on his "Major Key" album.

Death.

Piccioni died in Rome in 2004.

Piero Piccioni (; December 6, 1921 – July 23, 2004) was an Italian lawyer and film score composer. A pianist, organist, conductor, composer, he was also the prolific author of more than 300 film soundtracks. He played for the first time on radio in 1938 with his “013” Big Band, to return on air only after the liberation of Italy in 1944. “013” was the first Italian jazz band to be broadcast in Italy after the fall of Fascism.


German ocean-going torpedo boats and destroyers of World War I

Designation.

Officially they were called "large torpedo-boats" ("Große Torpedoboote") or "ocean-going torpedo-boats" ("Hochseetorpedoboote"), they were in many ways the equivalent of the contemporary destroyers in other navies (and were often referred to as such by their crews). The Imperial German Navy also had a number of vessels officially designated "destroyers" ("Zerstörer"), but numbered sequentially as torpedo-boats. These were, primarily, vessels under construction for foreign navies and taken over at the outbreak of the First World War.

Background.

The first German Naval Law of 1898 legislated the construction of an ocean-going battle fleet by Imperial Germany. To accompany the squadrons of battleships and cruisers, the law called for the construction of flotillas of considerably larger, better armed and more seaworthy than the previous torpedo boats built by Germany. Although they were initially given numbers in the same series as the smaller torpedo-boats, they were separated in 1911, with the large torpedo boats numbered from SMS "V1", and the older vessels re-numbered with a 'T-'prefix. During the next 20 years a total of 336 such vessels were ordered for the German navy; these vessels are listed in this article.

General remarks.

Programs.

The German Navy's strength during the years prior to the outbreak of the First World War was mandated by a series of acts of the Reichstag, which prescribed the numbers of ships constituting the fleet, as well as age at which these ships should be replaced. The original 1898 Naval Law called for a force 19 Battleships (in two battle squadrons), 8 Armored Coastal Defense Vessels (forming a third battle squadron), 12 large and 30 small cruisers, supported by six flotillas of Ocean-going torpedo boats (two flotillas each for the three battle squadrons). Each flotilla consisted of 12 vessels, or 72 in total. Admiral Tirpitz, the originator of this law, called for these vessels to be large enough to cope with rough seas, but small enough to be commanded by a single officer (due to the man-power constraints of the German Navy at that time).  The 1900 Naval Law, which provided for a major expansion of the German Navy (in reaction to the growing antipathy towards Great Britain provoked by the outbreak of the Boer War) expanded the torpedo-boat force to 144 vessels, half in commission, half in reserve with 60% nucleus crews. From 1898 until 1905, torpedo boats were ordered at a rate of 6 per year.  The total number of torpedo boats remained the same under the 1906 Law, although the number in commission increased to 99, with 45 in material reserve. Older vessels were to be replaced after 12 years of service, so that the annual rate of construction increased to 12 vessels in 1906 and subsequent years.  Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, 48 new vessels of the latest design were quickly ordered. This was augmented in the following weeks by seizures of vessels and machinery under manufacture in Germany for foreign powers, resulting in the addition of 4 small and 12 extra-large torpedo boats (the later group officially being designated "destroyers"). More orders were placed in 1916 and later years, although the deteriorating war situation of Germany meant that only a portion of these vessels were ever completed.

Designations and builders.

As was common with other naval powers, the Germany Admiralty gave broad specifications for the vessels they ordered but allowed shipbuilders considerable latitude in the detail designs, with the result that there were various minor differences between vessels, even between vessels ordered in the same year. German torpedo-boats were not given names, but were numbered in a sequential series, with an initial letter to denote the builder:

Comparison with foreign vessels.

Germany's main naval adversary of this period was Great Britain. Generally speaking, German large torpedo-boats tended to be slightly smaller than contemporary British destroyers, with lighter gun armament but heavier torpedo armament. Germany favored a well-deck forward of the bridge, mounting torpedo tubes, with a short fo'c'sle mounting a single gun; the freeboard was kept small in order to reduce the silhouette (so that the vessel would be more difficult for an adversary to spot); these features made fighting in rough weather difficult, and in later designs the well-deck was deleted and the fo'c'sle extended. Germany was slower than Britain in adopting new propulsion technologies such as steam turbines, oil fuel and geared turbines.

