Format.

The tournament's usual format was in play with the usual 501 legs double-in double-out format (the World Grand Prix remains the only televised darts tournament to use the double-in format). The first round's games were best of 3 sets - the quickfire nature of this round means shocks are frequent in this round, not least involving eight-time champion Phil Taylor who, three times, has gone out in the first round here. Second round games were best of 5 sets, the quarter finals best of 7 sets, the semi finals best of 9 sets, and the final was best of 11 sets. All sets were best of 5 legs/first to three legs.

Prize money.

A tournament record prize fund of £350,000 was available to the participants, divided based on the following performances:

Qualification.

The field of 32 players was mostly made up from the top 16 players in the PDC Order of Merit on September 7, following the two Players Championship events in Salzburg, Austria. The top 8 from these rankings were also the seeded players. The remaining 16 places went to the top 12 non-qualified players from the 2009 Players Championship Order of Merit, and then to the top 4 non-qualified residents of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland from the 2009 Players Championship Order of Merit who have competed in at least six Players Championship events.

Television coverage and sponsorship.

As usual and since its inception the tournament was screened by Sky Sports.  The tournament was sponsored for the last time by Sky Bet after five years.

The 2009 Skybet World Grand Prix was the twelfth instance of the darts tournament held by the Professional Darts Corporation, the World Grand Prix. It was held from 5–11 October 2009. It was staged at the Citywest Hotel in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. The event featured a tournament record prize fund of £350,000 with £100,000 going to the winner.


Education and career.

Born on September 21, 1808, in Shaftsbury, Bennington County, Vermont, Olin attended the common schools, then graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1835, and read law in 1838. He was admitted to the bar and entered private practice in Troy, New York from 1838 to 1856. He was city recorder for Troy from 1844 to 1852.

Congressional service.

Olin was elected as a Republican from New York's 13th congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 35th, 36th and 37th United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1863.

Federal judicial service.

Olin was nominated by President Abraham Lincoln on March 10, 1863, to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia), to a new Associate Justice seat authorized by 12 Stat. 762. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 11, 1863, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 13, 1879, due to his retirement.

Death.

Olin died on July 7, 1879, in the former community of Sligo (now part of Silver Spring), Maryland. He was interred in the Danforth family lot adjacent to West Lawn Cemetery in Williamstown, Berkshire County, Massachusetts.

Family.

Olin was the son of Gideon Olin, a United States Representative from Vermont. He was the cousin of Henry Olin, also a United States Representative from Vermont.

Abram Baldwin Olin (September 21, 1808 – July 7, 1879) was a United States Representative from New York and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.


Early life.

Carl Poul Oscar Moltke was born on 2 January 1869 in Denmark. He was the son of Adam Henrik Carl Moltke (1828–1913) and Emma Christine, Countess Capizucchi di Cassini (1836–1870). His maternal grandparents were Poul Capizucchi di Cassini and Elisabeth Loy af Triest.

Family.

His paternal grandfather, Carl Graf von Moltke (1798–1866), was a cousin of Adam Wilhelm Moltke (1785–1864), the first Danish Prime Minister in the Danish constitutional monarchy, and the great-grandson of Adam Gottlob Moltke (1710–1792), a Danish courtier, statesman and diplomat, and favourite of Frederick V of Denmark. His family was very involved in both Danish and German history.

Career.

From 1908 to 1912, Moltke was the Danish Ambassador to the United States. He later represented his country as the Ambassador to Germany in Berlin. In 1920, the secretary of the Danish legation in Berlin during World War I, Count Bent Holstein, brought serious charges against Moltke, saying:  The radical Government tried every way to strangle the Slesvig question. The Danish Ambassador in Berlin thus went to the German Foreign Department during the war proposing that Germany give very many iron crosses to men from North Slesvig in order to make them forget Denmark. Not a German, but the Danish Ambassador under the Zahles Government tried Danish souls with German iron crosses.  In 1924, he was chosen by Thorvald Stauning, the first social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark, to be the Foreign Minister of Denmark, serving from 23 April 1924 to 14 December 1926, until Thomas Madsen-Mygdal became Prime Minister.  In February and March 1930, he served as the chairman of the "Conference for Concerted Economic Action" in Geneva as part of the League of Nations. As chairman, he urged European economic unity to better conditions throughout the world with the aid of the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul Hymans (who later served as the 2nd President of the League of Nations). He envisioned a broad conception of European economic organization and proposed a tariff truce, which he described as "the consolidation of duties."

Personal life.

On 29 June 1907, he married Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer Robb (1881–1960), an American who was the daughter of Nathaniel Thayer III. She was born in Boston and was the granddaughter of Nathaniel Thayer Jr. (1808–1883), who married Cornelia Paterson, the daughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer IV. She was also descended from Thomas Cornell as well as the Bayard, Livingston, and Schuyler families. At the wedding, Baron Rosencrantz was his best man. Together, they had a son:  Moltke died on 5 September 1935, aged 66, in Copenhagen.

Descendants.

He was the paternal grandfather of Countess Victoria Ann Moltke and Countess Cornelia Alexandra Moltke Isles (b. 1947), an actress and documentary filmmaker.

Count Carl Poul Oscar Moltke (2 January 1869 – 5 September 1935) was the Danish minister to the United States in 1908 and the Foreign Minister of Denmark 1924–1926.


Background.

Jack Lauterwasser - he pronounced it "Law-tuh-woss-uh" with the "w" as in English - was the son of a German who emigrated to France in the late 19th century and then to England. His parents ran a pie shop near Oxford Street, London, where they lived in poor housing. His father was returned to Germany at the outbreak of war in 1914 and Lauterwasser lived with his mother and the rest of her children. They moved to Highbury in north London and Lauterwasser worked as a cycling delivery boy for a grocery store.  He said: "We lived above a greengrocer's and the shopkeeper let me borrow the bike."

Early cycling.

Lauterwasser joined Finsbury Park cycling club in 1924 and won his first race, his club's 25-mile time trial for novices, when he was 13. He began riding longer races, including time-trials that lasted 12 hours. "I really was a novice, a greenhorn who knew nothing, but in my first season I progressed to being club champ and winning some good time-trials," he said. He broke the Road Records Association 50-mile record in 1928.(ref RRA General Secretary)

Olympic Games.

Lauterwasser was picked for the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam and cycled there from London. He won a silver medal in the 160 km road race event at the Amsterdam Olympics. The race was run against the clock as an individual time trial, a British speciality, with riders starting at two-minute intervals. Lauterwasser finished fifth in 5h 2m 57s. He and his team-mates, Frank Southall (second) and John Middleton (26th), were originally judged third best team but were raised to second after Italy was disqualified. Lauterwasser had already returned home with his bronze medal. He was then sent the silver medal as well and was never asked to return the bronze, he said. It took him a further two years to get the silver medal from his club; "Our club secretary's wife considered it belonged to the club," he said. He kept both medals in a biscuit tin.

Other cycling.

In the same year as the Olympics, Lauterwasser broke the Road Records Association 50-mile record by almost three minutes with lhr 54m 47s and the 100-mile record by more than 18 minutes, in 4hr 13m 35s. He won the Polytechnic CC 12-hour race with a record 237.8 miles. Lauterwasser and others believed he had ridden further, that he had been first to cover 240 miles. Seven years later the course was remeasured and Lauterwasser was credited with 240m 76 yards, making his total distance 240 miles 76 yds, the first rider to exceed 20 mph.(ref Finsbury Park CC archives)

Retirement.

Lauterwasser opened a cycle shop in Holloway Road, London, in 1929. He built lightweight bicycles to order and created a design of handlebar named after him. His lightest Lauterweight bicycle weighed 17.5 lb. The business was not a success, however.  The shop closed and he joined Rudge. He moved to BSA during the Second World War and made folding bicycles for parachutists. He moved to Raleigh when peace returned and worked as a sales rep in the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1965 he joined Alex Moulton at Bradford-on-Avon, making bicycles with suspension. He continued working until he was 90. He died after a fall at home broke his leg.

John "Jack" Jacob Lauterwasser (4 June 1904 – 2 February 2003) was an English racing cyclist and cycling engineer, who won a bronze and silver medal in the same race at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.


Critical reception.

William York, writing for AllMusic rated the album 3.5/5, commented, “It seems clear that some care was put into this CD so that it doesn't appear carelessly thrown together or incoherent like so many remix albums, which is nice. The album flows well and doesn't contain any outright duds or annoying throwaways. On the other hand, it is still just a remix CD, and it will therefore appeal to a limited audience of electronic-era Ulver obsessives and/or die-hard fans of the remix artists.”  Writing for webzine Chronicles of Chaos, Pedro Azevedo rated the album 4.5/10, commenting, “There is much in this disc that sounds anonymous and devoid both of context and interest. Even Ulver's own opening track fails to stand out from the collection, but there are still some very good tracks amidst all this, unrelated as they may sound. Perhaps the purpose of this collection has been achieved; perhaps some people other than the fourteen authors of these remixes will find considerable interest in the entirety of this disc, instead of less than half of it—but for this listener, this compilation as a whole presents insufficient aesthetic and musical value.”  Aversionline rated the album 8/10, commenting. “All in all this is a nice tribute to Ulver. Of course there are some weak moments, but there's really only one completely worthless song here—the rest all have strengths. And if nothing else, I find it interesting to hear how these artist have remixed both Ulver's old and new material to achieve different results. (8/10)”  Writing for webzine, Satan Stole My Teddybear, John Chedsey, adds “Needless to say, this is the first truly unnecessary Ulver release, but thankfully, it's technically not an Ulver release. Remix albums are almost always a waste and there's very little here that would warrant a mad rush to the CD store to demand a copy. This particularly remix album does little to change my opinion of the remix phenomenon. They're the only thing worse and less needed than a tribute album.”  Niels van Rongen, commenting for Musique Machine, “Most—if not all—artist featured on 1st Decade are from the IDM, glitch scene. This is not a huge surprise since Ulver has been doing this kind of music for the last few years. Still it would've been nice to hear someone from outside this scene. As colleague Martijn Busink suggested to me, a dub version of Kveldssanger would've been great. And I miss the vocals. I know it's hard to successfully incorporate vocals in IDM and remixes, though it can be done. Nevertheless ‘’1993-2003: 1st Decade In The Machines’’ is a really good remix album. It's an interesting release for long time Ulver fans, but also for people who are just starting to get into this kind of music. I wouldn't buy this if it's gonna be your first Ulver album. But everyone who is into their electronic period can easily pick this up. So, happy birthday Ulver and a toast to another 10 great years. “

1993–2003: 1st Decade in the Machines is a remix album commissioned by Ulver, issued on April 29, 2003 via Jester Records. The album celebrates Ulver's ten year anniversary and features remixes by Ulver, Alexander Rishaug, Information, The Third Eye Foundation, Upland, Bogdan, Raczynski, Martin Horntveth, Neotropic, A. Wiltzie vs. Stars Of The Lid, Fennesz, Pita, Jazzkammer, V/Vm and Merzbow.


