Usage.

Entry points apply both to source code and to executable files. However, in day-to-day software development, programmers specify the entry points only in source code, which makes them much better known. Entry points in executable files depend on the application binary interface (ABI) of the actual operating system, and are generated by the compiler or linker (if not fixed by the ABI). Other linked object files may also have entry points, which are used later by the linker when generating entry points of an executable file.  Entry points are capable of passing on command arguments, variables, or other information as a local variable used by the codice_4 method. This way, specific options may be set upon execution of the program, and then interpreted by the program. Many programs use this as an alternative way to configure different settings, or perform a set variety of actions using a single program.

Contemporary.

In most of today's popular programming languages and operating systems, a computer program usually only has a single "entry point".  In C, C++, D, Rust and Kotlin programs this is a function named codice_1; in Java it is a static method named codice_1 (although the class must be specified at the invocation time), and in C# it is a static method named codice_3.  In many major operating systems, the standard executable format has a single entry point. In the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF), used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux, the entry point is specified in the codice_8 field of the ELF header. In the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc), the entry point used by the linker is the codice_9 symbol. Similarly, in the Portable Executable format, used in Microsoft Windows, the entry point is specified by the codice_10 field, which is inherited from COFF. In COM files, the entry point is at the fixed offset of 0100h.  One exception to the single-entry-point paradigm is Android. Android applications do not have a single entry point there is no special codice_1 function. Instead, they have "essential components" (activities and services) which the system can load and run as needed.  An occasionally used technique is the fat binary, which consists of several executables for different targets packaged in a single file. Most commonly, this is implemented by a single overall entry point, which is compatible with all targets and branches to the target-specific entry point. Alternative techniques include storing separate executables in separate forks, each with its own entry point, which is then selected by the operating system.

Historical.

Historically, and in some contemporary legacy systems, such as VMS and OS/400, computer programs have a multitude of "entry points", each corresponding to the different functionalities of the program. The usual way to denote entry points, as used system-wide in VMS and in PL/I and MACRO programs, is to append them at the end of the name of the executable image, delimited by a dollar sign ($), e.g. codice_12.  The Apple I computer also used this to some degree. For example, an alternative entry point in Apple I's BASIC would keep the BASIC program useful when the reset button was accidentally pushed.

Exit point.

In general, programs can exit at any time by returning to the operating system or crashing. Programs in interpreted languages return control to the interpreter, but programs in compiled languages must return to the operating system, otherwise the processor will simply continue executing beyond the end of the program, resulting in undefined behavior.  Usually, there is not a single exit point specified in a program. However, in other cases runtimes ensure that programs always terminate in a structured way via a single exit point, which is guaranteed unless the runtime itself crashes; this allows cleanup code to be run, such as codice_13 handlers. This can be done by either requiring that programs terminate by returning from the main function, by calling a specific exit function, or by the runtime catching exceptions or operating system signals.

Programming languages.

In many programming languages, the codice_1 function is where a program starts its execution. It enables high-level organization of the program's functionality, and typically has access to the command arguments given to the program when it was executed.  The main function is generally the first programmer-written function that runs when a program starts, and is invoked directly from the system-specific initialization contained in the runtime environment (crt0 or equivalent). However, some languages can execute user-written functions before main runs, such as the constructors of C++ global objects.  In other languages, notably many interpreted languages, execution begins at the first statement in the program.  A non-exhaustive list of programming languages follows, describing their way of defining the main entry point:

APL.

In APL, when a workspace is loaded, the contents of "quad LX" (latent expression) variable is interpreted as an APL expression and executed.

C and C++.

In C and C++, the function prototype of the main function looks like one of the following: int main(void); int main();  int main(int argc, char **argv); int main(int argc, char *argv[]); int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env);  // more specifically in C // NOT according to the ISO C standard 5.1.2.2.1 // BUT in embedded programming depending on the μC, this form is also used void main (void); The parameters codice_15, "argument count", and codice_16, "argument vector", respectively give the number and values of the program's command-line arguments. The names of codice_15 and codice_16 may be any valid identifier in C, but it is common convention to use these names. In C++, the names are to be taken literally, and the "void" in the parameter list is to be omitted, if strict conformance is desired. Other platform-dependent formats are also allowed by the C and C++ standards, except that in C++ the return type must always be codice_19; for example, Unix (though not POSIX.1) and Windows have a third argument giving the program's environment, otherwise accessible through codice_20 in codice_21: int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp); Darwin-based operating systems, such as macOS, have a fourth parameter containing arbitrary OS-supplied information, such as the path to the executing binary: int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp, char **apple); The value returned from the main function becomes the exit status of the process, though the C standard only ascribes specific meaning to two values: codice_22 (traditionally 0) and codice_23. The meaning of other possible return values is implementation-defined. In case a return value is not defined by the programmer, an implicit codice_24 at the end of the codice_25 function is inserted by the compiler; this behavior is required by the C++ standard.  It is guaranteed that codice_15 is non-negative and that codice_27 is a null pointer. By convention, the command-line arguments specified by codice_15 and codice_16 include the name of the program as the first element if codice_15 is greater than 0; if a user types a command of "codice_31", the shell will initialise the codice_32 process with codice_33 and codice_34. As codice_35 is the name that processes appear under in codice_36, codice_37 etc., some programs, such as daemons or those running within an interpreter or virtual machine (where codice_35 would be the name of the host executable), may choose to alter their argv to give a more descriptive codice_35, usually by means of the codice_40 system call.  The codice_25 function is special; normally every C and C++ program must define it exactly once.  If declared, codice_25 must be declared as if it has external linkage; it cannot be declared codice_43 or codice_44.  In C++, codice_25 must be in the global namespace (i.e. codice_46), cannot be overloaded, and cannot be a member function, although the name is not otherwise reserved, and may be used for member functions, classes, enumerations, or non-member functions in other namespaces. In C++ (unlike C) codice_25 cannot be called recursively and cannot have its address taken.

C#.

When executing a program written in C#, the CLR searches for a static method marked with the codice_48 IL directive, which takes either no arguments, or a single argument of type codice_49, and has a return type of codice_50 or codice_19, and executes it. static void Main(); static void Main(string[] args); static int Main(); static int Main(string[] args); Command-line arguments are passed in codice_52, similar to how it is done in Java. For versions of codice_4 returning an integer, similar to both C and C++, it is passed back to the environment as the exit status of the process.  Since C#7.1 there are four more possible signatures of the entry point, which allow asynchronous execution in the codice_4 Method. static Task Main() static Task<int> Main() static Task Main(string[]) static Task<int> Main(string[]) The codice_55 and codice_56 types are the asynchronous equivalents of codice_50 and codice_19.

Clean.

Clean is a functional programming language based on graph rewriting. The initial node is named codice_59 and is of type codice_60 if it "changes" the world or some fixed type if the program only prints the result after reducing codice_59. Start :: *World -> *World Start world = startIO... Or even simpler Start :: String Start = "Hello, world!" One tells the compiler which option to use to generate the executable file.

Common Lisp.

ANSI Common Lisp does not define a main function; instead, the code is read and evaluated from top to bottom in a source file. However, the following code will emulate a main function.

D.

In D, the function prototype of the main function looks like one of the following: void main(); void main(string[] args); int main(); int main(string[] args); Command-line arguments are passed in codice_52, similar to how it is done in C# or Java. For versions of codice_25 returning an integer, similar to both C and C++, it is passed back to the environment as the exit status of the process.

FORTRAN.

FORTRAN does not have a main subroutine or function. Instead a codice_64 statement as the first line can be used to specify that a program unit is a main program, as shown below. The codice_64 statement cannot be used for recursive calls. Some versions of Fortran, such as those on the IBM System/360 and successor mainframes, do not support the PROGRAM statement. Many compilers from other software manufacturers will allow a fortran program to be compiled without a PROGRAM statement. In these cases, whatever module that has any non-comment statement where no SUBROUTINE, FUNCTION or BLOCK DATA statement occurs, is considered to be the Main program.

GNAT.

Using GNAT, the programmer is not required to write a function named codice_1; a source file containing a single subprogram can be compiled to an executable. The binder will however create a package codice_67, which will contain and export a C-style main function.

Go.

In Go programming language, program execution starts with the codice_1 function of the codice_69 package main  import "fmt"  func main() {  There is no way to access arguments or a return code outside of the standard library in Go. These can be accessed via codice_70 and codice_71 respectively, both of which are included in the codice_72 package.

Haskell.

A Haskell program must contain a name codice_1 bound to a value of type codice_74, for some type codice_75; which is usually codice_76. codice_77 is a monad, which organizes side-effects in terms of purely functional code. The codice_1 value represents the side-effects-ful computation done by the program. The result of the computation represented by codice_1 is discarded; that is why codice_1 usually has type codice_76, which indicates that the type of the result of the computation is codice_82, the unit type, which contains no information. main :: IO () main = putStrLn "Hello, World!" Command line arguments are not given to codice_1; they must be fetched using another IO action, such as codice_84.

Java.

Java programs start executing at the main method of a class, which has one of the following method headings: public static void main(String[] args) public static void main(String... args) public static void main(String args[]) Command-line arguments are passed in codice_52. As in C and C++, the name "codice_25" is special. Java's main methods do not return a value directly, but one can be passed by using the codice_87 method.  Unlike C, the name of the program is not included in codice_52, because it is the name of the class that contains the main method, so it is already known. Also unlike C, the number of arguments need not be included, since arrays in Java have a field that keeps track of how many elements there are.  The main function must be included within a class. This is because in Java everything has to be contained within a class. For instance, a hello world program in Java may look like: public class HelloWorld { To run this program, one must call codice_89 in the directory where the compiled class file codice_90) exists. Alternatively, executable JAR files use a manifest file to specify the entry point in a manner that is filesystem-independent from the user's perspective.

LOGO.

