Distribution.

There is a high concentration of "Hyphaene compressa" along the coasts of Northern East Africa, particularly Kenya and Tanzania. Additional countries with a high distribution of "Hyphaene compressa" include Somalia, Madagascar and Ethiopia. The palm also occurs to a lesser extent towards the Arabian Peninsula and India. The Doum Palm is densely concentrated around lakes and river ecosystems of the Turkana Valley and surrounding National Parks in Kenya.  The East African doum palm has expanded its range into the United States due to its horticultural interest.

Habitat and ecology.

"Hyphaene compressa" is found in hot and dry climates. The East African Doum Palm flourishes in tropical and subtropical regions with temperatures ranging between 36-38 degrees Celsius. The trees are adapted to semi-arid to arid climates with a low annual rainfall of 150 to 600 mm. The trees obtain water by having a high water table in which the trees taproots can access. "Hyphaene compressa" thrives in direct light in open grasslands and along edges of lakes, swamps, rivers and oceans. The soils of the doum palm are salty, calcareous and alkaline (pH 9) and of general poor quality. The "Hyphaene compressa" is a woody dioecious tree that is slow growing and long living. Some trees can grow to be 100 years old but because of the high human interference this number is reduced to around 30 years.

Description.

"Hyphaene compressa" is a robust tree that stands erect, growing to about 10–20 meters (35–70 ft) in height. The tree can be said to be fairly fire resistant and drought resistant. The East African Doum Palm is considered difficult to destroy because it grows bulbs and deep taproots underground that will allow the tree to regrow if it is damaged above ground. Individuals of this species are dichotomously branched and the stems may branch about five times by full maturity. Little is known about the dichotomous venation, the only other genera of palms to naturally exhibit this trait are the "Dypsis", "Korthalsia" and "Laccosperma". The leaves are medium to large sized palmate or fan shaped and emerge at the top of the tree in small crowns. The spiny leaf stalks and the fruit develop at the base of these crowns.

Fruit and reproduction.

Fruits of "Hyphaene compressa" are produced after 30 years of maturation and can be harvested regularly every 6 months when the tree is between 40 and 50 years old. The fruit is considered a drupe and grows almost all year round, taking three to ten months to germinate. The fruits of "Hyphaene compressa" are eaten by elephants, baboons, and monkeys (endangered Tane River Crested Manbey). Elephants favour eating the Doum palm fruit and have become the major mechanism for seed dispersal in "Hyphaene compressa". The fruits are edible by humans and are highly packed with energy. When ripe the fruit appears orange-brown and tastes sweet. The doum palm can produce up to thousands of fruit per tree, each fruit growing 6–12 cm long and 4–9 cm wide.

Usage of tree.

Almost all of the East African doum palm can be utilised, the most highly used part of the tree being its leaves. "Hyphaene compressa" has a variety of different uses and is a vital economic resource in rural African communities.

Leaves.

The age the palm leaves are harvested dictate what goods are produced. The stalks of immature palm leaves are split into long strips to make a variety of products such as baskets, mats, chairs, brooms and hats. The leaves can also be beaten and separated into fibers to make hammocks. Mature green leaves are dried and used to cover the roofs of huts, make fire and to also create weaved goods. The uses for these leaves as shelter have expanded to include tourist sites and refugee camps and also with the increase in more permanent settlements in African communities.

Fruits.

The people of Eastern Africa depend on the fruit from the doum palm "Hyphaene compressa" in different ways. It is popular as a food source, more so during times of food shortage, and is commonly bought and sold in local markets The mesocarp or pulp of the young fruit can be made into a non-alcoholic juice drink which children enjoy. The seed coat within the mesocarp is hard to crack but the nut inside can be eaten or crushed into a powder to flavor other food items.

Stems.

By incising the stems of older trees, its sap can be made into an alcoholic wine of about 3.6 volume %. This practice is often performed incorrectly by cutting into the stem too deeply which kills the tree. Although, if the sap is extracted correctly, the tree is viable for an additional two to three years. The wines 24hour expiration time and lack of investment into preservation has kept it lost from being economically important. The trunks before the first branching can be made into very sturdy, termite proof building material that includes poles, fences and latrines. Although the fellow Coconut Palm Cocos in the same family of Palms has been very popular as an exported building good, the East African Doum Palm is claimed to be sturdier because of its higher density timber.

Additional names.

The East African doum palm has many different names in native African languages. Boni (Medi); Chonyi (Mkoma); Digo (Mkoma lume); Gabra (Meetti); Giriama (Mlala); Kamba (Mukoma); Kambe (Mkoma); Mbeere (Irara); Orma (Kone); Pokomo (Mkoma); Pokot (Tangayiween); Rendile (Baar); Samburu (Iparwa); Sanya (Auwaki); Somali (Baar); Swahili (Mkoma, Mlala); Taveta (Irara); Tharaka (Muruguyu); Turkana (Eeng'ol)

Socioeconomic importance.

The presence of the doum palm "Hyphaene compressa" has increased living standards in rural communities in which the fruit, leaves and stems are monetarily valuable. Weaved products are sold and traded at local and international markets where extreme specificity of skill and craftsmanship can be seen. Subsequently the marketing and distribution of thatched products creates a niche that requires retailers, wholesales and of course local manufacturers that understand the changing local market. For example in Turkana, a women’s co-operative society has emerged to handle the sales of crafts. Although the East African doum palm has created a source of income for local peoples it is important to note that its economy is not stable or uniform throughout the region. Availability to "Hyphaene compressa", ability to effectively utilize its product and skills of the regional people are all limiting factors.

Conservation.

Due to the high importance of the "Hyphaene compressa" poaching of its leaves in protected National Forests has become an issue. There has been evidence since the 1990s of overexploitation of the trees resources. Improper sap collection practices kill Palm trees and lack of knowledge on how to perform extraction is limiting the Palms longevity. "Hyphaene compressa" is in the process of being domesticated in some regions in Africa. Conservation laws to protect the tree from being overexploited have also been locally established as to ensure there is a lasting abundance of the East African Doum Palm.

Hyphaene compressa, also known as the East African doum palm, is a palm tree in the genus "Hyphaene". It is a tree known for its unique branching, unlike most Palms which are not branched. This palm tree is very abundant in Eastern Africa and is a vital socioeconomic resource to the rural pastoralist and agro-pastoralists there.


Early life and career.

Krasić graduated from the law faculty in Niš and practised law in the city. Near the end of his life, he was based in Belgrade.

Political career.

Krasić sought election to the National Assembly of Serbia as a National Radical Party candidate in Niš's second electoral division in the 1990 Serbian parliamentary election, the first to be held after the re-introduction of multi-party elections in the country. He was not successful; the winning candidate was Mile Ilić of the Socialist Party. The following year, the National Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Chetnik Movement to form the Serbian Radical Party. Krasić led the Radical Party's local committee in Niš in the 1990s and was a vice-president in its national executive at the time of the Kosovo War.

Member of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia.

Krasić was elected to the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Chamber of Citizens in the 1992–93 Yugoslavian parliamentary election. The election was won by the Socialist Party and its Montenegrin allies, and the Radical Party served in opposition. Krasić emerged as a notable spokesperson for his party in this period. He was re-elected in the 1996 Yugoslavian election, which was again won by the Socialist Party and its allies. Concurrent with the 1996 federal election, Krasić took part in a hunger strike called by various opposition parties in Niš to protest against what was described as the "flagrant irregularity" of conditions in local elections that benefited the Socialist Party. Krasić subsequently protested the election results, charging unfair practices and "chaos in polling stations," and promised that the Radical Party would try to prevent the functioning of the local assembly.

Serbian cabinet minister.

