Plot.

The film begins in 1933. Students at Kyoto Imperial University protest the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Prominent professor Yagihara (Denjiro Okochi) is relieved of his post because of his views against fascism. The professor's daughter Yukie (Setsuko Hara) is courted by two of her father's students: Ryukichi Noge (Susumu Fujita) and Itokawa (Akitake Kôno). Itokawa is equable and moderate while Noge is fiery and a radical leftist. Although she fights with him vigorously, Yukie is eventually drawn toward Noge.  Noge disappears following an anti-militarist student protest, the result of being arrested and spending four years in jail. By the time Itokawa, now a prosecutor for the government, tells Yukie of Noge's whereabouts, he has been out of jail for a year. He warns her that he is a changed man and no longer how Yukie remembered him.  Itokawa brings Noge over to the Yagihara residence. During dinner, Professor Yagihara mentions that Noge would not have been released unless the government was convinced that Noge had "converted" from his radical ways. Noge confirms this and says that Itokawa vouched for him and had even found him a job in the army.  After realizing that Noge has changed from his days at university, Yukie excuses herself from the dinner table and locks herself in her room. Her mother eventually tells her that the young men are leaving. Yukie is reluctant to see them out, but once her mother tells her that Noge is leaving for China she decides to see Noge one last time to say goodbye.  After Noge's departure, Yukie begins to pack for Tokyo and has a deep conversation with her father. For three years in Tokyo, Yukie works in menial jobs to get by. One day she runs into Itokawa and is told that Noge is in the city. She goes to Noge's offices, but is reluctant to reconnect. Yukie is shown outside of the offices several times until eventually Noge notices her. They spend several years together and get married.  Yukie discovers that Noge is involved in dangerous and illegal activities, but they agree that she should not know exactly what they are. Noge is arrested the night before his plans are to go into effect. Yukie is interrogated, but she proffers no information. She is treated badly during the interrogations but Itokawa is eventually able to free her.  Her parents take the train into Tokyo where Yukie's father meets up with Itokawa, thanks him for what he has done and informs him that he intends to represent Noge in court. Itokawa mournfully responds that Noge died the night before. Yukie is crushed. She brings his ashes to his parents, farmers in the countryside, and tells them she is his wife. Noge's father rejects her, believing that she has come to mock them because their son was convicted of being a spy but Yukie stays and works the rice fields with them. They are scorned and harassed in their village, and Yukie tries to convince them of her sincerity and that their son was a good man. The work in the rice fields is hard on her, but she is determined to prove her mettle, even to the point of working through a severe fever.  The night that Yukie and her mother-in-law finally finish planting all of the fields, the neighbors sneak in and destroy their work. When Yukie mourns the vandalism, Noge's father finally accept her and their son is redeemed in their eyes. At the end of the war, Professor Yagihara is reinstated and Noge is honored for his antiwar efforts. Yukie returns to Kyoto to visit her parents. Yukie's mother invites her to stay since it seems her daughter has achieved her goal: Noge's parents are no longer ashamed of their son. However, Yukie now feels more comfortable planting rice than playing the piano, and sees the value in the social work that still must be done in the village so she returns to Noge's parents.

Reissues.

The Criterion Collection published a DVD of the film in its Eclipse series. It is available to view for free in some US cities via the Kanopy website.

The film stars Setsuko Hara, Susumu Fujita, Takashi Shimura and Denjirō Ōkōchi. Fujita's character was inspired by the real-life Hotsumi Ozaki, who assisted the famous Soviet spy Richard Sorge and so became the only Japanese citizen to suffer the death penalty for treason during World War II. The film is in black-and-white and runs 110 minutes.


History.

There was a settlement at the location of today's road from the time of the Roman Empire. When the foundations for the "Germania Fischhallen" were dug in 1905, numerous vessels and remains of walls from Roman and medieval times were found. Excavations to reroute a sewer in 2014 found a Roman iron smelting fire-pit in the street. The street was named Hurengasse in the Middle Ages and early modern times, referring to brothels in the street during the period. The location of the "pleasure trade" in the street was probably due to its close proximity to the two spa districts on the Büchel and in Komphausbadstrasse. It was renamed to Antoniusstraße in 1872 after the City Council obtained royal approval. It is named after Saint Anthony of Padua, who campaigned for the poor and for prostitutes.  In addition to prostitution, Antoniusstraße has been home to other companies over the years. A chemical factory, set up by the pharmacist Johann Peter Joseph Monheim and operated by his son Viktor Monheim and grandson Johannes Theodor Monheim, caught fire on June 29, 1883 and triggered a large fire that also affected Aachen Town Hall. The largest Aachen company for the production of fine papers, the stationers "Frehn" had its headquarters at 29 Antoniusstraße until the Second World War. The "Germania Fischhallenbuilt" by entrepreneur Wilhelm Frohn 1907. The building is currently used as a restaurant.  During the Second World War, the German Labour Front was the registered of the building No. 15.  The Aachen-born former professional boxer Klaus Gallwe is the property manager of the window-houses in Antoniusstraße.

Controversy.

The Antoniusstraße continues to be dominated by prostitutes offering their services from windows. Due to the location of the street in the middle of the pedestrian zone in the city centre, multiple attempts have been made to move prostitution out of the area. Access for emergency vehicles prevents privacy screens being set up at both ends of the street, such as in Hamburg's Herbertstrasse, and there is a screen only at one end. In 2009, former Lord Mayor Jürgen Linden proposed restricting prostitutes to half of the street. This was resisted by the owners of the windows and, amongst other reasons, cited the ever decreasing crime rate in the street in recent years.  In 2010, backed by local politicians, an investor also aimed to push back the red-light district. Apart from the FDP, which wants to move the entire brothel area, there is a bipartisan agreement to leave the red light district on Antoniusstraße. In 2017, new plans were drawn up to concentrate prostitution in a newly-built "Laufhaus" in the lower part of the street as part of a redevelopment of the area. The "Laufhaus" would be able to accommodate 120 prostitutes. This plan was opposed by some, including police commissioner Dirk Weinspach, who wanted to see prostitution move to the outskirts of the city.

The Antoniusstraße is one of the oldest streets of in the centre of Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is known for window prostitution.


Core doctrine.

Spinoza's metaphysics consists of one thing, Substance, and its modifications (modes). Early in "The Ethics" Spinoza argues that there is only one Substance, which is absolutely infinite, self-caused, and eternal. Substance causes an infinite number of attributes (the intellect perceiving an abstract concept or essence) and modes (things following from attributes and modes). He calls this Substance "God", or "Nature". In fact, he takes these two terms to be synonymous (in the Latin the phrase he uses is ""Deus sive Natura""), but readers often disregard his neutral monism. During his time, this statement was seen as literally equating the existing world with God - for which he was accused of atheism. Spinoza asserted that the whole of the natural universe is made of one Substance – God or Nature – and its modifications (modes).  One should, however, remember the neutral monist position. While the natural universe humans experience in the realm of mind and physical reality is part of God, it is only two attributes – thought and extension – that are part of infinite attributes emanating from God.  Spinoza's doctrine was considered radical at the time he published, and he was widely seen as the most infamous atheist-heretic of Europe. His philosophy was part of the philosophic debate in Europe during the Enlightenment, along with Cartesianism. Specifically, Spinoza disagreed with Descartes on substance duality, Descartes' views on the will and the intellect, and the subject of free will.  In Spinozism, the concept of a personal relationship with God comes from the position that one is a part of an infinite interdependent "organism." Spinoza argued that everything is a derivative of God, interconnected with all of existence. Although humans experience only thought and extension, what happens to one aspect of existence will affect others. Thus, Spinozism teaches a form of determinism and ecology, and uses these as a basis for morality.  Additionally, a core doctrine of Spinozism is that the universe is essentially deterministic. All that happens or will happen could not have unfolded in any other way. Spinoza claimed that the third kind of knowledge, intuition, is the highest kind. More specifically, he defined intuition as the ability of the human intellect to intuit knowledge based upon its accumulated understanding of the world.

Substance.

Spinoza defines "Substance" as follows:  This means, essentially, that Substance is just whatever can be thought of without relating it to any other idea or thing. For example, if one thinks of a particular object, one thinks of it as a kind of thing, "e.g.", "x" is a cat. Substance, on the other hand, is to be conceived of by itself, without understanding it as a particular kind of thing, because it is not a particular thing.

Attributes.

Spinoza defines "attribute" as follows:  From this it can be seen that Attributes are related to Substance. It is not clear, however, even from Spinoza's direct definition, whether, a) Attributes are really the way(s) Substance is, or b) Attributes are simply ways to understand Substance, but not necessarily the ways it really is. Spinoza thinks that there are an "infinite" number of Attributes, but there are two Attributes for which Spinoza thinks we can have knowledge. Namely, "thought" and "extension".

Thought.

The attribute of thought is how Substance can be understood to be composed of thoughts, "i.e.", thinking things. When we understand a particular thing through the Attribute of thought, we are understanding the mode as an "idea" of something (either another idea, or an object).

Extension.

The Attribute of extension is how Substance can be understood to be physically extended in space. Particular things that occupy space are what is meant by "extended". It follows from this that if Substance and God are identical, in Spinoza's view, and contrary to the traditional conception, God has extension as one of his Attributes.

Modes.

Modes are particular modifications of substance, "i.e.", particular things in the world. Spinoza gives the following definition:

Substance monism.

