Community boards.

Brooklyn Community Board 1.

Brooklyn Community Board 1 encompasses Flushing Avenue, Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Northside, and Southside. It is delimited by the Newtown Creek and Queens Borough line on the east, Flushing and Kent Avenue on the south, as well as by the East River on the west.

Brooklyn Community Board 2.

Brooklyn Community Board 2 includes Brooklyn Heights, DUMBO, Vinegar Hill, Fulton Mall, Boerum Hill, Fort Greene, Brooklyn Navy Yard, Fulton Ferry, and Clinton Hill. It is delimited by East River on the west and the north, by Kent and Classon Avenues on the east, as well as by Atlantic Avenue, Pacific Street, 4th Avenue, Warren and Court Streets on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 3.

Brooklyn Community Board 3 includes Bedford-Stuyvesant, Stuyvesant Heights, and Ocean Hill. It is delimited by Classon Avenue on the west, Flushing Avenue, Broadway and Saratoga Avenue on the north, by Kent and Classon Avenues on the east, as well as by Atlantic Avenue on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 4.

Brooklyn Community Board 4 includes Bushwick and Ridgewood. It is delimited by Broadway on the west, Flushing Avenue on the north, the Queens Borough line and Vermont Avenue on the east, as well as by Highland Avenue on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 5.

Brooklyn Community Board 5 includes East New York, Cypress Hills, Highland Park, New Lots, City Line, and Starrett City. It is delimited by Van Sinderen Avenue on the west, the Queens Borough line on the north and on the east, as well as by the Gateway National Recreation Area, Louisiana and Stanley Avenue on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 6.

Brooklyn Community Board 6 includes Red Hook, Carroll Gardens, Park Slope, Gowanus, and Cobble Hill. It is delimited by Upper New York Bay and East River on the west, Atlantic Avenue, Court Street, 4th Avenue, Warren and Pacific Street on the north, Prospect Park on the east, as well as by the 15th Street and the Gowanus Canal on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 7.

Brooklyn Community Board 7 includes Sunset Park and Windsor Terrace. It is delimited by Gowanus Bay on the west, 15th Street and Prospect Park South West on the north, Caton Avenue, Fort Hamilton Parkway, 37th Street and 8th Avenue on the east, as well as by the Long Island Rail Road and Bay Ridge R.R. Yards on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 8.

Brooklyn Community Board 8 includes Crown Heights, Prospect Heights, and Weeksville. It is delimited by Flatbush Avenue on the west, Atlantic Avenue on the north, Ralph Avenue on the east, as well as by New York Avenue, Rochester Avenue and Eastern Parkway on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 9.

Brooklyn Community Board 9 includes Crown Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Wingate. It is delimited by Ocean Avenue and Flatbush Avenue on the west, Eastern Parkway on the north, Rochester, East New York and Utica Avenues on the east, as well as by Clarkson Avenue on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 10.

Brooklyn Community Board 10 includes Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, and Fort Hamilton. It is delimited by Upper New York Bay on the west, Bay Ridge R.R. Yards and Long Island Rail Road on the north, 14th Avenue and Bay 8th Avenue on the east, as well as by Lower New York Bay on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 11.

Brooklyn Community Board 11 includes Bath Beach, Gravesend, Mapleton, and Bensonhurst. It is delimited by Bay 8th Street and 14th Avenue on the west, 61st Street on the north, McDonald Avenue on the east, as well as by Avenue U and Gravesend Bay on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 12.

Brooklyn Community Board 12 includes Borough Park, Kensington, Ocean Parkway, and Midwood. It is delimited by 61st Street on the west, 8th Avenue, 37th Street and Caton Avenue on the north, Coney Island Avenue, 18th Avenue, McDonald Avenue and Long Island Rail Road on the east, as well as by Avenue P on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 13.

Brooklyn Community Board 13 includes Coney Island, Brighton Beach, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Seagate. It is delimited by Gravesend Bay on the west, 26th Avenue, 86th Street, Avenue Y on the north, Coney Island Avenue and Corbin Place on the east, as well as by Lower New York Bay on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 14.

Brooklyn Community Board 14 includes Flatbush, Midwood, Kensington, and Ocean Parkway. It is delimited by Coney Island Avenue, the Long Island Rail Road, McDonald Avenue, Avenue F and 18th Avenue on the west, Parkside Avenue on the north, Bedford Avenue, Foster Avenue and Nostrand Avenue on the east, as well as by Kings Highway and Avenue P on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 15.

Brooklyn Community Board 15 includes Sheepshead Bay, Manhattan Beach, Kings Bay, Gerritsen Beach, Kings Highway, East Gravesend, Madison, Homecrest, and Plum Beach. It is delimited by Corbin Place, Coney Island Avenue, Avenue Y, 86th street, Avenue U and McDonald Avenue, Avenue P and Kings Highway on the north, Nostrand avenue and Marine Park on the east, as well as by the Atlantic Ocean on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 16.

Brooklyn Community Board 16 includes Brownsville Ocean Hill, and a portion of Bedford-Stuyvesant. It is delimited by East 98th street, East New York Avenue, Ralph Avenue, Atlantic Avenue and Saratoga Avenue on the west, Broadway on the north, Van Sinderen Avenue on the east, as well as by the Long Island Rail Road on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 17.

Brooklyn Community Board 17 includes East Flatbush, Remsen Village, Farragut, Rugby, Erasmus and Ditmas Village. It is delimited by East 32nd street, Glenwood Road, Nostrand Avenue, Foster Avenue and Bedford Avenue on the west, Clarkson Avenue, Utica Avenue and East New York Avenue on the north, East 98th street on the east, as well as by the Long Island Rail Road on the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 18.

Brooklyn Community Board 18 includes Canarsie, Bergen Beach, Mill Basin, Flatlands, Marine Park, Georgetown, and Mill Island. It is delimited by Nostrand Avenue on the west, the Long Island Rail Road on the north, Van Sinderen Avenue and Louisiana Avenue on the east, as well as by Shore Parkway on the south.

Other areas.

Within the borough of Brooklyn there are two Joint Interest Areas (JIA), which are outside of the jurisdiction of individual community districts, and have their own district number. The two JIAs in Kings county are:

Community boards of Brooklyn are New York City community boards in the borough of Brooklyn, which are the appointed advisory groups of the community districts that advise on land use and zoning, participate in the city budget process, and address service delivery in their district.


Early career.

Ash was born in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, and first appeared on British television in 1964 at the age of four asking "Mummy, why are your hands so soft?" in an advertisement for the washing-up product Fairy Liquid. She was educated at the independent Italia Conti Academy stage school, and then started a career as a fashion model appearing on the cover of a number of teenager magazines, including "Pink", and "Jackie", for which she was photographed by David Bailey.  Having appeared with her sister Debbie in the 1978 British slapstick comedy "Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse"; her first major film role was playing the romantic lead in "Quadrophenia" in 1979. In 1980, Ash appeared in the Iron Maiden music video, "Women in Uniform". In 1982 she played the role of a fast food chef in the fifth series of Shelley (TV series) entitled "When the Chip hits the Fan". In 1983, she had the starring role in "The Balance of Nature" (1983), a film about a Cockney girl from a tower block with aspirations to win the Miss United Kingdom competition. The same year, she played Julie Morgan, "alias" Juletta Shane, in "Curse of the Pink Panther". In 1983, she also appeared opposite Nicky Henson as Nancy in the ITV situation comedy "The Happy Apple" playing a secretary whose opinions successfully reflected public opinion. She then played a regular role in crime series "C.A.T.S. Eyes."  In 1987, Ash appeared in the first episode of the third series of the ITV "Home to Roost". The episode was entitled "Human Interest," and Ash played the role of the flamboyant cleaner, Susie Perkins.  Ash's best known role was playing Neil Morrissey's romantic interest Deborah (Debs) in the situation comedy "Men Behaving Badly". She continued in the role for six series. She subsequently acted in BBC police drama "Merseybeat" and the ITV drama "Where the Heart Is".  In 1996, during her time on "Men Behaving Badly", Leslie released a single "Tell Him" with co-star Caroline Quentin, under the name of "Quentin & Ash". It reached number 25 in the UK singles chart.

Later work.

Ash appeared in BBC Radio 4's comic radio series, "Vent" (2007), alongside Neil Pearson, Fiona Allen and Josie Lawrence.  In May 2008, Ash worked with Transparent Television to make a documentary about the unregulated cosmetic beauty industry whilst exploring her own experiences. The programme, "Leslie Ash: Face to Face" was broadcast on ITV on 23 September 2008.  In 2009, Ash appeared on daytime TV panel programme "Loose Women" to discuss her new role in "Holby City" and her previous health problems. Leslie reappeared on "Loose Women" on 17 February 2012 where she discussed her new on stage tour of "All the Single Ladies" where she stars alongside Brooke Kinsella and Tara Flynn.  In 2014, Leslie was a contestant on the BBC programme, "Celebrity Masterchef".

Personal life.

Ash is married to former footballer Lee Chapman, and they have two sons. Her sister is former 'Hot Gossip' dancer Debbie Ash. They appeared together as sisters in "Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse".

Health problems.

Ash contracted toxoplasmosis two months into her pregnancy in France, where it is more common than the United Kingdom. She told the BBC that she wished to raise awareness of the issue in Britain.  Ash was hospitalised at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in April 2004 after suffering two cracked ribs, saying she fell off a table during frantic Kama Sutra sex with her husband. She was discharged after a few days, but was readmitted after losing all feeling in her legs. In June 2004 while she was still in hospital, it was announced that a "Staphylococcus aureus" infection might have rendered her permanently unable to walk.  In January 2007 Ash confirmed she was suing the hospital. Papers lodged at the High Court asserted that Ash would never return to active TV roles. The hospital admitted breach of duty over part of her treatment but denied responsibility for the extent of her injuries and in January 2008 paid out a record £5m compensation in an out-of-court settlement. Steve Walker, chief executive of the NHS Litigation Authority, said the payout set a new record for compensation following a hospital-acquired infection. The previous highest amount was £500,000. The payment was justified by the NHS compensation body as being "because of the amount Leslie was earning at the time she fell ill and takes into account how much she might have earned in the future".

