History.

Birthday cakes have been a part of birthday celebrations in Western European countries since the middle of the 19th century. However, the link between cakes and birthday celebrations may date back to ancient Roman times.  In classical Roman culture, 'cakes' were occasionally served at special birthdays and at weddings. These were flat circles made from flour and nuts, leavened with yeast, and sweetened with honey.  In the 15th century, bakeries in Germany began to market one-layer cakes for customers' birthdays in addition to cakes for weddings. During the 17th century, the birthday cake took on its contemporary form. These elaborate 17th century cakes had many aspects of the contemporary birthday cake, like multiple layers, icing, and decorations. However, these cakes were only available to the very wealthy. Birthday cakes became accessible to the lower class as a result of the industrial revolution and the spread of more materials and goods.

Contemporary rites.

The cake, pastry, or dessert is served to a person on their birthday. In contemporary Western cultures, the cake is topped with one or more lit candles, which the celebrated individual attempts to blow out.  There is no standard for birthday cakes, though the "Happy Birthday" song is often sung while the cake is served in English-speaking countries, or an equivalent birthday song in the appropriate language of the country. The phrase "happy birthday" did not appear on birthday cakes until the song "Happy Birthday to You" was popularized in the early 1900s. Variations of birthday songs and rituals exist in different parts of the world. In Uruguay, party guests touch the person's shoulder or head following the singing of "Happy Birthday to You". In Ecuador, the person whose birthday it is will take a large bite of the birthday cake before it is served. In Peru, guests used to sing "Happy Birthday to You" first in English with the name of the individual whose birthday it is, then in Spanish, later they sing any other song in Spanish regarding cake or date, finally blowing candles and serving the cake.  The birthday cake is often decorated with small candles, secured with special holders or simply pressed down into the cake. The cake can also be served with other sweets such as ice cream. In the UK, North America and Australia, the number of candles is equal to the age of the individual whose birthday it is, sometimes with one extra for luck. Traditionally, the person whose birthday it is makes a wish, which is thought to come true if all the candles are extinguished in a single breath.  To represent a sharing of joy and a sense of togetherness, the cake is shared amongst all the guests attending the party.

Candles and theories of origin.

In many cultures the person whose birthday is being celebrated is invited to make a wish, and blow out candles. Though the exact origin and significance of this ritual is unknown, there are multiple theories which try to explain this tradition.

Greek origin story.

One theory explaining the tradition of placing candles on birthday cakes is attributed to the early Greeks, who used candles to honor the goddess Artemis' birth on the sixth day of every lunar month. The link between her oversight of fertility and the birthday tradition of candles on cakes, however, has not been established.

Pagan origin story.

The use of fire in certain rites dates back to the creation of altars. Birthday candles are said to hold symbolic power.  In the past it was believed that evil spirits visited people on their birthdays and that, to protect the person whose birthday it was from evil, people must surround the individual and make them merry. Party-goers made noise to scare away evil spirits.

German origin story.

In 18th century Germany, the history of candles on cakes can be traced back to Kinderfest, a birthday celebration for children. This tradition also makes use of candles and cakes. German children were taken to an auditorium-like space. There, they were free to celebrate another year in a place where Germans believed that adults protected children from the evil spirits attempting to steal their souls. In those times there was no tradition of bringing gifts to a birthday; guests would merely bring good wishes for the birthday person. However, if a guest did bring gifts it was considered to be a good sign for the person whose birthday it was. Later, flowers became quite popular as a birthday gift.

Swiss origin story.

A reference to the tradition of blowing out the candles was documented in Switzerland in 1881. Researchers for the "Folk-Lore Journal" recorded various "superstitions" among the Swiss middle class. One statement depicted a birthday cake as having lighted candles which correspond to each year of life. These candles were required to be blown out, individually, by the person who is being celebrated.

Bacteriology.

In June 2017 researchers at Clemson University reported that some individuals deposit a large number of bacteria on the cake.

Birthday cakes in different cultures.

There are many variations of sweets which are eaten around the world on birthdays. The Chinese birthday pastry is the shòu bāo (壽包, simp. 寿包) or shòu táo bāo (壽桃包, simp. 寿桃包), a lotus-paste-filled bun made of wheat flour and shaped and colored to resemble a peach. Rather than serving one large pastry, each guest is served their own small shou bao. In Western Russia, birthday children are served fruit pies with a birthday greeting carved into the crusts. The Swedish birthday cake is made like a pound cake that is often topped with marzipan and decorated with the national flag. Dutch birthday pastries are fruit tarts topped with whipped cream. In India there are very few people who use birth celebration in villages, but in cities and towns, birthday cakes are used similarly as in western countries, especially among people with higher education.

