Experimental workflow.

The workflow of a functional cloning experiment varies depending on the source of genetic material, the extent of prior knowledge of the protein or gene of interest and the ability to screen for the protein function. In general, a functional cloning experiment consists of four steps: 1) sample collection, 2) library preparation, 3) screening or selection and 4) sequencing.

Sample collection.

Genetic material is collected from a particular cell type, organism or environmental sample relevant to the biological question. In functional cloning, mRNA is commonly isolated and cDNA is prepared from the isolated mRNA (RNA extraction). In certain circumstances genomic DNA may be isolated, particularly when environmental samples are used as the source of genetic material.

Library preparation.

If the starting material is genomic DNA, the DNA is sheared to produce fragments of appropriate length for the vector of choice. The DNA fragments or cDNA are then treated with restriction endonucleases and ligated to a plasmid or chromosomal vectors. In the case of assays that screen for the protein or for its function, an expression vector is used to ensure that the gene product is expressed. The vector choice will depend on the origin of the DNA or cDNA to ensure proper expression and to ensure that the encoded gene will fall within the limits of the vector’s insert size.  The choice of host is important to ensure that the codon usage will be similar to the donor organism. The host will also need to guarantee that the proper post-translational modifications and protein folding will occur to enable proper functioning of the expressed proteins.

Screening or selection.

The method of screening the prepared genomic or cDNA libraries for the gene of interest is highly variable depending on the experimental design and biological question. One method of screening is to probe colonies via Southern blotting with degenerate oligonucleotides prepared from the amino acid sequence of the query protein. In expression libraries, the protein of interest can be identified by screening with an antibody specific for the query protein via Western blotting to identify colonies carrying the gene of interest. In other circumstances, a specific assay can be used to screen or select for the protein’s activity. For example, genes conferring antibiotic resistance can be selected by growing the colonies of the library on media containing a specified antibiotic. Another example is screening for enzymatic activity by incubating with a substrate that is catalyzed to a colorimetric compound that can easily be visualized.

Sequencing.

The final step of functional cloning is to sequence the DNA or cDNA from the clones that were successfully identified in the screen or selection step. The sequence can then be annotated and used for downstream applications, such as protein expression and purification for industrial applications.

Advantages.

The advantages of functional cloning include the ability to screen for novel genes with desired applications in organisms that cannot be cultured, particularly from bacterial or viral specimens. Additionally, genes encoding proteins with related functions can be identified when there is low sequence similarity due to the ability to screen for the protein function alone. Functional cloning allows for gene identification without prior knowledge of the organism’s genome sequence or position of the gene within the genome.

Limitations.

As with other cloning techniques, vector and host choice affect the success of gene identification via functional cloning due to cloning bias. The vector must have an insert size that will accommodate the entire DNA sequence of the expressed protein. Additionally, in expression vectors the promoters and terminators must function within the chosen host organism. The host choice may affect transcription and translation due to differing codon usage, transcriptional and translational machinery or post-translational modifications within the host.  Other limitations include the labour-intensive library preparation and potential screens which can be both expensive and time-consuming.

Alternative approaches.

Positional cloning.

Positional cloning is another molecular cloning technique for identification of a gene of interest. This method uses exact chromosomal location instead of function to guide gene identification. Because of this, this method focuses on all the genetic material at a chromosomal locus and makes no assumptions about function. In model organisms such as mice or yeast, this method is used more frequently as the information about the position of a gene of interest can be obtained from the sequenced genome. However, this method becomes much more cumbersome when sequence information is not available. In this case, linkage analysis can also be used. Functional cloning on the other hand is more readily used in organisms such as bacterial pathogens that are viable but nonculturable and where sequence data is not available but gene homology or protein function is still of interest.  A way to differentiate between functional and positional cloning is to visualize genes as words. Functional cloning is like using a thesaurus to look up words and selecting for new words that have the same meanings (or functions). Positional cloning is more like picking a specific page of a dictionary and then browsing only that page for any words of interest.

Computationally determine homology.

With the advent of sequencing technology becoming cheaper and cheaper, it is now more feasible to sequence an unknown genome and then computationally determine homology instead of screening. This brings the added benefit of being able to screen for multiple genes of interest at the same time and reduces experimental time. It also allows one to avoid labour-intensive cloning procedures as well. However, if this route is taken, there are other biases and hurdles one must consider. By using sequenced data, one is able to screen based on homology alone. A function-based approach thus allows for discovery of novel enzymes whose functions would not have been predicted based on DNA sequence alone. Therefore, while sequencing is less labour-intensive experimentally, it can also lead to missed genes of interest due to differing sequence homology in genes of related function.

Gibson assembly.

Gibson assembly is a quick cloning method that uses three primary enzymes; 5' exonuclease, polymerase and ligase. The exonuclease digests the 5' end of DNA fragments leaving a 3' overhang. If there is significant homology (20-40 bp) on each end of the DNA insert, it can anneal with a complementary backbone. Afterwards the polymerase can fill in the gaps while ligase fuses the nicks at the end. This method greatly increases the rate of cloning and success rate of cloning into a vector backbone. However, it requires the DNA fragment to have significant homology with the plasmid. For this reason, knowledge of the sequence being cloned must be known beforehand. This is not a requirement with functional cloning.

TOPO cloning.

TOPO Cloning is a cloning method that uses Taq polymerase. This is because Taq leaves a single adenosine overhang on the 3’ end of PCR reaction products. Utilizing this knowledge, backbones with a 5’ thymine overhang can be used for cloning purposes. In this case knowledge of the fragment being cloned must be known to be able to make PCR primers for it and the number of TOPO Cloning compatible vectors is relatively small. However, it provides the advantage that reactions only take about 5 minutes to do.

Gateway recombination cloning.

Gateway recombination cloning is a cloning method in which a DNA fragment is moved from one plasmid backbone to another via a single homologous recombination event. However, for this method to work, the DNA fragment of interest must be flanked by recombination sites. While this method isn't strictly an alternative, it does allow the movement of DNA fragments from one plasmid to another quicker than creating a whole new genomic library. The reason this method may be used in conjunction with functional cloning is to put a library under a different promoter or on a backbone with a different selection marker. This can come in handy if an individual wants to try functional cloning in a wide range of bacteria to try to combat the issue with codon bias.

Applications.

Determining homology in the environment.

Metagenomics is one of the largest fields that commonly uses functional cloning. Metagenomics studies all the genetic material from a specific environmental sample, such as the gut microbiome or lake water. Functional libraries are created that contain DNA fragments from the environment. As the original bacterium that a DNA sequence originated from cannot be easily detected, creating metagenomic functional libraries possesses advantages. Less than 1% of all bacteria are easily cultured in the lab, leaving a large percentage of bacteria that cannot be grown. By using functional libraries, the gene functions of unculturable bacteria can still be studied. Furthermore, these uncultured microbes provide a source for the discovery of novel enzymes with biotechnological applications. Some novel proteins that have been discovered from marine environments include enzymes such as proteases, amylases, lipases, chitinases, deoxyribonucleases and phosphatases.

Determining homology in a known species.

There are situations in which it is imperative to determine if a gene homolog from one source is present in another organism. For example, identification of novel DNA polymerases for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactions which synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides. While human polymerase optimally works at 37 °C (98.6 °F), DNA does not denature until 94–98 °C (201–208 °F). This poses a problem as at these temperatures the human DNA polymerase would denature during the denaturation step of the PCR reaction resulting in a non-functioning polymerase protein and a failed PCR. To combat this a DNA polymerase from a thermophile, or bacteria that grows at high temperatures, could be used. An example is Taq polymerase which comes from the thermophilic bacterium "Thermus aquaticus". One could set up a functional cloning screen to find homologous polymerases that have the added advantage of being thermostable at high temperatures.  With this in mind, 3173 Polymerase, another polymerase enzyme, now commonly used in RT-PCR reactions was discovered using the above theory. In RT-PCR reactions, two separate enzymes are commonly used. The first is a retroviral reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to cDNA. The second is a thermostable DNA polymerase to amplify the target sequence. 3173 Polymerase is able to perform both enzymatic functions resulting in a better option for RT-PCR. The enzyme was discovered using functional cloning from a viral host originally found in Octopus hot springs (93 °C) in Yellowstone National Park.

Human health applications.

One of the ongoing challenges of treating bacterial infections is antibiotic resistance which commonly arises when patients do not take their full treatment of medication and hence allow bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics over time. To understand how to combat antibiotic resistance it is important to understand how the bacterial genome is evolving and changing in healthy individuals with no recent usage of antibiotics to provide a baseline. Using a functional cloning-based technique, DNA isolated from human microflora were cloned into expression vectors in "Escherichia coli". Afterwards, antibiotics were applied as a screen. If a plasmid contained a gene insert that provided antibiotic resistance the cell survived and was selected on the plate. If the insert provided no resistance, the cell died and did not form a colony. Based on selection of cell colonies that survived, a better picture of genetic factors contributing to antibiotic resistance were pieced together. Most of the resistance genes that were identified were previously unknown. By using a functional cloning-based technique one is able to elucidate genes giving rise to antibiotic resistance to better understand treatment for bacterial infections.

Functional cloning is a molecular cloning technique that relies on prior knowledge of the encoded protein’s sequence or function for gene identification. In this assay, a genomic or cDNA library is screened to identify the genetic sequence of a protein of interest. Expression cDNA libraries may be screened with antibodies specific for the protein of interest or may rely on selection via the protein function. Historically, the amino acid sequence of a protein was used to prepare degenerate oligonucleotides which were then probed against the library to identify the gene encoding the protein of interest. Once candidate clones carrying the gene of interest are identified, they are sequenced and their identity is confirmed. This method of cloning allows researchers to screen entire genomes without prior knowledge of the location of the gene or the genetic sequence.