Location.

The station is located on the northern outskirts of Annweiler. The Großer Adelberg (hill) is directly north of it, which required a retaining wall to be built. A residential area is located northeast of it on the slope. South of the railway station parallel to the tracks are "Bahnhofstraße" (station street) and the Queich. The western end of the station is covered by a stone arch bridge, which serves road traffic. The Landau–Rohrbach railway, which is very curvy in the built-up area of the town, comes from the north-east and continues to the west from the station; it follows the Queich until shortly before Hauenstein.

History.

A meeting took place in Speyer on 10 January 1838, which marked the beginning of selling shares in the Palatine Ludwig Railway Company ("Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn-Gesellschaft"). One suggestion was to build the railway through Zweibrücken and from there along the Schwarzbach via Rodalben, Annweiler and Langenkandel to the Rhine, but this was not adopted.  However, plans existed for the building of a line from Landau to Zweibrücken. Annweiler and the other places in the Queich valley would be the main beneficiaries. Annweiler, in particular, would benefit from a railway connection to its industrial settlements and villages between Landau and Annweiler would also benefit. In spite of the resistance of the administration of the Palatine Railway, which feared a weakening of the Ludwig Railway, they did not give up, persistently advocating the construction of such a connection. A planning committee considered, as an alternative, the establishment of a branch line from Landau to Annweiler. However, the committee changed its mind under pressure from the town of Landau and also agreed to support the construction of a Landau–Zweibrücken line. This time the efforts were successful: the committee was given the right to draft a suitable plan, which, however, it had to finance itself. The necessary concession was granted on 1 April 1865. The Annweiler-based industry, which produced straw hats and paper among other things, also supported a route along the Queich, after a route through the Wasgau via Bergzabern and Dahn was also considered.  The Annweiler am Trifels station was opened with the commissioning of the Landau (Pfalz)–Annweiler am Trifels section on 12 September 1874. A festival was held in the town on this occasion. At the station there were many celebrations and a total of 300 people travelled on the first train. In addition, the mayor made a speech. Afterwards, a pageant was held, led by the chapel of the 25th Rhenish Infantry Regiment from Strasbourg.

Further development.

For the first 14 months of its existence it was the terminus of the line, until it was extended to Zweibrücken on 25 November 1875. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the station had ticket gates like other stations in the Palatinate. During this time, the railway station was managed by the Zweibrücken operations and construction inspectorate and its tracks were part of the responsibility of the "Bahnmeisterei" (track master's office) of Albersweiler-St. Johann. After Germany lost the First World War and the French military invaded, the Palatine network south of Maikammer-Kirrweiler was blockaded to passenger traffic on 1 December 1918, but released for operations three days later. The line and Annweiler station became part of the area of the "Reichsbahndirektion" (Reichsbahn railway division) of Ludwigshafen after the founding of the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1922. A year later, the railway workers employed at the railway station were expelled during the operation of the railway by the French military during the occupation of the Palatinate by France. They then returned to work. During the dissolution of the railway division of Ludwigshafen, responsibility for it was transferred to the railway division of Saarbrücken on 1 May 1936 and the "Betriebsamtes (RBA) Zweibrücken" (operations office of Zweibrücken).  Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB), which was responsible for railway operations from 1949, assigned the station to the railway division of Mainz, which was responsible for all railway lines within the newly created state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In the course of the staged dissolution of the railway division of Mainz from 1 August 1971, its counterpart in Saarbrücken took responsibility for the station. At the same time the platforms were raised. In 1996, the station became part of the area where services are organised by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar transport association, VRN). Since 2002, the tickets of the "Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund" (Karlsruhe Transport Association, KVV) have also been recognised. DB Station&Service commissioned a passenger information display at the station on 1 January 2009. In 2014, the platforms were to be upgraded for disabled people.

Infrastructure.

Entrance building.

The entrance building was built in the neoclassical style for the commissioning of the station in 1874. It is protected under the Rhineland Palatinate Conservation Act. In its execution it was almost identical with its original counterpart at Biebermühle station (now Pirmasens Nord station). The front-gabled central section of the building has three floors. Two two-storey wings are attached to it. The platform canopy was completed a few years after the station was opened. Similar buildings were found on the lines of the Palatinate Railways ("Pfälzische Eisenbahnen") as well as the stations of Enkenbach, Kirchheimbolanden, Langmeil and Marnheim.

Other buildings.

In addition, a two-storey secondary building, which was used for handling freight and has now been converted into a residence, was located in the western area of the station. It is also characteristic of the Palatinate Railways. A relatively large goods shed, which was built in the 1930s, was demolished in September 2013. In the eastern part of the station there is a signal box, which was also built in the 1930s. Red sandstone from the region was used for its lower floor.

Facilities.

The station has three platforms for passenger services, including a dead-end platform which was restored in about 1990.

Operations.

Passenger services.

The Landau–Zweibrücken railway formed the continuation of the Germersheim–Landau railway and the Bruhrain Railway (Bruchsal–Germersheim), which is evident in the continuous chainage (kilometre markings). This starts in the middle of the Rhine Bridge, Germersheim. In the 1897 timetable, for example, thorough journeys from Zweibrücken via Annweiler and Landau to Germersheim are listed. At the end of the 1930s, there were continuous passenger services from Saarbrücken to Germersheim and Bruchsal. From 1938, it ran to the east towards Winden, Wörth and Karlsruhe; this continued in the Second World War.  Annweiler was regularly the terminus of trains that started in Landau. At the same time, trains ran to Pirmasenser Hauptbahnhof and Zweibrücken. In the 1970s, there were some through trains to Homburg, Neustadt, St. Ingbert and Bruchsal. In 1994, most of the services ran to Zweibrücken or Saarbrücken, since then traffic has been concentrated on Pirmasens. The last through train to Saarbrücken was abandoned in 2008. Two years later, connections had been established between Karlsruhe and Annweiler that ran over the Neustadt–Wissembourg railway and the Winden–Karlsruhe railway. From May to October, "Felsenland-Express" excursion services run on Wednesdays, Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays from Neustadt and Karlsruhe, stopping in Annweiler.

Freight operations.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, freight trains operated over the Kaiserslautern–Homburg–Landau–Germersheim and Saarbrücken–Landau–Germersheim lines. Their customers at the station included "Stabila", a local manufacturer of measuring instruments. After the Second World War freight traffic also lost importance. From the 1980s onwards, a Übergabegüterzug (goods exchange train) served the station. Its operation were based in Neustadt Hauptbahnhof. The trains ran from Landau to Wilgartswiesen. Operation of freight traffic at the station ended in 1994. Subsequently, the loading tracks at the station were disconnected and partially dismantled in 2001. Subsequently, the loading tracks in the station were disconnected and partially dismantled in 2001. It had already lost all freight traffic a few years earlier.

Bus services.

There is a bus stop in the station forecourt ("Bahnhofsvorplatz"). Since 2012, "Queichtal Nahverkehrsgesellschaft GmbH" has been responsible for operating the bus routes, which were reorganised in the same year.  Currently, the station is served by the following bus routes:

Annweiler am Trifels station is the main station in the town of Annweiler am Trifels in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Deutsche Bahn classifies it as a category 5 station and it has three platform tracks. The station is located in the network of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar transport association, VRN) and belongs to fare zones 181 and 191. Since 2002, Annweiler has also been part of the area served by the "Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund" (Karlsruhe Transport Association, KVV) using tickets at a transitional rate. Annweiler was always the most important station between Landau (Pfalz) Hbf and Pirmasens Nord and it used to be served by long-distance services.


Bathymetrical survey.

Loch Lubnaig differs from the other lochs in the neighbourhood in that it does not constitute a single basin. The bottom is apparently very irregular; the contour lines of depth do not follow the contour of the loch. Hollows and ridges alternate with each other and in some placed comparatively deep water is found close to the shore, while in other places shallow water extends a considerable distance from shore. The loch is also comparatively speaking, very narrow and shallow considering its size, nearly two-thirds of the area being under in depth. The loch may be conveniently divided into two halves, defined by the central constriction in the outline of the loch at the entrance of the Ardchillarie burn, where the bottom shallows and separates two principal deep depressions. The northern half trends in a north-west and south-east direction, while the southern half trends almost directly north and south.  There are two depressions in which the depth exceeds, with an isolated sounding of 106 feet between them. The larger depression is contained in the southern half of the loch, and is over half a mile in length with a maximum width of about wide. The smaller but deeper depression is situated at the base of the northern half of the loch, occupying a central position and is over in length with a width of 280 yards. The deepest part of the loch at is centrally located in the depression. There are three other smaller depressions.  On the western shore, between from the southern end of the loch, there is a sandy spit, which stretches out towards the centre of the loch.

Loch Lubnaig (Loch Lùbnaig in Gaelic) is a small freshwater loch near Callander in the Stirling council area, Scottish Highlands. It lies in the former county of Perthshire. It is part of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.


Early life and career.