The Radical Party joined a coalition government led by the Socialist Party on March 24, 1998, and Krasić was named as trade minister in the government of Serbian prime minister Mirko Marjanović. The following month, he announced that charges would be pressed against directors of firms that had created "false shortages" in the market and raised their prices following a currency devaluation. He later announced that the trade ministry's priority under his leadership would be to fight against monopolies that had created artificial shortages, introduced price pressures, and imported unneeded raw materials.  Following the start of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)'s 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia, Krasić announced that earnings and pensions would be equalized due to wartime conditions, specifically saying that the gap between the highest and lowest salaries would be reduced to permit a more equal provision of basic necessities. He also said that the government would seek to avoid the use of food coupons. In early May 1999, he announced that Serbia was facing a shortage of gasoline and oil derivatives due to NATO bombs having destroyed the country's oil-refining facilities; he added that the country was also facing a shortage of cigarettes due to the Niš Tobacco Industry only working a few hours a day, when the air-raid sirens were not in force. This notwithstanding, he announced on May 19 that market supplies of agricultural foodstuffs and related products were generally satisfactory given the conditions of war.  The Radical Party threatened to withdraw from government in June 1999, when NATO forces entered Kosovo in the aftermath of the bombing campaign. Krasić was quoted as saying at this time, "We have been deceived by our coalition partners. [...] Where there are no Yugoslav troops, and no Serb police [in Kosovo], there is no state sovereignty." Ultimately, however, the party remained in government.  In late 1999, Krasić announced that Serbia would use "subsidies, bonuses, allowances, tax and contribution relief, and other means" to avoid a price increase of staple goods. Bosnian Serb Television subsequently reported in February 2000 that his ministry had unexpectedly blocked food exports from Yugoslavia to the Republika Srpska.  Krasić stood down from cabinet on October 24, 2000, following Slobodan Milošević's defeat in the 2000 Yugoslavian presidential election, an event that precipitated a broad transformation of Serbian politics. He was defeated in his own bid for re-election to the Yugoslavian parliament in the concurrent parliamentary election.

Member of the National Assembly of Serbia.

Krasić received the twenty-fourth position on the Radical Party's electoral list for the 2000 Serbian parliamentary election, in which the entire country was counted as a single electoral constituency. The party won twenty-three seats, and he was not initially included in its parliamentary delegation. (From 2000 to 2011, Serbian parliamentary mandates were awarded to sponsoring parties or coalitions rather than to individual candidates, and it was common practice for mandates to be awarded out of numerical order. Krasić could have been awarded a mandate notwithstanding his position on the list, although in fact he was not.) He was, however, awarded a mandate on March 18, 2003, as a replacement for party leader Vojislav Šešelj, who had resigned to face war crimes charges at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague. Krasić was again included on the party's list for the 2003 election and was selected for its assembly delegation when the party won eighty-two seats.  In June 2006, Ivana Dulić-Marković, an ethnic Croat from the G17 Plus party, was appointed as a deputy prime minister in Vojislav Koštunica's government. When the appointment was announced in parliament, Krasić responded by accusing Dulić-Marković's family of having been Ustaše during World War II and by making the disparaging comment, "Take your deputy prime minister Dulić-Marković and let her bring her Ustaše to be her advisers [...] That is the same woman who has said that [Milošević's] government slaughtered and transported people in bloody containers, etc..." Krasić's comments were widely condemned; Serbian president Boris Tadić and others described them as hate speech, targeting the minister because of her ethnic origins, while G17 Plus sought to ban the Radical Party over the incident. Aleksandar Vučić, at the time the secretary-general of the Radical Party, responded that Krasić had referred to Ustaše in an ideological rather than an ethnic sense, and dismissed calls for an apology. Shortly after the incident, the Radical Party nominated Krasić as one of its choices for Serbia's delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, a decision that was strongly opposed by the governing parties. The National Assembly ultimately determined that Krasić's remarks did not violate its rule of procedure.  Krasić was again returned to parliament following the 2007 and 2008 elections, in both instances after receiving high positions on the Radical Party's electoral list. He served as part of Šešelj's legal team during this time. In 2008, he spoke at a rally opposing the extradition of former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić to The Hague.  The Radical Party experienced a serious split in late 2008, with several members joining the more moderate Serbian Progressive Party under Tomislav Nikolić's leadership. Krasić remained with the Radicals and was a prominent member of its hardline, pro-Šešelj faction. He was selected as chair of the parliamentary finance committee in January 2009, amidst the backdrop of a purging of former-Radicals-turned-Progressives from positions of committee leadership. At around the same time, he was chosen to be the leader of Šešelj's legal defence team. When Šešelj experienced serious health issues in custody in early 2012, Krasić said that the tribunal should end what he described as its "torture" of the Radical Party leader and permit him to return to Serbia.  In 2010, the Radical Party introduced a draft resolution to parliament recognizing and condemning the Armenian Genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire. At a press conference to announce the legislation, Krasić said, "Under pressure by the international community, some parties are trying to push through the Serbian parliament a resolution on Srebrenica, which would include the term genocide, although what happened in Srebrenica cannot be compared to the plight of Armenians or of over one million people in Rwanda."  Serbia's electoral system was reformed in 2011, such that parliamentary mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. Krasić received the fourth position on the Radical Party's list in the 2012 parliamentary election, but the party failed to cross the electoral threshold to win representation in the assembly. He was again included on the Radical list for the 2014 election, in which the party once again failed to win representation. During the buildup to the latter election, some had suggested the possibility of an alliance between the Radical Party and other right-wing, nationalist parties such as the Democratic Party of Serbia and Dveri. Krasić dismissed this view, arguing that the other parties were compromised by their willingness to co-operate with the European Union and NATO.  The Radicals returned to parliament with the 2016 election, winning twenty-two mandates. Krasić, who received the fifth position on the party's list, was accordingly re-elected. At the time of his death, he was a member of the parliamentary committee on constitutional and legislative issues; a member of the committee on finance, state budget, and control of public spending; and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with Iran and Israel. The Radical Party served in opposition throughout all of Krasić's terms in the assembly.

Death.

Krasić died on April 12, 2018, after a short illness.

Zoran Krasić (; 11 March 1956 – 12 April 2018) was a Serbian politician. He served several terms in the parliaments of both Yugoslavia and Serbia as a member of the nationalist far-right Serbian Radical Party and was Serbia's trade minister from 1998 to 2000.


History.

Kayno Yesno Slonce’s members changed at various occasions after 2006, regrouping around Veselin Mitev (from the band Isihia) who afterwards remained the only original member, although former members sometimes take part in stage performances.  Peter Delchev also initially joined Kayno Yesno Slonce as a parallel project to his participation in Isihia.  The popularity of their album from 2015 was partly due to the renewed concert activities around the country.  The name of the band is related both with the musical traditions imbedded in its music and those further explored by the musicians. It means literary “like a bright shining sun” or “like a serene sun”, a line from the traditional song "Vazpelo e pile". The comparison in the lyrics of that song is related with the shine of the swards of a group of Bulgarian rebels on the march.

Musical style and influences.

Although touring and recording have been sometimes interrupted, the group managed to preserve its characteristic style. The band blends traditional Bulgarian music, mostly from the Rhodopes region, with other mainly Eastern styles. It also draws on folklore of different Balkan countries but brings it closer to modernity. Some of the elements in it also suggest the tradition of countries in the Middle East, along with Church Slavonic motives and Medieval European music.  The drum driven polyrhythm melody line is accompanied by chanting, singing, howling and occasional yelling. Another feature is the nostalgic feeling of searching, somehow out of time and place, rarely in response to man's desires. In this music the quest for a personal truth and realization is revealed and sometimes interpreted as a symbolic journey, a lonely one, intimate, thoroughly lived and passionate.

Band members.

Current members Guest musicians

Kayno Yesno Slonce is a Bulgarian Ethnoambient band formed in 2003. Though tending to reach beyond mainstream culture and at some points acting as a counter to it and to commercial success, Kayno Yesno Slonce’s music was praised at several occasions by some of the most popular Bulgarian newspapers.


Early life.

Bembenek was the youngest of three girls born to Joseph and Virginia Bembenek in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 15, 1958. Joseph Bembenek had previously worked for the Milwaukee Police Department but quit after witnessing what he described as corruption within the department. He later worked as a carpenter.  Bembenek was raised a Roman Catholic and attended St. Augustine Elementary School and St. Mary's Academy in Milwaukee. She later transferred to Bay View High School where she graduated in 1976. Upon graduation, Bembenek attended Bryant & Stratton College, where she earned an associate degree in fashion merchandising management.

Career and marriage.