The argument for there only being one Substance (or, more colloquially, one kind of stuff) in the universe occurs in the first fourteen propositions of "The Ethics." The following proposition expresses Spinoza's commitment to substance monism:  Spinoza takes this proposition to follow directly from everything he says prior to it. Spinoza's monism is contrasted with Descartes' dualism and Leibniz's pluralism. Thus, Spinoza avoids the unsolvable problem of how mind and body interact, which troubled Descartes in his "Meditations on First Philosophy." Specifically, how can immaterial mind interface with material body, and vice-versa? They exist in wholly different categories.

Causality and modality.

The issue of causality and modality (possibility and necessity) in Spinoza's philosophy is contentious. Spinoza's philosophy is, in one sense, thoroughly deterministic (or necessitarian). This can be seen directly from Axiom 3 of "The Ethics":  Yet Spinoza seems to make room for a kind of freedom, especially in the fifth and final section of "The Ethics", ""On the Power of the Intellect, or on Human Freedom"":  So Spinoza certainly has a use for the word 'freedom', but he equates "Freedom of Mind" with "blessedness", a notion which is not traditionally associated with freedom of the will at all.

The principle of sufficient reason (PSR).

Though the PSR is most commonly associated with Gottfried Leibniz, it is arguably found in its strongest form in Spinoza's philosophy. Within the context of Spinoza's philosophical system, the PSR can be understood to unify causation and explanation. What this means is that for Spinoza, questions regarding the "reason" why a given phenomenon is the way it is (or exists) are always answerable, and are always answerable in terms of the relevant cause(s). This constitutes a rejection of teleological, or final causation, except possibly in a more restricted sense for human beings. Given this, Spinoza's views regarding causality and modality begin to make much more sense.

Parallelism.

Spinoza's philosophy contains as a key proposition the notion that mental and physical (thought and extension) phenomena occur in parallel, but without causal interaction between them. He expresses this proposition as follows:  His proof of this proposition is that:  The reason Spinoza thinks parallelism follows from this axiom is that, since the idea we have of each thing requires knowledge of its cause, such a cause must be understood under the same attribute. Further, there is only one substance, so whenever we understand some chain of ideas concerning things, we understand that the way the ideas are causally related must be the same as the way the things themselves are related, since the ideas and the things are both God's modes, but pertain to different attributes.

Pantheism controversy.

In 1785, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi published a condemnation of Spinoza's pantheism, after Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was thought to have confessed on his deathbed to being a "Spinozist", which was the equivalent in his time of being called a heretic. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended substance. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism. Moses Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi, saying that there is no actual difference between theism and pantheism. The entire issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time, which Immanuel Kant rejected, as he thought that attempts to conceive of transcendent reality would lead to antinomies (statements that could be proven both right and wrong) in thought.  The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late eighteenth-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them:  Spinoza's "God or Nature" ["Deus sive Natura"] provided a living, natural God, in contrast to the Newtonian mechanical "First Cause" or the dead mechanism of the French "Man Machine." Coleridge and Shelley saw in Spinoza's philosophy a "religion of nature" and called him the "God-intoxicated Man." Spinoza inspired the poet Shelley to write his essay "The Necessity of Atheism."  Spinoza was considered to be an atheist because he used the word "God" [Deus] to signify a concept that was different from that of traditional Judeo–Christian monotheism. "Spinoza expressly denies personality and consciousness to God; he has neither intelligence, feeling, nor will; he does not act according to purpose, but everything follows necessarily from his nature, according to law..." Thus, Spinoza's cool, indifferent God differs from the concept of an anthropomorphic, fatherly God who cares about humanity.

Modern interpretations.

German philosopher Karl Jaspers believed that Spinoza, in his philosophical system, did not mean to say that God and Nature are interchangeable terms, but rather that God's transcendence was attested by his infinitely many attributes, and that two attributes known by humans, namely Thought and Extension, signified God's "immanence". Even God under the attributes of thought and extension cannot be identified strictly with our world. That world is of course "divisible"; it has parts. But Spinoza insists that "no attribute of a substance can be truly conceived from which it follows that the substance can be divided" (Which means that one cannot conceive an attribute in a way that leads to division of substance), and that "a substance which is absolutely infinite is indivisible" ("Ethics", Part I, Propositions 12 and 13). Following this logic, our world should be considered as a mode under two attributes of thought and extension. Therefore, the pantheist formula "One and All" would apply to Spinoza only if the "One" preserves its transcendence and the "All" were not interpreted as the totality of finite things.  French philosopher Martial Guéroult suggested the term "panentheism", rather than "pantheism" to describe Spinoza's view of the relation between God and the world. The world is not God, but it is, in a strong sense, "in" God. Not only do finite things have God as their cause; they cannot be conceived without God. In other words, the world is a subset of God. American philosopher Charles Hartshorne, on the other hand, suggested the term "Classical Pantheism" to describe Spinoza's philosophy.  Speculative realism, a movement in post-continental philosophy, is highly indebted to spinozaist metaphysics.

Comparison to Eastern philosophies.

Similarities between Spinoza's philosophy and Eastern philosophical traditions have been discussed by many authorities. The 19th-century German Sanskritist Theodore Goldstücker was one of the early figures to notice the similarities between Spinoza's religious conceptions and the Vedanta tradition of India, writing that Spinoza's thought was "... a western system of philosophy which occupies a foremost rank amongst the philosophies of all nations and ages, and which is so exact a representation of the ideas of the Vedanta, that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus, did his biography not satisfy us that he was wholly unacquainted with their doctrines... We mean the philosophy of Spinoza, a man whose very life is a picture of that moral purity and intellectual indifference to the transitory charms of this world, which is the constant longing of the true Vedanta philosopher... comparing the fundamental ideas of both we should have no difficulty in proving that, had Spinoza been a Hindu, his system would in all probability mark a last phase of the Vedanta philosophy."  It has been said that Spinozism is similar to the Hindu doctrines of Samkhya and Yoga. Though within the various existing Indian traditions there exist many traditions which astonishingly had such similar doctrines from ages, out of which most similar and well known are the Kashmiri Shaivism and Nath tradition, apart from already existing Samkhya and Yoga.  Max Muller, in his lectures, noted the striking similarities between Vedanta and the system of Spinoza, saying "the Brahman, as conceived in the Upanishads and defined by Sankara, is clearly the same as Spinoza's 'Substantia'." Helena Blavatsky, a founder of the Theosophical Society also compared Spinoza's religious thought to Vedanta, writing in an unfinished essay "As to Spinoza's Deity – natura naturans – conceived in his attributes simply and alone; and the same Deity – as natura naturata or as conceived in the endless series of modifications or correlations, the direct outflowing results from the properties of these attributes, it is the Vedantic Deity pure and simple."

Spinozism (also spelled Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza that defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent Substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such.


Plot.

Paul, a projectionist in a Detroit theater, is reading about the 16th century disappearance of the Roanoke Colony when the lights suddenly go out. He finds that all the staff and patrons have vanished, leaving only their clothes behind. He comes across a security guard holding a flashlight; as Paul had a headlamp on for his reading, they deduce that people holding sources of light are protected against whatever dwells in the darkness. The guard's flashlight goes out, and he vanishes. As Paul investigates, his headlamp goes out as well.  The following morning, television reporter Luke Ryder wakes to find that the power is out. Leaving his apartment, the downtown streets are empty except for abandoned cars and piles of clothing. He reaches his television station, also abandoned, and finds a recording which shows his girlfriend vanishing on air when the lights go out. A live feed from Chicago shows a newscaster telling people to keep a light on themselves at all times.  Three days pass, and Luke is alone in the darkness, trying to scavenge flashlight batteries. He finds a bar powered by a portable generator, where the bartender's young son, James Leary, sits alone. James believes his mother is at a church down the street and will soon return. Luke explains that it is eleven in the morning, implying that the sun is no longer providing light.  Luke and James are later joined by Rosemary, a young mother whose baby disappeared with the blackout. On the third day of darkness, Paul appears in the street, suffering from a severe concussion. He reveals that he had been taken by the darkness, but his headlamp had re-activated and he reappeared. Paul tells them about the mystery of the Roanoke Colony, where over a hundred settlers disappeared overnight, and they seem to be experiencing the same thing. He tells them that the word "CROATOAN" was found carved into a fence post at the site of the empty colony.  With the generator running out of fuel and Paul needing medical help, Luke suggests going to Chicago, having seen the live video feed. He and Rosemary go into the street to retrieve one of the abandoned trucks. In the street, Rosemary ignores Luke's warnings that the sound of a baby crying is just the darkness trying to trick her. She is lured under a solitary street light, and disappears when the light goes out. Back at the bar, the generator runs low on fuel causing the lights to flicker. James, wearing a glow-stick necklace, is safe, but Paul vanishes.  Luke manages to push a truck back to the bar, and he escapes with James using the generator to get the truck started. As they pass the church up the block, James gets out to find his mother. Luke leaves, but returns after seeing the word "CROATOAN" carved into a sign. When Luke gets out of the truck at the church, the car battery dies, its lights go out and Luke disappears. James cowers in the church under the glow of candles which slowly start to burn out.  James wakes to daylight and sees the last candle had been burning all night. A little girl, Briana, appears and urges James to stay with her. She has survived thanks to a solar powered flashlight, although James is aware that eventually the sun will no longer provide light and the flashlight will die.  As they leave the church, they encounter a police horse eating spilled apples on the ground and decide to take it to Chicago. As the sun sets on the children leaving the city, the camera pans to the bar, casting the shadows of Luke, Paul and Rosemary watching the two leave as the darkness falls. As it gets dark, Briana's light comes on, ensuring their protection against the darkness as they begin their journey.

Production.

"Vanishing on 7th Street" is based on a screenplay by Anthony Jaswinski and is produced from Herrick Entertainment. The film is the eighth from director Brad Anderson and features Hayden Christensen, Thandie Newton and John Leguizamo in the lead roles. The shooting began on October 12, 2009 in Detroit.