Percy Crosby was born in Brooklyn, New York, prior to the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs of New York City. He grew up in Richmond Hill, in what would be the borough of Queens but at the time was considered part of Long Island. His father, Thomas Francis Crosby, the son of Catholic immigrants from County Louth, Ireland, was an amateur painter who ran an art supply business. His mother Frances (née Greene), known as Fanny, was of English and Scottish descent. Percy had two younger sisters, Ethel and Gladys.  Crosby quit high school during his sophomore year to take a job as an art department office boy at editor Theodore Dreiser's magazine "The Delineator". He was quickly promoted to artist, but the job ended after one issue. When he was 17, he sold a drawing to "Life" for $6. After delivering sandwiches and working as a magazine salesman, he found a position as an editorial cartoonist for the Socialist newspaper the "New York Daily Call". There he published his first two comic strips, "Biff" and "The Extreme Brothers—Laff and Sy", but readers became outraged at frivolity in the paper and the strips were pulled.  Crosby next became a sports columnist and illustrator at "The New York Globe". On the side, he produced comics used as occasional filler for the paper. Eventually fired, he entered an Edison Company contest for the best cartoon on the use of electric light. He won the $75 prize and saw his cartoon appear in every newspaper in New York City. The exposure led to a job at the "New York World", "at the time the promised land for aspiring cartoonists". After a few years, he left to freelance, selling cartoons to "World" editor John Tennant. In 1916, the George Matthew Adams Service syndicated Crosby's first feature, the daily and Sunday strip "The Clancy Kids", earning Crosby a respectable $135 a week.  While continuing on this first strip, Crosby studied at Manhattan's Art Students League under such instructors as George Bridgman, Frank DuMond, Joseph Pennell and Max Weber. The painter and League president Gifford Beal, recognizing Crosby's talent, invited him to spend the summer in Cape Cod, where Crosby made the acquaintance of Edwin Dickinson, Edward Hopper, Eugene O'Neill and other habitues of the Provincetown, Massachusetts artists colony. Back in New York, he fell in love with fellow League student Gertrude Volz, the artist-sculptor daughter of a well-to-do real-estate broker. After being commissioned a second lieutenant in the Officer Reserve Corps in 1916 and being called to active service the following year, serving for a time as a jiujitsu instructor, he and Volz eloped and were married at the training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, on July 7, 1917.  While in training, Crosby created a daily comic panel, "That Rookie from the Thirteenth Squad", for the McClure Syndicate, writing and drawing it from the front in France while serving as a first lieutenant in the 77th Division, AEF. The comic was collected into his first two books, "That Rookie of the Thirteenth Squad" (1917) and "Between Shots" (1919). While at the Argonne front, Crosby was struck by shrapnel in the eye, suffering no permanent damage, and earned the Purple Heart.  Following the war, he resumed his studies and syndicated a series of panel cartoons from 1921 to 1925. These covered a variety of subjects, with some series, such as "Who Cares for the Feelings of a Small Boy", "The Local Boy", "Back o' the Flats", "The Little Girl Who Moved Away" and "Send a Poor Child to the Farm", featuring children, particularly from the slums.

"Always Belittlin' ".

One such series, "Always Belittlin<nowiki>'</nowiki>", presaged "Skippy" with its star, a child with a striped shawl and a bonnet with a black pop-pom, whose thoughts consisted of the text's daily aphorism. This series and two others, "Bugville" and "Bug Lugs", would eventually run as the supplemental topper feature accompanying the "Skippy" Sunday strip.

"Skippy" (1923–45).

Crosby concurrently became a prolific contributor to "Life", where several of his cartoons featured a child named Timmy, who became the prototype for Skippy Skinner when Crosby pitched art director Frank Casey about a regular feature. As Crosby recalled, "I drew up three pages and thought of forty-four names (among them "Beanie" and "Jumper")—"Skippy" last on the list. A minor editor put his oar in and suggested "Tiny Tim". I bristled with [sic] such uncalled-for interference, and... the thought flashed through my mind: '[The title] had to be "Skippy" and nothing else!'"  Following a full-page house ad in the March 15, 1923, issue, "Skippy" premiered in "Life" and quickly became a success. It became a syndicated comic strip two years later, initially by Johnson Features, Central Press Association and Editors Features Service, before publisher William Randolph Hearst signed Crosby to his King Features Syndicate. King distributed its first daily "Skippy" on October 7, 1926, and its first Sunday on April 1, 1929. Crosby retained the copyright, a rarity for strip artists of the time.  The strip focused on Skippy Skinner, a young boy living in the city. Usually wearing an enormous collar and tie and a floppy checked hat, he was an odd mix of mischief and melancholy who might equally be found stealing from the corner fruit stand, failing to master skates or baseball, complaining about the adult world, or staring sadly at an old relative's grave: "And only last year she gave me a tie."  The popular strip at one point guaranteed Crosby $2,350 a week, an enormous sum at the time. Crosby published a "Skippy" novel and other books; there were Skippy dolls, toys and comic books. The comic was adapted as the 1931 movie "Skippy" by Paramount Pictures. A hit, it won director Norman Taurog the Academy Award for Best Director, and boosted the career of young star Jackie Cooper, who played the title role.  From 1928 to 1937, Crosby produced 3,650 "Skippy" strips, ten books of fiction, political and philosophical essays, drawings and cartoons, as well as numerous pamphlets, while also mounting a dozen exhibitions in New York City, Washington, D.C., London, Paris and Rome of his oils, watercolors and other paintings and drawings. With its success, he befriended a pantheon of famed creators, including the author Marc Connelly, the humorist Robert Benchley, "The New Yorker" editor Harold Ross, "Life" magazine editor and future Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Robert E. Sherwood, and the cartoonists and painters George McManus, H. T. Webster and Guy Hoff.

Personal life.

Crosby's marriage to Gertrude Volz had become strained during the 1920s, and after a few years of legal separation the two were divorced in 1927. She received custody of Patricia, their only child. Crosby later dated the torch singer and stage-musical actress Libby Holman and became friends with such actresses as Colleen Moore, Elsie James and Marilyn Miller. But during this time, making the rounds of speakeasies and night clubs, Crosby began developing an alcohol addiction. Crosby was a member of several private clubs—the Players Club, the Salamagundi Club, the Dutch Treat Club and the Coffee House Club at the Hotel Seymour, where he lived, dining with George Abbott, Jerome Kern, Ring Lardner, John Barrymore, Rube Goldberg, Heywood Broun and Frank Crowninshield. After nights at these clubs, he sometimes would awaken with no recollection of the previous evening.  Regardless, Crosby continued to explore numerous creative realms, writing "Skippy" prose vignettes for "Life" that led to a "Skippy" novel for G. P. Putnam's Sons. He fell in love with the secretary assigned to him, Vassar graduate Agnes Dale Locke, and the two were married on April 4, 1929. While on vacation in Europe, Crosby stopped drinking alcohol, becoming a teetotaler for the next seven years. Weathering the stock market crash of that fall, Crosby and his wife moved to McLean, Virginia, where Crosby bought an estate called "The Beeches". They later moved to an even larger estate in the area, "Ridgelawn". The couple would have four children: son Percy Jr., nicknamed Skippy, the eldest, and daughters Barbara, Joan, and Carol, who were, respectively two, three and four years younger. During this time, Crosby patented a firearm that incorporated a pistol in the stock of a rifle. With his wife and an agent handling his business affairs, Crosby oversaw a "Skippy" empire that included a radio show, three novels, a series of 34 posters for Standard Oil, and the aforesaid movie and a sequel, "Sooky". To assist him on the "Skippy" strip, Crosby hired an old friend, artist Richard Reddy, who continued with him through the end of Crosby's career.  In the late 1930s, Crosby began drawing more overtly political and philosophical "Skippy" strips. Following his third "Skippy" prose-fiction book, the essay collection "Skippy Rambles", Crosby began using his writing as primarily a vehicle for his beliefs. His 1931 memoir "A Cartoonist's Philosophy" was found to be too polemical for eight publishers, and Crosby published it himself, in a money-losing venture; his future books were all privately published under his own name or Freedom Press, which he founded in 1936. "Life" dropped him when Crosby agreed to do humorous cartoons only if the magazine agreed to publish his political work as well; the rival magazine "Judge" obliged. Of the nine books and pamphlets published from 1932 on, only "Sports Drawings" (1933) and the poetry collection "Rays" (1937) were not political or philosophical. Speeches, articles and cartoons would appear as paid ads in the "Washington Herald", the "Washington Post", "The New York Times" and the "New York Sun".  Although he had voted for Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 U.S. Presidential election, Crosby opposed Roosevelt's controversial Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. Crosby's vitriolic editorials called the president "crazed for power", and referred to Roosevelt's Fireside Chats as "talking from the Moscow room of the Spite House". He also fired editorial broadsides at the gangster Al Capone. When the Internal Revenue Service brought a tax claim against Crosby and his corporation Skippy, Inc., for more than $67,000 in 1937, Crosby—who fought the decision for years, ultimately unsuccessfully—claimed it was in retaliation for his political writing.  The previous year, Crosby had begun drinking again, and his behavior became increasingly erratic. His marriage suffered, and after a violent episode in February 1939, Crosby left for Florida for two weeks. When he returned, repentant, his family had decamped, and his wife had filed for divorce. He never again saw his children, then aged five to nine. A devastated Crosby moved back to Manhattan and eventually entered Presbyterian Hospital for an extended stay for exhaustion and an infection. There he met nurse Carolyn Soper, whom he took on a first date to the 1939–40 New York World's Fair. The two were married in May 1940, and they honeymooned in Venice, Florida.  About the same time, a California food packer, Joseph Rosefield, began to sell his newly developed hydrogenated peanut butter, which he labeled "Skippy" without Crosby's permission. Years of expensive litigation followed, which Crosby's heirs have continued into the 2000s.  His finances dire due to tax claims, the divorce settlement, legal fees, and alimony, Crosby sold Ridgelawn for a fraction of its value; his farm and other Virginia real-estate were awarded to his second wife. His beloved strip "Skippy" suffered; as his biographer, Jerry Robinson, wrote:

Later years (1945–64).

In his later years, Crosby's alcoholism contributed to the cartoonist being unable to find employment. His wife Carolyn returned to work as a nurse and dietitian. Efforts to revive "Skippy" went nowhere.  In December 1948, Crosby was committed to the psychiatric ward of Bellevue Hospital after attempting suicide following the death of his mother. In January 1949, he was transferred to the mental ward at Kings Park Veterans' Hospital, in Kings Park, New York, where he was declared a paranoid schizophrenic. His confinement was authorized by Arthur Soper, an uncle of Crosby's wife.  Though he would spend the last 16 years of his life institutionalized, Crosby continued to produce artwork and manuscripts, though no work was published and it is uncertain how much was sent to publishers by the hospital staff, through whom all mail had to be vetted. Carolyn, a diabetic whose workday began at 5:30 a.m., was unable to obtain legal counsel or the help of friends to try to secure Crosby's release.  Crosby's estranged daughters Barbara and Joan had graduated from Vassar College, and Carol from the Rhode Island School of Design, without having known of their father's whereabouts; son Skip had become a geologist. Crosby had received infrequent visits from his two sisters, and from his cartoonist friend Rube Goldberg. Carolyn, whose failing health had eventually precluded visits, died November 8, 1949.  On December 8, 1964, after a heart attack that had left him in a coma for months, Crosby died in the asylum on his 73rd birthday. He was buried in Pine Lawn Veterans' Cemetery on Long Island.