After college, Bembenek worked in retail and had a brief stint as a model. In 1978, she appeared as "Miss March" in a calendar distributed by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company.  In March 1980, Bembenek began training at the Milwaukee Police Academy. While still a trainee, an anonymous tipster reported that Bembenek was seen smoking marijuana at a party. Bembenek denied the charge which was investigated but never substantiated. Bembenek later said she believed the accusation was made by the wife of a Milwaukee police officer who confronted her at a party about her clothing and accused Bembenek of leading her husband on. Bembenek graduated from the Academy in the summer of 1980 and was assigned to the South Side Second District of Milwaukee. In her autobiography "Woman on the Run", Bembenek claimed that the Milwaukee Police Department was then composed of "brutal, lazy, apathetic and corrupt" police officers. She further claimed that female and minority officers were routinely subjected to harassment and abuse during training. Bembenek stated that when females and minorities trainees became members of the police force, they were often severely punished or fired for minor infractions during their probationary period while white male officers went unpunished for more serious offenses.  While training at the Milwaukee Police Academy, Bembenek met and became close with another female trainee, Judy Zess. At a rock concert in May 1980, Zess was arrested for smoking marijuana. Bembenek's subsequent dismissal from the police department on August 25 stemmed from her involvement in filing a false report on Zess' arrest. After being fired, Bembenek discovered photos of Milwaukee police officers dancing nude and semi-nude at a party sponsored by a local bar in Milwaukee's Riverwest district. She had also witnessed the wide-spread use of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs by several members of local law enforcement. Bembenek came across evidence that the metro-area drug kingpin at the time, the notorious Ron Peters, was supplying the drugs for recreational use to the police and to members of the Milwaukee Brewers major league baseball club, including Paul Molitor, the inside distributor for Peters with the Brewers. Molitor in a subsequent plea deal was forced to leave Milwaukee and join the Toronto Blue Jays. The Milwaukee district attorney mandated that Molitor remain absolutely drug free for any subsequent visits to Milwaukee, such as for baseball games. Peters was busted and jailed after long surveillance by the FBI, who staked out his lower flat along N. Sherman Blvd. by occupying the upper flat, having been granted permission by the two nurses who lived there at the time but worked on the south side at St. Luke's Hospital. The news media were called by the FBI to stage their reporters and cameras when the bust occurred, including vivid video in the darkness lit up by television lights as a tow truck hauled Peters' Porsche away to impound.  Bembenek had in her possession the scandalous photos of Schultz and other officers dancing nude on picnic tables in Gordon Park near one of their favorite hangouts, The Tracks tavern. She took the pictures to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission arguing that while she was fired for a minor infraction, the photos proved that other police officers committing more serious violations were not punished. The EEOC encouraged Bembenek to file a discrimination report with the Milwaukee Police Department internal affairs division. In the months following her firing, Bembenek briefly worked as a waitress at the Playboy Club in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.  Around that time, she met Elfred O. "Fred" Schultz, then a 13-year veteran of the Milwaukee Police Department. Schultz had two sons and had obtained a divorce from his first wife, Christine, in November 1980. Bembenek and Schultz were married in January 1981 in Waukegan, Illinois. At the time of the marriage, Bembenek was working as a personal trainer at a health club and was living in an apartment with Schultz, her friend Judy Zess and Zess' boyfriend Thomas D. Gaertner. Bembenek later got a job as a campus security officer at Marquette University.  In November 1981, Bembenek and Schultz were remarried after a judge ruled that the couple's marriage was invalid because Schultz had violated Wisconsin law by not waiting six months after his divorce from Christine to remarry.

Murder of Christine Schultz.

On May 28, 1981, at approximately 2:15am, Fred Schultz's ex-wife Christine was murdered in her Milwaukee home. Christine Schultz had been killed by a single.38 caliber pistol shot fired point-blank into her back and through her heart. She had been gagged and blindfolded and her hands were tied in front of her with rope. Her two sons, then 7 and 11 years old, found her face down on her bed and bleeding. The older boy, Sean, had seen the assailant and described him as a masked male figure in a green army jacket and black shoes. He also said the man had a long (approx. 6" or 15 cm) reddish-colored ponytail. Bembenek had dyed blonde hair, weighed 140 pounds and was.  At the time of her murder, Christine and Fred Schultz had been divorced six months. Fred Schultz initially stated he was on duty investigating a burglary with his partner, Michael Durfee, at the time of the murder, but years later he admitted they were actually drinking at a local bar. When ballistics testing allegedly revealed it was his off-duty revolver that had been the murder weapon, suspicion shifted to Laurie Bembenek, as she had been alone in the apartment she shared with Schultz and had access to both the gun and a key to Christine's house that Fred Schultz had secretly copied from his oldest son's house key. Bembenek was arrested for Christine Schultz's murder on June 24, 1981.  Fred Schultz had previously been exonerated in the fatal shooting of a Glendale, Wisconsin police officer on July 23, 1975. The Glendale officer, George Robert Sassan, had arrested a subject in a bar while off-duty. Milwaukee police officers, including Schultz, responded to the call in suburban Glendale (outside their jurisdiction), reportedly mistook Sassan for a suspect and shot him to death when he turned toward them, holding a gun. Schultz and his partner were cleared by the Milwaukee County District Attorney's Office in the shooting.

Trial and conviction.

Bembenek's trial generated tremendous publicity, and newspapers began referring to her as "Bambi" Bembenek (a nickname she disliked). The prosecution portrayed her as a loose woman addicted to expensive living who wanted Christine Schultz dead so that her new husband would no longer have to pay alimony. The prosecution pointed out that Bembenek also had financial problems. The prosecution claimed that Bembenek was the only person with the motive, means and opportunity to carry out the crime. The strongest evidence was two human hairs found at the crime scene, which matched ones taken from the hairbrush of the defendant. The gun used to kill Christine Schultz was Bembenek's husband's off-duty revolver. The prosecution claimed that Bembenek was the only person besides Fred Schultz who had access to this weapon. Blood was found on the gun. Bembenek supposedly also had access to a key to Christine Schultz's home. There were no signs of a break-in and no valuables taken. Schultz's eldest son, however, stated that Bembenek was not the person who had held up their house and shot his mother.  Witnesses testified that Bembenek had spoken often of killing Christine Schultz. The prosecution produced a witness who said Bembenek offered to pay him to carry out the murder. According to witnesses for the prosecution, Bembenek owned a green jogging suit similar to the one described by Schultz's son. It was pointed out that Bembenek owned a clothes line and a blue bandanna similar to what was used to bind and gag the victim. A wig found in the plumbing system of Bembenek's apartment matched fibers found at the murder scene. A boutique employee testified that Bembenek purchased such a wig shortly before the murder.  On March 9, 1982, Bembenek was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. She was imprisoned at the Taycheedah Correctional Institution in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

Post-trial publicity.

On June 28, 1983, Bembenek filed for divorce from Fred Schultz. In an interview she gave to "The Milwaukee Sentinel", Bembenek said that Schultz had written her a letter informing her that he was living with a 19-year-old woman in Florida and had decided to end their marriage. Their divorce was granted on June 19, 1984. While Schultz had initially stood by Bembenek and believed she was innocent, he later changed his mind and publicly stated that he believed she was "Guilty as sin." Bembenek also came to believe that Fred Schultz was guilty of hiring someone to murder Christine and allowed her to take the fall. The real murderer was Freddy Horenberger. He, along with an accomplice, had been questioned nearby days before the murder by a Milwaukee County Sheriffs Department deputy. Bembenek contended that the attorney whom Schultz had hired to represent her had a conflict of interest and had purposely failed to inform the jury that there was evidence that Schultz was connected to the murder.  After her imprisonment, Bembenek filed three unsuccessful appeals of her conviction citing police errors in handling of key evidence and the fact that one of the prosecution's witnesses, Judy Zess, had recanted her testimony, stating it was made under duress. Bembenek and her supporters also alleged that Milwaukee police may have singled her out for prosecution because of her role as a key witness in a federal investigation into police corruption. Bembenek's supporters suggested that Fred Schultz may have arranged to have someone else murder his ex-wife. One possible candidate was Frederick Horenberger, a career criminal who briefly worked with Schultz on a remodeling project and was a former boyfriend of Judy Zess. A disguised Horenberger had robbed and beaten Judy Zess several weeks prior to Christine Schultz's murder and would later serve a ten-year sentence for that crime.  According to a number of affidavits which emerged following Bembenek's conviction, Horenberger boasted of killing Schultz to other inmates while he was in jail. Yet publicly, Horenberger vehemently denied any involvement in the Schultz murder up until his alleged suicide in November 1991, following a robbery and hostage-taking stand-off in which he had been involved. Horenberger at the time of his death was actually on the telephone with a sibling and reported that he had surrendered his firearm at the behest of law enforcement officers on the scene. He declared that the police were entering the apartment where he was holed up, near S. 2nd St. and W. Layton Ave. in Milwaukee. Horenberger was providing instructions on what he wanted his sibling to do for his predicted upcoming jailing. Then shots, rang out. With his dying breath, Frederick Horenberger told his sibling that the Milwaukee Police had shot him in order to shut him up about his actually having had been the murderer of Christine Schultz, hired by Elfred "Fred" Schultz himself to do the deed. Horenberger had worked with Elfred while the two remodeled a tavern on Milwaukee's north side along W. Hampton Ave. near N. 76th St., where the two also conspired together to cook up the murder plan.  There were questions raised as to the accuracy of the information and the evidence used in the trial. Dr. Elaine Samuels, the medical examiner who conducted the autopsy, had originally concluded that hairs recovered from the body were consistent with that of the victim; after Dr. Samuels had come to that conclusion, the hair evidence was examined by Diane Hanson, a hair analyst from a crime lab in Madison, Wisconsin. Hanson stated that two of the hairs were consistent with samples taken from Laurie Bembenek's hairbrush. Dr. Samuels refuted that claim, stating in a 1983 letter, quoted in the "Toronto Star" in 1991, that "I recovered no blonde or red hairs of any length or texture... [A]ll of the hairs I recovered from the body were brown and were grossly identical to the hair of the victim... [I] do not like to suggest that evidence was altered in any way, but I can find no logical explanation for what amounted to the appearance of blonde hair in an envelope that contained no such hair at the time it was sealed by me."  The apartment where Bembenek and Fred Schultz lived shared drainage with another apartment. In the shared drainpipe was found a brownish-red wig which matched some of the hairs found on the victim's body. The woman who occupied the other apartment testified that Judy Zess had knocked on her door and asked to use her bathroom; after Zess used the woman's bathroom, the plumbing was clogged. Zess had also admitted to owning a brownish-red wig.  While in prison, Bembenek earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Parkside and helped found a prisoners' newspaper. She also met and became engaged to factory worker Dominic Guglietti, who was the brother of Bembenek's cellmate.

