Club career.

Fulham.

Born and raised in the small town of Simpele located near the Russian border, Joronen joined Fulham Academy in 2009. In June 2010, Joronen signed his first professional contract with the club, which will keep him until 2013.  In May 2012, Joronen signed a two-year extension with Fulham, that will keep him until 2014. Six month later, on 25 October 2012, Joronen joined Maidenhead United on loan and in February 2013, Joronen was loaned to Cambridge United. Only a day later Joronen returned to Fulham after he refused to be named as a substitute for Cambridge.  After a loan spell at Maidenhead United, Joronen then move back to Finland, where he joined Veikkausliiga side FC Lahti on loan until August. After making eighteen appearance for the club, which he established himself as a first choice goalkeeper, Joronen returned to his parent club in early August.  At the start of the 2014–15 season, Joronen signed a two-year contract with the club that kept him until 2016. He was then given his debut as the starting goalkeeper in Fulham's opening game in the Championship against Ipswich Town on 9 August 2014. After making three more appearance for the club, Joronen soon lost his first team place to Marcus Bettinelli and new goalkeeper signing, Gábor Király.  Joronen joined Accrington Stanley on loan for one month on 17 October 2014. Shortly after, he made his Accrington Stanley debut the next day, on 18 October 2014, starting in goal, in a 2–1 loss against Stevenage. However, after making three more appearance at Accrington Stanley whilst on loan, he returned early after dislocating his kneecap during a League Two match against Morecambe. Then, it was announced that Joronen would be out for three to four months.  On 27 August 2015, Joronen signed for Stevenage on loan until January 2016. He made his Stevenage debut two days later, in a 1–1 draw against Dagenham & Redbridge. Joronen scored with a long-range clearance in a match against Wycombe Wanderers on 17 October 2015. He then kept his first clean sheet in a 3–0 win over Gillingham in the first round of the FA Cup. However, after making eleven appearance for the side, Joronen suffered an injury during the match against Gillingham and subsequently returned to his parent club. After returning to his parent club, Joronen signed a contract extension, keeping him until 2017.  In the 2016–17 season, Joronen was featured three times in the EFL Cup, being the first choice goalkeeper ahead of Bettinelli. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was offered a new contract by the club.

AC Horsens.

However, instead of signing a new contract and pursue to leave the club over first team football, Joronen left Fulham to join Danish side AC Horsens, signing a two-year contract on 10 July 2017.  Joronen made his AC Horsens debut in the opening game of the season, in a 2–1 win over AGF Aarhus. On 4 August 2017, he kept his first clean sheet for the side, in a 1–0 win over Silkeborg, a win saw the club go at the top of the table.

FC Copenhagen.

On 15 December 2017, it was announced that Joronen will join Copenhagen in the summer of 2018 for a fee of €875,000. He has signed a five-year contract. He made his competitive debut on 23 July 2018, playing the entirety of a 3–0 league victory over Hobro.

International career.

Having represented Finland at U17, U19 and U21 level, Joronen was called up to the senior squad and made his debut for Finland in the 2013 King's Cup against Thailand on 24 January 2013.

Honours.

Copenhagen

Jesse Pekka Joronen (born 21 March 1993) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Brescia. Joronen made his senior debut for Finland in 2013.


History.

A post office called Noel has been in operation since 1886. The community was named for C. W. and W. J. Noel, stockmen and owners of a saw mill.  Noel later capitalized on its Christmas-themed name, along with North Pole, Alaska, Christmas, Michigan, Santa Claus, Indiana and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Each year, tens of thousands of Christmas cards and letters are sent to the USPS Noel Post Office during the holiday season to be stamped with a postmark reading, ""Noel, Mo. - 'The Christmas City in the Ozark Vacation Land.'"" This practice became popular by the late 1940s when Kate Smith, a radio and television singer, began telling the "Noel Story" during her broadcasts.  Noel is home to a Tyson Foods plant, where chicken is processed for human consumption. By 2010, between 400 and 500 Somali refugees, and 60 and 70 Sudanese refugees, out of 1,800 residents, lived in the town, most of whom worked for Tyson Foods. In 2011, 130 Muslim employees stopped working temporarily after they were discouraged from praying five times a day for fear of low productivity. Tyson Foods later released a statement dismissing it as a cross-cultural misunderstanding.  On August 3, 1969, a freight train exploded while passing through Noel, spraying fragments of metal through houses and buildings over a six-block area. One person was killed, and 40 others injured.  A mosque was established in 2009, and an African Grocery Store which sells headscarves and rugs in 2010; both are located on the Main Street. In 2017, the mayor, John Lafley, said the Muslim refugees, "want to practice their Sharia law here, and that's one thing the city won't tolerate".

Geography.

Noel is located at (36.543361, -94.486238).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,832 people, 616 households, and 428 families residing in the village. The population density was. There were 731 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 56.6% White, 5.0% African American, 2.4% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 2.9% Pacific Islander, 29.4% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 49.7% of the population.  There were 616 households of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.5% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.43.  The median age in the village was 28.5 years. 31.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30% were from 25 to 44; 20% were from 45 to 64; and 6.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,480 people, 566 households, and 354 families residing in the city. The population density was 739.7 people per square mile (285.7/km2). There were 630 housing units at an average density of 314.9 per square mile (121.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 71.42% White, 0.34% African American, 2.16% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 22.97% from other races, and 2.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.49% of the population.  There were 566 households out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.25.  In the village the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 12.3% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.6 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $27,386, and the median income for a family was $32,159. Males had a median income of $18,819 versus $16,848 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,166. About 15.4% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.8% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Public education in Noel is administered by McDonald County R-1 School District.  Noel has a public library, the Noel Community Branch Library.

Noel is a city in McDonald County, Missouri, United States, along the Elk River. The population was 1,832 at the 2010 census. It is located near the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area. It is home to many ethnicities, including a large population of Muslim Somali and Sudanese refugees, many of whom work at a Tyson Foods chicken-processing plant.


Biography.

His father was a U.S. foreign service officer and traveled extensively as a diplomat. Bolster moved with his parents and sister to Sydney, Australia in 1963 when his father was appointed US Consul General. He attended The Scots College. It was here that he learned to surfboard and skateboard for the first time, at South Bondi in 1965. He was notable for driving a pillarless Ford Galaxie piled with surfboards around the Sydney beaches looking for good waves. This car had consular plates which meant that the toll collectors on the Sydney Harbour Bridge were required to salute as he went through at no charge, to the delight of all the surfers piled inside.  Bolster had been interested in cameras and photography from an early age. This was especially nurtured by his parents' regular slide-shows of family holidays and the many hand-down cameras they gave to him.  In 1967, he moved to Cocoa Beach, Florida, attended Brevard Community College and earned a reputation as one of the state's top surfers. He also began photographing surfing while in Florida.  By 1970, Bolster had migrated to San Diego and made skateboards out of old water skis to ensure there was "a surfboard-like alternative for the few days lacking surf," he later recalled.  In 1972, he started to be published in and became associate editor at "Surfer Magazine", from 1976-77. During his time at "Surfer Magazine", he was given the task of resurrecting "Skateboarder Magazine" by Steve Pezman, at the time publisher and editor of "Surfer". "Skateboarder Magazine" had released only four quarterly issues in 1964-65, and then ceased publication. When the skateboard craze subsided, the magazine was dropped due to low sales.  In 1976, with the advent of the urethane wheel revolution in skateboarding, which provided greater traction and speed, Bolster had six months to get "Skateboarder Magazine" running again. As an associate editor, he teamed up with Kurt Ledterman, the other associate editor at "Surfer Magazine". Secretary Chris Maxwell (nicknamed Max Criswell by Kurt) made the final member of a trio that would become the re-creators of "Skateboarder Magazine".  Photographically, Bolster was among the first to use fish-eye lenses, motor-drive sequences and strobes while documenting California's skateboarding culture. For example, Ty Page's multi-faceted, rapid-fire technique and footwork were nothing short of incredible. After trying many times to photograph his footwork, Bolster was forced to purchase a new $3,000 high-speed camera to catch him on film to publish in the August and September 1977 issues of "Skateboarder Magazine". Superstar professional skateboarder Tony Hawk said the magazine was the only one worth reading at the time. "The pictures were always dreamy and left me full of disbelief.... If it weren't for SkateBoarder, I would have never realized what was really possible on my four-wheeled plank," Hawk said in the book "The Legacy of Warren Bolster: Master of Skateboard Photography".  Bolster remained a staff photographer for Surfer Magazine until 1992.  He moved to Hawaii in 1978, where he established himself as an accomplished and widely published freelance surf photographer. Bolster was constantly on the lookout for new angles, shooting from helicopters and often using a deck-mounted camera to get spectacular photos from behind the surfer, or photos from in front of the surfer’s board. However, for non-surfers, one of Bolster's best known images is the un-broken wave that formed the cover image of Ride's classic shoegazing album "Nowhere".  As a free-lance photographer, Bolster often struggled financially between assignments. He was known for putting himself dangerously close to the action he was photographing, often colliding with his subjects or their speeding platforms. He had endured at least a dozen surgeries and many broken bones participating in and documenting surfing activities. As a result, Bolster battled chronic pain and addiction to a painkiller.  "I almost destroyed myself to give a larger life to the sport," he wrote in "The Legacy of Warren Bolster: Master of Skateboard Photography", a 2004 book.  He also suffered from long bouts of depression. Nonetheless, despite his health issues, Bolster remained on the cutting edge of surf photography.  Nine days before his death, Bolster was injured when his car was rear-ended in a serious collision. He died at the age of 59 on September 6, 2006, of a self-inflicted gunshot wound.  Stacy Peralta, a filmmaker, featured Bolster's work in "Riding Giants" (2004) and "Dogtown and Z-Boys" (2001).  Bolster's sister, Janet Barnes Tramonte, was the administrative assistant to Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist for many years.