Type 1898.

1898 Program  1899 Program 1900 Program 1901 Program 1902 Program 1903 Program 1904 Program 1905 Program

Type 1906.

1906 Program (II Flotilla) 1907 Program (VI Flotilla) 1908 Program (III Flotilla) 1909 Program (VIII Flotilla) 1910 Program (I Flotilla) 1910 supplementary order Replacements for the four vessels sold to Turkey in 1910.

Type 1911.

1911 Program (V Flotilla) On completion, these vessels formed the V Torpedo Boat Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet. 1912 Program (VII Flotilla) On completion, these vessels formed the VII Torpedo Boat Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet. 1912 Supplementary order Replacements for the two vessels sold to Greece in 1912.

Type 1913.

1913 Program (IX Flotilla) Ordered 1 Apr 1913. On completion, most of these vessels joined the IX Torpedo Boat Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet. 1914 Program (VI Flotilla) The last pre-war Flotilla, ordered 22 Apr 1914. On completion, most of these vessels joined the VI Torpedo Boat Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet, (replacing "V 151-V 161"). Mobilization Program 48 vessels ordered 6 Aug 1914 as part of the mobilization of the German armed forces for the First World War. The first two, "S 49" and "S 50" had been originally projected as replacements for "S35" and "S 36", which were sold to Greece in April 1914.

Destroyers ("Zerstörer").

Mobilization Program (Aug 1914)  Four vessels ordered on 7 Aug 1914 and 10 Aug 1914 to make use of machinery sets constructed in Germany for the Russian Orfey-class destroyers "Leitenant Ilin, Kapitan Konon-Zotov, Gavriil" and "Michail". October 1914 order  ex-Argentinian vessels Requisitioned 15 Aug 1914.

ex-Netherlands torpedoboats.

Designed and built as Z1 – Z4 for the Netherlands, seized 10 Aug 1914.

Type 1916.

Apr 1916 Program

1916 Mobilization Type.

June 1916 Program Nov 1916 Program 1917 Program Total: 22 vessels (none completed).

1918 Mobilization Type.

The final First World War-era German torpedo boat design were large (1,268 tons) vessels with geared turbines and a heavy armament (4-105mm guns and 6–50 cm torpedo tubes).  Jan 1918 Program "V 170-V 177", "S 178-S 185" and "H 186-H 193" (24 vessels in total; none completed). None had been launched by the time of the armistice, after which all contracts were cancelled.  Jun 1918 Program "H 194-H 202, V 203-V 210" and "S 211-S 223" (30 vessels in total, none completed). None of these proceeded further than a very preliminary stage of construction; all were cancelled after the armistice.

Tactical organization.

As an indication of the employment of the Imperial German Navy's large torpedo boats, the following provide skeleton orders of battle for these vessels at various dates during the First World War. The basic tactical unit was the Torpedo-Boat Flotilla, consisting of two half-flotillas (typically five vessels each) plus one vessel for the flotilla commander.

Mid-October 1914.

