Corporate rebranding.

Rebranding has become something of a fad at the turn of the millennium, with some companies rebranding several times. The rebranding of Philip Morris to Altria was done to help the company shed its negative image. Other rebrandings, such as the British Post Office's attempt to rebrand itself as Consignia, have proved such a failure that millions more had to be spent going back to square one.  In a study of 165 cases of rebranding, Muzellec and Lambkin (2006) found that, whether a rebranding follows from corporate strategy (e.g., M&A) or constitutes the actual marketing strategy (change the corporate reputation), it aims at enhancing, regaining, transferring, and/or recreating the corporate brand equity.  According to Sinclair (1999:13), business the world over acknowledges the value of brands. “Brands, it seems, alongside ownership of copyright and trademarks, computer software and specialist know-how, are now at the heart of the intangible value investors place on companies.” Companies in the 21st century may find it necessary to relook their brand in terms of its relevance to consumers and the changing marketplace. Successful rebranding projects can yield a brand better off than before.  Marketing develops the awareness and associations in the memory of customers so they know (and are reminded) of brands to serve their needs. Once in a lead position, it is marketing, consistent product or service quality, sensible pricing and effective distribution that will keep the brand ahead of the pack and provide value to its owners (Sinclair, 1999:15).

Potential reasons for corporate rebranding.

Corporations often rebrand in order to respond to external and/or internal issues. Firms commonly have rebranding cycles in order to stay current with the times or set themselves ahead of the competition. Companies also utilize rebranding as an effective marketing tool to hide malpractices of the past, thereby shedding negative connotations that could potentially affect profitability.  Corporations such as Citigroup, AOL, American Express, and Goldman Sachs all utilize third-party vendors that specialize in brand strategy and the development of corporate identity. Companies invest valuable resources into rebranding and third-party vendors because it is a way to protect them from being blackballed by customers in a very competitive market. Dr. Roger Sinclair, a leading expert on brand valuation and brand equity practice worldwide stated, “A brand is a resource acquired by an enterprise that generates future economic benefits.” Once a brand has negative connotations associated with it, it can only lead to decreased profitability and possibly complete corporate failure.

Differentiation from competitors.

Companies differentiate themselves from competitors by incorporating practices from changing their logo to going green. Differentiation from competitors is important in order to attract more customers and an effective way to draw in more desirable employees. The need to differentiate is especially prevalent in saturated markets such as the financial services industry. The factor and importance of differentiation are covered in the authoritative bestseller, Brand Intervention by rebranding expert David Brier.

Elimination of a negative image.

Organisations may rebrand intentionally to shed negative images of the past. Research suggests that "concern over external perceptions of the organisation and its activities" can function as a major driver in rebranding exercises.  In a corporate context, managers can utilize rebranding as an effective marketing strategy to hide malpractices and avoid or shed negative connotations and decreased profitability. Corporations such as Philip Morris USA, Blackwater and AIG rebranded in order to shed negative images. Philip Morris USA rebranded its name and logo to Altria on January 27, 2003 due to the negative connotations associated with tobacco products that could have had potential to affect the profitability of other Philip Morris brands such as Kraft Foods.  In 2008, AIG's image became damaged due to its need for a Federal bailout during the financial crisis. AIG was bailed out because the United States Treasury stated that AIG was too big to fail due to its size and complex relationships with financial counterparties. AIG itself is a huge international firm; however, the AIG Retirement and AIG Financial subsidiaries were left with negative connotations due to the bailout. As a result, AIG Financial Advisors and AIG Retirement respectively rebranded into Sagepoint Financial and VALIC (Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company) to shed the negative image associated with AIG.

Lost market share.

Brands often rebrand in reaction to losing market share. In these cases, the brands have become less meaningful to target audiences and, therefore, lost share to competitors.  In some cases, companies try to build on any perceived equity they believe still exists in their brand. Radio Shack, for example, rebranded itself as "the Shack" in 2008 but the rebranding never realized into an increase of market share in the retail industry. By 2017, Radio Shack had significantly reduced its physical retail presence, closing over 1,000 stores and shifted to a primarily online retail business model.

Emergent situations.

Rebranding may also occur unintentionally from emergent situations such as “Chapter 11 corporate restructuring,” or “bankruptcy.” Chapter 11 is rehabilitation or reorganization used primarily by business debtors. It’s more commonly known as corporate bankruptcy, which is a form of corporate financial reorganization that allows companies to function while they pay off their debt. Companies such as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc, Washington Mutual and General Motors have all filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.  On July 1, 2009 General Motors filed for bankruptcy, which was fulfilled on July 10, 2009. General Motors decided to rebrand its entire structure by investing more in Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac automobiles. Furthermore, it decided to sell Saab Automobile and discontinue the Hummer, Pontiac, and Saturn brands. General Motors rebranded by stating they are reinventing and rebirthing the company as “The New GM” with “Fewer, stronger brands. Fewer, stronger models. Greater efficiencies, better fuel economy, and new technologies” as stated in their reinvention commercial. General Motors' reinvention commercial also stated that eliminating brands “isn’t about going out of business, but getting down to business.”

Staying relevant.

Companies can also choose to rebrand to remain relevant to its (new) customers and stakeholders. This could occur when a company's business has changed, for example its strategic direction and industry focus, or its brand no longer fits its (new) customer base. For example, a company might rebrand so that its name works in new market it enters, for reasons of culture or language, such as to make it easier to pronounce.  Rebranding is also a way to refresh an image to ensure its appeal to contemporary customers and stakeholders. What once looked fresh and relevant may no longer do so years later.

Product rebranding.

As for product offerings, when they are marketed separately to several target markets this is called market segmentation. When part of a market segmentation strategy involves offering significantly different products in each market, this is called product differentiation. This market segmentation/product differentiation process can be thought of as a form of rebranding. What distinguishes it from other forms of rebranding is that the process does not entail the elimination of the original brand image. Rebranding in this manner allows one set of engineering and QA to be used to create multiple products with minimal modifications and additional expense. Another form of product rebranding is the sale of a product manufactured by another company under a new name: an original design manufacturer is a company that manufactures a product, often in a location with lower operating costs, which is eventually branded by another firm for sale.  Following a merger or acquisition, companies usually rebrand newly-acquired products to keep them consistent with an existing product line, such as Symantec placing acquired security and utility software under its Norton brand (itself an offshoot of flagship product Norton Antivirus). This can also happen in reverse if an acquired brand has wider recognition in the market than that of the purchaser, such as Chemical Bank taking on the Chase branding after its merger with the company.

Small business rebranding.

Small businesses face different challenges from large corporations and must adapt their rebranding strategy accordingly.  Rather than implementing change gradually, small businesses are sometimes better served by rebranding their image in a short timeframe – especially when existing brand notoriety is low. “The powerful first impression on new clients made possible by professional brand design often outweighs an outdated or poorly-designed image’s weak brand recognition to existing clients”.  A change of image in a large corporation can have costly repercussions (updating signage in multiple locations, large quantities of existing collateral, communicating with a large number of employees, etc.), while small businesses can enjoy more mobility and implement change more quickly.  While small businesses can experience growth without necessarily having a professionally designed brand image, "rebranding becomes a critical step for a company to be considered seriously when expanding to more aggressive markets and facing competitors with more established brand images".

Impact of rebranding.

The ubiquitous nature of a company/product brand across all customer touch points makes rebranding a heavy undertaking for companies. According to the iceberg model, 80% of the impact is hidden. The level of impact of changing a brand depends on the degree to which the brand is changed.  There are several elements of a brand that can be changed in a rebranding these include the name, the logo, the legal name, and the corporate identity (including visual identity and verbal identity). Changes made only to the company logo have the lowest impact (called a logo-swap), and changes made to the name, legal name, and other identity elements will touch every part of the company and can result in high costs and impact on large complex organizations.  Rebranding affects not only marketing material but also digital channels, URLs, signage, clothing, and correspondence.

Rebranding is a marketing strategy in which a new name, term, symbol, design, concept or combination thereof is created for an established brand with the intention of developing a new, differentiated identity in the minds of consumers, investors, competitors, and other stakeholders. Often, this involves radical changes to a brand's logo, name, legal names, image, marketing strategy, and advertising themes. Such changes typically aim to reposition the brand/company, occasionally to distance itself from negative connotations of the previous branding, or to move the brand upmarket; they may also communicate a new message a new board of directors wishes to communicate.


Design and development.

The B-20 was an attempt to combine the best features of both the flying boat and the floatplane. While on the water, the B-20 was essentially a floatplane, using a large float under the fuselage for buoyancy, and two smaller floats near the wingtips for stability. In flight, the main float retracted upwards towards the fuselage, fitting into a "notch" to become streamlined as a part of the fuselage. The wing floats folded outwards, somewhat like those on the American Consolidated PBY flying boat design, to become the wingtips. This configuration gave the correct wing incidence for takeoff and for flight and in the latter a much reduced drag compared to the deep hulls of flying boats.  Blackburn, along with Supermarine, Shorts and Saunders-Roe tendered designs against Air Ministry Specification R1/36. The Supermarine was chosen initially but Supermarine could not start work soon enough (due to their work on the Spitfire) and what would enter service as the Saunders Roe Lerwick became the chosen aircraft. However, the Ministry was interested enough to authorise and contract for the construction of a prototype of the B-20, serial number "V8914", to test the concept.