Warren Edward Bolster (June 11, 1947 in Arlington, Virginia – September 6, 2006 in Mokuleia, Hawaii) was an American skateboard photographer during the mid-1970s rebirth of skateboarding.


Route to the final.

Liverpool.

Liverpool qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing as runners-up in the 1974–75 Football League First Division. Their opponents in the first round were Scottish team Hibernian. Liverpool lost the first leg at Hibernian's home stadium Easter Road 1–0, but recovered in the second leg at their home ground, Anfield, winning 3–1 courtesy of a John Toshack hat-trick. They thus won the round 3–2 on aggregate. For the second round Liverpool were drawn against Spanish team Real Sociedad; they won the first game 3–1 in Spain. A 6–0 victory in the second leg meant Liverpool won the tie 9–1 on aggregate.  Liverpool's opponents in the third round were Śląsk Wrocław of Poland. The first leg at Wrocław's home ground the Stadion Oporowska was won 2–1 by Liverpool courtesy of goals from Ray Kennedy and Toshack. A Jimmy Case hat-trick in the second leg at Anfield secured a 3–0 victory for Liverpool, which meant they progressed to the quarter-finals with a 5–1 aggregate victory. Liverpool's next opponents were East German team Dynamo Dresden. The first leg in East Germany ended in a 0–0 draw, after Liverpool goalkeeper Ray Clemence saved a penalty from Peter Kotte. A 2–1 victory in the second leg courtesy of goals from Case and Kevin Keegan meant Liverpool progressed to the semi-finals courtesy of a 2–1 aggregate victory.  Spanish team Barcelona were the opposition in the semi-finals. The first leg was held at Barcelona's home ground the Camp Nou. Liverpool won the match 1–0, after Toshack scored in the 13th minute. The second leg at Anfield saw Liverpool go ahead in the 50th minute when Phil Thompson scored. Barcelona equalised a minute later but were unable to score again before the final whistle. The match ended 1–1; Liverpool progressed to their second UEFA Cup final courtesy of their 2–1 aggregate victory.

Club Brugge.

Club Brugge gained entry to the UEFA Cup by finishing fourth in the 1974–75 Belgian First Division. Lyon of France were the opposition in the first round. The first leg, at Lyon's home ground Stade de Gerland, ended in a 4–3 defeat for Brugge. They won the second leg at their home stadium, the Olympiastadion, 3–0 to secure their place in the next round courtesy of a 6–4 aggregate victory.  Their opponents in the second round were English team Ipswich Town. The first leg, at Ipswich's home ground Portman Road, was won 3–0 by the English team. Brugge needed to score at least three goals to have any chance of staying in the competition. They won the second leg 4–0, to win the tie 4–3 on aggregate and progress to the third round.  Roma were the opposition in the third round. Brugge won the first leg in Belgium 1–0 courtesy of a Julien Cools goal. Another 1–0 in the second leg at Roma's home ground, the Stadio Olimpico meant Brugge progressed to the quarter-finals courtesy of a 2–0 aggregate victory. Brugge were drawn against another Italian team, A.C. Milan in the quarter-finals. They won the first leg 2–0 in Belgium thanks to goals from Ulrik le Fevre and Eduard Krieger. Brugge lost the second leg 2–1, at Milan's home ground the San Siro, but still qualified for the semi-finals as a result of a 3–2 aggregate victory.  Brugge's opposition in the semi-finals were German team Hamburger SV. The first leg, at Hamburg's home ground the Volksparkstadion, ended in a 1–1 draw. This gave the advantage to Brugge, as they had an away goal. A 1–0 victory in the second leg in Belgium secured a 2–1 aggregate victory, which meant Brugge progressed to their first European final.

Background.

Liverpool were appearing in their second UEFA Cup final. They had previously won the competition in 1973 when they beat Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–2. Club Brugge were appearing in their first European final and were the first Belgian team to reach the final of a European competition. The furthest they had progressed in previous European competitions was the quarter-finals of the 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they were beaten by eventual winners Chelsea of England.  Liverpool had won the 1975–76 Football League First Division between the first and second legs of the UEFA Cup Final; a 3–1 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers on the final day of the league season ensured they became champions. As a result of their league success, Liverpool qualified for the 1976–77 European Cup as English champions. Brugge had won the 1975–76 Belgian First Division; they won the competition by four points from second-place Anderlecht. Their success meant that they would also be competing in next season's European Cup as Belgian champions.

First leg.

Summary.

Brugge started the match the better of the two sides and took the lead in the 5th minute. A headed back-pass by Phil Neal fell short of Liverpool goalkeeper Ray Clemence allowing Brugge midfielder Raoul Lambert to take control of the ball and lob it over Clemence and into the Liverpool goal. Seven minutes later Brugge extended their lead when Julien Cools scored. The Belgians kept attacking, but the Liverpool defence of Emlyn Hughes and Tommy Smith were able to repel the Belgians until half-time.  Liverpool manager Bob Paisley decided that a change to his team had to be made during the interval. Paisley decided to replace striker John Toshack with midfielder Jimmy Case. The change made a difference as Case's runs down the right hand side of the pitch unsettled the Belgians. The full effect came in the 59th minute when Liverpool scored; Steve Heighway passed to Ray Kennedy who scored from. Liverpool leveled the score two minutes later; a shot from Kennedy rebounded off the post to Case who scored from close range.  Three minutes later Liverpool were ahead; Heighway was upended in the penalty area, and Kevin Keegan scored the subsequent penalty to give Liverpool a 3–2 lead. Liverpool had chances to increase their lead afterwards, but failed to do so; Brugge failed to score further as well. The final score when the referee blew for full-time was 3–2.

Second leg.

Summary.

Liverpool entered the second leg with a one-goal lead, although Brugge needed to score only one clear goal to win the competition by virtue of the away goals rule. The Belgians scored the goal they needed in the 11th minute. Liverpool defender Smith was adjudged to have handled the ball in the Liverpool penalty area and Brugge were awarded a penalty kick. Lambert converted the opportunity to give Brugge a 1–0 lead and level the aggregate tie at 3–3. Responding to the setback, Liverpool equalised four minutes later. They were awarded a free-kick outside the Brugge penalty area. Hughes rolled the ball to Keegan whose right-footed shot went into the Brugge goal to level the scores at 1–1 and give Liverpool a 4–3 aggregate lead. The goal incidentally was the first Brugge had conceded at home in the UEFA Cup all season.  Brugge needed to score again to keep the tie alive, and pushed their players forward in search of an equaliser. This forced Liverpool to pull all their players, except Keegan, into defensive positions to try to preserve their lead. Despite this Liverpool had a chance to take the lead in the 34th minute. Smith's volley from a Kennedy free-kick went wide of the Brugge goal. Brugge's pressure almost paid off five minutes into the second half. Ulrik le Fevre and Roger Van Gool combined to split the Liverpool defence, leaving Lambert with the ball. His subsequent shot beat Liverpool goalkeeper Clemence but hit the post. Brugge kept attacking in an effort to find the goal they needed; their best chance came four minutes from the end. Brugge breached the Liverpool defence, but Cools' shot was denied by a diving save from Clemence. No more goals were scored; the final score was 1–1.  The second-leg draw meant Liverpool won the tie, 4–3 on aggregate, to win their second UEFA Cup after their first victory in 1973. They also completed a League and UEFA Cup double for a second time. Liverpool manager Bob Paisley was delighted with players after their performance in the second leg: "The second half was the longest 45 minutes of my life. There was an awful lot of pride in this game because we came representing England. We did not let the country down and we are proud of our lads."

The 1976 UEFA Cup Final were association football matches played over two-legs between Liverpool of England and Club Brugge of Belgium on 28 April 1976 and 19 May 1976 at Anfield, Liverpool and the Olympiastadion, Brugge. It was the final of the 1975–76 season of Europe's secondary cup competition, the UEFA Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their second final; they had won the competition in 1973. Brugge were appearing in their first European final and were the first Belgian team to reach the final of a European competition.


Background.