Lip implants.

In her thirties, Ash had a collagen injection to 'plump up' her lips. When she was forty she decided to repeat the procedure with the same plastic surgeon, the mother of a Venezuelan friend. In the second procedure, liquid silicone was injected resulting in extreme swelling of her lips, a condition dubbed as "trout pout" in the press. Subsequent medical analysis showed that the silicone had set and the condition is permanent. During this time Ash starred in a series of advertisements for the DIY chain Homebase (again, with Neil Morrissey) and starred in "Merseybeat", which evoked further ridicule from the media about her appearance.  Ash has since spoken out about the press ridicule she received as a result of her botched implants, commenting: "If I'd lost a leg in a car crash, people wouldn't have felt able to take the mickey out of me so mercilessly...People don't laugh at Heather Mills because she lost a leg."

"News of the World" legal action.

Ash and Chapman sued the "News of the World" for breach of privacy over suspicions that their voicemails, and those of their two sons, were illegally accessed by private investigator, Glenn Mulcaire. They wrote to the police over their suspicions, and the police informed them that there were four pieces of paper referring to Ash in Mulcaire's notebooks, and five items relating to Chapman. There were further items relating to their children.  In August 2011, Ash and Chapman settled a claim against the paper and Mulcaire for an undisclosed sum and received an apology. They planned to take action against other newspapers.

Leslie Ash (born 19 February 1960) is an English actress. She is best known for her roles in "C.A.T.S. Eyes." (1985–1987), the BBC sitcom "Men Behaving Badly" (1992–1997), ITV drama "Where the Heart Is" (2000–2003), and BBC medical drama "Holby City" (2009–2010). Her book "My Life Behaving Badly: The Autobiography" was published in 2007.


Lyrics.

The song's lyrics begin with the speaker's memories of his father instilling pride in the family's hometown. While it first appears that the song will be a nostalgic look at the speaker's childhood, the song then goes on to describe the racial violence and economic depression that the speaker witnessed as an adolescent and a young adult. The song concludes with the speaker's reluctant proclamation that he plans to move his family out of the town, but not without first taking his own son on a drive and expressing the same community pride that was instilled in him by his father. Some of the song's images reference the recent history of Springsteen's own hometown of Freehold Borough, New Jersey, in particular the racial strife in 1960s New Jersey and economic tensions from the same times (e.g., the "textile mill being closed" was the A & M Karagheusian Rug Mill at Center and Jackson Streets of Freehold).

Music video.

The music video for "My Hometown" was a straightforward video filming of a performance of the song at a Springsteen and E Street Band concert late in the Born in the U.S.A. Tour, eschewing fast-paced cutting for slower montages of Springsteen and various band members. Despite its lack of visual excitement, it still managed substantial MTV airplay in late 1985 and early 1986.

Track listing.

The B-side of the single, "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town", was a semi-comical live recording of the Christmas favourite from a Springsteen and E Street Band concert on December 12, 1975 at C. W. Post College on Long Island, New York. Long familiar to Springsteen fans from its distribution years earlier to rock radio stations, it had previously been released on the fairly unknown 1981 children's album "In Harmony 2"; now in time for the Christmas season it was being issued again. Always a radio favorite, "Santa Claus" would benefit from the all-holiday-music-all-the-time formats of the 2000s, and during the 2005 holiday season "Santa Claus" would appear on the Billboard Top 40 Adult Recurrents and Hot Digital Songs charts.

"My Hometown" is a single by Bruce Springsteen off his "Born in the U.S.A." album, that was the record-tying seventh and last top 10 single to come from it, peaking at #6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart. It also topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, making the song Springsteen's only #1 song on this chart to date. The song is a synthesizer-based, low-tempo number that features Springsteen on vocals.


Mechanism of action.

Protein kinase-R is activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), introduced to the cells by a viral infection. PKR can also be activated by the protein PACT or by heparin. PKR contains an N-terminal dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD) and a C-terminal kinase domain, that gives it pro-apoptotic (cell-killing) functions. The dsRBD consists of two tandem copies of a conserved double stranded RNA binding motif, dsRBM1 and dsRBM2. PKR is induced by interferon in a latent state. Binding to dsRNA is believed to activate PKR by inducing dimerization and subsequent auto-phosphorylation reactions. In situations of viral infection, the dsRNA created by viral replication and gene expression binds to the N-terminal domain, activating the protein. Once active, PKR is able to phosphorylate the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α. This inhibits further cellular mRNA translation, thereby preventing viral protein synthesis. Since ElF2α is involved in the commonly initiation translation from an AUG codon, the alternative non-AUG initiation takes place instead. An example of mRNAs using non-AUG initiation are mRNAs for the heat shock proteins. Active PKR is also able to mediate the activation of the transcription factor NFkB, by phosphorylating its inhibitory subunit, IkB. Activated NFkB upregulates the expression of Interferon cytokines, which work to spread the antiviral signal locally. Active PKR is also able to activate tumor suppressor PP2A which regulates the cell cycle and the metabolism. Through complex mechanisms, active PKR is also able to induce cellular apoptosis, to prevent further viral spread.

PKR stress pathway.

PKR is in the center of cellular response to different stress signals such as pathogens, lack of nutrients, cytokines, irradiation, mechanical stress, or ER stress. PKR pathway leads to stress response through activation of other stress pathway such as JNK, p38, NFkB, PP2A and phosphorylation of eIF2α. ER stress caused by excess of unfolded proteins leads to inflammatory responses. PKR contributes to this response by interacting with several inflammatory kinases such as IKK, JNK, ElF2α, insulin receptor and others. This metabolically activated inflammatory complex is called metabolic inflammasome or metaflammasome.

Viral defense.

Viruses have developed many mechanisms to counteract the PKR mechanism. It may be done by Decoy dsRNA, degradation, hiding of virus dsRNA, dimerization block, dephosphorylation of substrate or by a pseudosubstrate.  For instance, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) uses the gene EBER1 to produce decoy dsRNA. This leads to cancers such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and various leukemias.

Memory and learning.

PKR knockout mice or inhibition of PKR in mice enhances memory and learning.

Neuronal degeneration disease.

First report in 2002 has been shown that immunohistochemical marker for phosphorylated PKR and eIF2α was displayed positively in degenerating neurons in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting the link between PKR and AD. Additionally, many of these neurons were also immunostained with an antibody for phosphorylated Tau protein. Activated PKR was specifically found in the cytoplasm and nucleus, as well as co-localized with neuronal apoptotic markers. Further studies have assessed the levels of PKR in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients and controls. The result of an analysis of the concentrations of total and phosphorylated PKR (pPKR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 23 AD patients and 19 control individuals showed statistically significant increased levels of the ratio of phosphorylated PKR/PKR in AD patients compared with controls. Assessments of CSF biomarkers, such as Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, Tau, and phosphorylated Tau at threonine 181, have been a validated use in clinical research and in routine practice to determine whether patients have CSF abnormalities and AD brain lesions. A study found that "total PKR and pPKR concentrations were elevated in AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects with a pPKR value (optical density units) discriminating AD patients from control subjects with a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 94.3%. Among AD patients, total PKR and pPKR levels correlate with CSF p181tau levels. Some AD patients with normal CSF Aß, T-tau, or p181tau levels had abnormal total PKR and pPKR levels". It was concluded that the PKR-eIF2α pro-apoptotic pathway could be involved in neuronal degeneration that leads to various neuropathological lesions as a function of neuronal susceptibility.  PKR and beta amyloid  Activation of PKR can cause accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) via de-repression of BACE1 (ß-site APP Cleaving Enzyme) expression in Alzheimer Disease patients. Normally, the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) in the BACE1 promoter would fundamentally inhibit the expression of BACE1 gene. However, BACE1 expression can be activated by phosphorylation of eIF2a, which reverses the inhibitory effect exerted by BACE1 5′UTR. Phosphorylation of eIF2a is triggered by activation of PKR. Viral infection such as Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) or oxidative stress can both increase BACE1 expression through activation of PKR-eIF2a pathway.  In addition, the increased activity of BACE1 could also lead to β-cleaved carboxy-terminal fragment of β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP-βCTF) induced dysfunction of endosomes in AD. Endosomes are highly active β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing sites, and endosome abnormalities are associated with upregulated expression of early endosomal regulator, rab5. These are the earliest known disease-specific neuronal response in AD. Increased activity of BACE1 leads to synthesis of the APP-βCTF. An elevated level of βCTF then causes rab 5 overactivation. βCTF recruits APPL1 to rab5 endosomes, where it stabilizes active GTP-rab5, leading to pathologically accelerated endocytosis, endosome swelling and selectively impaired axonal transport of rab5 endosomes.  PKR and Tau phosphorylation  It is reported earlier that phosphorylated PKR could co-localize with phosphorylated Tau protein in affected neurons. A protein phosphatase-2A inhibitor (PP2A inhibitor) – Okadaic acid (OA) – is known to increase tau phosphorylation, Aβ deposition and neuronal death. It is studied that OA also induces PKR phosphorylation and thus, eIF2a phosphorylation. eIF2a phosphorylation then induces activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which induces apoptosis and nuclear translocation, contributing to neuronal death.  Glycogen Synthase Kinase Aβ (GSK-3β) is responsible for tau phosphorylation and controls several cellular functions including apoptosis. Another study demonstrated that tunicamycin or Aβ treatment can induce PKR activation in human neuroblastoma cells and can trigger GSK3β activation, as well as tau phosphorylation. They found that in AD brains, both activated PKR and GSK3β co-localize with phosphorylated tau in neurons. In SH-SY5Y cell cultures, tunicamycin and Aβ(1-42) activate PKR, which then can modulate GSK-3β activation and induce tau phosphorylation, apoptosis. All these processes are attenuated by PKR inhibitors or PKR siRNA. PKR could represent a crucial signaling point relaying stress signals to neuronal pathways by interacting with transcription factor or indirectly controlling GSK3β activation, leading to cellular degeneration in AD.