In FMSLogo, the procedures when loaded do not execute. To make them execute, it is necessary to use this code:  The variable codice_91 is used for the startup list of actions, but the convention is that this calls another procedure that runs the actions. That procedure may be of any name.

OCaml.

OCaml has no codice_1 function. Programs are evaluated from top to bottom.  Command-line arguments are available in an array named codice_93 and the exit status is 0 by default.  Example: print_endline "Hello World"

Pascal.

In Pascal, the main procedure is the only unnamed block in the program. Because Pascal programs define procedures and functions in a more rigorous bottom-up order than C, C++ or Java programs, the main procedure is usually the last block in the program. Pascal does not have a special meaning for the name "codice_1" or any similar name. program Hello(Output); begin end. Command-line arguments are counted in codice_95 and accessible as strings by codice_96, with n between 0 and codice_95.  Versions of Pascal that support units or modules may also contain an unnamed block in each, which is used to initialize the module. These blocks are executed before the main program entry point is called.

Perl.

In Perl, there is no main function. Statements are executed from top to bottom.  Command-line arguments are available in the special array codice_98. Unlike C, codice_98 does not contain the name of the program, which is codice_100.

PHP.

PHP does not have a "main" function. Starting from the first line of a PHP script, any code not encapsulated by a function header is executed as soon as it is seen.

Pike.

In Pike syntax is similar to that of C and C++. The execution begins at codice_1. The "codice_15" variable keeps the number of arguments passed to the program. The "codice_16" variable holds the value associated with the arguments passed to the program.  Example:

Python.

Python programs are evaluated top-to-bottom, as is usual in scripting languages: the entry point is the start of the source code. Since definitions must precede use, programs are typically structured with definitions at the top and the code to execute at the bottom (unindented), similar to code for a one-pass compiler, such as in Pascal.  Alternatively, a program can be structured with an explicit codice_1 function containing the code to be executed when a program is executed directly, but which can also be invoked by importing the program as a module and calling the function. This can be done by the following idiom, which relies on the internal variable codice_105 being set to codice_106 when a program is executed, but not when it is imported as a module (in which case it is instead set to the module name); there are many variants of this structure: import sys  def main(argv):  if __name__ == '__main__': In this idiom, the call to the named entry point codice_1 is explicit, and the interaction with the operating system (receiving the arguments, calling system exit) are done explicitly by library calls, which are ultimately handled by the Python runtime. This contrast with C, where these are done "implicitly" by the runtime, based on convention.

QB64.

The QB64 language has no main function, the code that is not within a function, or subroutine is executed first, from top to bottom:  print "Hello World! a ="; a = getInteger(1.8d): print a  function getInteger(n as double) end function  Command line arguments (if any) can be read using the COMMAND$ function:  dim shared commandline as string commandline = COMMAND$  'Several space-separated command line arguments can be read using COMMAND$(n) commandline1 = COMMAND$(2)

Ruby.

In Ruby, there is no distinct main function. The code written without additional "codice_108", "codice_109" enclosures is executed directly, step by step, in context of special "codice_1" object. This object can be referenced using: irb(main):001:0> self => main and contain the following properties: irb(main):002:0> self.class => Object irb(main):003:0> self.class.ancestors => [Object, Kernel, BasicObject] Methods defined without additional classes/modules are defined as private methods of the "codice_1" object, and, consequently, as private methods of almost any other object in Ruby: irb(main):004:0> def foo irb(main):005:1> 42 irb(main):006:1> end => nil irb(main):007:0> foo => 42 irb(main):008:0> [].foo NoMethodError: private method `foo' called for []:Array irb(main):009:0> false.foo NoMethodError: private method `foo' called for false:FalseClass Number and values of command-line arguments can be determined using the single codice_112 constant array: $ irb /dev/tty foo bar  tty(main):001:0> ARGV ARGV => ["foo", "bar"] tty(main):002:0> ARGV.size ARGV.size => 2 The first element of codice_112, codice_114, contains the first command-line argument, not the name of program executed, as in C. The name of program is available using codice_100 or codice_116.  Similar to Python, one could use: if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME end

Rust.

In Rust, the entry point of a program is a function named codice_1. Typically, this function is situated in a file called codice_118 or codice_119.  // In `main.rs` fn main() {  Additionally, as of Rust 1.26.0, the main function may return a codice_120:  fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {

Swift.

When run in an Xcode Playground, Swift behaves like a scripting language, executing statements from top to bottom; top-level code is allowed. // HelloWorld.playground  let hello = "hello" let world = "world"  let helloWorld = hello + " " + world  print(helloWorld) // hello world Cocoa- and Cocoa Touch-based applications written in Swift are usually initialized with the codice_121 and codice_122 attributes, respectively. Those attributes are equivalent in their purpose to the codice_123 file in Objective-C projects: they implicitly declare the codice_1 function that calls codice_125 which creates an instance of codice_126.  The following code is the default way to initialize a Cocoa Touch-based iOS app and declare its application delegate. // AppDelegate.swift  import UIKit  @UIApplicationMain class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {

Visual Basic.

In Visual Basic, when a project contains no forms, the startup object may be the codice_4 procedure. The codice_128 function can be optionally used to access the argument portion of the command line used to launch the program:  Sub Main() End Sub

Xojo.

In Xojo, there are two different project types, each with a different main entry point. Desktop (GUI) applications start with the codice_129 event of the project's codice_130 object. Console applications start with the codice_131 event of the project's codice_132 object. In both instances, the main function is automatically generated, and cannot be removed from the project.

In computer programming, an entry point is where the first instructions of a program are executed, and where the program has access to command line arguments.


CHV in puppies.

The incubation period of CHV is six to ten days. CHV is transmitted to puppies in the birth canal and by contact with infected oral and nasal secretions from the mother or other infected dogs, but it is not spread through the air. The virus replicates in the surface cells of the nasal mucosa, tonsils, and pharynx. Low body temperature allows the virus to spread and infect the rest of the body. Symptoms include crying, weakness, depression, discharge from the nose, soft, yellow feces, and a loss of the sucking reflex. CHV also causes a necrotizing vasculitis that results in hemorrhage around the blood vessels. Bruising of the belly may occur. Eye lesions include keratitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, retinitis, and retinal dysplasia. There is a high mortality rate, approaching 80 percent in puppies less than one week old, and death usually occurs in one to two days.  In puppies three to five weeks old, the disease is less severe due to their ability to properly maintain body temperature and mount a febrile response. More puppies survive, but they can develop a latent infection. Some later get neurologic disease and have symptoms like difficulty walking and blindness. Reactivation of a latent infection may be caused by stress or immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids. The site of latency has been shown to be the trigeminal ganglion and possibly the lumbosacral ganglion.

CHV in adult dogs.

In adult dogs, the virus infects the reproductive tract, which allows it to be sexually transmitted or passed to puppies during birth. The disease can cause abortion, stillbirths, and infertility. It is also an infrequent cause of kennel cough. However, sexual contact is not the primary cause of transmission. Most adult dogs become infected by inhaling the virus via airborne particles spread by coughs or sneezes. It can also be contracted by drinking from a contaminated water bowl, or even just by sniffing or licking another dog that is shedding the virus.  Like other types of herpesvirus, previously infected dogs can from time to time release the virus in vaginal secretions, penile secretions, and discharge from the nose. Raised sores in the vagina or on the penis may be seen during these times. Spread of the disease is controlled by not breeding dogs known to have it. Serology can show what dogs have been exposed (although not all of them will be releasing the virus at that time). Serological studies of various dog populations have revealed a seroprevalence of 40 to 93 percent. Bitches who have a negative serology for CHV should be isolated from other dogs from three weeks before to three weeks after giving birth. Bitches that have lost puppies to the disease may have future litters that survive due to transfer of antibodies in the milk.

Diagnosis, treatment, and control.

Diagnosis of the disease in puppies is best accomplished by necropsy. Findings include hemorrhages in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of affected puppies is difficult, although injecting antibodies to CHV into the abdomen may help some to survive. Keeping the puppies warm is also important. The virus does not survive well outside of the body and is easily destroyed by most detergents. A vaccine in Europe known as Eurican Herpes 205 (ATCvet code: ) has been available since 2003. It is given to the dam (mother) twice: during heat or early pregnancy and one to two weeks before whelping.

Research.

Studies of using CHV as a viral vector for gene therapy in dogs and as a basis for recombinant vaccines are ongoing. Its use as a vector in bait-delivered oral vaccines in wild foxes is also being investigated.

Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), formerly Canine herpesvirus (CHV), is a virus of the family "Herpesviridae" which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies (and in wild "Canidae") less than two to three weeks old. It is known to exist in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, England and Germany. CHV was first recognized in the mid-1960s from a fatal disease in puppies.


History.

The earliest references to the family include a document of Bishop Otto of Bamberg from the year 1119 of a "Rupertus de Bibra". In 1151 a "Pertholdus (Berthold) de Bibra" and his sons "Pertholdus (Berthold)" and "Tagino" are referenced in another document. The family prospered in numbers, wealth, and influence in the 15th century and early 16th century. By the time of Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605, the family is listed as the most important family of Franconia under the rank of Freiherr. By 1600 most of the family died off without heirs partially due natural causes such as the Bubonic plague and the number of family members who took church positions. After the death of Heinrich von Bibra in 1602, the Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn seized most of the family’s assets as part of the Counter-Reformation resulting in a 79-year lawsuit. The lawsuit (Reichskammergericht) was eventually settled with the family receiving all the properties except Burgwallbach but without income during the suit. From 1602 on there were many important members of the family but the family itself never recovered the leading position it previously had in the late 15th and 16th centuries. Between 1698 and 1772, the various lines were raised to "Reichsfreiherr" (Barons of the Holy Roman Empire). In later times, the family spread to the Austrian Empire, the British Empire, and the United States. According to Wagenhöfer, the Bibra family is the most researched family of the low nobility in Franconia after the Guttenberg and Seckendorff families.