This was the fifth time a continental final had been played by two teams from the same country and the third all-Italian final. The first also featured Juventus, who overcame Fiorentina by three goals to one over two legs in the 1990 UEFA Cup Final. It was Parma's first appearance in a UEFA Cup final, but represented the third consecutive year in which they had contested a European final, following European Cup Winners' Cup final appearances in 1993 (a win) and 1994 (a defeat). It was Juventus' fourth appearance in a UEFA Cup final; the previous finals were all two-legged affairs ending in victory for the Turin club, against Athletic Bilbao in 1977 on the away goals rule, Fiorentina in 1990 and Borussia Dortmund in 1993.  Parma's only previous experience in Europe against another Italian side was in the 1993 European Super Cup when they emerged victorious over A.C. Milan by two goals to one over two legs, having lost the first leg at home by a single goal. Juventus were meanwhile attempting to complete the third leg of a treble of titles: Serie A, Coppa Italia and the UEFA Cup.  While Parma played their home tie at their home ground, Stadio Ennio Tardini, Juventus chose to play their home leg away from Turin at the San Siro, home ground of Inter Milan and Milan, because they had difficulties with the landlord at their own stadium, Stadio delle Alpi, and had experienced poor attendances there, in contrast to the big crowds they attracted playing in other cities. They had already played the semi-final of the competition in Milan (and would later play the 1996 UEFA Super Cup even further from home, in Palermo).  The two sides would also meet the following month in the 1995 Coppa Italia Final, which Juventus won 3–0 on aggregate.

First leg.

Summary.

Parma, the home team, went into a fifth-minute lead through Dino Baggio, which they held and subsequently took to the return at Milan's San Siro.

Second leg.

Summary.

Gianluca Vialli restored parity in the tie overall before Dino Baggio struck again to give Parma a 2–1 aggregate victory. Thus provincial Parma added the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup they had won two years before.

The 1995 UEFA Cup Final was played over two legs between two Italian teams Juventus and Parma. The first leg at Parma's Stadio Ennio Tardini ended in a 1–0 victory for the home team. The second leg at the San Siro in Milan finished in a 1–1 draw, and a win on aggregate for Parma. It was their first UEFA Cup final victory, with Juventus having won three in the past.


Founding: 17th century–1775.

Various Algonquian-speaking Abenaki tribes, largely divided between the Androscoggin and Pennacook nations, inhabited the area before European settlement. Despite the similar language, they had a very different culture and religion from other Algonquian peoples. English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, and David Thompson settled at Odiorne's Point in present-day Rye in 1623. The first permanent settlement was at Hilton's Point (present-day Dover). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province". Father Rale's War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire.  The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine). The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Hampshire was itself named after the port of Southampton, which was known previously as simply "Hampton".  New Hampshire was first settled by Europeans at Odiorne's Point in Rye (near Portsmouth) by a group of fishermen from England under David Thompson in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshirite, John Thompson, was born there.  Fisherman David Thompson had been sent by Mason, to be followed a few years later by Edward and William Hilton. They led an expedition to the vicinity of Dover, which they called Northam. Mason died in 1635 without ever seeing the colony he founded. Settlers from Pannaway, moving to the Portsmouth region later and combining with an expedition of the new Laconia Company (formed 1629) under Captain Neal, called their new settlement Strawbery Banke. In 1638 Exeter was founded by John Wheelwright.  In 1631, Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham). All the towns agreed to unite in 1639, but meanwhile Massachusetts had claimed the territory. In 1641 an agreement was reached with Massachusetts to come under its jurisdiction. Home rule of the towns was allowed. In 1653 Strawbery Banke petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts to change its name to Portsmouth, which was granted. The relationship between Massachusetts and the independent New Hampshirites was controversial and tenuous, and complicated by land claims maintained by the heirs of John Mason. In 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts, issuing a charter for the royal Province of New Hampshire, with John Cutt as governor. New Hampshire was absorbed into the Dominion of New England in 1686, which collapsed in 1689. After a brief period without formal government (the settlements were "de facto" ruled by Massachusetts) William III and Mary II issued a new provincial charter in 1691. From 1699 to 1741 the governors of Massachusetts were also commissioned as governors of New Hampshire.  The province's geography placed it on the frontier between British and French colonies in North America, and it was for many years subjected to native claims, especially in the central and northern portions of its territory. Because of these factors it was on the front lines of many military conflicts, including King William's War, Queen Anne's War, Father Rale's War, and King George's War. By the 1740s most of the native population had either been killed or driven out of the province's territory.  Because New Hampshire's governorship was shared with that of Massachusetts, border issues between the two colonies were not properly adjudicated for many years. These issues principally revolved around territory west of the Merrimack River, which issuers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire charters had incorrectly believed to flow primarily from west to east. In the 1730s New Hampshire political interest led by Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth were able to raise the profile of these issues to colonial officials and the crown in London, even while Governor and Massachusetts native Jonathan Belcher preferentially granted land to Massachusetts interests in the disputed area. In 1741 King George II ruled that the border with Massachusetts was approximately what it is today, and also separated the governorships of the two provinces. Benning Wentworth in 1741 became the first non-Massachusetts governor since Edward Cranfield succeeded John Cutt in the 1680s.  Wentworth promptly complicated New Hampshire's territorial claims by interpreting the provincial charter to include territory west of the Connecticut River, and began issuing land grants in this territory, which was also claimed by the Province of New York. The so-called New Hampshire Grants area became a subject of contention from the 1740s until the 1790s, when it was admitted to the United States as the state of Vermont.

Slavery in New Hampshire.

As in the other Thirteen Colonies and elsewhere in the colonial Americas, racially conditioned slavery was a firmly established institution in New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night": Notices emphasizing and re-affirming the curfew were published in "The New Hampshire Gazette" in 1764 and 1771.  Following the Revolution, a powerfully-written sent by 20 slaves in Portsmouth unsuccessfully requested freedom for the enslaved. But the New Hampshire legislature would not officially eliminate slavery in the state until 1857, long after the death of many of the signatories. The 1840 United States Census was the last to enumerate any slaves in the households of the state.  While the number of slaves resident in New Hampshire itself dwindled during the course of the 19th century, the state's economy remained closely interlinked with, and dependent upon, the economies of the slave states. Slave-produced raw materials, such as cotton for textiles, and slave-manufactured goods were imported. The ship "Nightingale of Boston", built in Eliot, Maine in 1851 and outfitted in Portsmouth, would serve as a slave ship before its capture by the African Slave Trade Patrol in 1861, indicating the region's further economic connection to the ongoing Atlantic slave trade.

Revolution: 1775–1815.

New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule during the American Revolution. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army. In response, on May 22, 1775, the New Hampshire Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force to join the patriot army at Boston. In January 1776, it became the first colony to set up an independent government and the first to establish a constitution, but the latter explicitly stated "we never sought to throw off our dependence on Great Britain", meaning that it was not the first to actually declare its independence (that distinction instead belongs to Rhode Island). The historic attack on Fort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution) helped supply the cannon and ammunition for the Continental Army that was needed for the Battle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later. New Hampshire raised three regiments for the Continental Army, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Hampshire regiments. New Hampshire Militia units were called up to fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Saratoga Campaign and the Battle of Rhode Island. John Paul Jones' ship the Sloop-of-war USS "Ranger" and the frigate USS "Raleigh" were built in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, along with other naval ships for the Continental Navy and privateers to hunt down British merchant shipping.  Concord was named the state capital in 1808.

Industrialization, abolitionism and politics: 1815–1860.

In 1832, New Hampshire saw a major news story: the founding of the Republic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post-revolutionary war border issue. In 1835 the republic was annexed by New Hampshire, with the dispute finally resolved in 1842 by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty.  Abolitionists from Dartmouth College founded the experimental, interracial Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire in 1835, at a point in history when slaves still appeared in the households of the state in the national census and decades before the abolition of slavery in the state. Rural opponents of the school eventually dragged the school away with oxen before lighting it ablaze to protest integrated education, within months of the school's founding.  Abolitionist sentiment was a strong undercurrent in the state, with significant support given the Free Soil Party of John P. Hale. However the conservative Jacksonian Democrats usually maintained control, under the leadership of editor Isaac Hill. In 1856 the new Republican Party headed by Amos Tuck produced a political revolution.

Civil War: 1861–1865.

After Abraham Lincoln gave speeches in March 1860, he was well regarded. However, the radical wing of the Republican Party increasingly took control. As early as January 1861, top officials were secretly meeting with Governor John A. Andrew of Massachusetts to coordinate plans in case the war came. Plans were made to rush militia units to Washington in an emergency.  New Hampshire fielded 31,650 enlisted men and 836 officers during the American Civil War; of these, 1,803 enlisted men and 131 officers were killed or wounded. The state provided eighteen volunteer infantry regiments (thirteen of which were raised in 1861 in response to Lincoln's call to arms), three rifle regiments (who served in the 1st United States Sharpshooters and 2nd United States Sharpshooters), one cavalry battalion (the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry, which was attached to the 1st New England Volunteer Cavalry), and two artillery units (the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery and 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery), as well as additional men for the Navy and Marine Corps.  Among the most celebrated of New Hampshire's units was the 5th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel Edward Ephraim Cross. Called the "Fighting Fifth" in newspaper accounts, the regiment was considered among the Union's best both during the war (Major General Winfield Scott called the regiment "refined gold" in 1863) and by historians afterward. The Civil War veteran and early Civil War historian William F. Fox determined that this regiment had the highest number of battle-related deaths of any Union regiment. The 20th-century historian Bruce Catton said that the Fifth New Hampshire was "one of the best combat units in the army" and that Cross was "an uncommonly talented regimental commander."  The critical post of state Adjutant General was held in 1861-64 by elderly politician Anthony C. Colby (1792-1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816-1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state had no track of men who enlisted after 1861; no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees. There was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. Nathaniel Head (1828-1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As a result, widows, orphans, and disabled veterans received the postwar payments they had earned.