Fetal alcohol syndrome.

PKR also mediates ethanol-induced protein synthesis inhibition and apoptosis which is linked to fetal alcohol syndrome.

Interactions.

Protein kinase R has been shown to interact with:

Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "EIF2AK2" gene.


Early life.

Denisof was born in Salisbury, Maryland, the son of Dr. Christiana Taylor and Gerald Denisof. He is of Russian, French, and Irish ancestry. He moved to Seattle, Washington, when he was three years old. He attended Highline College, where his mother was head of the drama department. After graduating from St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, he moved to London, England, at age 17, where he lived and worked for several years. Whilst there, he studied at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Career.

Beginning his career in the film industry, Denisof was the fight director for a stage production of "Hamlet", and in 1991 was the fight director for the BBC's "The Other Side", "Romeo and Juliet", and "The Soul's Dark Night". His first lead role was alongside Christopher Lee in the feature film "Murder Story" (1989) where he played an investigative reporter. One of his first known works in television was on the arcade version of the video for "Got My Mind Set On You" by George Harrison. In 1995 he landed a small part in the 1995 movie "First Knight", appearing as one of Arthur's round table knights in multiple scenes with Sean Connery and Richard Gere. Following those roles, Denisof worked with Sean Bean in three episodes of "Sharpe" as Lord John Rossendale in 1997. His best-known character, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce, was first introduced in 1999 to season 3 of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as Buffy's replacement Watcher. Originally, Wyndam-Pryce was supposed to be killed off in the season 3 finale but, due to Whedon's surprise at how well he fit into the series, Denisof was given the choice about his character's fate and chose for him to live. As a result, he later showed up in season one, episode 10 of "Angel", and was an official main cast member from episode 11 (effectively replacing Doyle), appearing in 100 out of the 110 episodes of the series. The character was heavily endeared to fans due to the transformation from goofy and lovable, to dark, depressed and moody as a result of events that occur over the course of the series.  The end of the series in 2004 saw a bit of a lag in Denisof's career. Save for appearing in three episodes of the hit series "How I Met Your Mother", as the goofy philandering Sandy Rivers, Denisof would not work as much as he used to for the next several years. During this time he appeared in several stage productions, including "Rope" at Chichester Festival Theatre's Minerva Theatre with Anthony Head, who played Wesley's predecessor Rupert Giles on "Buffy". Most likely due to his time playing an English character on "Angel", Denisof was among 200 actors considered for the role of James Bond in "Casino Royale", but lost out to Daniel Craig. Later, in 2008, he appeared in Season 2 of "Private Practice" as a man named Daniel, who has two pregnant wives giving birth on the same day. In 2009, he appeared in four episodes of Joss Whedon's "Dollhouse" as Senator Daniel Perrin. In 2011, Denisof reprised his recurring role in "How I Met Your Mother", as Sandy Rivers; he appeared in 10 episodes, his last appearance was in the episode "Gary Blauman". In a season 1 commentary, creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays speculated that Denisof was initially reluctant to take the role back in 2006 because he feared it was just charity work on account of his wife, Hannigan, playing a main character on the show. They went on to state that he was not aware, until they actually told him, that they were huge fans of his work dating back to his time on "Angel".  Since 2011, Denisof has been relatively active. He played a voice role in the animated DC movie "". He was featured in the majority of episodes in the AOL webseries, "Little Women, Big Cars". Denisof was then cast as a lead in Bryan Singer's new webseries "". He then reunited with Joss Whedon for two different film projects. The first was a minor role in the summer blockbuster "The Avengers", as The Other, a servant of the character Thanos, and a cohort of Loki. The second was the lead male role in a modern version of Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing", which premiered at the Toronto Film Festival, to positive reviews from critics. The film was released worldwide in June 2013.  In August 2013 he was cast in the third season of NBC's "Grimm" as a recurring character named Viktor Albert Wilhelm George Beckendorf. In 2014, Denisof reprised his role as the Other in "Guardians of the Galaxy". In the same year he began starring in the MTV television series "Finding Carter" as David Wilson. As of 2018, Denisof starred in "I Love Bekka and Lucy" as Glenn, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series, his first such nomination.  On November 28, 2018, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Denisof would play the recurring role of Adam Marsters in the second season of Netflix's "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina". In 2019 he began playing the recurring role of Professor Vardemus in the supernatural television show "Legacies".

Personal life.

According to the DVD release of "Angel"s season five, three weeks before the filming of the season premiere Denisof was stricken with Bell's palsy, from which he later recovered. Due to the paralysis of the left side of his face, scenes were structured as to not show its effects.  Denisof married past co-star Alyson Hannigan, who played Willow Rosenberg in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", on October 11, 2003. The couple live in Encino, Los Angeles. They have two daughters, born in March 2009 and May 2012.

Alexis Denisof (born February 25, 1966) is an American actor who is primarily known for playing Wesley Wyndam-Pryce in the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and its spin-off "Angel". He also had a recurring role on "How I Met Your Mother" on which his wife, Alyson Hannigan, starred.


Basic stages of object recognition.

Neuropsychological evidence affirms that there are four specific stages identified in the process of object recognition. These stages are:  Within these stages, there are more specific processes that take place to complete the different processing components. In addition, other existing models have proposed integrative hierarchies (top-down and bottom-up), as well as parallel processing, as opposed to this general bottom-up hierarchy.

Hierarchical recognition processing.

Visual recognition processing is typically viewed as a bottom-up hierarchy in which information is processed sequentially with increasing complexities. During this process, lower-level cortical processors, such as the primary visual cortex, are at the bottom of the hierarchy. Higher-level cortical processors, such as the inferotemporal cortex (IT), are at the top, where visual recognition is facilitated. A highly recognized bottom-up hierarchical theory is James DiCarlo's Untangling description whereby each stage of the hierarchically arranged ventral visual pathway performs operations to gradually transform object representations into an easily extractable format. In contrast, an increasingly popular recognition processing theory, is that of top-down processing. One model, proposed by Moshe Bar (2003), describes a "shortcut" method in which early visual inputs are sent, partially analyzed, from the early visual cortex to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Possible interpretations of the crude visual input is generated in the PFC and then sent to the inferotemporal cortex (IT) subsequently activating relevant object representations which are then incorporated into the slower, bottom-up process. This "shortcut" is meant to minimize the number of object representations required for matching thereby facilitating object recognition. Lesion studies have supported this proposal with findings of slower response times for individuals with PFC lesions, suggesting use of only the bottom-up processing.

Object constancy and theories of object recognition.

A significant aspect of object recognition is that of object constancy: the ability to recognize an object across varying viewing conditions. These varying conditions include object orientation, lighting, and object variability (size, color, and other within-category differences). For the visual system to achieve object constancy, it must be able to extract a commonality in the object description across different viewpoints and the retinal descriptions.[9] Participants who did categorization and recognition tasks while undergoing a functional magnetic found as increased blood flow indicating activation in specific regions of the brain. The categorization task consisted of participants placing objects from canonical or unusual views as either indoor or outdoor objects. The recognition task occurs by presenting the participants with images that they had viewed previously. Half of these images were in the same orientation as previously shown, while the other half were presented in the opposing viewpoint. The brain regions implicated in mental rotation, such as the ventral and dorsal visual pathways and the prefrontal cortex, showed the greatest increase in blood flow during these tasks, demonstrating that they are critical for the ability to view objects from multiple angles. Several theories have been generated to provide insight on how object constancy may be achieved for the purpose of object recognition including, viewpoint-invariant, viewpoint-dependent and multiple views theories.

Viewpoint-invariant theories.

Viewpoint-invariant theories suggest that object recognition is based on structural information, such as individual parts, allowing for recognition to take place regardless of the object's viewpoint. Accordingly, recognition is possible from any viewpoint as individual parts of an object can be rotated to fit any particular view.[10] This form of analytical recognition requires little memory as only structural parts need to be encoded, which can produce multiple object representations through the interrelations of these parts and mental rotation.[10] Participants in a study were presented with one encoding view from each of 24 preselected objects, as well as five filler images. Objects were then represented in the central visual field at either the same orientation or a different orientation than the original image. Then participants were asked to name if the same or different depth- orientation views of these objects presented. The same procedure was then executed when presenting the images to the left or right visual field. Viewpoint-dependent priming was observed when test views were presented directly to the right hemisphere, but not when test views were presented directly to the left hemisphere. The results support the model that objects are stored in a manner that is viewpoint dependent because the results did not depend on whether the same or a different set of parts could be recovered from the different-orientation views.

3-D model representation.

This model, proposed by Marr and Nishihara (1978), states that object recognition is achieved by matching 3-D model representations obtained from the visual object with 3-D model representations stored in memory as vertical shape precepts. Through the use of computer programs and algorithms, Yi Yungfeng (2009) was able to demonstrate the ability for the human brain to mentally construct 3D images using only the 2D images that appear on the retina. Their model also demonstrates a high degree of shape constancy conserved between 2D images, which allow the 3D image to be recognized. The 3-D model representations obtained from the object are formed by first identifying the concavities of the object, which separate the stimulus into individual parts. Recent research suggests that an area of the brain, known as the caudal intraparietal area (CIP), is responsible for storing the slant and tilt of a plan surface that allow for concavity recognition. Rosenburg et al. implanted monkeys with a scleral search coil for monitoring eye position while simultaneously recording single neuron activation from neurons within the CIP. During the experiment, monkeys sat 30 cm away from an LCD screen that displayed the visual stimuli. Binocular disparity cues were displayed on the screen by rendering stimuli as green-red anaglyphs and the slant-tilt curves ranged from 0 to 330. A single trial consisted of a fixation point and then the presentation of a stimulus for 1 second. Neuron activation were then recorded using the surgically inserted micro electrodes. These single neuron activation for specific concavities of objects lead to the discovery that each axis of an individual part of an object containing concavity are found in memory stores. Identifying the principal axis of the object assists in the normalization process via mental rotation that is required because only the canonical description of the object is stored in memory. Recognition is acquired when the observed object viewpoint is mentally rotated to match the stored canonical description.