Riemenschneider patronage.

The tomb of Lorenz von Bibra by Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460 – 7 July 1531) in the Würzburg Dom (cathedral) is one of Riemenschneider's most famous works. Lorenz also commissioned Riemenscheider to do the tomb of his predecessor, Rudolf von Scherenberg. In Bibra the family commissioned Riemenschneider to do the "Altar of the Apostles, Altar of the Church Fathers, Altar of the Annunciation, Carving of St. Kilian", a crucifix, and an epitaph of Hans von Bibra (Lorenz' father). Kilian von Bibra also commissioned a work by Riemenscheider other than at Bibra.

Localities associated with family.

Family seat:  Second seat:  Historical holdings still in family:  Estates, castles, manor houses, and villages that previously came under Bibra control (Germany unless otherwise stated):  German cities with close association:  Memorials:  Monasteries closely associated with Bibra family:  Australia

Coats of arms of municipalities.

The Bibra coat of arms is incorporated into several municipalities.

Organization of the family.

For the last four centuries the family has divided itself between two Branches named after the two brothers whom all living Bibra descend: Valentine (1560–1595) and Bernhard (1562–1609). Within each branch, the family has divided further in Lines centered on castles and a manor house (Gleicherwiesen). The last two centuries, the Lines are as follows:  Valentine Branch Bernhard Branch  All branches of the family were raised to "Freiherr". In 1919, all nobility predicates were transformed into constituents of the family name in Germany.

Erbuntermarschallamt (hereditary under-marshal office) of Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg 1357 – 1803.

1357: The counts of Henneberg had the title to the office in 1357 transferred to the Bibra family, but then withdrawn and returned to it to the von der Kere family.  1405: In two contracts of 1405 and 1486, both families finally agreed on the alternating exercise of the office. When the Henneberg family renounced the Obermarschall of Würzburg in 1533 for political reasons, there were no more changes with the Untermarschallamt until the extinction of the Henneberg house in 1584.  1572: The sole right of succession claimed by the Bibra after the extinction of the von der Kere family in 1572 was contested by Prince Bishop Julius Echter of Mespelbrunn (ruled 1573–1617), and the share of the Kere family transferred to his own family. Until the extinction of the Mespelbrunn (1665), members of both families exercised an alternating office.  1665 -1803 (secularization): The Bibras stand unchallenged. Beginning in 1803, it became an "empty title" with no Prince-Bishopric.  The Erbntermarschallamt was held by the "Familiensenior" or "Senior familiae" ("Family Senior") which is the eldest male member of the Bibra family when the family held the position.  Beginning in 1721, members of the Schabelwaid/Weisendorf line had the Erbuntertruchsess of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg.

Bibra family / Bibran-Modlau family relationship.

Bibran-Modlau family (Bibran, Bibra und Modlau, Bibra-Modlau) was a Silesian noble family which was raised to Reichsfreiherr (Imperial barons) 1624.  The family and the three sons-in-law of the apparent last Silesian Bibran-Modlau used multiple variations of the name including:  One source ("Origines familiae Bibranorum in Francia orientali utraque Silesia et Lusatia...)" reports that the family descends from a Sigmund von Bibra (Franconian Bibra family) who traveled to Silesia in the 11th century, however the different coat of arms casts doubt on the connection. The description with the published (c. 1860) print of Schloss Modlau describes the Bibran family as having split off from the Franconia Bibras five hundred years ago. By 1480 Modlau and Profen were already in possession of the family. At the end of the family, it was centered at Reisicht and Modlau, in present-day Poland. Prominent members of the family were: Friedrich Heinrich von Bibran-Modlau, Abraham von Bibran Kittlitztreben und Woitsdorf, and Sigismund Heinrich von Bibran-Modlau who was one of the largest land owner in Silesia.  David Heinrich von Bibran-Modlau was the apparent last male member of the family in Silesia. When he died in 1828, he had three daughters. His three sons-in-law (von Kölichen, von Block and von Schönberg) incorporated the Bibran-Modlau into their names. The son-in-law Ernst Heinrich von Kölichen, who had incorporated the Bibran-Modlau name and coat of arms died (1832) with a daughter, Agnes, but no sons. Ernst’s son-in-law, Ludwig von Senden again incorporated (c. 1836) the Bibran name into his own becoming "von Senden-Bibran" as in Gustav von Senden-Bibran.

The Bibra family () was one of the leading "Uradel" (ancient noble) families in Franconia (northern part of Bavaria) and present day Thuringia from the mid-15th century to about 1600. Later on the family rose from "Reichsritter" (Imperial Knights) to "Reichsfreiherr" (Barons of the Holy Roman Empire). After the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, they were made ‘’Freiherr’‘ (Barons) of Bavaria and Bohemia.


Government.

The province was governed under a civil government that has an executive, judicial and legislative branch and is divided into military districts.  The governor served also as the commander of the Army Department of Mindanao-Jolo. Most of the district governors and their deputies were members of the U.S. military. In 1913, the military governor was replaced by a civil governor.  The Moro Council served as the legislative body of the province. The governor and its members were appointed by and with the consent of the Philippine Commission.  Justice was administered for the province by two (2) Courts of First Instance, Justice of the Peace Courts and by the Municipal Courts.

Districts.

The province was divided into five districts, with U.S. officers serving as district governors and deputy governors. These districts included: Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Jolo, and Zamboanga. The district government is composed of the governor, the secretary, and the treasurer who were all appointed by the provincial governor.  The district officials also form as the District Board which had the power to enact ordinances although subject to the approval of the Legislative Council.

Tribal Wards.

The districts were sub-divided into tribal wards, with major datus serving as ward chiefs and minor datus serving as deputies, judges, and sheriffs.  The head of the tribe has the power to sub-divide his wards and appoint deputies into these sub-wards with the approval of the district governor.

Christian communities.

The tribal wards were applied only to Muslim communities. Meanwhile, the minority Christian communities were merged into regular municipalities.  The government of each municipality was composed of a president, vice-president and a municipal council. The President and half of the councilors were elected by qualified voters and the other half is appointed by the district governor.

History.

After the dissolution of the Republic of Zamboanga and others part of Mindanao are under U.S. rule, the U.S. civil government led by Governor William Howard Taft authorized the creation of the Moro Province that includes "all of the territory of the Philippines lying south of the eight parallel of latitude, excepting the island of Palawan and the eastern portion of the northwest peninsula of Mindanao." The Province was created by the virtue of Act No. 787 in June 1, 1903. Major General Leonard Wood, with the capacity of commander of the Army Department of Mindanao-Sulu was appointed governor of the province in August 6, 1903.

Military to Civilian Government.

By 1913, Governor Pershing agreed that the Moro Province needed to transition to civil government. This was prompted by the Moro's personalistic approach to government, which was based on personal ties rather than a respect for an abstract office. To the Moros, a change of administration meant not just a change in leadership but a change in regime, and was a traumatic experience. Rotation within the military meant that each military governor could serve only for a limited time. Until 1911, every district governor and secretary had been a military officer. By November 1913, only one officer still held a civil office – Pershing himself. In December 1913, Pershing was replaced as governor of Moro Province by a civilian, Frank Carpenter.

Dissolution.

On July 23, 1914, the Moro Province was officially replaced by an agency named the Department of Mindanao and Sulu including the whole island of Mindanao except Lanao. The agency was tasked to administer all Muslim-dominated areas in the territory. Frank Carpenter remained as governor of the agency.

Moro Province () is the name of a former province of the Philippines consisting of the former provinces and regions of Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao, and Jolo. It was later split into provinces and regions organized under the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, along with the former provinces of Agusan, Surigao and current province of Bukidnon, but excluding Lanao.


Film.

Yeo starred opposite Robert Duvall and Thomas Haden Church in the Emmy Award-winning Western "Broken Trail" as Sun Foy (also known as "number three"), a Chinese girl sold into prostitution in the 1800s. After a worldwide search, Duvall personally selected her to star opposite him in the role. Her performance in the film earned her critical acclaim and a NAMIC Vision Award nomination for Best Actress in 2007.  In the independent film "Heathens and Thieves", Yeo played Kun Hua, a role which garnered her Best Actress Awards at both the WorldFest Houston International Film Festival and the Iowa Film Festival.  Yeo also starred in the Emmy Award-nominated Amazon original special, "American Girl: Ivy & Julie".  Other notable film roles include Dr. Samantha Yep in "The Jane Austen Book Club" with Emily Blunt and Hugh Dancy, June in "Night Skies", and "The Magic of Ordinary Days" with Keri Russell.

Television.

Yeo is perhaps best known for her recurring guest star role as Xiao-Mei, the Chinese maid of Gabrielle (Eva Longoria) and Carlos (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) in "Desperate Housewives". The character's popularity in the series led to an offer for a series regular contract the next season. She also had a recurring role as the Oklahoma-born Sargent Richelle (opposite Felicity Huffman in the critically acclaimed series "American Crime", played Kelly Lee on "General Hospital", and has also guested on other popular shows such as "NCIS", "Grey's Anatomy", "Castle", "The Mentalist", and "Chuck".

Voice acting.

Yeo is a prominent voice artist in several animated series, films, video games, and commercials, and has multiple action figures based on her characters.  Her character Shinigami, from Nickelodeon's "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", was officially launched during San Diego Comic-Con to a huge crowd of fans. She has voiced several other popular animated characters including Cato Parassiti in "", Domino in "Wolverine and the X-Men", Li Mei in "The Invincible Iron Man", Lola Chong in "", Gramma on "Stitch!", Mercy Graves in "The Batman" and Li-en in "Zatch Bell!". She has also guest starred on "Phineas and Ferb", "Kim Possible" and "What's New, Scooby Doo?".  In video games, Yeo is best known as Paine in "Final Fantasy X-2" and "Kingdom Hearts II". She was also the female lead in "SOCOM 4 U.S. Navy SEALs" as the character Forty-Five. Other notable video game credits include Lady Deathstrike in "", Yuma in "Far Cry 4", and Four-Eyes in "".

