Revelation.

According to the Islamic tradition, the chapter is predominantly revealed during the Meccan phase (610–622) of Muhammad's prophethood (before his move to Medina), therefore, a Meccan sura. Based on its context, some verses appeared to date to when Muhammad just started his call to Islam. According to the fifteenth century commentary "Tafsir al-Jalalayn", some said that the surah was revealed sometime after Muhammad's Night Journey (c. 621). Verses 40 and 94–96 appeared to be an exception and were revealed in Medina. The congruity of the topic unmistakably shows this doesn't contain separated sections or talks that were uncovered at various occasions or on various events. Actually, it is, from the starting point to end, a firmly associated talk which more likely than not been uncovered at one sitting. Other than this, the nature of its subject is itself a reasonable confirmation that the Surah has a place with the Makkan time frame.  We have no tradition as to the hour of its disclosure, yet its topic gives a clear sign that it probably been uncovered during the last phase of Muhammad's living at Makkah. For the method of the talk recommends that at the hour of its disclosure, the hostility of the rivals of the Message had become so exceptional that they couldn't endure even the nearness of Muhammad and his supporters among themselves, and that left no expectation that they could ever comprehend and acknowledge the message of Muhammad. This shows the last admonition like in this surah had to be given. These attributes of the talk are clear confirmation that it was uncovered during the last phase of the movement at Makkah.  Something else that decides all the more explicitly for the Surahs of the last stage at Makkah is the notice (or nonattendance) of some open or incognito insight about Hijrat (Emigration) from Makkah. As this Surah doesn't contain any clue at about this, it is a proof that it was revealed before those surahs which contain it.

Content.

The initial verses of the chapter (1–70) presents an argumentative dialogue between Islam and its unbelievers. The rest contains the stories of Noah, Moses and Jonah, all considered prophets in Islam.  The chapter presents the Meccan pagans' objections against the Quran, and responds to them. The pagans said that Muhammad was a "manifest sorcerer" and that he fabricated the Quran. They also challenged Muhammad to immediately bring the punishment of God, if his claim was true. They also demanded that Muhammad change the Quran to no longer condemn their practice of idolatry and using intercessors when worshipping God.  The chapter's response to these objection is a mix of "argument, threat, promise and reproach". It defends the Quran's divine origin, not a fabrication of Muhammad's, and says that Muhammad could not change it even if he wanted to. As for the challenge to bring God's punishment, the chapter says that God may defer punishment in this world if he wants to. It also tells of the punishment against unbelievers in the past, such as the people of Noah and Moses. It says that if the pagans waited for the punishment before believing, it would be too late, as was the case with the Pharaoh of Moses. According to the Quran, the Pharaoh only believed in God just before drowning, and that belief was too late and did not benefit him. The chapter also mentions the People of Jonah, who at first rejected Jonah's message, but then repented and believed. Therefore, unlike the people of Noah and Moses, they were averted from God's punishment. The mention of Jonah in verse 98 gives the chapter its name. The chapter then instructs Muhammad if he had any doubt about the truth of what was revealed to him, he could ask other People of the Book (i.e. the Jews and the Christians) who would be able to confirm the Quran's account of these people of the past.

Name.

The chapter is named after Jonah who was known as "Yunus" in the Islamic tradition, who is mentioned in the verse 98. Despite the chapter being named after him, this verse is the only one (out of 109) where the chapter mentions him. This is not unusual in the Quran, a chapter's name is usually taken from a prominent or unusual word in it, which might or might not relate to its subject matter.

Principal Subjects.

The first ayat contains greeting towards the Right Way is reached out to the individuals who were thinking about it a strange thing that Allah's message was being presented on by a person (Muhammad). They were accusing Muhammad of witchcraft, though there is neither anything strange in it nor makes them anything to do with magic or soothsaying. Muhammad is just educated humanity these two realities:  Both of these realities will be real factors in themselves, regardless of whether you recognize them in that capacity or not. On the off chance that you acknowledge these, you will have an extremely honored end; else you will meet the shrewd outcomes of your offenses. The significant issues, divine laws, and instructions in the surah can be listed as follows:-

Exegesis.

Verse 10:25.

The ideal society according to the Quran is Dar as-Salam, literally, ""the house of peace"" of which it intones: "And Allah invites to the 'abode of peace' and guides whom He pleases into the right path."

Verse 10:101.

It is narrated that when Ja'far al-Sadiq was asked about verse [10:101]:...the signs and warnings are of no avail to the disbelieving people, he replied the signs are the Imams and the warnings are the Prophets..

Yunus (, "", "Jonah"), is the 10th chapter (Surah) of the Quran with 109 Ayahs (verses). Yunus is named after the prophet Yunus (Jonah). According to tafsir chronology ("asbāb al-nuzūl"), it is believed to have been "revealed" before the migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina (Hijra), as such, it is known as a Meccan surah. The surah contains 109 verses ("ayah") and is the first of six surahs which open with the tri-letters alif, lam and ra'.


Career.

Born Tamara Kazachkova () in Kazanovka in the Chelyabinsk Oblast, her first major tournament was the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Aged 22, she failed to progress beyond the first heat of the 800 m. She established herself indoors at national level after this, taking the 1000 metres title in 1973 then the 1500 metres title at the 1974 Soviet Indoor Athletics Championships. She represented the Soviet Union in the latter event at the 1974 European Athletics Indoor Championships and came away with her first international medal, taking the bronze behind Bulgaria's Tonka Petrova and Karin Krebs of East Germany.  The middle period of her career saw her drop in the national rankings, though she continued to improve. In 1976 she set personal bests of 1:58.7 minutes for the 800 m and 4:07.2 minutes for the 1500 m. She did not compete at a high level in the following two years. However, she returned with a new best of 4:06.3 minutes in 1979, marking a resurgence in her form and competing under her married name Tamara Sorokina. She was the second fastest woman of the 1980 indoor season, running 4:07.8 minutes to place behind only Mary Decker of the United States.  Sorokina dipped under four minutes for the 1500 m for the first time in 1980 and ended the year with a best of 3.59.3 minutes, which ranked her eighth globally. She also won the Soviet indoor 1500 m title for a second time. However, such was the strength of the Soviet Union in the event, she did not earn selection for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, while her compatriots Tatyana Kazankina, Nadezhda Olizarenko and Lyubov Smolka all making the Olympic final instead (the former two reaching the podium).  Entering her thirties, the 1981 season proved to be the high point of Sorokina's career. She won an 800 m/1500 m double at the Soviet Indoor Championships. She set personal bests in both events outdoors, running 1:57.55 minutes for the 800 m in August and 3.58.89 minutes for the 1500 m – both these times ranked her fourth in the world for the season. She was the Soviet representative in the 1500 m at the 1981 European Cup and she came away with the gold medal (her first international title), recording a championship record of 4:01.37 minutes to beat East German Olympic medallist Ulrike Bruns. This ensured her place on the national team for the 1981 IAAF World Cup and she again finished ahead of Bruns, as well as future Olympic champion Gabriella Dorio. Her winning time of 4:03.33 minutes was a meet record which stood until 1994, when it was improved by Hassiba Boulmerka.  Sorokina remained highly ranked in the 1982 season, including a lifetime best in the 800 m of 1:56.6 minutes (placing her seventh on the year's rankings). She again ran below four minutes for the 1500 m and her best of 3:59.24 minutes though slower than the previous year was enough to put her in the season's top ten. A Soviet trio of Sorokina, Olga Dvirna and Zamira Zaytseva were entered into the 1500 m for the 1982 European Athletics Championships. Her compatriots took the top two spots, but Sorokina failed to produce her season's best and finished in sixth place. This proved to be the last high-profile international appearance that she made. In her last year of competition in 1983 she ranked sixth in the world for the 1500 m.

Tamara Aleksandrovna Sorokina (; born 15 August 1950) is a Russian former Soviet middle-distance runner who competed in both the 800 metres and the 1500 metres. She set personal bests of 1:56.6 minutes and 3:58.89 minutes for the events, respectively.


Early life and education.

Anthony Joseph Zerilli, known as Tony, was born in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 1927, to Josephine (Finazzo) and Joseph Z. Zerilli. At the time of Tony's birth, his father was an up-and-coming member of the Eastside Mob under the direction of Angelo Meli and his cousin and brother-in-law Vito William Tocco.  As a teenager, Tony worked at the Detroit Italian-American Bakery in Roseville, Michigan. In 1947, Tony reportedly became a made man in the Partnership by murdering Gust Andromalus by their order; the hit took place in a Detroit basement. Like his cousin Jack Tocco, Zerilli graduated from the University of Detroit in 1949.

Hazel Park Raceway and the Spaghetti Palace.

In 1949, Zerilli became president of the Hazel Park Racing Association and Track in Hazel Park, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Originally planned as an auto track, Hazel Park Raceway was the first modern 5/8-mile horse racing track in Michigan. With family help, Zerilli had purchased a controlling interest in the operation for $50,000.  Over the next twenty-three years, Hazel Park produced an estimated $15,000,000 a year in revenue, netting an annual profit for its investors of $1,200,000. During this period, by state law pari-mutuel betting was limited to the races run at the track. Although listed as the number one man in the Hazel Park operation, Zerilli is thought to have deferred to his cousin Jack Tocco in the business dealings.  Hazel Park was such a financial success that in August 1970 Zerilli, Tocco, and Dominic "Fats" Corrado decided to develop another race track. The three men invested $2,500,000 in of land in Hollywood, Florida, to construct a second horse racing complex. But the second project, to be called Hazel Park South, was cancelled after Zerilli ran into legal problems in Las Vegas.(See below) Because of his legal difficulties, Zerillli cancelled the Hazel Park South project; in 1972, he and his partners were forced to sell the Hazel Park Raceway in Michigan. Upon the sale of Hazel Park, Zerilli made $780,000 from his 92,634 shares.  With this revenue, Zerilli invested in several other businesses, including the Spaghetti Palace restaurant, established in 1968 near the Macomb Mall in Roseville, Michigan. Zerilli used this restaurant as his headquarters. It continued as a popular venue in Roseville under the direction of Joseph Zerilli, Rosalie Zerilli and Jack Giannosa before closing in the early 1990s.