Career.

Kilty has written a number of notable plays including:

"Dear Liar".

"Dear Liar", full title "Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters" is a play by Kilty that had a successful run in New York, which was based on the correspondence of famed playwright George Bernard Shaw and actress Mrs. Patrick Campbell. In the play, two actors duel with each other as they act on the letters exchanged between Shaw and Mrs. Campbell.  It was staged in Chicago in 1957. The New York shows launched on March 17, 1960 with Katherine Cornell and Brian Aherne. It was staged in London for the first time in 1963. After London showings, in 1964 Kilty and his wife, actress Cavada Humphrey made a world tour.  The play was brought to the screen in 1981 by the director Gordon Rigsby with the lead roles by Jane Alexander as Mrs. Patrick Campbell and Edward Herrmann as George Bernard Shaw.  An adaptation in French was written by Jean Cocteau under the title "Cher menteur" (Dear Liar). The film directed by Alexandre Tarta had in lead roles Edwige Feuillère as Mrs. Patrick Campbell and Jean Marais as George Bernard Shaw.

Other plays.

His other notable plays include:  In the early days of American television, Kilty acted in a number of programs, including "The United States Steel Hour", "Kraft Television Theatre", "The Alcoa Hour", "Studio One", and "Hallmark Hall of Fame".

Tours.

Kilty and Humphrey toured the world performing "Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters", beginning in 1964. They were also the first duo to internationally tour in the play "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?".  Controversy in South Africa  "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" was also performed in South Africa. At the insistence of playwright Edward Albee, "Virginia Woolf" was to be presented only before integrated audiences. The play opened in Port Elizabeth and then moved to Durban, receiving strong reviews (favorable and unfavorable) in both cities, with a more negative response in Durban, where one critic called it "dirt-laden debris". In the less provincial, more cosmopolitan Johannesburg, the press was more encouraging. But people who may or may not have seen the show expressed their outrage in letters to the government. In response, Jan de Klerk, South Africa's then Minister of the Interior ordered that performances be suspended in Johannesburg while waiting for a report from the official Board of Censors to ensure that the play was "not contrary to public interest or good morals", in effect banning the play.

Personal life.

He was born in Baltimore, Maryland of Irish descent on his father's side, but raised on the Pala Indian Reservation, San Diego County, California. On May 11, 1956, he wed actress Cavada Humphrey (June 17, 1919 – July 11, 2007), who was three years his senior. Humphrey died in 2007, at the age of 88. Kilty died on September 6, 2012

Jerome Timothy Kilty (June 24, 1922 in Baltimore, Maryland – September 6, 2012) was an American actor and playwright. He wrote "Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters" and He worked extensively on the stage, both in the United States and abroad.


History.

The Fox was built in 1929 by movie pioneer William Fox as a showcase for the films of the Fox Film Corporation along with elaborate stage shows. It was one of a group of five spectacular Fox Theatres built by Fox in the late 1920s. The others were the Fox Theatres in Brooklyn, Atlanta, Detroit, and St. Louis.  The Fox Theatre opened on June 28, 1929 with the premiere of "Behind That Curtain", a Charlie Chan movie produced by William Fox, directed by Irving Cummings, and starring Warner Baxter and Lois Moran. The theater was closed from October 20, 1932 to April 1, 1933 due to financial difficulties. On June 28, 1959, a 30th anniversary celebration took place with the screening of the 20th Century-Fox film "Say One for Me" with Bing Crosby and Debbie Reynolds. On March 5, 1960, a series of organ concerts on Saturdays at midnight began, in an attempt to increase business and keep the theater open.

Closing and demolition.

Declining attendance/revenue had been an issue for the Fox since the end of World War II, but had become more pronounced by the late 1950s, with the expansion of television in that decade. The question of the City & County of San Francisco buying the Fox and its land was put before the voters on November 7, 1961 as Proposition I. Requiring only a simple majority, the measure was overwhelmingly defeated with a NO vote of 59.2%.  On February 16, 1963, the theater closed after a final benefit concert featuring Hollywood actors including Jane Russell, and was demolished in July 1963.  Now located at the site is Fox Plaza at 1390 Market Street, a high-rise building with offices and apartments (no relation to the famous Fox Plaza in Los Angeles). The Fox Special Wurlitzer organ was salvaged from the theater and installed in the Frank J. Lanterman estate in La Cañada Flintridge, California. Upon Lanterman's passing, the large 4-manual 36-rank organ was bought by the Disney Company and installed in the restored El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.

The Fox Theatre was a 4,651-seat movie palace located at 1350 Market Street in San Francisco, California. The theater was designed by the noted theater architect, Thomas W. Lamb. Opened in 1929, the theater operated until 1963 when it was closed and demolished.


Education and career.

Born in Vienna in 1926, Ross left Austria with his parents only days before the outbreak of World War II. They settled in New York, where he studied chemistry at Queens College (B.S. 1948), with a two-year interruption to serve in the Army from 1944 to 1946. After completing his degree, he went on to perform doctoral research in physical chemistry, studying gas transport properties under the guidance of Isador Amdur at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D. 1951). This led to postdoctoral work in gas thermometry and the statistical mechanical theory of irreversible processes with physical chemist John Kirkwood at Yale. Ross began his faculty career as assistant professor in chemistry at Brown University in 1953. There, he launched a program to test the viscosity of liquids as a function of temperature and pressure with unprecedented precision. Two years later, he and physical chemist Edward Greene began nearly two decades of groundbreaking work developing the use of molecular beams to examine the molecular dynamics – revealing details of molecular collisions, dispersion, and more during chemical reactions. In 1966 Ross joined the Chemistry Department faculty at MIT, where he served as chair from 1966 to 1971. He came to Stanford in 1979 as professor of chemistry and was department chair from 1983 to 1989. Among many honors recognizing his broad contributions in physical chemistry, Professor Ross was named to the National Academy of Sciences and American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the U.S. National Medal of Science in 2000 from President Clinton.  In his research at Stanford, Ross examined experimental and theoretical investigations in new approaches to the determination of complex reaction mechanisms, the formation of the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of systems far from equilibrium, the chemical implementation of digital and parallel computers, and application of these studies to biological reaction mechanisms. His contributions in reaction kinetics and dynamics changed chemists’ understanding of reactivity and why many chemical phenomena occur, opening new fields in chemical science.

John Ross (October 2, 1926 – February 18, 2017) was a scientist in physical chemistry and the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University.


Early life and career.

Born in Birmingham, she was the daughter of Frederick James Satchwell. She was educated at Tinker's Farm Girls' School, Fircroft College and Bournville Day Continuation College.  She joined the Labour Party in 1945 and was nominated director of her local Co-operative board in 1951. A year later, Fisher was elected a member of the Birmingham City Council, in which she sat until 1974. Subsequently, she served as a member of the Warrington and Runcorn Development Corporation until 1989. Fisher was National President of the Co-operative Party Guild in 1961 and was appointed a Justice of the Peace.

Parliamentary career.

She contested Birmingham Ladywood in 1969 at a by-election in which Wallace Lawler of the Liberals gained the seat from Labour. In the following general election, Fisher defeated him when she was returned as the constituency MP, representing the seat until the February 1974 general election when her seat was altered in boundary changes. After her departure from the House of Commons, she was created a life peer as Baroness Fisher of Rednal, of Rednal, in the City of Birmingham on 2 July 1974.  In the House of Lords, Fisher became Crown Representative of the General Medical Council in September 1974 and later chaired the Esperanto Group. She was nominated an Assistant Whip for Environment in 1983, an office she held until the following year. Fisher entered the European Parliament in 1975, sitting in Strasbourg until 1979. She was vice-president of the Institute of Trading Standards Administration (today the Trading Standards Institute).  In December 1991, at the age of 72, Lady Fisher slept rough in a nest of cardboard boxes at Birmingham's St Philip's Cathedral to draw attention to the plight of the city's homeless.

Personal life.

She married Joseph Fisher, a sheet-metal-worker at the Longbridge plant, in 1939 and had two daughters. Her husband died in 1978 and she survived him until 2005, when she died aged 86.

Doris Mary Gertrude Fisher, Baroness Fisher of Rednal, JP (13 September 191918 December 2005), née Satchwell, was a British politician.


Early life and career.