Soundtrack.

The score is composed by Spanish song writer and composer Lucas Vidal and is his first theatrical feature film soundtrack, with songs written and executively produced by Howard Herrick.

Release.

The film was initially released for the Zune and Xbox Live members prior to its theatrical release. Shown in only six theaters across the United States, "Vanishing on 7th Street" was a total theatrical flop. The film grossed $22,197, roughly 1/450 of its estimated budget of $10,000,000. However, it made $1,045,953 outside of the United States, with over a quarter of this total coming from South Korea.

Reception.

"Vanishing on 7th Street" received mixed reviews., the film holds a 48% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 5.08/10. The LA Times review states "Writer Anthony Jaswinski's understated script starts with a belief that to frighten, you don't need to actually show the things that go bump in the night." Critics also found Anderson's work praiseworthy. It was noted that he infused a certain amount of energy and style to the film.  The film also earned criticism as several reviewers noted that it was unable to sustain interest throughout the narrative. While The New York Times, for instance, praised Anderson's direction, it faulted the story for having a promising start only to stumble later, finally culminating with a disappointing ending. A review also found the film excessively focused on its bickering characters instead of their escape from the encroaching darkness.

Vanishing on 7th Street is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic thriller film directed by Brad Anderson and starring Hayden Christensen, Thandie Newton and John Leguizamo.


Problem.

Traditionally, academic libraries have retained issues of scholarly journals, either individually or collaboratively, providing their readers access to the content received even after the publisher has ceased or the subscription has been canceled. In the digital age, libraries often subscribe to journals that are only available digitally over the Internet. Although convenient for patron access, the model for digital subscriptions does not allow the libraries to retain a copy of the journal. If the publisher ceases to publish, or the library cancels the subscription, or if the publisher's website is down for the day, the content that has been paid for is no longer available.

Methods.

The LOCKSS system allows a library, with permission from the publisher, to collect, preserve and disseminate to its patrons a copy of the materials to which it has subscribed as well as open access material (perhaps published under a Creative Commons license). Each library's system collects a copy using a specialized web crawler that verifies that the publisher has granted suitable permission. The system is format-agnostic, collecting whatever formats the publisher delivers via HTTP. Libraries which have collected the same material cooperate in a peer-to-peer network to ensure its preservation. Peers in the network vote on cryptographic hash functions of preserved content and a nonce; a peer that is outvoted regards its copy as damaged and repairs it from the publisher or other peers.  The LOCKSS license used by most publishers allows a library's readers access to its own copy, but does not allow similar access to other libraries or unaffiliated readers; the system does not support file sharing. On request, a library may supply another library with content to effect a repair, but only if the requesting library proved that in the past that it had a good copy by voting with the majority. If the reader's browser no longer supports the format in which the copy was collected, a "format migration process" can convert it to a current format. These limits on the use that may be made of preserved copies of copyright material have been effective in persuading copyright owners to grant the necessary permission.  The LOCKSS approach of selective collection with permission from the publisher, distributed storage, and restricted dissemination contrasts with, for example, the Internet Archive's approach of omnivorous collection without permission from the publisher, centralized storage, and unrestricted dissemination. The LOCKSS system is far smaller, but it can preserve subscription materials to which the Internet Archive has no access.  Since each library administers its own LOCKSS peer and maintains its own copy of preserved material, and since there are libraries doing so worldwide (see the list of participating libraries below), the system provides a much higher degree of replication than is usual in a fault-tolerant system. The voting process makes use of this high degree of replication to eliminate the need for backups to off-line media, and to provide robust defenses against attacks aimed at corrupting preserved content.

Importance.

In addition to preserving access, libraries have traditionally made it difficult to rewrite or suppress printed material. The existence of an indeterminate but large number of identical copies on a somewhat tamper-resistant medium under many independent administrations meant that attempts to alter or remove all copies of a published work would likely both fail and be detected. Web publishing, based on a single copy under a single administration, provides none of these safeguards against subversion. Web publishing is, therefore, an amenable tool for rewriting history. By preserving many copies under diverse administration, by automatically auditing the copies at intervals against each other (and, in the future, against the publisher's copy), and by alerting libraries when changes are detected, the LOCKSS system attempts to restore many of these safeguards in the now digital world of publication.

Implementation.

Prior to implementing a LOCKSS system, some questions need to be considered carefully in order to make sure the content is verified, evaluated, and auditable by users. The user must ask questions such as, "What are your procedures?", "What are your methods?", "How is this system evaluated?", and "What is your disaster preparedness program?". These questions will enable the user to evaluate the system, create a successful maintenance plan for their materials, and enable the system to be reinforced by a carefully evaluated support structure.  The source code for the entire LOCKSS system carries BSD-style open-source licenses and is available from GitHub. LOCKSS is a trademark of Stanford University.

The LOCKSS ("Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe") project, under the auspices of Stanford University, is a peer-to-peer network that develops and supports an open source system allowing libraries to collect, preserve and provide their readers with access to material published on the Web. Its main goal is digital preservation.


Career.

Jencks graduated from Harvard College in 1947 with a degree in English, and earned a Doctor of Medicine from Harvard University in 1951. He interned at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital. Jencks conducted his first postdoctoral research for two years with Fritz Lipmann at Harvard Medical School. Jencks was drafted into the Army Medical Corps and was assigned to the Army Medical Service Graduate School at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC. He worked with E. L. Durrum and served as the chair of the department of pharmacology. In 1956–1957, he did a second Public Health Service postdoc with R. B. Woodward of the Harvard University Department of Chemistry. In 1957, he moved to the new graduate program in biochemistry at Brandeis University. He became professor emeritus in 1996.  Much of his career focused on reaction mechanisms used by enzyme catalysts. He was particularly well known for studies of the reaction of nucleophiles with carbon. He proposed that enzymes use ground state destabilization, termed the Circe Effect, to increase the reactivity of their bound substrates. Many of these research interests were explored in his influential text "Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology". Jencks published close to 400 scientific papers during his career.  Jencks was a co-founder of the biannual Winter Enzyme Mechanisms Conference. He was memorialized at the 20th Enzyme Mechanisms Meeting in St. Pete Beach, Florida, several days after his death.

Honors and awards.

Jencks was a recipient of the 1962 American Chemical Society Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, the 1993 American Society of Biological Chemists Award, the 1995 American Chemical Society James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry, and the 1996 American Chemical Society Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1971. Jencks was also a foreign member of the Royal Society and a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Personal life.

Jencks's father, Gardner Jencks, was a pianist and composer. Jencks attended the Calvert School, and completed high school from St. Paul's School near Baltimore. After his first year at medical school, he did research with George Wald at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole on lobster shell pigments. At Woods Hole, he met his future wife, Miriam Ehrlich. Jencks was survived by Miriam, his wife of 56 years, children Sara and David, grandson Benjamin, and siblings Charles Jencks (b. 1939) a landscape architect, Penelope Jencks-Hurwitz, and John Cheetham.

William Platt Jencks (August 15, 1927 – January 3, 2007) was an American biochemist. He was noted particularly for his work on enzymes, using concepts drawn from organic chemistry to understand their mechanisms.


League business.

In 2008, Brisbane Blue Tongues became the Gold Coast Blue Tongues after the team relocated from Brisbane's Ice World in Boondall to Gold Coast's Iceland Bundall ice rink.  April 2008, the Hunter Ice Skating Stadium was significantly upgraded for the 2008 IIHF World Championship Division II, featuring plexi-glass boards, along with new lighting, scoreboards and expanded seating. The upgrade saw the Newcastle venue selected by the AIHL for the 2008 Goodall Cup finals weekend.  On 17 June, financial difficulties forced the Adelaide Avalanche to withdraw from the remainder of the 2008 season, leading to the cancellation and forfeiting of its 21 and 22 June games in Canberra and Penrith against the Knights (double points match) and Bears. Following negotiations, the Thebarton Ice Arena was one week later given a license for a new Adelaide team, the Adelaide A's, to fulfil the Avalanche's remaining commitments for the season, and inheriting their 2008 season results.

Regular season.

The regular season began on 19 April 2008 and will run through to 24 August 2008 before the top four teams advanced to compete in the Goodall Cup playoff series.

April.

Notes:

June.

Notes:

Statistics.

Scoring leaders.

List shows the ten top skaters sorted by points, then goals.

Leading goaltenders.

Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage with a minimum 40% of the team's ice time.

Goodall Cup playoffs.

The 2008 playoffs was scheduled for 30 August with the Goodall Cup final held on 31 August 2008. Following the end of the regular season the top four teams advanced to the playoff series which was held at the redeveloped Hunter Ice Skating Stadium in Warners Bay, Newcastle, New South Wales. The series was a single game elimination with the two winning semi-finalists advancing to the Goodall Cup final. The Goodall Cup was won by the Newcastle North Stars (4th title) who defeated the Western Sydney Ice Dogs 4-1. The North Star's Canadian import forward, Mickey Gilchrist, was named the finals most valuable player (MVP).

The 2008 AIHL season was the ninth season of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). It ran from 19 April 2008 until 24 August 2008, with the Goodall Cup finals following on 30 and 31 August 2008. The Bears won the H Newman Reid Trophy (backdated) after finishing the regular season first in the league standings. The Newcastle North Stars won the Goodall Cup for the fourth time by defeating the Western Sydney Ice Dogs in the final.


Early life.