Escape and capture.

On July 15, 1990, Bembenek escaped through a laundry room window and was picked up by Guglietti. The couple were spotted two days after Bembenek's escape in Guglietti's truck in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. The abandoned truck was later found in a parking lot of a Target. Bembenek and Guglietti fled to Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, while sensational stories about their relationship swirled through American tabloids. Her escape also reignited publicity surrounding her case, and she became something of a folk hero. A song was written about her, and T-shirts were sold with the slogan "Run, Bambi, Run".  While on the run, Bembenek used the name "Jennifer Gazzana" and got a job working as a waitress. She also worked as a fitness instructor.  On October 17, 1990, the couple were arrested after a tourist saw a segment about Bembenek's escape on "America's Most Wanted". Guglietti was deported back to the United States a month later and was eventually sentenced to one year in prison for his role in the escape. Bembenek, however, sought refugee status in Canada, claiming that she was being persecuted by a conspiracy between the police department and the judicial system in Wisconsin. The Canadian government showed some sympathy for her case, and before returning her to Wisconsin, obtained a commitment that Milwaukee officials would conduct a judicial review of her case. The review did not find evidence of crimes by police or prosecutors, but detailed seven major police blunders which had occurred during the Christine Schultz murder investigation, and she won the right to a new trial.  Bembenek voluntarily returned to the United States on April 22, 1991. Rather than risk a second conviction, however, Bembenek pleaded no contest to second-degree murder during a hearing held on December 9, 1992. She was sentenced to 20 years which was commuted to time served. She was released from custody three hours after the hearing having served a little over ten years.

Life after prison.

Bembenek wrote a book about her experience, titled "Woman on Trial". After her release, she had various legal and personal problems. She was arrested again on marijuana possession charges and filed for bankruptcy, as well as developing hepatitis C and other health problems. She also admitted to being an alcoholic. She legally changed her name to Laurie Bembenek in July 1994.  In 1996, she moved to Washington state to be near her retired parents in Vancouver. There she met a local resident, U.S. Forest Service employee Marty Carson, whom she eventually married.  Bembenek was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, complicated by a growing addiction to alcohol. As a form of therapy, Carson encouraged her to devote time to her passion of painting. Bembenek had made paintings since childhood, and her early work had been the subject of an exhibition at UW–Milwaukee in 1992. Carson constructed a studio for her, and she eagerly returned to her art. After several years she had amassed about 30 paintings, which she put on display at a local art gallery. The gallery burned down in a fire and all the paintings were destroyed.  In 2002, Bembenek either fell or jumped from a second-story window, breaking her leg so badly that it had to be amputated below the knee. Bembenek claimed that she had been confined in an apartment by handlers for the "Dr. Phil" television show and was injured while attempting to escape.  Bembenek continued to insist she was innocent, but the Wisconsin Supreme Court refused to overturn her no contest plea, saying such a plea cannot be withdrawn. In April 2008, Bembenek filed a petition with the United States Supreme Court, seeking a reversal of the second murder conviction. Bembenek's attorney pointed to evidence not heard in the original trial, including ballistics tests matching the murder bullets to the gun owned by Fred Schultz, male DNA found on the victim, evidence the victim had been sexually assaulted and the eyewitness testimony of the two young sons who said they had seen a heavyset, masked man. Bembenek's petition argued the court needed to clarify whether defendants who plead guilty or no contest have an opportunity to review evidence comparable to the rights of those who plead not guilty. Her appeal was denied in June 2008.  Her case was the inspiration for two television movies and various books and articles portraying her as the victim of a miscarriage of justice. In 2004, MSNBC produced and aired a biography of Laurie Bembenek on their "Headliners and Legends" television show. Bembenek did not take part in the show. She was interviewed by WTMJ-TV anchor Mike Jacobs for a two-part sweeps interview that aired on that station's 10pm newscast on October 28 and 29, 2010.

Death.

On November 20, 2010, she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure.

Lawrencia Ann "Bambi" Bembenek (August 15, 1958 – November 20, 2010), known as Laurie Bembenek, was an American former police officer convicted of murdering her husband's ex-wife. Her story garnered national attention after she escaped from Taycheedah Correctional Institution and was recaptured in Canada, an episode which inspired books, movies and the slogan "Run, Bambi, Run". Upon winning a new trial, she pleaded no contest to second-degree murder and was sentenced to time served and ten years' probation in December 1992. Four years after, she sought to have the sentence overturned.


History.

Indigenous peoples.

Northern Paiute people were the first in the area, frequenting nearby mountains and streambeds to find or follow food sources. When early settlers arrived, conflict developed over local resources, eventually escalating to the Snake War. The conflict lasted from 1864 to 1868 and left two thirds of the Paiutes dead, with those that remained sent to a reservation.

Early settlement.

Non-native settlement in the area was largely driven by the 1863 discovery of gold along Jordan Creek by a group of prospectors camping in the area. Soon after, the area was named Jordan Valley after Michael M. Jordan, one of the men in the group. Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, the son of Sacagawea, was among the early miners who came to the area.  Another miner named Silas Skinner organized a small team and built a road to more easily access Jordan Creek. The road passed through the current-day location of Jordan Valley, which soon became a pack station where miners would wait for snow to melt enough to access the mining area. The town also served as a rest stop for those travelling between larger mining towns such as Silver City, Ruby City, and De Lamar. A post office opened in 1867 in the cabin of John Baxter, one of the first permanent residents of Jordan Valley. Skinner operated his toll road until 1878, when the Owyhee County Commissioners took over responsibility for all roads in the area. He then settled in Jordan Valley and opened the Skinner Ranch.

Economic transition.

When mining declined in the area and populations of boomtowns like Silver City dwindled around 1875, residents of Jordan Valley survived by transitioning to ranching. By 1867, 11 ranches were operating locally. In 1888, there were an estimated 100,000 head of cattle in the area. Ranching supported continuing growth of the community until the Great Depression struck in 1929. This financial hardship, coupled with the remoteness of the town (and subsequent lack of law enforcement) made bootlegging grow in popularity during the last few years of Prohibition.

Basque immigration.

Many Basque immigrants came to Jordan Valley, starting around 1889 with the arrival of José Navarro and Antone Azcuenaga. Local oral history claims that before long, the Basques comprised around two thirds of the population of the town. A pelota court, known as the Pelota Fronton, was built in 1915, and still stands as a historic landmark. The Basques also constructed several sandstone buildings, including three boarding houses, and (with the help of local Irish immigrants) the St. Bernard's Catholic Church, which can still be seen today. Basque immigration to the area slowed with the passing of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, which favored cattle ranching over sheep, the Basques' preferred livestock.

Declining population.