Percy Lee Crosby (December 8, 1891 – December 8, 1964) was an American author, illustrator and cartoonist best known for his comic strip "Skippy". Adapted into movies, a novel and a radio show, Crosby's creation was commemorated on a 1997 U.S. Postal Service stamp. An inspiration for Charles Schulz's "Peanuts", the strip is regarded by comics historian Maurice Horn as a "classic... which innovated a number of sophisticated and refined touches used later by Charles Schulz and Bill Watterson." Humorist Corey Ford, writing in "Vanity Fair", praised the strip as "America's most important contribution to humor of the century".


Plot.

After Joan Warren (Alice Faye) is fired from her singing job at the Ritz Club, where she performs with the Ritz Brothers, she seeks help from theatrical agent, Nicky Alexander (Gregory Ratoff). Nicky, however, is in the process of being evicted from his office suite, so he tells her to find another agent. When she insists that he represent her, he takes her to Mr. Brewster (Paul Stanton), president of the Federal Broadcasting Company, and Joan auditions, but Brewster refuses to hire her because she is not of the upper class.  Back at the club, Joan packs her bags, while in the street, a crowd gathers around drunken actor Bruce Farraday (Adolphe Menjou). Nicky leads Farraday into the club, where Farraday orders a huge feast and hears Joan perform her last song. After more wine, Farraday passes out, and they take him to a hospital, where he babbles lines of Shakespeare. To create some publicity, Nicky tells Joan to play "Juliet" to Farraday's "Romeo." While Al Craven (Ted Healy), the brother of Nicky's secretary Fitz (Patsy Kelly), searches for alcohol to keep Farraday from sobering up, Nicky calls the newspapers, saying that Farraday is on his deathbed. When the doctor arrives and forbids visitors, Al pretends to be Farraday's personal physician and relieves him of the case. Nicky sneaks Joan in to see Farraday, while cynical reporter Ted Blake (Michael Whalen) and Joe (Cully Richards), a photographer, climb onto the fire escape and photograph them.  Later, Al accompanies Farraday home, and the puzzled Farraday wonders why he can't remember hiring a personal physician. The newspapers print the story, and Brewster decides that he wants to hire Joan on the condition that Farraday will perform as well. At their new home at the Madison Towers, the group learns that Farraday is about to return to Hollywood at the behest of his cousin and business manager, Robert Wilson, who is furious over the publicity. Nicky goes to Farraday and suggests that he show his cousin that he has a head for business by getting the lucrative radio contract. Robert arrives, tells the newspapers that Joan is a gold digger and escorts Farraday onto the train leaving for California. As a result of the new story, Brewster no longer wants to sign Joan. Ted explains that to be the first to print a retraction of Robert's statement, his newspaper will fly Joan out to Farraday. They fly to Kansas City to meet Farraday's train and trick Robert into leaving without Farraday. Then, they arrange with Brewster to broadcast that evening from Kansas City. They round up some performers for the show, including the Ritz Brothers, who happen to be in town. As Farraday prepares to go on the air, Robert returns and locks himself in the hotel room with Farraday, but Farraday escapes. He arrives at the station in the nick of time and exonerates Joan, securing for her the radio contract with Brewster.

Sing, Baby, Sing is a 1936 American film. Richard A. Whiting and Walter Bullock received an Academy Award nomination in Best Original Song at the 9th Academy Awards for their song "When Did You Leave Heaven".


Premise.

"Mr. Young" centers on Adam Young (Brendan Meyer), who graduated from university at the age of 14. He decides to come back to high school as a science teacher to live the high school "experience". He reunites with childhood best friend Derby (Gig Morton) and encounters the school bully, Slab (Kurt Ostlund), and a student in his class whom he has a crush on, named Echo (Matreya Fedor). However, because he is only 14, his students have little respect for him, and he often gets into trouble with the principal for his childlike behaviour.

Production.

The series was created and executive produced by Dan Signer. The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience at 5828 Byrne Road, in Burnaby, British Columbia.  The series began taping on Thursday, September 30, 2010 and production of Season 1 was completed on Friday, April 15, 2011. Through their Facebook page, YTV announced on March 31, 2011 that "Mr. Young" was the No. 1 show on their network. On April 29, 2011 the series was renewed for a second season. Filming of Season 2 began in early July 2011 and continued through to January 2012. On April 29, 2011 the series was renewed for a second season. Filming of Season 2 began in early July 2011 and continued until January 2012. Afterwards, the show had a third season of 28 episodes, bringing the episode total to 80 episodes. This third and final seasons aired from October 16, 2012 to November 28, 2013.

Broadcast and release.

On September 7, 2011, Corus Entertainment's Nelvana Enterprises and Thunderbird Films announced that they had sold the live-action comedy series to Disney XD channels United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Nelvana Enterprises is the international distribution agent for "Mr. Young", while Nelvana and Thunderbird are co-distributing the series in the United States.

Mr. Young is a Canadian television series that premiered on March 1, 2011 on YTV. The series was filmed in Burnaby, British Columbia. The series was created by Dan Signer (who also worked on shows such as "The Suite Life on Deck" and "A.N.T. Farm"), and stars Brendan Meyer, Matreya Fedor, and Gig Morton as attendees of Finnegan High School. Further main cast includes Kurt Ostlund, Emily Tennant, and Milo Shandel. The show ended its run on November 28, 2013 with three seasons and 80 episodes.


Technical characteristics.

Ordered in November 1884, "Pelayo" was built by Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée at La Seyne in France. Her keel was laid in April 1885, and she was launched on 5 February 1887 and completed in the summer of 1888. She was originally intended to be the first of a new class of battleships, but a crisis with the German Empire in the Caroline Islands in 1890 led to the cancellation of these plans and the diversion of funds to the construction of the "Infanta Maria Teresa"-class armored cruisers. "Pelayo" was viewed as too slow and having too little coal endurance for colonial service, and ended up being the only member of her class.  The design of "Pelayo" was based on that of the French battleship "Marceau", modified to give her a draft that was shallower so that she could transit the Suez Canal at full load displacement. Originally equipped with sails, she had them deleted soon after completion. She had two funnels. Her gun was a bow chaser. Her armor belt was wide amidships and extended above and almost below the waterline. Internally, she had French-style cellular construction with 13 watertight bulkheads and a double bottom.  She was a barbette ship, an ancestor of the modern battleship with the main battery mounted in open barbettes on armored rotating platforms, in contrast to the heavy self-contained turrets more common to the period and which the progress of the design of modern battleships would soon abandon.  Her main guns could be loaded in any position, and consisted of two Gonzalez Hontoria-built Canet guns mounted fore and aft on the centerline and two Gonzalez Hontoria guns, also in barbettes, with one mounted on either beam  "Pelayo" was reconstructed at La Seyne in 1897–1898, receiving armor for her midships battery and having her guns replaced by pieces, one mounted as a bow chaser and the rest on the broadside. However, the installation of these new guns was disrupted and delayed when she was rushed back into service after the Spanish–American War began.  During a major refit in 1910, her torpedo tubes were removed.

Operational history.

"Pelayo" spent her early years in Spanish waters, showing the flag in various naval reviews and exhibitions, notably in Greece in 1891, at Genoa, Italy, in 1892, and Kiel, Germany, in 1895.  She began a reconstruction at La Seyne in 1897, and was there when the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898. She was rushed back into service with her old guns removed but her new guns not yet mounted, and entered service with the Reserve Squadron on 14 May 1898.  She remained in Spanish waters for a month to guard against United States Navy raids against the Spanish coast. She then was assigned to the 2nd Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Manuel de Cámara, which was to steam to the Philippines and defeat the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, which had controlled Philippine waters since defeating the Spanish squadron of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasaron in the Battle of Manila Bay.  Cámara's squadron—consisting of "Pelayo", armored cruiser "Emperador Carlos V", auxiliary cruisers "Patriota" and "Rapido", destroyers "Audaz", "Osado", and "Prosepina", and transports "Buenos Aires" and "Panay"—sortied from Cadiz on 16 June 1898, passing Gibraltar on 17 June 1898. It arrived at Port Said, Egypt, on 26 June 1898, and requested permission to transship coal, which the Egyptian government finally denied on 30 June 1898 out of concern for Egyptian neutrality. By the time Cámara's squadron arrived at Suez on 5 July 1898, the squadron of Vice Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been annihilated in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, freeing up the U.S. Navy's heavy forces from the blockade of Santiago de Cuba. Fearful for the security of the Spanish coast, the Spanish Ministry of Marine recalled Cámara's squadron on 7 July 1898, and "Pelayo" returned to Spain, where Cámara's 2nd Squadron was dissolved on 25 July 1898. "Pelayo" spent the last month of the war in Spanish waters, and thus missed combat.  After the war, she resumed her duty of showing the flag, attending naval reviews in Toulon, France, in 1901 and in Lisbon, Portugal, and Vigo Bay, Spain, in 1904. But the Spanish Navy found it difficult to find a role for "Pelayo", which had no similar ships with which to operate. There was thought of having her operate with Spain's new dreadnoughts when they began to commission during the World War I era, but by then she was too old and slow to be compatible with them. She thus earned the nickname "Solitario", meaning "The Lonely One."  "Pelayo" fired her guns in anger only once, when she bombarded Moroccan insurgents in 1909 during the Second Rif War.  "Pelayo" underwent a major refit in 1910. In 1912, she was badly damaged in Fonduko Bay due to a navigational error. She was repaired, but thereafter served as a training ship, including service in 1920 and 1921 as a gunnery training ship in the Training Division. "Pelayo" was disarmed in 1923 and scrapped in 1925.