Thompson was born on October 19, 1936 in Orlando, Oklahoma to parents Lawrence and Mae Thompson. She was raised in Wagoner, Oklahoma, and completed high school at Wagoner High School.  Thompson enrolled at Northeastern State College (now known as Northeastern State University) in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, where she studied drama and speech. She became Northeastern State's football queen in 1959. That year, she won the title of Northeastern Oklahoma Dairy Princess as well.

Career.

Grant appeared in local television commercials for Tulsa-based KTUL-TV after college. In 1962 she moved from Oklahoma to southern California to pursue an acting career. She initially worked as a teacher of special education and deaf students at Hollywood High School while trying to enter the entertainment industry.  Thompson was discovered by a 20th Century Fox talent scout, whereupon she changed her professional name to Shelby Grant. She "drew Shelby Grant out of a hat," according to an interview she gave to columnist Hedda Hopper.  She debuted on television in a 1963 episode of "Bonanza". She soon became a contracted actor with 20th Century Fox. Her film roles under contract with Fox included "The Pleasure Seekers" in 1964, the 1966 science fiction film "Fantastic Voyage", "Our Man Flint" in 1966, and "The Witchmaker" in 1969. Her television credits grew to include "Batman" (episodes 7 and 8), and "Marcus Welby, M.D.".  Grant married her husband, actor Chad Everett, in a ceremony held on May 22, 1966, in Tucson, Arizona. Chad Everett had been on location in Tucson filming the 1967 movie "Return of the Gunfighter" at the time of their wedding. They had two daughters, Kate and Shannon. Grant appeared in her husband's television series "Medical Center", in which he portrayed Dr. Joe Gannon from 1969 to 1976.

Personal life.

She and her husband, actor Chad Everett, had two daughters, Katherine Thorp and Shannon Everett.  Grant largely left acting to focus on philanthropy during her later life. She and her husband sponsored more than twenty heart surgeries for children.  Grant died of a brain aneurysm in Westlake Village, California on June 25, 2011 at the age of 74. Everett died from lung cancer on July 24, 2012 at the age of 75, a little over a year after Grant's death.

Shelby Grant (October 19, 1936 – June 25, 2011), born Brenda Thompson, was an American actress whose credits included "Our Man Flint", "Fantastic Voyage", and "Medical Center".


Aquatics.

Diving.

1 diver, a woman, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. Edith Nielsen, who had taken 4th place in the 10 metre platform event in 1924, competed again. This time, she did not advance out of the preliminary groups. She finished 6th in her group.

Swimming.

Five swimmers, all women, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 5th appearance in the sport. Jacobsen was the only Danish swimmer to advance to an event final; she placed 4th in the 200 metre breaststroke.

Athletics.

10 athletes, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 7th appearance in the sport as well as the Games. None of the Danish athletes advanced past the initial round of their events. Nikolajsen's 10th place finish in the pole vault was the best ranking for Denmark in athletics in Amsterdam.

Boxing.

Six boxers represented Denmark in 1928. The sport was open to men only. It was Denmark's 4th appearance in Olympic boxing. Nielsen, the defending champion in the lightweight, was one of two Danish boxers to reach the semifinals, along with Michaelsen. Both men lost there. Michaelsen earned Denmark's only boxing medal in 1928 by winning the subsequent bronze medal bout; Nielsen lost his bronze medal bout to finish fourth.

Cycling.

Five cyclists, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 4th appearance in the sport. Prior to 1928, Denmark's best result in the sport had been a silver medal in the tandem in 1924. Willy Hansen, one of the members of that tandem, won Denmark's first Olympic cycling championship in the track time trial. Two days later, the road race team, led by Henry Hansen, won the second and third gold medals for Denmark in cycling with a team victory and an individual championship for Hansen. Willy Hansen also earned a bronze medal in the sprint, finishing his Olympic career with one medal of each color.

Equestrian.

Three equestrians, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 3rd appearance in the sport. One rider, Magnus Fog, competed in the dressage competition, finishing in 16th place. Denmark sent two riders in eventing; Peder Jensen finished 9th while Cai Gundelach did not finish.

Fencing.

Ten fencers, seven men and three women, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 7th appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Ivan Joseph Martin Osiier fenced in his 5th Olympics (he would compete twice more, in 1932 and 1948). For the first time since 1908, no Danish fencers advanced to the finals.

Field hockey.

Denmark competed in men's field hockey for the second time in 1928. The defending silver medalist, Denmark won its first two matches before falling to India and Belgium in group play to finish 3rd in their group. The team shared 5th place overall with the 3rd-place team in the other group, France.  ----

Modern pentathlon.

Two pentathletes, both men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. Denmark was one of five nations to have competed in each edition of the Olympic modern pentathlon. Both of the Danish pentathletes had competed previously in 1924, with Jensen placing 6th and Olsen 15th. The two started off well, placing 4th and 2nd in the shooting event. Olsen, however, finished last in the swimming portion. Jensen fared better in the pool, but still fell well beyond the leaders. Strong performances by both in fencing (with Jensen leading the entire group) made up some ground and put Jensen in contention for the podium. Neither man was able to achieve more than a middle-of-the-pack result in running or equestrian, however, and they finished in 10th (Jensen) and 14th (Olsen) overall among the 37 competitors.

Rowing.

Ten rowers, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 3rd appearance in the sport, and first since 1920. Denmark entered two boats, a single scull and an eight. Both boats had the same result: a first-round loss, advancement through the first repechage, and a second-round loss eliminating the boat.

Sailing.

Five sailors, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. For the third time, Denmark took the silver medal in the 6 metre class. The "Hi-Hi" barely qualified for the final three races (only boats which had placed at least 3rd in one of the first four races continued to compete), but finished by winning both the sixth and seventh race. This put the boat in second place behind the Norwegian "Norna", which had won 3 races, and ahead of the Estonian "Tutti V", which had won 1. In the dinghy class, Andersen took 2nd in the first race and 4th in the next three. This gave him enough net points to survive the 10-boat cut in that event. His results in the fifth and sixth races did not improve his position, however, and he did not start the seventh and eighth. He ultimately finished in seventh place, behind the Italian boat (which had two 2nd-place finished) and ahead of the British boat (which matched Andersen's single 2nd-place, but had only one 4th-place finish to his three).

Weightlifting.

One male weightlifter represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport and first since 1920. Nissen competed in the lightweight class, finishing last of the 16 men who finished the competition (2 did not finish).

Wrestling.

Seven wrestlers, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 5th appearance in the sport. Denmark had wrestlers in 2 of the 7 freestyle weight classes and all 6 of the Greco-Roman weight classes, with Johannes Jacobsen competing in both styles.  Both Danish freestyle wrestlers lost in the round of 16. Jørgensen, however, had lost to the eventual gold medalist and therefore advanced to the silver medal tournament under the Bergvall system in use at the time. He won his semifinal bout there, but lost in the silver medal final. (It is not clear why he did not compete in the bronze medal tournament.)  Jacobsen had the best performance among the Greco-Roman wrestlers, winning his first three bouts before two consecutive losses (separated by a bye) put him over the 5 point elimination threshold. He finished in 4th place. Three other Danish wrestlers earned two wins before being eliminated. Larsen was the only Dane to not win a single bout in Greco-Roman.

Denmark competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. 91 competitors (82 men and 9 women) took part in 55 events in 14 sports.


Sodium Hub.

The Sodium Hub was the main Home space for "Sodium". Here, users had different mini-games in which they could earn Sodium Credits. Sodium Credits could be used to redeem "Sodium" related content throughout the "Sodium" universe. The first thing users had to do was talk to VICKIE. VICKIE was the "Sodium" A.I. Information Android that tracked all of the users information such as completed Objectives. This was where users could find out what Objectives they needed to complete and redeem their Sodium Credits. Users needed to select "Connect" when accessing VICKIE for the first time and register with the unique twelve character code on the "Sodium" website in order to play the "Sodium One - Salt Shooter Game". The Objectives rewarded the Sodium Credits. Other Objectives, not on the initial list, could be unlocked through playing the mini-games. A couple of the initial Objectives from VICKIE unlocked Home reward items. For a time, the Sodium Hub could be accessed through a teleport located in North America's central hub space, the Central Plaza, or through the World Map. After which, it could only be accessed via the Navigator (formerly World Map) which was accessed through the users Menu Pad in both Europe and North America.  The Objectives were completed through mini-games including [Salt Shooter] Tank Training, Scorpion Stomp, Desert Quench, and the Salt Shooter Game. [Salt Shooter] Tank Training was a training mission of the full game where users could train and try to improve their rankings. Scorpion Stomp was a mini-game where users stomped robotic scorpions. There were three kinds of robotic scorpions: yellow, red, and blue. The yellow robotic scorpions were the easiest to stomp and were mid-sized. The red robotic scorpions, which were the largest scorpions, required special scorpion stomping shoes which could be purchased at the Commerce Point. The blue robotic scorpions were the smallest scorpions and required users to drink a special "Vetoxade" drink, which could be ordered from "Scorpio's" or bought with Sodium Credits from a vending machine in the Sodium Hub. Near this area was where users could find the Commerce Point as well as a display of a [Salt Shooter] tank. The other mini-game in the Sodium Hub was Desert Quench where users could act as a bartender or customer at "Scorpio's". As a bartender, users made the drink another user had ordered and earned credits. As a customer, users could order their own custom drink and play a quick-time event mini-game to drink their ordered drink and earn credits. Users could also access an area where there was a big screen for "Sodium" content, and if they purchased the pilot outfit, they could access the pilot's VIP lounge.

SodiumOne.

