Biography.

Eugenio Gaddini, born in Cerignola (Apulia, Italy), received a philosophic and literary education and earned his M.D. in 1942 from the University of Rome. From 1951, he was analyzed by Emilio Servadio () and in 1956 he gave up his position as head physician in Roma hospital to devote himself to psychoanalysis.  Admitted in 1953 to the Italian Psychoanalytic Society, he became President in 1978 and editor of Rivista di Psicoanalisi (the Italian Review of Psychoanalysis). He held a teaching position at the Rome Psychoanalytic Center and founded the Florence Psychoanalytic Center. He was a member of the International Psychoanalytical Association.  He died in Rome in 1985.

Ideas.

They were based on the premise that the mind is not strictly localized in the brain but extended through the body.  Influenced both by Freudian psychoanalysis and Donald Winnicott techniques, he provided an innovative theory of early mental states, postulating the existence of a "fundamental mental organization" which serves as the basis for the formation of the self.  From his work on rumination syndrome, or merycism, he developed the concept of imitation, a form of mental functioning tied to the "protopsychic" perception that precedes thought and that lasts a lifetime. He saw the imitation as a permanent structure and not just a precursor of the processes of identification and projection. The contribution of Gaddini was to highlight how the imitation not only represents one moment in a process that leads to the thought formation, but also a stable relational form.  In 1969, he participated in a conference on parapsychology organized by Arthur Bleksley at Saint-Paul de Vence in France. The conference dealt with creativity and its possible links to parapsychology. Other participants included Kenneth Burke, Jerre Mangione, the Italian-American author, Emilio Servadio, the Italian-Indian psychoanalyst and parapsychologist and W. Grey Walter, the neurophysiologist and robotician.  Gaddini's writings have been translated into English in 1992.

Eugenio Gaddini (18 January 1916 - 27 September 1985) was an Italian physician and psychoanalyst. He was one of the most important psychoanalysts in Italy and occupied a prominent place in the international psychoanalytic movement. He was interested in psyche birth and its progress beginning with lived experience. He is best known for his ideas on the rumination syndrome, or merycism. He wrote several books and papers including "A psychoanalytic theory of infantile experience" and then he was killed brutally by Angelo Pisano and his fellow Enrico Bruschi.


History.

Abbyville was a station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The community was named for Abby McLean, the first baby born there, its previous name was Nonpariel.  The first post office in Abbyville was established in 1886 after it was moved from Salt Creek (an extinct town).

Geography.

Abbyville is located at (37.970619, -98.203764). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Abbyville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 87 people, 42 households, and 29 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 47 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 1.1% Native American, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.  There were 42 households of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.52.  The median age in the city was 53.5 years. 19.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.6% were from 25 to 44; 40.2% were from 45 to 64, and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.0% male and 46.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 128 people, 47 households, and 36 families residing in the city. The population density was 689.4 people per square mile (260.1/km2). There were 51 housing units at an average density of 274.7 per square mile (103.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.66% White, and 2.34% from two or more races.  There were 47 households out of which 42.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.17.  In the city, the population was spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $43,750, and the median income for a family was $45,625. Males had a median income of $29,000 versus $26,667 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,080. There were 4.9% of families and 5.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including 7.9% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Events.

Rodeo.

Abbyville hosts the annual Abbyville Frontier Days PRCA Rodeo and BBQ the third weekend of May. Current events of the rodeo include barrel racing, mutton bustin', bull riding, calf roping, steer wrestling, and other special events. It is now a PRCA sanctioned event.  Clifford "Pinky" Busick was the creator of this rodeo, starting with a loan of $10 from his father. The first rodeo was a celebration of the Kansas Centennial, and it was held on July 15, 1961. The events at this initial celebration included a bonnet contest, beard contest, antique display, horse show, carnival, and bean dinner. "Oklahoma!" was performed in the evening as the main entertainment. The event was such a great success for Abbyville that Pinky worked to continue the rodeo as an annual event.  The second rodeo was held on the third weekend of May in 1963, and it has continued yearly ever since. Locals, both from Abbyville and from nearby towns, ran every aspect of the rodeo and took great pride in it. Many traditions of the early rodeos still continue today, including a Saturday morning parade, ham and chicken noodle lunch, and a BBQ dinner with fresh pie for dessert. In addition, two 5- or 6-year-old children have crowned "Miss Little Britches" and "Uncle Sam" in the parade.  Despite Abbyville being such a small town, the rodeo has continued to this day, and it has kept Abbyville on the map. Hollerado filmed their official music video for their single "Good Day at the Races" at the Abbyville rodeo grounds.

Education.

Abbyville is served by Fairfield USD 310 school district. Abbyville High School was the Lions.

Abbyville is a city in Reno County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 87.


Philosophical and political struggles in the Soviet Union.

Dialectical materialism was initially expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; one of the early works on the subject is Engel's 1878 polemic "Anti-Dühring". It was elaborated by Vladimir Lenin in "Materialism and Empiriocriticism" (1908) around three axes: the "materialist inversion" of Hegelian dialectics; the historicity of ethical principles ordered to class struggle; and the convergence of "laws of evolution" in physics (Helmholtz), biology (Darwin) and political economy (Marx). Lenin hence took position between a historicist Marxism (Labriola) and a determinist Marxism, close to what was later called "social Darwinism" (Kautsky). Lenin's most important philosophical rival was Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928), who tried to synthesize Marxism with the philosophies of Ernst Mach, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Richard Avenarius (which were harshly criticized in Lenin's "Materialism and Empiriocriticism"). Bodganov wrote a treatise on "tectology" and was one of the founders of Proletkult after the First World War.  Following the 1917 October Revolution, Soviet philosophy divided itself between "dialecticians" (Deborin) and "mechanists" (Bukharin, who would detail Stalin's thesis upheld in 1924 concerning "socialism in one country", was not a "mechanist" per se, but was seen as an ally.) The mechanists (A.K. Timartizev, Timianski, Axelrod, Stepanov...), came mostly from scientific backgrounds, claimed that Marxist philosophy found its basis in a causal explanation of Nature. They upheld a positivist interpretation of Marxism which asserted that Marxist philosophy had to follow the natural sciences. Stepanov thus wrote an article flatly titled "The Dialectical Understanding of Nature is the Mechanistic Understanding". To the contrary, "dialecticians", whose background was Hegelian, insisted that dialectics could not be reduced to simple mechanism. Basing themselves mainly on Engels' "Anti-Dühring" and "Dialectics of Nature", they maintained that the laws of dialectics could be found in nature. Taking support from the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, they responded that the mechanists' conception of nature was too restricted and narrow. Deborin, who had been a student of Georgi Plekhanov, the "father of Russian Marxism", also disagreed with the mechanicists concerning the place of Baruch Spinoza. The latter maintained that he was an idealist metaphysician, while Deborin, following Plekhanov, saw Spinoza as a materialist and a dialectician. Mechanism was finally condemned as undermining dialectical materialism and for vulgar evolutionism at the 1929 meeting of the Second All-Union Conference of Marxist–Leninist Scientific Institutions. Two years later, Stalin settled by fiat the debate between the mechanist and the dialectician tendencies by issuing a decree which identified dialectical materialism as the philosophical basis of Marxism–Leninism. Henceforth, the possibilities for philosophical research independent of official dogmatics virtually vanished, while lysenkoism was enforced in the scientific fields (in 1948, genetics were declared a "bourgeois pseudoscience"). However, this debate between "mechanists" and "dialecticians" would retain importance long after the 1920s.  Otherwise, David Riazanov was named director of the Marx-Engels Institute, which he had founded, in 1920. He then created the MEGA ("Marx-Engels-Gesamt-Ausgabe"), which was supposed to edit Marx and Engels' complete works. He also published authors authors, such as Diderot, Feuerbach or Hegel. Riazanov was however excluded from any political functions in 1921 for defending trade unions' autonomy.  During the Fifth Comintern Congress, Grigory Zinoviev condemned for "revisionism" the works of Georg Lukács, "History and Class Consciousness" (1923) and of Karl Korsch, "Marxism and Philosophy". "History and Class Consciousness" was disavowed by its author, who made his self-criticism for political reasons (he thought that, for a revolutionary, being part of the party was the priority). It became however a leading source of Western Marxism, starting with the Frankfurt School, and even influenced Heidegger's "Sein und Zeit" (1927). Lukács then went to Moscow in the beginnings of the 1930s where he would continue his philosophical studies, and returned to Hungary after World War II. He then took part to Imre Nagy's government in 1956, and was closely watched afterwards.  Lev Vygotsky's (1896–1934) studies in developmental psychology, which opposed themselves to Ivan Pavlov's works, would be expanded in the activity theory developed by Alexei Nikolaevich Leont'ev, Pyotr Zinchenko (a member of Kharkov School of Psychology), and Alexander Luria, a neuropsychologist who developed the first lie detector.

After the 20th Congress of the CPSU.

Nevertheless, the conditions for creative philosophical work began to emerge in the mid-1950s, after the 20th Congress of the CPSU in 1956, albeit only on the 'outskirts' of philosophy: the philosophy of the natural science (B. Kedrov, I. Frolov), theory of perception and gnoseology (P. Kopnin, V. Lektorsky, M. Mamardashvili, E. Ilyenkov), the history of philosophy (V. Asmus, A. Losev, I. Narski), ethics (O. Dobronitski), aesthetics (M. Kagan, L. Stolovitsh), logics (G. Shchedrovitsky, A. Zinovyev) and semiotics and system theories (Y. Lotman, who set up the Sign Systems Studies journal, the oldest semiotics periodical; V. Sadovsky). The works of the young Marx, such as the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844", which had been first published in 1932 but suppressed under Stalin because of its incomplete break with German Idealism, also started being discussed.