Pelayo was a battleship of the Spanish Navy which served in the Spanish fleet from 1888 to 1925. She was the first battleship and the most powerful unit of the Spanish Navy. Despite its modern design for the time, "Pelayo" and the rest of the Spanish Asia-Pacific Rescue Squadron never engaged in combat during the Spanish–American War. Some historians argue the battleship, along with Armored Cruiser Carlos V, would have changed the course of the war dramatically, leading to a possible Spanish victory, thus consolidating Spain's status as a colonial power.


Career.

Ilkka Hanski took his bachelor's degree and Licentiate's degree in the University of Helsinki in 1976 and Doctoral degree from the University of Oxford in 1979. Hanski was a graduate student in Oxford from 1976 to 1979. He was appointed as a docent in the University of Helsinki in 1981 and in the University of Joensuu in 1983. He worked in the Academy of Finland from 1978 to 1988 as well as from 1991 to 1992. He worked as an acting professor of zoology in the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1991, and was appointed (full) professorship of zoology in 1993. Hanski served as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland from 1996 until his death. In 2000, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.  The central questions of metapopulation biology studies by Hanski have several practical applications. For example, understanding biodiversity and population variability is essential for practical work in conservation biology and in regional planning. Mathematical models developed by the Hanski group can be used to build and promote coexistence of Man and Nature, for instance in urban environments where planning of green areas bears importance.  The field research of the Glanville fritillary butterfly in Ahvenanmaa is a well-known classical model system. The scientific literature produced by Hanski is rather enormous; the ISI Web of Knowledge database suggests that he is the author or co-author of more than 200 scientific articles and has edited several books. he is the seventh most cited ecologist in the world.  Hanski died of a long-illness on 10 May 2016 in Helsinki, aged 63.

Advocacy.

Hanski was also an active advocate of nature and biodiversity conservation, participating in public debates. His central view was that the responsibility of ecologists is not restricted to producing scientific information but includes avid participation in the processes using the information produced.

Awards and recognition.

In 2000, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Ecological Sciences. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2005, the second Finnish scientist ever to receive this award. In April 2006, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Crafoord Prize in biosciences 2011 "for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations".  In 2010 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).  In 2016, Hanski was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation Biology for opening up an area of ecology that explains how species survive in fragmented habitats and allows to quantify extinction thresholds. In September 2015, he received the honorary title of Academician of Science from the Academy of Finland.

Ilkka Aulis Hanski (14 February 1953 – 10 May 2016) was a Finnish ecologist at the University of Helsinki, Finland. The Metapopulation Research Center led by Hanski, until his death, has been nominated as a Center of Excellence by the Academy of Finland. The group studies species living in fragmented landscapes and attempts to advance metapopulation ecology research. Metapopulation ecology itself studies populations of plants and animals which are separated in space by occupying patches.


Attack and arrests.

He was with friends when one of them was attacked, and he received injuries when he attempted to help the friend. The attack occurred close to a bar. Jonny K. was hospitalised and succumbed to a brain hemorrhage.  Police in Berlin arrested four of the accused. Another, Onur U., initially fled to Turkey. Onur U., a Turkish citizen, was 19 years-old at the time, and was an amateur boxer. Onur U. later said that he left Germany as he felt he was being presumed guilty. In April 2013 the Turkish authorities extradited Onur U. to Germany. Prosecutors stated that Onur U. was the primary culprit, as he was the first to punch the victim.  The trial began in May 2013. Two of the accused were charged with aggravated assault, and the remaining ones were charged with grievous bodily harm causing death. The suspects were not charged with manslaughter nor murder as the court could not determine that they planned to kill the victim. The prosecution wanted a five and one half year sentence for Onur U. while the prime suspect said he did not hit Jonny K.  In June 2013 a mistrial was declared, therefore requiring the trial to occur again. Sentencing occurred in August 2013. Onur U., classified as a juvenile, was sentenced to four and one half years. Five other men, all of ages ranging from 19 to 24, each received sentences with the highest being two years and eight months.

Aftermath.

According to "Deutsche Welle", the killing "sparked outrage nationwide and triggered a new debate on youth violence."  Johnny K.'s sister, Tina K. began anti-violence advocacy. She was a co-plaintiff in the criminal case against the suspects.

Jonny K. was a man who was fatally beaten at Alexanderplatz in Mitte locality, Mitte borough, Berlin on 14 October 2012. Six people were criminally prosecuted for the beating.


Etymology.

The area now known as Gunbalanya was originally called "Uwunbarlany" by Erre-speaking people who were its original inhabitants. Oenpelli was the way Paddy Cahill (1863–1923), the founder of the original cattle station in the area, pronounced the local word. The present toponym is an anglisation of the word "Kunbarlanja" current in Kunwinjku, the language of the people who now live there, who began moving into the area from the east following the Cahill's establishment of his cattle station there in 1909.

Access.

The sealed Arnhem Highway links Darwin to Jabiru, the town within Kakadu National Park. About four kilometres before Jabiru, the sealed road turns off to Ubirr, the Border Store, Cahills Crossing on the East Alligator River and Oenpelli. The road is dirt from the East Alligator to just before Gunbalanya, a distance of about 16 kilometres. While this road is generally navigable by four wheel drive vehicle, the river crossing is a causeway which is closed by flooding during the wet season (November to April) and at high tides.  Dry season travellers are able to drive the 300 km from Darwin in about three hours and 60 km from Jabiru in under an hour. Northern Land Council permits are required to cross the East Alligator River, the western boundary of Arnhem Land, and travel east to Gunbalanya.  Oenpelli Airport is a sealed all weather airstrip located in Gunbalanya, and a number of companies offer charter flights to and from this airport.  The local radio station is called "RIBS" for Remote Indigenous Broadcasting Service.

Tourism.

Permits for road travel into Arnhem Land can be organised at the Northern Land Council offices in Darwin or Jabiru and may take up to two weeks to finalise. Many visitors prefer to see Arnhem Land through an organised tour operation.  The "Stone Country Festival" (formerly Gunbalanya Cultural Open Day) is usually held in August and access for this is allowed without permit. Though an annual event, it is sometimes not able to be organised in a given year.

Rock art.

Western Arnhem Land is home to some of the most significant rock art in the world. It has arguably the world's longest continuing artistic traditions - with rock art dating back thousands of years and still being produced today.  Local artistic traditions are continued and adapted by the Injalak Arts Centre. Injalak Arts is named after nearby Injalak Hill, which has many rock art galleries and is the main tourist attraction in Gunbalanya.

Bark art.

In the 1960s the mission at Oenpelli encouraged traditional rock painting artists to paint on bark. These painted barks were sold to anthropologists and travellers. This soon became a cottage industry and several important aboriginal artists including Lofty Bardayal, Mick Kubarrku and Dick Murramurra transferred their rock art skills to bark. These bark paintings are now held in Australian and overseas art galleries. Exhibitions of Bark paintings include Old Masters at the National museum of Australia and Crossing Country at the Art gallery of New South Wales.

History.

Oenpelli, as it was known then, was established by the Rev Alfred Dyer as a mission in 1925 by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society, on the former cattle station. Dyer and his wife Mary established a typical mission station, with church, school, dispensary, garden and store, to which they added pastoral work with feral cattle and horses. Among those who attended the mission school was the celebrated Gagudju elder and interpreter of culture, Bill Neidjie.  Oenpelli remained a mission until 1975, when responsibility was transferred to an aboriginal town council and the name was changed to Gunbalanya.  The 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land visited Oenpelli for three months and collected a large array of local artefacts, art, and specimens.

Gunbalanya (also spelt Kunbarlanja, and historically referred to as Oenpelli) is an Aboriginal community in west Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. The main language spoken in the community is Kunwinjku. At the 2011 census, Gunbalanya had a population of 1,174.


Pre-Revolution life.

Fernández Alvarez was born in Santiago de Cuba, where he studied his first and second education. In 1947 he graduated from the Cadet School of Cuba and also from the Artillery School as well as from other courses of the General Staff in Cuba and at Fort Sill in the USA.  From March 10, 1952, he took part in different conspiracy activities and movements against Fulgencio Batista's tyranny with different military and political groups, until 1956 when he was caught when the conspiracy movement called "Los puros" was discovered. He was judged and sentenced to prison at Presidio Modelo on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines) until the Castro brothers' victory over Batista on January 1, 1959.

Cuban Revolution and beyond.

From 1959, as a member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Fernández took part in various mobilizations, both productive as well as for the defense of the country. He also carried out other tasks of the Cuban Revolution both in Cuba and abroad.  At the time of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on 17 April 1961, he was director of militia training and based at Managua near Havana. He was sometimes referred to as 'El Gallego' like his colleague Manuel Piñeiro. Before dawn that day, Fidel Castro ordered him to command the many battalions of militia and regular army troops engaged in fighting the invading forces of Brigade 2506. Late on 19 April 1961, he was among Cuban government forces who finally broke through to Playa Giron and forced the surrender and dispersal of invading troops.  He was promoted to the rank of Capitan in 1959, to Commandant in 1961 and to Brigade General of the reserve in 1966. He graduated from the Higher War School in 1964. From 1959 on he was in charge of different responsibilities and positions, among which there were; Director of the Cadet School of the Rebel Army; Chief of the Direction of Combat Preparation of the General Staff of FAR (initials for Revolutionary Armed Forces in Spanish) until 1968; Deputy Minister of FAR until 1970; First Deputy Minister of Education until 1972; Minister of Education from 1972 until 1990 and Vice-President of the Council of Ministers from 1978 to March 2012.

Political life.

He represented the Cuban government at the investiture of presidents in several Latin American countries and at other governmental events. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Pan American Sports Organization.  Fernández Álvarez took part in the seven Congresses of the Cuban Communist Party and beginning in 1975 was a member of the Central Committee.  At the third congress of the Cuban Communist Party, he was elected as a Substitute Member of the Political Bureau. Fernandez was a deputy to the National Assembly from 1976 until his death and a Member of the Council of State from 1981 until 1993.

Other organizational roles.

Fernández chaired the Organizing Committee of the XIV Central American and Caribbean Games, held in Havana in 1982, and the Organizing Committee of the XI Pan American Games in Havana in 1991. He was also the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the VI Athletics World Cup that took place in Havana in 1992. From 1997 until 2018 he was the President of the Cuban Olympic Committee.  He was the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Scientific–Academic Conference "Giron, 40 years later", which took place in March 2001 and of the International Conference "The Missile Crisis, a political vision 40 years later" on October 2002. Fernandez was Emeritus Professor of the Pedagogical Higher Institute "Enrique José Varona".