Prosperity, depression and war: 1865–1950.

Between 1884 and 1903, New Hampshire attracted many immigrants. French Canadian migration to the state was significant, and at the turn of the century, French Canadians represented 16 percent of the state's population, and one-fourth the population of Manchester. Polish immigration to the state was also significant; there were about 850 Polish Americans in Manchester in 1902.  The textile industry was hit hard by the depression and growing competition from southern mills. The closing of the Amoskeag Mills in 1935 was a major blow to Manchester, as was the closing of the former Nashua Manufacturing Company mill in Nashua in 1949 and the bankruptcy of the Brown Company paper mill in Berlin in the 1940s, which led to new ownership.

Modern New Hampshire: 1950–present.

The post-World War II decades have seen New Hampshire increase its economic and cultural links with the greater Boston, Massachusetts, region. This reflects a national trend, in which improved highway networks have helped metropolitan areas expand into formerly rural areas or small nearby cities.  The replacement of the Nashua textile mill with defense electronics contractor Sanders Associates in 1952 and the arrival of minicomputer giant Digital Equipment Corporation in the early 1970s helped lead the way toward southern New Hampshire's role as a high-tech adjunct of the Route 128 corridor.  The postwar years saw the rise of New Hampshire's political primary for President of the United States, which as the first primary in the quadrennial campaign season draws enormous attention.

New Hampshire is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.


Early life.

Kelley was born in New Hampton, a small village in New Hampshire. At the age of 19, he went to Wheeling, Virginia, a center of the slave trade. He engaged in the merchandise business until 1851, when he became a freight agent for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.

Civil War.

At outbreak of the Civil War he was living in Philadelphia and working for the B&O Railroad. He left his position there and moved to Wheeling to take command of the 1st Virginia Infantry, a Federal volunteer three-months regiment, and was appointed as its colonel. His first service was at Philippi, where he captured the Confederate camp equipage and was himself badly wounded. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on August 5, 1861, backdated to May, and was victorious at Romney and Blue's Gap (Hanging Rocks Pass). Afterward, Kelley commanded a division of 10,000 men in the Department of Harper's Ferry.  In 1862 he served under Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, and the following year he was in command of the West Virginia department and pursued General Robert E. Lee during the Retreat from Gettysburg. In 1864, he checked the enemy at Folck's Mill, New Creek, and Moorefield, West Virginia. He was brevetted as a major general of volunteers on August 5, 1864.  Kelley, along with his immediate superior Maj. Gen. George Crook, was captured by a small raiding party of Confederate partisans on February 21, 1865. Kelley was sent to a prison in Richmond, Virginia, but he and Crook were released on March 20 by a special exchange. He resigned from the army on June 1, 1865.

Postbellum career.

After the war ended, Kelley was appointed an internal revenue collector in 1866. After serving in that role for ten years, he became the head of the Hot Springs, Arkansas, Military Reservation in 1876. In 1883, President Chester A. Arthur appointed him an examiner of pensions.

Death.

Kelley died in Oakland, Maryland, and was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. His grave was created by sculptor W.S. Davis and completed ca. 1861. The gravestone is made of granite (6 x 5 x 3 ft.) with a relief (2 x 2 x 6 ft.) of bronze inset on the front of the stone, just above two inscribed plaques. The relief is a bust of Kelley, who has a full goatee, mustache, and a military uniform.  One plaque on the gravestone is inscribed:  Another plaque on the gravestone is inscribed:  It was surveyed by the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1995 and was declared as needing treatment.

Benjamin Franklin Kelley (April 10, 1807 – July 16, 1891) was an American soldier who served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He played a prominent role in several military campaigns in West Virginia and Maryland.


Life.

Virgilio Canio Corbo was born in Avigliano, Italy on July 8, 1918. At the age of ten, he entered the minor seminary Franciscan Custody of Terra Santa (CTS). He was ordained a priest in Bethlehem in 1942. From 1946 to 1949 he studied at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, where he obtained a doctorate in Oriental Science. (His thesis, "The excavations of Kh. Siyar El-Ghanam (Shepherd's Field) and the surrounding monasteries", was published in 1955.)

Archaeological exploration.

Corbo began teaching, first at the Franciscan minor seminary in Al-Qubeiba, and from 1950 to 1968 at the major Franciscan seminary in Jerusalem. While at Al-Qubeiba, he became interested in the work of archaeologist and fellow Franciscan Bellarmino Bagatti, and made some experimental excavations in the village. In expanding his investigations to other monastic ruins, and through literary sources was able to identify the monastery of St. Theodore at Bir el Qutt. Here he discovered the oldest extant Georgian inscriptions yet found. These give an important look into the every day life of the early monks. In October 1987, on a visit to Jerusalem, Ilia II of Georgia, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia presented Corbo with a commemorative coin celebrating 1500 years of the Evangelization of Georgia for helping to increase awareness of the Georgian monastic tradition in the Holy Land.  He will be remembered for excavating many important holy places. Father Corbo was responsible for organizing the Terra Sancta pavilion at the exhibition of missionary art for the 1950 Holy Year. This resulted in the publication of "Sacred art in the Holy Places". From 1950 to 1955, Corbo was director of the magazine "La Terra Santa", and in 1951 was put in charge of the restoration of a number of shrines administered by CTS. In this he worked with architect Antonio Barluzzi. One of the buildings restored was the Chapel of the Shepherd's Field, another was the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem. From 1956 to 1959, he was custos of the friary at Gethsemane.  In 1962 Corbo and Stanislao Loffreda, from the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum of Jerusalem, began archaeological excavation of the Herodium. Work continued until 1967: they discovered the upper citadel, at the top of the hill.  Corbo also excavated the interior of the Byzantine basilica on Mount Nebo. In 1963, he was put in charge of restoring the original pavements for exhibition. In the modern chapel presbytery, built to protect the site and provide worship space, remnants of mosaic floors from different periods can be seen.  In 1968 Corbo and Loffreda began work at Capharnaum. Between 1971 and 1977 they began work at Magdala. From 1978 to 1981, they carried out excavations were carried out at Machaerus. Corbo's group was the first to prove that the castle of Machaerus was definitely one of the mosaic-decorated fortified palaces of King Herod the Great.  His name will be especially tied to two sacred places: the Holy Sepulcher and Capharnaum, the "city of Jesus".  He is remembered for the excavations of many religious sites:  Corbo died in Capharnaum on December 6, 1991.

Virgilio Canio Corbo (1918, in Avigliano – December 6, 1991 in Capernaum) was an Italian Franciscan Friar and professor of archaeology at the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem.


Biography.

Charles Poisot was born in Dijon, but his family moved to Paris in 1834. He entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1844 where he studied piano with Adolphe Adam, counterpoint with Leborne and musical composition with Fromental Halévy until 1848.  In 1850, he composed an Opéra comique in an act, "Le Paysan", on a traditional theme mixing nobility and love (the libretto is by Pujol).  He returned to Dijon in 1852 where he devoted himself to teaching, musicology and composition, continuing his piano interpretations. In 1868, he was appointed Director of the Municipal School of Music, the future, and was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon in 1869. He played an active role in the city's cultural life until his sudden death in his home at 4 Buffon Street at the age of 81.  He had his works performed in the city, gave talks on the glories of Burgundy (sculptor François Rude, poet and playwright Charles Brifaut and created a high level choir: "la Société des Dames". A street in Dijon bears his name.  A fervent admirer of Jean-Philippe Rameau, he began in 1860 with other Dijonnais (Jules Mercier, Léon Gastinel,...) a campaign to erect a statue in honour of the great Dijon composer of the 18th century for the centenary of his death in 1864. The affair dragged on for a long time and it was only on 12 August 1876 that the model of the sculptor's statue Eugène Guillaume was finally erected on Place de la Sainte-Chapelle and a concert was given at the Grand Théâtre with Camille Saint-Saëns. It was not until 1880 that the model was replaced by the final bronze statue (it was melted down by the Germans in 1942 and replaced by a stone copy in 1950). Charles Poisot collaborated in the publication of Rameau's works and produced numerous arrangements for piano and singing of his operas. He was also involved in the creation of the "Société des Compositeurs de Musique" (established in Paris in 1862).

Works.

His musical work is quite abundant and varied, but it has not left its mark on the history of music. He composed opéras comiques early in his career ("Le Paysan" in 1850), religious pieces (one cantata, "Jeanne d'Arc"; motets; one Stabat Mater; one requiem, three oratorios) and many piano pieces (exercises, arrangements, songs, melodies and fantasies), some in collaboration with Joseph O'Kelly.  He also wrote many texts on music, such as his brochure on Burgundian musicians in 1854 or his "Histoire de la musique en France, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’à nos jours" (Paris 1860).

Charles Poisot (7 July 1822 – 17 March 1904) was a French musician from the second half of the 19th century. A pianist, composer and musicographer, he was also director of the Dijon Conservatory, where he spent his life.


History.