Others.

1) Vasily Nalimov (1910-1997) was interested mainly in the philosophy of probability and its biological, mathematical, and linguistic manifestations. He also studied the roles of gnosticism and mysticism in science. Nalimov is usually credited with proposing the concept of citation index.  2) The so-called "communist morality" was an important part of Soviet Union philosophy. According to Lenin and Stalin, morality should be subordinated to the ideology of proletarian revolution. Denying the validity of religion-based morality, they wrote: what is useful to us (the Soviet people) is moral, what is harmful to us is immoral. Morality is a weapon in class struggle. Party and Komsomol members were drilled to accept that position, and to act accordingly.

Publications and propaganda.

The USSR published voluminous materials to disseminate its philosophical ideals and justifications. These took the form of academic or professional journals or notes in the pattern of peer-reviewed material. For example, the book below challenges the idea of a medical deontology, or ethics based on moral rules, versus ethics based on utilitarian rules decided on the best outcome for the greatest number of people.

Philosophy in the Soviet Union was officially confined to Marxist–Leninist thinking, which theoretically was the basis of objective and ultimate philosophical truth. During the 1920s and 1930s, other tendencies of Russian thought were repressed (many philosophers emigrated, others were expelled). Joseph Stalin enacted a decree in 1931 identifying dialectical materialism with Marxism–Leninism, making it the official philosophy which would be enforced in all Communist states and, through the Comintern, in most Communist parties. Following the traditional use in the Second International, opponents would be labeled as "revisionists".


Pregnancy planning.

In couples where the male and female are both HIV positive, conception may occur normally without concern for disease transmission. However, in couples where only one partner is HIV positive there is risk of transmitting the infection to the uninfected partner. These couples, known as serodiscordant couples, are advised not to engage in unprotected intercourse. Instead, assistive reproductive methods are recommended. In all serodiscordant couples, the infected partner is advised to begin ART so that their viral load is undetectable prior to attempting conception.  In couples where the woman is HIV negative and the man is HIV positive, sperm is collected from the male partner and HIV is removed from the specimen using a technique called sperm washing. This process is then followed by intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Couples may also use donor sperm from a non-infected male if desired.  In couples where the woman is HIV positive and the man is HIV negative, artificial insemination is recommended.  In areas where assistive reproductive techniques, such as IUI or IVF, are not available, techniques used during intercourse can be attempted to reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of HIV transmission. Most importantly, the HPTN 052 trial showed that when HIV infected partners were on ART and their viral load was undetectable no transmission occurred; in partners with a detectable viral load on ART there was 96% less transmission.  Many serodiscordant couples use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to limit transmission of the infection to the uninfected partner. Daily use of PrEP has been shown to decrease transmission of the infection by an average of 63–75%. However, use of PrEP during pregnancy has not yet been studied and its long-term effects on the foetus are unknown.  Although assisted reproductive techniques are available for serodiscordant couples, there are still limitations to achieving a successful pregnancy. Women with HIV have been shown to have decreased fertility, which can affect the available reproductive options. Women with HIV are also more likely to be infected with other sexually transmitted diseases, placing them at higher risk for infertility. Males with HIV appear to have decreased semen volume and sperm motility, which decreases their fertility. ART may also affect both male and female fertility and some drugs can be toxic to embryos. Additionally, there have been cases where an HIV-negative partner was infected with the disease despite artificial insemination with washed sperm.

HIV testing in pregnancy.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends HIV testing for all pregnant women as a part of routine prenatal care. The test is usually performed in the first trimester of pregnancy with other routine laboratory tests. HIV testing is recommended because HIV-infected women who do not receive testing are more likely to transmit the infection to their children.  HIV testing may be offered to pregnant women on an "opt-in" or an "opt-out" basis. In the "opt-in" model, women are counseled on HIV testing and elect to receive the test by signing a consent form. In the "opt-out" model, the HIV test is automatically performed with other routine prenatal tests. If a woman does not want to be tested for HIV, she must specifically refuse the test and sign a form declining testing. The CDC recommends "opt-out" testing for all pregnant women because it improves disease detection and treatment and helps reduce transmission to children.  If a woman chooses to decline testing, she will not receive the test. However, she will continue to receive HIV counseling throughout the pregnancy so that she may be as informed as possible about the disease and its impact. She will be offered HIV testing at all stages of her pregnancy in case she changes her mind.  HIV testing begins with a screening test. The most common screening test is the rapid HIV antibody test which tests for HIV antibodies in blood, urine, or oral fluid. HIV antibodies are only produced if an individual is infected with the disease. Therefore, presence of the antibodies is indicative of an HIV infection. Sometimes, however, a person may be infected with HIV but the body has not produced enough antibodies to be detected by the test. If a woman has risk factors for HIV infection but tests negative on the initial screening test, she should be retested in 3 months to confirm that she does not have HIV. Another screening test that is more specific is the HIV antigen/antibody test. This is a newer blood test that can detect HIV infection quicker than the antibody test because it detects both virus particles and antibodies in the blood.  Any woman who has a positive HIV screening test must receive follow-up testing to confirm the diagnosis. The follow-up test can differentiate HIV-1 from HIV-2 and is a more specific antibody test. It may also detect the virus directly in the bloodstream.

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

HIV/AIDS may be vertically transmitted from a mother to her child. This means the infection may be spread during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding. 70% of transmissions are believed to occur during delivery when the baby comes into direct contact with the mother's infected blood or genital secretions/fluid in the birth canal. 30% of infections occur in utero during the pregnancy with 66% occurring within the last 14 days of a pregnancy. The mechanism for in utero infection is not well understood, but the current belief is that infected maternal secretions may cross the placenta during the pregnancy.  The risk of HIV transmission from a mother to child is most directly related to the plasma viral load of the mother. Untreated mothers with a viral load >100,000 copies/ml have a transmission risk of over 50%. For women with a viral load <1000 copies/ml, the risk of transmission is less than 1%. In general, the lower the viral load the lower the risk of transmission. For this reason, ART is recommended throughout the pregnancy so that viral load levels remain as low as possible and the risk of transmission is reduced.  Women with an established diagnosis of HIV often begin ART before becoming pregnant to treat the infection. It is recommended that all pregnant women begin ART regardless of CD4 counts or viral load to reduce the risk of transmission. The earlier ART is initiated, the more likely the viral load will be suppressed by the time of delivery. Some women are concerned about using ART early in the pregnancy, as babies are most susceptible to drug toxicities during the first trimester. However, delay in ART initiation may prove less effective in reducing infection transmission.  Antiretroviral therapy is used at the following times in pregnancy to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV:

Indications to start medications.

According to current recommendations by the WHO, US CDC and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), all individuals with HIV should begin ART. The recommendation is stronger under the following conditions: Women are encouraged to begin treatment as soon as they are diagnosed with HIV. If they are diagnosed prior to pregnancy, they should continue with ART during the pregnancy. If the diagnosis of HIV is made during the pregnancy, ART should be initiated immediately.

Medications during pregnancy.

The goal of antiretroviral use during pregnancy is to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV from mother to child. It is important to choose medications that are safe for the mother and the fetus and which are effective at decreasing the total viral load. Some studies have shown an increase in stillbirths, preterm delivery, and delayed fetal growth in women using high doses of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy. However, the overall benefits of ART are believed to outweigh the risks and all women are encouraged to use ART for the duration of their pregnancy.  Due to physiological changes in the body during pregnancy, it may be necessary to alter the dosing of medications so that they remain effective. Generally, the dose or the frequency of dosing are increased to account for these changes.  The recommended ART regimen for HIV-positive pregnant women consists of drugs from 4 different classes of medications listed below. In the United States, the favored regimen is a three-drug regimen where the first two drugs are NRTIs and the third is either a protease inhibitor, an integrase inhibitor, or an NNRTI.

Nutritional supplements.

Vitamin A plays a role in the immune system and is a low-cost intervention that has been suggested to help with preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. A Cochrane review summarised the evidence of five trials conducted in Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe between 1995 and 2005, where none of the participants received antiretroviral therapy. They found that giving vitamin A supplementation to pregnant women or to women after they delivered a baby probably has little or no effect on mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The intervention has been largely superseded by antiretroviral therapy.

Labor and delivery.

Women should continue their ART regimen through childbirth.  The viral load helps determine which mode of delivery is safest for the mother and the baby. In cases where the viral load is low (<1000 copies/mL), the risk of transmission is low and a vaginal delivery may be performed. A cesarean section, on the other hand, is generally performed at 38 weeks gestation under the following circumstances: If, before her scheduled cesarean section, a woman's water breaks and she goes into labor, a cesarean section may not significantly reduce the risk of infection transmission. Under this circumstance, if there is no other medical reason to proceed with a cesarean section, a vaginal delivery may be performed and may be the safest for the mother and the baby.  Women who present to the hospital in labor with an unknown HIV status should undergo immediate HIV testing. If the initial screening test is positive, the mother should immediately be given a single dose of nifedipine (NVD), tenofovir (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) and a three-hourly dose of zidovudine (AZT) and the baby should receive prophylactic ART after birth. This will help reduce the risk of HIV transmission during labor and delivery. A confirmatory HIV test should also be performed in the meantime. If the test results are positive, treatment should continue. If the results are negative, the medications may be stopped.

Breastfeeding.