SodiumOne (abbreviated as S1) was a combination of a full tank shooting game, called "SodiumOne - Salt Shooter", and other associated mini-games that started somewhere in the Nevada desert. The first five levels of Salt Shooter were free. The full game of Salt Shooter was obtained by purchasing the "Sodium Pilot Outfit - Red Chili Edition" from the Commerce Point, which was a shop with associated "Sodium" products and other content from Outso and Lockwood Publishing. From December 17, 2009 to December 24, 2009, each day during that time period, 150 voucher codes granting access to the pilot outfit and "Salt Shooter Game" were sent out to random users who visited the Sodium Hub. "SodiumOne" was the beginning of a planned four-part series of games for Home.

Salt Shooter Game.

Across from Scorpio's there was a teleporter that teleported users to their very own "Salt Shooter Game" personal space for Home, or the "Salt Shooter - Public Game Space" (public space released on October 6, 2011). Here is where users accessed the "Salt Shooter Game", and there was also a Commerce Point as well and a teleporter back to the Sodium Hub. The Public Game Space also featured new rewards and displays of enemy units: Sand Skater, Skimmer Assault Drone, Scout Drone, Heavy LRM Drone, Light Assault Drone, Sand Stalker, and Advanced Scorpion Scout. The "[SodiumOne] - Salt Shooter Game" was the full version of the [Salt Shooter] Tank Trainer that was in the Sodium Hub, however, without purchasing the pilot jacket, users could only access the first five levels. The Salt Shooter Hovertank was upgradeable with different weapons, thrusters, afterburners, and other upgrades. The upgrades were obtained through destroying enemy tanks in each level with a boss at the end. Users could also unlock up to five upgraded versions of the initial purchasable pilot jacket throughout the "Salt Shooter Game" to show how experienced they were in the game.  The objective of "Salt Shooter" was to destroy all enemy tanks and collect any items that the tanks dropped when destroyed. Some of the items were upgrades for the Salt Shooter Hovertank while other items, such as Silicon, Silver, and Gold, could be traded in with VICKIE for Sodium Credits with Gold giving the most Sodium Credits, then Silver, and then Silicon. Each level featured a sort of boss. Some of the levels' bosses may just have been a fleet of tanks, while other levels' bosses were shielded structures that need to be destroyed in addition to fighting off fleets of tanks. One of the unique things about "Salt Shooter" was that users could replay previous levels with all of their upgraded parts to their Salt Shooter Tank.

Sodium2.

Sodium2 - Project Velocity (commonly referred to as simply Sodium2) was the first (and only) sequel to "Sodium One" and was first teased in an interview that occurred on December 18, 2009 with the CEO of Outso Halli Bjornsson, the Chief of Operations of Outso Joel Kemp, and the Director of Home for SCEA Jack Buser. Joel Kemp also mentioned that they would be releasing apartments for Home.  "Sodium2" was officially unveiled by Jack Buser, Director of Home for SCEA, on PlayStation.Blog on December 10, 2010. According to Outso, ""Sodium2" was looking to expand on every area of the original game with heavily customizable jet racers, supersonic speeds and a pounding soundtrack." The "Sodium2" beta was tested by select members of the PlayStation Home community.  "Sodium2 - Project Velocity" was a completely free to play (unlike "Sodium One") high-speed extreme racing game, which was not only visually similar to "WipEout", but also featured music by CoLD SToRAGE, a regular contributor to the "WipEout" series. "Sodium2" featured a single player mode that allowed users to hone their skills and progress through the "Sodium2" XP system. Users could build XP, complete objectives, earn Sodium Credits, or compete on the world-wide leader board. In addition to single player, "Sodium2" featured real-time multiplayer, the first time in PlayStation Home, where users could race against friends or strangers through a selection of courses.  The jet racers, or Velocity Racers, could be upgraded through the "Sodium2" Garage. Users could upgrade their craft, equip explosive rocket-boosters, and choose different paint schemes. Users could purchase upgrades both with Sodium Credits earned in game, and through purchases from the PlayStation Store. Users could upgrade their crafts engine, afterburner, aero foils, flight computer, rocket boosters, paint schemes, and air brakes. At the end of each race, users were awarded Sodium Credits and XP for completing a variety of in-race challenges. As players gained XP, they achieved new experience levels which unlocked a variety of upgrades that were previously locked to them. Once they achieved new levels, users were able to purchase and equip the upgrades to their Velocity Racers to enjoy faster speeds and better handling. There was also a class system in multiplayer. Each upgrade item was assigned a class ranking of 1 to 5 stars and when a lobby was created, it was assigned a star value. A player with a 4-star item equipped could not join a 3-star lobby, likewise a 1-star racer could not join a 2-star lobby. They had to either adjust their Racer to level the playing field or play against same leveled users.  "Sodium2" could be accessed from the Sodium Hub and the Navigator. For a limited time, it could be accessed at a special teleport in the former Central Plaza.

Sodium was a massively multiplayer online game that was based in and exclusive to the PlayStation 3's online community-based social gaming network PlayStation Home. "Sodium" was a planned four-part series of games, only two of which were released by the time of Home's closure. It was developed by Outso, a company that developed spaces and content for Home, and it was published by Lockwood Publishing, who had published other content for Home. The first part, "Sodium One", was released on December 17, 2009 to the European and North American versions of Home. It was later released in the Japanese and Asian versions on June 17, 2010 and July 29, 2010 respectively. The second part, "Sodium 2: Project Velocity", was released on June 16, 2011 to the European and North American versions of Home.


The K-pop, Korean Food, and Life in Korea Blog.

The video series seeks to fill a gap left by travel guides and government organizations by helping teach visitors from other countries about daily life in Korea. According to Elsyabeth Hahm of Yonhap News, eatyourkimchi gives viewers "a local's perspective into Korean culture that you can't get from your average guidebook." The videos take a humorous approach.  The video blog has some recurring themes and topics such as the Korean language, food, and music. Individual videos have covered how a Korean washing machine works, delivery services, the table bells in Korean restaurants, and how to pay bills. The series has included cooking videos for kimbap, tteokbokki, instant ramen and many other foods. With the opening of their studio in Seoul, the Stawskis started interviewing K-Pop singers and artists. Before that, the two felt it was inappropriate to invite artists to their personal homes for interviewing purposes and declined several interview requests.  They also have regularly scheduled segments: In December 2011 the WTF, segment was replaced with the WANK segment, due to the Stawski's wish to go out more often. When Martina fractured her ankle in February 2012, WANK was temporarily replaced by FAPFAP (Food Adventure Program For Awesome People). However, due to the popularity of FAPFAP, they have decided to have FAPFAP and WANK on alternate Thursdays. The WTF segment however was reintroduced on July 27, 2013, after many viewers actively advocated for the series persistently and the Stawskis wanted to break out of their working routine.  In addition to their regular segments, they also have the annual Eat Your Kimchi Awards (EYKAs) with 2012 marking the first ever awards ceremony. Categories of the 2012 awards included: Best Potential Music Mondays of the Year, Rookie of the Year, best gun usage and many more. Each of the winners is awarded with The Golden Spudgy Award, based on the Pekingese the couple adopted back in 2009.

Background.

The Stawskis are a married couple from Canada who moved to Korea in 2008. When they arrived on May 30, 2008 there had been threats of violence between North and South Korea. As a result, they shot their first video at the Incheon International Airport as an attempt to show the couple's parents that they were safe. The video showed the tired couple enjoying a tofu dish called sundubu jjige. However, the video blogging grew into an "everything about Korea" channel.  In addition to its personal story, Eat Your Kimchi is also part of some larger trends in Korea. There were no Korean blogging services before 2002, but since then the number of bloggers has grown year by year and the number of Korean blogs created by non-citizens has swelled along with it. Then in 2008, YouTube entered the Korean market. According to Yoon Ja-young of "The Korea Times", with the introduction of YouTube "life changed" for some Korean residents such as the Stawskis. As of 2011 their particular video blog format is still not common in Korea since according to Martina Stawski "barely anyone does dedicated videos about Korea."  After quitting their jobs as teachers, they became full-time bloggers living off the ad revenue from their YouTube videos and website. On September 5, 2012 the Stawskis launched an Indiegogo fundraiser for setting up a business and a studio to film in Seoul. After less than seven hours, the goal of $40,000 had already been reached. More than $110,000 were raised during the 45-day-long fundraiser.  On August 9, 2014 Eat Your Kimchi and Talk To Me In Korean had a grand opening for their cafe called "You Are Here Cafe." The cafe was announced on April 24, 2014 and the couple explained that the name came from maps in malls having arrows on it stating "You are here." Situated in the hostel part of Hongdae, the cafe serves as place for foreigners and natives alike to meet and greet, as well as offering Korean language classes in the classroom that is in the cafe building.  The word 'kimchi' in the name 'Eatyourkimchi' refers to the Korean dish, Kimchi.

Reception and audience.

The Korea Herald included Eatyourkimchi in a list of 21 of "the nation’s most useful websites" and at Hiexpat.com it was voted the best expat blog in Korea. The video bloggers behind eatyourkimchi have been featured on television shows such as "Heart to Heart", "Quilt Your Korean Map", Star King, and Running Man. However, the blog has also received some criticism. The Stawskis report that large numbers of anonymous users have engaged the site with vulgar comments in response to controversial statements made by the couple.  Martina Stawski claims that Eatyourkimchi has a worldwide audience with the largest communities in Australia, USA, Canada, Singapore and South Korea. Eatyourkimchi videos are distributed online through Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, YouTube. and Kondoot As of April 2016, their YouTube channel has more than 1,000,000 subscribers. Meanwhile, their website, which also hosts videos, receives more than 750,000 hits a month from more than 100,000 unique viewers.

Move to Japan.

Since 2016 the pair have lived in the Kichijoji region of Tokyo in Japan. Their videos have become increasingly focused on gourmet and unusual food, with less of a focus on travel and day trips as Martina's condition has progressed.