Acknowledgements.

In recognition of his work he was awarded several medals, among them the title of Hero of the Republic of Cuba.

José Ramón Fernández Álvarez (November 4, 1923 – January 6, 2019) was a Cuban Communist leader who was a Vice-President of the Council of Ministers.


History.

The name "Ramygala" was first mentioned in the 13th century. In 1370 the place suffered from the Teutonic Knight attack. Sometime before 1500 the first church was built and in 1503 the name "Ramygala" was used to refer to a town. Since then Ramygala slowly grew. Few years later it had a manor, and at the end of the 16th century it received a privilege to host fairs. Unlike many other towns in Lithuania, Ramygala did not belong to a noble family but rather to Vilnius Cathedral and later to Vilnius University.  In 1781 the town established a parish school next to a new church after the old one was destroyed by fire. The school grew and expanded significantly in the 20th century. It built two new school buildings and a dorm. In 2005 it was named Ramygala Gymnasium. The school hosts a small museum dedicated to the local history and traditions. A new Neo Gothic church was built in 1897–1914. It has 3 aisles and 3 altars. It features only one bell tower. The tower was damaged during World War II, but was rebuilt in the 1950s.

Administration.

Since the second half of the 18th century, Ramygala was administrative center of a valsčius. After the administrative reform by the Soviet authorities in 1950, the town became a capital of a raion (Lithuanian: "rajonas"). In 1962 Ramygala lost the status of the capital of a raion. Now it is a center of an eldership, the smallest administrative division in Lithuania. It has a small hospital and a library.

Ramygala (, literally "quiet end") is a city in Lithuania. It is located some south from Panevėžys on the banks of the Upytė River, a tributary to the Nevėžis River. According to 2017 estimate, it had 1,440 residents.


Life.

At Constantine's request, his father assigned him to rule the city of Murom, which at the time was inhabited by pagans, that he might spread Christianity in that region. According to the traditional account of his life, Constantine first sent his son Michael to Murom as his emissary, but the inhabitants threw him from the walls, so Constantine was obliged to take the city by force. However, he made no headway in converting them to Christianity and at one point they became so angry that a mob made their way to his fortress intending to storm the place. According to legend, when he appeared before them bearing what is now known as the Murom-Ryazan icon of the Theotokos, they quieted down and bowed reverently before the holy image. His son Fyodor, with his support, continued the missionary work in the surrounding countryside.  He is commemorated in the Russian Orthodox Church on May 21. His wife Irene is also venerated at Murom.  At the place of the murder of his son Michael, the wooden church of the Annunciation was reportedly founded by Prince Constantine in 1205. A new cathedral was built on the site in 1553. It became a monastery under Ivan the Terrible and was ruined by the Poles during the Time of Troubles. In 1664 it was rebuilt by wealthy merchant and arts patron Tarasy Tsvetnov. The monastery features the relics of Constantin and his sons Mikhail and Fyodor. According to a legend recorded by local aristocrat and amateur historian Alexander Yepanchin, each midnight the monastery's gates disappear, and Constantine, Mikhail and Fyodor, clad in regal attire, ride out in a gilded carriage and head to the Cathedral of the Nativity of Mary, where they are met by Pyotr and Fevronia. After praying there, they guard and patrol the city.

Mother of God, "The Star Most Bright".

The icon shows a full-length representation of the Mother of God with a star sending forth rays of light in the background. The origin of its name is connected with the poetic hymns in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos. Standing on Her right hand is the Infant Jesus. At Her feet are Murom saints: Sts Constantine, Mikhail and Fyodor arrayed in princely robes and Sts Petr, Fevronia and Uliania clad in monastic habits. In the bottom part of the icon is the following inscription: 'This Marvelous Image Is the Star Most Bright of the Most Holy Lady Mother of God Queen of Heaven."

Constantine of Murom (Russian: Святой Блаженный Князь Константин) (? - 1129) was a direct descendant of Vladimir I of Kiev and the son of Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov.


Biography.

Anna Kovalchuk was born on 15 June 1977, in Neustrelitz (GDR), into a family of hereditary teachers. Anna's mother managed a kindergarten, her father was in the military, and her grandfather was the principal. Anna has an older brother named Pavel.  During her school days, Kovalchuk lived in Leningrad. The future actress also spent parts of her childhood in Yerevan and Moscow. At school the exact sciences, in particular mathematics, were her favorite subjects. Upon termination of secondary school, Kovalchuk intended to enroll in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute toward a career in cybernetics. But after a time, she instead chose an acting career and enrolled in the Leningrad Theatrical Institute of Music and Cinematography (the Ampere-second course. Shvedersky) During her theatrical studies, Anna got acquainted with her future first husband, Anatoly Ilchenko. While still a student, she became involved in a theatre troupe called Lensoveta where director Gennady Trostjanetsky was searching for an actress to play the young heroine for his production of «Imaginary Patient» based on Molière's comedy "Le Malade imaginaire". The premiere of her performance took place almost at once after Kovulchuk received her diploma, and almost simultaneously with her wedding.

Career.

Graduated from St. Petersburg Academy of Theatre, Music and Cinema in 1998.  Member of Lensoveta Theatre since 1998. Plays leading roles in stage productions of Lensoveta Theatre.  Anna's general popularity came after the role of inspector Maria Shvetsova in a teleserial of "Tainy Sledstviya" (Secrecy of the Investigation) (2001) for which the actress won a prize for embodiment of an image of "hero" on the international legal film festival «the Law and a society».  After shooting of the first series of "Secrecy of the Investigation", it was revealed that the actress was pregnant and about to give birth. After considering and weighing this situation, the filmmakers decided not to hide Kovalchuk's pregnancy; and script writer Elena Topilsky urgently adapted the script as it concerned the private life of its heroine, Masha Shvetsova's inspector, to include this development. On 26 October 2000, the actress gave birth to Ilchenko's and her daughter, Zlata (meaning "Gold" in Russian); and the scene of sorts and her breast-feeding her baby were subsequently included in the teleserial.  In 2005 Anna Kovalchuk starred as Margarita in the highly acclaimed Vladimir Bortko-directed Russian television miniseries "The Master and Margarita", a screen version of the epic Russian novel by Mikhail Bulgakov.

Private life.

In 2000 Anna gave birth to a daughter and called her Zlata.  The role of Margarita brought Kovalchuk great popularity. Upon conclusion of the filming of «Master and Margarita» in June 2005, Kovalchuk announced her divorce from Anatoly Ilchenko. Her words were confirmed by her ex-husband, who also acted in the miniseries.  Soon thereafter, Kovulchuk began dating businessman Oleg Kapustin. After two years of relations, they married on 1 December 2007, in St. Petersburg. As a wedding gift, Oleg presented her with a thoroughbred racehorse. On 30 April 2010, the actress gave birth to the couple's son, Dobrynja.

Anna Leonidovna Kovalchuk (; born 15 June 1977) is a Russian actress. The winner of the prize for the presentation of the image of "good character" in the international legal Festival "Law and Society" for the title role in the television series "Secrets of Investigation".


History.

1972 to 1991.

Following three years of work and the largest single investment by Ford, the Michigan Casting Center (MCC) opened in January 1972, at the time one of the most technologically advanced casting facilities in the world. Despite the sizable capital investment, frequent union labor problems and work injuries and declining demand for the V8 engine blocks produced there led the facility's closure in 1981.  A worker, Robert Williams, was killed by an industrial robot arm on January 25, 1979. He is the first known human to be killed by a robot.  Mazda Motor Corporation started construction of a new building on the site of the Michigan Casting Center in 1985 and cars started production at Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA in September 1987 with the Mazda MX-6 and Ford Probe coupes. In 1991 the plant had 3,600 employees, including 250 Japanese employees.

1992 to 2011.

Ford repurchased a 50% share in the plant on April 15, 1992, and it officially became a joint-venture and was renamed AutoAlliance International on July 1, 1992. The plant began production of all models of the Mazda 626 sold in America starting in 1993. During this era, Deepak Ahuja was Chief Financial Officer of the joint venture. The Ford Contour-derived Mercury Cougar was produced at the plant from 1998 to 2002. Production of North American Mazda 6 began in the 2003 model year, followed by the Ford Mustang starting in 2005.

From 2012.

The last Mazda 6 rolled off the line on Friday, August 24, 2012, with Mazda discontinuing production on American soil, effectively ending the 20 year joint-venture between Mazda and Ford. Mazda moved production of the Mazda 6 back to the Hofu factory in Japan and opened a new factory in Salamanca, Mexico to build the Mazda 2 and Mazda 3 subcompact and compact cars.  On September 10, 2012, Ford Motor Company re-took full management control of the plant, renaming it the Ford Flat Rock Assembly Plant, and confirming $555 million in investments designed to retool the plant for the production of the 2013 Ford Fusion midsize sedan.  On July 15, 2015, Ford confirmed that the new 2017 Lincoln Continental sedan would be produced at the Flat Rock plant starting in 2016.  On January 3, 2017, Ford announced that it will begin manufacturing an electric small SUV by 2020, and a high passenger volume autonomous vehicle designed for commercial ride hailing or ride sharing by 2021, both to be built at Flat Rock.  Ford reduced production of the plant from two shifts to one due to lower demand for the Ford Mustang and especially the Lincoln Continental. Over 1,000 workers were laid off in April 2019, including almost 500 temporary workers.  In March 2019, Ford announced change of its plan, production of battery-electric vehicle would not start until 2023.

Flat Rock Assembly Plant, formerly known as Ford's Michigan Casting Center (MCC) (1972–81), Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA (1987–92) and AutoAlliance International (1992–2012), is a Ford Motor Company assembly plant located at Drive in Flat Rock, Michigan in Metro Detroit.


Life and career.