Women may transmit HIV to their child via breastmilk. For this reason, breastfeeding is discouraged in the United States amongst HIV-positive women. However, in developing countries such as South Africa, where the risk of death of the infant associated with avoiding exclusive breastfeeding is higher than the risk of contracting HIV, exclusive breastfeeding in a mother who is virally suppressed is encouraged.  In developed countries, where clean water and infant formula are both accessible and available, HIV-positive women should not breastfeed. They should use formula to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to the child. Even if the mother is on ART, she should avoid breastfeeding as HIV can still be transmitted through the breastmilk. Some women elect to use donor milk (breast milk donated from non-HIV infected mothers) instead of formula so that their child may receive the health benefits of breast milk, the most notable being increased immunity.  In underdeveloped countries, where clean water and formula are not as readily available, breastfeeding is encouraged to provide the child with adequate food and nutrients. The benefit of nourishment outweighs the risk of HIV transmission so breastfeeding is acceptable. The South African Department of Health guidelines state that HIV-infected mothers should exclusively breastfeed, that is the infant's diet should consist of breastmilk only and should not be supplemented with water, other liquids or foods, for 6 months after birth. After 6 months, the mother should introduce complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 24 months.  In a study conducted in South Africa, 1.1% of children born to HIV-infected mothers who were uninfected at 6 weeks of age, were infected within 1 month of breastfeeding and 4.0% were infected by 6 months of age. A study in Malawi found that the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding was 7% in children who breastfed for one year and 10% in children who breastfed for two years. The risk of HIV infection appears to be highest in the early months of breastfeeding and HIV-infected mothers who are not virally suppressed should avoid breastfeeding entirely if possible. In contrast, a systematic review commissioned by the WHO found that there is a very low risk (1.1%) of postnatal HIV transmission in infants breastfed by mothers on lifelong ART that was initiated in early to mid pregnancy. The overall risk of transmission was 3.3%, including exposures "in utero" and during childbirth. Another systematic review found that prolonged breastfeeding for infants born to mothers on lifelong ART is beneficial in terms of HIV‐free survival at least up to 24 months of age – increasing HIV-free survival rates from 89% to 96%.  If the mother has a high HIV viral load (>1000 copies/L), replacement feeding, such as formula, is only initiated as per the UNAIDS guidelines, termed the AFASS criteria, "where replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe." A mother may only be given infant formula, as explained by the WHO, if the following conditions are met:

Discrimination during pregnancy.

Despite advances made in preventing transmission, HIV-positive women still face discrimination regarding their reproductive choices. In Asia, it was found that half the women living with HIV were advised not to have children and as many as 42% report being denied health services because of their HIV status.  Compulsory sterilisation in an attempt to limit mother-to-child transmission has been practiced in Africa, Asia, and Latin American. Women are forced to undergo sterilisation without their knowledge or informed consent, and misinformation and incentives are often used in order to coerce them into accepting the procedure. The forced sterilisation of HIV-positive women is internationally recognised as a violation of human rights.  Legal advocacy against this practice has occurred in some countries. In Namibia, litigation was brought against the government by three HIV-positive women who claimed they were coerced during labour into signing consent forms that gave permission for the hospital to perform a sterilisation. The "LM & Others v Government of Namibia" case is the first of its kind in sub-Saharan African to deal with coerced sterilisation of HIV-positive woman. The court ruled that these women were sterilised without their consent but failed to find that this was due to their HIV status. A 2010 case in Chile have also aimed to seek government accountability for violation of sexual and reproductive rights of women living with HIV.

Considerations during pregnancy.

Pregnant women with HIV may still receive the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccination during pregnancy.  Many patients who are HIV positive also have other health conditions known as comorbidities. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and injection drug use are some of the most common comorbidities associated with HIV. Women who screen positive for HIV should also be tested for these conditions so that they may be adequately treated or controlled during the pregnancy. The comorbidities may have serious adverse effects on the mother and child during pregnancy, so it is extremely important to identify them early during the pregnancy.

Postnatal care.

Babies born to HIV-positive women should receive a 6-week or 12-week course of zidovudine (AZT). The medication should ideally be started within the first 6 to 12 hours of life, but can be started up to 72 hours after birth. A 6-week course should be initiated if the mother has been on ART for more than four weeks before birth, and a 12-week course should be initiated if the mother is newly diagnosed or has been on ART for less than four weeks before birth. The baby should be tested for HIV at birth, 4 weeks after cessation of AZT (10 weeks or 16 weeks, depending on length of AZT course, after birth), 6 weeks after cessation of breastfeeding and at 18 months. Usual antibody based testing is unreliable in infants until the age of 18 months due to the transmission of maternal antibodies. A qualitative HIV DNA PCR assay is recommended as it will detect pro-viral HIV DNA since HIV RNA may be suppressed by ART. In order to ensure the baby is HIV-negative, there must be two negative test results. Since zidovudine has been known to cause or worsen anemia, the baby's blood count should be routinely checked during AZT therapy.  To reduce the risk of developing "Pneumocystis jirovecii" pneumonia (PJP), all infants born to HIV-positive mothers should receive trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) from 4–6 weeks after birth, and stop prophylaxis when they are no longer at risk of contracting HIV from their mother.  Although the risk is very low, HIV can also be transmitted to a baby through food that was previously chewed (pre-chewed) by a mother or caretaker infected with HIV. To be safe, babies should not be fed pre-chewed food.

HIV in pregnancy is the presence of HIV in a woman while she is pregnant. HIV in pregnancy is of concern because women with HIV/AIDS may transmit the infection to their child during pregnancy, childbirth and while breastfeeding. However, the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV may be reduced by treatment of the HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART). This lifelong therapy may be initiated in women before, during, and after pregnancy. After delivery, children are also given the medication temporarily as a prophylactic measure to reduce the risk of infection. Because HIV may also be spread through breast milk, mothers in the United States who are infected are encouraged to avoid breastfeeding. However, in developing countries such as South Africa, where the risk of death of the infant associated with avoiding exclusive breastfeeding is higher than the risk of contracting HIV, exclusive breastfeeding in a mother who is virally suppressed is encouraged.


Career.

Hierocles was a "praeses" at some time between 293 and 303. The "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire" ("PLRE") states that, as "praeses", he governed Phoenice Libanensis, the province on the eastern side of Mount Lebanon. The district included Palmyra, where the inscription attesting to Hierocles' career is located. Hierocles was the "vicarius" of some district (which Simmons and Barnes identify as Oriens) before 303; in that year he was made "praeses" of Bithynia. Although an apparent demotion ("praeses" was a lower rank than "vicarius", with fewer responsibilities and less prestige), the move brought Hierocles closer to the imperial court, and the real seat of power: the emperor.  Hierocles was later made "praefectus Aegypti". He is attested as such by a papyrus from Karanis ("Papyri Cairo Isiodrus" 69 = "Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten" 9186 Karanis). However, while the papyrus's date is clear (January), its year is not. It has been identified as either 307 or 310/11; most experts take the later date, though the "PLRE" takes the former. Eusebius, in the "Martyrs of Palestine", gives a similarly ambiguous date: after describing the martyrdom of Apphianus (2 April 306), Eusebius moves to the martyrdom of Apphianus' brother Adesius, who, "a little later", assaulted the prefect Hierocles in Alexandria and was executed. Nor do the existing lists of Egyptian prefects allow further precision: the "fasti" have gaps between Clodius Culcianus on 29 May 306 ("Papyri Oxyrhynchus" 1104) and Valerius Victorinus in 308 ("Papyri Oxyrhynchus" 2674) as well as between Aelius Hyginus 22 June 309 ("Papyri Oxyrhynchus" 2667) and Aurelius Ammonius on 18 August 312 ("Chrestomathie" 2.64). Timothy Barnes argues that the balance of probabilities favors the 310/311 date, as it would be consistent with what is known of Maximinus' actions elsewhere in the same period. In Palestine, in 308, he replaced the governor there with another, firmer supporter of his program of persecution.

Eusebius of Caesarea's "Against Hierocles".

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 263–339) wrote a book titled "Against Hierocles" ("Contra Hieroclem") at some time in the early 4th century. Its date is disputed. Adolf von Harnack, writing early in the 20th century, argued that it should be dated to before 303, since it does not contain any reference to the persecution that began in that year. As it would have strengthened his argument if it had, this makes a later date unlikely. Ernst Schwartz, however, writing at about the same time, believed that "Against Hierocles" contained a reference to the death of Galerius, which happened in April or May 311. Schwartz consequently dated the work to between that event and the death of Maximinus in summer 313. J. Stevenson, in his "Studies in Eusebius" (1929), argued for a date of 306/07, on the grounds that Eusebius appears to refer to Hierocles as prefect of Egypt. His dating proved less popular in the literature than the dates of Harnack and Schwartz. Most mid-20th century scholars followed Schwartz.  In 1976, Barnes, in a restatement and expansion of Harnack's arguments, contested Schwartz' dating. Barnes found the 311–13 dating difficult to countenance given what else is known about Eusebius' literary history at this period—namely, that he wrote his "Preparation for the Gospel" (in fifteen books) and his "Demonstration of the Gospel" (in twenty) in or soon after 313. Not only was this an expansive literary project, it was also, Barnes argued, a project far removed in tone and substance from "Against Hierocles". Moreover, it seems to betray an advance in Eusebius' knowledge: whereas in "Hierocles" Eusebius states that Hierocles' comparison of Jesus to Apollonius of Tyana is his sole act of originality ("of all the writers, who have ever attacked us, [he] stands alone in selecting Apollonius, as he has recently done, for the purposes of comparison and contrast with our Saviour" p. 370.9–12), in the "Preparation", Eusebius makes extensive reference to Porphyry of Tyre's "Against the Christians", which used the same trope. Eusebius is also known to have written a work titled "Against Porphyry" in twenty-five books (it does not survive), which must fit somewhere into this timeline.  Barnes disputes the validity of Schwartz's claim that Eusebius refers to the death of Galerius. The passage cited (p. 372.15–23 Kayser) could refer to Decius or Valerian. The latter is also a clear candidate for the event Eusebius describes as Christ's "easily overcoming those who on occasion attacked his divine teaching", and the "infidels who persecuted him bitterly" described in the passage: Valerian's persecution was cut short when he was captured and killed during a war with Persia in 260. His death inaugurated four decades of religious peace, during which no imperial official took action against Christians.