This list shows the dispositions early in the war, after mobilization was complete
 High Seas Fleet
 I. TBF: "V 191" (leader); 1. hf: "V 186, V 190, V 188, G 197, V 189"; 2. hf: "G 196, G 193, G 195, G 192, G 194"
 II. TBF: "S 149" (leader); 3. hf: "S 138, S 139, S 141, S 140, S 142"; 4. hf: "S 144, S 145, S 147, S 146, S 148"
 III. TBF: "S 167" (leader); 5. hf: "V 162, V 163, V 164, S 165, S 166"; 6. hf: "G 173, G 169, G 172, G 170, S 168"
 IV. TBF: "T 113" (leader); 7. hf: "S 119, S 122, S 117, S 118, S 115"; 8. hf: "S 128, T 111, S 129, S 126, T 110"
 V. TBF: "G 12" (leader); 9. hf: "V 6, V 1, V 3, V 4, V 5"; 10. hf: "G 11, G 9, G 7, G 8, G 10"
 VI. TBF: "V 150" (leader); 11. hf: "V 151, V 153, V 154, V 152, V 155"; 12. hf: "V 156, V 157, V 159, V 158, V 160"
 VII. TBF: "S 24" (leader); 13. hf: "S 14, S 15, S 13, S 16, S 18"; 14. hf: "S 19, S 21, S 23, S 20, S 22"
 VIII. TBF: "G 174" (leader); 15. hf: "V 181, V 183, V 182, S 130, S 131"; 16. hf: "S 176, S 177, S 179, V 180, G 175"
 IX. TBF: "S 28" (leader); 17. hf: "V 25, V 26, V 27, S 31, S 32"; 18. hf: "V 30, V 29, S 33, S 34, S 35, S 36"
 tenders to U-Boat Flotillas: "T 109, T 99, T 100, T 101"
 fleet tenders (attached to fleet flagship, battle Squadrons etc.): "T 98, T 96"  Other areas
 Baltic: 19. hf: "S 120, G 134, S 124, S 127, T 97"; 20. hf: "G 133, G 132, G 135, G 136"
 Coastal Defense: Jade/Weser Division : "T 91, T 93, T 94, T 95, T 107"; Elbe Division: "S 114"
 East Asia: "S 90"

May 1916.

The following list of front line torpedo boats reflects the situation immediately prior to the Battle of Jutland. High Seas Fleet I. TBF: "S 32" (leader); 1. hf: "G 39, G 40, G 38, V 190, G 197"; 2. hf: "G 192, G 195, G 196, G 193" II. TBF: "B 98" (leader); 3. hf: "G 101, G 102, B 112, B 97"; 4. hf: "B 109, B 110, B 111, G 103, G 104" III. TBF: "S 53" (leader); 5. hf: "V 71, V 73, V 74, G 88, G 85"; 6. hf: "V 48, V 70, S 55, S 54, G 42" V. TBF: "G 11" (leader); 9. hf: "V 6, V 2, V 3, V 1, V 4"; 10. hf: "G 8, G 7, V 5, G 9, G 10" VI. TBF: "G 41" (leader); 11. hf: "V 44, S 49, V 43, G 87, G 86"; 12. hf: "V 69, S 50, V 46, V 45, G 37" VII. TBF: "S 24" (leader); 13. hf: "S 15, S 17, S 20, S 16, S 18"; 14. hf: "S 19, S 23, V 186, V 189" IX. TBF: "V 28" (leader); 17. hf: "V 27, V 26, S 36, S51, S 52"; 18. hf: "V 30, S 34, S 33, V 29, S 35"  Baltic VI. Scouting Group: "V 100" IV. TBF: "V 160" (leader); 7. hf: "V 154, G 133, S 140, S 143, S 145, V 151, V 152, V 155, V 157, V 158, V 161" VIII. TBF: "S 178" (leader); 15. hf: "V 183, V 182, V 181, V 185, V 184"; 16. hf: "S 176, V 180, G 174, S 179, G 175" X. TBF: "S 56" (leader); 19. hf: "V 78, S 143, S 148, S 147, S 139"; 20. hf: "V 72, V 75, S 57, G 89, V 77" attached: "T 107, S 146"; 21. hf: "S 167, G 169, G 170, S 168, G 137".  Flanders Destroyer Flotilla: hf Cleve: "V 67, V 68, V 47"  Auxiliary service Minesweeper flotillas: "T 103, S 149, G 136, T 104" North Sea patrol flotillas: "S 127, S 128"; coastal defence: "T 93, S 131, T 110, T 106, T 97, T 105, G 135, T 112, T 113, S 114, S 120, S 138" Tenders to U-Boat flotillas: "T 159, T 99, G 137, T 101, G 132"; fleet tenders: "T 96, T 98" Training: "G 134, S 126, S 122, S 121, S 131, V106, V 108, T 102, T 108, V 105, S 130, S 125"

April 1918.