Other projects.

Yeo's love of music led her to specialize in playing the Chinese long zither, also known as the guzheng, which culminated into a one-woman radio show on NPR-KCRW about her immigrant and ugly duckling story. It also included the debut of her first two zither/vocal tracks "Kiss My Grits" and "Lovers."  Her radio show evolved into a theater piece which Yeo wrote, scored, and starred in called "Laughing With My Mouth Wide Open", which received rave reviews during its run at the El Centro Theatre.  Yeo also designed her own limited-edition clothing line, which quickly sold out, and donated the proceeds to Kentucky's Christian Appalachian Project.

Personal life.

Born in Singapore, Yeo moved to California as a teenager, graduating (with honors) from St. Ignatius College Preparatory in 1994. Yeo graduated "summa cum laude" from UCLA in 1997 and also earned a diploma in Classical Piano from the San Francisco Conservatory of Music.  Yeo was crowned Miss Asian America in 1995 and was also named Miss Chinatown USA in 1998-1999.  She is the niece of George Yeo, former Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Gwendoline See-Hian Yeo (; born July 10, 1977) is an American actress, voice actress, writer and musician best known for her role as Xiao-Mei in "Desperate Housewives", Sun Foy in the film "Broken Trail" (for which she was nominated for a Best Actress NAMIC Vision Award ) and as the voice of Shinigami in Nickelodeon's "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles".


Novels.

Novels for readers of all ages:  Researcher Hannah Peter makes a strange discovery: a Medusa sculpture, with snakelike extremities and a cyclops eye, indicates that there is a cave deep in the mountains, where a fantastically beautiful and incredibly dangerous object is located. A team from the National Geographic Society is assigned to search for this treasure. Along with Chris, the climatologist of the group, Hannah discovers the origin and at the same time the end of an age-old culture.  The young geneticist David Astbury is asked by a wealthy friend of his father's for help, as her daughter Emily has disappeared while on an expedition in the Congo. She was on a hunt for the legendary monster Mokèlé-mbèmbé, the sole survivor of the age of dinosaurs. Thus, David prepares to go into the depths of the jungle of the Congo. He is accompanied by a Congolese biologist and two foreign game hunters. When they seek out the ancient reptile at Lake Tele, strange events begin to unfold. The reptile holds a genetic secret, which could forever change the way of life on earth.  Seismologist Dr. Ella Jordan gets the news that strange signals are being received in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. They are, however, much too regular to be caused by anything natural and seem to originate from the 10,000 meter deep Mariana Trench. Ella drops everything to join a team of researchers heading over there in the most advanced submarine in the world. Along with a Japanese crew, an attractive U.S. Marine officer, and a somewhat shady Swiss professor, Konrad Martin, Ella and her team descent to the deepest spot on earth and barely escape disaster: They find a gigantic, perfectly round stone that reacts to their probing with a deadly heat ray. What hardly anyone knows is that hidden away in the mountains of Switzerland, there is an underground lab, where scientists are working on a similar, though smaller ball of stone, found decades earlier next to the corpse of a geologist. Suddenly new signals are detected: first from the North Pole, then from Russia, Australia, and the Antarctic. Ella and Konrad Martin find these same inexplicable stone shapes everywhere. When the stones’ signals start to be sent in unison, the resulting seismic waves are so strong that they cause earthquakes and volcanoes, but that is just the beginning. A countdown to disaster begins, and Ella recognizes the terrible truth. The threat does not come from this world. Around the Brocken in the Harz Mountains, towns and hotels are preparing for the Walpurgis Night, and archaeologist Hannah Peters is on her way. Her job is to explore the mysterious Nebra sky disk, a spectacular Bronze Age find. What she doesn't know: The disc is the object of desire of a dark cult, lurking in the caves of the Harz mountains, having waited for a long time to celebrate an all-destructive ritual. Hannah is drawn deeper and deeper into the force of the cult - and soon strange celestial phenomena announce a Walpurgis Night, that will never end.  Amy Walker, a biologist specializing on gorillas, has nightmares ever since a member of her team has mysteriously disappeared. Ironically, an ex-con is to join the team. Nobody - except the gorillas - trusts him. Despite threatening solar activity and strange weather phenomena, the team travels to the East African Rwenzori Mountains to locate the missing persons, and an adventure starts that takes Amy to the limits of her mind.  Novels for young readers:

Thomas Thiemeyer (born 22 March 1963) is a German illustrator and author of fantasy novels. Since 2018, he also has published crime stories set in Corsica under the pen name "Vitu Falconi".


History.

The dynasty's founder, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, migrated to Delhi from Iran, with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century. Later he migrated south, to the Deccan and served the Bahmani sultan, Mohammad Shah. He conquered Golconda, after the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom into the five Deccan sultanates. Soon after, he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, took the title "Qutub Shah", and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was later assassinated in 1543 by his son, Jamsheed, who assumed the sultanate. Jamsheed died in 1550 from cancer. Jamsheed's young son reigned for a year, at which time the nobility brought back and installed Ibrahim Quli as sultan. During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, relations between Hindus and Muslims were strengthened, even to the point of Hindus resuming their religious festivals like Diwali and Holi. Some Hindus rose to prominence in the Qutb Shahi state, the most important example being the ministers Madanna and Akkanna.  Golconda, and with the construction of the Char Minar, later Hyderabad, served as capitals of the sultanate, and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Deccan in 1687.

Economy.

During the early seventeenth century a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available as white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. Exports of this cloth was to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.

Culture.

The Qutub Shahi rulers were great builders, whose structures included the Char Minar, as well as patrons of learning. Quli Qutb Mulk's court became a haven for Persian culture and literature. Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) wrote poems in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu and left a huge poetry collection. Subsequent poets and writers, however wrote in Urdu, while using vocabulary from Persian, Hindi and Telugu languages. By 1535, the Qutb Shahis were using Telugu for their revenue and judicial areas within the sultanate.  Initially, the Qutub Shahi rulers patronized Turkish culture, but eventually adopted the regional culture of the Deccan, symbolized by the Telugu language and the newly developed Deccani idiom and Urdu became prominent. Although Telugu was not their mother tongue, the Golconda rulers spoke and wrote Telugu, and patronized Telugu so exclusively they were termed the ""Telugu Sultans"". In 1543, fearing for his life, Prince Ibrahim Quli fled to the Vijayanagar court, which lavishly patronized the Telugu language. Upon his enthronement as sultan in 1550, Ibrahim Quli was thoroughly acquainted with Telugu aesthetics.  The Qutb Shahi rulers were much more liberal than their other Muslim counterparts. During the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah in 1634 CE, the ancient Indian sex manual Koka Shastra was translated into Persian named "Lazzat-un-Nisa" (Flavors of the Woman).

Architecture.

The Qutb Shahi architecture was Indo-Islamic, a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles. Their style was very similar to that of the other Deccan Sultanates.  Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the Golconda Fort, tombs of the Qutb Shahis, Char Minar and the Char Kaman, Mecca Masjid, Khairtabad Mosque, Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Taramati Baradari and the Toli Mosque.

Administration.

The Qutb Shahi Kingdom was like the other Deccan kingdoms, a highly centralized state. The sultan enjoyed absolute executive judicial and military powers. When expediency demanded, the post of regent was created to carry on the administration on behalf of the king.  The "Peshwa" (Prime Minister) was the highest official of the sultanate. He was assisted by a number of ministers, including "Mir Jumla" (finance minister), "Kotwal" (police commissioner), and "Khazanadar" (treasurer).  In the Qutb Shahi kingdom, all the muslims were paid allowances from the treasury. The Persian origin muslims had the highest respect and were paid the highest, then the other Indian muslims. The Persian origin muslims became rich by lending money on high interest (usury) of 4-5% per "mensem" much to the despair of Hindus.  The Sultanate had 66 forts, and each fort was administered by "Nayak". The Qutb Shahis hired many Hindu Nayaks belonging mainly to the Kamma, Velama, Kapu, and Raju communities. These groups mainly were the regional aristocracy, served as revenue officers and military commanders, but many of them fell into obscurity following the fall of the Qutb Shahis in 1687.  Tax collection was through auction farms, the highest bidder used to get the Governorship. While the Governors enjoyed luxurious life style, they had to bear the brunt of severe punishments for default, consequently they were harsh on the people. People were in distress as the complaints of the poor never reached the sultans.

Religion.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty has been considered a "composite" of Hindu-Muslim religio-social culture. For instance, the Qutb Shahis began the sacred tradition of sending pearls to the Bhadrachalam Temple of Rama on Rama Navami.

Rulers.

The eight sultans in the dynasty were:

Tombs.

The tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans lie about one kilometer north of Golkonda's outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors.

References.

For FURTHER READING:  Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled the Golconda Sultanate in south India. It was initially a highly Persianate Muslim Turkmen dynasty established in the 16th century that eventually adopted the regional culture of the Deccan (Telugu culture, language and the newly developed Deccani dialect of Urdu). The Qutb Shahis were known for their secular rule.


History.

The band was founded by Philipp Burger (vocals, guitar) and Jonas Notdurfter (guitar) in September 2001. Jochen Gargitter (bass) and Christian Fohrer (drums) joined the band shortly after. In the beginning the band tried to imitate other German-speaking bands like Böhse Onkelz and Rammstein. In 2002 their first album "Eines Tages" was released, followed by "Wo die Sonne wieder lacht" in 2003. Their third album "Mensch oder Gott" was released in 2004 and their fourth "Mitten ins Herz" after the band changed the label in 2006. In 2007 the live DVD "Von Nah und Fern" was released, followed by the studio album "Gegen alles, gegen nichts" in 2008. The album "Hart am Wind" was released in 2009 via the newly founded label Rookies & Kings. In 2010 the album "Gegengift" appeared, which reached number two in the German album charts and earned the band a nomination as Best National Rock/Alternative Group at the 2011 Echo Awards. The 2012 album "Feinde deiner Feinde" again made number two of the German album charts and was nominated for the 2013 Echo Awards. The nomination was withdrawn later on. In May 2013 the gold edition of "Feinde deiner Feinde" reached number one in the German album charts. Their ninth studio album "Still" contains acoustic songs and entered the German album charts at number one in December 2013.