Testing.

The prototype, built at Dumbarton, flew for the first time on 26 March 1940. On 7 April, during a test run, the aircraft experienced extreme vibration due to aileron flutter and the crew bailed out. Three were lost, the other two were picked up by, a converted merchantman. Development ceased when the first prototype crashed, as Blackburn's resources were dedicated to the war effort. The Ministry felt the concept had been proven and the crash was not due to the pontoon design.  The aircraft's wreck still exists, but remains undisturbed as it is designated a War grave. In 1998, one of the engines was raised as it had been caught in a fishing boat's nets and dragged away from the wreck, into shallower water. It is currently an exhibit in the Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum.

B.40.

The B-40 was an improved variant of the B-20 with Bristol Centaurus engines to meet a requirement for a small general purpose flying boat and specification R.13/40 was raised for it. Two prototypes were ordered in September 1941 but the situation was reconsidered in December. Its range was insufficient improvement over the Sunderland III, performance on one engine was unacceptable, and land-based patrol aircraft were capable of covering longer ranges. Further, there was little value as an experimental design because the principle had been proven in the B.20 and for an aircraft the size of the B.40 there would not be a significant improvement in drag. With no operational requirement for the B.40, it was therefore cancelled.

The Blackburn B-20 was an experimental aircraft, first flying in 1940, that attempted to drastically increase the performance of flying boat designs. Blackburn Aircraft undertook an independent design study based on a patent filed by their chief designer, John Douglas Rennie for a retractable pontoon float that formed the planing hull.


Size and previous hunter attempts.

In 1923, Corbett first discovered the tiger in a steep ravine within a secure retreat. Government rules prohibited night-time shooting, which inadvertently helped the highly sought after tiger to survive.  Corbett took Commissioner Wyndham (who he said "knows more about tigers than any other man in India") and two experienced "shikaris", to view the pug marks of the tiger. After the four examined and measured the pugmarks, Wyndham believed the tiger to be ten feet long between pegs. One shikari said he was 10'5" over curves, while the other said he was 10'6" or more. All four said they had never seen larger pugmarks.  Before Corbett, many attempts had been made to bag the animal, with no one having ever shot him. Two famous hunters, Fred Anderson and Huish Edye, came close, though small mistakes were the cause of their failures. Anderson described the tiger as "big as a Shetland pony," while Edye said it was as big as a donkey. A herder and former poacher, who was attacked by the tiger, said to Corbett that the Bachelor was a "shaitan", the Hindi word for 'devil', of a tiger, the size of a camel.  Seven years after the commissioner measured the pugmarks, Corbett and his sister measured the tiger's body twice, albeit without independent witnesses present to certify the measurements, which was 10'7" over curves.

First encounter with the tiger.

In the winter of 1930, Corbett made his first hunt for the tiger, bringing his dog Robin with him. He followed the words of an old dak runner who said he saw the largest pugmarks he'd ever seen lead east to a well-wooded valley. The next morning, Robin picked up the scent of a tiger while Jim noticed large, fresh pugmarks. Fifty yards later, Robin located the tiger within a patch of clerodendron forty yards wide. Picking up Robin and entering the plants slowly, Corbett noticed the patch directly ahead swaying. After waiting for the tiger to leave the bush, Corbett went forward with his rifle drawn, but the tiger was nowhere in sight. Robin then signalled that the tiger had gone to the left, into a deep and narrow ravine. Not armed for dealing with a tiger in close quarters, and it being breakfast time, Corbett and Robin returned home.  After breakfast, Corbett returned alone, this time armed with a.450 rifle. He heard shouting and found a man up a tree, swinging an axe and yelling. The man told Corbett that he arrived in time to save him and his buffaloes from a tiger, the size of a camel, who had threatened the herder for hours. After retreating safely to his village, the man pleaded with Corbett to put his photography hobby aside for once and kill the tiger, which he said was big enough to eat a buffalo a day, and would wipe out his livestock in twenty-five. Corbett promised to do his best.  Returning to the plains in which he led the herder's buffaloes through, he heard the call of the bachelor searching for a mate. Corbett imitated a tiger call in reply, then laid down on his elbows in the open, waiting for the tiger to come. After Corbett gave another tiger call, the bachelor called back from a hundred yards away. Eighty seconds later, the tiger's head appeared above bushes four feet high, within ten yards to Corbett's right, and looking directly at him. Corbett slowly turned his rifle, and shot the tiger an inch under his right eye. Instead of dropping dead, as Jim expected, the big cat jumped straight into the air, well above the bushes, then out of panic attacked the tree beside him, tearing it to bits while roaring. Knowing that the tiger knew where he was, Corbett feared to reload his rifle, lest the sound attract the bachelor's attention. He lay on the ground motionless for half an hour until the branches of the tree and nearby bushes stopped waving, and the roaring became less frequent. After all the sounds of thrashing had stopped, Corbett waited for thirty more minutes before slowly crawling thirty yards backwards and hiding in a nearby tree for shelter. After several more minutes, when he was sure that the tiger was gone, Corbett left for home.

Tracking the tiger.

The next morning Corbett returned to the location, along with one of his men, an expert tree climber. After reaching the open grounds, the man climbed a tree, noticing many flattened bushes around, but no signs of the tiger itself. Corbett then instructed the man back in the tree to watch over him as he scoured the ground. Near the tree Corbett found blood profusely sprinkled everywhere, and two large pools of blood and a piece of bone two square inches, which was concluded to be the part of the tiger's skull. As a wounded tiger would growl or charge after hearing a gunshot again, Corbett fired a hundred rounds at bushes near a blood-stained tree, but to no avail. Not finding the tiger within the area, Corbett went home.

Final encounter with the tiger.

The following morning the herder approached Corbett. He learned that the tiger was shot through the head and, upon his buffaloes finding dried spots of blood, concluded that the tiger must be dead. He offered Jim to use his buffaloes to find the tiger's body using their keen sense of smell, which Corbett agreed upon. Reaching the location where he shot the tiger, Corbett found a hollow filled with dead leaves, flattened with patches of blood around it. Corbett concluded the bachelor must have been lying in the same spot yesterday while he was expending a hundred cartridges. Being uncomfortable with the thought of possibly being between a wounded tiger and a herd of buffaloes, Corbett told the herder that the next day he will search for the tiger alone.  After four days of roaming the jungle, Corbett found pugmarks of a big male tiger. Following the pugmarks led Corbett to a "semul" tree, which was founded by tigers. After zig-zagging through nearby bushes for an hour or more, Corbett found a tiger, head and body hidden behind a tree with only a leg sticking out. Due to there being another tiger in the area, and not wanting to risk having to deal with two wounded tigers, Corbett choose not to shoot the tiger at that moment. The tiger then moved away. Upon inspecting the spot the tiger had been standing, Corbett found drops of blood, realizing that it was the bachelor all along.  While attempting to follow the tiger, Corbett heard a sambhar cry, then he heard a dry twig snap in the same spot as the cry, which was in a crowded bush area. Crawling on the ground, Corbett saw something red through the bushes. Crawling two yards to the right Corbett looked up to find the tiger in front of him, staring directly at him. Two bullet shots later the tiger fell to his side without a sound, ending the hunt for the province's most sought after trophy of the decade. He did not need to examine this tiger's pugmarks to know it was the Bachelor of Powalgarh, for his proportions were magnificent. The bullet wound from four days ago was hidden by a wrinkle of skin on the front of his head, while the back of the head had a large hole, surprisingly clean and healthy.  Knowing people heard his rifle, Corbett hurried home to relieve the anxiety of the villagers and to gather a carrying party. With his sister, Robin, and twenty men, Corbett returned to the spot where the tiger lay. Corbett measured the tiger twice, one on the spot and another at home, seven years after Wyndham and his men measured the tiger. Corbett and his sister found the tiger to be 10' 7" (322.58 cm), over curves.

Sources.

Information about the male Bengal tiger comes from a documentary-style story written by hunter, conservationist, and author Jim Corbett in his book "Man-Eaters of Kumaon", published by the Oxford University Press in India in 1944.

The Bachelor of Powalgarh, also known as the Tiger of Powalgarh, was an unusually large Bengal tiger, and is said to be 10 feet 7 inches (3.23 meters) long when measured between pegs. From 1920 to 1930, this male tiger was the most sought-after big-game trophy in the United Provinces. When the tiger was shot in the winter of 1930 by Jim Corbett, he detailed the story in his book "Man-Eaters of Kumaon", published by Oxford University press in 1944.


History.