Recognition by components.

An extension of Marr and Nishihara's model, the recognition-by-components theory, proposed by Biederman (1987), proposes that the visual information gained from an object is divided into simple geometric components, such as blocks and cylinders, also known as "geons" (geometric ions), and are then matched with the most similar object representation that is stored in memory to provide the object's identification (see Figure 1).

Viewpoint-dependent theories.

Viewpoint-dependent theories suggest that object recognition is affected by the viewpoint at which it is seen, implying that objects seen in novel viewpoints reduce the accuracy and speed of object identification. This theory of recognition is based on a more holistic system rather than by parts, suggesting that objects are stored in memory with multiple viewpoints and angles. This form of recognition requires a lot of memory as each viewpoint must be stored. Accuracy of recognition also depends on how familiar the observed viewpoint of the object is.

Multiple views theory.

This theory proposes that object recognition lies on a viewpoint continuum where each viewpoint is recruited for different types of recognition. At one extreme of this continuum, viewpoint-dependent mechanisms are used for within-category discriminations, while at the other extreme, viewpoint-invariant mechanisms are used for the categorization of objects.

Neural substrates.

The dorsal and ventral stream.

The visual processing of objects in the brain can be divided into two processing pathways: the dorsal stream (how/where), which extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobes, and ventral stream (what), which extends from the visual cortex to the inferotemporal cortex (IT). The existence of these two separate visual processing pathways was first proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) who, based on their lesion studies, suggested that the dorsal stream is involved in the processing of visual spatial information, such as object localization (where), and the ventral stream is involved in the processing of visual object identification information (what). Since this initial proposal, it has been alternatively suggested that the dorsal pathway should be known as the 'How' pathway as the visual spatial information processed here provides us with information about how to interact with objects, For the purpose of object recognition, the neural focus is on the ventral stream.

Functional specialization in the ventral stream.

Within the ventral stream, various regions of proposed functional specialization have been observed in functional imaging studies. The brain regions most consistently found to display functional specialization are the fusiform face area (FFA), which shows increased activation for faces when compared with objects, the parahippocampal place area (PPA) for scenes vs. objects, the extrastriate body area (EBA) for body parts vs. objects, MT+/V5 for moving stimuli vs. static stimuli, and the Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC) for discernible shapes vs. scrambled stimuli. (See also: Neural processing for individual categories of objects)

Structural processing: the lateral occipital complex.

The lateral occipital complex (LOC) has been found to be particularly important for object recognition at the perceptual structural level. In an event-related fMRI study that looked at the adaptation of neurons activated in visual processing of objects, it was discovered that the similarity of an object's shape is necessary for subsequent adaptation in the LOC, but specific object features such as edges and contours are not. This suggests that activation in the LOC represents higher-level object shape information and not simple object features. In a related fMRI study, the activation of the LOC, which occurred regardless of the presented object's visual cues such as motion, texture, or luminance contrasts, suggests that the different low-level visual cues used to define an object converge in "object-related areas" to assist in the perception and recognition process. None of the mentioned higher-level object shape information seems to provide any semantic information about the object as the LOC shows a neuronal response to varying forms including non-familiar, abstract objects.  Further experiments have proposed that the LOC consists of a hierarchical system for shape selectivity indicating greater selective activation in the posterior regions for fragments of objects whereas the anterior regions show greater activation for full or partial objects. This is consistent with previous research that suggests a hierarchical representation in the ventral temporal cortex where primary feature processing occurs in the posterior regions and the integration of these features into a whole and meaningful object occurs in the anterior regions.

Semantic Processing.

Semantic associations allow for faster object recognition. When an object has previously been associated with some sort of semantic meaning, people are more prone to correctly identify the object. Research has shown that semantic associations allow for a much quicker recognition of an object, even when the object is being viewed at varying angles. When objects are viewed at increasingly deviated angles from the traditional plane of view, objects that held learned semantic associations had lower response times compared to objects that did not hold any learned semantic associations. Thus, when object recognition becomes increasingly difficult, semantic associations allow recognition to be much easier. Similarly, a subject can be primed to recognize an object by observing an action that is simply related to the target object. This shows that objects have a set of sensory, motor and semantic associations that allow a person to correctly recognize an object. This supports the claim that the brain utilizes multiple parts when trying to accurately identify an object.  Through information provided from neuropsychological patients, dissociation of recognition processing have been identified between structural and semantic processing as structural, colour, and associative information can be selectively impaired. In one PET study, areas found to be involved in associative semantic processing include the left anterior superior/middle temporal gyrus and the left temporal pole comparative to structural and colour information, as well as the right temporal pole comparative to colour decision tasks only. These results indicate that stored perceptual knowledge and semantic knowledge involve separate cortical regions in object recognition as well as indicating that there are hemispheric differences in the temporal regions.  Research has also provided evidence which indicates that visual semantic information converges in the fusiform gyri of the inferotemporal lobes. In a study that compared the semantic knowledge of category versus attributes, it was found that they play separate roles in how they contribute to recognition. For categorical comparisons, the lateral regions of the fusiform gyrus were activated by living objects, in comparison to nonliving objects which activated the medial regions. For attribute comparisons, it was found that the right fusiform gyrus was activated by global form, in comparison to local details which activated the left fusiform gyrus. These results suggest that the type of object category determines which region of the fusiform gyrus is activated for processing semantic recognition, whereas the attributes of an object determines the activation in either the left or right fusiform gyrus depending on whether global form or local detail is processed.  In addition, it has been proposed that activation in anterior regions of the fusiform gyri indicate successful recognition. However, levels of activation have been found to depend on the semantic relevance of the object. The term semantic relevance here refers to "a measure of the contribution of semantic features to the "core" meaning of a concept." Results showed that objects with high semantic relevance, such as artefacts, created an increase in activation compared to objects with low semantic relevance, such as natural objects. This is due to the proposed increased difficulty to distinguish between natural objects as they have very similar structural properties which makes them harder to identify in comparison to artefacts. Therefore, the easier the object is to identify, the more likely it will be successfully recognized.  Another condition that affects successful object recognition performance is that of contextual facilitation. It is thought that during tasks of object recognition, an object is accompanied by a "context frame", which offers semantic information about the object's typical context. It has been found that when an object is out of context, object recognition performance is hindered with slower response times and greater inaccuracies in comparison to recognition tasks when an object was in an appropriate context. Based on results from a study using fMRI, it has been proposed that there is a "context network" in the brain for contextually associated objects with activity largely found in the Parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and the Retrosplenial Complex (RSC). Within the PHC, activity in the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), has been found to be preferential to scenes rather than objects; however, it has been suggested that activity in the PHC for solitary objects in tasks of contextual facilitation may be due to subsequent thought of the spatial scene in which the object is contextually represented. Further experimenting found that activation was found for both non-spatial and spatial contexts in the PHC, although activation from non-spatial contexts was limited to the anterior PHC and the posterior PHC for spatial contexts.

Recognition memory.

When someone sees an object, they know what the object is because they've seen it on a past occasion; this is recognition memory. Not only do abnormalities to the ventral (what) stream of the visual pathway affect our ability to recognize an object but also the way in which an object is presented to us. One notable characteristic of visual recognition memory is its remarkable capacity: even after seeing thousands of images on single trials, humans perform at high accuracy in subsequent memory tests and they remember considerable detail about the images that they have seen

Context.

Context allows for a much greater accuracy in object recognition. When an identifiable object is blurred, the accuracy of recognition is much greater when the object is placed in a familiar context. In addition to this, even an unfamiliar context allows for more accurate object recognition compared to the object being shown in isolation. This can be attributed to the fact that objects are typically seen in some setting rather than no setting at all. When the setting the object is in is familiar to the viewer, it becomes much easier to determine what the object is. Though context is not required to correctly recognize, it is part of the association that one makes with a certain object.  Context becomes especially important when recognizing faces or emotions. When facial emotions are presented without any context, the ability to which someone is able to accurately describe the emotion being shown is significantly lower than when context is given. This phenomenon remains true across all age groups and cultures, signifying that context is essential in accurately identifying facial emotion for all individuals.

Familiarity.

Familiarity is a mechanism that is context-free in the sense that what one recognizes just feels familiar without spending time trying to find in what context one knows the object. The ventro-lateral region of the frontal lobe is involved in memory encoding during incidental learning and then later maintaining and retrieving semantic memories. Familiarity can induce perceptual processes different from those of unfamiliar objects which means that our perception of a finite number of familiar objects is unique. Deviations from typical viewpoints and contexts can affect the efficiency for which an object is recognized most effectively. It was found that not only are familiar objects recognized more efficiently when viewed from a familiar viewpoint opposed to an unfamiliar one, but also this principle applies to novel objects. This deduces to the thought that representations of objects in our brain are organized in more of a familiar fashion of the objects observed in the environment. Recognition is not only largely driven by object shape and/or views but also by dynamic information. Familiarity can benefit the perception of dynamic point-light displays, moving objects, the sex of faces, and face recognition.

Recollection.

Recollection shares many similarities with familiarity; however, it is context-dependent, requiring specific information from the inquired incident.

Impairments.

Loss of object recognition is called "visual object agnosia". There are two broad categories of visual object agnosia: apperceptive and associative. When object agnosia occurs from a lesion in the dominant hemisphere, there is often a profound associated language disturbance, including loss of word meaning.

Effects of lesions in the ventral stream.