Born to a Jewish family, Berg grew up in the San Fernando Valley and lives in the Venice Beach neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.  Prior to "Deliver Us From Evil", Berg produced documentary segments for CNN Investigations and the KCBS news program "30 Minutes of Special Assignment". Her work at KCBS earned her Emmy Awards in 2003 and 2004. Before that, Berg researched and developed stories for Silver Creek Entertainment. Many aired on Good Morning America, 20/20, and Extra. In addition, she has written numerous articles for the National Organization for Women, "The Jewish Journal" and a number of monthly and weekly periodicals in America and France.  Berg has directed the 10-minute-long documentary film "Polarized" (2007) for Al Gore's Live Earth Pledge. She also produced "Bhutto", a documentary feature that played at Sundance 2010. "West of Memphis" (2012), produced by Peter Jackson and Damien Echols, documents the story of the West Memphis Three, who were convicted as teenagers of the 1993 murder of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. The film has received critical acclaim and won numerous awards at film festivals, including the Sundance Film Festival, where the film premiered in January 2012, and the Toronto International Film Festival. , Berg was in pre-production for "Every Secret Thing", a narrative feature film produced by Frances McDormand and Anthony Bregman, and starring Diane Lane and Elizabeth Banks.  Also in April 2014, "Variety" confirmed that Berg had spent the past two years working on a documentary about sex abuse in Hollywood entitled "An Open Secret".  In 2014 Content Film boarded Berg's new documentary about Janis Joplin and was looking to introduce the film to buyers at Cannes. The film, called "Janis: Little Girl Blue", follows Joplin during her performing years at Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, Woodstock Festival in 1969 and Festival Express in 1970, and it also includes interviews with family, friends and rock star contemporaries.  On November 24, 2014 Berg and Matthew Cooke launched an Indiegogo campaign to raise funds towards creating "American Race", a documentary addressing "the black male crisis" in the US.  "Prophet's Prey", a documentary directed by Berg which explores the life of Warren Jeffs, premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. Berg adapted the film from Sam Brower's book "Prophet's Prey: My Seven-Year Investigation Into Warren Jeffs and the Fundamentalist Church of Latter-Day Saints".  Berg, along with Glen Zipper, executive produced the 2018 documentary series "Dogs" for Netflix. She also directed some of the episodes.  Berg is the founder of Disarming Films, a film and documentary production company.  In 2019, Berg directed a documentary for HBO about Adnan Syed and the murder of Hae Min Lee.

Amy J. Berg (born October 13, 1970) is an American filmmaker. Her 2006 documentary "Deliver Us from Evil" (2006), about sex abuse cases in the Roman Catholic Church, was nominated for an Academy Award and won Berg the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay.


Life and career.

Székely attended the Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary graduating in 1970. His first advisor was Alfréd Rényi. Székely received his Ph.D. in 1971 from Eötvös Loránd University, the Candidate Degree in 1976 under the direction of Paul Erdős and Andrey Kolmogorov, and the Doctor of Science degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1986. During the years 1970-1995 he has worked as a Professor in Eötvös Loránd University at the Department of Probability Theory and Statistics.  Between 1985 and 1995 Székely was the first program manager of the Budapest Semesters in Mathematics. Between 1990 and 1997 he was the founding chair of the Department of Stochastics of the Budapest Institute of Technology (Technical University of Budapest) and editor-in-chief of "Matematikai Lapok", the official journal of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society.  In 1989 Székely was visiting professor at Yale University, and in 1990-91 he was the first Lukacs Distinguished Professor in Ohio. Since 1995 he has been teaching at the Bowling Green State University at the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. Székely was academic advisor of Morgan Stanley, NY, and Bunge, Chicago, helped to establish the Morgan Stanley Mathematical Modeling Centre in Budapest (2005) and the Bunge Mathematical Institute (BMI) in Warsaw (2006) to provide quantitative analysis to support the firms' global business.  Since 2006 he is a Program Director of Statistics of the National Science Foundation. Székely is also Research Fellow of the Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the author of two monographs, "Paradoxes of Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics", and "Algebraic Probability Theory" (with Imre Z. Ruzsa).

Gábor J. Székely (; born February 4, 1947 in Budapest) is a Hungarian-American statistician/mathematician best known for introducing the Energy of data [see E-statistics or "Package energy" in R (programming language)], e.g. the distance correlation which is a bona fide dependence measure, equals zero exactly when the variables are independent, the distance skewness which equals zero exactly when the probability distribution is diagonally symmetric, the E-statistic for normality test and the E-statistic for clustering.


Career.

Club.

Khachaturov debuted for Sheriff Tiraspol. While at Sheriff, the club has won the 2009–10 and 2011–12 Moldovan National Division and the 2009–10 Moldovan Cup.  In January 2016, Khachaturov joined Armenian Premier League side Ararat Yerevan, but his contract was cancelled on 8 February of the same year.  In March 2018, Khachaturov signed for Armenian First League club Lori FC. After achieving winning the 2017-18 Armenian First League and achieving promotion to the Armenian Premier League, Khachaturov earned captaincy to the team.

International.

Khachaturov joined the Armenia national football team. Beforehand there were issues of his citizenship documents. On 25 January 2013, the Armenian Football Federation announced it received an official letter from FIFA, which states that Khachaturov now has the right to play for the national team. He was quoted as saying his dream has come true and that, "I'm coming home... " Khachaturov made his debut for the Armenian national team on February 5, 2013 in Valence, France in a match against Luxembourg.  After a 5-year absence from National Team action, Khachaturov returned to the senior squad under coach Armen Gyulbudaghyants, being called up for 2018 UEFA Nations League October and November camps, playing two full games in the 4–0 victory over Macedonia and a 2–2 draw against Liechtenstein. The Macedonia game ended up being one of the biggest wins for the Armenian National Team in the last years.

Career statistics.

International.

"Statistics accurate as of match played 19 November 2019"

Artyom Khachaturov (,,, born 18 June 1992) is an Armenian-Moldovan football player who plays as a defender for Lori and the Armenian national team.


History.

The East Boston Tunnel was opened to streetcar service as far as Court Street on December 30, 1904. Court Street proved to be a problematic terminus; its single-track design limited frequent service, and also resulted in crashes. The Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) began an extension towards Beacon Hill in 1912. The extension opened to Bowdoin with an intermediate stop at Scollay Under on March 18, 1916.  Bowdoin was built with an unusual wedge-shaped island platform inside a balloon loop, which eliminated the awkward end-changing required at Court Street and allowed use of unpowered trailer cars in the tunnel to increase capacity. A pair of tracks continued past the loop, out the Joy Street Portal, and down Cambridge Street, allowing for one route to provide through streetcar service from East Boston to Cambridge rather than looping at Bowdoin.

Modifications.

Over the weekend of April 18 to 21, 1924, the East Boston Tunnel was converted from streetcar use to high-floor rapid transit operation. Rather than modify the tunnel, the BERy elected to build smaller-than-usual rapid transit cars which could operate in a tunnel designed for streetcars—particularly around the tight loop at Bowdoin. Blue Line cars are thus long, substantially shorter than the Orange Line cars and the Red Line cars. Bowdoin is the only remaining loop in regular service on the MBTA's heavy rail lines, though Red Line trains can loop around Codman Yard past Ashmont station if necessary.  Because the line did not have a dedicated maintenance facility, trains used the Joy Street Portal to reach surface tracks on the Longfellow Bridge, which connected to the Cambridge Tunnel and the Eliot Shops near Harvard Square. When the first phase of the Revere Extension opened to Orient Heights with a new facility in 1952, the connection was no longer necessary and the portal was filled. The tail tracks past the Bowdoin loop are still used for train storage during the winter, however.  The station was modernized in 1968 as part of a $9 million systemwide station improvement program. The original headhouse was replaced with a glassy entrance under a tilted concrete slab, set into a shallow depression to reduce the costs of installing the escalator. The new headhouse was designed by Josep Lluís Sert as part of a project for a never-built Catholic chapel nearby.

Closures and reopening.

In the early 1980s, the MBTA suffered from a serious budget crisis, which resulted in service cuts. MBTA Commuter Rail service to Providence and Concord and on the Woburn Branch were cut entirely, five underused commuter rail stations were closed, Boylston and Essex were closed for short periods, and the outer ends of the Orange and Blue lines were bustituted on Sundays. Bowdoin, with low ridership and in close proximity to Government Center, was closed on January 3, 1981 due to budget cuts. It reopened on January 11, 1982, but only on weekdays until 6:30 pm - intended to serve workers in nearby office and government buildings. Bowdoin was briefly closed again from March 3 to April 20, 1982, and reopened again with limited hours, with Government Center serving as the terminus on nights and weekends (though trains continued to loop at Bowdoin).  The station was closed from July 29 to September 8, 1992, during track work on the loop. As the MBTA planned the Blue Line Modernization Project in the early 1990s, the agency planned to close Bowdoin in order to eliminate the tight loop. The closure would take place after the renovation of Government Center, which would re-add a long-closed entrance at the west end of the Blue Line platform. In 2008, the MBTA began running six-car trains on the Blue Line. Because the eastbound side of the Bowdoin platform can only fit four cars, the trains have pushbuttons to allow passengers at Bowdoin to open the doors from the platform.  Until at least 2011, the MBTA still planned to close the station after Government Center was renovated. However, by 2013, the MBTA decided not to construct the planned west entrance at Government Center, and to instead build only a less-expensive emergency exit. On December 28, 2013, the MBTA resumed night and weekend service to Bowdoin station. The change was intended to provide alternative transportation during the three-month closure of the Callahan Tunnel and subsequent two-year closure of Government Center station. This was the first time since 1981 that the station was open during all operating hours. In February 2016, the MBTA announced that Bowdoin would remain open at all times even after Government Center reopened on March 21.

Bowdoin () is a rapid transit station in Boston, Massachusetts. It serves the MBTA Blue Line. It is located in Bowdoin Square in the Beacon Hill neighborhood. It is the downtown terminus of the line (though Government Center served this role during nights and weekends from 1982 to 2014).


History.