The East Indie is the oldest breed of bantam duck. It is thought to have originated in the United States, but its precise origin is not known. It has at various times been known by other names, some of them – such as "Brazilian", "Buenos Airean", "Labrador" – suggesting a geographical origin. There is, however, no documented connection to the East Indies, to South America, or to Labrador. It is thought that the breed developed from its original form in the United Kingdom in the second half of the nineteenth century, and was then further refined in the United States in the latter part of the twentieth century. A hypothesis that the black color of the plumage derives from the native American species "Anas rubripes" appears to be unsubstantiated.  Black East Indians were imported to the United Kingdom in or before 1831, supposedly from Buenos Aires, and were housed in the Zoological Gardens of the Zoological Society of London; they were at first called "Buenos Aireans". Others were at Knowsley Hall, home of the Earls of Derby, in about 1850. In 1853 the Black East Indian was described in the "Poultry Book" of William Wingfield and George William Johnson, with an illustration by Harrison Weir. It was included in the original "Standard of Excellence in Exhibition Poultry" of William Bernhard Tegetmeier in 1865, and – as the Black Indie – in the first "Standard of Perfection" of the American Poultry Association in 1874.

Characteristics.

The East Indie is a bantam breed, usually weighing under. It has very dark, lustrous greenish-black plumage and a black bill. Ducks may sometimes develop white feathers as they age; drakes that do so should not be used for breeding. It flies well unless the wings are clipped. It is generally shyer and quieter than the Call Duck.

Use.

The East Indie is largely kept by fanciers for exhibition or ornament. It may be helpful in pest control in gardens.

The East Indie or Black East Indian is an ornamental breed of domestic duck. It is a bantam breed, and is thought to have originated in the United States.


Overview.

"The use of ""sharpshooters"" (or snipers) can be traced in U.S. military history from the time of the Revolutionary War of 1775–1781. Every U.S. military action since that time has required the special talent of such men. After the war sniping became a lost art." From 1955–1956, the United States Army Marksmanship Training Unit undertook a program to "reiterate the lessons learned" from past wars. However, "this program was short-lived because of the lack of understanding and appreciation for the value of a sniper throughout the United States Army. The prevailing military attitude then envisioned any future conflict as nuclear with defeat or victory decided in hours."  "With the adoption of the M14 service rifle no provision was made for an M14 sniper rifle, [and] the designation of a sniper in the rifle squad was discontinued. "The conflict in Vietnam revived the need for snipers." Snipers became "optional" and no table of organization and equipment (TOE) authorized sniper organizations ["units"]." However, "units" could train and deploy snipers on a limited basis depending upon...requirements." As a result U.S. Army snipers were trained in country in South Vietnam at Division During the Vietnam War, U.S. Marines were issued bolt-action hunting rifles, U.S. Soldiers were issued XM21 rifles. The Rock Island Arsenal converted 1,435 National Match (target grade) M14s by adding a Redfield ART Adjustable Ranging Telescope 3–9× and proving National Match grade (7.62 Lake City Long Range XM-118). The ART scope, designed by 2nd Lieutenant James Leatherwood (U.S. Army), combined rangefinding and bullet drop compensation. The innovation came just in time as the U.S. military found itself losing servicemen to Viet Cong snipers who had the home field advantage in terrain that was, to say the least, difficult.  This version, called the XM21, had a specially selected walnut stock and was first fielded in the second half of 1969. An improved version with a fiberglass stock was designated the M21 in 1975. The M21 remained the Army's primary sniper rifle until 1988, when it was replaced by the M24 Sniper Weapon System; some M21s were later re-issued and used in the Iraq War.  In standard military use, the M21 uses a 20-round box magazine as the other members of the M14 family and weighs 11 pounds (5.27 kg) without the scope. The U.S. military never officially authorized or purchased magazines in any other capacity, although 5- and 10-round magazines are available.  The M21 was criticized for reliability problems, with an internal Fort Benning publication in 1989 warning that "The M21...cannot be maintained under field conditions, and its inflexible design makes it highly susceptible to malfunctions."

Service.

The XM21 Sniper Weapon System was issued to U.S. Army snipers during the Vietnam War, along with a commercially available sniper scope for day use, and a PVS-2 starlight scope for night operations. These men were trained at Army Division Base Camps; if a unit in country was a Brigade, Battalion, or smaller, and that unit requested snipers for their units, the requesting unit could send their sniper applicant to the next closest Division, such as Camp Eagle, 101st (Airmobile) Airborne Division, if that requesting unit was located in I Corps (Military Region 1), Republic of South Vietnam. The newly designated M21 saw limited actions during military operations after the Vietnam War ended in 1975. It was used by the U.S. Army Rangers during the Invasion of Grenada in 1983. There are limited numbers in some Army National Guard units and in a few specialized active units such as the OPFOR units of the Joint Readiness Training Center. The XM21 served from 1969 to 1975, and the M21 officially served as the main Army sniper rifle from 1975 to 1988 until the introduction of the M24, which had supplanted the M21 in Ranger Battalions by 1990. However, many M14 and M21 variants came back into favor in the Iraq and Afghan wars in the 2000s.

Commercial.

Springfield Armory, Inc. also manufactures variants of its M1A rifle called M21 Tactical Rifle and M25 White Feather Tactical/Carlos Hathcock rifle, which are based upon M21 and M25 Sniper Weapon Systems but are slightly different; most notably they are fitted with a Picatinny rail to mount a scope and a Krieger barrel.

The M21 Sniper Weapon System (SWS) "in the US Army is a national match grade M14 rifle, selected for accuracy, and renamed the M21 rifle." The M21 uses a "commercially procured" 3–9× variable power telescopic sight, modified for use with the sniper rifle. It is chambered for the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge and 7.62×54mmR for a Vietnamese and Chinese modified version, as well as a rare.30-06 version.


Production.

The dinosaur models created for "Clash of the Dinosaurs" were reused for this program. The "Parasaurolophus" model was used for "Charonosaurus" even though the legs of "Charonosaurus" were shorter than those of "Parasaurolophus". The "Deinonychus" model was used for "Saurornithoides" (rather inaccurately, as "Saurornithoides" was slenderer than "Deinonychus"), and the "Sauroposeidon" model was used for "Alamosaurus" (even though "Alamosaurus" had different proportions than "Sauroposeidon"). The same "Tyrannosaurus", "Triceratops", "Ankylosaurus", and "Quetzalcoatlus" models were also used. These models were placed upon different backdrops most of the time than those used in "Clash of the Dinosaurs".

Plot.