Possible mention in Lactantius.

The unnamed individual mentioned by Lactantius who accused Jesus of having gathered a band of brigands may have been Sossianus Hierocles. According to Lactantius the individual accused Jesus of having a band of 900 brigands, and for this reason was crucified.

Sossianus Hierocles (fl. 303) was a late Roman aristocrat and office-holder. He served as a "praeses" in Syria under Diocletian at some time in the 290s. He was then made "vicarius" of some district, perhaps Oriens (the East, including Syria, Palestine, and, at the time, Egypt) until 303, when he was transferred to Bithynia. It is for his anti-Christian activities in Bithynia that he is principally remembered. He was, in the words of the "Cambridge Ancient History", "one of the most zealous of persecutors". While in Bithynia, Hierocles authored "Lover of Truth" (Greek: Φιλαλήθης, "Philalethes"; also known as Φιλαλήθης λόγος, "Philalethes logos"), a critique of Christianity. "Lover of Truth" is noted as the first instance of the trope, popular in later pagan polemic, of comparing the pagan holy man Apollonius of Tyana to Jesus Christ.


Origins.

The Socialist Caucus was founded in early 1998 in Toronto by Barry Weisleder, Joe Flexer, Sean Cain, Jorge Hurtado and other political activists who had been involved in Peter Kormos's unsuccessful 1996 campaign to lead the Ontario New Democratic Party. It soon had branches in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia, as well as supporters in Manitoba, Quebec and Nova Scotia. It is now active primarily in Ontario at the federal and provincial levels. It also has supporters in other provinces. The caucus views itself as the successor to the Waffle of the 1960s and 1970s and a number of members in the Socialist Caucus were also in the NDP's Left Caucus and the Campaign for an Activist Party or CAP of the 1980s.  The Trotskyist group Socialist Action plays a "leading role" in the Socialist Caucus.

Policies.

The group is a socialist faction and advocates economic democracy and workers' control, full employment, the nationalization of large industries and the eradication of poverty and homelessness.  The caucus is anti-imperialist, and condemns many of the actions of the United States' government. It supports the Cuban Revolution, the withdrawal of Canada from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the independence of Quebec, and opposes Zionism.

Leadership campaigns.

In 2001, the Socialist Caucus ran Marcel Hatch in a leadership challenge against Alexa McDonough. Hatch won 120 votes out of 765 ballots cast. Bev Meslo was the Socialist Caucus' candidate in the party's 2003 leadership election, winning 1.1% of the vote in the party's first One Member One Vote leadership election, which was won by Jack Layton.  After an unsuccessful attempt to draft Peter Kormos to run for the leadership of the Ontario NDP, the Socialist Caucus endorsed Michael Prue leading up to the 2009 ONDP leadership election.  In the 2012 and 2017 NDP leadership elections, the Socialist Caucus endorsed Niki Ashton, on the latter occasion after leading an unsuccessful effort to draft former Ontario Federation of Labour president Sid Ryan as a candidate.

Other activities.

In 2011, the Socialist Caucus proposed resolutions at that year's federal NDP convention to oppose the Alberta oil sands, legalize marijuana, boycott apartheid Israel, repeal the Clarity Act, and nationalize auto, bank and insurance companies. In the wake of the NDP's breakthrough in the 2011 federal election in which they won over 100 seats and formed Official Opposition in the House of Commons for the first time, Socialist Caucus chair Barry Weisleder told "The Globe and Mail" that "the election on May 2 sent a very clear message: the voters rejected the Liberal Party and the NDP should not strive to become a substitute Liberal Party. That’s the road to ruin", adding that "To survive, the NDP has to turn left and offer Canadians and in particular working people, an alternative to the corporate agenda." The faction also opposed a motion to remove the phrase "democratic socialism" from the preamble of the NDP's constitution and supported an unsuccessful resolution to bar the NDP from considering merger with the Liberal Party of Canada. None of the resolutions proposed by the Socialist Caucus received enough support to reach the floor of the convention for debate.  The Socialist Caucus publishes a newspaper named "Turn Left", edited by Sean Cain, for each federal and Ontario provincial NDP convention. Beginning with the 2011 NDP convention issue, the publication took the form of a magazine.  In September 2011, caucus chair Barry Weisleder won the nomination to be the Ontario NDP's candidate in Thornhill in the 2011 provincial election. Within 48 hours, the party's provincial secretary rescinded the nomination without explanation.  The Socialist Caucus opposed moves by the NDP at the 2011 and 2013 federal conventions to rewrite the preamble of the party's constitution in order to remove its commitment to socialism.  The Socialist Caucus in the Ontario New Democratic Party criticized Andrea Horwath's conduct of the party's campaign in the 2014 provincial election and unsuccessfully called for a review of her leadership at the party's subsequent convention in November 2014.  During the 2015 federal election, caucus leader Barry Weisleder was outspoken in his criticisms of the party's platform and campaign, claiming that the party had moved to the right under leader Tom Mulcair. Weisleder told the "National Post" that the party under Mulcair had undergone "a continuation of the movement towards conservative policies. It remains a party linked to working people and the working-class organizations in the country. But its leadership and the policies of that leadership continue to embrace the capitalist order." Subsequently, the Socialist Caucus called for the removal of Mulcair as party leader and supported a leadership review at the NDP convention held in April 2016 in Edmonton.

The New Democratic Party Socialist Caucus is an unofficial left-wing faction within Canada's New Democratic Party. Its manifesto maintains that the New Democratic Party has moved too far to the right, and is in danger of becoming indistinguishable from the Liberal Party. Consequently, the Socialist Caucus also opposed Tony Blair's Third Way policies and their adoption by the NDP because they "[leave] the basic class and economic structures of capitalism unchanged."


Plot.

Tex Murphy is hired by business mogul Marshall Alexander, founder of TerraForm Corporation, to locate his missing daughter, Alexis. As in the first game, Tex travels between destinations and interrogates characters associated with the subject such as Alexander's attorney, his wife, and Alexis's roommate and business partners. Interrogations are menu-based and dialogues open up additional destinations and dialogue options. The investigation will reveal to Tex that the girl's disappearance is linked with an item in Alexander's possession.  Alexis has been traced on planet Mars, whose exploitation is mostly owned by Alexander's company. Tex will find out that Alexander was actually Collier Stanton, a scientist and explorer of Mars, infamous for killing mutant colonists to obtain the "Oracle Stone". With this stone, Alexander foresaw the future, read antagonists' minds and built his corporate empire. Alexis's good will was used to lure her into stealing the Stone and bring it to Mars, only to fall into the hands of Thomas Dangerfield, the original discoverer of the Stone.  The character of Larry Hammond, who appeared in "Mean Streets", returns to this game, giving information to the player. Lowell Percival who is introduced here, also appears in "Killing Moon", as does Mac Malden, who appears in both "Killing Moon" and "Pandora Directive".

Gameplay.

Unlike the more experimental "Mean Streets", "Martian Memorandum" adheres to the genre conventions of the point-and-click adventure game. The gameplay style is based on interrogations, gathering information which "unlocks" new destinations and interrogation options. A verb bar at the bottom of the screen allows players to select different ways to interact with their environment. Certain objects can be collected, placed in an inventory and then used at a later point in time. It also introduced dialog trees to the series. Conversations feature voice and small video clips, elements that were greatly expanded in later games in the series. The game is notable for its increased use of digitized human voices and digital "video" of human actors, playable even through a PC's internal speaker.

Reception.

"Dragon" gave the game 3 out of 5 stars. "Computer Gaming World" in 1992 praised the audio and digitized animation, and concluded that ""Martian Memorandum" produces hours of enjoyment [and] provides a tremendous challenge". That year the magazine named it one of the year's top four adventure games.

Martian Memorandum is a dystopian cyberpunk/noir graphic adventure game that was originally released in 1991 for MS-DOS. It was developed and published by Access Software. The game is the second in the series of "Tex Murphy" mysteries; its immediate sequel is "Under a Killing Moon". The game is set in 2039, several years after "Mean Streets".


Club career.

Jones' career started with Airbus UK Broughton and Aberystwyth Town. He joined Rhyl in the May 2007, winning a Welsh Premier League championship medal with the club and representing them in Europe. He then joined The New Saints in May 2009. He played for the club in qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League, against clubs such as Helsingborg, Anderlecht, and Bohemians scoring in both home legs against the Belgian and Irish champions. In July 2012, he played his final matches for The New Saints playing a significant role in both legs of the second-round qualifying matches of the UEFA Champions League against Swedish Treble-winning side (comprising Super Cup, League and Swedish Cup titles) Helsingborg. In total he scored 25 goals in 111 appearances for the club.  In January 2012 he went on trial with Leeds United for seven days. After attracting interest from several English League and European Clubs, Jones signed a two-year deal with League One club Bury in August 2012, after Bury paid out an undisclosed fee for his services from TNS.  He was released by Bury at the end of the 2017–18 season.  In August 2018, Jones returned to the Welsh Premier League signing for Connah's Quay Nomads. Jones made six appearances in all competitions for the Nomads, including playing in a Scottish Challenge Cup victory over Falkirk where he assisted the winning goal. He departed the club three months later after struggling to attain the required level of fitness.

International career.

Jones won 9 caps for Wales at the semi-pro under-23 level, and captained the side once. He was selected for the senior semi-pro team for the 2008 Four Nations, scoring a hat-trick against Gibraltar.