Ambassador Eckert was born in Rochester, New York, and grew up in its largest suburb, the Town of Greece. He is a graduate of the University of North Texas, where he majored in government and minored in both history and journalism. He worked as a journalist for the Richardson, Texas, Daily News while attending college. A movement conservative while in college, he was a contributing editor to The New Guard, the magazine of Young Americans for Freedom.  Following college and his marriage to his college sweetheart, Karen Laughlin of Morton, Mississippi, he served as Assistant Director of Mass Communications for the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (Maryknoll Fathers) and was recruited to join the public relations staff of a major Fortune 500 corporation, General Foods, at its White Plains, New York, headquarters. While living in the New York City area he took advanced courses in advertising, public relations and television scriptwriting at New York University and at The New School for Social Research.  Returning to Rochester he joined the area's largest advertising and public relations agency as an account executive working on Kodak and Mobil Chemical accounts. At age 27 he challenged the local Republican Party establishment in a primary election contest for control of the government of the Town of Greece (pop: 75,000) in the area's first primary election in fifty years. He sought the Supervisor (elected CEO) office, handily winning in what was viewed as a stunning upset and carried his entire town council team with him. Despite the defeated party establishment then fielding an "independent" slate in the general election, the Eckert team again won in a landslide. Two years later the Old Guard Republicans challenged him in a primary for re-election and he again won both the primary and general elections by landslide margins.  In 1972, the party establishment asked him to be the Republican candidate against a well-entrenched Democratic State Senator and agreed to his terms for doing so. He won in what was again viewed as a stunning upset. A major part of his campaign was his constant warning that the state's public pension costs were "a ticking time bomb that will eventually blow huge holes in state and local government and school district budgets unless reined in," an issue no other candidate in the state was raising.  In Albany Eckert was viewed as a steadfast conservative often in conflict with the state's liberal Republican establishment – but yet an unusually effective legislator. Among his legislative achievements: he was the prime sponsor of major reforms of the state's laws dealing with local government; prime sponsor of many election law reforms; prime sponsor of its landmark Fresh Water Wetlands law and prime sponsor of the legislation that rescued the state's conservation fund from fiscal disaster and placed it on sound financial footing.  To try to stem the growth of state government, Eckert introduced a state constitutional amendment that restricted the rate of increasing government spending to an inflation and population based formula similar to ideas that had been put forth in California by Governor Ronald Reagan. Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Freeman personally worked with Eckert on the legislative language and publicly endorsed his measure. The state legislature never took it up even though, following the state and New York City financial crises, Eckert's proposal was eventually endorsed by Democratic Governor Hugh L. Carey.  The legislative accomplishment for which Eckert is best remembered was his success in obtaining the greatest ever check against runaway state government spending in passing a public pension reform law for which he had crusaded from his first day in office. During a week in June 1976 in which the legislature was in recess Eckert barnstormed the state campaigning for his bill which was publicly supported by only one other state legislator and opposed by the Democratic governor and both the Democratic and Republican leadership of both houses of the legislature. It was also bitterly opposed by every public employee union in the state. He ignited such an outpouring of public support that days later his bill passed the Senate by a vote of 45-9 and the Assembly by a vote of 119-26 and was signed into law by the Governor. The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and every other major newspaper in the state hailed Eckert's remarkable accomplishment, one calling it "a miracle" and all saying he had accomplished it "single-handedly." A state commission estimated that the law would save New York State taxpayers $2–3 billion in the first ten years and triple that in the second decade, but with Eckert gone future legislatures watered down some of the reforms.

Diplomat and Congressman.

Eckert resigned as state senator when President Ronald Reagan appointed him US Ambassador to Fiji & other South Pacific Island countries. The two had become friends years earlier when Eckert was the only New York State Republican officeholder of any stature to endorse Reagan when he challenged President Gerald Ford for the 1976 Republican presidential nomination. Despite a private appeal from Ford in a White House one-on-one meeting, Eckert told Ford he found Ford's approach to dealing with Soviet communism weak and dangerous. He told Ford that he was totally in accord with Reagan about the need to challenge the Soviets more forcefully and that he would be a Reagan delegate at the 1976 Republican National Convention, where he played an active role personally with Reagan. He endorsed Reagan for the 1980 nomination in October, 1978, while introducing Reagan at a luncheon honoring Eckert held in Rochester and was a Reagan delegate in 1980, campaigning with Reagan and personally writing Reagan's newspaper ads for the New York primary.  His performance as US Ambassador brought him wide acclaim. At the time of his arrival Fiji, following New Zealand's lead, was banning visits by any US Navy ships that did not swear absence of anything nuclear when firm US policy was to neither confirm nor deny. At the time of his resignation to return home to Rochester to seek election to Congress US Navy visits were warmly invited and welcomed while Soviet Union ship visits were banned. The Navy, the Reagan Administration Defense Department and Fiji's government and media all attributed that complete turnaround to Eckert's personal diplomacy. The Fiji Sun wrote, "He has done more than any previous American Ambassador to bring our two countries closer together." The US Foreign Service bestowed its "Meritorious Honor Award" upon him, which was personally presented by Secretary of State George Schulz.  Following winning the Republican nomination and being elected to Congress, Eckert beat out all other newly elected Republican representatives and scores of more senior ones to secure a seat on the powerful Energy & Commerce Committee, which had jurisdiction over some 40% of the legislation coming before the House.  Congressional Quarterly ranked Eckert as the Member of Congress most supportive of President Reagan and Reader's Digest ran a profile feature portraying him as an example of the sort of "gutsy" leader unintimidated by special interests that Washington needs. In May 1966 England's Oxford University Union, the world's oldest and most prestigious debating society, selected Eckert to debate the British's government Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs on how best to counter international terrorism; Eckert was criticized by newspapers in his district for arguing at Oxford that state-sponsored terrorism needed to be regarded as acts of war as opposed to mere violations of laws and dealt with by effective military force. His one major break with the Reagan Administration was his vote in opposition to the 1986 Simpson-Mazzoli amnesty immigration reform bill which Eckert viewed as rewarding illegal immigrants who broke US immigration law and encouraging more of the same in the future. Reagan later said his signing that bill into law was a mistake.  Vice President George H.W. Bush was nearly as effusive in his praise of Eckert's career in public office as President Reagan, characterizing him as "exemplary in every single way" and calling him "a courageous Congressman."  Following Eckert's very narrow defeat for re-election, President Reagan appointed him US Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food & Agriculture based in Rome, Italy, which include the UN's Food & Agricultural Organization and the World Food Program. The Western European, Japan and North America block of OECD [Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development] countries selected Eckert when it was this block's turn to name the presiding officer for FAO's most important conference.

Private Life and Retirement.

He resigned as US Ambassador and returned from Rome to the United States and private life to accept an offer from the Government of Fiji to be a strategic advisor in its efforts to restore the country to parliamentary democracy following a military coup and to represent it in the US and internationally. Fiji's Prime Minister publicly praised his work as "invaluable." He also did other consulting work and teamed up with a friend to develop real estate subdivisions.  In retirement, Eckert, who as a public official had always written his own speeches, newspaper columns and newsletters and occasionally authored magazine and newspaper feature articles and op-eds for publications as varied as The Wall Street Journal and Outdoor Life, continued his fondness for writing and often combined it with his enthusiasm for photography. While still in college he had sold two magazine articles, one to Writer's Digest about lessons he had learned from his friend and writing mentor the great author/historian Bruce Catton, the other for the second largest Sunday supplement magazine, Family Weekly, about the richest person in the world, Texas oil billionaire H. L. Hunt, with whom he later conducted a Playboy interview.  He wrote the Reader's Digest profile about a then little known computer entrepreneur named Michael Dell also authored the Digest's iconic "Unforgettable" tribute to his friend and mentor Bruce Catton, a friendship that had developed when as a 15-year-old Eckert had called to Catton's attention a couple minor historical errors in This Hallowed Ground while it was the number one best-selling book in the country. His early age interest in, and knowledge about, history and government was such that the nuns who operated Saint Charles Borromeo elementary school had him teach eighth grade social studies to his fellow eighth graders.  He combined his writing skill and well-known sense of humor to produce a political satire novel, Hank Harrison for President, which received highly favorable reviews, such as Library Journal's hailing it as "one of the best political spoofs since Leonard Wimberley's The Mouse That Roared" and newspaper reviews calling it intelligent and "hilarious." His novel received bi-partisan praise, with Republican U.S. Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole calling it "Great political satire" and Democrat New York Governor Mario Cuomo, who also wrote a jacket blurb declaring, "It's funny!"  He is also author/photographer of two coffee table books on Fiji – Fiji: Pacific Paradise and Fiji: Some Enchanted Islands – and one on Tonga – Tonga: The Friendly Islands. A semi-professional photographer, his images have also appeared in books, magazines, advertisements, encyclopedias, postcards and travel brochures throughout the world and have won awards in competitions.  He opted to retire early to fulfill a lifelong dream of being a world traveler and has visited all seven continents, including most areas of each inhabited one; he's also visited all 50 states. His travel feature articles, illustrated by his own photographic images and nationally-syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate, Copley News Service and Creator's Syndicate, have appeared as the lead travel feature in well over 100 of the leading newspapers in the United States and Canada. They also have appeared in travel and in-flight magazines and have been translated into several languages. He received The State of Mississippi Governor's Award for Travel Writer of the Year.  In retirement he has also written numerous op-eds on political issues for such outlets as National Review Online, Politico, TownHall.com, The Daily Caller, American Thinker, PJ Media and Human Events.  Since leaving the political and diplomatic arena he has consistently stated he has no interest in holding any elective or appointive government position but says his only big regret from the years he did is that he was not able to obtain the comedy rights to the New York State Legislature, Congress or the State Department.  Ambassador Eckert and his wife, Karen, live in Raleigh, North Carolina. They have three grown children (including pharmaceutical heavy hitter Cindy Eckert) and four grandchildren.

Fred J. Eckert (born May 6, 1941) is an American political and diplomatic figure and writer. He is best known for his unwavering conservative principles while holding public office and his early advocacy during the 1970s of causes that many years later became major public policy issues, such as public pension reform and replacing lifelong teacher tenure with renewable contracts.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 54.1 square miles (140.1 km2), all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 674 people, 257 households, and 193 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.5 people per square mile (4.8/km2). There were 317 housing units at an average density of 5.9 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.70% White, 0.15% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.15% of the population.  There were 257 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the town, the population was spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.1 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $33,015. Males had a median income of $18,750 versus $16,161 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,177. About 10.9% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.7% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Utica is a town in Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 674 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Fairview, Pine Knob, Rising Sun, and Towerville are located within the town.