Trouble in Las Vegas.

During the early 1960s, Zerilli began spending a good portion of his time in Las Vegas, where various Mob families from the East had invested. He was watching over the Partnerships' investments while seeking new chances to expand his family's influence in that city. Zerilli and Michael Polizzi approached mob "connection man" John "Handsome Johnny" Roselli about buying a casino. Roselli introduced the pair to Maurice Friedman, a developer and casino owner with a string of arrests dating back to the 1950s.  Friedman was in the process of developing the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. In 1964, when the Nevada Gaming Commission denied gaming licenses to Zerilli and Polizzi, Friedman agreed to act as a front boss for the two men. But, Friedman was also rejected for a license by the Commission. Zerilli and Polizzi eventually gained access to the casino when the Commission approved former municipal judge Arthur Rooks, from Hamtramck, Michigan; and Irving Shapiro, owner of the Toledo Hotel, as key operators in the Frontier. Friedman later testified that he was set up in the Frontier to oversee the development and financing on orders from Zerilli and other unseen Partnership members from Detroit.  Zerilli was soon forced out of Las Vegas. Friedman had been tried and convicted of cheating the Friars Club of Beverly Hills, California, and was facing a long prison sentence. In a plea deal exchange for reduced prison time, Friedman agreed to testify against his Detroit bosses. As a result, Zerilli, Polizzi, Jack Shapiro and lawyer Peter J. Bellanca were convicted of skimming approximately $250,000 a month from the Frontier for more than two years. In 1967, Johnny Roselli arranged the sale of the Frontier to billionaire industrialist Howard Hughes for $25 million.  In 1970, Zerilli was chosen to succeed his father, who had retired, as boss of the Detroit Partnership. His reign lasted until 1974, when he was convicted and sent to prison on charges related to the Frontier Hotel and Casino case. After his son was imprisoned, Joseph Zerilli emerged from retirement to lead the Partnership until his death in October 1977. His nephew Jack Tocco was chosen to succeed Zerilli's father as the new boss. Tony Zerilli was imprisoned until 1979. After returning to Detroit, he took his place as the underboss of the Detroit Partnership alongside his cousin.  The Tocco/Zerilli regime led the Detroit Mafia while keeping out of the news and maintaining distance from law enforcement. But on March 15, 1996, Zerilli, Jack Tocco, and 15 other alleged Partnership members and associates were indicted on a 25-count federal charge of violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). They were charged with conspiracy to control illegal gambling within the Detroit area for the previous 30 years, involvement with hidden casino interests in Las Vegas, and alleged involvement with the criminal organization known as the "American Mafia" or ""La Cosa Nostra,"" known to run organized crime in the United States. Zerilli and the rest of the alleged crime family leaders were freed on bail to await trial.  Zerilli's lawyers gained postponement of the trial indefinitely due to his ill health. The trial eventually began in February 1998; on April 29, 1998, the jury returned its verdicts. Anthony Joseph "Jack" Tocco was found guilty on 12 counts, including two counts of racketeering, eight counts of extortion, and two counts of attempted extortion. Zerilli was convicted on several counts, but his lawyers arranged bail and he was free while the case was being appealed. The appeal was heard August 19, 2002, and the court upheld his convictions. Zerilli faced U.S. District Court judge, Lawrence Zatkoff on November 7, 2002, for sentencing.  Zerilli was remanded to prison in late 2002. As of November 2007, he was serving the final months of his sentence in a halfway house in the Detroit area. His projected release date was April 6, 2008. He was expected to resume leadership of the remains of the Detroit Mafia, one of the original 24 American Mafia crime families that is documented as having controlled organized crime in the United States from the 1930s to the 1990s. Although not as powerful as it was at one time, the Detroit Mafia is believed by state and federal investigators to be one of roughly 10 Mafia crime families in the United States that are highly influential in the American underworld.

One-time boss.

By 1964, Zerilli was recognized as the leader of his own unit or "crew" within the Detroit Mafia. The young Zerilli had a heightened status as a mid-level mobster not only within the Detroit underworld, but within the national underworld. The Zerilli family was trying to increase its power over the Detroit underworld, mainly in the areas of gambling and labor racketeering.  Zerilli and various influential underlings were recorded by law enforcement bugs discussing various criminal plots, including gambling operations, kidnapping International Brotherhood of Teamsters chief Jimmy Hoffa, police payoff policies, and the easing of internal disputes. The tapes recorded in the offices of Anthony Giacalone, between 1961 and 1964, demonstrated Zerilli's position in the Partnership. He was not included on the crime families' charts during the Valachi Hearings. At one point Giacalone complained bitterly about Pete Licavoli's dominance of area gambling operations, although Licavoli had not lived in the Detroit area for many years. Zerilli tried to placate Giacalone, and promised to have the matter heard before his father Joseph Z. Zerilli, then head of the Partnership, and Papa John Priziola, the only two remaining senior members of the chair who could sit in judgement of Licavoli.  Shortly after these tapes were recorded, the younger Zerilli succeeded his father, who retired. After he was convicted and imprisoned, his father came out of retirement until his death in 1977. The younger Zerilli was demoted while in prison; his cousin, Jack Tocco, son of Detroit Partnership patriarch, Giacomo "Jack" Tocco, was named as the head of the family. Zerilli was later named as unerboss and has allegedly remained in this highly powerful position within the organization since.  On April 4, 2008, Zerilli was released from federal prison; he was "put on the shelf" or demoted in 2008.

Claims as to the location of the remains of Jimmy Hoffa.

Labor leader Jimmy Hoffa disappeared in July 1975 and was believed to have been killed. His body was never found. There was speculation that it was a mob hit. On January 13, 2013, NBC New York's Marc Santia reported that Zerilli claimed to know the location of Hoffa's remains. Santia had formerly reported for NBC in Detroit and said that he was approached by Zerilli for an interview. In the broadcast, Zerilli said that Hoffa was buried in a "shallow grave" in a field in Oakland County, 20 miles north of the now-closed Bloomfield Township restaurant Machus Red Fox, where Hoffa was last seen alive.  The "Detroit Free Press" reported that this alleged burial site was near the intersection of Buell and Adams roads, on a property reportedly previously owned by reputed Detroit crime boss Jack Tocco. Zerilli said in the Santia NBC report that "they" intended to move the body to a permanent grave in the upstate Rogers City area, but that Hoffa's remains were never reinterred.  At the time of Hoffa's disappearance, Zerilli had been in prison after being convicted on charges related to Las Vegas casino skimming. In his interview with Santia, he denied any involvement in the Hoffa affair, claiming to be his "friend", and saying that he thought of Hoffa as a "gentleman." While suggesting that he was privy to unspecified knowledge of Detroit Partnership activities, Zerilli added, "I would've...if I wasn't away (in prison) I don't think it (the Hoffa disappearance) would've even happened."  On June 17, 2013, Detroit media outlets reported that the FBI was in the process of excavating a large tract of the Buell Road parcel in Oakland County. No remains were found.

Going public.

In his interview with Santai, Zerilli said he was "dead broke." He reportedly hired a publicist, launched a website, and discussed plans for an exposé, all unprecedented for such a crime figure.

Family feud.

On January 16, 2013, the "Macomb Daily" reported that Zerilli had spoken about Hoffa not only to create interest in his actions but as a result of a growing rift between Jack Tocco, the head of the family, and him. This may have dated to the early 1970s, when the former partners were involved in business dealings in Detroit and Las Vegas.  Quoted in the "Daily's" report, former U.S. Attorney Keith Corbett said, “There is a good deal of acrimony between Tony and his cousin, Jack...and the resentment goes both ways."

Anthony Joseph Zerilli (October 24, 1927 - March 31, 2015), known as Tony, was notable as an Italian-American mobster from Sterling Heights, Michigan. From 1949 he was one of the majority owners of the Hazel Park Raceway, which was highly profitable. In 1970 he succeeded his father Joseph Zerilli as head of the Detroit Partnership ("The Partnership") criminal organization.


Design and development.

The O-145 was produced in three major versions, the O-145-A rated at, the -B rated at, and -C rated at. The "B" model was the major production model, with the "A" and "C" produced in much smaller quantities.  All models of the series had the same bore, stroke, and displacement, additional horsepower being generated by increasing compression ratio and maximum rpm. All use a Stromberg NA-S2 or NA-S2A or Marvel MA-2 or MA-2-A carburetor. The dual ignition versions use two Scintilla SF-4L, SN4LN-20 or -21, Superior SMA-4 or Edison-Splitdorf RMA-4 magnetos.  The original O-145-A produced at 2300 rpm, weighed, and featured single ignition. In an attempt to compete with the Continental A-65, Lycoming boosted the rpm and power output to at 2550 rpm, and finally at 3100 rpm. The O-145 had a hard time competing with the same horsepower Continentals due to its smaller displacement, which resulted in a steeper torque curve.  The GO-145 is a geared model, introduced in 1938, that uses a 27:17 reduction ratio (1.59:1) gearbox to produce at 3200 crankshaft rpm, giving 2013 propeller rpm. The engine employs a gearbox bolted to the front of the engine and the resulting engine weighs without starter or generator. The GO-145 suffered from a poor reputation for reliability, because pilots mis-handled the engine, running it at too low a cruising rpm and causing gearbox wear as a result.  The series' type certificate expired on 2 November 1950 and no O-145-B1 or -C1 or GO-145-C1s engines produced after 1 August 1941 and O-145-B2, -B3 or -C2, or GO-145-C2 or -C3s produced after 24 August 1949 are eligible for certification. The single ignition O-145-A series, O-145-B1, and -C1 are not covered by the original type certificate.  Lycoming ended production of the O-145 and replaced it with the O-235 series.

The Lycoming O-145 is a family of small, low-horsepower, four-cylinder, air-cooled engines. It was Lycoming Engines' first horizontally opposed aircraft engine and was produced from 1938 until the late 1940s. The family includes the reduction-geared GO-145. The O-145 received its Approved Type Certificate on 13 Jun 1938.


Early years.

Doncho Kolev Danev was born on 27 December 1892 in the village of Sennik, Sevlievo municipality. He was seven years old when his father died. This tragic event forced him to become a shepherd in order to survive. He left Bulgaria in 1905 and went to then Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1909, he met with another Bulgarian wrestler, Nikola Petrov, who convinced him to emigrate to the United States.