Personal life.

His father Brynley was also a professional football player, having played for Chester City in the Football League, as well as Bangor City and Oswestry Town.

Honours.

Individual

Craig Jones (born 20 March 1987) is retired footballer who played as a midfielder. Previously, he was club captain at Bury. He is a three times Welsh Premier League champion. He previously played for Welsh clubs Airbus UK Broughton, Aberystwyth Town, Rhyl, TNS and Connah's Quay.


High school career.

Gaines attended Archbishop Molloy High School in Queens, New York. As a senior, he averaged 28.2 points per game, finishing his career as the number 3 scorer in Stanners' history.

College career.

In his freshman season at Georgia, Gaines had a very productive year as he led the team in minutes, assists, steals, free throw attempts and makes, as well as ranking second in rebounding. In 27 games, he averaged 12.0 points, 4.9 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 2.4 steals per game.  In his sophomore season, he ranked third among all SEC players in steals at 2.0 per game. In 30 games, he averaged 10.3 points, 5.1 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game. He was named the team's MVP by the coaching staff at the season's end.  In his junior season, he led Georgia in minutes, starts, rebounds, assists and steals. He was also named to the 2007 All-SEC second team. In 32 games, he averaged 10.5 points, 5.7 rebounds 4.8 assists and 2.3 steals per game.  In his senior season, he was named to the 2008 All-SEC second team and All-Defensive team. In 34 games, he averaged 14.8 points, 6.0 rebounds, 4.2 assists and 1.8 steals per game.

Professional career.

2008–09 season.

Gaines went undrafted in the 2008 NBA draft. In July 2008, he signed with NGC Cantù of Italy for the 2008–09 season.

2009–10 season.

On November 5, 2009, Gaines was selected with the 15th overall pick by the Idaho Stampede in the 2009 NBA D-League draft.  On January 5, 2010, he signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz. On January 14, 2010, in just his fifth NBA game, Gaines hit a 3-pointer at the buzzer to give the Jazz a dramatic 97-96 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. It was the first 3-pointer of his NBA career.  On January 15, 2010, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Jazz. On January 25, 2010, he signed with the Jazz for the rest of the season.

2010–11 season.

Gaines joined the Utah Jazz for the 2010 NBA Summer League. On October 22, 2010, he was waived by the Jazz.  On November 12, 2010, Gaines signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On January 4, 2011, he was waived by the Timberwolves.  On January 13, 2011, Gaines signed a 10-day contract with the Toronto Raptors. On January 24, 2011, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Raptors. On January 26, 2011, he was waived by the Raptors.  On February 28, 2011, Gaines signed a 10-day contract with the New Jersey Nets. On March 10, 2011, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Nets. On March 20, 2011, he signed a multi-year deal with the Nets. On March 23, 2011, Gaines suffered a season-ending right hip injury.

2011–12 season.

On September 9, 2011, Gaines signed with BC Armia of Georgia for the duration of the NBA lockout. In December 2011, he re-joined the Nets.

2012–13 season.

On September 6, 2012, Gaines signed with the Indiana Pacers. However, he was later waived by the Pacers on October 22, 2012.  On November 13, 2012, he signed with the Fujian Xunxing of the Chinese Basketball Association for the 2012–13 season.

2013–14 season.

Gaines joined the Washington Wizards for the 2013 NBA Summer League.  On November 22, 2013, he signed a two-month deal with Beşiktaş of Turkey. On January 15, 2014, he played his final game for Beşiktaş, recording 4 points, 7 assists and 2 steals in 15 minutes of play.  On January 29, 2014, he was acquired by the Austin Toros. On January 31, 2014, he was traded to the Springfield Armor. On February 4, 2014, he was traded to the Reno Bighorns.  On April 22, 2014, he signed with Guaiqueríes de Margarita of Venezuela for the rest of the 2014 LPB season.

2014–15 season.

On August 28, 2014, Gaines signed with Sidigas Avellino of Italy for the 2014–15 season. In 29 games for Sidigas, he averaged 11.3 points, 3.3 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.2 steals per game.

2015–16 season.

In July 2015, Gaines joined the Detroit Pistons for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On November 2, 2015, he was acquired by the Reno Bighorns, returning to the franchise for a second stint. On December 8, he was waived by the Bighorns after appearing in just four games. On January 2, 2016, Gaines was acquired by Openjobmetis Varese of the Italian League. However, before playing a game for them, he left the Italian club on January 13 to sign with Ironi Nes Ziona of the Israeli Premier League for the rest of the season.

2016–17 season.

On November 12, 2016, Gaines signed with the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA Development League.

2017–18 season.

On February 19, 2018, Gaines was reported to have signed with DSC Basket of the Liga Uruguaya de Basketball.

The Basketball Tournament.

In 2017, Gaines competed for The Washington Generals in The Basketball Tournament. Gaines was the leading scorer for the team with 22 points in the one game they played before being eliminated by The Matadors.

Sundiata Kofi Gaines (born April 18, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who plays for DSC Basket of the Liga Uruguaya de Basketball (LUB). He played college basketball at the University of Georgia.


Personal life.

Artur Andreyevich Gachinski was born 13 August 1993 in Moscow. He received roller skates at age six but soon switched to ice skating. At age nine, Gachinski moved with his family to Saint Petersburg for training. Initially, he competed under his mother's surname, which was romanized as Khil or Hill. After a discussion with his family, he decided to take his father's surname, Gachinski. His mother is a painter.

Career.

Early career.

Gachinski's parents brought him to a rink when he was six years old. At age nine, he was accepted as a pupil by Alexei Mishin in Saint Petersburg but was coached mainly by his wife, Tatiana Mishina, for the first few years.  In the 2005–2006 season, Gachinski won the junior bronze medal at the Russian Championships. In the 2006–2007 season, he placed 8th on the junior level and 14th on the senior level at the Russian Championships.

2007–2008 season.

The 2007–2008 season was the first season in which Gachinski was old enough to compete on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series. He competed in two events, placing 4th in his debut in Romania and winning silver in Estonia. Gachinski qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final, where he placed 8th. He won the gold medal on the junior level at the 2007 Coupe de Nice and placed 9th at the 2008 Russian Championships.

2008–2009 season.

Competing in the 2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix, Gachinski won silver at the Spanish event and placed fourth in Great Britain to qualify for the 2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final, where he finished 8th again. He made his senior international debut at the 2008 Golden Spin of Zagreb, where he placed 8th. At the 2009 Russian Championships, he placed 10th on the senior level and won the silver medal on the junior level. Although he was originally named to the team to the 2009 World Junior Championships, he withdrew from the event before the event began due to illness.

2009–2010 season.

The 2009-2010 season was Gachinski's third on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit. He won gold in Belarus and silver in Germany, qualifying him for the 2009–2010 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final, in which he placed 6th. Gachinski won senior gold at the 2009 Coupe de Nice. At the 2010 Russian Championships, he was 13th on the senior level and the gold medalist on the junior level. In 6th after the short program at the 2010 World Junior Championships, Gachinski earned enough points in the free skate to take the bronze, despite popping his planned quad.

2010–2011 season.

Gachinski completed solely on the senior level in the 2010-2011 season. He began with wins at 2010 Finlandia Trophy and Coupe de Nice. He picked up a viral infection a week before 2010 Skate Canada. Gachinski finished 7th at the event, his debut on the senior Grand Prix. He placed 6th in his second GP assignment, the 2010 Rostelecom Cup.  Gachinski won his first senior national medal, silver, at the 2011 Russian Championships behind Konstantin Menshov. Gachinski was assigned to his first European Championships where he finished fifth, ahead of Menshov, and was given Russia's sole berth to the men's event at the World Championships. He won the bronze in his first appearance at the event.

2011–2012 season.

In preparation for the 2011–2012 season, Gachinski took part in Mishin's training camps in Jaca (Spain), Tartu (Estonia), and Pinzolo (Italy) and worked with Stéphane Lambiel. Gachinski was assigned to 2011 Cup of China and 2011 Rostelecom Cup for the Grand Prix season. He won the short program but finished 5th overall at Cup of China, and also finished 5th at the Rostelecom Cup.  Gachinski won silver at the 2012 Russian Championships. At the 2012 European Championships, he was first in the short program and second in the long program, finishing with an overall score of 246.27 points. Gachinski won the silver medal behind teammate Evgeni Plushenko, who is also coached in Saint Petersburg by Alexei Mishin.  Gachinski changed his boots two weeks before the 2012 World Championships, affecting his preparation. He finished 18th at the event. After the event, Mishin said that Gachinski was not entirely ready and perhaps should have withdrawn. Gachinski was named in the Russian team to the 2012 World Team Trophy but withdrew from the event and was replaced by Zhan Bush.

2012–2013 season.

Gachinski struggled throughout the season both with physical and psychological issues. After placing ninth at the 2012 Skate Canada International and seventh at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup, he finished fourth at the 2013 Russian Championships and was not selected to compete at the 2013 European Championships. He finally won a gold medal in his final event of the season, the 2013 Triglav Trophy.

2013–2014 season.

In 2013–14, Gachinski started his season with a bronze medal at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy. After placing eighth at the 2013 Skate America and sixth at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup, he finished sixth at Russian nationals and was not included in the Russian team to the European Championships, Winter Olympics, or World Championships.  Gachinski moved to Moscow on 6 January 2014 and began working with Tatiana Tarasova, Alexander Uspenski and Maxim Zavozin.

Detailed results.

"(Small medals for short and long programs are awarded only at ISU Championships.)"

Artur Andreyevich Gachinski (; born 13 August 1993) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2011 World bronze medalist, the 2012 European silver medalist, the 2010 World Junior bronze medalist, and a two-time Russian national silver medalist (2011, 2012). He announced his retirement from competitive skating in December 2015, citing injuries.