Career.

Jerrold Meinwald was born in 1927 in New York City. He studied chemistry at the University of Chicago where he earned his bachelor of science degree in 1948. He then went on to Harvard University where he obtained his Ph.D. with R.B. Woodward in 1952. A DuPont Fellowship brought him to Cornell, where he has spent most of his subsequent career.  Since the early 1960s, he has worked, often in collaboration with Thomas Eisner, on chemical signalling in animals, particularly insects and arthropods; he is regarded as one of the founders of the field of chemical ecology. A particular field of interest was the ways in which insects either use chemicals synthesised by the plants that they feed on, or use those plant chemicals as substrates from which to synthesize their own. A species on which he and Eisner published several times over decades is the moth "Utetheisa ornatrix", which collects pyrrolizidine alkaloids from its food source and uses them as a deterrent to predators; the male also uses them as a pheromone and passes them on in its semen to the female who uses them to make her eggs unpalatable.  In analysing the constituents of plant signalling, he developed a number of retrosynthetic techniques, including the Meinwald Rearrangement where an epoxide is converted to a carbonyl in the presence of a Lewis acid; he has also performed substantial research over forty years in NMR spectroscopy. and in reactions for producing chiral derivatives in order to determine absolute configurations of chiral molecules.  In 1981, Meinwald became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. He died in Ithaca on April 23, 2018 at the age of 91.

Awards.

He won the National Medal of Science in 2012. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1969, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1970, and member of the American Philosophical Society since 1987. Other notable honours:

Jerrold Meinwald (January 16, 1927 – April 23, 2018) was an American chemist known for his work on chemical ecology, a field he co-founded with his colleague and friend Thomas Eisner. He was a Goldwin Smith Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Cornell University. He was author or co-author of well over 400 scientific articles. His interest in chemistry was sparked by fireworks done with his friend Michael Cava when they were still in junior high school. Meinwald was also a music aficionado and studied flute with Marcel Moyse – the world's greatest flutist of his time.


Life.

He was born of an Icelandic family in Breiðafjörður. He was brought up, until he went to a tutor's, by his kinswoman Kristín Vigfússdóttir, to whom, he records, he owed not only that he became a man of letters but almost everything. He was sent to the old school at Bessastaðir and (when it moved there) at Reykjavík. In 1849, already a fair scholar, he came to Copenhagen University in the Regense College, where as an Icelander he received four-years free boarding under the Garðsvist system.  After his student course, he was appointed "stipendiarius" by the Arna-Magnaean trustees, and worked for fourteen years in the Arna-Magnaean Library until, as he said, he knew every scrap of old vellum and of Icelandic written paper in that whole collection.  In 1866, he settled in Oxford, which he made his home for the rest of his life. He held the office of Reader in Scandinavian at Oxford University (a post created for him) from 1884 till his death. He was made a Jubilee Doctor of Uppsala in 1877, and received the Danish order of the Dannebrog in 1885.  Guðbrandur died of cancer on 31 January 1889. He was buried in St. Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford, on 3 February, 1889.

Work.

He was an excellent judge of literature, reading most European languages well and being acquainted with their classics. His memory was remarkable, and if the Eddic poems had ever been lost, he could have written them all down from memory. He spoke English well, with a strong Icelandic accent. He wrote a beautiful, distinctive and clear hand, in spite of (or because of) the thousands of lines of manuscript copying he had done in his early life.  His "Tímatöl" (written between October 1854 and April 1855) laid the foundations for the chronology of Icelandic history. His editions of Icelandic classics (1858–1868), "Biskupa sögur", "Bárðar Saga", "Fornsögur" (with Mobius), "Eyrbyggia Saga" and "Flateyarbók" (with Carl Rikard Unger) opened a new era of Icelandic scholarship. They can be compared to the Rolls Series editions of chronicles by William Stubbs, for the interest and value of their prefaces and texts.  He spent the seven years 1866–1873 on the "Oxford Icelandic-English Dictionary", often denoted by the shorthand "Cleasby-Vigfusson", the best guide to classic Icelandic, and a monumental example of single-handed work. The end-product was more a product of Guðbrandur Vigfússon's undertaking than Cleasby's, and is characterized as his most important legacy.  His later series of editions (1874–1885) included "Orkneyinga Saga" and "Háconar Saga", the great and complex mass of Icelandic historical sagas known as "Sturlunga", and the "Corpus Poeticum Boreale", in which he edited the entire body of classic Scandinavian poetry. As an introduction to the "Sturlunga", he wrote a complete, concise history of the classic Northern literature and its sources. In the introduction to the Corpus, he laid the foundations of a critical history of the Eddic poetry and Court poetry of the North in a series of well-supported theories.  His little "Icelandic Prose Reader" (with F. York Powell) (1879) furnishes a path to a sound knowledge of Icelandic. The "Grimm Centenary Papers" (1886) give good examples of the range of his historic work, while his Appendix on Icelandic currency to Sir G. W. Dasent's "Burnt Njal" is a methodical investigation into an intricate subject.  As a writer in his own tongue, he once gained a high position by his "Relations of Travel in Norway and South Germany". In English, as his "Visit to Grimm" and his powerful letters to "The Times" show, he had attained no mean skill. His life is mainly a record of well-directed and efficient labor in Denmark and Oxford.

Guðbrandur Vigfússon, known in English as Gudbrand Vigfusson, (13 March 1827 – 31 January 1889) was one of the foremost Scandinavian scholars of the 19th century.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 42.5 square miles (109.9 km2), of which, 41.7 square miles (108.0 km2) of it is land and 0.7 square miles (1.9 km2) of it (1.74%) is water.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 618 people in 238 households, including 178 families, in the town. The population density was 14.8 people per square mile (5.7/km2). There were 299 housing units at an average density of 7.2 per square mile (2.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.54% White, 0.32% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.65% from other races, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.97%.  Of the 238 households 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 21.4% of households were one person and 9.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.02.  The age distribution was 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.7 males.  The median household income was $35,156 and the median family income was $38,750. Males had a median income of $28,583 versus $22,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,304. About 6.4% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Richwood is a town in Richland County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 618 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Byrds Creek, Excelsior, Port Andrew, Sand Prairie, Tavera, Westport, and Wild Rose are located in the town.


Early life and education.

Thomas Maxwell was born on February 16, 1792 at Tioga Point (now Athens), Bradford County, Pennsylvania. His father, Guy Maxwell, was an Indian trader and was adopted by the Seneca (Iroquois) in the same year. The senior Maxwell moved his family to Elmira (then Newtown Point), New York, in 1796. In 1804, he was adopted by the Seneca people, given the name "He-je-no," meaning "the brave boy".  During the War of 1812, Guy Maxwell was appointed quartermaster of a regiment of Cavalry attached to the brigade of General Vincent Mathews. After the war he served as clerk of Tioga County, New York from 1819 to 1829.  Maxwell was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress (March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831). He served as chairman of the Committee on Accounts (Twenty-first Congress). He engaged in the prosecution of pension claims.  He studied law and was admitted to practice in the court of common pleas of old Tioga County, New York, in 1832. He was editor of the "Elmira Gazette" from 1834-1836, and was appointed as US postmaster of Elmira, serving 1834–1839. Deputy clerk of Chemung County in 1836. Treasurer of Chemung County in 1836–1843. He was chosen as a vice president of the New York and Erie Railroad Co. in 1841. He served as commissioner of loans of United States deposit and of State funds in 1843.  About 1845 Maxwell moved his family to Geneva, New York, upon his appointment as deputy clerk of the State supreme court.  Later in life, Maxwell became an Iroquois agent, and made many notes on them, which were in his daughter's hands. Red Jacket had his portrait painted for Maxwell; they were warm friends. Eighty years after the formal adoption of Maxwell, his daughter Harriet (later known as Harriet Maxwell Converse) was formally adopted by the family of Red Jacket. She was given many mementos, such as a necklace made of 79 little silver brooches, which had been worn by Red Jacket; and also his Masonic pin.  Maxwell died in Elmira on November 4, 1864. He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery.

Thomas Maxwell (February 16, 1792 – November 4, 1864) was an attorney and politician, serving for one term from 1829-1831 as a U.S. Representative from New York, as well as in county and state offices.


Career.

Ernst Nicolaas Herman Jansen, later known as Ernst Jansen Steur is a Dutch former neurologist who worked in several positions, including the Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST). During his career he was noted within his profession for his research into Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.  He completed his doctoral research in 1994 at the Maastricht University, researching Parkinson's disease.  Jansen Steur was interviewed as an expert on the disease by the Dutch television program "EénVandaag" on 24 July 2002 regarding the condition of Prince Claus of the Netherlands (Jansen Steur indicated on the show that he found the prince's condition "worrisome").  Jansen Steur sufferent a serious car accident in Germany in 1990, resulting in a complex hip fracture. In 2000 he became addicted to Midazolam, a sedative. In order to obtain this drug he started forging prescriptions using his colleagues' names as prescribing physicians.  As it turned out later, in the four years following his becoming addicted, he regularly misdiagnosed patients. In order to support his misdiagnoses, he forged diagnostic questionnaires from patients, swapped patient x-rays and forged laboratory results. He prescribed strong medications unnecessarily for a number of his patients and in a number of cases had patients undergo brain surgery without necessity.  Jansen Steur was forced to resign from the MST by the board in 2004. He received a €250,000 severance package and was forced to sign a non-disclosure agreement (together with his former colleagues). As part of this deal, he agreed to strike himself from the Dutch registry of medical professionals, thereby giving up the right to practice in the Netherlands. Patients received financial compensation, but were sworn to secrecy.