Wrestling and martial arts career.

Kolov left Bulgaria and moved to the United States at the age of 17. He worked various jobs until he found work as a railroad construction worker. He impressed people with his physical power and became famous for his ability to twist metal rails around his neck. He even fought a bear while hunting. Legend has it that he fought the beast for an hour with his bare hands until he got a chance to kill the animal with his rifle later. Apparently, witnesses saw the marks of Kolov's hands on the neck of the bear. He was subsequently hired as a wrestler with "Victoria Circus". At the beginning of the last century, wrestling was represented in freestyle wrestling bout in which punches and kicks were allowed. It was a dangerous sport with extremely serious and severe injuries. Catch as Catch Can (CACC) or catch wrestling could be considered the father of today's mixed martial arts (MMA).  Before being discovered and trained to be a professional wrestler by, Kolov was self-taught. Kolov was the first wrestler who captured professional world heavyweight wrestling championship's "Diamond Belt" twice. His most famous victories are: in New York vs. Rudy Dusek (1919), in Tokyo vs. Jiki Higen "The Strangler" (1921) and in Paris vs. Henri Deglane (1933). He was also three times European Heavyweight Champion (1934, 1937, 1937). In 1937, Kolov defeated then European Heavyweight Champion, American Al Pereira, only for Pereira to win the title back and for Kolov to reclaim it, before losing it in turn to Joe Savoldi.  He started his career as a wrestler by taking part in the organised wrestling matches between the workers. He later won the tournament in the circus "Victoria" in 1914, when the director of the circus invited people from the public to compete and check their physical power with the star Jeff Lawrence "The Cyclope". Kolov accepted the challenge and he succeeded in overpowering the 233 pound wrestler. He won against many famous MMA fighters from that time such as Jeff Lawrence, Stanislaus Zbyszko, Jack Shirey (also called "The Lightning Man"), Rudy Dusek, Jo Stecker, Ed "Strangler" Lewis and Jim Browning. He was invited in Japan, where he claimed victory against Djiki Hegen "The Strangler" – idol in Japan's wrestling, who never lost to anyone before as a professional. After this win, the public tried to kill Kolov. Similar incident also happened before the match, when through the window of his hotel room it flew a dagger that Kolov successfully avoided. In the MMA tournament in Paris, Kolov won all of his matches against all of his opponents, including the final against Henri Deglane.

Wins.

Kolov had between 1,500 and 2,000 fights, and won almost all of them. His wins include:

Losses.

Kolov has 72 registered losses in official matches.

Return to Bulgaria.

After 30 years in a foreign country, he came back to Bulgaria and was greeted as a national hero. Throughout his whole career, he was asked many times to change his citizenship to American. He refused it with the words: "Dan Kolov is Bulgarian". Kolov remained proud Bulgarian until his death and was famous for his words: "I feel strong, because I am Bulgarian". For him, his motherland was the most holy and sacred thing. He is remembered for helping many Bulgarian people in the country and abroad. He gave all of his money to charities. The first Bulgarian airplane for the National Bulgarian Post was donated by him.  Having returned home, he spent most of his time establishing wrestling clubs by training young people, but continued to compete professionally until the last years of his life. He also arranged many wrestling matches in Sofia and donated all the profits. He is also famous with another saying, upon his return to Bulgaria, he was asked if he wanted someone to take him home by carriage, to which he replied: "I left home walking, I will go home walking!".  The new communist government, after 9 September 1944, awarded him with the high accolade "Honoured Master of Sport".  In 1962, the Bulgarian Wrestling Federation organised an international freestyle wrestling tournament named after him to commemorate his memory.  In 1999, it was produced the movie about his life "Dan Koloff - The King of Wrestling".

Death.

Kolov died in Bulgaria on 26 March 1940 from tuberculosis. His coffin was carried by officers of the Ninth Artillery Corps from the town of Sevlievo also escorted by an honorary company of cavalry. He was buried with the specific request of facing the "Balkan" (""Balkan" against "Balkan""), as "Balkan" in Bulgarian means "mountain" thus the meaning is "mountain against mountain".  Each year, in the town of Sevlievo is held in freestyle wrestling tournament in memory of Kolov.

Rumors around his death.

One of the versions for his condition is that he did not get infected naturally, but that he was purposely infected by French doctors. It is known that there were a lot of attempts to get Kolov disgraced and disqualified from tournaments.

Doncho Kolev Danev () (27 December 1892 – 26 March 1940), better known by the ring name Dan Kolov (), was a Bulgarian wrestler and mixed martial artist born in Sennik, Bulgaria who was the first European freestyle wrestling champion from Bulgaria.


First response.

Vigili del Fuoco rescue teams were dispatched from Vibo Valentia, Lamezia Terme and Catanzaro, along with Polizia di Stato, Guardia di Finanza and Carabinieri. Railway crews immediately begun to remove and dismantle the damaged coaches, in order to allow recover of the wounded trapped in the wreck, aided by the security forces personnel.  Hospitals in Lamezia, Vibo and Catanzaro were overrun by the medical emergency, but ultimately managed to sustain the pressure thanks to help from Soveria Mannelli and Tropea clinics taking over medical assistance for patients with less severe wounds.  The rescue operations took two full days, allowing regular service from 24 November.  The accident news coverage was short, since just two days later country newspaper's attention was diverted to the tragic Irpinia earthquake.  Engine FS Class E656.075 was dismantled in July 1983, the first in its class to be written off. FS Class E656.280 dismantled a few days later.

Causes.

A broken clamp is an unusual but not unheard of event. Steel clamps sometimes experience fatigue or corrosion damage, so a failure is accounted as a possibility. In case of a clamp failure the loss of a train section breaks off the pneumatic brake circuit: lack of pressure engages emergency brakes on both parts of the convoy and alert the engineers.  Apparently the brake emergency system worked fine, but with the engine at full throttle and the train much lighter than expected the engineer didn't notice the emergency and the head of the train failed to stop.  Public Prosecutor’s Office charged the freight train drivers, the Eccellente stationmaster and a railwayman with involuntary manslaughter, for failing to notice the loss of the boxcars. Ultimately, station personnel was deemed guilty, not having followed proper procedures.  An early technical survey showed that maintenance status of the rolling stock was fair, track infrastructure was good and adequate to current safety standards. The semi-automatic block signaling was active at the moment, but that system required a routine check of passing trains to be done by station personnel. The rule was well known and officially enforced at the time. Fully automatic block control would have avoided the tragedy (flashing a red light at the passenger train), but up until the 1990s was installed only on high capacity main lines (about 1/8 of the total network).

The Curinga train disaster, also known as the Lamezia Terme train disaster, was a railway accident occurred on 21 November 1980 between Curinga and Eccellente stations, in the Catanzaro province, Italy.


Background.

In 2009, Lin-Manuel Miranda began a project titled "The Hamilton Mixtape" that would eventually transform into the 2015 Broadway musical "Hamilton". During the development of the musical production, Miranda frequently communicated that a "mixtape" of select songs from the show's score was being recorded.  On November 3, 2016, Miranda announced on Twitter that the mixtape was complete and would be released on December 2, 2016. Preorders for the album began on November 4, 2016, and two songs were officially released: Kelly Clarkson's "It's Quiet Uptown" and The Roots' "My Shot." "The following Friday, at midnight in all time zones, "Satisfied" and "Immigrants (We Get The Job Done)" were released, followed by "Wait For It" and "Wrote My Way Out" the Friday after. In addition to its digital, compact disc and vinyl record releases, a 12-song cassette tape version of the album was also made available on February 10, 2017, featuring the original explicit versions of the songs.

Commercial performance.

"The Hamilton Mixtape" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with 187,000 album-equivalent units, of which 169,000 were pure album sales. It marks the largest sales in a week for a compilation album since "Cruel Summer" by GOOD Music in 2012, and is the first compilation album to reach number one since "Now 50" in 2014. According to Nielsen Music, the cassette version of the album sold just under 3,000 units in the year of 2017, in conjunction with the increase of overall cassette sales increasing by 35 percent the same year.

Hamildrops.

In a tweet posted about a month before the Mixtape's release, Lin-Manuel Miranda implied that the album released on December 2 would only be the first volume, hinting at a Vol 2 to be released later. However, about a year later, Miranda admitted he was having trouble compiling a second album that satisfied him as much as the first mixtape, and cancelled the second volume, announcing that instead he would be releasing 13 tracks, once a month, over the following year. He referred to these releases as "Hamildrops."

Ben Franklin's Song.

On December 14, 2017, the same day as announcing the Hamildrops, Miranda announced that the first release would be "Ben Franklin's Song" by The Decemberists. The song's lyrics are taken from lyrics to an unused "Hamilton" song that Miranda had written with the band in mind. The finished track had lyrics written by Miranda and music written by Decemberists frontman Colin Meloy. The song was released the following day, and was received warmly by fans and historians alike.  "Ben Franklin's Song" peaked at number 15 on the US Hot Rock Songs chart.

The Hamilton Polka.

On March 2, 2018 (referred to as "February 30" by Miranda), a polka medley of songs from the musical recorded and arranged by "Weird Al" Yankovic was released. "The Hamilton Polka" peaked at number 1 on the US Comedy Digital Track Sales.

Found/Tonight.

On March 19, 2018, Miranda released a mashup of the songs "Story of Tonight" from "Hamilton" and "You Will Be Found" from the musical "Dear Evan Hansen", sung as a duet with Ben Platt. A portion of the proceeds are being donated in support of the March for Our Lives initiative. The following weekend, Miranda and Platt performed the song together along with frequent Miranda collaborator Alex Lacamoire (who had also orchestrated both shows) at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C. on March 24. "Found/Tonight" peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

First Burn.

On April 30, 2018, Miranda released a preliminary version of the song "Burn" performed by five singers who were currently or had previously played the role of Eliza; Arianna Afsar, Julia Harriman, Lexi Lawson, Rachelle Ann Go and Shoba Narayan. "First Burn" peaked at number 22 on the US Digital Song Sales chart.

Other Hamildrops.