In the Pacific Northwest of North America, a "Quetzalcoatlus" is soaring above the valley during a rainstorm when it spots an unguarded "Tyrannosaurus rex" nest. The pterosaur flies down and consumes several of the hatchlings. Meanwhile, the father "Tyrannosaurus" is hunting for prey in the forest when his acute sense of smell alerts him to the intruder at the nest and runs back towards the nest. The "Quetzalcoatlus" is forced to flee when the enraged father "Tyrannosaurus" arrives, trying to fly off but its huge wings prevent it from flying in the thick forest. The "T. rex" repeatedly lunges and tries to kill it. It finally takes off just as the father "T. rex" bites the pterosaur's foot, though the pterosaur manages to break free of his jaws by pecking at his eye. Only one "T. rex" hatchling survives the carnage.  After a "T. rex" attacks an "Ankylosaurus" before being driven off, a male "Triceratops" loses a fight for mating rights against another male "Triceratops". Two "T.rex" hear the commotion and close in to hunt the loser. Working together, they bring down the "Triceratops". In Mongolia a herd of "Charonosaurus" is drinking at a watering hole in an oasis. A "Saurornithoides" steals an egg from a nest and flees, but the enraged mother follows the raptor into a cave. It tries to eat the egg, but the mother arrives, bellowing before the raptor's partner appears, and the "Charonosaurus" flees, with the "Saurornithoides" pair racing after it. They manage to bring down the "Charonosaurus" by tearing into its neck.  Meanwhile, in what is today central Mexico, a herd of "Alamosaurus" is roaming the plains in search of food while a female lays her eggs without nesting, as a six-mile wide asteroid formed from the collision of two asteroids 100 million years earlier enters the Earth's atmosphere. The asteroid hits the Earth in the Gulf of Mexico, creating a massive explosion and sending debris into the air. The explosion heats the air temperature near the crash site to 600° F. Hundreds of "Alamosaurus" are burned alive. Two minutes after impact, seismic shock waves trigger an 11.1 earthquake, which, combined with a second heat wave from the impact, wipes out the remaining "Alamosaurus". Most of their eggs are destroyed but some survive, buried under the cool soil.  The effects of the collision begin to affect the animals in British Columbia, with the 11.1 magnitude earthquake rippling through the valley. Falling debris litters the ground and drive animals from the valley. Several "Triceratops" and "Ankylosaurus" are engulfed by a 300° ejecta cloud and burnt to death. Fifteen minutes after impact, the ejecta cloud has spread to the Pacific Northwest and threatens to in-circulate the entire planet in ash. A pair of "Quetzalcoatlus" tries to fly away, but pieces of flaming debris shower the valley. Suffering from burnt wings, the male pterosaur falls from the sky to his death. After trying to save her mate, the also wounded female is forced to land in the valley. The effects of the ejecta also caused lightning storms to strike the valley.  The soaring temperatures create high humidity in the valley and force the "Triceratops" to keep moving. Many of the dead dinosaurs provide plentiful food for the hungry "Tyrannosaurus". The debris create massive fires that devastate forests of the Pacific Northwest. In the valley, the air pressure plummets, creating a vacuum that sucks in the raging flames and ignites a firestorm, causing temperatures in the valley to reaches 1800 °F. The female "Quetzalcoatlus" stands over her mate's body but panics when the vegetation around her ignites. She manages to take off despite her tattered wings, leaving the dead male behind. Smaller animals hide underground while the larger animals are forced to flee.  In Mongolia, forty-five minutes since the impact, the ejecta cloud rolls in from the east, increasing the temperature around Mongolia by several degrees every second until it reaches 300°, causing three "Charonosaurus" and a pair of "Saurornithoides" to use a cave for shelter (unenthusiastically with each other as well). The temperatures return to normal after five hours, and the "Saurornithoides" run outside to feast on a "Charonosaurus" corpse, while two of the surviving "Charonosaurus" travel to the watering hole. The third stays behind. Soon the ejecta cloud causes a sandstorm, suffocating the two "Charonosaurus" alive. The pair of "Saurornithoides" survive by hiding behind their prey, while the third "Charonosaurus" remains in the cave. A day passes, and the "Saurornithoides" return to the watering hole, where the last "Charonosaurus" is drinking. The "Saurornithoides" are desperately hungry, yet are weak from their ordeal. One of them recklessly attacks the "Charonosaurus", but the hadrosaur collapses on top of it, killing it in the process. The remaining "Saurornithoides" resorts to eating the corpse of its companion.  Four days since impact, food is in short supply across the entire planet. In the Pacific Northwest, four "Triceratops" head towards an island in search of food. The earthquake caused by the impact event forms a huge megatsunami, but also causes the water to recede and form a land bridge to the island. Three of the "Triceratops" cross the land bridge to the island. The female "Quetzalcoatlus" lands, where she eats a stranded fish, just as the megatsunami builds and races towards the shore. The "Quetzalcoatlus" attempts to take off but is caught into the vast wave and drowns, with the wave subsequently drowning the three "Triceratops" as well.  Ten days have passed since impact, and few dinosaurs remain. But during that time, the after-shocks began awaking violent/super volcanic eruptions around the earth. In Mongolia, the "Charonosaurus" stays close to the watering hole, but collapses and dies from inhaling hydrogen sulfide that rose from the watering hole. The "Saurornithoides" runs up to the dead "Charonosaurus", but it too is killed by the poisonous gas.  A month and a half later, in the Pacific Northwest, a handful of dinosaurs patrol the wasteland. A starving but weak "Ankylosaurus" finds a small bush, but it's almost forced to fight over it when a wandering "Triceratops" appears, until the "Tyrannosaurus" arrives. The "Tyrannosaurus" loses an eye to his prey's horn, but he manages to break off one of its horns and kills it by simply lunging and biting down hard on the neck. The "Tyrannosaurus" then turns his attention to the "Ankylosaurus" and after being struck in the right leg, flips it over and rips out its throat. He heads back to the dead "Triceratops", but trips over the "Ankylosaurus" and is impaled through the neck on the "Triceratops's" remaining horn. In Mexico, an "Alamosaurus" baby emerges from an egg that was sheltered away in the ground. All around the world, small handfuls of dinosaurs try to start over, but their species are beyond hope for replenishing their numbers. In the end, inbreeding, disease, and starvation will wipe out their populations until a single "Alamosaurus" remains, only to die in the wasteland too, and it only took 160 million years to bring the dinosaurs to this catastrophic point in their evolution.  But life on Earth was not completely destroyed: fish and crocodiles surviving underwater; small mammals, snakes, insects, arachnids, and lizards hid underground; birds flew or swam away from the disaster. Three years pass before sunlight finally reaches the planet again, and plant life finally carpets the Earth again, setting the stage for a new era: the era of mammals. Mammals now multiply and diversify, with countless species of mammals evolving, until 10,000 species explode across the planet and one species, humans, eventually rule the planet like the dinosaurs once had.

Last Day of the Dinosaurs is a 2010 Discovery Channel television documentary about the extinction of the dinosaurs. It portrays the Alvarez hypothesis as the cause of extinction. The documentary was released on August 28, 2010 and narrated by Bill Mondy.


History.

In 1984, the Indian Army's Northern Command inducted the HAL Cheetah during the Siachen Glacier conflict. Two years later, the Indian Air Force's Air Observation Post units were transferred to the Indian Army to form its Army Aviation Corps. With nine helicopter squadrons, the corps supported ground units by carrying men and material to the Siachen Glacier until the 2003 ceasefire.  During the late-1980s Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War, the corps experienced jungle warfare. A unit of the Army Aviation Corps operated in Somalia as part of United Nations Operation in Somalia II from October 1993 to November 1994. During the operation, the corps flew over 2,000 hours accident-free with 100-percent serviceability in desert-like conditions. It also participated in the 1999 Kargil War.

Present day.

Role.

Army Aviation Corps pilots are drawn from other combat arms, including artillery officers. The Indian Air Force flies attack helicopters such as the Mil Mi-25/Mi-35 and HAL Rudra, which are under the operational control of the army. Helicopters such as the HAL Chetak, HAL Cheetah and HAL Dhruv provide logistical support for the Indian Army in remote and inaccessible areas.  The Army Aviation Corps also perform combat search and rescue (CSAR), artillery lift, combat transportation, logistics relief, military prisoner transportation and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) in wartime and during natural disasters. The director general of the Army Aviation Corps is Lt Gen P. K. Bharali.

Training.

Army Aviation Corps candidates are trained at the Combat Army Aviation Training School (CATS) in Nashik; training was previously conducted at the School of Artillery in Deolali. A Cheetah helicopter simulator was installed at CATS to reduce training costs and pilot risk. The simulator exposes trainees to snow, rain, varied terrain, night flying, emergencies, and tactical maneuvers.

Aircraft.

In 2019, the Indian Army operated 245 aircraft.

Plans.

In 2012, the army was evaluating helicopters from Kamov, Eurocopter and AgustaWestland for its light-helicopter contract for supplying troops stationed at high altitudes. The $750 million contract for the 197 helicopters intended to replace its 1970s Chetak and Cheetah helicopters for high-altitude surveillance and logistics. The successful bidder would provide 60 helicopters in operating condition; the remaining 137 aircraft would be produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The successful bidder was required to invest at least 30 percent of the contract in India.  In December 2014, the Kamov Ka-226T was selected as a light utility helicopter to replace the Chetak and Cheetah while the HAL Light Utility Helicopter was developed. Kamov would build a production plant in India, and 197 helicopters would be purchased under the Make in India program.  The army is planning to acquire the HAL Light Combat Helicopter, which is under development by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, to meet its requirements for a high-altitude——anti-armour and anti-infantry helicopter. It is also planning to acquire a 3-tonne, single-engine HAL Light Utility Helicopter for reconnaissance.  Other planned acquisitions are:

The Army Aviation Corps is a component of the Indian Army which was formed on 1 November 1986. The corps is headed by a director general (with the rank of lieutenant general) at army headquarters in New Delhi.


Biography.

Dibb was born on January 6, 1978 in Orange, California to Jessica B Mendlovitz and David C Dibb, who married in 1977. He began writing and recording music with childhood friend Noah Lennox (Panda Bear) in 1991. While at The Park School of Baltimore, Josh met David Portner (Avey Tare) and Brian Weitz (Geologist) when they asked him to join their band, Automine. Josh introduced Noah to Dave and Brian and over the next few years the four spent time playing music together and sharing tapes of music they made individually.  After high school, Panda Bear and Deakin went to Boston, where Deakin attended Brandeis University. Avey Tare and Geologist moved to New York City to attend NYU and Columbia University respectively. After months of playing the band finally settled on the name "Animal Collective". After touring with the group from 2004 to the end of 2006 and recording two albums, Feels and Strawberry Jam, the Water Curses EP and the visual album ODDSAC he decided to take a break from the increasingly rigorous touring schedule. After not participating in the recording of the album "Merriweather Post Pavilion", he rejoined the band live on April 10, 2011 in Petaluma, California after a three-year absence.  On January 1, 2010, he played his first solo show as Deakin at The Ottobar in Baltimore, MD where he grew up. In December 2009, Deakin raised $25,985 through the Kickstarter crowdfunding platform to travel to Mali to play at the music festival Festival au Désert outside of Tomboctou in January 2010 and to record an album in early 2010. After playing the music festival, Deakin played five shows in Europe, including a few shows opening for Panda Bear.  On January 7, 2016, Dibb sent backers of his Kickstarter campaign an announcement that his long awaited solo album was complete. The album, titled "Sleep Cycle", was released on Bandcamp on April 6, 2016. "Just Am" was the first track shared from the album, accompanied by a music video.

Joshua Caleb Dibb (born January 6, 1978), also known by his moniker Deakin, is an American musician who co-founded the experimental pop band Animal Collective. He is the most infrequent member of the collective appearing on only about half of all albums. In 2016, he made his solo debut with the album "Sleep Cycle". He also occasionally works as a carpenter during musical down time.