Investigation and prosecution.

Despite the deal with Jansen Steur (resulting in his resignation from MST and voluntary removal from the registry), the board of MST decided to begin an investigation in 2009 due to a turnover of board members which included the installation of as the new chairman. The investigation was headed by, the former mayor of Hengelo. The Lemstra committee reported on 1 September 2009, concluding failures on the part of the MST but also of the Dutch Health Care Inspectorate (: "Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg" or "IGZ"), which was headed by Kingma at the time that Jansen was being sent away from the MST. The committee also concluded Jansen had been failing as a doctor since 1992 and that the MST had failed to address the situation for years.  Upon the release of this report, the Dutch minister of Health Ab Klink instituted another investigative committee headed by Rein Jan Hoekstra, to investigate the functioning of the Health Care Inspectorate.  This committee supported the conclusions of the Lemstra committee regarding the failing of the Inspectorate, concluding that the Inspectorate waited far too long to take measures against Jansen and should have filed criminal charges against him rather than settling for a voluntary relinquishing of his status as a physician. They also criticized the MST and the doctors treating Jansen Steur for his injuries in that they did not cooperate fully with the investigation by the Inspectorate. Both of Jansen's doctors invoked physician–patient privilege. However, the Inspectorate concluded in an internal investigation concluded on 17 February 2009 that they had functioned correctly in the matter of Jansen Steur.  It was announced in October 2009 that Jansen Steur would have to face charges in court after all, charges having been leveled by a special investigative team of the police for this case (the Lippstadt-team). The team had, by that point, gathered 135 different complaints from patients regarding Jansen Steur. The justice department called the case "the biggest medical trial in the Netherlands ever".  The trial was started on 28 November 2012; it was announced on this first trial day that Jansen Steur was facing 21 criminal charges, including causing grievous bodily and mental harm through misdiagnoses of eight patients, causing one patient to commit suicide, theft, embezzlement and fraud. A total of 40 people filed charges against the doctor.  There were charges filed by personal injury expert, who filed charges in name of a few dozen injured patients and in name of the families of three patients who died after having been treated by Jansen Steur. In addition to these charges, charges were filed of scientific fraud, after investigation by the Lemstra committee showed that Jansen Steur had falsified results in order to publish an article in "The Lancet". The court in Arnhem sentenced him for deliberately setting misdiagnosis, wrongly prescribing strong medicines and the denial of care. In addition he was considered responsible for a suicide of a female patient due to his diagnosis. The court sentenced in February 2014 3 years of prison. Jansen Steur appealed.  Metta de Noo, a physician and acquaintance of Jansen Steur claimed in her book of 2015 that he suffered a frontal lobe disorder due to the 1990 accident and should not be held criminally accountable.

Work in Germany after 2004.

After being forced out of the MST in 2004, Jansen Steur moved to Germany, where he worked for several private clinics. After Dutch correspondent Rob Vorkink tracked him down to the Schlossberg Klinik in Bad Laasphe and tried to interview him for RTV Oost, Jansen Steur was immediately fired from that institute.  The Netherlands was shocked on 4 January 2013 when the NOS evening news led with the story that Jansen Steur had found another job as a neurologist in the "Klinik am Gesundbrunnen" hospital in Heilbronn. He was discovered there by the same Rob Vorkink, who recognized Jansen Steur's voice in a phone call (despite his denying that he was the same person). NOS reporter Marc Hamer verified his identity by passing around photographs among hospital personnel. He was subsequently fired from the hospital on 5 January 2013.  Although the hospital noted at first that Jansen Steur had been allowed to work at the hospital because he left his profession voluntarily in the Netherlands in 2010 (preventing the hospital from checking his credentials with the Dutch registry) and as there were no criminal convictions against him when he applied to the hospital, it soon transpired that the hospital had in fact been aware of Jansens past.  On 6 January 2013, a German patient filed charges over treatment she received from Jansen Steur in Heilbronn, which she claimed left her wheelchair-bound.

Other.

Steur is the doctor's mother's maiden name. He added this name to his surname of "Jansen", which is one of the most common surnames in the Netherlands, and is known to the general public as "Ernst Jansen Steur".

Ernst Nicolaas Herman Jansen, (born 24 October 1945 in Kamperland, Netherlands), later known as Ernst Jansen Steur, is a former Dutch neurologist, who garnered notoriety for misconduct and lost his license to practice medicine.


Versions.

There are currently six varieties of TMT available: TMTzero, a non-isotopically substituted core structure; TMTduplex, an isobaric pair of mass tags with a single isotopic substitution; TMTsixplex, an isobaric set of six mass tags with five isotopic substitutions; TMT 10-plex - a set of 10 isotopic mass tags which use the TMTsixplex reporter region, but use different elemental isotope to create a mass difference of 0.0063 Da, TMTpro a 16 plex version with a different reporter and mass normalizer than the original TMT, and TMTpro Zero.  The tags contain four regions, namely a mass reporter region (M), a cleavable linker region (F), a mass normalization region (N) and a protein reactive group (R). The chemical structures of all the tags are identical but each contains isotopes substituted at various positions, such that the mass reporter and mass normalization regions have different molecular masses in each tag. The combined M-F-N-R regions of the tags have the same total molecular weights and structure so that during chromatographic or electrophoretic separation and in single MS mode, molecules labelled with different tags are indistinguishable. Upon fragmentation in MS/MS mode, sequence information is obtained from fragmentation of the peptide back bone and quantification data are simultaneously obtained from fragmentation of the tags, giving rise to mass reporter ions.

Identification and quantification of TMT-labeled peptides.

The structures of TMT tags are publicly available through the unimod database at unimod.org and hence, mass spectrometry software such as Mascot are able to account for the tag masses. Additionally, as of version 2.2, Mascot has the capability to quantify using TMT and other isobaric mass tags without the use of additional software. Intuitively, the trust associated with a protein measurement depends on the similarity of ratios from different peptides and the signal level of these measurements. A mathematically rigorous approach called BACIQ, that integrates peptide intensities and peptide-measurement agreement into confidence intervals for protein ratios has emerged. The TKO standard can be used to assess interference

A tandem mass tag (TMT) is a chemical label used for mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification and identification of biological macromolecules such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. TMT belongs to a family of reagents referred to as isobaric mass tags. They provide an alternative to gel- or antibody-based quantification but may also be used in combination with these and other methods. In addition to aiding in protein quantification, TMT tags can also increase the detection sensitivity of certain highly hydrophilic analytes, such as phosphopeptides, in RPLC-MS analyses.


Plot.

Famous German stage actress Emmy Ritter (Alla Nazimova) is held in a Nazi concentration camp. She is scheduled to be executed soon, but the sympathetic camp doctor, Ditten (Philip Dorn), has been a fan since childhood and offers to deliver a letter from her to her children...afterwards.  Emmy's son Mark Preysing (Robert Taylor), an American citizen, travels to Germany in search of his mother, but nobody, not even frightened old family friends, want anything to do with him. A German official tells Mark that she has been arrested and advises him to return to the United States.  The postmark of a returned letter guides Mark to the region where she is being held. There, he meets by chance Countess Ruby von Treck (Norma Shearer), an American-born widow, but she also does not want to become involved, at least at first. Then, she asks her lover, General Kurt von Kolb (Conrad Veidt), about Emmy and learns that she has been judged a traitor in a secret trial and sentenced to death.  At a concert, Mark encounters Doctor Ditten, who takes the opportunity to deliver Emmy's letter. Then, Ditten drugs Emmy into a coma, making it appear as if she has died. He tells Mark what he has done. Mark sends longtime family servant Fritz Keller (Felix Bressart) to collect the coffin, but the American's nervousness raises the suspicion of the political police and he is brought to the camp for questioning. He is allowed to take his mother's body away.  When the road is blocked by snow, Mark is forced to find heat and shelter for his mother at the house of the countess. The next day, he meets von Kolb, who is jealous of the younger man. Later, when Mark and a disguised Emmy leave for the airport, von Kolb guesses what is happening (from Mark's earlier lack of reaction to the news of his mother's "death") and confronts the countess. She begs him not to interfere, but he is implacable. Knowing about his health problems, she taunts him with her love of Mark, which provokes him into having a heart attack, giving her new friends time to escape.

Box office.

According to MGM records, the film earned $2,364,000 at the box office, resulting in a profit of $345,000.

Escape is a 1940 drama film about an American in pre-World War II Nazi Germany who discovers his mother is in a concentration camp and tries desperately to free her. It starred Norma Shearer, Robert Taylor, Conrad Veidt and Alla Nazimova. It was adapted from the novel of the same name by Grace Zaring Stone.


Playing career.