Jordan Valley's population steadily dwindled after the 1920s, with the only notable growth being correlated with the 1977 opening of the DeLamar Mine, and its reopening by the Kinross Gold Corporation in 1993, when the population grew from 376 to 446. The mine closed in 1999, and by 2016, the population of Jordan Valley had dwindled to around 175. In 2017, Integra Resources Corporation purchased the mine, but as of 2019, is still in the process of researching and planning future silver mining operations for the site.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.  Jordan Valley's most prominent geographical landmark is the blunt plateau across Jordan Creek and adjacent to town, Pharmacy Hill.  Jordan Valley's main occupations are cattle ranching and sheep herding. People in those occupations typically live far from town on homesteads, but use Jordan Valley as their cultural and economic center. People within Jordan Valley primarily provide a number of services to tourists passing through on U.S. Route 95, which is the primary road from Boise, Idaho to Reno, Nevada.  Jordan Valley is known for its excellent hunting and fishing as well as its proximity to Jordan Craters, an extinct volcanic field. Other popular areas nearby include Leslie Gulch, Cow Lakes, Antelope Reservoir, and Three Forks to the south.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 181 people, 94 households, and 53 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 149 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 3.3% Native American, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population.  There were 94 households, of which 17.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.6% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.45.  The median age in the city was 55.9 years. 14.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.7% were from 25 to 44; 38.1% were from 45 to 64; and 32% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 239 people, 109 households, and 66 families residing in the city. The population density was 114.6 people per square mile (44.4/km). There were 140 housing units at an average density of 67.2 per square mile (26.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.72% White, 0.42% Asian, 0.42% Pacific Islander, 1.67% from other races, and 3.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.09% of the population.  There were 109 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.85.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 30.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $25,313, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $16,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,501. About 13.5% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under the age of 18 and 8.9% of those 65 or over.

Education.

Jordan Valley is served by the Jordan Valley School District, including Jordan Valley High School.

Jordan Valley is a city in Malheur County, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Ontario, OR–ID Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies along Jordan Creek, a tributary of the Owyhee River; the creek is named for a 19th-century prospector, Michael M. Jordan. The population was 181 at the 2010 census.


Teams.

Nineteen teams were invited to start the race. These included three UCI WorldTeams, 11 UCI Professional Continental teams and five UCI Continental teams.

Classification leadership table.

In the 2018 Tour of Croatia, four different jerseys were awarded. The general classification was calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers at intermediate sprints (three seconds to first, two seconds to second and one second to third) and at the finish of mass-start stages; these were awarded to the first three finishers on all stages: the stage winner won a ten-second bonus, with six and four seconds for the second and third riders respectively. The leader of the classification received a red jersey; it was considered the most important of the 2018 Tour of Croatia, and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race. Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a blue jersey. In the points classification, cyclists received points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. For winning a stage, a rider earned 25 points, with 20 for second, 16 for third, 14 for fourth, 12 for fifth, 10 for sixth and a point fewer per place down to 1 point for 15th place. Points towards the classification could also be accrued – awarded on a 5–3–1 scale – at intermediate sprint points during each stage; these intermediate sprints also offered bonus seconds towards the general classification as noted above.  There was also a mountains classification, the leadership of which was marked by a green jersey. In the mountains classification, points towards the classification were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists. Each climb was categorised as either hors, first, second, or third-category, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The fourth and final jersey represented the classification for young riders, marked by a white jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders born after 1 January 1996 were eligible to be ranked in the classification. There was also a classification for teams, in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time.

The 2018 Tour of Croatia was a road cycling stage race that took place in Croatia between 17 and 22 April 2018. It was the fourth edition of the Tour of Croatia since its revival in 2015, and was rated as a 2.HC event as part of the 2018 UCI Europe Tour.


Early life and education.

Born 1942, in Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath was the daughter of Rupert and Gladys Bath. Her father was an immigrant from Trinidad, a newspaper columnist, a merchant seaman and the first black man to work for the New York City Subway as a motorman. Her father inspired her love for culture and encouraged her to explore different cultures. Her mother was descended from African slaves and Cherokee Native Americans.Throughout her childhood, Bath was often told by her parents to "never settle for less than [her] best" and had been encouraged by their support of her education. Her mother, encouraging her dreams and love of science, had bought her her first chemistry set. Gladys Bath decided to be a homemaker while her children were young, then later became a housekeeper to help fund the education of her children. Patricia and her brother attended Charles Evans Hughes High School where both students excelled in science and math. Patricia was inspired by her teachers to pursue research.In high school, Bath also was further encouraged in biology courses to explore her love of science, spending extra time in biology labs to learn more.  Inspired by Albert Schweitzer's work in medicine, Bath applied for and won a National Science Foundation Scholarship while attending high school; this led her to a research project at Yeshiva University and Harlem Hospital Center studying connections between cancer, nutrition, and stress.In this summer program, led by Rabbi Moses D. Tendler, Bath had studied the effects of streptomycin residue on bacteria. Through this, she was able to conclude that cancer, itself, was a catabolic disease and tumor growth was a symptom. She had also discovered a mathematical equation that could be used to predict cancer cell growth. The head of the research program realized the significance of her findings and published them in a scientific paper. Her discoveries were also shared at the International Fifth Congress of Nutrition in the fall of 1960.  In 1960, at the age of eighteen years old, Bath won a "Merit Award" of "Mademoiselle" magazine for her contribution to the project.  Bath received her Bachelor of Arts in chemistry from Manhattan's Hunter College in 1964. She then relocated to Washington, D.C. to attend Howard University College of Medicine. Her freshman year at Howard coincided with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. She co-founded the Student National Medical Association and became its first woman president in 1965. At Howard, she was awarded a Children's Bureau National Government Fellowship Award to do research in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in the summer of 1967, where her research focused on pediatric surgery. The highlight of the award ceremony was the meeting of Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, at the US Embassy in Belgrade. Bath graduated with honors from Howard University College of Medicine in 1968. She was awarded the Edwin Watson Prize for Excellence in Ophthalmology by her mentor, Lois A. Young.  The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 caused Bath to dedicate herself to achieving one of the dreams of King, namely the empowerment of people through the Poor People's Campaign. She organized and led Howard University medical students in providing volunteer health care services to the Poor People's Campaign in Resurrection City in the summer of 1968.  Bath returned to her Harlem community and interned at Harlem Hospital Center, which had just become affiliated with Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. During her internship, she observed large proportions of blind patients at Harlem Hospital in comparison to patients at the Columbia University Eye Clinic. Prior to beginning her ophthalmology residency study at NYU in 1970, she was awarded a one-year fellowship from Columbia University to study and contribute to eye care services at Harlem Hospital. She began to collect data on blindness and visual impairment at Harlem Hospital, which did not have any ophthalmologists on staff. Her data and passion for improvement persuaded her professors from Columbia to operate on blind patients, without charge, at Harlem Hospital Center, which had not previously offered eye surgery. Bath was proud to be on the Columbia team that performed the first eye surgery at Harlem Hospital in November 1969.  She served her residency in ophthalmology at New York University, from 1970 to 1973, the first African American to do so.She also got married and had a daughter, Eraka, in 1972.

Career.

After completing her residency at NYU, Bath began a Corneal fellowship program at Columbia University, which focused on corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis surgery (1973 to 1974). While a fellow, she was recruited by both the UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute and Charles R. Drew University to co-found an ophthalmology residency program at Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital. She then began her career in Los Angeles, becoming the first woman ophthalmologist on the faculty at Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA. She was appointed assistant chief of the King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program in 1974, and was appointed chief in 1983.  At both institutions, she rose to the rank of associate professor. At UCLA, she founded the Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program (OATP) in 1978. The graduates of the OATP are key personnel to provide screening, health education, and support for blindness prevention strategies.  While at UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, she established the Keratoprosthesis Program to provide advanced surgical treatment for blind patients. The program continues today as the KPRO and thousands of patients have had their eyesight restored with this innovative technology. Based on her research and achievements with keratoprosthesis, Bath was chosen to lead the first national keratoprosthesis study in 1983.  In 1983, Bath was appointed Chair of the KING-DREW-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program, becoming the first woman in the US to head an ophthalmology residency program.  While at UCLA, Dr. Bath had wanted to pursue research, though being denied the grants and resources by the National Institutes of Health and the National Eye Institute. It was then she had decided to look further for the best laboratories in the world, to support her plans for innovation in the world of ophthalmology. In 1986, Bath elected to take a sabbatical from clinical and administrative responsibilities and concentrate on research. She resigned her position as chair of ophthalmology and followed her research pursuits as visiting professor at centers of excellence in France, England and Germany. In France, she served as visiting professor at the Rothschilde Eye Institute of Paris with Director, Daniele Aron-Rosa. In England, she served as visiting professor with Professor Emmony at the Loughborough Institute of Technology. In Germany, she served as visiting professor at the University of Free Berlin and the laser medical center.  In 1993, she retired from UCLA, which subsequently elected her the first woman on its honorary staff.  She served as a professor of ophthalmology at Howard University's School of Medicine and as a professor of telemedicine and ophthalmology at St. Georges University ophthalmology training program. Being a strong advocate for telemedicine, Dr. Bath had supported the innovation of virtual labs, as a part of the curriculum in ophthalmology residency training programs, to provide surgeons with more realistic experience, made possible by 3D imaging. In an article written by Dr. Bath, in the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, she had proven that with better training and supervision in residency programs, students were able to achieve better results in their surgeries, leading to greater visual acuity.  Bath has lectured internationally and authored over 100 papers.