History.

Crumpler was founded in Melbourne in 1995 by Dave Roper and Will Miller (ex bike couriers & founders of Minuteman Messengers), and sculptor / furniture maker / bike courier Stuart Crumpler. Stuart designed the original Crumpler logo in 1991 which he branded onto his furniture designs.  From the beginning, the bags were designed for bike messengers, in particular those working for David Roper and Will Miller's bike courier company, Minuteman. The range grew to include more options in colours and sizes. The story goes Minuteman needed better bags and Dave approached Stuart who was working part time as a bike courier and asked if he could make 20 for the fleet. The simple shoulder bags were much more practical for the job than a backpack (no need to remove completely to access the contents). After making gradual improvements to the materials and design Stuart & Dave met at The George Hotel in St Kilda and decided to start a bag company.  Crumpler's first factory was at level 2 125 Flinders Lane Melbourne in what was the old rag-trade district and just up the road from the Minuteman Messenger base (199 Flinders Lane). After orders increased they moved to 30 Brunswick St Fitzroy where they had a factory out back, shop in the front and a flat upstairs where Stuart Crumpler and his partner Suze and their dog Ansen lived. After further expansion the factory moved to Ballarat for a few years then back to Melbourne where the firm took over a huge derelict wool-store building in Kensington. After 10 years in Kensington they moved the studio, pattern room and office to Total House 180 Russell St Melbourne and kept warehousing in Kensington.  Crumpler became known for unusual marketing largely credited to Dave Roper. Giant logo stencils painted on building site hoardings, the infamous Beer for Bags event where beer was the only currency accepted in store during the sale, logo fruit stickers placed on millions of apples and oranges, colour by numbers toilet paper, tiny boxes of matches, controversial websites & hosting the Australian Cycle Messenger Championships. The company continues to be an active supporter of grass roots & student art, film, photography and many creative pursuits often sponsoring and or financing projects.  Stuart sold his share of Crumpler to Dave & Will in 2011, with Will selling his share in 2014 to investment group, Crescent Capital.  In 2018, the Crumpler brand evolved with the launch of a new logo, whilst continuing to adhere to Crumpler core principles of creativity, quality, design, innovation, and a playful spirit.  The brand continues to expand its international footprint with a push in to mainland China and Taiwan in late 2018

Pop Up Store.

In October 2015 the brand has opened a Pop Up Store in the 1st arrondissement of Paris at the petite Cremerie de Paris next to the Cremerie de Paris in the historic Hôtel de Villeroy. In 2018, the Crumpler store footprint expanded significantly with pop-up stores opened in Market City, Sydney, Rhodes Waterside Shopping Centre, Robina Town Centre, Queensland and the Australian Open tennis Grand Slam event.

Crumpler is a bag manufacturer with two separately held companies who design and supply different products to their respective markets. The company is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia and has a European office in Berlin. Established in 1995, the company was founded by Dave Roper & Stuart Crumpler. It began as a messenger bag company, but has since expanded its range, notably into lifestyle, work bags and travel goods under CEO, Adam Wilkinson.


Career.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Lake began her career as a dancer. She made her screen debut in 1912, and she appeared in a number of comedy shorts by Mack Sennett. Lake was often the leading lady of Roscoe Arbuckle in comedies like "Oh Doctor!" (1917) and "The Cook" (1918). Arbuckle directed both films and was joined by Buster Keaton who had a leading role in "Oh Doctor!".  Lake also played dramatic roles with Bert Lytell in "Blackie's Redemption" and "The Lion's Den", both from 1919. During the 1920s she appeared in a number of Metro silent film features as the lead actress. At the height of her career she earned $1,200 per week as a motion picture actress. Lake had only limited success in dramatic roles. Following the introduction of talkies, her parts in films began to wane and she only performed in supporting roles. Her last appearance in film was in 1935 with a bit part in "Frisco Kid". In all her screen credits numbered ninety-six.

Personal life.

In March 1924, Lake married fellow actor Robert Williams, but they were divorced in 1925. The couple separated and reunited three times before they permanently separated. Williams was a vaudeville performer who had appeared in a number of stage plays. He was previously married to singer Marion Harris.

Death.

Lake died of a heart attack at Paradise Sanitarium in Hollywood, California. She was 72. She is buried at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood.  For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Alice Lake has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1620 Vine Street.

Alice Lake (September 12, 1895 – November 15, 1967) was an American film actress. She began her career during the silent film era and often appeared in comedy shorts opposite Roscoe Arbuckle.


Background.

The Nationalist Party, formed after the 1916 Labor Party split, won a large majority at the 1917 federal election. In April 1918, Prime Minister Billy Hughes left Australia to attend the Imperial War Cabinet. He was overseas for sixteen months, which saw the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the Paris Peace Conference. He was at the height of his popularity during this time, and was widely feted when he returned to Australia in August 1919. According to Robert Garran, who was both Solicitor-General of Australia and Hughes' personal secretary at the conference, there were three main problems that confronted him upon his return – profiteering, high prices, and industrial unrest.  At the ALP Federal Conference in early October 1919, a resolution was passed calling on T. J. Ryan, premier of Queensland, to enter federal politics. He agreed to do so, and was appointed to the new position of "national campaign director". Con Wallace, MP for West Sydney, agreed to give up the ALP nomination to allow Ryan to win a safe seat. Opposition Leader Frank Tudor remained the party's formal leader, but Ryan had a higher public profile and led the ALP's campaign. According to King O'Malley, who met with him in Hobart a few weeks before the election, Ryan believed that he would become prime minister if Labor won the election.

Electoral reform.

The 1919 federal election was the first to use preferential voting. The "Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918" replaced the previous first-past-the-post system used in the House of Representatives, and also re-introduced postal voting. It was amended the following year to also allow preferential voting for the Senate. The new act repealed the existing "Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902", but did not alter the terms of the "Commonwealth Electoral (War-time) Act 1917", under which naturalised British subjects born in enemy countries were disqualified from voting. This provision mainly affected German-Australians. There was a long history of support for preferential voting in Australia, but the immediate trigger for the new legislation was the decision of farmers' organisations to run candidates of their own in opposition to the Nationalist Party. The Swan by-election in October 1918 saw an ALP candidate elected with just over one-third of the vote, after the Nationalist candidate split the vote with a candidate from the Country Party of Western Australia. The Corangamite by-election in December was the first held under the new system, and resulted in the Victorian Farmers' Union candidate winning from Nationalist preferences.

Campaign.

Constitutionally, a new election was not due until early 1920, but the Nationalists wished to hold an early election to capitalise on Hughes' popularity. On 30 September, the party caucus approved an election for 13 December. The writs were formally issued on 3 November, with the close of nominations on 14 November. However, the campaign had begun in earnest after the last sitting day of federal parliament on 24 October.

Party platforms.

Nationalists.

Hughes and the Nationalists sought re-election largely on the basis of their record in government. The prime minister's 90-minute policy speech, delivered in Bendigo on 30 November, was "stronger on generalities than on concrete proposals". Hughes promised to appoint royal commissions on profiteering, the living wage, and taxation, and to call a constitutional convention for 1920. He planned to overhaul industrial relations by setting up a system of industrial councils with a Commonwealth Industrial Court at their apex. The Nationalists also promised government support of industry, primary producers, and immigration.

Labor.

The ALP was ill-prepared for the election – six weeks before the polling date, it had no party manifesto, had preselected few candidates, and the state branches in Victoria and New South Wales were "virtually bankrupt". The party eventually released its manifesto on 4 November, which was signed by Tudor, Ryan, and Jack Holloway. It "showed much of Ryan's hand in its language and political style", and ended with a quote from Abraham Lincoln. Tudor's policy speech was delivered in Melbourne the following day. The party promised an expansion of the welfare system, including the introduction of widows' pensions, child endowment for orphans and children of invalids, and a significant increase in old-age and disability pensions. It also promised to establish a national shipping line, national insurance office, and national medical service, which were to be funded through a wealth tax.

Issues.

The campaign primarily focused on Hughes and Ryan and their respective records. "The Round Table" observed that "the prominence given to them made genuine political discussion impossible". The Nationalists accused Ryan of disloyalty to the war effort and fostering left-wing extremism, while Labor accused Hughes of mismanaging the war and failing to deal with profiteering. Tudor was "barely considered" in the campaign due to poor health, and twice had to withdraw from campaigning due to "attacks of hemorrhage". The Nationalists claimed Hughes had safeguarded the White Australia policy at the Paris Peace Conference, while the ALP said he had endangered it by failing to stop the Japanese from acquiring the South Pacific Mandate. Issues relating to returned soldiers were also prominent, and the 1919 election has been classed as a wartime or "khaki" election, despite it taking place over a year after the Armistice.

Returned soldiers.

Both parties were keen to secure the votes of returned soldiers, and Hughes in particular cultivated them as a new political base. In 1919, there were about 270,000 returned soldiers out of a total enrolment of 2.85 million; they were viewed as a "vital political constituency". While Hughes was already popular with the armed forces, he sought an explicit endorsement from the main lobby group for returned soldiers, the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA). Its newly elected president was Gilbert Dyett, a 28-year-old junior officer who was protective of the organisation's independence and political neutrality. In the lead-up to the election Hughes had five separate meetings with Dyett and other officials. He was willing to make concessions on repatriation policy and other related issues, but repeatedly stressed that the RSSILA's agenda could only be enacted if the Nationalists won, for which a formal endorsement was necessary. Dyett was unwilling to compromise his neutrality, and consequently the RSSILA "gained almost every concession they sought, yet maintained their independence by holding out to Hughes the prospect of returned soldier support while never granting it".