Definitions.

There are three conceptually different but equivalent approaches to defining the Lie bracket:

Vector fields as derivations.

Each smooth vector field "X" on a manifold "M" may be regarded as a differential operator acting on smooth functions "C"("M"). Indeed, each smooth vector field "X" becomes a derivation on "C"("M") when we define "X"("f") to be a function whose value at a point "p" is the directional derivative of "f" at "p" in the direction "X"("p"). Furthermore, any derivation on "C"("M") arises from a unique smooth vector field "X".  In general, the commutator formula_2 of any two derivations formula_3 and formula_4 is again a derivation, where formula_5 denotes composition of operators. This can be used to define the Lie bracket as the vector field corresponding to the commutator derivation:

Flows and limits.

Let formula_7 be the flow associated with the vector field "X", and let D denote the tangent map derivative operator. Then the Lie bracket of "X" and "Y" at the point can be defined as the Lie derivative:  This also measures the failure of the flow in the successive directions formula_9 to return to the point "x":

In coordinates.

Though the above definitions of Lie bracket are intrinsic (independent of the choice of coordinates on the manifold "M"), in practice one often wants to compute the bracket in terms of a specific coordinate system formula_11. We write formula_12 for the associated local basis of the tangent bundle, so that general vector fields can be written formula_13and formula_14for smooth functions formula_15. Then the Lie bracket can be computed as:  If "M" is (an open subset of) R, then the vector fields "X" and "Y" can be written as smooth maps of the form formula_17 and formula_18, and the Lie bracket formula_19 is given by:  where formula_21 and formula_22 are "n×n" Jacobian matrices multiplying the "n×"1 column vectors "X" and "Y".

Properties.

The Lie bracket of vector fields equips the real vector space formula_23 of all vector fields on "M" (i.e., smooth sections of the tangent bundle formula_24) with the structure of a Lie algebra, which means [ •, • ] is a map formula_25 with:  An immediate consequence of the second property is that formula_28 for any formula_29.  Furthermore, there is a "product rule" for Lie brackets. Given a smooth (scalar-valued) function "f" on "M" and a vector field "Y" on "M", we get a new vector field "fY" by multiplying the vector "Y" by the scalar "f"("x") at each point. Then:  where we multiply the scalar function "X"("f") with the vector field "Y", and the scalar function "f" with the vector field. This turns the vector fields with the Lie bracket into a Lie algebroid.  Vanishing of the Lie bracket of "X" and "Y" means that following the flows in these directions defines a surface embedded in "M", with "X" and "Y" as coordinate vector fields:  Theorem: formula_31 iff the flows of "X" and "Y" commute locally, meaning formula_32 for all and sufficiently small "s", "t".  This is a special case of the Frobenius integrability theorem.

Examples.

For a Lie group "G", the corresponding Lie algebra formula_33 is the tangent space at the identity formula_34, which can be identified with the vector space of left invariant vector fields on "G". The Lie bracket of two left invariant vector fields is also left invariant, which defines the Jacobi–Lie bracket operation formula_35.  For a matrix Lie group, whose elements are matrices formula_36, each tangent space can be represented as matrices: formula_37, where formula_38 means matrix multiplication and "I" is the identity matrix. The invariant vector field corresponding to formula_39is given by formula_40, and a computation shows the Lie bracket on formula_41 corresponds to the usual commutator of matrices:

Applications.

The Jacobi–Lie bracket is essential to proving small-time local controllability (STLC) for driftless affine control systems.

Generalizations.

As mentioned above, the Lie derivative can be seen as a generalization of the Lie bracket. Another generalization of the Lie bracket (to vector-valued differential forms) is the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket.

In the mathematical field of differential topology, the Lie bracket of vector fields, also known as the Jacobi–Lie bracket or the commutator of vector fields, is an operator that assigns to any two vector fields "X" and "Y" on a smooth manifold "M" a third vector field denoted.


Early life.

She was born on August 10, 1972, in Highland Park, Texas, the daughter of Daphne Demar ("née" Caravageli) and Lawrence Paul "Larry" Harmon, a hospital information network executive in Dallas, Texas. Her father has German and Irish ancestry, while her mother is of Greek descent. In an episode of "Who Do You Think You Are?", Harmon found that she had a German ancestor who served in George Washington's army during the Revolutionary War, and that ancestor later acquired land in Mercer County, Kentucky. The land is still owned by a distant branch of her family.  Harmon worked as a child model, and in 1987 won a "Seventeen" modeling contest. She attended Highland Park High School until 1990, where she was a member of the Highland Belles. She won a Spectrum Model Search contest shortly afterward, subsequently pursued a successful modeling career, and became well known in the early 1990s. She worked as a runway model for Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, and Donna Karan and appeared on the covers of "ELLE", "Cosmopolitan", and "Esquire". She is signed with IMG Models in New York City.

Career.

Harmon began acting in 1995 after being discovered on a plane by David Hasselhoff. She then had a leading role in "Baywatch Nights" and the short-lived "". She also appeared in the 1998 film, "Lawn Dogs", which received only a limited theatrical release. In the late 1990s, Harmon became better known by joining the NBC series "Law & Order", playing ADA Abbie Carmichael from 1998 to 2001. During this time, she also voiced Barbara Gordon in the animated film "", succeeding Stockard Channing in that role.  Harmon left "Law & Order" to concentrate on her film career, saying that she preferred working in film to television. After appearing in the 2001 direct-to-video film "Good Advice", she had a supporting role in "Agent Cody Banks" (2003), playing the CIA handler of a teenage agent (Frankie Muniz). In 2006, Harmon co-starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. and James Woods in the direct-to-DVD political suspense drama "End Game".  In 2006, Harmon starred in an ABC pilot "Secrets of a Small Town", which did not go to series. She also starred in another failed television show on NBC, "Inconceivable", which was canceled after two episodes. The following year, she starred in another ABC pilot, "Women's Murder Club", which aired for thirteen episodes.  Harmon was one of five actresses who posed discreetly nude for the May 2008 issue of "Allure" magazine, alongside Gabrielle Union, Zoe McLellan, Jill Scott, and Ana Ortiz.  In 2010 Harmon hosted an infomercial for "UpLiv", a stress management program and also appeared in an infomercial for Olay "Pro-X" wrinkle cream.  From 2010 to 2016, she co-starred with Sasha Alexander in the TNT crime-drama series "Rizzoli & Isles", playing Boston, Massachusetts, police detective Jane Rizzoli. The show premiered July 12, 2010. She directed the series' 100th episode.  Harmon appears in the music video for Craig Morgan's "This Ole Boy", released in January 2012.  In July 2012, during promotions for a new season of "Rizzoli and Isles", Harmon revealed on Conan O'Brien's late night series that she was a fan of and very interested in playing a movie version of the She-Hulk from Marvel Comics should such a movie become available.  Harmon won Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Drama Series for "Rizzoli & Isles" at the 2012 Gracie Allen Awards.

Personal life.

On March 13, 2000, Harmon became engaged to former NFL player Jason Sehorn. She was appearing as a guest on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" when Leno called Sehorn out as a surprise guest. Sehorn immediately walked up to her, knelt down on one knee and proposed. They were married on June 9, 2001. They have three daughters: Finley, born October 14, 2003; Avery, born June 22, 2005; and Emery, born December 18, 2008 In November 2014, Harmon and Sehorn announced their separation after 13 years of marriage. The couple divorced in 2016.  Harmon is a Republican. She and Sehorn supported President George W. Bush and delivered a speech at the 2004 Republican National Convention. She supported John McCain for president in 2008.  On December 25, 2019, Harmon became engaged to actor Greg Vaughan.

Angela Michelle Harmon (born August 10, 1972) is an American actress and model. She is known for her role as Ronica Miles in "Agent Cody Banks" and was a professional model before gaining international fame for her roles in "Baywatch Nights" and as New York A.D.A. Abbie Carmichael on "Law & Order". She also starred as Detective Jane Rizzoli on the TNT series "Rizzoli & Isles".


Description.

In the Hollar catalog prints placed under number P880 (a-c). The etching was published in Antwerp in 1649 and was inserted into "Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae" (Topographia Germaniae), published 1650. He left shortly after to create another perspective, his great view of London in 1647. On the middle sheet is a legend with a signature where Hollar says that the etching was based on drawings, taken in 1636. In 1636 with his new patron, Thomas Howard, he returned briefly from German lands to Prague and then went to England. It is believed that the artwork is preserved and is now in the possession of the National Gallery in Prague.  The view is captured from a vantage point on Petrin (Mount St. Lawrence) and Prague is captured from Hradcany after Vysehrad, left, which form the framework of a ruin (with a view of Strahov), then right wall. Of Prague (Prague Castle, Lesser Town, Old Town and New Town) are described above them are urban captions (in the middle of the sheet is still German and Czech characters). In addition, there are some important places (buildings) described with twenty locations marked with numbers and described in the legend (descriptions are Czech, Latin and German).

Importance.