Blindness studies and community ophthalmology.

Based on her observations at Harlem Hospital, Bath published the first scientific paper showing the higher prevalence of blindness among Blacks. Bath also found that African American people had eight times higher prevalence of glaucoma as a cause of blindness.  Based on her research, she pioneered the worldwide discipline of "community ophthalmology" in 1976 after observations of epidemics rates of preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in the US as well as under-served populations in "third-world" countries. Community ophthalmology was described as a new discipline in medicine promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs utilizing methodologies of public health, community medicine and ophthalmology to bring necessary eye care to under-served populations.

Humanitarian Work.

Dr. Bath's main humanitarian efforts can be seen through her work at The American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Co-founded in 1976 with Dr. Alfred Cannon, an American psychiatrist and community organizer, and Dr. Aaron Ifekwunigwe, a Nigerian-born pediatrician and human rights advocate, this organization had been created on the principle that "eyesight was a basic human right." Through this organization, Bath was able to spread eye care throughout the globe by providing newborns with free eye drops, vitamins for malnourishment, and vaccinations against diseases that can cause blindness, like measles. Dr. Bath was able to spend her time as director traveling the world performing surgeries, teaching and lecturing at colleges. Dr. Bath claims her "personal best moment" was while she was in North Africa and using keratoprosthesis, was able to restore the sight of a woman who been blind for over 30 years.  Through this organization, Dr. Bath traveled to Tanzania in 2005, where cataracts had become the lead cause of childhood blindness during this time. In Africa, the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness provided computers and other digital resources for visually impaired students, specifically at the Mwereni School for the Blind in Tanzania and St. Oda School for the Visually Impaired in Kenya.  Dr.Bath was also recognized for her philanthropic work in the field of ophthalmology by President Barack Obama. In 2009, she was on stage with President Obama and was put on his commission for digital accessibility to blind children.  In April 2019, Dr. Bath testified in a hearing called the "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" at the Senate Office Building in Washington D.C., where Bath had shown the gender disparities in the STEM field and lack of female inventors.

Inventions.

In 1986, Bath did research in the laboratory of Danièle Aron-Rosa, a pioneer researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschilde Eye Institute of Paris, and then at the Laser Medical Center in Berlin, where she was able to begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her first experiment with excimer laser photoablation using human eye bank eyes.  Bath coined the term "Laser phaco" for the process, short for laser PHotoAblative Cataract surgery, and developed the laserphaco probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". The device was completed in 1986 after Bath conducted research on lasers in Berlin and patented in 1988, making her the first African-American woman to receive a patent for a medical purpose. The device — which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the cataract with a laser, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new lens — is used internationally to treat the disease. Bath has continued to improve the device and has successfully restored vision to people who have been unable to see for decades.  Bath holds five patents in the United States. Three of Bath's five patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe. In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method for using pulsed ultrasound to remove cataracts, and in 2003 a patent for combining laser and ultrasound to remove cataracts.

Death.

Bath died on May 30, 2019, at a University of California, San Francisco medical center from cancer-related complications, aged 76.

Honors and awards.

Dr. Bath had also been a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons from 1976 to 1989, a fellow of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, as well as a member of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.  Bath has been honored by two of her universities. Hunter College placed her in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard University declared her a "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" in 1993. A picture book on her life and work in science was published in 2017, and was cited by both the National Science Teachers Association and the Chicago Public Library's list of best children's books of the year.

References.

Notes

Patricia Era Bath (November 4, 1942 – May 30, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, inventor, humanitarian, and academic. She was an early pioneer of laser cataract surgery. She also became first woman member of the Jules Stein Eye Institute, first woman to lead a post-graduate training program in ophthalmology, and first woman elected to the honorary staff of the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American person to serve as a resident in ophthalmology at New York University. She was also the first African-American woman to serve on staff as a surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose. The holder of five patents, she also founded the non-profit American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in Washington, D.C.


History.

The first known European to visit the area was Spanish explorer Melchor Díaz. He documented his travels in present-day northwestern Mohave County in 1540. He recounts meeting a large population of natives who referred to themselves as the "Pipa Aha Macav," meaning "People by the River". From "Aha Macav" came the shortened name "Mojave" (also spelled "Mohave"). The tribe retains the traditional Spanish spelling "Mojave," but most English speakers use the modern English spelling "Mohave." Both are correct, and both are pronounced "Moh-"hah"-vee".  Named Camp Colorado, the fort was established by the US to provide protection for emigrants to California through Northern Arizona on the Beale's Wagon Road and across the Mojave Desert on the Mojave Road. It was also used as a base of military operations against the Mohave people.  The post was renamed Fort Mohave on April 28, 1859 by its first garrison commander Captain Lewis A. Armistead. With 50 soldiers he defeated 200 Mohave in a battle in the summer of 1859, and ended hostilities with them. Two years later after the start of the American Civil War, Brigadier General Edwin V. Sumner ordered the post abandoned and the buildings burned down on May 28, 1861 in order to withdraw the regular troops to garrison Los Angeles against an anticipated secessionist uprising. Later that year the regulars were sent east to serve with the Union in the Civil War.  On May 19, 1863, the post was rebuilt and re-garrisoned by companies B and I of the 4th California Infantry; they were assigned to protect the travelers along the Mohave and Prescott road. The Infantry successfully cultivated friendly relations with the Mojave Indians. These volunteer soldiers also took up prospecting and established mining claims in the area; they did not want to leave, and many returned after being mustered out after the end of the Civil War.  Fort Mohave was garrisoned again by regular United States Army troops until September 29, 1890, when the War Department transferred the land to the Office of Indian Affairs by order of President Benjamin Harrison. The buildings were used as the site of a boarding school for Native American children, where for decades students were required to use English and give up native traditions in an effort to assimilate them to the mainstream culture. After closing the school during the Great Depression, the Office of Indian Affairs transferred the property to the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. The buildings were not maintained; the ruins of the fort are controlled by the state of Arizona as a tourist attraction.

Fort Mohave was originally named Camp Colorado when it was established on April 19, 1859 by Lieutenant Colonel William Hoffman during the Mohave War. It was located on the east bank of the Colorado River, at Beale's Crossing, near the head of the Mohave Valley in Mohave County, Arizona by the recommendation of Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale. After the end of the Indian Wars, the fort was transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1890. In 1935 it was transferred to the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation; the fort is administered by the state of Arizona.


Geography.

Thawville is located in western Iroquois County at (40.673903, -88.113296). Illinois Route 54 passes through the southeast side of the village, leading northeast to Onarga and southwest the same distance to Roberts.  According to the 2010 census, Thawville has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 258 people, 102 households, and 74 families residing in the village. The population density was 797.4 people per square mile (311.3/km2). There were 111 housing units at an average density of 343.1 per square mile (133.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.12% White, 0.39% Asian, 3.10% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.04% of the population.  There were 102 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the village, the population was spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $39,659, and the median income for a family was $43,906. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $17,222 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,149. About 4.2% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 11.4% of those sixty five or over.

Thawville is a village in Ridgeland Township, Iroquois County, Illinois, United States. The population was 241 at the 2010 census. The town is south of Chicago.


History.

Danforth was laid out in 1872 when the railroad was extended to that point. It mainly started out with most of the population being farmers and their families. The village was named for its founder, George M. Danforth.

Geography.

Danforth is located in northwestern Iroquois County at (40.820929, -87.979278). U.S. Route 45 passes through the center of the village, leading north to Ashkum and south the same distance to Gilman.  According to the 2010 census, Danforth has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 587 people, 202 households, and 131 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,230.8 people per square mile (472.2/km2). There were 217 housing units at an average density of 455.0 per square mile (174.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.47% White, 0.17% Asian, 0.34% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.53% of the population.  There were 202 households out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.01.  In the village, the population was spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 32.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.4 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $35,341, and the median income for a family was $48,125. Males had a median income of $31,786 versus $23,036 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,754. About 1.5% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Danforth is a village in Danforth Township, Iroquois County, Illinois, United States. The population was 604 at the 2010 census.