The following is the situation in the North Sea at the end of April 1918, at the time of the last offensive sortie of the High Seas Fleet.  High Seas Fleet I. TBF: "V 129" (leader); 1. hf: "G 39, G 38, G 40, G 86, S 32"; 2. hf: "V 130, S 135, S 133, S 134, S 139" II. TBF: "B 97" (leader); 3. hf: "G 101, G 103, V 100, G 104, G 102"; 4. hf: "B 109, B 110, B 112, B 98, B 111" V. TBF: "G 11" (leader); 9. hf: "V 6, S 23, V 3, V 2, V 1, T 196, T 197"; 10. hf: "G 8, V 5, G 10, G 7, G 9, T 183, T 181" VI. TBF: "V 128" (leader); 11. hf: "V 127, V 126, S 131, V 125, S 132"; 12. hf: "V 43, V 45, S 50, S 49, V 46, V 44" VII. TBF: "S 62" (leader); 13. hf: "V 78, S 65, S 66, V 83, S 56"; 14. hf: "T 182, G 92, G 89" ("G 87, G 93, G 94" were all sunk 30 Mar 1918) VIII. TBF: "T 180" (leader) ; 15. hf: "T 193, T 195, T 192, T 189, T 190"; 16. hf: "T 176, T 178, T 174, T 179, T 186" IX. TBF: "V 78" (leader); 17. hf: "V 80, S 52, S 51, S 60, S 36"; 18. hf: "V 30, V 26, V 28, S 34, S 33" Serving with Mine-sweeping Flotillas: "T 103, T 184, T 149, T 132" I. GF; 1. hf: "T 127, T 114, T 109, T 101, T 125, T 112, T 99, T 106, T 102, T 105, T 93"; 2. hf: "T 185, S 19, S 24, T 122, T 148, S 18, T 135, T 147, T 131, T 196, T 197"; 3. hf: "T 136, T 92, T 104, T 128, T 138, T 97" II. GF: "T 128"; 5. hf: "T 99"; 6. hf: "T 97"; 7. hf: "T 125"; 8. hf: "T 114"; 9. hf: "T 102"; 10. hf: "T 92", "T 128"; ("T 103" repairing)

September 1918.

The following is the disposition of all of Germany's ocean-going torpedo boats shortly before the end of the war.  High Seas Fleet I. TBF: 1. hf: "V 129, S 32, G 38, G 39, G 40, G 86"; 2. hf: "V 130, S 134, S 133, S 135, S 139" II. TBF: 3. hf: "B 98, G 101, G 102, G 103, G 104, V 100"; 4. hf: "B 97, B 109, B 110, B 111, B 112" V. TBF: 9. hf: "G 11, V 1, V 2, V 3, V 6, S 23"; 10. hf: "V 5, G 7, G 8, G 10" VI. TBF: 11. hf: "V 128, V 125, V 126, V 127, S 131, S 132"; 12. hf: "V 43, V 44, V 45, V 46, S 49, S 50" VII. TBF: ("V 116" to join); 13. hf: "V 83, V 78, S 65, S 56" ("S 138" to join); 14. hf: "G 92, G 89" ("S 136, S 137, H145" to join) VIII. TBF: 15. hf: "T 180, T 189, T 190, T 193, T 195"; 16. hf: "T 174, T 176, T 178, T 179, T 186" IX. TBF: 17. hf: "V 79, S 36, S 51, S 52, S 60, V 80"; 18. hf: "V 26, V 28, V 30, S 33, S 34" I. GF: 1. hf: "T 127, T 109, T 112, T 93, T 170, T 165, T 182, T 183, T 181"; 2. hf: "T 185, S 19, S 24, T 122, T 148, T 113, S 18, T 135, T 147, T 131, T 197, T 196"; 3. hf: "T 136, T 169" (plus twelve "A" Boats) II. GF: 5. hf: "T 99"; 6. hf: "T 97"; 7. hf: "T 125"; 8. hf: "T 114"; 9. hf: "T 102"; 10. hf: "T 92", "T 128"; ("T 103" repairing) Serving with Mine-sweeping Flotillas: "T 184, T 132, T 96, T 98"  Baltic IV. TBF: 7. hf: "T 160, T 133, T 139, T 140, T 143, T 145, T 151, T 152, T 154"; 19. hf: "T 155, T 157, T 158, T 104, T 106, T 175, T 101, T 105"  Flanders III. TBF: 5. hf: "V 71, S 53, V 73, V 81, G 41, V 77"; 6. hf: "S 54, S 55, V 70, G 91" Flanders Destroyer Flotilla: 1. hf: "V 47, V 67, G 95, S 61"; 2. hf: "S 63, V 69, V 82" out of service: "S 15, V 74"  Auxiliary service Baltic Training Flotilla: 1. hf: "T 173, T 166, T 134, V 108, T 107"; 2. hf: "T 167, T 163, T 142, T 126" Gunnery training: "T 144, T 146, T 168, V 105" Mine warfare vessels: "V 106, T 110, T 120" Tenders to U-boat flotillas: "T 130, T 137, T 153, T 159, T 161, T 164, T 108, T 121" Fleet tenders, etc.: "T 91, T 94, T 95, T 111, T 156, T 141".