Eat Your Kimchi is a video blog that publishes videos featuring the two creators, Simon and Martina Stawski and the name of a now defunct production company previously based in South Korea. They are known for their videos which compare the differences in Korean and Western culture. The YouTube channel featuring their videos is the 18th most popular in Korea and the YouTube portion of their videos accumulated more than 239 million views as of October 6, 2015 on four separate channels. The Stawskis have been interviewed by various media outlets around the world.


Biography.

Born in Dryden, New York in 1817, Dunham attended public schools, and eventually taught school. After earning a law degree and being admitted to the Bar, he moved to Salem, Indiana in 1841 and began practicing law. Dunham was elected prosecuting attorney of Washington County, Indiana in 1845 and then served as a member of the Indiana State House of Representatives for one term from 1846 to 1847.  Dunham then successfully ran for Congress, being elected to the Thirty-first, Thirty-second, and Thirty-third Congresses (March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1855) as a Democrat. He served as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals during the Thirty-third Congress. After his time in Congress, he was appointed by Governor Ashbel P. Willard as Secretary of State of Indiana, serving from 1859 to 1860.  During the American Civil War, Dunham served in the Union Army as Colonel of the 50th Indiana Infantry Regiment. He was commissioned on December 1, 1861 and honorably discharged on November 4, 1863.  Dunham was again elected as a member of the Indiana State House of Representatives for another term from 1864 to 1865. He married Malvina B. Markwell on January 6, 1870. He also lived in Jeffersonville, Indiana while serving as Judge of Clark County, Indiana Criminal Court from 1871 to 1874.

Work as an attorney.

As an attorney Cyrus Livingston Dunham defended some of the notorious Reno Gang members in Brownstown, Indiana. In addition, he was rumored to have shipped the skulls of two other criminals hung by vigilantes in the same town to New York City.  From an article in "The New York Times" article:  "Louisville (Kentucky), Tuesday, May 27, 1862:  "Col. C.L. DUNHAM, of the Fiftieth Indiana, at Bowling Green, is suspected and criticised by Unionists of Warren, members of his regiment, and the Bedford (Ind.) Press. He is charged with disloyal sympathies, squinting at treason, neglecting his duty, giving up to "pleasurable indulgences," abusing and insulting his men. If he can exculpate himself, well. If not, he'll be cashiered."

Cyrus Livingston Dunham (January 16, 1817 – November 21, 1877) was an attorney, soldier, and prominent Indiana politician, serving most notably as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1849 to 1855.


The monarchy.

King Vajiralongkorn (or Rama X) of Thailand has reigned since the death of his father Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) on 13 October 2016; exercising limited rule since 1 December 2016. He is the head of state, aided in his duties by the Privy Council of Thailand. The constitution stipulates that although the sovereignty of the state is vested in the people, the king will exercise such powers through the three branches of the Thai government. Under the constitution the king is given very little power, but remains a figurehead and symbol of the Thai nation. As the head of state, however, he is given some powers and has a role to play in the workings of government. According to the constitution, the king is head of the armed forces. He is required to be Buddhist as well as the defender of all faiths in the country. The king also retained some traditional powers such as the power to appoint his heirs, the power to grant pardons, and the royal assent.  The king is also head of the House of Chakri, the ruling house of Thailand founded by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (or Rama I) in 1782. The monarchy and the royal family continues to command huge respect in Thailand, with its influence peaking during the Bhumibol Adulyadej reign. He wielded a great deal of popular respect and moral authority, which was used at times to resolve political crises. The monarch's official home is the Grand Palace, however the present king lives primarily in the Chitralada Palace in Bangkok. The monarch's household was managed by the Bureau of the Royal Household and his finances by the Crown Property Bureau, But are being transferred to direct control by the monarchy.  The heir presumptive to the throne is Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, although it is up to the king's discretion whether Prince Dipangkorn will be named Crown Prince in the future. Succession to the throne is governed by the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, promulgated by King Vajiravudh. Palace law follows the male agnatic primogeniture, where males only are allowed to succeed and inheritance is passed only from father to son and through the male line only. However, the 1974 amendment to the Thai constitution allows for a princess to ascend the throne and this particular provision is retained under Section 21 of the 2017 Constitution which reads:In the case where the Throne becomes vacant and the King has not appointed an Heir under paragraph one, the Privy Council shall submit the name of the Successor to the Throne under section 20 to the Council of Ministers for further submission to the National Assembly for approval. In this regard, the name of a Princess may be submitted. Upon the approval of the National Assembly, the President of the National Assembly shall invite such Successor to ascend the Throne and proclaim such Successor as King.

Executive.

Prime minister.

Since 1932 the head of government of Thailand has been the Prime Minister of Thailand, usually the leader of the largest party or the largest coalition party in the lower house of parliament. The prime minister is, in accordance with the constitution, selected, first by an election in the lower house (According to the B.E.2560 Constitution, The Prime Minister will be elected by both houses till Next 5 years), then officially appointed by the King.  The prime minister, head of the executive branch, is also the leader of the Cabinet of Thailand. The prime minister therefore retains the prerogative to appoint or remove any minister he or she so chooses. As the most visible member of the government the prime minister represents the country abroad and is the main spokesperson for the government at home. The prime minister's official residence is Phitsanulok Mansion, a mansion in the Dusit district of Bangkok.  The former prime minister was Yingluck Shinawatra of the Pheu Thai Party, the first female prime minister of Thailand. She was removed from office by the Constitutional Court of Thailand on 7 May 2014, on charges of abuse of power. She was replaced briefly by an interim prime minister, Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, and then succeeded by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, leader of the 2014 Thai coup d'état.

Cabinet.

The Cabinet of Thailand or the Council of Ministers of Thailand is a council composed of 35 ministers of state and deputy ministers, who run the cabinet ministries of the kingdom. There are 20 cabinet ministries, accounting for the main portion of state employees. The cabinet is responsible for the formulation and execution of policies of the government. Members of the cabinet do not necessarily need to be members of the lower house as in other countries, but most often are. The Office of the Prime Minister and the cabinet offices occupy the Government House of Thailand.

Legislative.

National assembly.

The legislative branch (also called the Parliament of Thailand) of the Thai government was first established in the "temporary" constitution of 1932. The assembly first met on 28 June 1932 in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall. The National Assembly of Thailand is a bicameral legislature and is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The legislative branch took its current form in 2007. The national assembly has 750 members. Both houses of the national assembly meet at the Sappaya-Sapasathan.

The Senate.

The upper house of the legislative branch was first established in 1946. However, for most of its history the Senate has been the stronghold of the military and the elite. The current Senate has 150 members. Seventy-six members are elected, one per province from 75 provinces of Thailand (Bueng Kan does not have an elected senator yet) and one from the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The other 74 are selected by the Senate Selection Commission, made up of both elected and appointed officials.  The chamber is strictly a non-partisan, and members may not be a member of a partisan organisation, the House of Representatives, the judiciary, or the cabinet for five years. The Senate has little legislative power, but retains considerable powers of scrutiny and appointment as the Senate is vested with the power to advise on the appointment of members of the judiciary and independent government agencies. The Senate sits for a set six year non-renewable term. The Senate cannot be dissolved. The Senate is presided over by a president of the Senate, who is also the Vice-President of the National Assembly. He is assisted by two vice-presidents of the Senate. The last election to the Senate was in 2008.  The Senate and the House of Representatives were abolished after 22 May 2014 coup by the "National Council for Peace and Order" (NCPO).

The House of Representatives.

The lower house of the legislative branch has been in existence in some form since 1932. The House of Representatives is the primary legislative house of the government of Thailand. The House includes 500 members. Three hundred seventy-five of the MPs are elected directly from single-seat constituencies around the country. The other 125 members are selected using "proportional representation" through party-lists. There are eight electoral areas from which the proportionally representative votes are taken and 375 constituencies. This system is called the "mixed member majoritarian" in which a voter has two votes, one for the constituency MP, and the other for a party in the voter's electoral area.  The house is a partisan chamber with seven political parties. The house is the primary legislative chamber and the more powerful of the two houses. The house has the power to remove both the prime minister and cabinet ministers through a vote of no confidence. The house sits for a term of four years, however a dissolution of the house can happen anytime before the expiration of the term. The house is led by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who is also the President of the National Assembly. He is assisted by two deputy speakers.  The leader of the largest party or largest coalition party will most likely become prime minister, while the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions will become the leader of the opposition. The leader of the opposition is a powerful position with considerable influence. The leader is assisted by a shadow cabinet. The last general election for the house was in 2007.  After the 2007 election the People's Power party (PPP) won the most seats with the Democrats and Chart Thai party trailing behind. However, after the 2008 political crisis and the ruling of the constitutional court on 2 December 2008, in which the PPP plus the Chart Thai and Neutral Democratic Parties (coalition partners), the prime minister and several party executives were banned from politics for five years, the composition of the house changed. The successor of the PPP still retained most seats, however the remainder of the coalition partners defected and joined a Democrat-led government which was inaugurated on 17 December 2008, leaving the For Thais Party (successor of the PPP) and the Pracharaj Party in opposition.  The House of Representatives and the Senate were abolished after 22 May 2014 coup by the NCPO. Currently, according to the interim Constitution of Thailand imposed by NCPO, there is no House of Representatives. Legislative power is vested in the National Legislative Council, appointed by the NCPO.

Judiciary.

The judiciary of Thailand is composed of four distinct systems: the Military Court (which has expanded its power since 22 May 2014), the Court of Justice system, the Administrative Court system and the Constitutional Court.

Courts of Justice.