Oro was in existence in the pre-colonial period in Nigeria and was formerly a part of the province called the South-Eastern state. Natives of this area speak the dialect also known as Oro. Most Oro people also speak and understand the Efik language fluently. The Oro also have some dialectical similarities with the Ibibio and Annang people, hence their communication in Ibibio and Annang languages is very proficient.  History has it that by 2370 BC Oro also known as {Oro Nation} had already been settled down in the present location known as Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria on the West Coast of African Sub Region, Akwa Ibom Gulf Line to Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean South, after the Great flood (Noah's deluge). The Community as at then and up until this moment still uses their dialect Language originated by them as far back as 2370 BC.  The mass movements raided by Bantus the warriors, into many Communities did not mean that Oro people migrated from the Bantus, the Cameroun or Palestinians. Neither the Bantus attire nor any other cultural equivalent anywhere portrays that of Oro language or names. None of Oro Nation culture or names was derived from Bantu or any language elsewhere as immigrant. The Oros are peculiar people, strong contenders in nature wherever they are found, with the accolade `Oro Ukpabang Okpo`. Oro man complexion is not reflecting other ethnic nationalities or immigrant somewhere into Oro Nation. Their complexion is not as fair as the Palestinians or of the Israelis nor as dark as people residing around Cameroon mountain when Oro Nation had already came into being after creation of the world, even before pre colonialism came to being, when Nigeria and Cameroon did not come into existence as Countries. Oron folklore tells of "Abang" who was a powerful warrior and the Chief wrestler of the art-form known as `Mbok'. The wrestling known as (Mbok) was originated by Abang and later spread in popularity through African slaves into New world. Abang the warrior with his group gallantly fought against the slave traders who were in the area for slave trade business. One day, he was over powered and captured with few of his group and were taken to the present day Israel of what was then Egypt. This is perhaps why it may be more than a mere coincidence that the only two nations on earth with places named “Oron” are Israel and Nigeria.  Later, he escaped from Egypt during the Moslem celebrations period through River Nile with few of his men. He sailed down to Sudan, made his way to Lake Chad and settled within the region now known as Jigawa State, Nigeria. Abang named this area `Oron` which was written and pronounced as `Oronny` in line with Oros` phonemes migrations. As he was not comfortable with Islam, he escaped to a place call Usahadit area in the present day Cameroon. There, Abang begot Do, Do begot Doni, Doni begot Oro and Obolo. That is why there is a prevalence of Cameroon names as Akan, Ekang, Abang, Etong, Osung, and Etang in Oron today. Among the Oronians, there is a saying that the farthest point in the world is Usahadit which is in the Cameroon. He did not know that other people were already established on that land and due to dispute over farmland, the group later returned home to their original homeland of Oro Nation.  It is this return of Abang that has made some historian believe that Oro Nation is one of the Palestinian and Bantu ethnic nationalities that migrated from somewhere around Israel through Egypt (North Africa) to North Eastern Africa through Ethiopia (Abyssinia) to Central Africa (around the present-day Congo Republic & Democratic Republic of Congo) and through the southern Cameroons to the present day Niger Delta region of South-Southern Nigeria. On their return, Doni moved to establish the present day Andoni in Rivers State while Obolo established the present day Eastern Obolo of Akwa Ibom State. Oron people own up to the fact that the Ibeno, who dwell among the Ekids share similar ancestral history with them.  One controversy says that the relationship of Oron with Ekid is said to have gone sour when the Eket under the regime of Brigadier General U.J. Esuene declared and agreed to be called a subgroup of the Ibibio nation to gain political relevance and advantage. U.J. Esuene was also said to have denied the Oron people of the opportunity to site the Exxon Mobile's first terminal in Mbo and Effiat Oro areas of Oron.  Another common controversy that describes the worsened relationship between Oron and Eket is the accusation that General Esuene was the one who ordered the bombing of Urue Oruko, a region at the heart of Oron where several hundred of Oron people (mostly traders and women) were killed during the Nigerian Civil War in the late 1960s. This unfortunate event has been observed in Oron to be the most tragic in the history of the Nigerian Civil War.

Geography.

Oron is found in the flood plain of South Eastern Nigeria, with the land mainly intersected by numerous streams and tributaries flowing into Cross River. The entire coastline stretches from Uya Oron to Udung Uko.  Oron is in the tropical region and has a uniformly high temperature all the year round. The two main seasons are the dry which spans between October and April and wet season which starts around May and ends in September. There are also two prevailing winds – the South-West onshore winds which brings heavy rains and the North- East trade winds blowing across the Sahara Desert, which brings in the dry season

Natural Resources.

Oron is rich in oil and natural gas. Most of its oil reserves are off-shore. There are 25 corked oil wells. Oron is presently rated as having one of the highest supplies of natural gas deposits in sub-Saharan Africa with large amounts of untapped natural gas and oil at Ukpata, Udung Okung, and Edik Ekpu.  The region is extremely fertile and is known for its topographical Oil Palm Belt, tropical rainforest, swamps, and beaches. The mangrove forests also provide timber and raw materials for medicinal purposes. There are also deposits of solid minerals such as iron, free silica or glass sand and gravel. Seafoods such as crayfish, snipers, oyster and periwinkle abound richly in all coastal areas.

Education.

Oron people were among the earliest to encounter Western education in West Africa. This is most evident in the establishment of the Hope Waddell Training Institute, Calabar in 1895 and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905. These schools are two of the oldest in the history of Nigeria and attracted students from all over Western and Central Africa.

Politics.

With a well formidable socio-cultural group called the Oron Union founded in 1925, the Oron people became one of the most formidable and vocal groups in the South-South region of Nigeria, hence one of the three political forces in the present day Akwa Ibom State.  Oron became a Division in August 1970 and in 1976, was made a local government area. However, following the local government creation exercise of the federal government in 1989, Oron was split into 3 Local Government Areas of Mbo, Oron and Okobo. Again in September 1991, Urue Offong/Oruko Local Government Area was carved out of Oron Local Government Area. Finally in December 1996, Udung Uko Local Government Area was further carved out of Oron.  Currently, the Oron people are still struggling in their attempts to properly place the Oron union in a position to control their political interests in the state. In the past, the Oron Union has put up such structures as the CWC (Central Working Committee), Esumbuke Oro, and quite recently, the Oron Think-Tank, and many others to address certain issues. There has been little success with these structures, when compared to the political expectation of the average Oron person within the state and Nigeria.

Kingship.

Traditionally, the Oron people have one king that rules over the land. He is known as the 'Ahta Oro'. The Ahta has all the Ofong (Ivong or Ifong) afaha and the paramount rulers as members of his traditional rulers council. Some high chiefs (for example, Ikpoto, Akpaha and Okete Okete) are also recognized by the Ahta's council. The President-General of the Oron Union worldwide is regarded as the administrative head of the Oron nation and second-in-command at the Ahta's traditional rulers council.

Culture and Tradition.

The Oron people have a unique culture and tradition. The Ekpe Society, which was shared with the Efiks and the Southern Igbos as well as the Ibibios, is used throughout Oron Land as the authority. There are other traditional cults and societies which include the Ekpo, Abang, Edeme Awan Ñkwuho, Ekong, Afiakegit, Kongoma, Mbok, Ababa, Nnabo, and many others. All these societies, in addition to the unique hospitality of the Oron people, their arts, rich diet, Oil and Gas minerals, have been known to attract tourism and commerce to the area and Akwa Ibom state in general.  The Oron people have a very colourful mode of traditional dressing, especially with an Iyara (which is red in colour). The red Iyara is usually worn with a white tailored traditional shirt and a wrapper (large fabric wrapped around the waist) to match. This wrapper is commonly worn by several peoples of southern Nigeria. Sometimes it can be combined with the rich Efik native piece of cloth (tie), usually a colourful silk material. Recently the Oron people have been known to tie a piece of cloth usually in form of a handkerchief on the neck. This cloth could be white or coloured depending on the user and his combination intent. A blend of the neck handkerchief and the Efik native tie is also very common among the Oron people. Generally, apart from the distinction of the red Iyara, it is not easy to distinguish an Oron man or woman from an Efik person in terms of attire and the culture. These attires are also sometimes used by the Ibibio and Annang groups of Akwa Ibom state; except that the Annang and Ibibio people will not put on the red Iyara of Oron people because of its political implications and consequence.

Language and Culture.

The people have a distinct Oro language, although many speak and understand the Ibibio/Efik language. Oron has a rich culture expressed in songs, folklore and dances. The first National Museum east of the Niger and the Maritime Academy of Nigeria are located in Oron.  The Ekpe initiates used a written expression known as Ndibisi

International Airport.

The Ibom International Airport is situated in Oron nation (Okobo LGA). The administrative office of the airport is located in the nearby Uruan, Uyo LGA. Uruan is said to have an ancestral relationship with the Oron group, just like the Efiks, Ibono, Eastern Obolo, and Andoni groups.  The city is currently witnessing massive infrastructural development such as the dualization of Oron-Eket Highway, construction of various intercity roads, health centers, schools, and housing estate projects to give the ancient city a facelift.