College career.

For his first three years at Northeastern, he played a supporting role behind Quincy Ford and David Walker. In his senior year, he was named CAA Player of the Year. Williams led the conference in scoring at 21.6 points per game and was second in Division I in minutes per game with 38.1. He had a career-high 33 points against CAA regular-season champ UNC-Wilmington on February 16.

Professional career.

Greensboro Swarm (2017–2018).

After going undrafted in the 2017 NBA Draft, Williams was signed by the Charlotte Hornets to their training camp roster on August 2, 2017, but was released on October 13 as one of the team's final preseason roster cuts. Ten days later, he signed with the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League as an affiliate player, playing in 37 games and averaging 8.8 points, 2.5 rebounds and 2.8 assists in 19.2 minutes.

Santeros de Aguada (2018).

On May 18, 2018, Williams signed with Santeros de Aguada of the Puerto Rican BSN. Three days later, Williams recorded a career-high 24 points in his debut, along with four rebounds and seven assists in a 123–116 loss to Capitanes de Arecibo.

Oostende (2018–2019).

On July 5, 2018 Williams signed a two-year contract with Oostende of the Belgian Pro Basketball League. On January 22, 2019, Williams recorded a season-high 21 points, shooting 7-of-14 from the field, along with three rebounds in an 82–62 win over Medi Bayreuth. In 49 games played for Oostende, he averaged 11.3 points, 2.3 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game. Williams won the 2019 Belgian League Championship with Oostende, as well as reaching the 2019 FIBA Europe Cup Quarterfinals, where they eventually were eliminated by Pallacanestro Varese.

Hapoel Be'er Sheva (2019–present).

On July 8, 2019, Williams signed a one-year deal with Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Premier League. On October 12, 2019, Williams tied his career-high 24 points in his second game with Be'er Sheva. He shot 9-of-15 from the field, along with four assists in a 69–75 loss to Maccabi Rishon LeZion.

T. J. Williams (born October 26, 1994) is an American basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Premier League. He played in college for Northeastern University before playing professionally in the NBA G League, Puerto Rico, Belgium and Israel.


Composition and lyrical interpretation.

"She Bangs" is a dance song that features Latin music influences and lasts for four minutes and forty-two seconds. According to Alfred Publishing Company's digital sheet music for the single, "She Bangs" is composed in the key of F# minor and set in common time signature, and has a groove of 142 beats per minute. Martin's vocals span from the low note of D to the high note of F. The song's instrumentation features powerful percussion, trumpet blasts and tropical beats. Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that the single starts with a "teasing snatch" of a "sputtering" Spanish guitar, before the disco beats start. They are followed by "equally inevitable driving" horn section, similar to the one on Martin's 1999 single "Livin' la Vida Loca". Lyrically, "She Bangs" is similar to the singer's previous singles, "María" (1995) and "Livin la Vida Loca; it tells a "tale of a wild woman who may be hard to let go and even harder to hold." "Billboard"'s reviewer stated that the song's lyrics are "insane" and that make cynics bark in a triumph, "Talk to me, tell me the news/ You'll wear me out like a pair of shoes/We'll dance until the band goes home/Then you're gone, yeah baby."

Critical reception.

The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. A reviewer of "Billboard" magazine praised the song and wrote that "She Bangs" is "simply manic with exuberance and energy", being designed to ignite the flavor of Martin's 1999 number-one single "Livin' la Vida Loca". According to him, the single is just what the radio needed at the moment, a "summertime smash" in the fall season. Similarly, Allison Stewart of "Chicago Tribune" called the song "glamorous" but thought that it replicates the former. Sean Piccoli and Lawrence A. Johnson of "Sun-Sentinel" agreed with Stewart and noted that the resemblance of the song is a result of both songs being produced by Rosa. They further noted that the song's credits include a personnel consisted of 34 people, "The life of any serious party knows: It's all about the entourage".  Geoff Boucher of "Los Angeles Times" noted that the erotic images of the song and its accompanying music video are "up a notch" from his previous lead single "Livin' la Vida Loca" "and will likely do no harm to Martin's hunk status". In a review of "Sound Loaded", "Orlando Sentinel"'s Jim Abbott labeled "She Bangs" and "Loaded" as "bon-bon shakers" referencing Martin's 1999 single "Shake Your Bon-Bon". Jose F. Promis of AllMusic concluded by calling the song "electrifying" and stated that is arguably one of best songs of the 2000s. At the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2001, "She Bangs" earned Martin a nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. "She Bangs" was recognized as the one of the best-performing pop songs at the 2002 BMI Pop Awards. At the 16th Annual International Dance Music Awards, presented in 2001, the single won the award for Best Latin 12".

Commercial performance.

"She Bangs" was released to radio stations on September 22, 2000. On October 29, 2000, "She Bangs" debuted and peaked at number three on the Australian Singles Chart. It spend six weeks in the top-ten of the chart, before slowly started declining on it. It stayed for a total of 15 weeks. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) denoting shipments of over 70,000 copies in the country alone. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 31 on the singles chart, on October 15. The next week the song reached number 16, before reaching its final peak of two on December 3. It stayed on the chart for a total of 15 weeks. In the United Kingdom, "She Bangs" reached a peak of number three on November 4; similarly as in the previous nations charts it stayed on the chart for 15 weeks. It was later certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies in the country. In Continental Europe, it was most successful on the Italian and the Swedish Singles Chart where it peaked at number one. Additionally, it was certified gold by the Swedish Recording Industry Association (GLF) denoting sales of over 15,000 copies in the country. It was also successful in Spain where it peaked at number two, it reached number three in Finland, number four in Norway, and number seven in Switzerland. In Latin America, the song peaked at number nine in Guatemala, number five in Nicaragua, and number one in Uruguay. The song also reached number one in Argentina, Chile, Hong Kong, and South Africa.  In the United States, "She Bangs" debuted at number 38 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. After several weeks on the chart it reached its peak of number 12. As of January 2011, the single has sold over 152,000 digital copies in the country alone and it is Martin's second best-selling single, only behind "Livin' la Vida Loca". It was more successful on the Hot Latin Songs chart and the Tropical Songs chart where it reached peaks of number one and became his fifth number-one song on the former chart. It also peaked at number two on the Latin Pop Songs chart and number eight on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. On the Adult Top 40 and Hot Dance Club Songs, "She Bangs" peaked at number 24 and 27 respectively. The single was more successful in Canada, where it reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart. The song experienced moderate chart success in Japan, where it peaked at number 58.

Music video.

Development and synopsis.

The music video for "She Bangs" was directed by Wayne Isham and shot at the Atlantis Paradise Island hotel in the Bahamas. Isham has worked on some of Martin's previous videos including "La Copa de la Vida" (1998) and "Shake Your Bon-Bon". The singer described the concept of the video to-be as part of a trilogy with "María" and "Livin' la Vida Loca", "with this girl who drives me crazy because she's crazy, she won't talk to me or tell me her name". Martin told Univision he envisioned the video taking place in Atlantis and felt the Bahamas was the perfect place to film the video. Jamie King helped with the creative direction of the video and over 100 people was involved with the production of the film. A body double for Martin was used during the scenes with sharks. The Spanish version of the music video premiered on September 26, 2000 for the Hispanophone market while the English version debuted on MTV's "Making the Video" the following day.  The video begins with a group of women on a beach at night swimming to an underwater nightclub with Martin following them. Martin explained that the filming the scene was hard for him because he had to resist without taking air for a long time; also he had to mime the lyrics without blowing bubbles of his mouth. Upon entering the nightclub Martin proceeds to sing "She Bangs" while dancing with the people in the club with several scenes resembling an orgy. In one scene, Martin sees himself being seduced by mermaids and is later taken into a closet where he dances erotically with several women. Near the end of the video, Martin spills a bottle of water on himself and the people nearby him. The video concludes with him returning to the surface at daylight.

Reception and controversy.

The explicit sexual scenes received criticism from the audience; several American television station cut the scenes when airing the video. According to "Daily Record"'s John Dingwall with the video the singer ditched his teen idol image with a transformation to more mature one. The video was consequently banned in several Latin American countries such as the Dominican Republic. Martin told MTV News that the video represented freedom rather than his sexuality. At the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards in 2001, Martin and Isham won the award for Best Short Form Music Video. In the same year, it was the Video of the Year at the 13th Lo Nuestro Awards.

Live performances.