Hollar's view can be compared with two great views of the 17th century, Sadelerovým prospect, which drew on own view Filip van den Bosch, and in 1606 published a prospect by Aegidius Sadeler and Folperta van Ouden Allen from 1685.  Hollar approached the problem realistically, while the two booklets mentioned came from Veduta tradition and captured an idealized Prague and especially from above. Now Hollar captured the perspective of the actual space required, changed the view of Petrin Hill and at the same time he managed to capture "the real picture of the city with its scenic relief and unique atmosphere".

"Large View of Prague from Petrin" is an etching by Vaclav Hollar consisting of three sheets (collectively which have dimensions of 28 x 113.5 cm).


Relationships.

Although many phylogenetic analyses found basal tetanurans that were outside both Megalosauroidea and Avetheropoda, the core dichotomy was named only in 2012. Carrano, Benson and Sampson (2012) named that clade Orionides, and defined it as the node comprising Megalosauroidea, Avetheropoda, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants. In 2015, Hendrickx, Hartman and Mateus clarified this definition, specifying it as the most recent common ancestor of "Allosaurus fragilis", "Megalosaurus bucklandii", and "Passer domesticus", and all its descendants. The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis published by Zanno and Makovicky in 2013.  In 2019 saw the description and publication of "Asfaltovenator vialidadi", a basal allosauroid that curiously has characteristics displaying primitive and derived features seen in Tetanurae. Their phylogenetic analysis has found Megalosauroidea to be a basal grade of carnosaurs in respect to Allosauroidea.

Range.

Large, predatory spinosaurids and allosaurids flourished during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, especially in Gondwana, but seem to have died out before the end of the Cretaceous, possibly due to competition from abelisaurid ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurid coelurosaurs. The diverse coelurosaurs persisted until the end of the Mesozoic Era, when all except for crown clade avians died out. Modern birds are the only living representatives of the clade Tetanurae.

Etymology.

The clade name "Orionides" was first established by Matthew T. Carrano, Roger B. J. Benson and Scott D. Sampson in 2012. It is derived from Orion, the giant hunter of Greek mythology in references to the large size and carnivorism of basal orionidans. The name also refers to the alternative name for the constellation of Orion, Alektropodion, meaning "rooster foot".

Orionides is a clade of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic to the Present. The clade includes most theropod dinosaurs, including birds.


Description.

"Achelous" class vessels were based on the same hull as LST's (Landing Ship, Tank) which at the time were being produced in large numbers. This hull was thought to be ideal for a ship specializing in the repair of light craft, since it was not overly large and had a shallow draught which would enable it to maneuver into small harbors, rivers and inlets where it could service damaged boats and effect other repairs on location.  The conversion from an LST to an "Achelous" class ARL was done mainly by converting the large interior tank deck into a number of different shops and storerooms. Two large cargo booms were added forward, and a large 60-ton A-frame boom added amidships. The wheelhouse/chart room deck was expanded, and a conning tower added. The first nine units of the class sealed the bow doors of the LST hull.  The ship's company consisted of the usual LST crew of deck, engineering and communications departments but in addition it had a supply department, plus a repair department consisting of machinery and engine repair, carpentry, electronics repair, and hull repair divisions, giving a ship's complement of approximately 250 officers and men in total. After the first nine units were built, the later units had a revised armament as well as retaining the opening bow doors.

Operational history.

During World War II, the "Achelous" class vessels worked mostly on repairing damaged landing craft, but many continued in service after the war, working again on landing craft during the Korean War and on river craft during the Vietnam War.  In all, 39 "Achelous" class repair ships were built between 1943 and 1945.

The "Achelous"-class repair ship was a class of ship built by the US Navy during World War II. As the United States gained experience in amphibious operations, it was realized that some sort of mobile repair facility would be useful for repairing the damage that frequently occurred to smaller vessels such as LCVP's (Landing Craft Vehicle/Personnel). The Auxiliary Repair Light (ARL) ship was designed to meet this need, and the "Achelous" class was the only class to receive this designation.


Biography.

Reed was born in Raleigh, North Carolina and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Reed directed the motion pictures "Bring It On", "Down with Love", and "The Break-Up"; all comedy films. He has also acted in small roles in some films including his own and has written a few original songs for his soundtracks. He has also produced a few music videos.  Peyton Reed was originally set to direct the 20th Century Fox production "Fantastic Four", before departing the project and being replaced by director Tim Story.  Reed directed the 2008 film "Yes Man", starring Jim Carrey. "Yes Man" is an adaptation of Danny Wallace's autobiography about his decision to say "yes" to whatever offer, invitation, challenge, or opportunity that is presented to him.  Reed replaced Edgar Wright as the director of "Ant-Man". Prior to joining the production of "Ant-Man", Reed was slated to direct a Brian Epstein biopic, based on the graphic novel "The Fifth Beatle". However, his commitment to the superhero film required him to part ways with "The Fifth Beatle". Reed then went on to direct "Ant-Man and the Wasp", the sequel to "Ant-Man".  Peyton Reed has been hired to direct a third Ant-Man film for Marvel Studios.  In May 2020, Reed confirmed he would direct an episode from the second season of the Disney+ series "The Mandalorian", part of the "Star Wars" franchise.

Personal life.

When he was a teenager, Peyton Reed drew his punk band as the Avengers on a flyer, including himself as Ant-Man.  Peyton Reed was a DJ for WXYC, the UNC student radio station, during his time enrolled at the university. Worked as a van driver on the set of Bull Durham in 1987, which was filmed in his hometown of Raleigh, North Carolina. Recorded music under the name manCHILD with UNC classmate Norwood Cheek.  Reed lives in the Los Angeles area with his wife Sheila and 2 sons. He was previously married to Beth LaMure from 1998 to 2006.

Filmography.

Feature films  Television  Webseries  Documentaries/Short films  Commercials

Peyton Tucker Reed (born July 3, 1964) is an American television and film director. He is best known for directing the comedy films "Bring It On" (2000), "Down with Love" (2003), "The Break-Up" (2006) and "Yes Man" (2008), as well as the superhero films "Ant-Man" (2015) and its sequel, "Ant-Man and the Wasp" (2018).


Narrative.

One time Enos was hunting in the woods and he remembered the gospel according to his father, and he got on his knees and cried all day and into the night for the salvation of his soul. Then the voice of God told Enos that his sins were forgiven. Enos believed the voice, but he was curious about how the forgiveness was actually accomplished. God told Enos he was forgiven because he had faith in Christ, even though he never heard or saw Christ, and indeed it would be far in the future before he came in the flesh.  Enos then prayed for the salvation of the Nephites, but God said they would be blessed or cursed according to how they obeyed the commandments. Enos, fearing that the Nephites would refuse to obey the commandments of God, then prayed for the Lamanites who oppressed them, that at least they would avoid destruction. And he prayed that God would preserve a record of the Nephites so that someday the Lamanites too might be brought to salvation, even though anything the Nephites said and did now in Enos' time would have nothing to do with salvation on that future day, but only faith in Christ, whose death and resurrection would be in the past instead of the future. Nevertheless, God made a covenant with Enos that he would bring the records of the Nephites to the Lamanites in due time.  Enos took up the mantle of prophet and went among his people the Nephites lest they be destroyed as God had warned. Enos does not say whether he was successful at converting the Nephites back to the true faith, but he does say the Nephites failed to convert the Lamanites back to the true faith.  He characterized the Lamanites as having a hatred that was fixed. The Lamanites were led by their evil nature to become a wild and bloodthirsty people. They were full of idolatry and filthiness and fed upon beasts of prey. They dwelt in tents, wandered about in the wilderness, wore a short skin girdle about their loins and their heads were shaven. Their skill was in the bow, and in the cimeter, and the ax. Many of them ate nothing except raw meat. They were continually seeking to destroy the Nephites who tilled the land, grew fruit in orchards, and tended flocks of cattle and goats and horses.

The Book of Enos () is the fourth book of the Book of Mormon. According to the text it was written by Enos, a Nephite prophet.


Narrative of Christ's Visit.