The Courts of Justice of Thailand is the largest of the court system and makes up the majority of courts in the kingdom. The courts as mandated in the constitution are composed of three tiers: the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand.  There are no verbatim transcripts kept by the trial court. The court record is composed of the courts decision.  Research judges assist the sitting judges. Judges must take an examination and two different examinations are given: one exam is for judges trained in Thailand and a different examination is given for judges who graduate from foreign law schools. All judges are formally appointed by the king.  The Asian Human Rights Commission called the Thai legal system a "mess" and called for a drastic overhaul of Thailand's criminal procedures. It cited the rampant use of forced confessions, and the fact that even a senior justice ministry official admitted that 30% of cases went to court with no evidence. It also criticised the judiciary for failing to ensure that trials are conducted speedily, citing the case of four Thai men accused of plotting to kill Supreme Court President Praman Chansue (). The accused were present in court 461 times before 91 different judges since proceedings began in 1993 and ended in 2008. While these proceedings continued, Mr Praman died in 2007.

Administrative courts.

The administrative court system is made up of two tiers: The Administrative Courts of First Instance and the Supreme Administrative Court. The court system was first created in 1997. The court's main jurisdiction is to settle litigation between the state or an organ of state (government ministries, departments and independent agencies) and private citizens.

Constitutional court.

First set up in 1997, the Constitutional Court of Thailand was created solely as a high court to settle matters pertaining to the constitution. The court has since accumulated huge amounts of power and influence, generating many controversies on the way. This became especially clear during the 2006 and 2008 political crises, settling political deadlocks and social unrest.

Legal system.

Thailand's legal system blends principles of traditional Thai and Western laws. The Western-sourced laws are often misused and corrupted. The traditional "Thai" laws are the product of Hindu-Brahmin laws used by the Khmer Empire. There is no discovery in the Thai legal system. Slander and libel are not civil torts in Thailand but criminal offences.  Thailand's legal system has been often criticised by other countries for having penalties of life in prison or even death for crimes such as drug possession or smuggling, while having lenient penalties for crimes such as terrorism and marital abuse resulting in spousal death.  The criminally accused are entitled to have a court-appointed certified translator present in court if they cannot afford one. Appeals must be filed with the trial court within thirty (30) days of the judge reading, signing, and issuing the verdict. There are no juries in trials. Only Thai citizens can be admitted to the Bar and can practice before the courts. Attorneys must carry their current, yellow, bar card when in court and may be required to produce it on challenge.  In Thailand's southern border provinces, where Muslims constitute the majority of the population, provincial Islamic committees have limited jurisdiction over probate, family, marriage, and divorce cases.  Under Section 44 Thailand's Interim Constitution of 2014, the Prime Minister and NCPO leader has complete authority to perform any administrative, legislative, and judicial action as necessary, which then is deemed legal and constitutional.

Local government.

Thailand is divided into 76 provinces ("changwat", singular and plural). The Ministry of the Interior appoints governors for all provinces. The metropolis of greater Bangkok is a special administrative area at the same level as a province, but the governor is popularly elected.

Outreach.

In November 2015 the government launched a "one-stop" website with information on all government services. The website, referred to as "GovChannel", is at GovChannel. It is operated by the Information and Communication Technology Ministry (MICT) and its subsidiary agency, the Digital Government Development Agency (DGA) (formerly the Electronic Government Agency [EGA]). GovChannel links information from four other government websites.

Calls to move the capital.

Bangkok, a metropolis of more than 10 million inhabitants, has been called the "world's most primate city". It is home to virtually all government ministries and functionaries. Bangkok is overcrowded, polluted, sinking, and traffic-congested. Its many problems have raised the issue of moving the nation's capital elsewhere, especially given the example of Indonesia's plans to move its capital from Jakarta. The idea is not new: two decades ago, the Thaksin Shinawatra administration assigned the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC), to formulate a plan to move the capital to Nakhon Nayok. The flooding of Bangkok in 2011, revived the idea of moving government functions from Bangkok given its subsidence rate of two centimetres per year and its propensity to flood. In 2017, the military government assigned NESDC to study the possibility of moving government offices from Bangkok to Chachoengsao in the east.

The Government of Thailand, or formally the Royal Thai Government (Abrv: RTG;,, ), is the unitary government of the Kingdom of Thailand. The country emerged as a modern nation state after the foundation of the Chakri Dynasty and the city of Bangkok in 1782. The Revolution of 1932 brought an end to absolute monarchy and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy.


History.

Prior formation.

The FESPIC Games existed previous to the Asian Para Games and was contested by athletes from the Asia Pacific region. The FESPIC Games was first held in 1975 in Oita, Japan with 18 participating nations. Eight more FESPIC Games were held until 2006.

Formation.

The Asian Para Games superseded the FESPIC Games, which was dissolved alongside the FESPIC Federation, the governing body of the games and merged with the Asian Paralympic Council which was renamed as the Asian Paralympic Committee at the closing of the final FESPIC edition held in November 2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The first Asian multi-sports event for athletes with a disability, the inaugural Asian Para Games was held in 2010 in Guangzhou, China.

Sports.

Twenty-four sports were presented in Asian Para Games history, including 2010 Games in Guangzhou.

Mascots.

The Asian Para Games mascots are fictional characters, usually an animal native to the area or human figures, who represent the cultural heritage of the place where the Asian Para Games are taking place. The mascots are often used to help market the Asian Para Games to a younger audience. Every Asian Para Games has its own mascot. Fun Fun, the mascot for the 2010 Asian Para Games was the first mascot.

Medal count.

Of the 44 National Paralympic Committees participating throughout the history of the Games, 37 nations have won at least a single medal in the competition, leaving 7 nations: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal and Tajikistan yet to win a single medal. 31 nations have won at least one gold medal and China became the only nation in history to emerge as overall champions.

Asian Youth Para Games.

The Asian Youth Para Games is a multi-sport event held every four years for youth athletes with physical disabilities. The first Games was held in 2009 in Tokyo, Japan. The Asian Youth Para Games superseded the FESPIC Youth Games which last held in 2003.

The Asian Para Games is a multi-sport event regulated by the Asian Paralympic Committee that held every four years after every Asian Games for athletes with physical disabilities. Both the former and the latter had adopted the strategy used by the Olympic and Paralympic Games of having both games in the same city. The Games are recognized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Paralympic Games.


Football career.

He has played as a defender for HB Tórshavn in the best division of the Faroe Islands since 1991. He has played with HB Tórshavn since he was a boy.

UEFA matches.

Hans á Lag has played some UEFA matches for HB Tórshavn. On 8 August 1996 he played against Dinamo Batumi. HB Tórshavn lost 0-6. On 13 July 2010 he played with HB Tórshavn against FC Red Bull Salzburg, which they lost 0-5. HB Tórshavn won their home match against FC Red Bull Salzburg, but Hans á Lag did not play that match, he was an unused substitute. On 13 July 2011 he played with HB Tórshavn in UEFA Champions League against Malmö FF. Malmö FF won the match 2-1.

Honours.

Hans á Lag won the Faroe Islands Football Championships six times while playing for HB Tórshavn in 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009 and 2010. He won the Faroe Islands Cup three times: 1995, 1998 and 2004.

Badminton career.

Hans á Lag played badminton earlier with Havnar Badmintonfelag from Tórshavn, and he won the Faroese National Badminton Championships several times.

Handball career.

Hans á Lag has played handball for Kyndil. He played as goalkeeper. He won several medals for Kyndil when he was a child, and he also won the Faroese Championship in handball with Kyndil when he played for the best team in the Men's division. He played 133 matches and scored 27 goals for Kyndil.

Hans á Lag (born 26 September 1974) is a Faroese sportsman. He is a former football player, former badminton player and former handball player. Hans á Lag used to have another lastname, which was Jacobsen.


History.

In 1993 it was a motorised infantry unit, tasked as an Immediate Reaction Force with the Norwegian Army, stationed at Heistadmoen in southern Norway, manned mainly by conscripts.  It served in Bosnia, and by 2002, all the enlisted soldiers had two and three-year contracts of enlistment and the unit had no more conscripts.  The battalion was moved to a new camp at Rena and converted to mechanised infantry. Presented with its new colours in 2002, the Telemark Battalion was operational on 1 July 2003.  The unit participated in Operation Karez in Afghanistan, in May 2008.  One soldier died in Afghanistan in 2004, and one died there in 2010.

Organisation.

In addition, the Telemark Battalion frequently trains with the rest of the Norwegian Army High Reaction Force. This is a composite unit made up of the Telemark Battalion, as well as enlisted personnel from support capabilities, ranging from artillery to military police.  The Telemark Battalion was one of the infantry battalions assigned to the NATO Response Force during the NRF-4 rotation from January to July 2005; the others were Regiment Johan Willem Friso and Regiment Van Heutsz of the Dutch Army and Fallschirmjägerbataillon 373 of the German Army.  Telemark Battalion is the primary source of international contributions from the Norwegian Army. The battalion has almost constantly been involved in the ISAF operation in Afghanistan since 2003.

Incidents in Afghanistan.

Since the summer of 2009, there have been several instances of soldiers from the unit spray painting a Punisher skull (in part inspired by the character from comic books and movie – the Punisher) on houses and property belonging to Afghans whom soldiers suspected of having ties to the insurgency. The purported purpose was to "send a message", to leaders of the insurgency, that the Norwegian soldiers would not allow them to continue their offensive.  In September 2010, "Verdens Gang" reported that some soldiers were still using a Punisher skull that had been prohibited by the leadership of Norway's military.  The alleged crimes of threatening and spray painting the property of suspected insurgents did not lead to any criminal charges.

Battle cry.