After graduating from Ann Arbor Huron High School, Squires played for Western Michigan University from 2008–12.  In his first year with the Broncos, Squires played in 41 games and was named a CCHA All-Rookie Team Honorable Mention for his efforts. In February, while playing on a line with senior Patrick Galivan, Squires was the CCHA's top scoring rookie, earning him Rookie of the Month honors. He had also been named Rookie of the Month for January as well.  In his junior year, he played in all 42 games of the season and finished fourth on the team in points with 28. He helped guide the Broncos to the 2011 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament where he assisted on the overtime goal that helped send the Broncos to the Semifinals for the first time in 17 years. He also assisted in the 5–2 win over the University of Michigan in the CCHA Semifinals to help the Broncos reach the CCHA Championship Finals for the first time since 1986. The Broncos later lost to Miami in the CCHA Championship game, with Squires picking up one assist.  Following his collegiate career, Squires signed an ECHL contract with the Stockton Thunder. After playing two games, Squires joined the Starbulls Rosenheim for the 2012–13 season. After one season with Rosenheim, Squires joined the Bietigheim Steelers for the 2013–14 season. Moving on from the German league, Squires joined IK Oskarshamn of the HockeyAllsvenskan in 2014. Squires later joined the Swedish Hockey League's Örebro HK for the 2015–16 season.  Despite agreeing to a contract extension with Örebro, Squires agreed to join the Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League in April 2017. On October 11, 2019, Squires signed a contract with HC TPS.

Gregory Squires (born July 6, 1988) is an American professional ice hockey winger who currently plays for the Ticino Rockets of the Swiss League (SL) while under contract with HC Lugano of the National League (NL).


Words.

The following are taken from Sharp's "English Folk-Carols" (1911), the publication that first established the current words and melody:

Origin.

The words of the carol occur in three broadsides published in Birmingham in the early nineteenth century.  An early mention of the carol's title occurs in William Hone's 1823 work "Ancient Mysteries Described", which includes "The holly and the ivy, now are both well grown" among an alphabetical list of "Christmas Carols, now annually printed" that were in the author's possession.  The complete words of the carol are found in a book review dating from 1849, in which the reviewer suggested using the text of "The Holly and the Ivy" in place of one of the readings found in the book under discussion. The anonymous reviewer introduced the lyrics of carol thus:  The words of the carol were included in Sylvester's 1861 collection "A Garland of Christmas Carols" where it is claimed to originate from "an old broadside, printed a century and a half since" [i.e. around 1711]: Husk's 1864 "Songs of the Nativity" also includes the carol, stating: "Early English Lyrics" by Chambers and Sidgwick, published in 1907, repeats Husk's statement.

Music.

The usual melody for the carol was first published in Cecil Sharp's 1911 collection "English Folk-Carols". Sharp states that he heard the tune sung by "Mrs. Mary Clayton, at Chipping Campden". Sharp's manuscript transcription of Clayton's singing of the third verse, dated "Jan 13th 1909", is archived in the Cecil Sharp Manuscript Collection at Clare College, Cambridge and viewable online. The melody is notable in being confined to the notes of the hexachord. The words have also been sung to other folk melodies, with three further tunes having been collected in Gloucestershire alone.  The early nineteenth-century sources do not provide music for the carol. Several late nineteenth-century collections set the words to "old French carol" in D minor.

Cultural background.

Holly, especially the variety found in Europe, is commonly referenced at Christmastime, and is often referred to by the name "Christ's thorn". Since medieval times the plant has carried a Christian symbolism, as expressed in this popular Christmas carol "The Holly and the Ivy", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents His mother, the Virgin Mary. Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:  Holly and ivy figure in the lyrics of the "Sans Day Carol". The music was first published by Cecil Sharp. Sir Henry Walford Davies wrote a popular choral arrangement that is often performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols and by choirs around the world Henry VIII wrote a love song "Green Groweth the Holly" which alludes to holly and ivy resisting winter blasts and not changing their green hue "So I am and ever hath been Unto my lady true".  Hone's 1823 "Ancient Mysteries Described", which lists the carol's title as mentioned above, also describes (p 94) a British Museum manuscript: "The same volume contains a song on the Holly and the Ivy which I mention because there is an old Carol on the same subject still printed. The MS begins with",  "The Holly and the Ivy" is also related to an older carol described by Sharp as: "The Contest of the Ivy and the Holly", a contest between the traditional emblems of woman and man respectively.

"The Holly and the Ivy" is a traditional British folk Christmas carol. The song is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 514.


History.

On April 14, 2010, a fireball from outer space streaked across several Midwestern states and landed outside of Mifflin. The highly publicized Mifflin fireball, as it is now known, has produced several pounds of meteorites, and was featured on The Science Channel's "Meteorite Men." The meteorite has been studied and classified as a L5 chondrite by scientists at the University of Wisconsin.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 50.7 square miles (131.3 km2), all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 617 people, 201 households, and 163 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.2 people per square mile (4.7/km2). There were 209 housing units at an average density of 4.1 per square mile (1.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.51% White, 0.16% African American, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49% of the population.  There were 201 households out of which 47.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.1% were married couples living together, 2.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.47.  In the town, the population was spread out with 35.0% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $42,083, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $23,409 versus $21,806 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,129. About 5.1% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Mifflin is a town in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 617 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Mifflin is located in the town. The extinct community of Dallas was located in the town.


Life and career.

William Archibald Spooner was born on 22 July 1844 at 17 Chapel Street, Grosvenor Place, London. He was the eldest son of William Spooner and Jane Lydia Spooner. He was educated at Oswestry School (where he was a contemporary of Frederick Gustavus Burnaby) and New College, Oxford, where he was the first non-Wykehamist to become an undergraduate.  He was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1872 and priest in 1875. In 1878, he became chaplain to Archbishop Archibald Tait.  William Spooner married Frances Wycliffe Goodwin on 12 September 1878. He had five children: William Wycliffe, Frances Catharine, Rosemary, Ellen Maxwell, and Agnes Mary.  Spooner remained at New College for more than sixty years, serving as fellow (1867), lecturer (1868), tutor (1869), dean (1876–1889) and warden (1903–1924). He lectured on ancient history, divinity and philosophy (especially on Aristotle's ethics).  Spooner was well liked and respected, described as "an albino, small, with a pink face, poor eyesight, and a head too large for his body". It was said that "his reputation was that of a genial, kindly, hospitable man." In the opinion of Roy Harrod, Spooner exceeded all the heads of Oxford and Cambridge colleges he had known "having regard to his scholarship, devotion to duty, and wisdom."  Spooner died on 29 August 1930 and was buried in the cemetery at Grasmere in Cumbria.

Spoonerisms.

Spooner has become famous for his (real or alleged) "spoonerisms", plays on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched. Few, if any, of his own spoonerisms were deliberate, and many of those attributed to him are apocryphal. Spooner is said to have disliked the reputation gained for getting his words muddled.  "The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations" (3rd edition, 1979) lists only one substantiated spoonerism: "The weight of rages will press hard upon the employer." In a 1930 interview, Spooner himself admitted to uttering "Kinkering Congs Their Titles Take" (Conquering Kings...) Spooner called this hymn out from the pulpit in 1879.  Many other quotations, "probable and improbable, were invented" and attributed to Spooner, including:  Spooner is supposed to have committed other absent-minded gaffes. He was said to have invited a don to tea, "to welcome Stanley Casson, our new archaeology Fellow". "But, sir," the man replied, "I "am" Stanley Casson". "Never mind," Spooner said, "Come all the same."  On his death, "The Times" recorded that "He was not afraid of conversation."

William Archibald Spooner (22 July 1844 – 29 August 1930) was a long-serving Oxford don. He was most notable for his absent-mindedness, and for supposedly mixing up the syllables in a spoken phrase, with unintentionally comic effect. Such phrases became known as spoonerisms, and are often used humorously. Many spoonerisms have been invented and attributed to Spooner.


Description.

The relief is carved in the living rock at a height of some 1.5 metres above the ground. It has a total height of 1.3 metres. In a niche finished with a conch-shaped top, the image of a woman is found, who can be identified as the goddess Athena thanks to the inscription, among other things. On both sides the niche is formed from blocky pilasters, topped by wide capitals. The goddess is dressed in a peplos, the "apoptygma", or upper layer, of which is bound by a girdle at the waist. On the lower part, the robe is tightly fitted to her body, such that her calves are clearly visible underneath. The material covers up her ankles and feet, at the sides of it wrinkle lines go from it to the ground.  The right arm of the figure is raised and holds a lance. Her left, pointing down to the ground, holds a shield on edge. The lance rests on a column, which connects directly to the left pilaster. A snake winds around the lance and column, with its lower end reaching along the ground to Athena's feet. The head and mane of a bridled horse can be seen above the shield and left arm of the goddess and its hindquarters disappear behind her right arm. On the right pilaster there is a star, a crescent moon and a thunderbolt to be seen. Between the moon and the thunderbolt, traces of a servered head can be made out. Similar traces are found to the left of the left pilaster, which is itself undecorated. To the right of the righthand limit of the image, a symbol has been engraved, consisting of a stand with two crescent moons on top and a ball with star. Serra Durugönül, who investigated the Cilician rock reliefs in the 1980s, thought this was a candelabrum, that is a cult object, to be interpreted as a simplified depiction of a Jewish menorah.  Between the lance on the left and the female figure an inscription of 13 lines is engraved in a narrow field. In it the goddess is referred to as ΑΘΗΝΑ ΚΡΙΣΟΑ (Athena Krisoa);. The epithet ΚΡΙΣΟΑ, derived from a place name, indicates a local variant of the divinity, but the place connected with the epithet cannot yet be located. It would certainly have been found in the north of Rough Cilica, however. The same epithet shows up in another inscription in the area and in both inscriptions Athena is also referred to as ΟΡΕΙΑ (Oreia, meaning "mountaindweller")

Interpretation and Dating.