Doug Pinnick was born in Braidwood, Illinois then moved to Joliet, Illinois when he was fourteen. He grew up in a musical family where everyone either sang or played an instrument. He was raised by his great-grandmother, a devoutly religious woman, and was reared in a very strict Southern Baptist environment. He has seventeen half-brothers and sisters, from three mothers and two fathers. When he was in grade school, Pinnick participated in choir and played saxophone. As a teenager, he listened to classic R&B and Motown artists such as Stevie Wonder, Little Richard, and Aretha Franklin. Pinnick sang in bands throughout high school, one of the earliest being a group called Stone Flower which he describes as "Chicago Transit Authority meets Sly & the Family Stone". While attending Joliet Junior College in 1969, Pinnick was inspired by hard rock bands such as Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix. Around this time, he also started listening to perhaps his biggest influence, Sly & the Family Stone. His dream was to form a band that combined all of these varied influences.  After attending college for roughly six months, Pinnick dropped out and joined a traveling gospel band called The Spurrlows.  At one point in the early seventies, Pinnick moved to a Christian community in Florida. There, he remained involved in the music business by promoting small shows by Christian rock bands. He soon grew tired of that and moved back to Illinois.  In the mid seventies, Pinnick formed a band called Servant with keyboardist Matt Spransy. They were described as a progressive, art rock type of band along the lines of Yes and Emerson, Lake & Palmer. The band played all over the midwest and put together a demo of original songs. Oddly enough, there was a band from Canada that also called themselves Servant who had actually scored a recording contract. Spransy joined the other band in the late seventies, and recorded a song for the 1981 album "Rockin' Revival" that he and Pinnick had written together called "I'm Gonna Live". Pinnick was also part of Alpha as well as his own Doug Pinnick Band shortly after Spransy joined the Canadian Servant.  In 1979, Pinnick was invited to join a band that was forming in Springfield, Missouri. with singer Greg X. Volz of Petra fame. He accepted the offer and re-located, only to have the band dissolve within a month of his arrival. He was soon offered a spot in guitarist Phil Keaggy's touring band, along with the drummer from the failed Volz project, Jerry Gaskill. Pinnick has a co-writing credit on the track "Just a Moment Away" from Keaggy's 1980 album "Ph'lip Side". Pinnick toured with Keaggy for about a year before returning to Springfield and set about looking for a new musical project.  Pinnick soon became involved with guitarist Ty Tabor after seeing him play a concert at Evangel College in Springfield. Jerry Gaskill was later included and the band The Edge was born. In 1983, the band changed their name to Sneak Preview and released an independent, self titled LP. The trio evolved into King's X several years (and a move to Houston, Texas) later.  Since then, Pinnick has become one of the most respected voices in rock music by fans, critics, and peers alike. He is highly sought-after by other artists for album guest appearances, as well as membership in several side bands and recording projects.  In 1998, Pinnick confirmed his homosexuality, coming out during an interview for "Regeneration Quarterly". Diamante Music Group cancelled distribution of King's X material in Christian retail stores following this information becoming public knowledge. In recent years, Pinnick has revealed that he now identifies as agnostic, in contrast to his Contemporary Christian music past.  Besides King's X, Pinnick became active with his own Hound Pound studio in Texas. He currently resides in Los Angeles.  In March 2018, it was announced that original member of the proto punk band MC5 Wayne Kramer would embark on a 35-date tour of North America for their 50th anniversary of the band's debut, "Kick Out the Jams", recruiting Pinnick to play bass along with Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, Brendan Canty of Fugazi, and Marcus Durant of Zen Guerilla.

Projects.

Pinnick's first solo project, Poundhound, released two albums, "Massive Grooves" and "Pineappleskunk", with King's X bandmate Jerry Gaskill on drums on some tracks from the first album and all tracks on the second. Doug dropped the Poundhound moniker for his third solo album, "Emotional Animal", instead crediting himself as "dUg Pinnick." The album, released by Magna Carta Records, features Gaskill's son, Joey, on drums. He released his fourth solo album, Strum Sum Up in November 2007 on Magna Carta.  Pinnick was also a member of the short-lived band Supershine, along with long-time Trouble guitarist, Bruce Franklin and Trouble drummer, Jeff Olson. Supershine released only one self-titled album in 2000 on Metal Blade Records. He sang lead vocals on the eponymous debut album by former Winger guitarist Reb Beach's band The Mob, released in 2005. He also stood in for lead singer Corey Glover on Living Colour's European tour in August 2006 while Glover was starring as Judas Iscariot in a tour of "Jesus Christ Superstar".  Other vocal appearances by Doug Pinnick include Dream Theater's "Lines In the Sand" (guest vocals in the choruses) from the "Falling into Infinity" album, "Welcome to the Machine" from the "An All Star Lineup Performing the Songs of Pink Floyd" album, "Parasite" on an all-star tribute to Kiss entitled "Spin The Bottle", as well as "Taxman" on a Beatles tribute album entitled "Butchering the Beatles".  Pinnick appears on the 2008 holiday album "We Wish You A Metal XMas...", a compilation album featuring many hard rock musicians collaborating on popular Christmas songs. Pinnick appears on the track "Little Drummer Boy". He performed guest vocals on the Black Sugar Transmission track "Runnin' Like a Dog", which was released on the band's e.p. USE IT in 2009. He also performs with King's X partner Ty Tabor, along with former Galactic Cowboys members Wally Farkas and Alan Doss, as a group called The Jibbs. They have a song, "Burns In The Rain", available via download to help relief efforts following Hurricane Ike.  Dug sang all lead vocals on Razr 13's (Austin, Texas) debut record "Reflections" released in 2009. Professional wrestler, Vinnie Vineyard (Funkmaster V) uses a remixed version of Pinnick's "Coming Over" as his entrance music. Hal Sparks used several tracks off of Pinnick's Strum Sum Up CD as his musical accompaniment during his magic show performances on VH1's Celebracadabra that aired in 2008  Pinnick's side project, Tres Mts., with Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam and Richard Stuverud of the Fastbacks, released their album, "Three Mountains", through Monkeywrench Records on March 8, 2011. He also sang backup on Pearl Jam's song "W.M.A." during Pearl Jam's April 3, 1994 concert, which King's X opened for.  On February 12, 2013, Magna Carta released the Mike Varney-produced "Pinnick Gales Pridgen", featuring Eric Gales on guitar and vocals, Pinnick on bass and vocals, and Thomas Pridgen (formerly of The Mars Volta) on drums. The 13-track album features one cover song, "Sunshine of Your Love", originally by Cream, one short instrumental based on Ludwig van Beethoven's "Für Elise", and the remaining songs written by some combination of Pinnick, Gales, Pridgen and Varney. The follow-up, titled "PGP 2", was released on July 8, 2014.  In 2013, Pinnick collaborated with friend Robbi Robb of Tribe after Tribe to form the Mojave, CA based jam band 3rd Ear Experience. They released two albums, "Peacock Black" and "Boi", the later issued through Megaforce Records, within only months of each other. A third album, "Incredible Good Fortune", followed in 2014 although Pinnick did not appear on it.  On March 11, 2014, Pinnick's all-star side project KXM, featuring former Dokken guitarist George Lynch and Korn drummer Ray Luzier, released their eponymous debut album through Rat Pak Records. In May 2014, Pinnick's side project Grinder Blues with the Emmy Award-winning Bihlman Brothers signed a deal with Megaforce Records and announced an August 19, 2014 release for their debut record.

Equipment.

Pinnick is a notable user of the 12-string bass, which is a bass guitar with four sets of triple-coursed octave strings, similar to a 12-string guitar. Pinnick owns a custom made 12-string bass, made by Yamaha, which he uses in the studio and in live performances. Pinnick was endorsed by Yamaha, although he briefly switched to Dean guitars in the late 2000s. Pinnick also recently endorsed by Schecter, and used two Model-T basses in 2011 for the Live Love over Europe tour.  He used Ampeg amplifiers exclusively, but the New York-based Tech 21 released his signature bass amp head, the dUg Ultra bass 1000. He also uses a complex rig set-up including many EQs and amplifiers. Pinnick is also a user of the Line 6 POD pro, which he uses for effects. Oddly, he uses the guitar, not the bass model of the POD pro effects.

Douglas Theodore Pinnick (born September 3, 1950), sometimes stylized as dUg Pinnick or simply dUg, is an American musician best known as the bass guitarist, songwriter, and co-lead vocalist for the hard rock and progressive metal band King's X. He has performed on fifteen albums with King's X, and recorded four solo albums. Pinnick has also participated in numerous side projects, and has multiple guest appearances to his credit. He is recognized for his unique vocals (which are characterized by a strong gospel influence), and heavily distorted bass tone.


Lyrics.

The song has many lyrical variations, though usually each stanza follows a standard form, with one sentence that differs from one stanza to the next. The song often begins:  With the chorus: Other lines that can appear in stanzas, in place of "Gonna lay down my burden", include:

Themes.

The song suggests baptism in water, using the metaphor of crossing the River Jordan to enter the Promised Land in the Old Testament. The refrain of "ain't gonna study war no more" is a reference to a quotation found in the book of Isaiah, chapter 2, (KJV): "nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more."

Recordings.

Artists who have recorded the song include:

Soundtrack appearances.

The song was featured as a DLC in the Nintendo Wii game Just Dance 2 and Just Dance 3 It was used as background music in two episodes of "SpongeBob SquarePants" known as "Survival of the Idiots" and "Selling Out."  It was played in the "" episode "The Next Phase".

Parodies and alternate lyrics.

The song was the basis of an Allan Sherman parody called "Don't Buy the Liverwurst". The tune of "Down by the Riverside" was also used in a McDonald's's 1960s jingle, "McDonald's Is My Kind of Place". In episode 72 of the animated television series "Animaniacs", this song was parodied as "U.N. Me" about the United Nations Headquarters and was later released on their 2nd album, "Yakko's World".  In the UK, "Down by the Riverside" was parodied for use by a radio commercial on some local radio stations (namely Mix 107) about eco-friendly travel choices (i.e. leaving the car for one day a week).  JibJab also used the melody in a song about the year 2012 in review (called "2012: The End Is Here!").  An episode of "Liv & Maddie" had Liv singing a song about her musical group with senior citizens, "The Golden Chords, " at a retirement home, to the tune of this song.

"Down by the Riverside" (also known as "Ain't Gonna Study War No More" and "Gonna lay down my burden") is a spiritual. Its roots date back to before the American Civil War, though it was first published in 1918 in "Plantation Melodies: A Collection of Modern, Popular and Old-time Negro-Songs of the Southland", Chicago, the Rodeheaver Company. The song has alternatively been known as “Ain' go'n' to study war no mo'”, “Ain't Gwine to Study War No More”, “Down by de Ribberside”, “Going to Pull My War-Clothes” and “Study war no more”. The song was first recorded by the Fisk University jubilee quartet in 1920 (published by Columbia in 1922), and there are at least 14 black gospel recordings before World War II.