A birthday cake is a cake eaten as part of a birthday celebration. Birthday cakes are often layer cakes with frosting served with small lit candles on top representing the celebrant's age. Variations include cupcakes, cake pops, pastries, and tarts. The cake is often decorated with birthday wishes ("Happy birthday") and the celebrant's name.


History.

The term "Scout Group" was used for an organizational structure as early as 1914 by a competing Scout organization to The Boy Scouts Association in the United Kingdom.  The Boy Scouts Association adopted the term Scout Group in 1928 for Boy Scout Troops, Wolf Cub Packs and/or Rover Crews that were linked together under a Group Scoutmaster. Previously, The Boy Scouts Association had registered Boy Scout Troops, Wolf Cub Packs and Rover Crews separately even where they were operated by the same committee, school, church or other organization. Many Scout Groups had already effectively existed but were not formalized by The Boy Scouts Association. At The Boy Scouts Association's Bournemouth Conference of April 1927, John Frederick Colquhoun presented a paper titled 'The position of Rover leaders' which resulted in discussion on co-ordination (i.e. who was in charge) between Wolf Cubmasters, Scoutmasters and Rover leaders that led to the establishment of the Scout Group organizational structure and new rank of Group Scoutmaster from 1 January 1928.

United Kingdom.

In The Scout Association of the United Kingdom, Scout Groups can have any number of Beaver Scout Colonies, Cub Scout Packs and Scout Troops, depending on the numbers of young people and leaders available. A Scout Group can also include a Scout Active Support Unit, and an Explorer Scout Unit may be attached to a Group, although the Explorer Unit remains under the control of the district rather than the group. Scout Groups in the United Kingdom are numbered according to their formation, although not all groups follow this rule. Initially, The Scout Association reserved registration numbers for troops or Groups not attached to a church, so a Scout Group attached to a church may have been registered as 7th Gloucestershire even though it was the first formed in the location. Sometimes, Scout Groups adopt new names (for example, the 1st Whitley Scout Group became the 43rd Reading (1st Whitley) Scout Group) as District boundaries are moved and reformed. When a Scout Group is registered, a Certificate of Registration is issued by Scout Headquarters, confirming the group's registration name which may differ from its own name. Groups may also register as Sea Scout Groups or Air Scout Groups.  A Scout Group is led by a Group Scout Leader (GSL) whose responsibility is to ensure that the leaders of the different sections work together facilitating progress from one section to another by the young people in the group. The GSL is also responsible for ensuring that the other leaders in the group take part in leader training. Scout Groups are managed by an executive committee, with a chairman, secretary and treasurer. They support a uniformed Group Scout Leader, and support the activities and events organised by the section leaders within the group. The executive committee is elected annually by the Group Scout Council, a gathering of the parents, adult leaders and representatives of the young people of the group.  Scout Groups can form relationships with local organisations, such as local churches, temples, schools or the YMCA. Typically, this involves agreements to support certain events in exchange for the use of a building or some financial payment. These Groups are described as Sponsored Scout Groups and must arrange a Sponsorship Agreement with the organisation that sponsors them and with the district commissioner. Groups without this type of affiliation are described as Open Scout Groups. Joint Scout and Guide Groups are supported by The Scout Association and Girlguiding; in these Groups, typically Scout and Guide sections share the same meeting place, equipment, funding and Executive Committee. A Scout Group meet in a school or church hall, or may be the owners of a Scout headquarters building.  The situation is similar in the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association, where the Scout Group is led by a Group Scout Master (GSM). Within the B-PSA the group is responsible for local provision through the entire age range.

Australia.

The situation in Scouts Australia is broadly the same as in the United Kingdom, though the leader in charge is known as the Group Leader, or, if there is no Group Leader, Leader-in-Charge, an experienced Leader nominated to liaise between the group and the Scouting bureaucracy.  Venturer units can be group- or district-based, depending on the numbers in the district at the time. Rover Crews can be associated with a group or stand alone. In most branches, groups are part of a district, which is part of a Scout Region, although this does vary from state to state.  Groups aim to have at least one Joey Scout Mob, Cub Scout Pack, Scout Troop, Venturer Unit, and an associated Rover Crew, although there are no limits to the number of each a single group may run, providing they have youth members and Leaders to populate it.  Sponsored groups also exist, which are joint ventures between Scouts Australia and another body such as schools or churches. Sponsored groups deliver a slightly altered program in conjunction with their parent bodies.