Martin performed "She Bangs" live at the 2000 "Billboard" Music Awards. To promote the song in Mexico, Martin performed it on the television programs "Al Fin de Semana" and "Otro Rollo". During the 2000 MTV Europe Music Awards, Martin was accompanied by underwater dancers in tanks as he sings "She Bangs". In his only North American concert in 2001, "She Bangs" was one of the songs Martin performed during the annual Wango Tango in Los Angeles. In the same year, it was sung by Martin at the 43rd Annual TV Week Logie Awards. The song was included in the set list for the 2011 Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour and his 2013 Australian Tour.

Cover versions.

"She Bangs" has been covered by several contestants on various music talent shows. Ronny B performed "She Bangs" on season three of "America's Got Talent". His rendition was rendition was poorly received with David Hasselhoff remarking that he had zero talent" and was immediately eliminated afterwards.

William Hung version.

William Hung gained notoriety when he auditioned for the third season of "American Idol". Hung was strongly criticized for his singing and dancing. Simon Cowell interrupted his audition and asked him, "You can’t sing, you can’t dance, so what do you want me to say?" Despite the negative reception, Hung gained a following his performance and signed on to Koch Entertainment. Hung recorded his cover of "She Bangs" on his debut album "Inspiration" (2004) which was panned by music critics. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine writes that Hung "sang it as if the song meant something to him even though he didn't understand the words, which gave the Berkeley civil engineering student innocence or, to some of his harsher critics, the appearance of being mildly retarded." Chris Carle of IGN called it the "best track but that's like saying a tetanus shot is the best kind of injection you can get." Clem Bestow wrote for "Stylus Magazine" that Hung performance of the song was "like a tone-deaf taxi driver and dancing like an epileptic octopus". When Martin was asked about his thoughts on Hung's cover, he replied: "William, keep up the good work buddy!" The music video for Hung's version was directed by Jeff Richter and filmed in Los Angeles.

Credits and personnel.

Recording  Personnel  Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Sound Loaded", Columbia Records.

"She Bangs" is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his sixth studio album, "Sound Loaded" (2000). It was written by and produced by Desmond Child, Walter Afanasieff, and Robi Draco Rosa, with additional writing from Glenn Monroig, Julia Sierra and Daniel López. It was released as the lead single from the album on September 23, 2000. "She Bangs" is a dance song with Latin music influences, while the lyrics see Martin wanting to hold on to a woman. It received positive reviews from music critics who noted similarities with Martin's previous single "Livin' la Vida Loca", and received a Grammy nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Commercially, the song peaked at number one in Italy and Switzerland and reached the top five in several countries in Europe.


History.

In 1991, Azerbaijani Internal Troops was founded based on the decree of the president and later in 1994 activity areas of Internal Troops were determined by the law of the country on the Status of Internal Troops. 12 March is defined as a "Day of Internal Troops" by presidential decree dated 9 March 1995.

Roles.

According to law, the Internal Troops perform the following tasks:

Main Department of Internal Troops.

This department is considered as a main structural unit in order to preserve governmental and civil interests of the country. In accordance with the article 11 of the law on the Issues of Internal Troops, the main department of the Internal Troops is led by the commander of internal troops. Internal Troops of Azerbaijan cooperates with the same bodies of several countries such as China, the US, and Turkey.  The period for the military service is eighteen months but for undergraduates, this period is defined as a year.

Military Council.

Military Council acts within the Main Department of Internal Troops on the basis of statue accepted by the president. The council consists of the commander of internal troops, chief of headquarter and deputy directors of commander. However, other officials of the main department include the military council.

Commander of Internal Troops.

Commander of Internal Troops is a deputy director of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the chairman of the staff of internal troops. The main responsibilities of the commander are leading of the internal troops, providing the preparation of mobilization and effective implementation of officers’ duties. Furthermore, according to the article 10, the commander is considered as a decision maker relating to the issues of internal troops.  Shahin Mammedov is a commander of Internal Troops in Azerbaijan since 2013. He is ranked a lieutenant-general in accordance with the presidential decree dated 11 March 2015.

High Military School of Internal Troops.

High Military School of Internal Troops of Azerbaijan was created in accordance with the presidential decree dated 25 February 2011 on the base of the Vocational Military School of the Internal Troops. Regulation of the military school was confirmed by the presidential decree in 2012. High Military School of Internal Troops is situated in Baku and led by Ilqar Mammadov.  Military School is responsible for preparing special-military educated personnel, improving specialties of military officers and implementing scientific-investigation issues. Educational duration is four years and trainings and subjects are defined relating to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) that guarantees academic recognition of studies abroad. The High Military School gives two specialties to the graduates such as, military and civil specialty. "High Special-Military Educated Military Officer" is a military specialty and "Physical Education and Initial Preparation Teacher" is a civil specialty. At the same time graduates gain both bachelor's degree and lieutenant military rank.

Gala training regiment.

The training regiment acts on the basis of the training center of internal troops since 2003. NATO standards are applied to the educational system. Three types of training courses are arranged at the regiment such as, half-yearly preparation courses, quarterly improvement courses for officer and Warrant officers and a month academy courses. More than 930 military officers and warrant officers have passed military courses at the Gala Training Regiment respectively, 527 and 406 Servicemen.

The Internal Troops of Azerbaijan () also known as Interior Troops or Interior Guard is the uniformed gendarmerie-like force in Azerbaijan. Internal Troops are subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan (the police authority of the country) The Internal Troops are the descendant of the Soviet Union's Internal Troops, and are used to deal with internal emergencies such as natural disasters, restoring public order, internal armed conflicts and to safeguard important facilities. During wartime, the Internal Troops fall under the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijani Land Forces and fulfill tasks of local defense and security.


Gran Canaria (Parliament of the Canary Islands constituency)

Electoral system.

The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands of 1982 and was first contested in the 1983 regional election. The Statute provides for the seven main islands in the Canarian archipelago—El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Lanzarote and Tenerife—to be established as multi-member districts in the Parliament of the Canary Islands. Each constituency is allocated a fixed number of seats: 3 for El Hierro, 8 for Fuerteventura—7 until 2018—15 for Gran Canaria, 4 for La Gomera, 8 for La Palma, 8 for Lanzarote and 15 for Tenerife.  Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Canary Islands and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Canarian citizens abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (). Seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 15 percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots; until a 1997 reform, the threshold was set at 20 percent; between 1997 and 2018, it was set at 30 percent—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Alternatively, parties can also enter the seat distribution as long as they reach four percent regionally—three percent until 1997, six percent between 1997 and 2018.  The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.

Gran Canaria is one of the seven constituencies () represented in the Parliament of the Canary Islands, the regional legislature of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands. The constituency currently elects 15 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the island of Gran Canaria. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of fifteen percent in the constituency or four percent regionally.


Career.

McGlashan spent his youth career with Celtic Boys Club. He signed for Dundee at the start of the 1982-83 season, where he stayed for 18 months and scored one goal in 11 league appearances. McGlashan signed for Dunfermline Athletic midway through the 1983-84 season, where he stayed for 6 months and scored one goal in 16 league appearances.  McGlashan signed for Cowdenbeath at the start of the 1984-85 season, where he stayed for 2 years and scored 27 goals in 60 league appearances. He signed for Clyde at the start of the 1986-87 season, where he stayed for 4 years and scored 48 goals in 140 league appearances. McGlashan was a cult hero with the Bully Wee supporters and a fans favourite.  McGlashan signed for Clyde's fiercest rivals Partick Thistle at the start of the 1990-91 season, where he stayed for 3 years and scored 30 goals in 103 league appearances. The Clyde supporters branded McGlashan a "Judas" for joining the Firhill club at that time.  McGlashan signed for Ayr United at the start of the 1993-94 season, where he stayed for 1 year and scored 3 goals in 36 league appearances. He signed for Montrose at the start of the 1994-95 season, where he stayed for 4 years and scored 67 goals in 141 league appearances. McGlashan signed for Montrose's arch rivals Arbroath at the start of the 1998-99 season, where he stayed for 3 years and scored 33 goals in 88 league appearances.  McGlashan's final professional club was Elgin City, whom he signed for at the start of the 2001-02 season, where he stayed for 3 years and did not score any league goals in the 14 league matches that he played in. McGlashan retired at the end of the 2003-04 season at the age of 40.

Colin McGlashan (born 17 March 1964 in Perth, Scotland), is a Scottish former football striker. In a career spanning an incredible 22 seasons, McGlashan played for 9 professional football clubs and scored 210 goals in 609 league appearances. McGlashan supports Rangers and frequently attends games at Ibrox.