On January 26, 2018, Miranda released a remix of "Wrote My Way Out" from "Hamilton" by Royce da 5'9", Joyner Lucas, & Black Thought featuring Aloe Blacc. A few days earlier, on the 19th, he released a music video on YouTube for the original version from the Mixtape.  On May 31, 2018, a cover of "Helpless" performed by The Regrettes was released.  On June 18, 2018, Miranda released "Boom Goes the Cannon...," a song written and performed by rap duo Mobb Deep. The release of this song was nearly a year after Mobb Deep member Prodigy passed away, with Miranda tweeting "Rest in peace, Prodigy. Thank you Havoc."  July's Hamildrops were delayed to the last week of August. The first one was "Rise Up Wise Up Eyes Up," a "Hamliton"-inspired piece by Ibeyi. The second was a YouTube music video of Andra Day's cover of "Burn" from the original soundtrack.  On September 20, 2018, Miranda released "A Forgotten Spot (Olvidado)" featuring Puerto Rican singers Zion & Lennox, De La Ghetto, Ivy Queen, PJ Sin Suela and Lucecita Benitez. The song peaked at number 13 on the US Latin Digital Song Sales chart.  On October 30, 2018, a cover of a deleted reprise of "Dear Theodosia" performed by Sara Bareilles was released.  "Cheering For Me Now", a new original song with music by Broadway composer John Kander and performed by Miranda, was released with an accompanying video on November 20, 2018.  On December 21, 2018, "One Last Time (44 Remix)" was released as the final Hamildrop. It is a remix of "One Last Time" featuring vocals from Original Broadway Cast Member Christopher Jackson, BeBe Winans, and 44th President of the United States Barack Obama. The remix peaked at number 38 on the Digital Song Sales chart and number 22 on the Hot R&B Songs chart.

The Hamilton Mixtape is a 2016 mixtape album featuring assorted songs from the 2015 Broadway musical "Hamilton" performed by various artists, as well as some deleted songs from the musical. It was widely well-received by fans and critics alike.


Early life.

King was born in New York City on October 31, 1886 to Thomas and Ellen King, both of whom were born in Ireland and had immigrated to the U.S. in 1883. Eleven children would be born to them, but only three were living by 1900: Charles, Nellie and Mary. Under the name of Mollie King, Mary would eventually pursue a film career between 1916 and 1924.

Theatrical career.

By 1908, King had begun acting on the Broadway stage; his first known role came in the revue "The Mimic World". In the 1910s his most frequent partner was Elizabeth Brice with whom he appeared in "The Slim Princess", "A Winsome Widow", "Watch Your Step" and "Miss 1917". King continued to appear in many major Broadway successes during the 1920s, including "George White's Scandals" (1921 edition), "Little Nellie Kelly", "Keep Kool, Hit the Deck" and "Present Arms", before turning his attention to Hollywood and the nascent genre of film musicals.

Recordings.

Between January 1911 and April 1930, Charles King made a series of commercial recordings for Victor, Columbia, and Brunswick including several of his stage and film hits. A total of 26 recordings were issued, 12 of them duets with Elizabeth Brice.

Film career.

In late 1928, like many of his musical theatre colleagues, Charles King journeyed to Hollywood to begin appearing in films. His feature-film debut, "The Broadway Melody", was an immense hit for MGM in 1929 and featured him singing the title song and "You Were Meant for Me", two significant song hits the same year. King introduced such other hits as "Orange Blossom Time" in "The Hollywood Revue of 1929" (1929) and "Happy Days Are Here Again" in "Chasing Rainbows" (1930), but could not sustain the initial momentum of his film popularity as musicals saturated the market, many failed at the box office and studios ended their contracts with musical performers. By the end of 1930, he had returned to the Broadway stage where he spent the remainder of his career.

Death.

Charles King died in London in 1944 from pneumonia, aged 57, while on a USO tour.

Charles Joseph King (October 31, 1886 – January 11, 1944) was a vaudeville and Broadway actor who also starred in several movies. He starred as the leading actor in the hit MGM movie, "The Broadway Melody" (1929), the first all-talking film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.


Plot.

Lockhart, an executive at a financial services firm in New York City, is sent by the board of directors to retrieve CEO Roland Pembroke, who had abruptly decided to stay at a "wellness center" in the Swiss Alps. At the spa, Lockhart is met with resistance by the staff and Dr. Heinreich Volmer in attempting to speak with Pembroke.  Lockhart leaves, but is involved in a car accident and awakens at the center – supposedly three days later – with his leg in a plaster cast. In spite of the horrendous accident, both he and the driver suffer only minor injuries. Lockhart meets a mysterious young girl named Hannah who, among others, doses herself with a mysterious fluid from small, cobalt-colored bottles.  Patient Victoria Watkins and residents of the nearby town regale a fascinated Lockhart with the history of the spa. It was built on the ruins of a castle owned 200 years ago by a baron, who desired an heir of pure blood and married his sister. Learning she was infertile, he performed hellish experiments on the peasants to find a cure. He succeeded, but after finding the carelessly buried bodies of his victims, the peasants stormed the castle and set it on fire. They captured the baron's pregnant sister and the baby was cut from her womb before she was burned. The baby was thrown into the local aquifer, but somehow survived.  Lockhart attempts to escape the center but finds no one is allowed to leave. After gifting Hannah a ballerina figurine, Lockhart bikes into town with her help, leaving her in a bar and seeking out a translator for Pembroke's German medical dossier. He learns that the people of the spa suffer from dehydration despite the water they imbibe from the aquifer. Hannah, kept at the spa her entire life, explores the bar and attracts the locals’ attention. Lockhart returns and gets into a fight with a man who was dancing with Hannah. He is rescued by Dr. Volmer, by whom the locals are curiously cowed.  Lockhart discovers the transfusion wing of the spa is a front for macabre medical experiments, and that the water from the local aquifer possesses unique properties – toxic to humans, but with life-restoring properties for the eels living in the water. The baron had devised a process to filter the water through the bodies of humans and distill it into a life-giving essence; Volmer uses the patients as filters for this process.  This "cure" is ingested by Hannah, Volmer, and his staff to gain vastly lengthened lifespans. Lockhart realizes that his leg is not broken and he is being kept prisoner. Volmer subjects Lockhart to nightmarish treatments, warping his mind until he believes he is insane. Hannah perceives this change and gives Lockhart back the ballerina figurine, breaking him out of his delirium.  Hannah has her first menstruation, and Volmer marries her. During the reception, he leads her to a secret room in the ruins of the castle and begins to sexually assault her. Lockhart confronts Volmer and realizes Volmer is the baron and Hannah is his daughter, the baby who was thrown into the well; both have been aging very slowly due to the "cure".  In the ensuing fight, Volmer's face is revealed to be a mask hiding his hideous burns. Lockhart sets Volmer and the castle on fire, but is overpowered by Volmer. Hannah saves Lockhart by killing her father, who falls into the aquifer and is eaten by the eels. Lockhart and Hannah escape on her bicycle as fire engulfs the center, and crash into a car carrying Lockhart's employers, having come to retrieve him and Pembroke. Lockhart tells his employers that Pembroke died, and is ordered into the car. Unable to abandon Hannah, he rides away with her, smiling as they finally escape the asylum.

Production.

The screenplay for "A Cure for Wellness" was written by Justin Haythe, and based on a story conceived by Haythe and Verbinski, who were both inspired by the 1924 Thomas Mann novel "The Magic Mountain". The central plot of Mann's novel also involves a sanitarium in the Swiss Alps.  The film's leads, Dane DeHaan and Mia Goth, were announced in April 2015, Jason Isaacs was added to the cast that June.  Principal photography for the film began on June 22, 2015 and took place mainly at Babelsberg Studio (co-producer) in Potsdam, Germany. Another great part of the film was shot at former royal Hohenzollern Castle, in the German municipality of Bisingen. The castle was closed to the public for filming from July 13 to July 24, 2015. Aside from Hohenzollern, parts of the film were also shot in Saxony-Anhalt and Zella-Mehlis, Germany. An abandoned hospital in Beelitz-Heilstätten, Germany, served as a location for many of the hospital interiors. The film received funds of €8.1 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF), as well as €500,000 from Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg.  Benjamin Wallfisch composed the score for the film, with music conductor Gavin Greenaway and performed by Chamber Orchestra of London in Abbey Road Studio.  The water tank scenes took two weeks to film. DeHaan and the director communicated through an intercom, and DeHaan wore a buoyancy and body-positioning waist harness connected with wires and an oxygen tank.  The directors used a rubber drill in the scene where Dr. Brennan, the facility's dentist, drills through Mr. Lockhart's healthy tooth without anesthesia. According to DeHaan, he was genuinely nervous and his reaction was used in the filming. Verbinski stated that the scene had compositing, and DeHaan stated there was no outright CGI. DeHaan filmed the scene while wearing a dental gag and strapped to the chair.  In the car crash scene, DeHaan was placed into a harness inside a device described by Bryan Alexander of "USA Today" as being similar to a rotisserie before being tossed around. DeHaan stated that he experienced his sole filming injury there, in which his arm was dislocated from and then relocated into the socket in its shoulder.  The German actors used in the scene in which Lockhart is assaulted by elderly people had no prior experience in film acting. Alexander wrote that this scene "wasn't as torturous as it appears."

Music.

"A Cure for Wellness" was scored by Benjamin Wallfisch and recorded at Abbey Roads Studios in London. It was released by Milan Records on February 17, 2017. The soundtrack album consists of the film's score plus a stripped-down version of a Ramones song "I Wanna be Sedated" which is performed by Mirel Wagner.

Release.

The film premiered at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin, Texas on December 10, 2016, as part of the Butt-Numb-A-Thon Film Festival. It subsequently received a theatrical release in the United States on February 17, 2017, by 20th Century Fox, after initially being slated for a September 23, 2016 release date.  In the United States, 20th Century Fox premiered a 40-second exclusive commercial during the 51st Super Bowl on February 5, 2017, which resembled a medication advertisement. An article in "Vulture" reviewed the television commercial, which noted: "This spot that aired during the Super Bowl tonight may have tricked you into thinking you were just watching a regular commercial for some terrible new medication, probably not approved by the FDA. But it turned out you were watching a trailer for a new supernatural horror film."  Two days before the film's U.S. premiere, "The New York Times" reported that 20th Century Fox had created a group of fake news sites as part of a viral marketing campaign for "A Cure for Wellness". The film trailer also gained media attention for showing a scene where Mia Goth was in a bathtub full of eels.