Criticism.

The band is often associated with right-wing politics, despite the fact that its members have distanced themselves from all forms of political extremism in songs and interviews several times. Philipp Burger, Frei.Wild's singer, was part of the neo-Nazi band Kaiserjäger ("Emperor's riflemen") before founding Frei.Wild. Burger explained his engagement with Kaiserjäger as a youth folly, in a time where he was seeking rebellion. In 2008 he was associated with the right-wing party Die Freiheitlichen for several months. He denies that he officially became a member.  Their songs "Südtirol" (South Tyrol) and "Wahre Werte" (True Values) are often criticised as promoting nationalism. "Südtirol" contains the lines ""Kurz gesagt, ich dulde keine Kritik an diesem heiligen Land, das unsre Heimat ist, (...) Südtirol, du bist noch nicht verlorn, in der Hölle sollen deine Feinde schmorn."" ("To make it short: I don't tolerate any criticism on this holy country, that is our home, (...) South Tyrol, you aren't lost yet, in hell your enemies shall burn."). The chorus of "Wahre Werte" includes the lines ""Wann hört ihr auf, eure Heimat zu hassen? Wenn ihr euch Ihrer schämt, dann könnt ihr sie doch verlassen, (...) Sprache, Brauchtum und Glaube sind Werte der Heimat, ohne sie gehen wir unter, stirbt unser kleines Volk"" ("When are you going to stop to hate your home country? If you are ashamed of it, you can leave it, (...) Language, tradition and belief are values of the home country, without them we will perish, our small nation will die."). The band often defends this lines by pointing out to the history of the German population in South Tyrol, explaining that the lines must be understood in the context of italianization.  Frei.Wild were nominated for the 2013 Echo Awards as Best National Rock/Alternative Group for their album "Feinde deiner Feinde", based on the number of records they had sold. Kraftklub and MIA., who were nominated in the same category, protested in response and asked to be removed from the nomination list. In reaction Frei.Wild were excluded from the awards in order to avoid that the event would be overshadowed by a political debate. <br>In February 2014 Frei.Wild were nominated as Best National Rock/Alternative Group for the 2014 Echo Awards again due to the commercial success of the album "Still". An ethical review committee, which had been created by the Echo's organizers in response to the public criticism to Frei.Wild's nomination in 2013, approved the band.

Frei.Wild (pronounced FRY-vilt, the word "Freiwild" translates to "outlaw" ) is an Italian rock band from Brixen, South Tyrol. Its members belong to the German-speaking population of South Tyrol and their songs are mostly in German.


Plot.

Fictional television station WIDB-TV (channel 8) experiences problems with its late-night airing of science-fiction classic "Amazon Women on the Moon", a 1950s B movie in which Queen Lara (Sybil Danning) and Captain Nelson (Steve Forrest) battle exploding volcanoes and man-eating spiders on the Moon. Waiting for the film to resume, an unseen viewer begins channel surfing—simulated by bursts of white noise—through late night cable, with the various segments and sketches of the film representing the programming found on different channels. The viewer intermittently returns to channel 8, where "Amazon Women" continues airing before faltering once more.  These segments feature:

Alternative versions.

An alternate version of the "Pethouse Video" sketch was filmed for the television broadcast of the film, with Monique Gabrielle in lingerie instead of appearing naked throughout the segment. However, most European television broadcasts of the film retained the original theatrical version. "Bullshit or Not?" was retitled "Baloney or Not?" for the television version.  The American television edit, in addition to the alternative "Pethouse Video" sketch, features an additional bridging sequence between the death of Harvey Pitnik and his subsequent celebrity roast. In it, the mortician successfully cons Pitnik's widow into having the celebrity roast as part of the funeral, and her performance gets such strong positive feedback, it becomes a continuing performance series lasting for weeks.  The DVD release features an unreleased sketch titled "The Unknown Soldier", starring Robert Loggia with Ronny Cox, Bernie Casey, and Wallace Langham. Some television broadcasts of the film featured the sketches "Peter Pan Theater" and "The French Ventriloquist's Dummy", which were not present in the theatrical version.

Cast.

"Mondo Condo" (directed by John Landis): "Pethouse Video" (directed by Carl Gottlieb): "Murray in Videoland" (directed by Robert K. Weiss): "Hospital" (directed by Landis): "Hairlooming" (directed by Joe Dante): "Amazon Women on the Moon" (directed by Weiss): "Blacks Without Soul" (directed by Landis): "Two I.D.s" (directed by Peter Horton): "Bullshit or Not" (directed by Dante): "Critics' Corner" (directed by Dante): "Silly Pâté" (directed by Weiss):  "Roast Your Loved One" (directed by Dante): "Video Pirates" (directed by Weiss): "Son of the Invisible Man" (directed by Gottlieb): "French Ventriloquist's Dummy" (directed by Dante): "Art Sale" (directed by Gottlieb): "First Lady of the Evening" (directed by Weiss): "Titan Man" (directed by Weiss): "Video Date" (directed by Landis): "Reckless Youth" (directed by Dante):

Reception.

The majority of critics agreed that the quality was inconsistent throughout the film. "Variety" called it "irreverent, vulgar and silly... [with] some hilarious moments and some real groaners too." Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" felt that the exercise was somewhat unnecessary: "Satirists are in trouble when their subjects are funnier than they are."  Janet Maslin of "The New York Times", in a largely positive review, described the film as "an anarchic, often hilarious adventure in dial-spinning, a collection of brief skits and wacko parodies that are sometimes quite clever, though they're just as often happily sophomoric, too."  Certain portions of the film were singled out for praise. "The funniest episode probably is 'Son of the Invisible Man', directed by Carl Gottlieb, in which Ed Begley Jr. plays a man who thinks he is invisible but is not", wrote the "Chicago Sun-Times". "The film's best sight gags come from Robert K. Weiss, who deserves kudos for the inspired idiocy of his "Amazon Women" segments", was the opinion of "The New York Times".  In a retrospective article for "Entertainment Weekly", Chris Nashawaty called this film "the beginning of the end of Landis' career". He cited the episodes featuring Monique Gabrielle, Archie Hahn, Ed Begley Jr. and David Alan Grier as "inspired", but criticized others for their failure: "You'll never see Michelle Pfeiffer look as trapped as she does in her skit with "thirtysomething"s Peter Horton, or Joe Pantoliano and Arsenio Hall as unfunny as they are in their skits."  "Amazon Women on the Moon" has a rating of 59% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5.55/10.

Amazon Women on the Moon is a 1987 American satirical sci-fi comedy film that parodies the experience of watching low-budget movies on late-night television. The film, featuring a large ensemble cast, was written by Michael Barrie and Jim Mulholland, and takes the form of a compilation of 21 comedy skits directed by five different directors: Joe Dante, Carl Gottlieb, Peter Horton, John Landis, and Robert K. Weiss.


Geography.

The line runs from Heide station as a continuation of the Neumünster–Heide railway parallel to the Marsh Railway and then running under it and passing through shallow marsh land to Büsum. The most important stop along the way is in the small town of Wesselburen. Büsum station is on the North Sea and is mainly used by tourists.

History.

The Weddinghusen–Wesselburen section was opened on 1 November 1878 by the "Wesselburen–Heider Eisenbahngesellschaft" (Wesselburen–Heide Railway Company) as a branch line of the existing Heide–Karolinenkoog railway, opened in 1877. The extension of this branch line to Büsum was opened for freight on 1 November 1883. Passenger services commenced on 15 November 1883. From the outset operations were carried out by the West Holstein Railway Company ("Westholsteinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft"), which bought the Wesselburen–Heide Railway Company on 1 April 1881. The Western Holstein railway company was taken over by the Prussian state railways on 1 July 1890.  An extensive network of 750 mm gauge railways (the "Wesselburener Spurbahnen") ran to Wesselburen for the carriage of agricultural produce, which was then transported towards Heide.  In the late 1950s, passenger services included, in addition to stopping trains, a pair of express services on the route from Büsum via Heide and Neumünster to Eutin. In the 1980s, the use of uneconomic train sets (a class V 100 locomotive hauling Silberling carriages with a control car) led to a temporary decline of the line.  All sidings on the Heide–Büsum line have been removed and stations have been downgraded to halts (that is all sets of points at the stations have been removed).  From 5 November 2000, operations on the line were won at tender by "Schleswig-Holstein-Bahn GmbH", a subsidiary of AKN Eisenbahn AG (operator of the Hamburg-Altona–Neumünster railway). Osterhof and Haferwisch stations were closed as part of the launch of the associated regular interval timetable between Heide and Büsum.  Since the AKN won the tender for operations on the Neumünster–Heide railway in 2003, the two have been operated under a common timetable number. Most trains coming from Neumünster continue to Büsum. Services are operated with LINT 41 railcars.  Since the timetable change in December 2011, the line has been operated by "NBE Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft mbh & Co. KG", a joint subsidiary of "AKN Eisenbahn AG" and BeNEX GmbH. These trains mostly run to Neumünster.  Freight traffic officially ended on 28 February 1994. However, the Büsum port railway is maintained for possible future use.

The Heide–Büsum railway is a line in the Dithmarschen district in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, connecting the district seat of Heide with the North Sea resort of Büsum.


Writing career.