See also.

English language  German language

The German large, or ocean-going, torpedo boats and destroyers of World War I were built by the Imperial German Navy between 1899 and 1918 as part of its quest for a “High Seas” or ocean-going fleet. At the start of the First World War Germany had 132 such ships, and ordered a further 216 during the conflict, 112 of which were actually completed. Of these, 55 were lost during the war, 50 were interned on 23 November 1918 under the terms of the Armistice, and subsequently scuttled at Scapa Flow on 21 June 1919. Of the survivors, 32 were included in the post-war Germany navy (some surviving to see service as auxiliaries in the Second World War), 36 were surrendered to Allied powers in 1920, and the remainder were scrapped in 1921.


Authors.

"The Courage to Heal" is written by Ellen Bass, a poet and creative writing teacher and her student Laura Davis, an author and incest survivor. Bass worked as a counselor and group facilitator with survivors of child sexual abuse. Bass is the wife of a survivor of child sexual abuse and Davis was sexually abused as a child and participated in one of Bass' creative writing workshops. Bass and Davis attributed efforts to confront incest and child sexual abuse to the women's liberation movement. While working with students, Bass and Davis came to believe that the stories of some students were trying to convey painful memories of incest. From this idea, the two developed methods to assist students in recovering memories of abuse in childhood.  Neither Bass nor Davis have any training in psychotherapy or science, and they state that nothing in the book is based on any psychological theories. They have defended their lack of training, saying that a PhD is not necessary "to listen carefully and compassionately to another human being". Bass and Davis still define themselves as healers and experts in the area of child sexual abuse, due to leading workshops with victims.

Summary.

The 2008 edition is divided into six sections:  The book includes in-depth interviews, writing exercises and a resource list.  The third edition featured an afterword called "Honoring the Truth: A Response to the Backlash", which was added to respond to and rebut negative reactions to the book. The section has been characterized as an effort to dismiss all research contradicting the book as being part of a backlash against victims of incest. The chapter was removed from the 20th anniversary edition.  The book was written as a response to the authors' frequent encounters with women who were the victims of sexual abuse during their childhood and adolescence, and is predicated on the belief that extreme childhood trauma, of which sexual abuse is one, is spontaneously repressed. The authors suggest that people experiencing dysfunction in their lives (including a wide-ranging set of problems such as depression, anxiety, alcoholism, drug addiction, dysfunctional relationships, dissociative identity disorder, self-injury and suicidal thoughts) or feel there was something traumatic in their childhood should investigate these feelings; Bass and Davis also present what they believe is a path to healing from the trauma of alleged childhood abuse. The latest edition features language more inclusive of male sexual abuse victims.  The original edition of the book contained an influential chapter discussing satanic ritual abuse (though satanic ritual abuse is now considered a moral panic, the case specifically discussed in "The Courage to Heal" is that of Judith Spencer, which has since been discredited) and the discredited autobiography "Michelle Remembers" - citing the latter approvingly along with other alleged survivor stories of satanic ritual abuse. Subsequent editions renamed the phenomenon "sadistic ritual abuse". "The Courage to Heal" was part of the vision that childhood sexual abuse could be discovered with no corroborating evidence beyond a vague set of symptoms.  Psychologists Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson state that basic errors regarding the science of memory have never been corrected between editions; in the third edition, the book stated that for a small number of women their symptoms may have originated in emotional rather than sexual abuse.