Before Christ visits these people there is a giant storm, a tremendous earthquake, and darkness. Cities burn, cities sink into the sea, mountains are brought down and valleys brought up. There is sharp lightning, wind, and thunderings and many people died. After the great storm comes darkness and the voices of mourning for the dead. The darkness lasts for approximately three days, during which a voice is "heard among all the inhabitants of the earth, upon all the face of this land, crying: Wo, wo, wo unto this people; wo unto the inhabitants of the whole earth except that they shall repent; for the devil laugheth, and his angels rejoice, because of the slain fair sons and daughters of my people; and it is because of their iniquities and abominations that they are fallen!" (3 Nephi 9:1-2) The voice then lists cities "and the inhabitants thereof" he had destroyed because of their wickedness: Zarahemla (3 Nephi 9:3), Moroni (9:4), Moronihah (9:5), Gilgal (9:6), Onihah, Mocum, and Jerusalem (the New World city founded by the Lamanites, Amelekites, and Amulonites, not Jerusalem in Judaea) (9:7), Gadiandi, Gadiomnah, Jacob, and Gimgimno (9:8), Jacobugath (9:9), Laman, Josh, Gad, and Kishkumen (9:10), since "there were none righteous among them" (9:11). He asks, "O all ye that are spared because you were more righteous than they, will ye not now return unto me, and repent of your sins, and be converted, that I may heal you?" (9:13) "Yea, verily, I say unto you, if ye shall come unto me, ye shall have eternal life. Behold, my arm of mercy is extended towards you, and whosoever will come, him will I receive, and blessed are those that come unto me." (9:14) "Behold, I am Jesus Christ, the Son of God. I created the heavens and the earth, and all things that in them are. I was with the Father from the beginning. I am in the Father, and the Father in me; and in me hath the Father glorified his name." (9:15)  After three days, the darkness clears. It is the time of the resurrection of Christ. The people gather to a land called Bountiful where stood a temple. A voice is heard from heaven which the people did not understand it at first, that "did pierce them that did hear to the center, insomuch that there was no part of their frame that it did not cause to quake; yea, it did pierce them to the very soul, and did cause their hearts to burn." The voice is the voice of God Almighty, the very Eternal Father proclaiming His Son Jesus Christ the risen Lord.  The resurrected Christ descends from the sky. He stands before them and calls them to come and sees the wounds in His hands and side. He heals them and teaches them precepts that were to guide their Church.

The Book of Nephi: The Son of Nephi, Who Was the Son of Helaman, usually referred to as Third Nephi or 3 Nephi, is one of fifteen books that make up the Book of Mormon. This book was first called "III Nephi" in the 1879 edition and "Third Nephi" in the 1920 edition of the Book of Mormon. It contains an account of the visit of Jesus Christ to the inhabitants of ancient America. Jesus had told his disciples in Jerusalem according to the Bible in the Gospel of John, "And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd." In this book, Christ declares to those in ancient America that they were these "other sheep" of whom he spoke. The account of this visit is recorded beginning in chapter 11 of 3 Nephi.


A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov

Plot.

The film begins in 19th century Saint Petersburg, and examines the life of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a middle-aged Russian nobleman. Slothful and seemingly unhappy, Oblomov spends much of the beginning of the film sleeping and being attended to by his servant, Zakhar. In an attempt to get him more active, Andrei Ivanovich Stoltz, a Russian/German businessman and close friend, frequently takes Oblomov along with him to social events. Oblomov is introduced to a cultured woman named Olga, a friend of Stoltz. When Stoltz leaves the country, Olga is left with the task of civilizing and culturing Oblomov while he lives nearby. Olga and Oblomov eventually fall in love, but upon Stoltz's return, Oblomov moves back into town, eventually severing ties with Olga. Stoltz and Olga eventually marry, and Oblomov subsequently marries the woman with whom he was living, Agafya Matveyevna Psehnitsyna. The two have a son, and although Agafya has two children from a previous relationship, Oblomov treats them both as if they were his own. Oblomov is satisfied with his life, although it "lack[s] the poetic and those bright rays which he imagined were to be found."

Superfluous Man and Oblomovism.

In the Ivan Goncharov novel, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov is considered an excellent example of the "Superfluous Man" concept of 1800s' Russian literature. Alienated and let down by the world around him, the "superfluous man" character is often considered an outsider at odds with society. In both the novel and the film, Oblomov demonstrates this "superfluity" as an ineffective member of Russia's much criticized aristocracy. Goncharov referred to his character's passivity as "Oblomovism," and the term has since been associated with characters who possess Oblomov's apathy and membership in Russia's upper class.

Oblomov (, translit. "Neskolko dney iz zhizni I. I. Oblomov") is a Soviet comedy/drama film directed by Nikita Mikhalkov. It was released by Mosfilm in 1980. The film's plot is based on the novel Oblomov (), written by Ivan Goncharov, which tells the story of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a middle-aged nobleman living in 19th century Saint Petersburg. This central character exemplifies the superfluous man concept found in 19th century Russian literature.


History.

The cannon was developed within the research framework "Regina". The program's goal was to create a 155 mm (6 and 1/8 inches) long-range artillery piece for the Polish Army that would serve as a division level asset. It was decided, that instead of buying a licence for a complete vehicle, only a licence for a modern L/52 gun and turret would be bought, and they would be mounted on domestically developed chassis.  In 1997 there was announced a contest for an artillery part (complete turret with a gun). The British AS-90M was a winner (the other contestant was PzH-2000), and in 1999 its technology was transferred to Huta Stalowa Wola factory. The chassis UPG-NG was developed in Poland by OBRUM in Gliwice, from a chassis SPG-1M (developed itself from a Soviet MT-S tractor), utilizing parts unified with the PT-91 Twardy tank. The first prototype was completed in 2001, the second - next year. The first two examples of the howitzer (prototypes) are fitted with turret systems supplied by BAE Systems. It was planned to complete the first squadron in 2008, but the program was delayed due to financial reasons, and only in 2008 Polish Army ordered the first introduction batch of the squadron module, completed in 2012. It covers eight guns (six new-built and two upgraded prototype vehicles), command vehicles (on a much modernized MTLB chassis), plus ammunition vehicles and repair vehicles for the armament and electronics, as well as the fire control system etc.  In the introductory and series products original British guns were replaced by those supplied by Nexter. Trial firing of another gun supplied by the maker is realized every month until the end of the year (the third gun was tested on 10 August in presence of representatives of the Armament Inspectorate and the Head Office of the Missile and Artillery Force of the Air Forces). These are realized at the Dynamic Trial Center of the WITU (Military Technical Institute of Armament) in Stalowa Wola. The first firing of the third complete Krab (which has also received new elements of on-board electronics, developed by WB Electronics) was carried out on 29 July 2011. Concentration of fire was tested, among others. As of 2012 two prototypes and eight initial units (two artillery batteries each with four guns) have been built by Huta Stalowa Wola. In 2012-2013 eight new examples were used for tests conducted by the Polish Army as a part of the battery command module "Regina".  Eventually, on 17 December 2014 the Polish Ministry of Defense announced the deal worth US$320M with Korean Samsung Techwin (now Hanwha Techwin) to purchase 120 K9 Thunder chassis, with first 24 to be delivered in 2017 and 96 to be built under license in Poland in 2018-2022. Poland also evaluated the Turkish built T-155 Firtina chassis of the same origin. The original Polish OBRUM's UPG-NG chassis build by BUMAR equipped with an S-12U engine and other elements (like road wheels) from the PT-91 Twardy used in eight initial production howitzers was abandoned due to cracks in its structure and ceased production of S-12U engines.  The first K9 chassis was shipped to Poland for testing and integration in June 2015. The prototype was rolled out on 24 August 2015. It went through type acceptance testing in October 2015. The type examination ended successfully in April 2016 allowing serial production. On 7 April 2016 Ministry of National Defence and manufacturer concluded the research and development phase. On 28 April 2016 during Polish Prime Minister visit in Stalowa Wola first two serial examples were handed over to Polish Army. They joined eight initial production examples in Artillery Training Center in Toruń. They were used to elaborate operational norms for combat units. During handover ceremony on 18 November 2016 nine Krabs were accepted in the present of Polish Minister of National Defence, while seven more were in acceptance testing phase. Eight original turrets on UPG chassis are scheduled to be upgraded with K9 chassis after first batch of 16 guns is delivered by the end of 2016. The deal for following 96 units was signed on December 14, 2016, raising total order to 120 Krabs for five regiments.  Each of the planned five squadrons of Krabs is going to be equipped with 24 howitzers. The first unit to receive 24 Krabs by 2017 will be 11th Masurian Artillery Regiment in Węgorzewo. The development program of advanced, smart 155 mm ammunition is started and is expected to conclude in 2017.

Operators.

Current operators

The AHS Krab (Polish for "Crab") is a 155 mm NATO-compatible self-propelled tracked gun-howitzer designed in Poland by Centrum Produkcji Wojskowej Huta Stalowa Wola, by combining the South Korean K9 Thunder chassis with a British AS-90M "Braveheart" turret with 52-calibre gun and WB Electronics' "Topaz" artillery fire control system. The 2011 version used a Nexter Systems barrel and UPG chassis. The 2016 production batch utilize the K9 chassis and a Rheinmetall barrel. As of 2016 full-rate production of 120 Krabs for Polish Army has started with 16 guns completed and deliveries to be completed by 2024.


History.

The custom of sending greeting cards can be traced back to the ancient Chinese, who exchanged messages of good will to celebrate the New Year, and to the early Egyptians, who conveyed their greetings on papyrus scrolls.  By the early 15th century, handmade paper greeting cards were being exchanged in Europe. The Germans are known to have printed New Year's greetings from woodcuts as early as 1400, and handmade paper Valentines were being exchanged in various parts of Europe in the early to mid-15th century.  However, by the 1850s, the greeting card had been transformed from a relatively expensive, handmade and hand-delivered gift to a popular and affordable means of personal communication, due largely to advances in printing and mechanization.  This trend continued, followed by new trends like Christmas cards, the first of which appeared in published form in London in 1843 when Sir Henry Cole hired artist John Calcott Horsley to design a holiday card that he could send to his friends and acquaintances. Technical developments like color lithography in 1930 propelled the manufactured greeting card industry forward.  During the 1980s, the trend began to turn, with consumers increasing looking for greeting cards that were differentiated from the standard offering. In the late 1990s, e-cards made their way into the market.