In 2010, "Dagbladet" published a video of company commander Rune Wenneberg leading a battle cry ("To Valhalla") by soldiers of the unit — his intro to the cry was "[inaudible] are hunters. But you are the predator. Taliban is the prey. To Valhalla!""  In 2011, Dag Herbjørnsrud wrote in an editorial that "Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik wasn't sending soldiers into war — he was merely supplying manpower to a "peacekeeping mission". Is it odd that the media was surprised by Norwegian soldiers using Viking helmets and battle cries of Vikings?"

The Telemark Bataljon (Telemark Battalion, TMBN) is a mechanised infantry unit of the Norwegian Army. It was established in 1993, and is a part of Brigade Nord and stationed at Rena, Hedmark. The battalion consists of five companies/squadrons.


Rating categories.

The category of energy saving determines if a building is classified as a ClimateHouse. The ClimateHouse categories provide an instant estimate of a building’s energy consumption.  There are three classes: To qualify for ClimateHouse Plus certification, a building must fulfill the following criteria:

History.

February 2002  First presentation of KlimaHaus at a conference in Bolzano, Italy. Energy saving buildings gain wide acceptance by combining a variety of voluntary measures. Clear rules and communication play a major role in the guidelines. The client is at the center stage. He spends a major part of his lifetime in buildings  December 2004 On September 29, 2004, the governor of the Province of South Tyrol issues Decree No. 34 that declares KlimaHaus regulations become mandatory in South Tyrol. (bylaw to the law on regional developmental planning in the area of energy saving).  November 2005  Invitation to the 11th World Climate Conference of the United Nations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. KlimaHaus is selected out of 21 projects as an example for a concrete and sustainable measurement to protect the climate.  January 2006  The Fair of Bolzano organises the first ClimateHouse Fair. More than 24,000 visitors register for the four-day event. Approximately 1,000 participants take part at the first international conference “Future building.”  April 2006  The first CasaClima master class begins at the Free University of Bolzano. Due to immense interest, criteria for admission is established.  May 2006  Foundation of the public ClimateHouse agency.  May 2008  Presentation of the project KlimaHaus in São Paulo, Brazil  June 2008  Presentation of the 1,000th certified building

The ClimateHouse energy efficiency certification promotes the adoption of building construction methods that meet energy saving and environment protection criteria, by reducing the amount of energy needed to heat the house during cold seasons.


Taxonomy.

Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries described it as "Agaricus erubescens" in his 1821 work "Systema Mycologicum". The species name is derived from the Latin "erubescens", meaning "reddening" or "blushing". It became "Hygrophorus erubescens" with the raising of "Hygrophorus" to genus rank. Common names include blotched woodwax, and pink waxcap.  The species is classified in the subsection "Pudorini" of genus "Hygrophorus", along with the closely related species "H. pudorinus" and "H. purpurascens".

Description.

The fruit body (mushroom) is a fair size, with a diameter light pink to white cap that can be dotted with darker pink or red marks and bruises yellow. The colour is darker in the cap centre. Convex and flattening with age, the cap often has a boss and an inrolled margin when young. Its surface is slimy or sticky. The white gills are adnate to somewhat decurrent, becoming pale pink as they mature. The stipe is tall and wide. The spore print is white and the oval spores measure 6.5–11 x 4.5–6.5 micrometres. The mushroom has no strong odor or taste.  The species is inedible.

Similar species.

The similar-looking "Hygrophorus russula" can be distinguished by its more crowded gills and preference for hardwood forests, and "H. purpurascens" has a partial veil.

Habitat and distribution.

"Hygrophorus erubescens" fruits from August to October in coniferous forests, particularly spruce ("Picea"), on chalky soils. The mushrooms are found singly or sometimes in large troops. The range in North America is from the Rocky Mountains to the West Coast and Tennessee north to the Great Lakes region and southern parts of Canada. The fungus is classified as extinct in the British Mycological Society's 2006 list of threatened fungi, as it has not been documented in Great Britain since 1878. It is found across Scandinavia, and has been recorded fruiting at high altitudes in alpine-subalpine regions of Russia, and mountainous parts of Central Europe. The species has been found in the East and Middle Black Sea regions of Turkey. In Japan, it is most common in coniferous woods, and has been recorded from Hokkaido and Honshu.

Hygrophorus erubescens, commonly known as the blotched woodwax or pink waxcap, is an agaric fungus native to Scandinavia, Japan, Central Europe, Great Britain and North America.


History.

The IceMole is being developed using rapid prototyping., the probe is in its first prototype and it has been designed to carry out the subsurface investigation of terrestrial glaciers and ice shields. It is planned that future versions of the probe would be suitably adapted for extraterrestrial ice research, e.g. on the polar caps of Mars, the Jovian moon of Europa, or Saturn's moon Enceladus.  The robot resulted from a student project at the Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik (Faculty of Aerospace Engineering) at the FH Aachen, led by Prof. Dr. Bernd Dachwald. The excavation is carried out by both drilling and melting of the ice. In a clean ice core, the probe can analyze the surrounding ice with measuring instruments. While drilling, the surrounding ice is not biologically contaminated. , the project objectives are given as:  The project requirements also emphasised the need for maximum reliability, robustness, mobility, environmental security and autonomy.

IceMole 1.

Heated tips in probes have been employed since the 1960s but the probes could only drill straight down, could not be recovered from deep intrusions and were halted by buildup of dirt and sediment, which would not permit heat transfer. To overcome these problems, the IceMole combines a screw with a melting tip.  The first prototype IceMole is a pencil-shaped craft that is designed to autonomously deploy and dig itself into ice. It is a square tube of cross section. It has a melting head at the tip which has differential heating in different parts. The robot is powered by a power generator on the surface and is attached by means of a cable, which relays the power supply, communication and data signals. The IceMole utilizes a long screw at its heated head that keeps firm contact while drilling with the ice being melted. The IceMole has separately controllable heating elements that can be manipulated to obtain differential heating. The differential heating permits the gradual change of direction.  The ice screw is located at the tip of the melting head and generates a driving force that presses the melting head against the ice. This enables the IceMole to penetrate soil and mud and also leads to a good conductive heat transfer when in contact with the ice. The thermally isolated ice screw transfers ice into the probe, where it can be analyzed in situ. It is planned that instruments will be fitted in the probe that will analyse the ice and send only the results to the surface.  The technical specifications of IceMole1 are given below :  The IceMole team has developed the vehicle without a specific payload in mind. The vehicle has an inner chamber in which sensors and other instruments may be housed. In its recent tests, the IceMole carried an off-the-shelf camera. The team is also designing a fluorescence biosensor detector that could search for organic molecules in the ice.

IceMole 2.

Since October 2010, the IceMole-Team is working on a redesign of the first IceMole. The Improvements are, amongst others, the optimization of the melting head and a completely newly developed gear. The new melting head has 12 separately controlled heating elements. These 12 cartridge heaters are arranged in a ring inside of the melting head. In addition, it has 2 wall heaters on each side in the rear of the probe. With this addition, the IceMole2 maneuverability improves over that of its predecessor. The new gear has been specially developed for this probe. Thus, the transmission has a higher efficiency and is more lightweight. It is planned to test IceMole2 in the summer of 2012.  The planned technical specifications of IceMole2:  The probe has also been designed to drag a series of containers containing sensors which can be jettisoned on command and deployed permanently in specific locations in the ice. The team hopes to eventually work with other researchers that would use IceMole to drop sensors deep in icy environments. While the power supply for the first field trials on a glacier was provided by an external power generator on the surface, it is also planned that the heating power be provided by an on-board power source.

Trials.

The first field trials were carried out in the area of the Morteratsch Glacier in Switzerland during the summer of 2010. During the trials on the glacier, the following penetration tests have been successfully performed:  While IceMole moved at a leisurely per hour during its first trial run, optimal conditions could allow the craft to progress at more than three times that speed. The penetration speed will be increased for the next prototype.  The test results show that the IceMole concept is a viable approach to deliver scientific instruments into deep ice and to recover them afterwards. Another advantage of the IceMole with respect to drilling is that biological contamination can be minimized and the process can be made highly autonomous, so that there is no need for an operator on the surface.  The results were reported at the 2011 Antarctic Science Symposium in Madison, Wisconsin and the European Geosciences Union 2011 held at Vienna, Austria. The next trial run was scheduled to be held in the Northern Hemisphere summer of 2012.  The planned objectives for the field experiment in 2012 are given below.

2014 test at Blood Falls.

Blood Falls was used as the target for testing IceMole in November 2014. This unusual flow of melt water from below the glacier gives scientists access to an environment they could otherwise only explore by drilling (which would also risk contaminating it). Its source is a subglacial pool, of unknown size, which sometimes overflows. Biogeochemical analysis shows that the water is marine in source originally. One hypothesis is that its source may be the remains of an ancient fjord that occupied the Taylor valley in the tertiary period. The ferrous iron dissolved in the water oxidizes as the water reaches the surface, turning the water blood red.  The test returned a clean subglacial sample from the outflow channel from Blood Falls.  Subglacial environments in Antarctica need similar protection protocols to interplanetary missions, and the probe was sterilized to these protocols using hydrogen peroxide and UV sterilization. Also, only the tip of the probe sampled the liquid water directly.

IceMole is an autonomous ice research probe, incorporating a new type of ice-melting tip for the exploration of polar regions, glaciers, ice sheets, and extraterrestrial regions, developed by a team from the FH Aachen, a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences) in Aachen, Germany. The advantage over previous probes is that the IceMole can change its direction and can be recovered after being used. A driving ice screw allows the probe to drill through soil layers and other contaminations in the ice.