Object recognition is a complex task and involves several different areas of the brain – not just one. If one area is damaged then object recognition can be impaired. The main area for object recognition takes place in the temporal lobe. For example, it was found that lesions to the perirhinal cortex in rats causes impairments in object recognition especially with an increase in feature ambiguity. Neonatal aspiration lesions of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys appear to have resulted in a greater object memory loss than early hippocampal lesions. However, in adult monkeys, the object memory impairment is better accounted for by damage to the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex than by damage to the amygdaloid nuclei. Combined amygdalohippocampal (A + H) lesions in rats impaired performance on an object recognition task when the retention intervals were increased beyond 0s and when test stimuli were repeated within a session. Damage to the amygdala or hippocampus does not affect object recognition, whereas A + H damage produces clear deficits. In an object recognition task, the level of discrimination was significantly lower in the electrolytic lesions of globus pallidus (part of the basal ganglia) in rats compared to the Substantia- Innominata/Ventral Pallidum which was in turn worse compared to Control and Medial Septum/Vertical Diagonal Band of Broca groups; however, only globus pallidus did not discriminate between new and familiar objects. These lesions damage the ventral (what) pathway of the visual processing of objects in the brain.

Visual agnosias.

Agnosia is a rare occurrence and can be the result of a stroke, dementia, head injury, brain infection, or hereditary. Apperceptive agnosia is a deficit in object perception creating an inability to understand the significance of objects. Similarly, associative visual agnosia is the inability to understand the significance of objects; however, this time the deficit is in semantic memory. Both of these agnosias can affect the pathway to object recognition, like Marr's Theory of Vision. More specifically unlike apperceptive agnosia, associative agnosic patients are more successful at drawing, copying, and matching tasks; however, these patients demonstrate that they can perceive but not recognize. Integrative agnosia(a subtype of associative agnosia) is the inability to integrate separate parts to form a whole image. With these types of agnosias there is damage to the ventral (what) stream of the visual processing pathway. Object orientation agnosia is the inability to extract the orientation of an object despite adequate object recognition. With this type of agnosia there is damage to the dorsal (where) stream of the visual processing pathway. This can affect object recognition in terms of familiarity and even more so in unfamiliar objects and viewpoints. A difficulty in recognizing faces can be explained by prosopagnosia. Someone with prosopagnosia cannot identify the face but is still able to perceive age, gender, and emotional expression. The brain region that specifies in facial recognition is the fusiform face area. Prosopagnosia can also be divided into apperceptive and associative subtypes. Recognition of individual chairs, cars, animals can also be impaired; therefore, these object share similar perceptual features with the face that are recognized in the fusiform face area.

Alzheimer's disease.

The distinction between category and attribute in semantic representation may inform our ability to assess semantic function in aging and disease states affecting semantic memory, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of semantic memory deficits, persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease have difficulties recognizing objects as the semantic memory is known to be used to retrieve information for naming and categorizing objects. In fact, it is highly debated whether the semantic memory deficit in AD reflects the loss of semantic knowledge for particular categories and concepts or the loss of knowledge of perceptual features and attributes.

Visual object recognition refers to the ability to identify the objects in view based on visual input. One important signature of visual object recognition is "object invariance", or the ability to identify objects across changes in the detailed context in which objects are viewed, including changes in illumination, object pose, and background context.


History.

After the dissolution of UD Salamanca in 2013, some managers of the entity decided to refound the farm team to preserve the legacy of the historical club. With that aim, they created CD CF Salmantino. At first, it started playing in the same division as the old reserve team of Salamanca. Nevertheless, the Royal Spanish Football Federation decided in 2015 to relegate all the teams of the club to the lowest tier, as they considered the new CF Salmantino to be a newly-founded club, completely independent of UDS.  In the 2015–16 season, the first after the administrative relegation, the club was promoted to fifth tier, and repeated success for coming back to Tercera División two years after the judicial statement. On 24 June 2018, just in their first season after the comeback, Salmantino promoted to Segunda División B by eliminating Compostela in the last round of the promotion play-offs. On July 4, 2018 José Miguel Campos was appointed the new head coach of the club. On 24 July, the club requested the Royal Spanish Football Federation to change the name to Salamanca CF UDS, recovering the name of former side UD Salamanca, and to use their logo. However, this change was initially not admitted, arguing that the request was presented out of date, but was finally approved on 14 September 2018.  On September 18, 2019 it was announced that Pablo Cortes would be the coach for the entire 2019-20 season. But on October 28, 2019 the club has fired him.

Stadium.

Salamanca UDS plays in the Estadio Helmántico, with capacity for 17,341 spectators. After the dissolution of the Union Deportiva Salamanca, in the process of liquidation of the bankruptcy, the stadium went to auction, and finally was acquired by Desarrollos Empresariales Deportivos S.L., directed by the Mexican entrepreneur Miguel Alejandro Miranda which shares with Salmantino the sports project and allows them the use of the stadium.

Fans.

During the summer of 2016, the club launched a campaign of subscribers directed especially to former members of the UD Salamanca, which promises to reserve the seat that they occupied during the matches of UD Salamanca once the Helmático is fully reopened (probably for the 2017–18 season). At the end of 2016 the club counted with 4,000 subscribers.

Rivalries.

Salamanca UDS has a strong rivalry with Unionistas de Salamanca CF, another team in the city formed after the collapse of the original club.  While Salamanca UDS claims to be the continuation of the former UD Salamanca, Unionistas was born as a homage of the former club, dissolved in 2013.

Salamanca Club de Fútbol UDS, previously known as "CF Salmantino", is a Spanish football team based in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded in 2013 after the dissolution of UD Salamanca, it currently plays in Segunda División B – Group 1, holding home games at the "Estadio Helmántico" with a 17,341-seat capacity.


History.

Until 1901, the town was part of the parish of Brønshøj-Rødovre. Vanløse was also part of that parish. In that year, Rødovre was created as independent municipality and Brønshøj was simultaneously annexed by the city of Copenhagen.

Geography.

Rødovre, co-extensive with the territory of its municipality, is in the central-western suburbs of Copenhagen, bordering Copenhagen Municipality to the east, Glostrup to the west, Herlev to the north, and Brøndby and Hvidovre to the south.  The town mostly comprises suburban homes in the south and light industrial areas in the north. It has several smaller green areas, including Schweizerdalsparken, and larger areas such as Vestvolden and Damhussøen lie inside Copenhagen Municipality adjacent to and forming the border with Rødovre. There are six public schools in the town, one technical school and a private school.  Rødovre Centrum is a shopping mall. Viften - meaning "The Fan" - which besides being a café, is a cinema and a combined concert hall/theatre. There are also many smaller business districts such as Damhustorvet and Islev Torv.

Sports and culture.

Every Tuesday, the local newspaper "Rødovre Lokal Nyt" (Rødovre Local News) is delivered by mail to all residents. Radio Rødovre broadcasts on 105.9 FM, and sometimes local TV is broadcast via Kanal København.  There is an Ice Hockey arena, home of Rødovre Mighty Bulls, two smaller football stadiums (home of BK Avarta and BK Rødovre, respectively) and one train station, served by line B of the commuter S-trains. The Rødovre Mighty Bulls are a professional ice hockey team which plays in the top Danish League, Metal Ligaen.

Rødovre is a town in eastern Denmark, seat of the Rødovre Municipality, in the Region Hovedstaden. The town's population 1 January 2019 was 39,907, and in addition 145 persons had no fixed address, which made up a total of 40,052 in the municipality as a whole. Rødovre is part of the urban area of Copenhagen.


Premise.

Each show focuses on a musician or musical group, documenting both the successes of the musicians and the problems they faced during their careers. Except for the first two episodes (which focused on Milli Vanilli and M.C. Hammer), all programs are narrated by Jim Forbes. Forbes was later used to narrate the Milli Vanilli episode when it was modified to include the death of Rob Pilatus. The UK airings of the episodes focusing on Thin Lizzy, Aerosmith and Genesis were narrated by Mary Anne Hobbs while Forbes narrated the US airings.  VH1's criterion for choosing the musicians who appear on the show is, in many cases, to profile those who are no longer in the music industry, or were moderately significant in rock history (although many are in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame such as Neil Diamond, The Police, Metallica, AC/DC, Aerosmith among others). This is as opposed to VH1's other biography show, "VH1's Legends", which profiles musicians that have been very significant to the industry. However, there are some artists that were profiled on both "Behind The Music" and "Legends", including Tina Turner, Elton John, The Who (although their "Behind the Music" exclusively focused on their drummer Keith Moon), and John Lennon (although "Behind The Music" exclusively focused on the months and days leading to his murder in 1980).

Origins.

While being interviewed by Rolling Stone magazine in October 2000, co-creator and executive producer Gay Rosenthal explained "Jeff Gaspin, who’s the executive vice president of VH1, and I were at lunch, and we said, “Whatever happened to Milli Vanilli?” I said, “I don’t know, but why don’t you let me take the ball and run with it, and let me see what I can find out?” Milli Vanilli was hard. Nobody knew where they were. I had to be a private eye. I got a list of addresses where Fabrice had lived and sent letters to every address. Two weeks later, I got a call from Fabrice's manager. And then I spent a good two months with them – having dinner, having them at my house – before they agreed to do it. They didn't know if they wanted to relive the story, but I said, “Listen, no one has heard your story from you. This will be a great opportunity to set the record straight.” "When we saw it in the edit room, we thought we had something special. The stories were working, and the series was green-lit." Rosenthal later stated in an August 1999 interview with The Philadelphia Inquirer.

Spin-Offs.

Another episode of "Behind the Music" on KISS was re-christened "KISS: Beyond the Makeup" in July 2001 (which was two hours in length). This featured Matt Pinfield, formerly of MTV's "120 Minutes", as narrator instead of Jim Forbes.  A short-lived half-hour spin-off series titled "BTM2" (short for "Behind the Music 2"), chronicled the careers of newer upcoming artists.  A spin-off titled "Behind the Music: Remastered" on VH1 Classic airs the updated original episodes with new interviews, footage and the later half of the artist's career. Motörhead and Deep Purple are the only all-original Remastered episodes despite not having a "Behind the Music" episode.

Musicians.

The following is a list of artists who have appeared in episodes of the series:

Other features.

Other than musicians, some episodes were documentaries on musical events, films, and non-musicians who were influential on the music world. The following appeared in episodes of the series:

Reception.

Accolades.