The Oro people are comprised in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Akwa Ibom State, and Bakassi LGA in Cross River State. Oro is the third largest ethnic group in the state. They are related to the Efik, Ibibio, Eket, Annang and Ibeno ethnic groups. The five local Councils in Akwa Ibom are Oron, Udung-Uko, Mbo, Urue-Offong/Oruko, and Okobo. The Oro people, popularly called 'Oro Ukpabang' or 'Akpakip Oro' or`Oro Ukpabang Okpo` by its indigenes, are made up of several clans. There are nine clans called "Afaha". They are namely: Afaha Okpo, Afaha Ukwong, Ebughu, Afaha Ibighi, Effiat, Afaha Ubodung, Etta, Afaha Oki-uso, and Afaha Idua (Iluhe). However, the geopolitical restructuring of the state and local government creation has seen the Oro nation being fragmented politically into two states of Nigeria, namely Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. There are five Oro Local Government Areas in Akwa Ibom State and one Local Government in Cross River State.


History.

In 1788, the present site of Commerce was first occupied by French settlers, making Commerce apparently the third-oldest present site settlement in Missouri after St Louis and St. Charles. A trading post established in 1803 served as the center of commerce for the region, hence the name of the settlement. In 1823, the circuit court ordered a board of commissioners to be appointed to lay out lots here. From 1864 to 1878, Commerce was the county seat of Scott County. Commerce was one of the few areas in Scott County to have uninterrupted mail service during the Civil War, as guerilla bands made delivery unsafe for the northern carriers. Commerce, along with the German settlement of New Hamburg, were the two enclaves of Union sympathizers in Scott County during the war. On November 1, 1861, Colonel Oglesby landed in Commerce with about 3,000 men, where his soldiers soon exchanged shots with M. Jeff Thompson. On December 29, 1861, Thompson raided Commerce. On February 21, 1862, General Pope landed here with 140 troops, but when he left a week later his force consisted of 26,153 men. The island in front of Commerce was known as Cat Island at least as early as Mark Twain's time; however, it has been absorbed by Powers Island to the south. Commerce was a Methodist town, with a congregation established as early as 1825 and without a Baptist church until 1906.

Geography.

Commerce is located at (37.157131, -89.446512).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 67 people, 30 households, and 18 families living in the village. The population density was. There were 41 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 92.54% White and 7.46% Black or African American.  There were 30 households of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 26.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.94.  The median age in the village was 46.5 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.8% were from 45 to 64; and 22.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 56.7% male and 43.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 110 people, 42 households, and 30 families living in the village. The population density was 344.0 people per square mile (132.7/km2). There were 49 housing units at an average density of 153.3 per square mile (59.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.36% White, 2.73% African American, 0.91% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82% of the population.  There were 42 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.13.  In the village the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $36,667, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $16,607 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,552. There were no families and 4.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 28.6% of those over 64.

Commerce is a Mississippi River village in Scott County, Missouri, United States. The population was 67 at the 2010 census.


History.

The iconic phrase is attributed to Stewart Brand, who, in the late 1960s, founded the Whole Earth Catalog and argued that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing. The earliest recorded occurrence of the expression was at the first Hackers Conference in 1984. Brand told Steve Wozniak:  Brand's conference remarks are transcribed in the "Whole Earth Review" (May 1985, p. 49) and a later form appears in his "The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT":  According to historian Adrian Johns, the slogan expresses a view that had already been articulated in the mid-20th century by Norbert Wiener, Michael Polanyi and Arnold Plant, who advocated for the free communication of scientific knowledge, and specifically criticized the patent system.

"Gratis" versus "Libre".

The various forms of the original statement are ambiguous: the slogan can be used to argue the benefits of propertied information, of liberated, free, and open information, or of both. It can be taken amorally as an expression of a fact of information-science: once information has passed to a new location outside of the source's control there is no way of ensuring it is not propagated further, and therefore will naturally tend towards a state where that information is widely distributed. Much of its force is due to the anthropomorphic metaphor that imputes desire to information. In 1990 Richard Stallman restated the concept normatively, without the anthropomorphization:  Stallman's reformulation incorporates a political stance into Brand's value-neutral observation of social trends.

Cyberpunks.

Brand's attribution of will to an abstract human construct (information) has been adopted within a branch of the cyberpunk movement, whose members espouse a particular political viewpoint (anarchism). The construction of the statement takes its meaning beyond the simple judgmental observation, "Information "should" be free" by acknowledging that the internal force or entelechy of information and knowledge makes it essentially incompatible with notions of proprietary software, copyrights, patents, subscription services, etc. They believe that information is dynamic, ever-growing and evolving and cannot be contained within (any) ideological structure.  According to this philosophy, hackers, crackers, and phreakers are liberators of information which is being held hostage by agents demanding money for its release. Other participants in this network include cypherpunks who educate people to use public-key cryptography to protect the privacy of their messages from corporate or governmental snooping and programmers who write free software and open source code. Still others create Free-Nets allowing users to gain access to computer resources for which they would otherwise need an account. They might also break copyright law by swapping music, movies, or other copyrighted materials over the Internet.  Chelsea Manning is alleged to have said "Information should be free" to Adrian Lamo when explaining a rationale for US government documents to be released to WikiLeaks. The narrative goes on with Manning wondering if she is a "'hacker', 'cracker', 'hacktivist', 'leaker' or what".

Literary usage.

In the "Fall Revolution" series of science-fiction books, author Ken Macleod riffs and puns on the expression by writing about entities composed of information actually "wanting", as in desiring, freedom and the machinations of several human characters with differing political and ideological agendas, to facilitate or disrupt these entities' quest for freedom.  In the cyberpunk world of post-singularity transhuman culture described by Charles Stross in his books like "Accelerando" and "Singularity Sky", the wish of information to be free is a law of nature.

"Information wants to be free" is an expression that means all people should be able to access information freely. It is often used by technology activists to criticize laws that limit transparency and general access to information. People who criticize intellectual property law say the system of such government granted monopolies conflicts with the development of a public domain of information. The expression is often credited to Stewart Brand, who was recorded saying it at a hackers conference in 1984.


Early life and education.

Winkler was born June 1, 1955 in New York City and was raised in Grand View-on-Hudson, New York. He attended Kenyon College, where he received a bachelor's degree in history and later, an honorary doctorate of laws.

Career.

Winkler began his journalism career at the "Kenyon Collegian" and later, at a local paper, the "Mount Vernon News" while he was a student at Kenyon College. Following his years at the Mount Vernon News, Winkler worked as a New York-based reporter and assistant editor at "The Bond Buyer". Between 1980 and 1990, Winkler was a reporter in London and New York for "The Wall Street Journal", a reporter for "Barron's", and the founding editor/reporter for the "Dow Jones Capital Markets Report". Between 1991 and 1994, he wrote the Capital Markets column for "Forbes" magazine.

Bloomberg News.

After working at "The Wall Street Journal" for 10 years, Winkler left in 1990 when he co-founded Bloomberg News with Michael Bloomberg and became its editor-in-chief. Founded to provide financial bulletins to augment Bloomberg terminal service, Bloomberg News has since grown to include a wire service, a global television network, radio station, website, subscription-only newsletters and two magazines, "Bloomberg Businessweek" and "Bloomberg Markets". In 2011, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 editors and reporters in 72 countries and 146 news bureaus worldwide.  In 1997, Winkler partnered with Michael Bloomberg to write his autobiography, "Bloomberg by Bloomberg". The book chronicles the development of Bloomberg, L.P., from niche financial data provider in 1981 to global financial information services and media company 15 years later.  Under Winkler, the organization won the 2015 Pulitzer for Explanatory Reporting with Zachary Mider’s "painstaking, clear and entertaining explanation of how so many U.S. corporations dodge taxes and why lawmakers and regulators have a hard time stopping them."

The Bloomberg Way.

Winkler is known for his enforcement of the "Bloomberg Way," which includes a 300 plus-page guide outlining Bloomberg News reporting standards and its ethics and values. Reporters following the "Bloomberg Way" are instructed to consider the "Five Fs": factual word, first word, fastest word, final word and future word.

Awards and honors.

Winkler received the 2003 New York Financial Writers' Association Elliot V. Bell Award for making a "significant long-term contribution to the advancement of financial journalism." In 2007, Winkler was awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Emmy Lifetime Achievement Award for business and financial reporting and the Gerald Loeb Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, which recognizes individuals whose careers exemplify "consistent and superior insight and professional skills" to further the understanding of business, finance and the economy. He received the National Council for Research on Women Award in 2010, which recognizes "leaders who are making a difference for women in business, government, higher education, communications and across sectors." In 2012, Winkler was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Journalism by the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York. And in 2014, the Los Angeles Press Club recognized Winkler and Michael Bloomberg with the President’s Award for Impact on Media.  Winkler serves on the board of directors of the International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).

Personal life.

Winkler is married to Lisa Klein Winkler. The couple has three children and lives in New Jersey.

Matthew Winkler (born June 1, 1955) is an American journalist who is a co-founder and former editor-in-chief of Bloomberg News, part of Bloomberg L.P.. He is also co-author of "Bloomberg by Bloomberg" and the author of "The Bloomberg Way: A Guide for Reporters and Editors".


History.