Reception.

Box office.

"A Cure for Wellness" grossed $8.1 million in the United States and Canada and $18.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26.5 million, against a production budget of $40 million.  In the United States and Canada, the film was initially projected to gross $6–8 million from about 2,700 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making just $300,000 from Thursday night previews and $1.5 million on its first day, weekend projections were lowered to $4 million. It ended up debuting to $4.2 million, finishing 10th at the box office.  In its third week of release the film was pulled from 97.8% of theaters (2,704 to 88) and grossed just $31,347, marking the second largest third-week theater drop in history (just ahead of the 2,659 theater decrease set by "Live by Night" two months prior).

Critical response.

"A Cure for Wellness" received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its visuals, cinematography, performances and ambition, but criticism for its length, plot and structure. Critics have noted the film's Lovecraftian elements. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 42% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 5.32/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""A Cure for Wellness" boasts a surfeit of visual style, but it's wasted on a derivative and predictable story whose twists, turns, and frights have all been more effectively dealt before." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.  A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" compared the film to works by Martin Scorsese and Guillermo Del Toro, adding: "It’s all in good fun, really, though two and a half hours may be more of this kind of fun than a body can stand. You might feel like you’re in the company of a manic cinephile friend breathlessly recounting his favorite movie scenes in no particular order. You admire his devotion, his taste and his scholarship, but in the end the experience is probably more satisfying for him than it is for you." Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the film's first hour "sustains a creepy, clammy tension that draws you along without quite accelerating into outright terror," but concluding: "The terrors we see in "A Cure for Wellness" are never as scary as they are beautiful, but they are never so beautiful as they are arbitrary." Andrew Lapin of National Public Radio wrote that DeHaan's "disarmingly boyish face instantly gives us the impression of someone out of his element", but felt the film was derivative and overly long.  "The New Republic"s Josephine Livingstone criticized the film's conclusion: "The poor ending is a great shame. For Verbinski calls upon a great pantheon of stories in order to talk about daddy issues, yes, but more importantly to talk about capitalism. In the movie, two strains of moneymaking compete. Financial services go up against the wellness industry in a fully binaristic duel: city versus mountaintop, suit versus white coat, aggression versus docility. Both industries exploit those they profit from, and "A Cure for Wellness" is at its best when showing how contemporary philosophies of “health and wealth” are, at base, all the same old sin." Moira Macdonald of "The Seattle Times" was critical of the film's runtime, noting: "If Verbinski could have trimmed about an hour from the film (which weighs in at a portly 146 minutes), he might have had something... [it] looks terrific — clearly money was spent on production values, which is always a pleasant surprise in a non-franchise film...And the first half of the film nicely creates a squirmy, elegant tension." Tim Holland of "TV Guide" awarded the film three out of five stars, writing:  Writing for "TheWrap", Alonso Duralde praised the film's production design but criticized its narrative, saying: "While the movie is about people who are happy to remain removed from the world, not realizing that they are involved in something truly dreadful, many viewers will be all too willing to head for the exits."

Home media.

The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD in North America by 20th Century Fox on June 6, 2017. The Blu-ray release features a deleted sequence, featurettes, and theatrical trailers as bonus materials, as well as digital and DVD copies.

A Cure for Wellness is a 2016 psychological horror film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe, based on a story co-written by Haythe and Verbinski, who were both inspired by Thomas Mann's 1924 novel "The Magic Mountain". Starring Dane DeHaan, Jason Isaacs and Mia Goth, the plot follows a young executive who is sent to retrieve a colleague from a mysterious rehabilitation center in the Swiss Alps.


Career.

Born and raised in Tarkio, Missouri, Greene attended Tarkio College and the Horner Institute for Fine Arts. He toured with and arranged for big bands led by Orville Knapp, Freddy Martin, Horace Heidt, Wayne King, Xavier Cugat, and Harry James.  Greene entered the world of film scoring as orchestrating for MGM, with his first films being "Two-Faced Woman" (1941) and Abbott and Costello's "Lost in a Harem" (1944). He became a composer of music scores for films for the Producers Releasing Corporation studio with his first film being "Crime, Inc." (1945). Other PRC films included Lash LaRue Westerns. When LaRue switched studios to Screen Guild and Howco Green continued with the series.  He earned an Academy Award nomination in 1946 for his score to the 1945 film "Why Girls Leave Home". Greene composed other films such as "Jesse James' Women" (1954), "Teenage Doll" (1957), "The Brain from Planet Arous" (1957), "Teenage Monster" (1958), "War of the Satellites" (1958) and "Thunder in Carolina" (1960). Greene also provided the score for the Crown International Pictures US released of the German/Polish 1960 film "First Spaceship on Venus" and the Woolner Brothers US release of "Hercules and the Captive Women" (1963).  Greene started his career in scoring cartoons at the Walter Lantz Studio, first credited in the 1963 "Greedy Gabby Gator" Woody Woodpecker short. Starting with 1967's "Hot Time on Ice" Chilly Willy short, Greene would be the sole composer of the Lantz cartoons until the last one, which is 1972's "Bye, Bye, Blackboard", in which also would be the final cartoon short with new Greene music (as mentioned below, later Pink entries would reuse his cues).  Around 1966, he started providing musical scores for some "Pink Panther" animated shorts (as well as those of "The Inspector"), replacing William Lava. Greene's scores were built around "The Pink Panther Theme" composed by Henry Mancini, creating different variations of the famous theme. Unlike the music scores composed by Bill Lava, which were custom made for a specific entry, his compositions were generic and could be reused more freely. He is first credited is in the 19th "Pink Panther" theatrical short, "Pink, Plunk, Plink", with his final original music in "Pink Panic". From "Pink Posies" on, he never composed music for other shorts, even though his name his mentioned. This is because most of his cues (and some Lava cues as well) were reused frequently. His is last mentioned in the Pink Panther short "Therapeutic Pink" in 1977 (he didn't compose the music, as his cues were reused).  Greene also composed musical scores for the 1966 "Tarzan" TV series with some episodes linked together for feature film release and "The New Three Stooges" (1965).  Putting the context of his short-lived contract with DFE, he indirectly recorded some music for six "Looney Tunes"/"Merrie Melodies" shorts from 1966 to 1967. Those include "A Squeak in the Deep", "Feather Finger", "Swing Ding Amigo", "Sugar and Spies", "A Taste of Catnip", and "Daffy's Diner", all of these are Daffy\Speedy entries (except "Sugar and Spies", which is a Road Runner\Wile E. Coyote entry).

Death.

Greene died on December 23, 1983 in Victorville, California.

Walter Greene (January 23, 1910 – December 23, 1983) was a film and television composer who worked on numerous productions for over 30 years.


System by period.

Korea Semi-professional Football League was a semi-professional football league between corporate teams in South Korea from 1964 to 2002. In 1983, with the establishment of K League which is a professional league, Semi-professional League became the second tier and remained until 2002 before Korea National League was officially founded in 2003. The third tier K3 League was founded as an amateur league in 2007, and became the fourth tier after K League 2, the second division of the professional league, was founded in 2013. K3 League also divided into the Advanced and the Basic, and they became semi-professional leagues with new names, K3 League and K4 League, after the merger of National League in 2020.

Current system.

Outside this league structure, there are university, reserve and youth level competitions. University clubs' U-League and reserve teams' R League are operating independently from the league system.

Qualification for Cups.

Domestic cups.

All K League, K3 League and K4 League sides qualify for the Korean FA Cup tournament. The top eleven sides from the K5 League gained qualification to the next season's FA Cup tournament. The Korean League Cup competition was open to K League teams only, whilst sides from the National League could compete in the National League Championship, but both were abolished now.

Continental competition.

At present, four South Korean sides qualify automatically for the AFC Champions League. Three top teams from K League 1 automatically gains entry to the AFC Champions League. The Korean FA Cup winners also qualify for the AFC Champions League only. However, if the champions of Korean FA Cup are not members of K League, the fourth placed team of the K League 1 receive the entry spot.

The South Korean football league system contains two professional leagues, two semi-professional leagues and three amateur leagues for Korean football clubs.


Early years.

Hardy attended West Craven High School in Vanceboro, North Carolina. As a senior on the football team, he played quarterback after previously being a wide receiver. That season, he passed for 2,500 yards and had 35 passing touchdowns. Hardy also picked two additional letters as a shooting and point guard on the basketball floor and another in track as a high jumper (best of 6-4 or 1.93m).

College career.

Hardy was redshirted as a freshman at East Carolina University in 2010, a season in which he walked on. After earning a scholarship in spring 2011, he started eight of 10 games in his redshirt freshman season in 2011, recording a school freshman record 64 receptions for 658 yards and six touchdowns. As a sophomore in 2012 Hardy was an All-Conference USA first-team selection after recording 88 receptions for 1,105 yards and 11 touchdowns. As a junior in 2013, Hardy was again first-team All-Conference USA after setting school records for receptions (114) and receiving yards (1,284) in a season. During the first game of his senior season in 2014, he set East Carolina's record for career receptions, passing Dwayne Harris' 268. On November 22, 2014, against Tulane, Hardy became the NCAA's all-time leading receptions leader, passing Ryan Broyles' 349. On December 8, 2014, Hardy was named the winner of that season's Burlsworth Trophy, awarded annually to the most outstanding player who began his college career as a walk-on. For the season, Hardy had 121 receptions for 1,494 yards and 10 touchdowns.  Hardy finished his collegiate career with 387 receptions for 4,541 yards and 35 touchdowns.

Professional career.

Hardy was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth round (107th overall) in the 2015 NFL Draft. In his rookie season, Hardy played in nine games, catching 21 passes for 194 yards. In Week 2 of the 2016 season, against the Oakland Raiders, Hardy scored his first career touchdown when he caught a deflected pass from Matt Ryan in the end zone. In the 2016 season, he had 21 receptions for 203 yards and four touchdowns. Hardy and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI, where they faced the New England Patriots. In the Super Bowl, Hardy had two kickoff returns for 17 total yards as the Falcons fell in a 34–28 overtime defeat. In the 2017 season, Hardy recorded 20 receptions for 221 yards and three touchdowns.  On March 21, 2019, Hardy re-signed with the Falcons.