'Behind the Music' was nominated for 5 Primetime Emmy Awards including the Outstanding Non-Fiction Series category for four constitutive years (2000-2003).  In 1999, the series won an ALMA Award for Outstanding Made-for-Television Documentary for the episode featuring Selena and in 2001, 'Behind the Music' won a TV Guide Award for Music Series of the Year.  'Behind the Music' episodes received multiple nomination including GLAAD Media Award nomination for Outstanding Film (Documentary) in 1998 for the episode featuring Boy George as well as multiple Image Awards for episodes featuring Tina Turner and Bob Marley.

Similar VH1 programs.

The following is a list of artists who have appeared in VH1 TV programs similar in format to "Behind the Music" but are not officially part of the series:

Behind the Music is a documentary television series on VH1. Each episode profiles and interviews a popular musical artist or group. The program examines the beginning of their career, their road to success and the hardships they may have encountered.


Operational history.

Irish service.

"Aoife" was first commissioned when European Union (then EEC) funding became available in response to the extension of the Irish Exclusive Fisheries Zone from to in 1976.  Together with sister ships (decommissioned in 2001), (decommissioned in 2013) and (decommissioned in 2016), "Aoife" was built at Verolme Cork Dockyard. Originally named after Aoife, step-mother to the children of Lir, "Aoife" operated primarily as a fisheries protection vessel. "Aoife" also assisted however in emergency rescue operations and other naval support roles.  In 1986 Richard Branson's "Virgin Challenger II" was attempting to break the transatlantic speed record set by in 1952. "Challenger" left New York Harbour on 26 June 1986 and refueled, as prearranged, at an oil rig on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. However, four tons of water also entered her tanks and soon, "Challenger" needed more fuel filters. Branson's London control centre requested help from the RAF but the Royal Navy did not have a ship in the area. "Aoife", 160 miles distant, was informed and an RAF Nimrod dropped a canister of filters to "Challenger". "Aoife" reached "Challenger" at 00:43 on 29 June. Her crew refueled "Challenger", which went on to complete the voyage, taking two hours and nine minutes off the previous record. Branson invited representatives of the ships company to the celebrations in London, saying "We could not have succeeded without their help".  In October 2004, "Aoife" assisted in the rescue of the Canadian Forces submarine off the north-western coast of Ireland.  In July 2007, "Aoife" assisted in the rescue of over 100 children taking part in a sailing regatta off Dun Laoghaire Harbour.  Despite the ship's home port being Haulbowline Island in Cork Harbour, it had a close relationship with the city of Waterford and its crew were involved in fund-raising for the children's ward of the University Hospital Waterford.  LÉ "Aoife" was decommissioned in Waterford on 31 January 2015 and later donated to Malta.

Maltese service.

"Aoife" was commissioned into the Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta on 28 June 2015, and given the pennant number "P62". It is the largest vessel in the Maritime Squadron, being larger than the flagship, the offshore patrol boat. It arrived in Malta in November 2015, intended initially for use in humanitarian operations in the Mediterranean.  On 24 May 2019, "P62" was involved in the recovery of a WWII aircraft engine off the Grand Harbour. The engine, most probably that of a Short Sunderland flying boat, was retrieved after a 14 hour operation.  In early February 2020, the ship participated in a joint training operation with the Royal Netherlands Navy which involved various scenarios at sea. She was joined by the Dutch Frigate HNLMS De Ruyter. The onboard AW139 was joined in the air by the Dutch NH90.

LÉ "Aoife" (P22) of the Irish Naval Service, now known as P62 of the Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta, was built as an offshore patrol vessel in 1978.


Geography.

The island’s age has been estimated at 1,100 years. It was formed when the Neman River deposited its sediments before flowing into the Curonian Lagoon (see alluvial plain). Therefore, its elevation does not exceed 1.5 metres. One point in the island is 0.27 metres below sea level, which is the lowest point in Lithuania (an earlier measurement placed it at 1.3 metres below sea level). The island is subject to frequent flooding, particularly in spring due to ice dams. Floods and regular river flow deposit new sediments increasing the area of the island. Floodwaters are removed by pumping, using an extensive system of canals and polders. The polder and embankment system has not always been able to contain floods such as the one in 1958.  The island contains several distributaries of the rivers Atmata and Skirvytė (Pakalnė, Vorusnė, Skatulė, Rusnaitė, etc.). In addition, it has two rivulets (Naikupė and Ulmas) that are not part of the distributary system. Its natural values are protected by its inclusion within Nemunas Delta Regional Park.

Human history.

Recorded history includes its settlement by fishermen and subsequent Livonian Order control. Its location near the junction of the Nemunas and the Baltic Sea lent it some strategic importance as a point on trade routes and during the battles for control of Samogitia. A church in the town of Rusnė dates to 1419. The main businesses in the island are sailing, canoeing tourism, and fishing. The town of Rusnė, with 1,600 inhabitants, is the largest populated place on the island. The only bridge between the mainland and the island leads to Rusnė. The first bridge was completed in 1914 but was destroyed during World War II. The current bridge was built in 1974. Rusnė Island Cultural and Information Office operates in Rusnė.  After Lithuania re-established its independence in 1990, collective farming on the island ended and individual landowners lacked the resources to use the machinery needed to clear the fields. This led to the growth of vegetation that was inhospitable to migratory birds, an internationally problematic issue since the island lies within the East Atlantic Flyway. An NGO, The Lithuanian Fund for Nature, successfully spearheaded a drive to restore the meadows that had been used by various bird species. The initiative was supported by local farmers.

Rusnė Island is an island in Nemunas Delta, Šilutė District Municipality, Lithuania. It is located between Atmata and Skirvytė, distributaries of the Neman River, and the Curonian Lagoon. At 45 or 46 square kilometers, Rusnė is often named as the largest island of Lithuania.


Tours / Music Director.

Gold toured in fall 2003 as the keyboard player for Hilary Duff, and continued as her musical director until 2007. In winter 2007, Gold co-wrote with the Canadian songwriter James Renald the first single for the "American Idol" winner Taylor Hicks, entitled "The Runaround". Television and national performances of "The Runaround" took place starting in December 2006. Gold became the musical director and keyboard player for Taylor, touring extensively in 2007. In 2008, Gold toured with Mandy Moore in support of her album, "Wild Hope" in Australia and the Philippines. In winter 2008/2009, he continued playing keyboards with the NBC production "America's Got Talent" and ABC's "Dancing with the Stars".  In 2008–09, Gold became Musical Director and consultant for several pop artists, including Demi Lovato, Jordan Pruitt, Jordin Sparks and Selena Gomez.[2] During spring 2008, Gold began performing with Don Felder of Eagles (band), shortly followed as keyboardist / vocalist for Kenny Loggins.[2] An original Gold/Renald composition, entitled "Pretend", was used in the 2009 Walden Media film Bandslam on featured on the Bandslam (soundtrack), available on Hollywood Records.[2]

Roger Daltrey.

In 2009, Gold became the keyboard player and vocalist for Roger Daltrey's "Use It or Lose It Tour". Daltrey's band, No Plan B, also opened for Eric Clapton on several dates during 2010. At the show of October 12, 2009, in Seattle, Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder joined the band on stage for performances of Pearl Jam's Better Man, and the Who's The Real Me and Bargain.  In December 2010, Gold was asked to be Musical Director for the Phil Kennemore Y&T benefit concert in Santa Clara, CA. Gold performed with several guests, including Geoff Tate of Queensrÿche, Don Dokken of Dokken, and Vinny Appice of Dio and Black Sabbath.  In 2011, there were performances of the Who's Tommy and the hits of the Who; which included a performance for the Teenage Cancer Trust at Royal Albert Hall with Pete Townshend. On March 28, 2012, the band was joined on stage by Steve Winwood, Ronnie Wood, Paul Weller, Kelly Jones and Michael Miley for another Royal Albert Hall performance for the Teenage Cancer Trust. A world tour of Tommy continued throughout 2011–2012 with North America, Europe, and Japan.

The Who.

In July 2012, the Who announced Gold as Keyboardist / Backing Vocalist on their 2012–2013 35-date Quadrophenia and More tour, where they played their album "Quadrophenia" in its entirety. The tour continued in the summer of 2013 with performances throughout Europe, concluding with a performance at Wembley Arena in London. In between the two legs of the tour, Gold performed at – a benefit concert that took place on December 12, 2012, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. In addition to the Who, performers included Paul McCartney, the Rolling Stones, Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen, and Roger Waters. It was the most widely distributed live musical event in history, accessible to nearly two billion people worldwide on television, radio and the Internet.  Prior to joining the band, Gold worked with the Who on their 2010 Super Bowl Halftime performance - helping edit and organize the arrangement of the performance.  Between performances with Roger Daltrey and the Who, Gold traveled to Japan and performed with veteran Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi. The tour, entitled "Arena Tour 2014 All Time Best," celebrated a career that has spanned over 30 years. Performances included the legendary Nippon Budokan in Tokyo and Yokohama arena. A live DVD was released following the tour. A final concert was added in 2015 at Mt Fuji, with 100,000 people in attendance.  In 2014, the Who announced The Who Hits 50! world tour, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the band. The tour kicked off in the United Arab Emirates, at a concert after the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. Just prior to the tour, the Who band appeared at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire on November 11 as part of the Who Hits 50 tribute night in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust. Gold performed and sang back-up vocals, alongside the rest of the Who band. Performers included Wilko Johnson, Kaiser Chiefs' Ricky Wilson, Geddy Lee of Rush (band), Joe Elliott of Def Leppard, the Strypes, Tom Odell, Amy Macdonald, Andy Burrows and Rizzle Kicks. Ricky Wilson was joined by Phil Daniels, the star of the 1979 film Quadrophenia for 'Bell Boy', which was originally released in 1973. Included during the 2015 tour were large, outdoor performances at Hyde Park and Glastonbury, with upwards of 200,000 people in attendance.  During a break between the Who's 2014-2015 world tour, Gold performed at the annual ARF Stars to the Rescue charity concert in January 2015, headed by Hall of Fame baseball manager Tony LaRussa. In 2013, Gold also performed with several members of Santana and Bruce Hornsby at the annual charity event. More ARF shows have followed, including 2017's performance with Huey Lewis and the News.  In May, 2015, Gold performed with the Who touring band at the MusiCares Foundation in New York City, honoring the Who’s Pete Townshend and its manager, Bill Curbishley. With an all star line-up that included Bruce Springsteen, Joan Jett, Billy Idol, Willie Nile, and Who lead vocalist Roger Daltrey.  Gold was featured as the "Stadium Ace" in the April 2016 issue of Keyboard (magazine).