Kurland's early career was devoted to works of science fiction. His first published novel was "Ten Years to Doomsday" (written with Chester Anderson) in 1964. Other notable works include "Tomorrow Knight", "Pluribus", "Perchance", and "The Unicorn Girl". "The Unicorn Girl" was the middle volume of the Greenwich Village Trilogy by three different authors, the other two being Chester Anderson and T.A. Waters. (Anderson's book, "The Butterfly Kid", was nominated for a Hugo Award). Kurland has also written two novels, "Ten Little Wizards" and "A Study in Sorcery", set in the world of Randall Garrett's Lord Darcy, prefiguring his later success as a mystery writer.  Following the success of "The Infernal Device", which was nominated for an Edgar Award (as was his earlier "A Plague of Spies"), Kurland turned his attention to detective fiction. Several of his subsequent novels have been sequels to "The Infernal Device", and feature Sherlock Holmes's nemesis, Professor Moriarty. In this series, Professor Moriarty is an antihero (and sometimes a real hero) who resignedly tolerates Holmes's obsessively exaggerated opinion of his criminal empire, and is often brought into reluctant alliance with his nemesis in order to counter menaces ranging from threats to their associates to threats to the nation.  He has edited three themed anthologies of Sherlock Holmes short stories, "My Sherlock Holmes" (stories narrated by characters other than Watson or Holmes), "Sherlock Holmes: The Hidden Years" (stories set during the period in which Holmes was supposed to be dead) and "Sherlock Holmes: the American Years" (stories set in the time between Holmes' graduation from university and his meeting Dr. Watson).  He is also the author of numerous non-fiction works, including "How to Solve a Murder: the Forensic Handbook" and "How to Try a Murder: the Handbook for Armchair Lawyers".

Michael Joseph Kurland (born March 1, 1938) is an American author, best known for his works of science fiction and detective fiction. Kurland lives in San Luis Obispo, California.


History.

The route was opened on 15 October 1847 by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (CME) as the last part of its trunk line, extending the line previously completed from Deutz (near Cologne) to Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Dortmund and Hamm. It connected with the Royal Hanoverian State Railways’ Hanover–Minden line, which was opened the same day. The CME's line was originally laid with two tracks, although some sections were put into operation before the second track was finished. Because of its importance for Prussia’s east–west transport and for international transport at the beginning of the 20th century, the line was made a four-track line. Many crossings were replaced with underpasses, and railway stations were rebuilt in order to provide space for the route.  Operationally, the line is run as two separate two track routes, the one having the VzG number 1700, being built and maintained for passenger services and allowing speeds up to 200 km/h, whilst the route with the VzG number of 2990 is used mainly for freight and has a maximum speed of 120 km/h. Between Ahlen until shortly east of Gütersloh route 2990 uses the two southernmost tracks, whilst 1700 comprise the northernmost pair; west of Ahlen and east of Gütersloh route 1700 uses the southernmost pair of tracks. The lines were electrified in the mid-1960s.

High-speed test track.

The first Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (1973) identified the Dortmund–Hannover–Brunswick line as one of eight railway development projects. Already in the same year a 28 km long section of track between Gütersloh and Neubeckum was made available for high-speed trials for speeds up to 250 km/h. Locomotive 103 118 with special gear ratios achieved a maximum speed of 252.9 km/h in September 1973. Vehicles were also built to test catenary for high-speed operations. The minimum curve radius was 3,300 metres and maximum cant was 120 mm. Experiments were carried out on different types of track (including slab track), catenary and turnouts.

Upgrading for high-speed.

In 1980, it became one of the first lines in Germany upgraded for high speeds lines when a 58.0 kilometre long section between Hamm and Brackwede (near Bielefeld) was upgraded for scheduled services at 200 km/h.  In mid-1985, a test train hauled by locomotive103 003 with special gear ratios between Brackwede and Neubeckum reached a speed of 283 km/h, a rail speed record in Germany. On 26 November 1985, at 11:29, an InterCityExperimental train fully occupied with passengers on the line between Gutersloh and Hamm reached a speed of 317 km/h. This was a new German record for rail vehicles and a world record for rail vehicles using three-phase power.

Bridges.

Schildesche viaduct.

A remarkable bridge on the trunk line is the viaduct in the Bielefeld suburb of Schildesche. The original viaduct was completed in 1847 was double track with 28 spans and in 1917 a largely identical viaduct was built next to it. During World War II it was badly damaged on 14 March 1945 by a Grand Slam bomb dropped by an Avro Lancaster of No. 617 Squadron RAF, after 54 attacks by smaller bombs failed to destroy it. After the war, one line was reopened with a temporary steel strut for freight traffic, while passenger trains used a winding bypass built as a diversionary route prior to the bombing, known as the "rubber railway". In 1965 the viaduct was reopened, the two-track viaduct for the “passenger route” having been repaired with concrete spans replacing the destroyed masonry spans, and the other using a provisional steel-frame construction built from old Wehrmacht pioneer materials. In 1983, the “freight route” viaduct was fully repaired, featuring the same concrete architecture used for the passenger route’s bridge.

Weser bridge.

The Weser bridge in Rehme (Bad Oeynhausen) a suburb was destroyed by an air raid on 23 March 1945. The bridge was rebuilt after the war with only two tracks, creating a two-track bottleneck between Bad Oeynhausen station and the Neesen yard (in Porta Westfalica). This situation ended only with the construction of a new Weser bridge in December 1984.

Services.

There is an hourly Intercity-Express trains service on line 10 from Berlin, via Hannover to Hamm, where trains are split (or are combined, in the reverse direction). Services continue to Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Köln Messe/Deutz and Cologne/Bonn Airport or Hagen, Wuppertal and Cologne (some continue to Koblenz and Trier). Other InterCity and ICE trains also run. Regional-Express trains run on line RE6 (Rhein-Weser-Express, Minden–Cologne/Bonn Airport) every hour and other services operate on sections of the route.

The Hamm–Minden Railway is an important and historically significant railway in Germany. It is completely quadruple track. It is a major axis for long distance passenger and freight trains between the Ruhr and the north and east of Germany. It is the part of the trunk line built by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (German, old spelling: "Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft", "CME") from Köln Deutz to Minden. It was opened in 1847 and has been modernized and developed several times since then.


History.

16th century.

Bayard's Cove Fort was built in the early 16th century to protect the coastal town of Dartmouth in Devon. In the medieval period, the town's harbour, located in the estuary of the River Dart, was an important trading and fishing port, able to hold up to 600 vessels; it continued to prosper in the 15th century on the proceeds of the wool trade. Fears of a French invasion, combined with the hope of retaining a valuable royal subsidy, led the town to develop Dartmouth Castle, on the west side of the estuary, into an artillery fort after 1486, with another fortification, Kingswear, being constructed the east side from 1491 onwards.  It is uncertain precisely when Bayard's Cove Fort was built: historians suggest that it was either started in 1509–10 at the beginning of Henry VIII's reign, following a royal instruction to the water bailiff of Dartmouth, or in 1529 by the town in response to fears of a French and Spanish attack. The fort was certainly complete by 1537; Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, may have been referring to it in 1522, when he reported the "blockhouse of stone" in Dartmouth, guarding a well defended harbour, and the antiquarian John Leland described it two decades later as forming "a fair bulwark made of late".  The fort was positioned at one end of a new quay built along the harbour, near the entrance to the estuary, and was intended to engage any hostile ships that evaded the guns of Dartmouth and Kingswear castles. It probably originally took the form of a circular tower, similar to the gun tower at Dartmouth Castle. In 1575, the fort was leased by the town to Thomas Carne, a shipwright, subject to it being returned to the town authorities if necessary for the defence of the town. During the 1598 Spanish invasion scare, the town authorities took over control of the fort in accordance with the agreement.

17th century.

At the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 between the supporters of Charles I and those of Parliament, Dartmouth initially sided with Parliament. In 1643, Prince Maurice besieged and took the town, whose defences proved vulnerable to a landward attack. In January 1646, Sir Thomas Fairfax led a Parliamentary army to retake Dartmouth, seizing Bayard's Cove Fort and the five iron artillery guns stationed there by the Royalists to protect the estuary.  During the Interregnum, a governor, Sir John Fowell, was appointed by Parliament to run the defences of Dartmouth and to prevent smuggling. An order was given in 1650 for Bayard's Cove Fort to be repaired and brought back into full service. Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 and initially granted the Dartmouth defences to the control of town once again. By 1662, however, the fortifications in Dartmouth were garrisoned by a royal force of 23 men and overseen by Sir John, who continued in his post as captain and governor until 1677.

18th–21st centuries.

In the 18th century, the fort was used for storage and fell into decline, until tourists began to come to Dartmouth in the second half of the 19th century and it was restored. During the Second World War, it was briefly used as a machine-gun post. In the 21st century, it is managed by English Heritage and open to visitors, protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building.

Architecture.

The fort comprises a stone blockhouse, probably built in at least two phases, with the original, circular design altered at a later date to form a more irregular shape. The exterior of the blockhouse is approximately, the interior, with a limestone rubble wall enclosing an area cut out of the cliff face behind it. The exterior eastern wall is now thick and high. Eleven gunports for heavy artillery surround the ground floor close to sea level, similar in design to those at Dartmouth Castle, as well as nearby Little Dennis Fort and St Catherine's Castle. It would originally have had a wall-walk and parapet to protect musketeers. One of the gunports has been converted to form an entrance, and another has been blocked off. The original lean-to accommodation for the garrison lay on the west hand side of the fortification but this, and the internal modifications from its later use as a storage facility, have since been destroyed.

Bayard's Cove Fort, also known historically as Berescove or Bearscore Castle, is an English 16th-century artillery blockhouse, built to defend the harbour entrance at Dartmouth in Devon. Constructed in the early part of the century, it had eleven gunports for heavy artillery and was intended to engage enemy vessels that broke past the external defences of the Dartmouth and Kingswear castles. It remained armed during the English Civil War, but was neglected in the 18th century and used for storage. The fort was restored in the late 19th century and is now managed by English Heritage and open to visitors.