Sectarianism.

Sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants became an issue in the campaign. In early November, Ryan chaired an Irish Race Convention in Melbourne, which had been organised by Catholic archbishop Daniel Mannix in order to support Irish home rule. Mannix tacitly endorsed Ryan as prime minister, stating that "Ireland and Irish Australia have no reason to be ashamed of him, either as Premier of Queensland or as the prospective Prime Minister of the Commonwealth". Additionally, the Catholic press in Melbourne and Sydney "unashamedly support[ed] Ryan and his party". In response, Protestant organisations ran advertisements claiming a Labor government would see Australia controlled by the Catholic Church.

McDougall incident.

One issue in the campaign was the anti-war poem "The White Man's Burden", written by John Keith McDougall in 1900 during the Boer War. It contained lines critical of soldiers, describing them as "sordid killers who murder for a fee", "hog-souled and dirty-handed", and "fools and flunkeys". The poem was republished on a number of occasions during World War I – in January 1915 by the "Labor Call", the official ALP newspaper in Victoria, and later by McDougall's opponents at the 1915 Grampians by-election and 1917 federal election. On 13 November 1919, "Melbourne Punch" re-published excerpts from the poem, contrasting them with the ALP's election manifesto which praised soldiers. Pro-government newspapers did likewise, particularly "The Argus", and a leaflet containing the poem was widely circulated. Hughes frequently quoted the poem in his campaign speeches, stating that returned soldiers faced a choice between "those who stood by you, or those who spoke contemptuously of you as'sordid killers'". Pro-opposition newspapers noted that Hughes had in fact campaigned for McDougall four years later, when he was still a member of the ALP. The outcry over the poem was directed at the ALP rather than its author, who was often not identified. However, a week before the election, a group of about 20 ex-soldiers kidnapped McDougall from his property in Ararat, before tarring and feathering him and dumping him in the street, bound and blindfolded. In February 1920, six of the men were convicted of assault and fined £5 each, while receiving sympathy from the magistrate and much of the press.

Results.

House of Representatives.

Out of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, 37 were won by the Nationalists and 26 by the Labor Party. In Melbourne Ports and Newcastle, the ALP candidate was elected unopposed. Eleven of the remaining twelve seats were won by candidates endorsed by or aligned with the farmers' organisations in each state; they subsequently formed the Country Party. The remaining seat was won by Frederick Francis, who stood as an "independent Nationalist" in the Melbourne seat of Henty and defeated the sitting Nationalist member.  Government ministers Paddy Glynn and William Webster were among those who lost their seats. The closest margin of victory was in Ballaarat, where Nationalist Edwin Kerby defeated the sitting Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote. The result was successfully challenged in the Court of Disputed Returns, with Justice Isaac Isaacs criticising the "almost incredible carelessness" of the electoral officers. McGrath won the seat back at the resulting by-election. Mary Grant was the only woman to stand for the House of Representatives, polling 18.1 percent of the vote in Kooyong.

Senate.

In the Senate, the Nationalists won 18 out of the 19 seats up for election. The party had previously won all 18 seats at the 1917 election, leaving them with "an absurdly large majority" – after 1 July 1920, when the new senators began their term, Albert Gardiner was the only non-government senator and the sole representative of the Labor Party in the chamber. The country parties failed to win any seats, but some Nationalist senators were sympathetic to their views. Mary McMahon was the only woman to stand for the Senate, polling 0.3 percent of the statewide vote in New South Wales.

Aftermath and analysis.

According to Hughes' biographer L. F. Fitzhardinge, "the result of the election gave no satisfaction to anyone". The Nationalists were the only party capable of forming a government, but their failure to win an absolute majority weakened the position of Hughes within the party. Neither of the referendum questions carried. Ryan attributed the ALP's defeat to the new voting system, while James Catts, the party's campaign director in New South Wales, stated in January 1920 that "the defeat of Labor is due to Labor". Senior Labor MP William Higgs publicly blamed the election result on interference from the organisational wing, and was expelled from the party in February 1920. He sat as an independent for a period before joining the Nationalists later in the year. It has been suggested that anti-Irish sentiment may have played a part in the ALP's failure to win more seats. The result led some within the party to question the wisdom of Archbishop Mannix involving himself in politics.  The new House of Representatives proved much less stable than its immediate predecessors. According to Gavin Souter, the author of an official history of parliament, the most notable result of the 1919 election was the emergence of the Country Party as a force in federal politics. On 22 January 1920, nine of the crossbench MPs agreed to form a parliamentary party, which they named the Australian Country Party. Two others joined the Country Party in the month before parliament opened on 26 February, leaving it with eleven MPs out of 75. William McWilliams was elected as the party's inaugural leader. Tudor moved a motion of no confidence in the government on 3 March, which was defeated by 45 votes to 22. The Country Party generally supported the government's agenda over the course of the parliament.  The election greatly increased the number of returned soldiers in parliament, which rose from four to sixteen; all but two were Nationalists. According to, the concessions Hughes made in an attempt to gain the returned-soldier vote "ensured two of Australia's major wartime legacies: a powerful, united and well-connected veterans' organisation, and a repatriation system that was perhaps the world's most generous".

The 1919 Australian federal election was held on 13 December 1919 to elect members to the Parliament of Australia. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist Party government won re-election, with Prime Minister Billy Hughes continuing in office.


Definitions and Concepts.

When examining Paul’s work, it is important to make the distinction from modern definitions of words to the definitions used by medieval philosophers and scientists.  Substance – Paul does not use “substance” as the modern definition of “material” or “matter.” Instead, substance describes something that is primary and can exist on its own.  Accident – Paul doesn’t use this term as an unexpected/unplanned event. Instead, it is simply an attribute, or adjective, and cannot exist on its own.  Form/Substantial Form – Form is something that acts on matter that gives it characteristics (e.g. color, hardness, and heaviness). Substantial form is a fundamental type of “form.”  As an example to demonstrate: Substance is simply the object itself, including characteristics that define the object, whereas accidents simply qualify it, but are not necessary for its existence. For example, a bird could be considered the substance, generally combining characteristics such as feathers, a beak, and the ability to lay eggs. Describing a bird as big/small or timid/aggressive simply adds qualification to the bird, but is not defining characteristics of a bird. These concepts of substance and accident stem from Aristotle’s works.

"Theorica et practica".

Nature and intellect relationship  Paul argues that human intellect is superior to nature. Therefore, humans must have the ability to manipulate nature as they see fit. Sculptures and painters, for example, use nature (marble for statue, paint etc) to create various forms of art. They take natural materials and manipulate them in such a way (chiseling a statue, combining colors/drawing shapes, patterns, and figures) to create artistic works. They are able to in a controllable manner alter and improve nature. This thought is also reflected in the act of writing. “[T]he hand does not write by the motion alone of nature, but as ruled by intellect through art.” Artists are able to control nature and use it as a tool or instrument. This concept of intellect over nature is derived from the pseudo-Aristotelian Liber de Causis.  Two categories of arts  Paul then identifies two categories of arts: “Purely artificial” art alters the extrinsic form or “form of art” and “perfective art” alters the “intrinsic” form (or form of nature). Purely artificial art only changes nature superficially, whereas perfective art changes the essence of nature. Paul clarifies this distinction through the use of primary and secondary qualities. The primary qualities are the four Aristotelian qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry, which reside in the four elements (earth, water, air, and fire). Secondary qualities include white, black, sweet, bitter, hard, soft, sharp, and dull. Perfective art alters the primary qualities, while purely artificial art only results in changes among the secondary qualities; essential changes result from changes in primary qualities, while accidental changes are a result of changes in secondary qualities. A painter and sculpture, then, only practice artificial art since they change shapes and colors of material. Physicians are considered to practice perfective art since they attempt to control the four humors, which by their definition are characterized by the primary qualities. Farmers too, practice perfective art since they work with the transmutation power inherent in seeds.  An analogous modern example of extrinsic versus intrinsic changes is the difference between a physical and chemical reaction. In a physical reaction, there is no change in the molecules in the system. Boiling water is a classic example: The system starts with liquid water, and when enough heat has been added to the water, the water boils into the gaseous phase. While there has been a phase change, the water molecule, HO hasn’t broken apart and is still present at the end of the reaction, so this is analogous to an extrinsic change. Electrolysis of water is a chemical change – electricity is used to break water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Since the molecules present have been changed, this is a chemical change, similar to an intrinsic change.  Sulfur-mercury theory of metals  One of the goals of "Theorica et practica" is to affirm the validity of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, which basically states that metals are composed of sulfur and mercury and the different proportions between the two form different types of metals. Observations of the reactivity of metals suggest that metals were in fact composed of sulfur and mercury. When metals were heated, they gave off a sulfurous odor. When mercury came in contact with metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, or lead, an amalgam resulted. These observations lead to the conclusion that metals were composed of both mercury and sulfur. Paul addresses one of the many arguments against the sulfur-mercury theory: that intermediate substances cannot exist between the pure elements and the “final product.” Therefore, metals cannot be broken down into sulfur and mercury. In "Theorica et practica", Paul first presents this argument before declining it in a contra and pro fashion. He first states the argument against the sulfur-mercury theory. Essentially the argument is as follows: In order to make “A” from “B and C”, “B and C” become corrupted as soon as they combine to make “A,” so “B and C” clearly cannot exist within “A.”  Paul then rebuttals against this argument in two ways: theoretical examples and scientific experimentations. One example is how a smaller number can exist in a larger number. For example, the quantity “3” resides in the quantity “4”; 4 can be viewed as the combination of 3 and 1. A less abstract example is a live tree and a dead one. The difference between them is simply the essence of life or its vegetative soul. The dead tree still contains the substantial form of the wood, so clearly that form must have been there even when the tree was alive. Paul’s experimental approach is to decompose metals into other materials, then attempt to recombine those materials into the metal again. If the sulfur-mercury theory is correct, you can decompose metals into the four elements, but when attempting to recombine the elements, there is no reason for the elements to recombine into any one particular metal. Paul writes that he successfully recreated the same metal after a process of calcining, dissolving, subliming, and lastly reducing metals. Since he was able to recreate the same metal that he started with, he obviously did not break the metal down into the pure elements, but instead into some intermediate phases.