Artists.

Gold has recorded and/or worked with the Who, Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, Kenny Loggins, Natalie Maines, Huey Lewis and the News, Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi, Eddie Vedder, Steve Winwood, Don Felder, Melissa Etheridge, Rita Wilson, Hilary Duff, Taylor Hicks, Mandy Moore, Rita Wilson, America's Got Talent, Dancing with the Stars, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Eric McCormack, Jordan Pruitt, Nick Lachey, Jordin Sparks, Gladys Knight, Dan Aykroyd, Andrew Gold, Y&T, Kara DioGuardi, Andrew Dice Clay and others.

Awards.

American Idol Season Five (Gold Record Award) Taylor Hicks (Gold Record Award) Demi Lovato (Gold Record Award) Selena Gomez (Gold and Platinum Awards) Hilary Duff (Multi-Platinum Awards)

Network Television Appearances.

"The Tonight Show", "Oprah Winfrey", "The Late Show", MTV, "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "The Today Show", "Good Morning America", Jimmy Kimmel, "CBS Early Show", "Martha Stewart", "Dr Phil", "Carson Daly", "American Music Awards", "Billboard Awards", "The Talk".

DVD / Television / Film / Live Albums.

Quadrophenia Live in London, The Who Tommy Live At Albert Hall, The Who Live In Hyde Park, The Who 2017 Tommy & More, The Imitation Game, Bandslam", "", "Melrose Place", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "", HBO, Showtime, Cinemax, The Movie Channel, Nickelodeon, Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi, All Night Live, Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi, FUJI SANREI ALL NIGHT LIVE 2015(5CD+DVD)

Works.

In 2015, Gold released his first instructional book for Alfred Music. Entitled "Sitting In: Blues Piano," it features backing tracks and improv lessons, and includes progressions in essential blues styles, like boogie woogie, shuffle, gospel, blues-rock, swing blues, and others. Audio recordings contain sample solos, while the book provides tips focusing on scales, modes, comping patterns, and other ideas for developing an authentic blues vocabulary. The recordings feature a live band with piano, guitar, bass, harmonica, and drums.  A second book was released in 2016, entitled "Sitting In: Rock Piano" which follows a similar format to the blues book.  Gold also composes music which falls into the Instrumental genre. Selected works include: Keys, All Around Me

Loren Gold is an American keyboardist, vocalist, music director, and songwriter. Gold has been the keyboardist and backup vocalist for the Who since 2012, and Roger Daltrey since 2009. Other artists he has toured with include Kenny Loggins, Don Felder, Natalie Maines, and American Idol winner Taylor Hicks. Gold has been Musical Director for pop stars Selena Gomez, Demi Lovato, and Hilary Duff, and he continues to build and develop bands for other artists. Gold has published two instructional books through his collaboration with Alfred Music, and his original compositions have been featured on HBO and Showtime.


History.

The first mention of the settlement is in the so-called foundation charter of the Benedictine monastery in Kladruby issued by Prince Vladislav in 1115. In that year the Benedictine monks settled here and built a settlement for the colonists called Opatovice. Therefore, it is now located near the church street Opatovická. The settlement apparently served as a being in middle point between the Prague castle and Vyšehrad. With the arrival of the colonists was built Romanesque church of St. Michael. Then the church served as a parish. In the 2nd half of the 13th century the church was assigned to the parish priest. In 1348 the settlement was included in the New Town, found by Charles IV and the church functioned as other parish churches of the New Town. Newtowners and a Prague archdeacon held the posting right above the church.

Gothic and Renaissance reconstruction of the church.

The Romanesque church was demolished and replaced by a Gothic church in 1369. The Gothic church was built with a tower in the west part, with a rectangular nave, trapezoidal presbytery with asymmetrical vault, which makes the temple very remarkable. In 1387 the church was extended by adding the northern side vaulted nave. The nave contains a window broken later above a portal, which was hidden in the hallway. In 1399 parish school was connected to the church. The south aisle of the eastern chapel was built before 1402. In the 15th century was documented connection between the church of St. Michael and Zbraslav monastery. In 1511, there were vaulted a main nave and a south aisle. In the second half of the 16th century Renaissance builders added arc-form shield to the northern hall. A typical feature of the church was narrow, high, gothic, sacred tower above the chancel and a brick corridor, which is supported by a wide arc. The hallway led from the singing choir to the house no. 152, where was a former rectory. The Protestant church managed until 1621, when the church came under Catholic Church. Then it lost the parish status and it was subordinated to a church Adalbert in Jircháře. The altar and tomb of the founder was built in the north aisle of the Central Chapel of the Crucified Savior and St. Mary Magdalene, thanks to Mary Magdalene Krechmerova. Also the sacristy was rebuilt. After a fire in 1717, when the church escaped with only a small blemish, builders began Baroque reconstruction.

Baroque reconstruction.

During baroque reconstruction there were bricked two gothic windows in the presbytery. As a replacement, served two newly pulled oval shaped windows. The presbytery was equipped with the baroque baptistery, which is still preserved today. Furthermore, the sacristy was arched, there was built a new staircase to the choir loft, which was also rebuilt. Adjustings of the northern hallway and portals followed. In 1722 the tower was reconstructed, which was the end of entire baroque reconstruction. In 1770 there was added a new main altar.

18.-19 century reconstructions.

Emperor Joseph II ordered to abolish the church in 1787. Two years later it was bought by the Prague merchant Frantishek Kehrn. He sold the church in 1791 to the German Protestants. The church served as a chapel. However Protestants planned to destroy the church tower and rebuild exterior as a bourgeois house, because their houses of prayers and churches could not have towers. The same year was given them an exception and the tower was left at the church. Protestants contributed a new organ. Also there were added benches and chandeliers. Later, in 1817, the church was newly plastered and then was installed a pulpit. In the year 1838 was built a wall with a gate that on the west side protected space around the church. In 1882 was torn a northern hallway and a builder J. Blecha statically secured the entire object. In 1904 were created two western windows.

Revival Gothic reconstruction.

Newly Gothic reconstruction showed both eastern Gothic windows and a bricking baroque presbytery and oval windows. On the same side was removed Baroque portal and revitalized Gothic window in the portal. Besides this portal, was discovered bricked Gothic window, which is almost the same as the window in the south chapel. The Baroque tower was covered with a new copper roof. The Gothic choir was stripped of plaster. In 1920 an organ gallery was reconstructed and expanded. Since the last renovation of the appearance of the church did not change much.

Disposition.

The building is built of a rubble masonry. The church was restricted by the street since the Middle Ages, that is why it has asymmetric. This fact derives its ground asymmetry.

Medium nave.

The medium nave is vaulted by two-bays cross vaults. The vaults are supported by double mangered stone ribs. Rib vaults converge on multi-lobed brackets. In the eastern part of the nave brackets are drowned in the baroque wall. The trapezoidal presbytery is connected to the nave on the east side. Its height coincides with the height of the central nave. The central nave defines a pair of Baroque arcades supported with pillars. In the middle of the nave arcades are drained massive stone pillars that seem to come from the late 14th century. Columns' tops terminate with Corinthian capitals. At the end of the 19th century's northern nave arched vaults with two cross pyriform ribs. Ribs grow from facing pyramidal consoles. The console in the middle of the north wall is a replica circa 1914. Bolts vaults are the target or circular type. Bolts adorn the coat tanners. On the northern boat continues on the east side chapel of St.Salvatora. The chapel is vaulted with placková vault with stucco mirror. Chapel corners are broken niches that culminates conches and pilasters frame. Pilasters carry peripheral cornice chapel. Above the niches in the corners are a motif stucco, crossed, laurel branches. The north nave and chapels are connected through high semicircular culminating in the arcade. The wall-pillar with leaf capitals and the entablature cover plate frame created by the nave for the connecting arcade. At the top of the arcade is located stucco cartouche with Veraikon.

South nave.

An external support system based apparently on three additional operations with over-tile roofs aisle. Cross vaults with stone and twice mangered ribs span the space nave. Bolts at ribs are the same as in the northern aisle (undecorated, circular). Ribs do not end consoles mostly. In the northwest corner there is the only console left, the floor is covered with the embedded Baroque choir. High arcade opens the field to the east of the presbytery. In the Baroque period it served as the oratory window. The southern Gothic chapel nave overlaps the western part of the presbytery. The southern Gothic nave is adjoined extension with the baroque staircase to the choir loft.

Presbytery.

Its ground plan geometry consists of a trapezoid because of streets' restrictions. The width of the presbytery almost does not differ from the width of the main nave. The inner space creates interesting jump straddle vault with pear-shaped profile ribs. The entire space of the presbytery is vaulted by jumping vault. Because of this vault construction the church is considered as a unique Gothic architecture in Prague. Also other similar examples of this type of vault across Europe are younger. Vaults carry stone ribs with a pear profile. Ribs continue directly into the perimeter walls without any connection to the bracket. Interior space on the east side is also shaped by two high Gothic windows with partial stone mangered lining, which was supplemented with newly Gothic reconstruction. On the south side of the presbytery light flows through the third window similar to the eastern side. The windows are filled with colorful inside geometric stained glass. The same applies to the north nave. The great arcade on the west side opens the door to the adjoining southern chapel. On the opposite wall segmently ended, secondarily pulled down arcade meets Baroque chapel of St. Savior.

Sacristy.