Reception.

Reception of the book was "polarizing".  The book was a bestseller in North America and Europe, and has been described as "the bible of the'survivors' movement". Discussing the book in relation to narratives of incest, professors of English Janice Doane and Devon Hodges believe the book's popularity is due to it offering "an enormously enabling fantasy that by the same token refuses a complex analysis of the very means of recovery, writing, that it so confidently touts" and for promising to completely make sense of the reader's lives through the simple process of writing. A large number of therapists who used the book lacked training in research and awareness of the confirmation bias failed to appreciate the risks of seeing incest behind any symptom, or even a lack of symptoms and did not consider that other factors besides incest may have caused sexual problems in their clients.  A 1991 review states that "...reading and completing the exercises [does not] always results in all survivors overcoming all effects of child sexual abuse. Rather, survivors who have read the book have reported to me that it was helpful in dealing with the effects of the abuse." The book has been praised for being the first book for women to break open the taboo about sexual abuse. The book has also been praised for encouraging disclosure of abuse.  A 1995 review by psychologist and clinician Susan Contratto states that the book was perceived as dangerous by the antifeminist backlash since it legitimized stories of abuse as told by the survivors.  Bass and Davis have no formal training or qualifications in psychiatry, psychology or any form of treatment for mental illness. Psychologists Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson state that despite the authors' lack of knowledge about the workings of memories, the scientific approach or information and lack of qualifications, neither author has ever acknowledged the errors they have made in their descriptions of memory and trauma. They accuse the authors of basic errors regarding the science of memory that they say have never been corrected between editions; in the third edition, the book stated that for a small number of women their symptoms may have originated in emotional rather than sexual abuse. This lack of qualifications resulted in Bass, Davis and others who adopted their approach leaping to conclusions that caused considerable harm, irrespective of their intentions. They have been accused of creating an industry which has isolated and separated family members despite having no positive proof the abuse occurred, and for replacing individual identities with that of a "survivor". Bass and Davis also never acknowledged criticisms that their description of how memory works was flawed or incorrect. Paul R. McHugh, professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University and award-winning researcher in the field of memory describes the book as the "bible of incompetent therapists". A report for the Australian branch of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) found the book was linked to nearly 50% of the cases in which a false allegation of child sexual abuse was made based on recovered memories and a 2005 report by the Health Services Commissioner to the Minister for Health of Australia stated that some respondents from families where there were accusations of child sexual abuse called for the book to be banned, believing that it promotes the practice of recovered memory therapy. Frederick Crews has criticized the book for appealing not to women who have always remembered abuse, but rather being aimed at those who struggle to convince themselves they were abused as children in the absence of previously-existing memories, and that the authors' claim to promote self-esteem are actually based "on a shattering of their readers' prior sense of identity and trust".  Elizabeth Loftus, an award-winning researcher on memory, stated that the book was certainly very comforting to individuals living with memories of abuse, but questioned the effect it would have on people who do not have such memories, and suggested "The Courage to Heal" may be one of many sources of false memories for some individuals. Loftus also stated that "All roads on the search for popular writings inevitably lead to [the book]". "The Courage to Heal" encourages the use of strategies such as guided imagery to access and attempting to elaborate details and emotions and discouraging individuals from questioning the memories recovered.  According to psychologist Bryan Tully, the authors believe that children frequently forget and repress memories of abuse, and claim that intuition and symptoms are sufficient to confirm abuse.  Professors of English Doane and Hodges note that the book was widely condemned for its use of checklists to determine if the reader was abused, describing the complaints made against the book as being as formulaic as the stories it engenders (in part due to things like the "notorious") and only criticizing parts of the book. Doane and Hodges also state that the use of "you" throughout the book blinds Davis and Bass to their shaping of the identity of the reader and their story.  Bass and Davis responded to the controversy surrounding the book by writing "Honoring the Truth: A Response to the Backlash", a new chapter included the 1994 edition to respond to and rebut criticisms of the book, though this was removed from the 20th anniversary edition. Since its second edition, the book has contained a case study of an individual who was allegedly a victim of satanic ritual abuse, now considered a moral panic.  A 2009 newsletter from the American branch of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) criticizes the 20th anniversary edition, saying, "No book did more to spread false memory syndrome". The book was described as vicious, and filled with factual errors about the FMSF and the nature of memory, though the anniversary edition is described as better, without the outrageous features of earlier publications and that in the new edition, the FMSF is not mentioned in the book's index. The book is still dedicated to recovering memories, and does not warn the reader of the doubts scientists have about its premises. The book's final case study is still a depiction of satanic ritual abuse, without noting the FBI's report that concluded there was no evidence for the phenomenon.  The third edition of the book, published in 1994, included a chapter entitled "Honoring the Truth," in which the authors respond to the book’s critics. The FMSF criticized the chapter about their organization as filled with factual errors and written by a man who had no known credentials and no scientific publications in the relevant fields; the discussion of the FMSF was removed from the 20th anniversary edition.