Justin Hardy (born December 18, 1991) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Falcons in the fourth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football at East Carolina. Hardy was the NCAA all time reception leader until his former teammate Zay Jones overtook his record during the 2016 season.


Plot.

Starting with the development of the first joint venture between a Western company and China, initiated by the Schindler Group, the documentary traces the relationship between Uli Sigg and the Chinese society art throughout his careers. Further steps were his appointment as the Swiss ambassador in Beijing, his return to Switzerland and his latest cooperation with the M+ museum in Hong Kong. The connection between Sigg and the transformations of the Chinese art scene are depicted by its protagonist, namely Wang Guangyi, Fang Lijun and Ai Weiwei – alongside Uli Sigg he has already been part of the documentary Bird's Nest – Herzog & de Meuron in China, directed by Michael Schindhelm and Christoph Schaub. Alongside archival material the protagonist provide an insight to the ongoing complex relationship between state and art.

Release.

The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg premiered on February 16, 2016 at Kino Rex in Bern. The premiere in Asia took place on the 21st of March in Hong Kong. The documentary participated at many international film festivals, including the 69° Festival del film Locarno, 35th Vancouver International Film Festival, Lo schermo dell’arte Film Festival in Florence, Festival do Rio, and the Art Film Festival in Beirut. From January 19 – 26, The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg was part of the 52nd Solothurn Film Festival.

Reception.

[...] Despite it all, China's contemporary scene took off like a rocket in the years after Mao's death. Often working underground, the artists were radical, and when Swiss businessman Uli Sigg first went to China in 1979, he hesitated to make contact for fear of getting the artists in trouble with the authorities. That's one of many intriguing details revealed by Michael Schindhelm about the collector' life, showing in Art Basel Hong Kong's film section." Jan Dalley: "Medici prince of China". In: Financial Times, March 2016

The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg is a documentary by the filmmaker Michael Schindhelm, released in 2016. At its opening in 2019, the M+ museum for visual culture in Hong Kong will present 1500 art works by contemporary Chinese Artist to the public. The collection is credited the most important of its kind worldwide. The documentary The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg portrays Uli Sigg's involvement in one of the first economic projects that introduced China's opening toward the West and his following support of the Chinese art scene. His work as an art collector recently led to the donation of his collection to the M+ museum.


History.

In 2005, Drinks Americas signed with Donald Trump to promote a new brand of vodka which became known as Trump Vodka. The brand was launched with the slogan "Success Distilled", with Trump predicting it would outsell Grey Goose vodka. He also said that when mixed with tonic, which he referred to as a "Trump & Tonic" (T&T), it would become the most drunk cocktail in the United States. In 2007, Drinks Americas signed a deal to export 50,000 cases of Trump Vodka annually to Russia.  The Trump Vodka brand was discontinued in the United States in 2011 due to sales failing to meet the company threshold requirements. Several reasons were attributed for this. One was because Trump himself is a non-drinker and never drank Trump Vodka, as he blamed alcohol for the death of his brother Fred Trump, Jr. Drinks Americas also had problems producing it because the glass used in the bottles and the gold leaf labels were expensive and the company could not afford to produce them in large numbers. In 2015, during his campaign for President, Trump did not include Trump Vodka amongst assets submitted to the Federal Election Committee.

Lawsuits.

Drinks Americas was subject to several lawsuits surrounding Trump Vodka. Bruni Glass sued over unpaid bills and, as a result, melted in a furnace 500,000 Trump Vodka mini-bottles ready for shipment. Donald Trump also sued Drinks Americas for unpaid royalties, but the case was dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Israel.

Trump Vodka started being sold unofficially in Israel by H. Pixel International based on a signed deal with Drinks Americas, but Trump brought a lawsuit against the company for copyright infringement, as they did not have his agreement to use his image in advertising or the brand. However, Trump later dropped the lawsuit and signed a deal with H. Pixel International to allow them to sell Trump Vodka in Israel.  Despite the failures in the United States, Trump Vodka found a level of popularity in Israel. This was because it was a popular choice around Passover for both secular and Orthodox Jews, as the vodka was made from potatoes and not grain, thus satisfying kosher for Passover dietary laws. However, some Trump Vodka produced in 2013 was found to contain leavened ingredients, making it unsuitable for consumption during Passover.

Trump Vodka was an American brand of vodka produced at first in the Netherlands, then later in Germany by Drinks Americas under license from The Trump Organization. The brand was launched in the United States in 2005, but ceased production under the Trump name in 2011 when it failed to meet the required threshold for distribution. However, it is still sold in Israel, especially around the Jewish holiday of Passover.


Early life.

Bruno Zach was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine, on 6 May 1891. He emigrated to Austria as a young man and studied at the Vienna Academy under sculptors Hans Bitterlich (1860–1949) and Josef Müllner (1879–1968). His styles ranged from art deco, art nouveau, sporting, to orientalism. His oeuvre would generally be considered decorative if not for his success in producing erotic sculpture.

Career.

Zach became a prolific creator of sculptures featuring tall, athletic, dominating women in bronze and ivory, the combination of the two in art casting sometimes being referred to as “chryselephantine”. He most often signed as "B. Zach" or "Bruno Zach", however a number of his pieces were signed with his pseudonyms, being "Prof. Tuch", "Professor Tuch" or "K. Salat". His erotica sculptures usually featured sexy, dreamy, scantily clad mistresses in stockings, garters, and high heels.  One of his better known sculptures is the sado-masochistic "The Riding Crop". Original period castings of this sculpture have sold for as much as $151,849, one such sale having taken place at the Bonhams auction house in Knightsbridge on 23 November 2011. According to Bonhams' director of decorative arts, Mark Oliver, "the demand for his work just grows and grows".  One of Zach's more controversial sculptures, created circa 1930, was his extremely erotic piece entitled "The Hugger". The sculpture depicts a woman hugging a larger-than-life penis. Zach frequently portrayed the seedy side of nightlife in Berlin with many of his sculptures which often featured prostitutes.  His bronze sculptures were generally fired and coated with chemical patinas in mid-brown colors but were sometimes cold painted or polychromed. His used ivory, sparingly, and it was generally well carved. Zach's work was edited by several firms, including Argentor-Werke (Vienna), Broma Companie, S. Altmann and Company, and Franz Bergmann.

Death.

Zach died in Vienna, Austria, on 20 February 1945.

Literature.

Davenport's Art Reference & Price Guide, 2007/2008 Edition –.
 Romeo and Juliet in Zhytomyr words, 2016 -
 Житомирська сторінка кохання скульптора Бруно Зака -

Bruno Zach (6 May 1891 – 20 February 1945) was an Austrian art deco sculptor of Ukrainian birth who worked in the early-to-mid 20th century. His output included a wide repertoire of genre subjects, however he is best known for his erotic sculptures of young women.


Background.

There are two tunnels between Welwyn station and Knebworth on the East Coast Main Line, known as Welwyn South Tunnel and Welwyn North Tunnel. In 1866, traffic through the tunnels was operated using a form of block working - the signalmen at Welwyn and Knebworth communicated with each other via a telegraph system, and were not permitted to signal a train into the tunnels until they had received confirmation that the previous train had cleared the section. The instrument was a "speaking" telegraph, which was used for general communication between the signal boxes.

Trains involved.

The first train involved in the accident consisted of 38 empty coal wagons, hauled by a tender locomotive. The second train was a Midland Railway goods train from London, with 26 wagons. The third train was a Great Northern express freight train, carrying meat from Scotland for Smithfield Market.

Sequence of Events.

The train of coal empties was signalled away from Welwyn at 23:20. When passing through the North tunnel, the engine failed and the train came to a stand. At first, guard Wray recommended that the train be allowed to roll back on the falling gradient to Welwyn, but the driver refused, as such a move would be dangerous and contrary to the rules. According to regulations, Wray should have placed detonators on the line to protect the rear of his train, but he did not, and he also failed to communicate with either signal box.  At 23:36, the Midland Goods train stopped at Welwyn signal box. The signalman at Welwyn, who had not received the "out of section" signal for the train of coal empties, sent a telegraph message to Knebworth asking if it had cleared the tunnel. The Knebworth signalman stated to the official enquiry that he had replied with the code for "No", but the Welwyn signalman claimed that he had received a "Yes". The code for "No" differed from the code for "Out" only by the number of beats on the telegraph needle, and the enquiry ruled that the Welwyn signalman had misinterpreted the signal as being "Out", which would have the same meaning as "Yes" in answer to his question. He therefore cleared his signals and allowed the Midland train into the tunnel.  The Midland train ran into the stationary first train at a speed estimated between 20 and 25 mph. The driver had no warning of its presence, and the collision killed Wray whilst severely injuring Rawlins, an employee of the Metropolitan Railway, who was travelling in the guard's van contrary to the regulations of the Great Northern Railway. He was severely injured and died on the morning of the 12th. The driver and fireman of the Midland train were not seriously injured, but it took them some time to extricate themselves from the debris of the accident.  Before any of the railwaymen could communicate with either signal box, the up meat train was allowed into the tunnel, where it struck the wreckage from the first collision and caught fire. Due to the difficulty of accessing the tunnel after the accident, and because the fire was directly beneath one of the tunnel's ventilation shafts, it was not extinguished until 11 June - according to Rolt, "all that night and all through the next day the ventilation shaft belched flames, smoke and the smell of roasting meat over the surrounding countryside."

Investigation and consequences.

The official report, by Captain F. H. Rich of the Royal Engineers, blamed the collision mainly on Guard Wray of the first train, for failing to protect the rear of his train after it had stopped, and for relying on the signals for protection in this situation. A secondary cause was the misreading of the telegraph message by the Welwyn signalman. Rich recommended two changes to the signalling method, which were subsequently adopted in the system of absolute block working - before a train is allowed into a section, the signalman must positively request clearance from the next box ahead, rather than relying on the "out of section" message for the previous train, and a separate block telegraph that permanently displays the state of the section should be used, in addition to the general-purpose "speaking" telegraph.