The sacristy is adjacent to the presbytery in the north, the road to it leads through a rectangular late Gothic portal with a stone profiled jamb. The portal is round out the cross-hatched design together with stonework mark on top. The portal demonstrates the fact that the sacristy dates from the late Middle Ages. The current sacristy was built in baroque style together with the chapel St. Saviour. This proves reinforced overlay on the northeast corner, visible from the outside. The space of the sacristy is vaulted with two-bays of baroque vault. In this space is the niche that is compressed oval arched. The chimney with architectonic top is one of the original features of the sacristy. The top of the chimney was rebuilt in the years 1914-1915. Rectangular sacristy windows are situated in the north. Above the northeast corner is situated a frame for painting (now empty).

The roof of the sacristy.

The roof is saddle-type. It is covered with tiles. The roof meets in the east plastered Baroque shield.

Portals.

The main portal on the north side accesses the entire three-naves. The Baroque portal is located on the side where it was formerly senior portal from the beginning of the 15th century. The modern Gothic portal dates to year 1914. Its basic geometry consists of a rectangle. It is made with a profiled planner lining. Double, cassette door portal is counted the same year as the construction site. The secondary setting Gothic tracery window creates a fanlight portal. Casting is done in a nice breaking into older masonry. The window is damaged, it has the center portion broken. A series of five nuns semicircular záklencích created tracery windows. Arches were made with mangered profiles of rods. This design of the window portal in the Czech Republic is very rare, but rather used as in France layout portals in the 14th and 15th centuries. The portal provides safeguards hall, which was demolished in 1882. The Gothic portal in the south aisle probably dates from the same period as the portal on the north side. However, it is executed in the traditional manner. Gently oblený záklenek portal is profiled cavettos. Záklenek was discovered in 1914 nad Baroque passage, which pointed to the stairs to the loft. The portal linked the southern nave with the house of so-called Oltářník (now No. 151)

Windows of naves.

To three-naves space rays of light are flowing through segmented, vaulted in baroque, windows. Four windows are located on the west side. Two high windows line the tower and are located above. Three windows are on the south side and two on the east. The windows on the north side lit chapel of St. Savior. In the western part of the northern wall is angled restored Gothic window (1914-1915) with Gothic mangered lining. Tracery windows disappear. The Gothic manger in the years 1717-1722 was replaced the Baroque. This process is now on the facade of the church are still visible, thanks to the survivors of the visible part of the Baroque segmental arches. On the east wall of the south aisle is more rectangular probably the Gothic window. The window that is performed again with tracery in which a pair of nuns. Similar was the window on the west wall. The window is now blind, but its remnants are seen lining alongside younger Baroque windows. The Regothization in the years 1914- 1915 revealed on the south side of the church the torso pieces of three Gothic pointed windows, which were destroyed in the Baroque period.

The roof.

Saddle pantile roof covers the entire three naves, together with the presbytery. The roof meets the east triangle Baroque shield. Historians believe that the core of the shield over the presbytery with new windows is Gothic.

Tower.

Its basic geometry consists of a square shape. It is oriented to the west. Part of the tower is built of rubble masonry as well as three naves. One can get to its core from the north through a rectangular Baroque portal from 1722. The portal above the other hosts oval window. ordonov ledge of the tower follows the cornice of three-nave and the presbytery. The tower has a baroque facade. From the corner towers on the facade relegated thirst with cornice capitals. They carry further dividing ledge. Above the ledge on lesenas abut Tuscan pilasters, which are part of the last rebuilt in Baroque floors. Former bell tower on the top floor was opened out four large semicircular windows crowned. The windows are lined with stucco shams with senior keystone. Elements window covers curved lintel cornice. In belfry is placed the bell made by Octave Winter from Broumov. The tower is ended with a copper onion dome with lantern.

Interior furnishing.

The choir.

The organ gallery in the western part of the church is from Renaissance period, but it was rebuilt in Neo Baroque style in 1920. It is placed instead of an old Gothic tribune. Its central wooden rail is white painted, the bottom part is decorated with carved floral decor in golden colour. The center part of the loft is connected to the side parts by two arcades. The loft has its own staircase, which leads from the exterior to the organ choir. It has a rectangular floor plan and the ground floor is vaulted. The staircase is lightened by two small rectangular windows and it has a simple portal.

The altars.

The main altar was originally dedicated to St. Michael. It is a late Rococo altar, which was made around 1770. The church was also equipped with a side altar of Corpus Christi and the altar of St. Peter and Paul. During the construction of the south aisle was built the east chapel, where is placed the altar of St. Marty.

Pulpit.

The wooden white pulpit in Classicism style is decorated with floral and festoon ornaments.

Organ.

It is from the second half of the 19th century. It is located on the organ gallery.

Sepulchral monuments.

The figural tombstone of Kristine Popelova of Vesce, who died in 1522, is located in the base of the staircase that leads to the organ gallery. Other marble gravestones are installed in the west wall of the nave under the organ loft. These tomb stones belong to Jan Šturma, who died in 1568 and Alžběta Malovcová of Cheynov, who died in 1620. There is a garden close to the church, which is planned to be opened for the public in future. It the area of today ́s garden is documented the existence of the cemetery in the year 1381.

References.

Links: Bibliography

St. Michael's Church in Jircháře, Prague - New Town near the National Theatre, specifically the New Town street, which is called v Jirchářích (in Jirchaře - the nickname of the church is called after this part of Prague). It is the seat of Czech, Slovak and English congregation of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in the Czech Republic. Its architectural style is not uniform due to alterations in different periods and styles. It is protected as a cultural monument of the Czech Republic.


History.

The fortunes of the Heathcoat-Amory family were founded in the early nineteenth century. John Heathcoat was born into a Derbyshire farming family in 1783. An inventor of genius, he designed and patented a machine that revolutionised the production of lace. His manufactory near Loughborough was destroyed by former Luddites paid by unknown persons in 1816, he then moved his basis of manufacture, and a large number of his workers, to Tiverton, Devon and there established a lace-works which, by the later part of the nineteenth century, was the largest lace-producing manufactory in the world.  By the late 19th century, the Heathcoat-Amory family owned much of the manufacturing and land around Tiverton, Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet chose the site of Knightshayes, because from the site Sir John could see his factory in the distance, nestled in the Exe valley below.

The house.

The estate of Knightshayes had long been owned by the Dickinson family, Tiverton merchants. John Walrond Dickinson sold the estate to the Amory family in 1867. In the same year, the house was commissioned by Sir John Heathcoat-Amory and the foundation stone laid in 1869. By 1874, the building was complete, although not to Burges' original designs, and work had begun on the interior. However, unlike Burges' partnership with John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, the relationship between architect and client was not successful, Sir John objecting to Burges' designs both on grounds of cost and of style. "Heathcoat-Amory (had) built a house he could not afford to decorate, by an architect whose speciality was interior design." This disagreement led to Burges' sacking in 1874 and his replacement by John Dibblee Crace. Nevertheless, Knightshayes Court remains the only example built of a medium-sized Burges country house, to the "standard" Victorian arrangement. Its virtues were recognised in its own time; "Knightshayes is eminently picturesque, executed with great vigour and thorough knowledge of detail.." The plan with hall, drawing, morning and smoking rooms, library and billiard room is conventional and the exterior is, by Burges' usual standards, restrained. A massive tower, to have been constructed over the West end, would have given the house "a more overtly romantic silhouette" but only the base was built.  The interior, by contrast, was to have been a riot of Burgesian excess but "not one of the rooms was completed according to Burges's designs." Of the few interior features that were fully executed, much was dismantled or covered over by Sir John and his successors, who followed the twentieth century distaste for Victorian architecture, and for the work of Burges in particular. The attitude persisted on the National Trust's acquiring the house in 1973. Writing at the time of the acquisition, the Secretary, R.R. Fedden, wrote; "the house was built by an architect called Burgess (sic). I expect it is coming back into fashion but the house could be regarded as irrelevant except as part of the setting in the garden." A more enlightened approach since Burges's rehabilitation has seen the Trust seeking to recover and restore as many of Burges's fittings as possible, including some "sparkling" ceilings, such as that in the Drawing Room, which was discovered in 1981, having been boarded over as early as 1889. In a number of instances, the Trust has brought in Burges furniture from other locations, including a bookcase from The Tower House, now in the Great Hall, and a marble fireplace in the Drawing Room, from Burges's redecoration of Worcester College, Oxford. The presentation album which Burges prepared, and which can be seen at the house, shows what might have been. "At Knightshayes Burges was on top form. But (his) magical interiors remained a half-formed dream." The Victorian critic Charles Locke Eastlake described the house in his "A History of the Gothic Revival"; "For this quality of design as well as for a certain vigour of treatment, Knightshayes may be considered a typical example of the Revival."  Among the paintings on display in the house is a likely self-portrait by Rembrandt thought to be a study for a later version now housed in the Rijksmuseum. This was explored in an episode of the BBC television series Britain's Lost Masterpieces broadcast in 2018.  During the Second World War the house was used as a convalescent home for the U.S. Eighth Air Force.

The family.

Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, grandson of the 1st Baronet, was married to Joyce Wethered, the golfer. An exhibition of golfing memorabilia can be found in the house. Roderick Heathcoat-Amory (1907–1998), youngest son of the second Baronet, was a Brigadier in the Army. His son is the former Conservative politician David Heathcoat-Amory, who is the uncle of the former political columnist of the "Daily Mail", Edward Heathcoat-Amory.

The gardens.

The gardens were designed by Edward Kemp but were much simplified in the 1950s and '60s. Sir John and Lady Heathcoat-Amory undertook much work in the gardens for which they were both awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Victoria Medal of Honour. The estate includes a rare stické court dating from 1907. Other features include the extensive topiary, specimen trees, rare shrubs and the stables and walled kitchen garden, also by Burges. In 2015 the Mid Devon Show was held at Knightshayes Court.

Current ownership.

Knightshayes Court has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1972 and has been open to the public since 1974.

Knightshayes Court is a Victorian country house near Tiverton, Devon, England, designed by William Burges for the Heathcoat-Amory family. Nikolaus Pevsner describes it as "an eloquent expression of High Victorian ideals in a country house of moderate size." The house is Grade I listed. The gardens are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.