Paul of Taranto was a 13th-century Franciscan alchemist and author from southern Italy. (Taranto is a city in Apulia.) Perhaps the best known of his works is his "Theorica et practica", which defends alchemical principles by describing the theoretical and practical reasoning behind it. There is also evidence to suggest, however, that Paul is also the author of the much more widely known alchemical text "Summa perfectionis magisterii", generally attributed to Pseudo-Geber.


Plot.

Mr. Mackey is making the kindergarten students perform a play about tooth decay and the importance of dental hygiene. He is furious when Ike Broflovski, who is supposed to portray tooth decay, misses a rehearsal to watch the Canadian royal wedding. During the ceremony, the princess is suddenly enclosed in a giant cube and spirited away. Ike is so distraught that he cannot stop crying during rehearsal and gets sent home by Mr. Mackey. People all over Canada commit mass suicide of despair for the princess' abduction and a candlelight vigil is held where Rush performs a version of "Candle in the Wind". The Prime Minister of Canada instructs all people of Canadian descent to go home and open their "Box of Faith", which contains – along with a location beacon, a first aid kit, and a sandwich – a video recording issuing a call to arms for all Canadians in fighting condition to "meet by the tree in Edmonton". Ike answers the call and, while riding a bus to Canada, meets a fellow Canadian named Ugly Bob, who claims he has to wear a bag over his head because, even though he simply appears Canadian to Americans, other Canadians find his face frighteningly ugly.  Once the pair arrive, the first instinct of the member of the Canadian Armed Forces leading the gathered Canadians is that the princess was taken by a giant, who turns out to be Scott the Dick, who grew to seven feet tall – giant by Canadian standards – after a radioactive accident in Ottawa. When it turns out that Scott has been wrongly accused of taking the princess, most other Canadians go home, but Scott persuades Ike and Ugly Bob to follow him as he accuses the Inuit of kidnapping the princess out of his racial prejudice towards the "Native Canadians". The three of them travel to the Arctic tundra of the Yukon Territory to get information from the Inuit, who admit that their people do have a grudge against the Canadians for taking their land, but tribe leader reveals that the princess' abduction was foretold, and that the true kidnapper is one who attacks people of all nationalities. With an Inuit mother leading the three, they find a large dark castle, where the princess is held captive by the abductor: Tooth Decay. Eventually, after the monster hurls Scott and the Inuit woman across the room, Ike turns Tooth Decay to stone by exposing Ugly Bob's face to him.  Meanwhile, Mr. Mackey becomes an increasingly irate person with Ike's absence and blames it on Kyle Broflovski, who fills Ike's role in the play. During rehearsals Mackey consistently loses his temper with the children for singing flat or without feeling, directing his most scathing remarks at Kyle, and reveals that the play means a great deal to him because Tooth Decay killed his father. While the play is a success with parents of the kindergartners, Mr. Mackey verbally abuses his actors' imperfections backstage until the police intervene, telling Mackey to cancel the play due to reports coming in that Tooth Decay is dead. Ike receives a knighthood from the Canadian princess, an honor that fails to impress any of the boys (with the exception of Kyle), and the royal wedding begins again. Both events (before and after the princess' abduction) involve bizarre traditions such as the prince putting his arms into a large bowl of butterscotch pudding, the princess scraping them clean and smearing the pudding on her own face, and the prince tearing one of her arms off and inserting it into his anus, "as is tradition."

Production.

According to the DVD commentary, series creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker found both the royal wedding and the hype surrounding it to be peculiar, stating, "Whenever we talk about something no one cares about we make it about Canada." The kindergarten play rehearsals were based on the rehearsals for "The Book of Mormon." The voices for the "native Canadians" were provided by Native Americans.

Reception.

In its original American broadcast on May 11, 2011, "Royal Pudding" was seen by 2.435 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research.  The A.V. Club gave the episode a C-, citing its "bric-a-brac construction", and called it "one of the strangest half-hours in the show's history". It was deemed "pointedly silly", "polarizing", and hence "bound to be divisive". IGN said "It has been said that episodes without Cartman are often the worst, and that's certainly the case here," giving the episode a 5.5/10.

"Royal Pudding" is the third episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series "South Park" and 212th episode of the series over all. "Royal Pudding" premiered in the United States on Comedy Central on May 11, 2011. In the episode, which parodies the 2011 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the Prince of Canada's bride is abducted at the altar, leading Ike Broflovski to answer the call to rescue her. "Royal Pudding" was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker and was rated TV-MA L in the United States. The episode aired twelve days after the wedding.


Biography.

He was born in Lithuania some time between 1578 and 1581, in the village of Sirvydai near Anykščiai. In 1612, he became a professor of theology at the Academia Vilnensis, the predecessor of Vilnius University. Between 1623 and 1624, he also briefly served as the deputy rector of his alma mater, after which he continued as a professor in theology, liberal arts and philosophy.

Works.

At the same time, he began his career as a preacher, writer and scientist. First edition before 1620 - fifth in 1713, he published his tri-lingual Polish–Lithuanian–Latin dictionary "Dictionarium trium linguarum in usum studiosae juventutis", one of the first such books in Lithuanian literary history. It has been printed in at least five editions since that time. First and later editions slightly differed. Editions Until the 19th century, it was the only Lithuanian dictionary in print. Sirvydas' lexicon is often mentioned as a milestone in the standardization and codification of the Lithuanian language. The first edition contained approximately 6000 words, the second was expanded to include almost 11,000 words. It also had a lot of newly created Lithuanian words, including for example "mokytojas" (teacher), "taisyklė" (rule), "kokybė" (quality).  A decade later, in 1629, he published the first volume of a collection of his sermons entitled "Punktai Sakymų", and he later translated them into the Polish language as "Punkty kazań". The Lithuanian version of this work was often used as a primer to teach the Lithuanian language. However, it was not until 1644, that the second volume was finally published. Around 1630, he compiled the first book of grammar of the Lithuanian language ("Lietuvių kalbos raktas" – Key to the Lithuanian Language), which however did not survive to our times. He died from tuberculosis on August 8, 1631 in Vilnius.

Konstantinas Sirvydas (rarely referred as "Konstantinas Širvydas"; ; ; – 8 August 1631) was a Lithuanian religious preacher, lexicographer and one of the pioneers of Lithuanian literature from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the time a confederal part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was a Jesuit priest, a professor at the Academia Vilnensis and the author of, among other works, the first grammar of the Lithuanian language and the first tri-lingual dictionary in Lithuanian, Latin and Polish (1619). Famous for his eloquence, Sirvydas spent 10 years of his life preaching sermons at St. Johns' Church in Vilnius (twice a day – once in Lithuanian and once in Polish).


Early life.

Favre de Thierrens was born in Nîmes, France, on 18 February 1895. He was raised in a Calvinist family. He passed the exam to enter at the "Ecole des Beaux-arts". He did not spend much time at the "Beaux-arts" as the first World War broke out.

Aviation service during World War I.

His initial military service during World War I was in the 32nd Regiment d'Artillerie. After transfer to the, Favre de Thierrens underwent aviation training and received his Military Pilot's Brevet in 1916. He was posted to Escadrille F215, which was equipped with Farmans. He was wounded by antiaircraft shrapnel on 2 September 1916. After winning two citations with Escadrille 215, he was transferred to Escadrille N62 as a Nieuport pilot. After the unit re-equipped with SPAD VIIs, he began to score aerial victories. He would have five victory claims verified as scored between 21 October 1917 and 4 June 1918; in later years, he would claim a sixth win that apparently was not officially verified.  On 12 June 1918, he was appointed a Chevalier in the "Legion d'honneur". The accompanying award proclamation mentioned that he had amassed four citations. At some point, he had also been awarded the "Croix de guerre".

List of aerial victories.

See also Aerial victory standards of World War I  Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Unconfirmed victories are denoted by "u/c".

World II.

Favre de Thierrens would return to service, rising to lieutenant colonel during World War II. He would join the Vichy regime's prisoner of war aid society, the "Rassemblement national prisonniers de guerre", as a mole on behalf of the French Resistance; he was involved in the escape of General Henri Giraud. He was the immediate superior of François Mitterrand. Later, on 12 September 1994, François Mitterrand in a television interview about his Vichyst past, talked about Favre de Thierrens as a "colourful character". When the "zone libre" or "free zone" was invaded, he hide in his house at Ledenon, Gard the archives of the French secret services. His services would earn him a promotion to Commander in the "Legion d'honneur", the award being made on 2 November 1945.

After World II.

After World War II, he moved back to his estate at Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard.  In 1953, at the age of 59 years, Favre de Thierrens started to paint and became a fine artist noted for figure studies. His first exhibition took place in 1955, followed by others in Switzerland and the US. He mainly painted women but not also his estate and the countryside of Provence.  In 1971, as he became blinded, he stopped painting.  Jean-Paul Jacques Favre de Thierrens died on 17 October 1973 in Paris. He is buried in Nîmes.

Jean-Paul Jacques Favre de Thierrens (1895–1973) was a World War I flying ace credited with five confirmed aerial victories and one unconfirmed one. His courageous service would earn him the "Légion d'honneur" and the "Croix de guerre".