Naval career.

Born in 1890 in Hamburg, Ruckteschell joined the German navy in 1908. In 1916, with the rank of "Oberleutnant zur See", he transferred to the U-boat arm. He served as Watch Officer on and, before being given his own command in July 1917, first of, then in March 1918, of. He earned a reputation as an overly aggressive commander, which caused him to be placed on a black-list of officers the Allied powers considered to have breached the laws of war. After the end of World War I, he left Germany returning in the early 1930s.  Ruckteschell was recalled to duty in the Kriegsmarine in 1939 and given command of an auxiliary minelayer. He next took command of the and sailed her into the Atlantic Ocean on 6 May 1940, commencing a five-month cruise that would sink or capture ten enemy merchant ships. When he brought "Widder" into port at Brest, he refused the Naval Command's order to take the ship to Hamburg, because the passage through British controlled was too risky. Instead, he assumed command of the commerce raider for her first cruise (9 March 1942 to 1 March 1943), during which he captured or sank fifteen ships. Von Ruckteschell was relieved when he arrived in Japan at his own request for health reasons.  Ruckteschell was one of the more successful raider captains. The success of a commerce raider is measure by both the tonnage destroyed and the time spent at large. Ruckteschell accounted for (second only to Ernst-Felix Krüder of "Pinguin") and stayed at large for 538 days, (second only to Bernhard Rogge of "Atlantis" ); however, Ruckteschell accomplished this over two voyages. Of the 13 voyages by 10 raiders, "Michel" and "Widder" claimed 15 ships of, and 10 ships of (4th and 6th highest), and stayed at large for 358, and 180 days ( 4th and 9th longest).

War crimes trial.

Ruckteschell was the subject of one of the first war crimes investigations undertaken by the British Admiralty. It was alleged that on several occasions Ruckteschell had continued firing on merchant vessels after they had surrendered. This contravened the laws of naval warfare, the Admiralty requested that Ruckteschell and his crew members be detained for interrogation. Ruckteschell spent the last years of the war on the staff of the German naval attaché in Japan. He was eventually located in an internment camp near Kobe and was sent back to Germany for trial.  The British charges submitted to the United Nations War Crimes Commission claimed "at least one clear case of mass murder and several equally clear cases of the sinking of vessels whose crew were on the vessels when they were fired on, and were not picked up subsequently when on boats, rafts and in the water."

Trial.

The trial was held in Hamburg between 5 and 21 May 1946. Ruckteschell chose as his defence counsel Dr. Otto Zippel, who had earlier represented Karl-Heinz Moehle. Zippel tried to define the limitations of international law, called Vizeadmiral Bernhard Rogge as an expert witness, and questioned the testimony of the British sailors. In closing, he asserted that "the law has recognized that in matters of sea even clever people are more liable to commit an error than in other walks of life".  The British military court convicted Ruckteschell on three of the four charges - Charges 1, 2, and 3 were upheld, while Charge 4 was rejected - and sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment. Three years were later remitted from his sentence on 30 August 1947, when he was acquitted of one more of the charges.  The trial raised serious concerns about further war crimes trials involving naval affairs, since only one junior naval officer had sat as a judge during the trial, and army officers could not be expected to have a good knowledge of naval warfare. Zippel stated during the appeal that "a court composed of experienced sea officers would have arrived at a different judgment in the case". Royal Navy officers acknowledged that there was a real chance of a miscarriage of justice and the naval authorities actually discouraged further naval-related war crimes trials because of the difficulty of finding suitable naval officers to take part in them. Ruckteschell's trial was the last held under the Royal Warrant on behalf of the Royal Navy.  Ruckteschell died in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel prison on 24 June 1948, shortly after he had been informed that he was going to be released due to his deteriorating heart condition.

Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (22 March 1890 − 24 September 1948) was a German naval officer during World War II; he was one of the most successful merchant raider commanders of Nazi Germany, serving as the captain of the commerce raiders "Widder" and "Michel". After the war Ruckteschell was convicted of war crimes and died in prison.


History.

The group traces its origins to the launch in 1896 of the mid-market national newspaper the "Daily Mail" by Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, and his elder brother, Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe. It was incorporated in 1922 and its shares were first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1932. Harmsworth, who had been elevated to the peerage as Lord Rothermere, was editorially sympathetic to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists and he wrote an article, "Hurrah for the Blackshirts", in January 1934. Referring to Adolf Hitler's proposed invasion of Czechoslovakia, Rothermere, again writing in the "Daily Mail", said in 1938 that "Czechs were of no concern to Englishmen".  Harold Harmsworth's son, Esmond Cecil Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere, took operational control of the organization in 1932 and complete control in 1940, when his father died.  Vere Harmsworth, 3rd Viscount Rothermere became the Chairman of Associated Newspapers in 1970. After the death of his father in 1978, he also became chairman of parent Daily Mail and General Trust plc.  After almost 100 years in Fleet Street, the company left its original premises of New Carmelite House in Fleet Street in 1988 to move to Northcliffe House in Kensington.  On 14 December 2017, the board of commercial real-estate data firm Xceligent Inc., which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust, filed for chapter 7 liquidation.

Divisions.

RMS.

Risk Management Solutions (RMS), which targets the global property and casualty reinsurance industry, producing risk analysis models, services, expertise and data solutions for use in the quantification and management of catastrophic risk, is involved in catastrophe risk modelling, and is a subsidiary of the DMGT group.

DMG information.

DMG information aims to invest in high-growth businesses offering information to niche markets. DMG Information is headquartered in the US, with its main office in Stamford, Connecticut and other offices in California and Massachusetts. Foremost amongst these are Landmark Information Group, Genscape and Environmental Data Resources. In 2006 DMG Information bought Genscape, a US company that supplies information on the energy market. Genscape is a provider of real-time energy generation and transmission information to the energy trading markets in North America and Europe. dmg Information also owns Xceligent, Trepp, Hobsons and SearchFlow. DMG Information has also invested in Skymetweather.com (India), Real Capital Analytics (USA), Sanborn (USA), Point X (Great Britain), Propstack (India), Liases Foras (India), Funcent (China), dmg events (Britain), ARC, iprof (India).

DMG Events (formerly DMG World Media).

DMG Events was founded in 1989 and is active in more than 60 countries. Headquartered in Dubai, it is currently active in North America, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia, employing over 370 staff. Events ran by dmg events include ADIPEC, Global Petroleum Show, Gastech, The Big 5, Index and The Hotel Show.

Euromoney Institutional Investor.

Euromoney Institutional Investor plc is one of Europe's largest business and financial magazine publishers. The company, 49% owned by DMGT, was founded in 1969. The company owns close to a hundred international specialist magazines in finance, energy, aviation, pharmaceuticals and law. Euromoney trains international bankers and securities specialists around the world, runs international conferences, and is very strong in electronic publishing. With offices worldwide, its shares are listed in London and Luxembourg. Euromoney has invested in businesses such as MetalBulletin, BCA Research and Ned Davis Research Group.

DMG Media.

DMG Media is the media subsidiary of DMGT and publishes the following titles:  The "London Evening Standard" was owned by DMGT until it was sold to Alexander Lebedev in January 2009. In October 2009 it was made a free newspaper. DMGT still maintains a 25% share.  DMG Media's consumer brand portfolio also included the recruitment and job search engines Evenbase, Jobsite and Jobrapido. DMGT announced the sale of its digital recruitment businesses in May 2014.

Joint ventures and associates.

DMGT holds stakes in a number of businesses, some as minority investments as well as joint ventures and associates.

Head office.

The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. In addition to housing the DMGT head office, the building also houses the offices of "The Independent" series, "Daily Mail", "Mail on Sunday", "Evening Standard", "Metro" and "Metro.co.uk".

Daily Mail and General Trust plc (DMGT) is a British media company, the owner of The "Daily Mail" and several other titles. The company manages a multinational portfolio of companies, with total revenues of almost £2 billion. The company operates in over forty countries through its subsidiaries RMS, DMG Information, DMG Events, Euromoney Institutional Investor and DMG Media. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange. Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere, is the chairman and controlling shareholder of the company. The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London.


Common applications.

As a power source.

The V-2 rocket used hydrogen peroxide decomposed by a liquid sodium permanganate catalyst solution as a gas generator. This was used to drive a turbopump to pressurize the main LOX-ethanol propellants. In the Saturn V F-1 and Space Shuttle main engine, some of the main propellant was burned to drive the turbopump (see gas-generator cycle and staged combustion cycle). The gas generator in these designs uses a highly fuel-rich mix to keep flame temperatures relatively low.  The Space Shuttle auxiliary power unit and the F-16 emergency power unit (EPU) use hydrazine as a fuel. The gas drives a turbine which drives hydraulic pumps. In the F-16 EPU it also drives an electrical generator.  Gas generators have also been used to power torpedoes. For example, the US Navy Mark 16 torpedo was powered by hydrogen peroxide. A concentrated solution of hydrogen peroxide is known as high test peroxide and decomposes to produce oxygen and water (steam).  Hydrazine decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen. The reaction is strongly exothermic and produces high volume of hot gas from small volume of liquid.  Many solid rocket propellant compositions can be used as gas generators.

Inflation and fire suppression.

Many automobile airbags use sodium azide for inflation (). A small pyrotechnic charge triggers its decomposition, producing nitrogen gas, which inflates the airbag in around 30 milliseconds. A typical airbag in the US might contain 130 grams of sodium azide.  Similar gas generators are used for fire suppression.  Sodium azide decomposes exothermically to sodium and nitrogen. The resulting sodium is hazardous, so other materials are added, e.g. potassium nitrate and silica, to convert it to a silicate glass.

Oxygen generation.