Materials.

Common cardmaking materials include: cardstock, stencils, markers, vellum, tissue paper, glue, rulers and t-squares, rickrack, foil, sequins, beads, ribbon, acetate, paper embossing, die cutting machines and more. Other materials that can be used in cardmaking are brads, eyelets, tea bag medallions, and buttons. Brads can be used to hold the four corners of one piece of cardstock on top of another to create a layered effect. Eyelets can be used to draw a piece of string or ribbon from one side of the card to another. Tea bag medallions are a type of origami that makes a wonderful decoration for the front of a card. Pretty shaped buttons make nice additions to a design. Other ways of decorating cards include using rubber or polymer stamps to add images or sentiments to the card which can then be coloured or decorated using a wide variety of paint or ink techniques.

Card making is the craft of hand-making greeting cards. Many people with interests in allied crafts such as scrapbooking and stamping have begun to use their skills to start making handmade cards. This has contributed to cardmaking becoming a popular hobby.


Early and personal life.

Mandiangu was born in Kinshasa, Zaire; his family emigrated to Mönchengladbach in Germany shortly after his birth.

Career.

Club.

He began his career with Polizei SV before moving to the youth team of Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2002. In July 2007, he moved out of his family's home and into the Borussia Mönchengladbach boarding school.  Mandiangu spent his early senior career with Borussia Mönchengladbach II, MSV Duisburg II and TSG Neustrelitz. He moved to Berliner FC Dynamo in May 2014. He left the club by mutual consent in March 2015, and then signed for Dutch club FC Eindhoven on an amateur basis.  In December 2015, it was announced that Mandiangu would sign for Scottish club Hamilton Academical. After training with the club for three weeks, the deal completed in January 2016, with the contract running until the end of the 2015–16 season. In May 2016, it was announced that he would leave Hamilton at the end of the 2015–16 season.  In May 2016, Mandiangu signed with Slovak club MŠK Žilina on a two-year contract. He moved to Austrian club Blau-Weiß Linz in January 2017. Six-months later, Mandiangu joined Gandzasar Kapan.  On 1 September 2017 signed to Hapoel Kfar Saba.  Kokkolan PV announced on 10 December 2018, that they had signed Mandiangu for the 2019 season.

International.

Mandiangu represented Germany at under-15, and under-18 youth levels, making a total of 22 youth international appearances.

Christopher-Massamba Mandiangu (born 8 February 1992) is a German professional footballer who plays for II liga club Widzew Łódź as a forward.


Plot.

Hal, the captain of the Heron, follows Zavac with the help of Rikard, a pirate who'd been betrayed by Zavac. However, Ingvar, a big, wise, but poor-sighted boy, contracts a fever from the arrow wound he received during the battle for Limmat. The Herons wait ashore, and Rikard escapes, but Lydia and Thorn quickly track him down and capture him once again. When Ingvar's fever breaks, the Herons continue on their chase after Zavac. They follow him to a town where they find evidence of Zavac, but he has already left. The Herons let Rikard go, but one of Zavac's men kill him for treachery. The Herons are accused of murdering Rikard, but they are cleared and they continue. However, Zavac learns of the Herons following him and he pays the Gatmeister of a nearby city to detain the Herons indefinitely. The Herons escape with the help of Lydia. They burn the Gatmeister's private yacht in revenge for beating up Hal when Hal wouldn't tell the Gatmeister where their cash chest was. They continue on to the pirate fortress Raguza, where the Seahawk stops them, but with the help of the Seahawk they enter Raguza under the guise of a pirate. Zavac learns of their presence, but the Herons talk to the Kopaljo first, and the Kopaljo takes the emeralds from Zavac that he stole from Limmat. He then banishes Zavac from Raguza. However, Hal challenges Zavac in a battle of ships. Hal cripples the ship with the Mangler, but it collapses on him. Ingvar frees him, and Hal goes on board The Raven, Zavac's ship, to recover the Andomal, Skandia's greatest treasure. Zavac nearly kills Hal, but Thorn saves Hal, and pins Zavac to the sinking Raven, and the Herons return to Skandia, where they are celebrated as heroes for retrieving the Andomal.

The Hunters is the third instalment in the "Brotherband" novel series by Australian author John Flanagan. It was released on 30 October 2012 in the United States, 1 November 2012 in Australia and 2 November 2012 in New Zealand.


Early life.

Pandurang Vaijnath Athavale was born on 19 of October 1920 in Chitpavan Brahmin Family in the village of Roha in Maharashtra (Konkan), India. He was one of five children born to the Sanskrit teacher Vaijanath Shastri Athavale and his wife Parvati Athavale.  When Athavale was twelve years old, his grandfather set up an independent course of study for the young boy. Thus, Athavale was taught in a system very similar to that of the Tapovan system of ancient India. In 1942, he started to give discourses at the "Srimad Bhagavad Gita Pathshala, Madhavbaug, Mumbai", a center set up by his father in 1926."  Athavale read diligently in the Royal Asiatic Library for a period of 14 years; at a young age, he was well-known to have read every piece of non-fiction literature (ranging from Marx's philosophy to Whitehead's writings to ancient Indian philosophy). In 1954, he attended the Second World Philosophers' Conference, held in Japan. There, Athavale presented the concepts of Vedic ideals and the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. Many participants were impressed by his ideas but wanted evidence of such ideals being put into practice in India. Nobel Prize–winning physicist Dr. Arthur Holly Compton was particularly enchanted with Athavale's ideas and offered him a lucrative opportunity in the United States, where he could spread his ideas. Athavale politely declined, saying that he had much to accomplish in his native India, where he planned to demonstrate to the world a model community peacefully practising and spreading Vedic thoughts and the message of the Bhagavad Gita.

Swadhyaya Parivar.

Swadhyaya Parivar established itself in India in 1978 with adherents meeting every Sunday, where prayers were sung and a video recording of Athavale was played. Swadhyaya, which closely translates to "in depth study of the self" is a process based upon Vedic philosophy, and the members of the Parivar are called "Swadhyayees". Over the years, Athavale's followers have taken the Bhagawad Gita's concepts of Indwelling God and God's universal love, to millions of people: transcending caste, socioeconomic barriers, and religious differences. Rev. Athavale personally visited tens of thousands of villages (on foot and rented bicycles), and his brothers and sisters (swadhyayees) went to every house personally and established a selfless relationship with each family and went house to house to spread Gita's thoughts. adherents have followed suit to roughly 100,000 villages across India, and at least 34 nations across the globe. Dadaji In these villages, Rev. Athavale started various experiments (Prayogs) to impart social activism by means of a god-centric devotion, including cooperative farming, fishing and tree-planting projects in the spirit of collective, divine labour (bhakti), somewhat similar to the Antigonish Movement in Canada. Swadhyayees aim to fulfill Rev. Athavale's vision of eradicating the world's problems by creating a global family united under the principle of a universal blood maker. He felt that the universality of the Bhagavad Gita allows for it to a guide to all of humanity. As such, it's thoughts should reach unto the last person. Today, the millions of adherents can be found on every habitable continent in over 35 countries including the Caribbean, Americas, Asia, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Middle East and Africa. It is the Swadhyaya Parivar's mission to complete Rev. Athavale's vision of a ""Universal Brotherhood under the Divine Fatherhood of God.""

Death.

Athavale died at the age of 83 of cardiac arrest on 25 October 2003, in Mumbai, India. He was cremated on the evening of 26 October at Tatvadnyan Vidyapeeth in the Thane district, where hundreds of thousands of mourners had paid their respects to him over a period of 24 hours. Subsequently, his ashes were immersed at Ujjain, Pushkar, Haridwar, Kurukshetra, Gaya, Jagannath Puri, and lastly at Rameshwaram.

Popular culture.

In 1991 Shyam Benegal created and directed the film "Antarnaad" (The Inner Voice), based on Rev. Athavale's Swadhyaya movements or Prayogs, starring Shabana Azmi and Kulbhushan Kharbanda, among others. In 2004 Abir Bazaz directed the documentary "Swadhyaya", based on the life and works of Rev. Athavale.

Awards & Prize.

He was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion in 1997 and the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1996 for "Community Leadership", along with India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan Award, in 1999.

Pandurang Shastri Athavale (19 October 1920 – 25 October 2003), also known as Dadaji, which literally translates as "elder brother" in Marathi, was an Indian activist philosopher, spiritual leader, social revolutionary and religion reformist, who founded the Swadhyaya Parivar (Swadhyaya Family) in 1954. Swadhyaya is a self-study process based on the Bhagavad Gita which has spread across nearly 100,000 villages in India, with five million adherents. He was also noted for his discourses on the Bhagavad Gita, the Vedas and the Upanishads. He is known for his selfless work and brilliant knowledge in scriptures.