The depiction of the goddess corresponds to the Athena Parthenos type, modelled on Phidias' free-standing statue in the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. Numerous imitations of this statue were made even in ancient times - another one has also been found in Cilicia. Similarities with Phidias' original include, above all, the clothing, the shield and the column standing on the left. In the original statue, this was a support of the right hand, in which Athena held Nike. Even though this no longer has a function, since this statue is carved in relief and doesn't hold Nike, the artist was unwilling to omit this characteristic attribute.  Particularly on account of the type of clam-shell vault of the relief, Durugönül identified two possible dates for the creation of the relief. The first would be the time of the Emperors Claudius and Nero in the 1st century, the second would be the period after Hadrian in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. She inclines to the second, dating the relief to the 2nd century, on the basis of comparison with other rock reliefs of Asia Minor, among which is that of a moongod at Sumatar Harabesi in Osrhoene, which an inscription dates after 165.

The Athena relief of Sömek is a Greco-Roman rock relief, located some two kilometres north of the village of Sömek in Silifke district of Mersin province in Turkey, near the valley of the Limonlu river, the ancient Lamos. In antiquity, the river formed the border between "Rugged Cilicia" (Kilikia Tracheia) in the west and "Flat Cilicia" (Kilikia Pedias) in the east.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 21.5 square miles (55.7 km2), all of it land.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census Indio Hills had a population of 972. The population density was 45.2 people per square mile (17.4/km2). The racial makeup of Indio Hills was 542 (55.8%) White, 6 (0.6%) African American, 15 (1.5%) Native American, 5 (0.5%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 391 (40.2%) from other races, and 12 (1.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 657 people (67.6%).  The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.  There were 304 households, 117 (38.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 160 (52.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 18 (5.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 37 (12.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 14 (4.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 (1.3%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 74 households (24.3%) were one person and 20 (6.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.20. There were 215 families (70.7% of households); the average family size was 3.91.  The age distribution was 257 people (26.4%) under the age of 18, 90 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 257 people (26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 283 people (29.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 85 people (8.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 34.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.4 males. There were 358 housing units at an average density of 16.6 per square mile, of the occupied units 246 (80.9%) were owner-occupied and 58 (19.1%) were rented.The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 14.7%. 809 people (83.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 163 people (16.8%) lived in rental housing units.

Indio Hills is a census-designated place in Riverside County, California. Indio Hills sits at an elevation of. The 2010 United States census reported Indio Hills's population was 972.


Origin and early life.

Khalid was born in Damascus. He was a member of the Tihamite Qasr clan, a subtribe of the Bajila, of which his great-grandfather Asad ibn Kurz al-Qasri is said by some traditions to have been the chief in the times of Muhammad, and is accounted as one of the Prophet's Companions. Other traditions, however, hostile to Khalid, report that Asad was a runaway Jewish slave. Khalid's grandfather Yazid was an early and prominent supporter of the Umayyads in the First Fitna, while Khalid's father Abdallah sided with Ibn al-Zubayr in the Second Fitna, but was eventually pardoned by the Caliph Abd al-Malik (). Khalid's mother was a Christian.  Khalid possibly served as governor of Rayy in 702, but his first secure appointment is as governor of Mecca. The dates of this appointment are unclear, as al-Tabari mentions his appointment twice in 707/8 and 709/10, under al-Walid I (), but other traditions report that he held the post already under Abd al-Malik in 705. Similarly, although his tenure is held to have ended with the accession of Sulayman in 715, the historian al-Azraqi reports traditions that he continued to govern Mecca into Sulayman's reign. His governorship of Mecca is remembered chiefly for acts such as the decoration of the Kaaba with gold or measures to regulate the local cult, such as the segregation of genders during the "tawaf". Khalid also constructed a fountain, at the behest of the Caliph, to serve the pilgrims, and boasted of its superiority to the bitter water of the sacred Zamzam Well. During this time he also reportedly proclaimed that he would be willing, as a measure of his loyalty to the dynasty, if the Caliph so ordered, to tear down the Kaaba and transport it to Jerusalem.

Governorship of Iraq.

After his dismissal from Mecca, he is next mentioned as one of the two envoys sent by Caliph Yazid II () to the former governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, hoping to prevent his rebellion. In 724, on the accession of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (), Khalid was himself appointed as governor of Iraq, replacing Umar ibn Hubayra. His authority extended over the entire eastern Caliphate, except for Khurasan, which was sometimes separated from Iraq's authority. When Khurasan was under his jurisdiction, he appointed his brother, Asad, to its governorship (725–727 and 734–738).  As his native Bajila tribe was relatively weak and unaligned in the pervasive conflict between the Qays and Yaman tribal groups of the period, Khalid's appointment to Iraq may have been a move designed to calm the situation there, which had been exacerbated by the brutal suppression of the Muhallabid rebellion by the Qaysi Syro-Jaziran army and the subsequent solidly Qaysi regime of Ibn Hubayra. In the event, however, this backfired: the Qaysis resented Khalid for his replacement of their champion, Ibn Hubayra, while the Yamanis themselves did not support him wholeheartedly, even though he staffed his administration with Yamanis; it was only his replacement in 738 with another Qaysi governor, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, that confirmed Khalid as a "Yamani" governor in the later tradition.  Details of his long tenure are relatively unknown. With the exception of the suppression of a Kharijite revolt of Bahlul ibn Bishr al-Shaybani in the north and a Shi'ite extremist movement of al-Mughira ibn Sa'id in Kufa and of Wazir al-Sikhtiyani in al-Hirah in 737, his governorship seems to have been generally peaceful. He is also held responsible for the execution of Ja'd ibn Dirham, a "rather shadowy figure associated with a variety of religious doctrines" (Hawting). During this tenure, Khalid undertook extensive irrigation and land reclamation projects, from which he amassed a huge fortune. His governorship was also marked by the minting of high-quality coinage, by increasing, at the orders of Hisham, the weight of the silver "dirham" from six to seven "daniqs". After his dismissal, this change was reverted. Khalid is also accused by some later traditions of having been ambivalent or even hostile towards Islam. He is presented as a sceptic or atheist ("zindiq") and favourably disposed towards the non-Muslim groups, especially the Christians: he is derisively called "Ibn Nasraniyya" on account of his maternal ties to Christians, and is said to have commented on Christianity's superiority to Islam, derided the "huffaz", and to have built a church for his mother near the mosque at Kufa.

Dismissal and death.

The reasons for Khalid's dismissal in 738 are obscure. Sources suggest that Hisham became jealous of Khalid's wealth, but the real motive seems to have been Qaysi pressure to relieve him. Khalid certainly was taken by surprise by the arrival of his replacement, Yusuf ibn Umar. Yusuf immediately imprisoned Khalid and his sons, and tortured his predecessor to extract his wealth, a practice common during hand-overs of governorships at the time. After eighteen months, Khalid was released and went to Hisham's capital Rusafa and then to his native Damascus. However, after Hisham died in early 743, his successor al-Walid II () sold Khalid back to Yusuf ibn Umar for 50 million "dirhams". Yusuf again tortured him until Khalid died, an act which further exacerbated the Qays–Yaman feud and led to the downfall of al-Walid II.  Of Khalid's sons, Yazid became a partisan of Yazid III during the Third Fitna and was executed by Marwan II (), while Muhammad joined the Abbasid armies and served as governor of Mecca and Medina.

Khālid ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Qasrī (; died 743) was an Arab who served the Umayyad Caliphate as governor of Mecca in the 8th century and of Iraq from 724 until 738. The latter post, entailing as it did control over the entire eastern Caliphate, made him one of the most important officials during the crucial reign of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. He is most notable for his support of the Yaman tribes in the conflict with the Qays who dominated the administration of Iraq and the East under his predecessor and successor. Following his dismissal, he was twice imprisoned and tortured by his successor, dying as a result in 743.


History.

Cyta has provided mobile telephony service since 1988.  It has provided Internet access since 1995 under the Cytanet brand and it now offers broadband services DSL Access. Branded as miVision then, Cyta entered in 2004 the digital and interactive television market. The service has been renamed Cytavision.  In the article CEL and Startup Europe promote opportunities, which appeared in the hard copy of Cyprus Mail of 15 August 2014, CYTA is written as CyTA. The article refers to an event hosted in the CyTA hall in Nicosia.  It currently operates under the name Cytamobile-Vodafone, following a Network Partnership Agreement with Vodafone in 2004.

Operations.

Nowadays, Cyta provides a broad range of services and facilities for voice and data applications in both fixed and mobile telephony. Particular emphasis is placed on the provision of value added services, such as content/multimedia via the Internet which, according to industry projections, will be the dominant business activity of the next decade.  Building on its role as a telecommunications hub in the South-Eastern Mediterranean, Cyta expanded its operations in the Greek market, offering broadband Internet and fixed telephony services in specific areas of Greece, with plans for further expansion in the future. It also operates in the British market, under the brand Cyta UK, offering "tailored network solutions" to customers based on the IP-MPLS platform. Central and Eastern Europe are markets that have also been targeted.  In recent years and following Cyprus’ accession to the European Union in 2004, Cyta faced a number of challenges with regards to the legal implications and regulations of operating within the European Bloc, the fierce competition this brings as well as the ever-changing developments in telecommunications.

Services.

The company covers the whole country with digital PSTN, ISDN, DSL and FTTH services. Cyta is offering fixed telephony, Internet service (Cytanet), mobile telephony (Cytamobile-Vodafone) and Pay TV (Cytavision).

CYTA Ltd. (; short for "Cyprus Telecommunication Authority"; ) is the telecommunications provider of Cyprus. The Cyprus Telecommunications Authority (Cyta), a semi-governmental organisation incorporated by law, is the leading provider of Integrated Electronic Communications in Cyprus. Originally established as Cyprus Inland Telecommunications Authority (CITA) in 1955, it was renamed Cyta in 1961 after taking control of external communications from Cable and Wireless Ltd.