A chemical oxygen generator delivers breathable oxygen at a controlled rate over a prolonged period. Sodium, potassium, and lithium chlorates and perchlorates are used.

Generation of fuel gas.

A device that converts coke or other carbonaceous material into producer gas may be used as a source of fuel gas for industrial use. Portable gas generators of this type were used during World War II to power vehicles as a way of alleviating petrol shortages.

A gas generator is a device for generating gas. A gas generator may create gas by a chemical reaction or from a solid or liquid source, when storing a pressurized gas is undesirable or impractical.


Company history.

In the 1950s, Monark had a successful record in off-road motorcycle competitions. In 1954 they entered 8 bikes in the International Six Days Trial, a form of off-road motorcycle Olympics. All 8 Monark riders finished with Gold Medals. In 1959, Monark's Sten Lundin won the 500cc motocross world championship. When Monark stopped racing, Lundin re-badged his Monark motorcycle as a Lito and recaptured the world championship in 1961.<ref name="1960 Monark/Lito"></ref> He dropped to third place in the world championship in 1962, finished second to Rolf Tibblin in the 1963 world championship and, third in the 1964 world championship.  In 1961, Monark merged with Nymanbolagen, Uppsala, Sweden into Monark-Crescentbolagen or MCB. Monark is today part of Cycleurope, belonging to Grimaldi Industri AB. Monark is also a brand of Brazilian bicycles, related to the original Swedish Monark AB.  The Cykelfabriken should not be confused with the Monark-Silver King, Inc., Chicago, IL, a manufacturer of classic bicycles from 1934 to 1957, (formerly the Monark Battery Company). Nor should it be confused with the Monarch Cycle Manufacturing Company, 1892-1899, Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Toronto, founded by John William Kiser.

Models (bicycles and scooters).

Electric bicycle.

Monark produces the Elcykel, an electric bicycle, built of aluminum with the same engine system including Posten AB uses. It utilizes a 10 Ah Lithium battery for long running time and fast recharge and is equipped with a Navgenerator, approved locks and immobilizers elimination part.

Transporter.

The Transporter is a Unisex steel work bike which is equipped with a heavy-duty front carrier and a robust kickstand. The rims are made of stainless steel and reinforced spokes They are available as Shimano Single or 3-speeds. They only come in black.

Truck.

The Truck is workbike, popular in Denmark, It is a steel framed work bike with a front carrier and generator lightning. It is available as a single or three speed and only comes in Black.

Military bike.

The military bike is a new version of the Swedish military bicycle, it is available in a men ́s or women ́s model. The rims are made of stainless steel with reinforced spokes. The bicycles are equipped with lock and generator lighting. They are only available in red or green and come as single or 3-speeds.

Specialized bikes.

Monark produces the following Specialized bikes:

Scooters.

Monark produces the following scooters:

Monark, also known as Cykelfabriken Monark AB and Monark AB, is a Swedish bicycle, moped and motorcycle manufacturer, established in Varberg, Sweden 1908 by the industrialist Birger Svensson. As of 2016, Monark is valued at 11.5 billion kr.


Early life and education.

Van Noten was born into a family of garment makers and traders: his father owned a menswear shop and his grandfather was a tailor. He graduated from the Antwerp Academy in 1980.

Career.

Van Noten freelanced for a variety of local designers before launching a menswear line in 1986. That year, he presented his first menswear collection in London as part of "The Antwerp Six" collective. That led to a small order from Barneys New York. Louis, Boston, was one of the first to bring Dries to USA, carrying his collection and selling it in Boston. He currently creates four collections a year (men's and women's, both for summer and winter).  In 2005, "The New York Times" described him as "one of fashion's most cerebral designers". His style is said to be "eccentric", and fell out of favor during the long period of minimalistic fashion in the early 1990s, only to make a comeback towards the mid-2000s, culminating with Van Noten's winning of the International Award of the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2008.  In 2008, Van Noten dressed actress Cate Blanchett for the Academy Awards, and has continued to dress her for other red carpet events since then. Other notable customers include Queen Mathilde of Belgium, and actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In 2018, the third episode of television show "Killing Eve" notably featured one of his items, known eponymously as the Dries van Noten suit.  The brand does not offer haute couture; all of its designs are ready to wear and available at retail: "I'm a little naive but I don't like the idea of showing things that you don't sell in a store", said Van Noten in a recent interview. His work is said to be characterized by use of prints, colors, original fabrics and layering. He does not advertise.  Van Noten's brand has shops in multiple locations worldwide. The first, opening in Antwerp in 1989, was "Het Modepaleis". Shop openings in Hong Kong and Tokyo followed. In early 2007, a shop was opened in Paris, decorated with antiques collected by Van Noten and his partner Patrick Vangheluwe, followed ten months later by a shop in Singapore. The brand is said to be carried in some 400 fashion shops around the world.  As the brand is a private company, not much is known about its financial affairs, although it claims to have annual sales of some 30 million euro. In 2018, it was acquired by family-owned Spanish fragrance and fashion firm Puig; van Noten himself remains a minority shareholder.

Legacy.

The Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris mounted an exhibition in 2014 devoted to Van Noten's designs and their influences, which later traveled to Antwerp. The show included 180 Van Noten pieces and 100 more paintings, garments and clips from outside collections.

Personal life.

Van Noten and his partner Patrick Vangheluwe work and live in Antwerp. The couple resides in a house situated on a nearly seven-acre plot of land outside of the city.

Dries, Baron Van Noten (born 12 May 1958 in Antwerp) is a Belgian fashion designer and an eponymous fashion brand, which he co-founded with CEO and business partner Christine Mathys.


History.

Only a little over one year after the opening of the Danube Valley line from Regensburg to Ingolstadt the Royal Bavarian State Railways opened a four kilometre long "Vizinalbahn" (light branch line) on 20 December 1875 that ran from Sinzing station into the valley of the Schwarze Laber. It ended at the village of Alling, that just 35 years later – before the start of the First World War – numbered 116 inhabitants. It belonged to the rural district of Viehhausen with a population of about 800, that lay about three kilometres from the station and belonged to the Stadtamhof district office.  The numbers of railway passengers were accordingly low - three daily pairs of trains being sufficient, all of which ran to and from Regensburg Hauptbahnhof. But even by 1914 there were additional trains on Sundays and holidays for tourist traffic to the Upper Palatine Jura ("Oberpfälzer Jura"). During the course of the years - interrupted by various setbacks – the number of train pairs to Alling rose to nine in 1950, albeit several only went to Sinzing. Thereafter they declined again because buses were introduced running directly to Viehhausen. ON 1 March 1967 passenger services by rail ended.  Much more important for the small line was goods traffic. After all even before 1914 Alling had a filter cloth and paper factory as well as a sawmill. In addition a 600mm gauge mine railway transported brown coal until 1959 that was delivered to Viehhausen. Goods traffic continued to operate until the end of 1985.

The Sinzing–Alling railway in the Upper Palatine district of Regensburg was one of the shortest branch lines in Bavaria, southern Germany.


Causes.

Being small for gestational age is broadly either:

Diagnosis.

The condition is determined by birth weight and/or length.  A related condition, IUGR, is generally diagnosed by measuring the mother's uterus, with the fundal height being less than it should be for that stage of the pregnancy. If it is suspected, the mother will usually be sent for an ultrasound to confirm.

Management.

90 percent of babies born SGA catch up in growth by the age of 2. However, all SGA babies should be watched for signs of Failure-to-Thrive (FTT), hypoglycemia and other conditions common to SGA babies (see below). Hypoglycemia is common in asymmetrical SGA babies because their larger brains burn calories at a faster rate than their usually limited fat stores hold. Hypoglycemia is treated by frequent feedings and/or additions of cornstarch-based products (such as Duocal powder) to the feedings.  For the 10 percent of those that are SGA without catchup growth by the age of 2, an endocrinologist should be consulted. Some cases warrant growth hormone therapy (GHT).  There are some common conditions and disorders found in many that are SGA (and especially those that are SGA without catchup growth by age 2). They should be treated by the appropriate specialist: For IUGR (during pregnancy), possible treatments include the early induction of labor, though this is only done if the condition has been diagnosed and seen as a risk to the health of the fetus.

Terminology.

By definition, at least 10% of all newborns will be labeled SGA. Not all newborns that are SGA are pathologically growth restricted and, in fact, may be constitutionally small. However, the designation has prognostic importance because it predicts susceptibility to hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and polycythemia.  If small for gestational age babies have been the subject of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), formerly known as intrauterine growth retardation, the term SGA associated with IUGR is used. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus is unable to achieve its genetically determined potential size. This functional definition seeks to identify a population of fetuses at risk for modifiable but otherwise poor outcomes. This definition intentionally excludes fetuses that are small for gestational age (SGA) but are not pathologically small. Infants born SGA with severe short stature (or severe SGA) are defined as having a length less than 2.5 standard deviation scores below the mean.  A related term is low birth weight (LBW), defined as an infant with a birth weight (that is, mass at the time of birth) of less than 2500 g (5 lb 8 oz), regardless of gestational age at the time of birth. Related definitions include very low birth weight (VLBW) which is less than 1500 g, and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) which is less than 1000 g. Normal Weight at term delivery is 2500 g - 4200 g.  SGA is not a synonym of LBW, VLBW or ELBW. Example: 35-week gestational age delivery, 2250g weight is appropriate for gestational age but is still LBW. One third of low-birth-weight neonates - infants weighing less than 2500g - are small for gestational age.  There is an 8.1% incidence of low birth weight in developed countries, and 6–30% in developing countries. Much of this can be attributed to the health of the mother during pregnancy. One third of babies born with a low birth weight are also small for gestational age. Infants that are born at low birth weights are at risk of developing neonatal infection.  Both low and high maternal serum Vitamin D (25-OH) are associated with higher incidence SGA in white women, although the correlation does not seem to hold for African American women.

Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are those who are smaller in size than normal for the gestational age, most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.