The Welwyn Tunnel rail crash took place in Welwyn North Tunnel, north of Welwyn (now Welwyn North) station on the Great Northern Railway, on 9 June 1866. According to L T C Rolt, "from the point of view of damage to engines and rolling stock it was one of the most destructive in railway history."


Location.

The castle is sited on a promontory of a raised beach jutting out at a height of above coastal flats, with a level top defended by steep slopes or cliffs to each side of the point. At one time, this was the location of a watch tower to fend off Viking raiders. Inverkip Castle later became an important medieval fortress.

History.

Inverkip Castle featured in what was later called the First War of Scottish Independence. In 1301, king Edward I of England sent two armies into Scotland, with the plan that they would meet up at Inverkip. The main force under his own command struck through the east of Scotland, while his son Edward, Prince of Wales, commanded a western army which captured Turnberry Castle and Bothwell Castle, but the armies then met at Linlithgow to overwinter.  In 1302 Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, submitted homage to Edward of England, and on 12 May 1303 Bruce provided forces to a muster at Roxburgh. While Edward invaded the east of Scotland, in July he ordered a contingent including Bruce and Aymer de Valence to press up through Clydesdale, and meet a large seaborne force led by Bruce's father-in-law the Earl of Ulster which attacked Rothesay Castle then besieged Inverkip Castle. By early September the joint force had taken both fortresses. Bruce is said to have taken part in the fight to seize Inverkip Castle, and then had the task of getting the siege engines north for the English assault on Stirling Castle: on 16 April 1304 Edward wrote to thank Bruce, referring in particular to the problem of finding "a waggon fit to carry the frame" of "the great engine of Inverkip".  In 1306, Inverkip was held for Edward by the Lothian Scot Sir Adam Gordon. Around mid March the castle was besieged by supporters of King Robert the Bruce, led by Robert Boyd of Cunningham. On 24 July 1306, after Bruce's defeat at the Battle of Methven, Edward gave orders that Sir Thomas Randolph was to be held prisoner in Inverkip castle, supervised by Gordon, with no option of bail: by September of 1307 he had apparently been freed. When Bruce's ally Sir James Douglas defeated Sir Philip Mowbray in 1307, Sir Philip left his forces and escaped to Inverkip Castle, as described in John Barbour's "The Brus":  Sync throu the Largis, him allane
 Till Ennerkip the way he tane,
 Rigcht to the castell that wes then
 Stuffyt all with Ingless men,
 That him resaiffyt in daynte.  The English men later escaped from the castle by sea.

The Ardgowan Estate.

In 1403, King Robert III granted the lands of Ardgowan to his natural son, Sir John Stewart. Ardgowan castle, now a ruin, is a tower house built within the site of the earlier castle, and is dated to the late 15th century. It is sited on the south edge of the promontory, perched on a cliff.  In 1667 Archibald Stewart was created a baronet. The 3rd baronet married, in 1730, Helen Houston, heiress of the Shaws of Greenock. Their son Sir John Shaw Stewart, 4th Baronet, commissioned a design for Ardgowan House from the architect Hugh Cairncross. Construction began in 1797, and was completed around 1801, after which the old castle was abandoned. Its ruin was consolidated and repaired in 1936.

Ardgowan Castle, originally called Inverkip Castle, is located in the grounds of Ardgowan House near Inverkip, Scotland. It is near the Firth of Clyde in Inverclyde, in the former county of Renfrewshire. The three-storey ruin of the 15th century tower house is protected as a category B listed building.


History.

Ardrossan Castle is situated upon a rocky hill, which gives it its name, made up of "ard", meaning height, and "rossan", a rocky promontory. The present ruins are on the site of an earlier castle owned by the Barclay family. By the thirteenth century it had passed to the Ardrossan family.  The castle has long been deemed a distinctive feature of the town of Ardrossan. It was included, for example, in the tour book from 1847 titled "Sylvan's Pictorial Handbook to the Clyde and its Watering-Places" by Thomas and Edward Gilks. There the castle is described as a marker of regional identity and subject antiquarian interest, from which beautiful views of the ocean can be seen. The Gilks state that Ardrossan was originally called "Castle Crags", but was renamed Ardrossan after the family who owned it. At the time of writing the castle was the property of the Eglintoun family, though it was already ruined, and was adjacent to an old churchyard.

Later history.

The castle remained until 1648, when Oliver Cromwell's troops destroyed it, removing much of the stone and taking it to Ayr to build a fort, called the Ayr Citadel, there. The ruins of this castle still stand, but are in hazardous condition. The building has been designated a Scheduled monument.

Legends.

The castle is said to be haunted by the ghost of William Wallace, who is said to wander the ruins on stormy nights.  The castle is also associated with the Devil. Sir Fergus Barclay, also known as "the De'il of Ardrossan", was a horseman, famous around the lands for his tremendous skill. The secret to his skill, however, was a magical bridle, which was given to Barclay by the Devil, in exchange for his soul. However, the Devil was tricked by Barclay into giving his soul back. Infuriated by this trickery, the Devil attacked the castle in his rage, and is said to have left his hoof prints on one of the rocks. Sir Fergus Barclay is buried in the castle chapel, situated a few hundred yards inland from the castle, further down the hill.

Ardrossan Castle is situated on the west coast of Scotland in the town of Ardrossan, Ayrshire. The castle, defended by a moat, stands on a ridge above the town. There is a keep dating from the fifteenth century, and a vaulted range containing a kitchen and cellars. In a deep passageway there is a well. Part of the keep remains up to the corbels of the parapet, but it is in ruins. The original castle, owned by Clan Barclay, was partly destroyed during the Wars of Scottish Independence. This event, in which the English garrison were slaughtered, became known as "Wallace's Larder," a name which is still applied to the remaining vaults. Rebuilt by Clan Montgomery in the 15th century, Ardrossan later fell into disuse and was partially demolished by the soldiers of Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century who used the stones to help construct the Ayr Citadel.


Pensacola culture.

The historical Pensacola people lived in part of a region once occupied by a group that archaeologists call the Pensacola culture, a regional variation of the Mississippian culture that lasted from 1100 to 1700 CE. The archaeological culture covers an area stretching from a transitional Pensacola/Fort Walton culture zone at Choctawhatchee Bay in Florida to the eastern side of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi, Mississippi, with the majority of its sites located along Mobile Bay in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. Sites for the culture stretched inland, north into the southern Tombigbee and Alabama River valleys, as far as the vicinity of Selma, Alabama. (The Fort Walton culture continued to exist in the Florida Panhandle to the east of the Pensacola area into the period of European colonization.)  Perhaps the best known Pensacola culture site is the Bottle Creek Indian Mounds site, a large site located on a low swampy island north of Mobile, Alabama. This site has at least eighteen platform mounds; five of which are arranged around a central plaza. Its main occupation was from 1250 to 1550. It was a ceremonial center for the Pensacola culture peoples, and a gateway to their society. This site seems like an unlikely place to find a ceremonial center because it is surrounded by swamps and is difficult to reach on foot. However, it would have been easy access by a dugout canoe, the main mode of transportation available to the people who built the Bottle Creek site.

Early contacts.

The Pensacola's first contact with Europeans may have been with the Narváez expedition in 1528. Cabeza de Vaca reported that the Indians they encountered in the vicinity of what is now Pensacola Bay were of "large stature and well formed," and lived in permanent houses. The "cacique" wore a robe of what de Vaca called "civet-marten", "the best [skins], I think, that can be found." After initially appearing to be friendly, the Indians attacked the Spaniards without warning during the night. In 1539 Diego Maldonado, exploring the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico under orders from Hernando de Soto, found Pensacola Bay (which the Spanish called the Bay of Achuse, Achusi, Ochuse or Ochus). Maldonado found a village on the bay, where he seized one or two of the inhabitants, along with a "good blanket of sables." De Soto ordered Maldonado to meet him at the Bay of Achuse the next summer with supplies for his expedition. Maldonado returned three years in succession, but de Soto never appeared.  In 1559 Tristán de Luna y Arellano led an expedition to establish the Spanish colony of Ochuse on Pensacola Bay, then known as the Bay of Ichuse (also spelled Ychuse). The Spanish had planned to rely on the Indians for food supplies, but found the area almost deserted, with only a few Indians in fishing camps around the bay. The colony lost hundreds of people through storms and disease. Some tried to relocate to Santa Elena (present-day Parris Island, South Carolina), but were damaged by storms there, too. Survivors moved on to Cuba and Mexico City.

Panzacola.

The first record of the name "Pensacola" was as "Panzacola" (or "Pansacola") in 1657 as the name of a village associated with the mission of San Juan De Aspalaga in the Apalachee Province ("Pansacola" was a common surname among the Apalachee). In 1685 the Spanish became concerned over reports that the French were trying to establish a colony on coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Over the next few years the Spanish searched for the rumored French colony, and for a good site for a Spanish colony to protect their interests in the area. The name "Panzacola" first was recorded in association with Pensacola Bay when Juan Jordan de Reina entered the bay in 1686; he found local Indians who called themselves and the bay "Panzacola". That same year a letter reported that "Panzacola" could be reached by canoe by travelling west from San Marcos de Apalachee, placing it twelve leagues from the "Indians of Mobile". "Panzacola" meant "long-haired people" or "hair people" in the Pensacola language, which was closely related to the Choctaw language.  Another expedition in 1688 found large, prosperous villages of "gentle and docile" Indians. In 1693 two expeditions, one from Vera Cruz in New Spain and another from Apalachee, found the area around Pensacola Bay nearly deserted, supposedly due to the Pensacola being wiped out in a war with the Mobile. The Spanish did find two small bands of Chacato (who were closely related to the Pensacola) in the area of Pensacola Bay that year. Swanton states that the Pensacola had not been killed, but had moved inland and to the west.

Final years.