History.

White Water, still a populated place on the west bank of the Whitewater River, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Palm Springs. It began as rest and watering place for travelers on the Bradshaw Trail between San Bernardino and La Paz Arizona Territory in 1862. With the start of the Colorado River Gold Rush the trail was created to ship goods and allow people to cross the desert to the new boom towns on the Colorado River and the interior of Arizona Territory. White Water got its name from the White Water Station a stagecoach station that was located there on the Bradshaw Trail. The settlement at White Water remained as a stop on the road into the Coachella Valley and to other desert regions to the east as it does today.

Geography.

Whitewater is located at (33.924203 N, 116.644453 W) and is named for the nearby Whitewater River. The wind farm is located near the I-10 exit at (33.914456 N, 116.743897 W). The area has nearly constant wind due to the venturi effect created by the San Bernardino Mountains to the north and the San Jacinto Mountains to the south, resulting in perfect conditions for the wind farm.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 9.9 square miles (25.6 km2), all of it land.

Climate.

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Whitewater has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

The 2010 United States Census reported that Whitewater had a population of 859. The population density was 87.0 people per square mile (33.6/km2). The racial makeup of Whitewater was 636 (74%) White, 37 (4%) African American, 31 (4%) Native American, 21 (2%) Asian, 0 (0%) Pacific Islander, 97 (11%) from other races, and 37 (4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 267 persons (31%).  The Census reported that 859 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.  There were 312 households, out of which 111 (36%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 116 (37%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 49 (16%) had a female householder with no husband present, 32 (10%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 35 (11%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 11 (4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 82 households (26%) were made up of individuals and 26 (8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75. There were 197 families (63% of all households); the average family size was 3.33.  The population was spread out with 219 people (26%) under the age of 18, 74 people (9%) aged 18 to 24, 239 people (28%) aged 25 to 44, 242 people (28%) aged 45 to 64, and 85 people (10%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.8 males.  There were 405 housing units at an average density of 41.0 per square mile (15.8/km2), of which 235 (75%) were owner-occupied, and 77 (25%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 10%; the rental vacancy rate was 21%. 606 people (71% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 253 people (30%) lived in rental housing units.

Whitewater (formerly, White Water) is a census-designated place in Riverside County, California. It is directly off Interstate 10 halfway between North Palm Springs and Cabazon on the way from Palm Springs to Los Angeles. It is known as the site of the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm. The ZIP Code is 92282, and the community is inside area code 760. The population was 859 at the 2010 census. The elevation is.


Early life.

Wadsworth was born in Geneseo, New York on August 12, 1877. He was the son of New York State Comptroller James Wolcott Wadsworth (1846–1926) and Louisa (née Travers) Wadsworth (1848–1931).  His paternal grandparents were Union General James S. Wadsworth and Mary Craig (née Wharton) Wadsworth (1814–1874). His grandfather built a 13,000 square-foot house in Geneseo in 1835.  Wadsworth attended St. Mark's School, then graduated from Yale in New Haven, Connecticut in 1898, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.

Career.

After Yale, he served as a private in the Volunteer Army in the Puerto Rican Campaign during the Spanish–American War. Upon leaving the Army, he entered the livestock and farming business, first in New York and then Texas.  He became active early in Republican politics. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Livingston Co.) in 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1910; and was Speaker from 1906 to 1910.  In 1911, while Wadsworth was on a European tour, he met his aunt, Cornelia Wadsworth Ritchie Adair (1837–1921), the widow of Irish businessman John George Adair. She maintained residences at Glenveagh Castle in Ireland and at the JA Ranch in the Texas Panhandle that her husband had financed. Mrs. Adair invited Wadsworth to become general manager of the JA, located southeast of Amarillo. The ranch was begun by her second husband, John "Jack" Adair (hence the initials "JA"), and his partner, the legendary Texas cattleman Charles Goodnight. Wadsworth accepted his aunt's offer and ran the ranch until 1915, when he took his U.S. Senate seat. He once joked that he "had no change of clothes for twelve days and fully expected the Board of Health to be after me." Wadsworth was succeeded as JA manager by Timothy Dwight Hobart.  In 1912, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Republican ticket with Job. E. Hedges, but was defeated. In 1914, at the first popular election for the U.S. Senate (until 1911, the U.S. senators had been elected by the New York State Legislature), Wadsworth defeated Democrat James W. Gerard (the incumbent United States Ambassador to Germany) and Progressive Bainbridge Colby. Wadsworth was the Senate Minority Whip in 1915 because the Democrats held the majority of Senate seats. He was re-elected in 1920, but defeated by Democrat Robert F. Wagner in 1926. In 1921, Wadsworth was considered for the post of Secretary of War by President Warren G. Harding but was ultimately passed over in favor of John W. Weeks.  Wadsworth was a proponent of individual rights and feared what he considered the threat of federal intervention into the private lives of Americans. He believed that the only purpose of the United States Constitution is to limit the powers of government and to protect the rights of citizens. For this reason, he voted against the Eighteenth Amendment when it was before the Senate. Before Prohibition went into effect, Wadsworth predicted that there would be widespread violations and contempt for the law.  By the mid-1920s, Wadsworth was one of a handful of congressmen who spoke out forcefully and frequently against prohibition. He was especially concerned that citizens could be prosecuted by both state and federal officials for a single violation of prohibition law. This seemed to him to constitute double jeopardy, inconsistent with the spirit if not the letter of the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment in criminal cases prevents two trials for the same offense in the same level of court, not two trials for the same charge in separate state and national jurisdictions.  In 1926, he joined the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment and made 131 speeches across the country for the organization between then and repeal. His political acumen and contacts proved valuable in overturning prohibition.  He served in the U.S. House from 1933 to 1951, and, like Alton Lennon, Garrett Withers, Claude Pepper, Hugh Mitchell, and Matthew M. Neely, is one of the few modern Senators to serve later in the House of Representatives. In the House of Representatives he opposed the isolationism of many of his conservative Republican colleagues, opposed anti-lynching legislation on state's rights grounds, rejected minimum wage laws and most of FDR's domestic policy. Although Wadsworth never ran for president, his name was mentioned as a possible candidate in 1936 and 1944.  A confidential 1943 analysis of the House Foreign Affairs Committee by Isaiah Berlin for the British Foreign Office described Wadsworth as  He was a hereditary companion of Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and was also a member of the United Spanish War Veterans.

Personal life.

Wadsworth was married to Alice Evelyn Hay (1880–1960). She was the daughter of former United States Secretary of State John Hay under President Theodore Roosevelt. Through her sister Helen Hay Whitney, she was the aunt of John Hay Whitney, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Alice, who opposed women's suffrage, served as president of the National Association Opposed to Women Suffrage, which Wadsworth also opposed. Together, they were the parents of:  Wadsworth died on June 21, 1952 in Washington, D.C. He was buried in Temple Hill Cemetery in Geneseo.

Descendants.

Through his daughter Evelyn, he was the grandfather of James Wadsworth Symington (b. 1927), who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri as a Democrat.  Through his son James, he was the grandfather of Alice Wadsworth (1928–1998) who was married to Trowbridge Strong (1925–2001) in 1948 at the home of Wadsworth's grandfather, General James Wadsworth.

James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. (August 12, 1877June 21, 1952) was a Republican politician from New York. He was the son of New York State Comptroller James Wolcott Wadsworth, and the grandson of Union General James S. Wadsworth.


Background.

Howard was born into a political family, the son of Pierre DuVinage Howard (1912-1976) and Caroline Ridley Howard (1913-2013). His great-grandfather, Thomas Coke Howard, was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives. His grandfather, William S. Howard served in the Georgia House, as well as the U.S. House of Representatives. Howard attended the University of Georgia, where he was captain of the tennis team and president of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa and went on to receive a law degree from the University of Georgia. In 1974, Howard married Nancy Barnes. They have two children, Christopher and Caroline.

State Senate.

Howard entered politics in 1972. He was elected to the Georgia State Senate, representing DeKalb County's 42nd district. He was subsequently re-elected eight times, serving a total of 18 years, until 1990. During his tenure in the Senate, Howard served eight years as assistant floor leader for Governor George Busbee and 16 years as chairman of the Senate Human Resources Committee.

Lieutenant governor.

In 1990, Howard ran for the office of Lieutenant Governor. The metro Atlanta attorney targeted rural voters, with a campaign that reimaged the candidate with humor, stressing his "Southernness" with the slogan "Pierre is French for Bubba". In that race he defeated State Senator Joe Kennedy in the Democratic primary then subsequently beat Republican nominee Matt Towery. Later, in March 2000 the two former political rivals formed InsiderAdvantage.com. Howard was elected to a four-year term and was re-elected in 1994. Howard focused on critical issues concerning Georgia families throughout his political career (i.e. graduated licenses and zero tolerance for drinking and driving for teens).

Campaign for governor.

In 1997, Howard announced his intention to run for governor. He was considered by many to be the front-runner for the Democratic nomination. However, prior to the primary election, after having raised over $1 million in campaign contributions, Howard abruptly exited the race, due to family concerns. Campaign funds were returned to contributors.

Honor.

The Interstate 285 and Interstate 20 interchange in DeKalb County, Georgia is named in his honor.

Pierre DuVinage Howard, Jr. (born February 3, 1943) is an American attorney and politician. He served as the ninth Lieutenant Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. His first name is pronounced like "pier".