The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (first published in 1988, with three subsequent editions, the last being a 20th anniversary edition in 2008) is a self-help book by poet Ellen Bass and Laura Davis that focuses on recovery from child sexual abuse and has been called "controversial and polarizing".


Early life and education.

He was born in Belgravia in London, the eldest son of Lady Violet Manners, daughter of the 8th Duke of Rutland, and Capt. Hugo Francis Charteris, Lord Elcho, who was killed in action in 1916 in Egypt while serving in the First World War. He was educated at Eton College and at Balliol College, Oxford (BA 1933), and also studied agriculture at both Oxford and Cambridge as a postgraduate student. At age 25, he succeeded his grandfather in the family titles in 1937.

Career.

Wemyss was commissioned into the Lovat Scouts (Territorial Army) as a 2nd Lieutenant in 1932. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1935 and transferred to the TA Reserve of Officers in 1937, and served as a Colonial Administrator in Basutoland from 1937 until 1944. During the Second World War, he did not rejoin the Lovat Scouts but instead served as a major with Basuto troops in the African Auxiliary Pioneer Corps from 1941 to 1944 in North Africa, on account of his fluency in Sotho.  He was Deputy Lieutenant from 1959 to 1967 and Lord Lieutenant of East Lothian from 1967 until 1987, and a Justice of the Peace since 1957. He was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1959, 1960 and 1977. He held the honorary appointment of Lord Clerk Register from 1974 until 2007.  He was a Lieutenant in the Royal Company of Archers. He was Chairman of the Council of the National Trust for Scotland 1947 to 1967, President from 1967 to 1991, and had been President Emeritus since 1991. He was Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland from 1949 to 1984, President of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society from 1958 to 1962, and President of the National Bible Society of Scotland from 1960 to 1983. He was formerly a director of Standard Life and of Scottish Television.

Personal life.

He married, first, in 1940, Mavis Lynette Gordon Murray (d. 1988), daughter of Edwin Edward Murray, of Hermanus, Cape Province, South Africa. They had two daughters and two sons. The elder son, Iain David Charteris, Lord Elcho & Methil, was born on 20 June 1945 and died in a motor accident on 3 April 1954. Their younger daughter Caroline Letty Charteris was born on 5 November 1946 and died on 22 November 1946. Lord Wemyss married, secondly, in 1995, Shelagh Kathleen Kennedy, "née" Thrift.  He lived in Gosford House, Longniddry, East Lothian. He died on 12 December 2008 at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, aged 96. He is buried in the family enclosure on the north side of Aberlady Churchyard. Lady Wemyss died in 2019.  His younger son, James Donald Charteris, Lord Neidpath (b. 22 June 1948), succeeded his father.

Honours.

Wemyss was made a Knight of the Thistle in 1966. He held an honorary LLD from the University of St Andrews awarded in 1953, and an honorary DUniv from the University of Edinburgh awarded in 1983.

Francis David Charteris, 12th Earl of Wemyss and 8th Earl of March (19 January 1912 – 12 December 2008), styled Lord Elcho from 1916 to 1937, was a Scottish peer, landowner and conservationist. From 1946 to 1991, he served as chairman of the board and then president of the National Trust for Scotland.