A Spanish colony was established at Pensacola Bay in 1698, given the name Pensacola. The governor of Pensacola, anxious to have Indians living in the area to help provision and defend the new colony, met with a few Pensacolas and Chacatos, and urged them to move their villages closer to Pensacola. However, by 1707 the only Indians living near the Spanish fort were called "Ocatazes" by the Spanish. In 1725 or 1726 a village of Pensacolas and Biloxis on the Pearl River was reported to have no more than 40 men. In 1764 a village of Pensacola, Biloxi, Chacato, Capinan, Washa, Cawasha, and Pascagoula had 261 men. After 1764 most of the Pensacola are believed to have been assimilated into the Choctaw, but some may have gone to Louisiana with the Biloxi and merged into the Tunica-Biloxi, or been assimilated by Creek bands that moved into the area.

Other "Pensacola Indians".

From time to time various groups of Indians moved to the vicinity of the Spanish fort at Pensacola and were sometimes recorded as "Pensacola Indians". In 1704, 800 refugees from the Apalachee massacre reached Pensacola. The governor of Pensacola tried to persuade them to stay there, but most moved on to French Mobile. Some Apalachee moved back to Pensacola, and then onward to near San Marcos de Apalachee. By 1763 there were about 40 families of Apalachee living at Pensacola. In that year, at the end of the Seven Years' War and Britain's defeat of France, the Spanish evacuated more than 200 Yemassee and Apalachee to Vera Cruz in Mexico before they turned Florida over to the British.

The Pensacola were a Native American people who lived in the western part of what is now the Florida Panhandle and eastern Alabama for centuries before first contact with Europeans until early in the 18th century. They spoke a Muskogean language. They are the source of the name of Pensacola Bay and the city of Pensacola. They lived in the area until the mid-18th century, but were thereafter assimilated into other groups.


Biography.

Hunsberger was born August 2, 1932 in Souderton, Pennsylvania. In 1962, he was appointed conductor of the Eastman Symphony Band and coordinator of the Instrumental Ensemble Program. In 1965, following the departure of Clyde Roller, Hunsberger was appointed as conductor of the Eastman Wind Ensemble, which had been created by Frederick Fennell. During his tenure with the Eastman Wind Ensemble, Hunsberger conducted many recordings, including some with trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. Through his work as a conductor, author, and recording artist, Hunsberger helped further the principles of the wind ensemble concept, including "specified instrumentation, orchestral concept of performance, single performer approach [and] development of individual tone colors.". From 1985-87, Hunsberger served as the president of the College Band Directors National Association.

Arrangements and published works.

Hunsberger has also arranged transcriptions of orchestral music for concert band. Among these include: Shostakovich's "Festive Overture"; Kabalevsky's "Colas Breugnon" Overture, Grafulla's "Echoes of the 1860s", Khachaturian's Ballet Suite from "Spartacus", and John Williams' "Star Wars Trilogy". Hunsberger is also the editor for the Remington Warm Up Series. Hunsberger co-authored a book with Roy Ernst called "The Art of Conducting", wrote a newsletter for MCA Music on Wind Ensemble Music, and many other articles. In 1994 he co-edited a book with Frank J. Cipolla called "The Wind Ensemble and Its Repertoire: Essays on the Fortieth Anniversary of the Eastman Wind Ensemble".

Recent years.

In recent years, Hunsberger has rescored music for silent films, and has conducted performances with major symphony orchestras. Hunsberger is currently conductor emeritus of the Eastman Wind Ensemble.

Donald Hunsberger (born August 2, 1932 in Souderton, Pennsylvania) is an American conductor and arranger. He served as the conductor of the Eastman Wind Ensemble from 1965 until 2001. He also held the position of Professor of conducting at the Eastman School of Music. Generally regarded as a key contributor to the rise of the modern wind ensemble in the twentieth century, Hunsberger's notable contributions include conducting, recording, and arranging music for winds.


Nishtha – Rural Health, Education and Environment Center

Nishtha Trust.

The approach is to work alongside the local people for our mutual development and benefit. In this fast moving world in which major changes in the Indian cultural perspective creates conflict and confusion the aim to encourage dialogue and learning through acknowledging individual and group knowledge and desire to live in harmony with each other and nature. The approach is holistic and our philosophy is based on an integrated approach that is inclusive of physical, social and spiritual growth of people and nature.  Nishtha’s founder and manager is Dr. Barbara Nath-Wiser a general practitioner from Vienna, Austria who has been living in Sidhbari since 1984. The health centre is dedicated to the memory of her late husband Krishan Nath Baba, who was a respected spiritual personality in the area and was very concerned about the well-being of the local people.

Health Clinic.

The primary focus of Nishthas work has been running the daily clinic along with a small in-patient’s facility. The majority of the patients are the very poor from labouring and farming families. Many are widows or elderly people who depend on the clinic for medical care.  It offers consultations and medicines free to the very poor and destitute and at nominal cost prices to those who can afford them. The approach is holistic and patients are diagnosed and treated utilising the disciplines of Allopathy, Homeopathy, Ayurveda and Acupuncture as appropriate for each individual patient. Serious cases are referred to the nearest specialist facility or to the Zonal hospital along with Nishthas vehicle and assistants if needed.  Until recently Nishtha have been seeing up to 50 patients a day but now, due to the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme people have money in their pockets, but very little time so there are fewer patients coming for consultations. Instead they go to the local Anganwaris – baby crèches in the villages where they can get pain killers, pregnancy tests and iron and calcium supplements or buy quick fix medications from the local shops. As a result, since 2008 Nishtha has seen a significant drop in the number of patients attending the daily clinic. However, increasing numbers of the patients who come to the clinic are in more desperate need of help than those we had before and many come from further afield. They are increasingly those who could not find help in other facilities or have received confusing or ineffective treatments elsewhere. People come from far and say ‘you are my last hope’. It is therefore the responsibility to give them as much time and attention as Nishtha can to try to help them.  All projects and further information's are listed on the Homepage (Health).

Education.

Education is carried out through women’s groups, youth groups and the local school children. Participatory involvement workshops, meetings and events are organised regularly to disseminate information and encourage people to take an active interest in their own health and related issues. Family planning, sex education for young people and information about STDs are primary focus issues. We have also held meetings about the alcohol problem in the village.  Nishtha encourage and provide means for our staff and local people to attend workshops organised by other NGOs or to visit other organisations and interesting places. In this way information on issues such as Women’s health, legal matters, local medicinal herbs, waste re-cycling and useful agricultural practices are brought into the area.  All projects and further information's are listed on the Homepage (Education).

Environment.

With the school children and youth Nishtha generates awareness of environmental issues such as water, wildlife, erosion, re-forestation, and garbage management through nature clubs and events including talks, skits and active participation.  The clinic staff all actively takes on the responsibility of segregating and disposing of the hospital waste appropriately. Plastic and paper is sent to nearby re-cycling units. Metal and bottles are collected by traders. Only the medical waste is burned or buried. Plastic collection bins have been set up in the village and the children hold monthly rallies to collect all the plastic from the surrounding fields and drains and sort the collected plastic for re-cycling. Local women stitch cloth bags which are screen printed in the centre with slogans encouraging people to reduce their use of plastic.  All projects and further information's are listed on the Homepage (Environment).

History.

Nishtha Trust was set up in 1995 by Dr. Barbara with the help of 3 Trustees: local social activist Mrs. Monica Ghosh, retired reader in Psychology from Shimla university, Dr. Kishwar Shirali and social activist Ms. Abha Bhaiya.  After many years of service to the Trust and active contribution to the work of Nishtha, Kishwar resigned in 2008. The Trust is very grateful for her long-time valuable service and continuing involvement in our programmes.  Ms. Kamla Bhasin, feminist activist and founder of Sangat South Asia was appointed a trustee in August 2009.  In May 2010, Mrs. Ghosh who had served the Trust steadily and with great dedication passed away.  Local resident Mrs. Soniya Sebastian has been her replacement trustee since 2010.  Radhika Saunik who recently moved into the area after a career in librarianship, was appointed a Trustee in May 2012.  Since 2002 the Austrian Service Abroad delegates regularly servers abroad to Nishtha, who serve their service abroad within a 10 Months social programme.

The Nishtha Rural Health, Education and Environment Centre is a non-governmental organisation situated in Sidhbari, a small village in the Himalayan foothills of the North Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The main objective for which the Trust has been established is to work for the benefit and development of society as a whole by improving the welfare of families with particular focus on women and children. This objective is served through activities in the fields of health, education and environment.


Early life and education.

Miles' education began in her hometown of Mount Carroll, where during a prolonged childhood illness, her grandfather encouraged her to exercise her intellect. She began her undergraduate studies at Shimer College (1941-1942), which was then a women's junior college and located in Mount Carroll. She finished her degree at nearby Beloit College (1942-1943), and continued to the University of Chicago, where she completed her MA in 1948. From 1945 to 1947, she was the Curator of Archeology and Ethnology for the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. After teaching for a time at the University of Wisconsin, she completed her Ph.D. in anthropology at Radcliffe College in 1955. Her groundbreaking doctoral dissertation, "The Sixteenth-Century Pokom-Maya: A Documentary Analysis of Social Structure and Archaeological Setting", was published in book form by the American Philosophical Society in 1957.

Further career.

Miles also undertook work for the Bollingen Foundation, particularly the translation of Las Casas's 'Historia de las Indias', a project that stranded because of the loss of her manuscripts. Her obituarist, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, wrote concerning these and other unfinished projects, that "It is unlikely that anyone else can continue the projects she had begun, for she relied strongly on a phenomenal memory, composing an entire thesis in her mind before putting anything down on paper, and her notes probably do not reflect the knowledge that she had acquired. This will be a serious loss to all Maya scholars."  Most of Miles' career was spent in Guatemala, where she became the first woman to reach the highest professorial rank of "catedrática" in anthropology, while at the Universidad de San Carlos in her final years. Having returned from Guatemala because of a developing illness, she went to Boston for treatment, where she died a year later at the age of 43. She lies buried at Oak Hill Cemetery, Mt. Carroll, Illinois.

Suzanna ('Sue') Whitelaw Miles (June 7, 1922 in Mount Carroll, Illinois – April 10, 1966 in Boston) was an American ethnohistorian, anthropologist and archaeologist. Miles was known for her work among the Maya peoples of the North-western Guatemalan highlands, her analyses of early-colonial sources on Pre-Hispanic Maya culture and society (particularly her study of 16th-century Poqom social structure), and her pioneering studies of pre-Columbian Maya civilization urban environments and settlement patterns.