Before Fort Belgica, there was a 16th-century Portuguese fort standing on a hill in Banda Neira. On September 4, 1611, Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, instructed the construction of a new fort to fortify the hill which dominated the original Dutch fortress, Fort Nassau. This fort was to be named either "Belgica" or "Nederland", and it became Fort Belgica. Fort Belgica was a modest square fort on top of a hill. In 1662, Jan Pieterszoon Coen ordered the renovation of the original fort, so it was replaced with a more solid redoubt that could accommodate 40 men. By the mid seventeenth century earthquakes, the tropical monsoonal climate, and poor original construction materials and techniques had resulted in the structure becoming dilapidated. In 1667, Governor Cornelis Speelman instructed Engineer Adriaan de Leeuw to redesign and reconstruct the fort. The result was the present "castle", the major modification works started in 1672 and being completed by 1673. The new Fort Belgica was built from stone shipped to the island. The new design consisted of a low outer pentagonal structure with five angled corner bastions and a higher inner pentagon with five tall circular towers. It was the only fort of this kind throughout the Banda Islands.  Despite over 300,000 Guilders spent on the modifications, an armament of 50 guns and a garrison of 400 men Fort Belgica surrendered to a British fleet in 1796 without a shot fired. Returned to Dutch control in 1803, it was again taken by the British in 1810, when it was stormed by Captain Cole and his men.  Partially demolished in 1904, it was incompletely rebuilt in 1919. In 1991, following the order of General Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani, at that time the Minister of Defense and Security of Indonesia, the fort was thoroughly restored.

Layout.

Fort Belgica sits on top of a hill on the southwestern part of the island Banda Neira. The fort overlooks the Fort Nassau, lower on the foot of the hill to the south.  Fort Belgica is pentagonal in form. It consists of a low outer pentagonal structure and a higher inner pentagonal structure. A stair access on the southernmost wall of the outer pentagon provides the sole point of entry to the fort. The lower pentagonal structure is equipped with five bastions, from the left hand side of the access point: "Galge punt", "Moorsche punt", "Leugenaar punt", "Metaale punt", and "Klokke punt", each equipped with a bartizan. The higher inner pentagonal structure housed several rooms which was arranged surrounding a pentagonal-shaped inner courtyard. A stairs in one of the room provide an access point to the top level.

World Heritage Status.

In January 2015, Belgica Fort was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands.

Fort Belgica is a 17th-century fort in Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Maluku Islands (the Moluccas), Indonesia. The fort acted as a fortification system for the islands of Banda where during the period, the only place in the world where nutmeg was produced.


Life.

Early life and training.

Hole was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, the son of a doctor, Richard Hole and his wife Ann; His father died in the cholera epidemic of 1849, when William was only 3 years of age, and the family relocated to Edinburgh, Scotland, shortly afterwards. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, then served an apprenticeship as a civil engineer for 5 years, although he really wanted to be an artist.  In 1869, he sailed from Swansea to Genoa, and spent the next 6 months travelling and sketching around Italy. In Rome he made the acquaintance of Keeley Halswelle who gave him practical advice on art. It was Halwelle whose criticism encouraged Hole to endeavour to become a professional painter.  On returning to Edinburgh, Hole entered the School of Design, then won admission to the life school of the Royal Scottish Academy, first exhibiting there in 1873; in 1878 he was elected an associate of the Academy. Around this time he took up etching and was accepted into the Royal Society of Painters and Etchers (RE) in 1885; he was already a member of the Royal Scottish Watercolour Society (RSW) from 1884. He eventually became a full member of the Academy (RSA).

Career.

Hole went on to specialise in painting industrial and historical material. Although an Englishman by birth, he devoted much of his energies to Scottish national subjects and purposes.  Principal paintings include "End of the '45" (1879), "A Straggler of the Chevalier's Army", " Culloden", "Prince Charlie's Parliament" (1882), "If thou hadst known" (1885) and "The Canterbury Pilgrims" (1889). Other paintings included "Medea in the Island of Circe", several based on Arthurian legend, and several depicting the life of fishermen on the west coast of Scotland, exhibited in 1883-84. Of the latter, "The Night's Catch" and "The fill of the two Boats" were praised by critics.  Hole's etchings were also highly regarded, one critic describing them as "perhaps the most wonderful translations of colour and handling, of design and conception and spirit, into another artistic medium ever made, and entitle their author to rank with creative artists of the highest class".  Around 1900, he travelled to Palestine in order to study the background for biblical painting. There he began working on the 80 watercolours that would eventually appear as illustrations in his book "The Life of Jesus of Nazareth". In April to May 1906 these pictures were shown at an exhibition at the Fine Art Society in London. He also painted scenes from the Old Testament.  In 1898 Hole painted a Processional Frieze for the entrance hall of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, showing over 150 figures or "heroes" from Scotland’s past. A critic described this work as "one of the most notable essays in mural decoration ever accomplished in this country". He also provided historical paintings for Edinburgh City Chambers and ecclesiastical decorations for other buildings.  Hole drew the black and white illustrations for several books including works by Robert Louis Stevenson, J M Barrie, and Robert Burns.  In later life he lived at 13 Inverleith Terrace in north Edinburgh, his neighbour at 15 being fellow-artist James Cadenhead.  Hole died in Edinburgh in 1917. He is buried in the Grange Cemetery in the ground of James Lindsay in the centre of the north wall. His name is listed at the base of the monument along with other members of the Hole family.

Selected works.

These are some of the publications Hole illustrated.

William Brassey Hole RSA (7 November 1846 – 22 October 1917) was an English artist, illustrator, etcher and engraver, known for his industrial, historical and biblical scenes.


Operator.

Sarinah is owned and operated by PT Sarinah (Persero), which was incorporated on 17 August 1962 as PT Department Store Indonesia. The entity is wholly owned by the government of Indonesia and was renamed in 1979.

History.

In the early 1960s, Indonesia was hit by very high inflation rates. President Sukarno believed that a department store would act as a price stabilizer to help keep prices under control, a view he formed after visiting several communist capitals including Moscow, Prague and Warsaw. The department store was built by Obayashi Corporation using Japanese war reparation funds, and opened in August 1966. The project was conceived by President Sukarno, who named it Sarinah after his childhood nanny.  In an effort to pursue its price stabilization agenda, state-owned Sarinah department store published weekly grocery price lists. Sukarno affirmed that ""The Sarinah department store will become one of the important tools for the organization of Indonesian socialism..."" and ""if Sarinah sells a blouse for 10 rupiah then another retailer will not dare to sell the same blouse for 20 rupiah"". However, it failed almost immediately in this role as there was a limit to what one store or even a few stores could do in such a large country. Sarinah struggled to compete with other retailers and went into debt as it expanded aggressively into other cities in Indonesia.  In the early 1970s, in an effort to survive, Sarinah moved its focus to local handicrafts, especially batik. Sarinah is still best known for batik today. In the 1990s, after leasing out some of its space to McDonald's (its first branch in Indonesia) and Hard Rock Cafe (which later moved to Pacific Place Jakarta), Sarinah managed to rejuvenate itself as a popular place for young people.

2016 terrorist incident.

On 14 January 2016, multiple explosions and gunfire occurred near Sarinah. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility. 8 people were killed, 4 civilians and all 4 attackers.

Expansion.

Two forty-one story towers are planned to be built in the area to complement the existing shopping center. The new towers will house high end restaurants; offices; and venues for meetings, conferences, and exhibition halls. The existing building will undergo major renovations to restore the originality of the building. The expansion project is expected to start by July 2020 and is projected to be completed in its entirety by mid-2022. Renovations on the existing building are estimated to complete by mid-2021.  In order for the renovation to be carried out, the building management ordered all tenants to close in a 30 April 2020 memo. Notably the closing of the first McDonald's in Indonesia at the Sarinah location on 10 May 2020 attracted a considerable crowd and legal rebuke for violation of social distancing laws in effect for the ongoing SARS-2 pandemic at the time.

Sarinah is a 74-metre tall 15-floor department store in Gondangdia, Menteng, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Sarinah was the first skyscraper to be built in Jakarta. It is located at the intersection of Jalan Kyai Haji Wahid Hasyim and Jalan M. H. Thamrin. Sarinah was Jakarta's first modern department store, famous for having Indonesia's first escalators (installed by Hitachi), for being air-conditioned and for having electronic cash registers. In addition to Thamrin, Sarinah also has a number of outlets located in Pejaten Village at South Jakarta, Banyumanik at Semarang and Malang.


History.

Under Shinsuke Nakamura (2009–2016).

On April 5, 2009, Toru Yano turned on Great Bash Heel (G.B.H) leader Togi Makabe, costing Makabe his match against Shinsuke Nakamura. Throughout that month, all members of G.B.H besides Tomoaki Honma turned their backs on Makabe, joining Nakamura and Yano. On April 23, the group was officially dubbed Chaos, with Nakamura and Yano positioned as its two central figures.  After Chaos was formed, members Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson (collective known as Bad Intentions), received a shot at the IWGP Tag Team Championship, but were unable to defeat the defending champions Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon). Also on that day, Black Tiger V was defeated by Tiger Mask in a mask vs. mask match and afterwards it was revealed to be Tatsuhito Takaiwa by removing his mask and leaving the stable.

Championship success.

On September 27, Nakamura defeated Togi Makabe in a decision match to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the third time. Upon winning the title, Nakamura drew the ire of Antonio Inoki by announcing his plan of wanting to restore the "Strong Style" of New Japan by capturing the original IWGP Heavyweight Championship belt from Inoki to replace the fourth generation title belt Nakamura himself had. From October 17 to November 1, Chaos participated at the 2009 G1 Tag League, during which Chaos members Bad Intentions (Bernard and Anderson) defeated Apollo 55 (Prince Devitt and Ryusuke Taguchi) in the finals to win the tournament.  On January 4, 2010 at Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome, Bad Intentions received a match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, but lost to No Limit (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi) in a three-way hardcore tag team match also involving Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray). Later

Kazuchika Okada's rise to stardom.

On January 4, 2012 at Wrestle Kingdom VI in Tokyo Dome, Richards and Romero lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship back to Apollo 55 (Devitt and Taguchi), while new member Yoshi-Hashi was defeated in five minutes by Kazuchika Okada in both men's NJPW return match. Later that night, Chaos Top Team was defeated by Pro Wrestling Noah representatives Go Shiozaki and Naomichi Marufuji. At the following day's press conference where his upcoming title match was made official, Kazuchika Okada, who had issued a challenge to Hiroshi Tanahashi for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship at the end of Wrestle Kingdom, revealed that he had joined Chaos as well, enlisting new stablemate Gedo as his manager and spokesperson. On February 12 at The New Beginning, No Remorse Corps defeated Apollo 55 to regain the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. Later that night, Tanaka lost the lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship to Hirooki Goto. In the main event, Okada defeated Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the first time. Okada made his first title defense on March 4, defeating Tetsuya Naito in the main event of NJPW's 40th anniversary event. On March 18, Yano and Iizuka attacked Tenzan and Kojima after they had successfully defended their title against Lance Archer and Yoshihiro Takayama and stole their championship belts.  On April 21, Low Ki returned to NJPW, aligning himself with the Chaos and teaming with Gedo, Jado and Rocky Romero in an eight-man tag team match to defeat Jyushin Thunder Liger, Prince Devitt, Ryusuke Taguchi and Tiger Mask, with Ki pinning IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Devitt for the win. On May 2, Richards and Romero were stripped of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship after a car accident forced Richards to miss his flight to Japan and the following day's Wrestling Dontaku 2012 event, where the two were scheduled to defend the title against Jyushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask. On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2012, Low Ki defeated Prince Devitt to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship while Iizuka and Yano defeated Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship, starting Yano's second reign with the title. From May 27 to June 10, Gedo, Jado and Low Ki participated at the 2012 Best of the Super Juniors tournament, where Low Ki defeated Prince Devitt to advance to the finals but lost to Ryusuke Taguchi. Also at the last day of the Best of the Super Juniors, Alex Koslov joined the stable and formed Forever Hooligans with his former AAA partner Rocky Romero.  On June 16 at Dominion 6.16, Brian Kendrick joined the stable by teaming with Gedo and Jado in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Jyushin Thunder Liger, Kushida and Tiger Mask when Kendrick pinned Kushida. Yano's and Iizuka's first title defense, a rematch against Tenzan and Kojima, ended in a no contest and were stripped of the IWGP Tag Team Championship four days later. In the main event, Okada lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship back to Tanahashi, ending his reign. On July 22, Yano and Iizuka were defeated by Tenzan and Kojima in a decision match for the vacant title. Koslov and Romero defeated Jyushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. Also at that event, Nakamura defeated Hirooki Goto to win the IWGP Intercontinental Championship for the first time. On July 29, Low Ki lost the title to Kota Ibushi in his second defense. From August 1 to August 12, Okada, Nakamura, Yano and Takahashi participated at the 2012 G1 Climax. During the tournament, Okada wrestled in the same block as Chaos leader Shinsuke Nakamura and on August 5 was defeated by Nakamura. At the finals on August 12, Okada defeated Karl Anderson to win the 2012 G1 Climax.  On October 8 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Forever Hooligans made their second successful title defense by defeating Time Splitters (Alex Shelley and Kushida). Later that night, Low Ki regained the IWGP Junior Heavyeight title from Kota Ibushi. Later that night, Nakamura successfully defended the IWGP Intercontinental Championship in a rematch against Hirooki Goto. On November 12 at Power Struggle, Forever Hooligans lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship to the winners of the Super Jr. Tag Tournament, Time Splitters, ending their reign at 112 days. Later that night, Low Ki lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship to Prince Devitt in his first title defense. Takahashi received his first shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by Hiroshi Tanahashi. From November 15 to November 19, Takahashi, Tanaka. Hashi and Ishii participated in a tournament to crown the first NEVER Openweight Champion, but Takahashi was eliminated at the first round, Hashi was eliminated at second round by Ishii and Ishii was eliminated by Tanaka at the semifinals while Tanaka defeated Karl Anderson at the finals to become the inaugural champion. On December 10, "Tokyo Sports" named Okada the 2012 MVP in all of "puroresu". His match with Tanahashi from June 16 was also named the Match of the Year. On January 4, 2013 at Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome, Bob Sapp, Yano, Iizuka and Takahshi lost to Akebono, Manabu Nakanishi, MVP and Strong Man. Later that night, Tanaka made his first successful title defense of the NEVER Openweight Champion by defeating Shelton Benjamin. In the main event, Okada failed in his title challenge against Hiroshi Tanahashi. Also on that event, New Japan removed Low Ki's profile from its official website, signaling the end of his run with the promotion. From January 18 to 19, Nakamura took part in the "Fantastica Mania 2013" weekend (co-promoted by New Japan and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre) and in the main event of the second night he made his fifth successful defense of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship against La Sombra. On February 9, Yano and Iizuka made an appearance for Pro Wrestling Noah, wrestling Maybach Taniguchi and Maybach Taniguchi Jr. to a double disqualification. Later, Yano and Iizuka attacked No Mercy leader Kenta after the main event, which led to Maybach Taniguchi coming out to seemingly save his stablemate, but he ended up hitting Kenta with a chair and Yano then grabbed Naomichi Marufuji's and Takashi Sugiura's GHC Tag Team Championship belts from ringside before handing Taniguchi Kenta's GHC Heavyweight Championship belt. The following day, Yano and Iizuka were named the number one contenders to the GHC Tag Team Championship. Also in February, Okada led Chaos to a war with NJPW's other villainous stable, Suzuki-gun, which built to a match on February 10 at The New Beginning, where Okada, positioned as the fan favorite, was defeated by the stable's leader Minoru Suzuki following interference from Taichi. On March 10, Yano and Iizuka defeated Naomichi Marufuji and Takashi Sugiura to become the new GHC Tag Team Champions.  From March 11 to March 23, Okada, Yano, Nakamura, Ishii and Takahashi participated at the 2013 New Japan Cup, during which Okada defeated Hirooki Goto to win the 2013 New Japan Cup. On April 5, Nakamura and Tomohiro Ishii unsuccessfully challenged Killer Elite Squad (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer) for the IWGP Tag Team Championship. Two days later at Invasion Attack, Okada defeated Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the second time.  On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2013, Koslov and Romero regained the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship from the Time Splitters. In the main event, Okada made his first successful title defense against Minoru Suzuki. Yano and Iizuka made their first successful defense of the GHC Tag Team Championship on May 12 against TMDK (Mikey Nicholls and Shane Haste). Post-match, Yano named himself the number one contender to the GHC Heavyweight Championship and his status as the next challenger for Kenta's title was made official the following day.  On May 31, Nakamura lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship to La Sombra in a CMLL event. On June 2 at Pro Wrestling Noah, Yano received a chance for the GHC Heavyweight Championship, he but ended up losing to the defending champion Kenta. This led to a GHC Tag Team Championship match on June 8, where Yano and Iizuka successfully defended their title against Kenta and Yoshihiro Takayama, with Yano pinning Kenta for the win. On June 22 at Dominion 6.22, a special three-way match took place for

Under Okada (2016–present).

On January 4 at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome, Roppongi Vice failed for the third time to capture the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championships, Toru Yano teamed with the Ring of Honor (ROH) tag team of Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe to defeat Bullet Club's Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga and Yujiro Takahashi to become the inaugural NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions, while Ishii was defeated by Katsuyori Shibata ending his fourth reign of the Never Openweight Championship, Nakamura made his second successful defense by defeating A.J. Styles and Okada defeated 2015 G1 Climax winner Hiroshi Tanahashi in the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome to retain the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Hours after the event it was reported that Nakamura had given his notice to NJPW on the morning of January 4, announcing that he was leaving the promotion for WWE. Nakamura remained under NJPW contract and was expected to finish off his contracted dates with the promotion before leaving. On January 12, NJPW confirmed Nakamura's upcoming departure and announced he would also be stripped of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. Nakamura handed in the title

Other media.

During their run in the stable together, Okada and Nakamura were featured in the Japanese music video for Pharrell Williams' song "Happy", released in May 2014. In January 2017, it was announced that the "" video game would feature a Chaos shirt as an alternate outfit for all characters.

Chaos (stylised in capital letters) is a professional wrestling stable, primarily performing in the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. The group was formed in 2009, when nearly all the members of the Great Bash Heel (G.B.H) stable turned on leader Togi Makabe and reformed under new leader Shinsuke Nakamura. Soon after, the new group was named Chaos, with Nakamura as the leader. As the leader of Chaos, Nakamura was one of NJPW's top wrestlers, winning the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Intercontinental Championship as well as the 2011 G1 Climax and the 2014 New Japan Cup.