Italy.

Scouting and Guiding in Italy is very fragmented. There are two World Organization of the Scout Movement and World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts recognized Scout and Guide associations (which together form Federazione Italiana dello Scautismo).

AGESCI.

In Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani (AGESCI), the Italian Catholic Guides and Scouts association, the group structure is very important. A typical Scout group is composed of a pack, a troop and a Rover crew. Sometimes, some of these units might be duplicated.  Each Scout group has a "Comunità capi" (leader's community) where all adult leaders belong. It meets quite often (sometimes weekly) to plan all educational activities in the Scout group. Its work is driven by a three-year plan. This plan ("Progetto Educativo di Gruppo") gives a common thread to the programme of all units, ensuring a common focus across all age ranges.

CNGEI.

In Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani (CNGEI) each Scout group can only include at most one pack, a troop and a rover crew. All the Scout groups in the same town compose a "section". Adults are registered at the section level instead of the group level.

A Scout Group is a local organizational structure in some Scouting organizations that consists of different age programs, gender units and/or multiple units of the same age program.


Plot.

San Francisco-based Dashiell Hammett, trying to put his Pinkerton detective days behind him while establishing himself as a writer, finds himself drawn back into his old life one last time by the irresistible call of friendship and to honor a debt. In 1928, Hammett, known to his librarian neighbor Kit and other acquaintances as "Sam" is holed up in a cheap apartment, hard at work at his typewriter each day. He drinks heavily, smokes too much and has coughing fits. One day, a friend and mentor from his Pinkerton days, Jimmy Ryan, turns up with a request, that Hammett help him track down a Chinese prostitute named Crystal Ling in the Chinatown district of San Francisco, an area Hammett is more familiar with than Ryan. Hammett is soon pulled into a multi-layered plot, losing the only copy of his manuscript, wondering how and why Ryan has vanished, being followed by a tough-talking gunsel, discovering a million-dollar blackmail scheme and being deceived by the diabolical Crystal, right up to a final confrontation near the San Francisco wharf.

Production.

German director Wenders was hired by Francis Ford Coppola to direct this film, his American debut feature. Coppola and the film's studio, Orion, were dissatisfied with the original cut and reshot nearly the entire film. This has subsequently led to allegations that the majority of the final cut was not directed by Wenders but by Coppola. Wenders made a short film called "Reverse Angle" documenting his disputes with Coppola surrounding the making of "Hammett". As The A.V. Club review states, "A Coppola or Wenders commentary track might have sorted things out a bit—or at least settled an old score—but the bare-bones DVD release leaves viewers with a fascinating mess". The reviewer never reveals the source of his information and the degree and nature of Coppola's involvement in the directing of the film remains open. The confusion surrounding the making of the movie "would certainly explain some of the film's oddities". In a 2015 interview, Wenders claimed that he directed the entirety of the released version. He also stated that the first version was junked and is now lost.

Casting.

Boyle took over the role of Jimmy Ryan from Brian Keith, who left allegedly because the lengthy production conflicted with other commitments. Keith can be seen in some long shots in the film. A number of actors from the "Golden Age" of Hollywood were cast in the film, including Hank Worden, Royal Dano and Elisha Cook, Jr. (who played Wilmer "the gunsel" in John Huston's 1941 film "The Maltese Falcon").

Hammett is a 1982 American neo-noir mystery film directed by Wim Wenders and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola. The screenplay was written by Ross Thomas and Dennis O'Flaherty, based on the novel of the same name by Joe Gores. It stars Frederic Forrest as detective story writer Dashiell Hammett, who gets caught up in a mystery very much like one of his own stories. Marilu Henner plays Hammett's neighbor, Kit Conger and Peter Boyle plays Jimmy Ryan, an old friend from Hammett's days as a Pinkerton agent. The film was entered into the 1982 Cannes Film Festival.


History.

Origins.

The company has its origins in two public sector electricity supply authorities. The former North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board was founded in 1943 to design, construct and manage hydroelectricity projects in the Highlands of Scotland, and took over further generation and distribution responsibilities on the nationalisation of the electricity industry within the United Kingdom in 1948.  The former Southern Electricity Board was created in 1948 to distribute electricity in Southern England. Whilst the Southern Electricity Board was a distribution only authority, with no power generation capacity of its own, the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric board was a broader spectrum organisation, with its own generating capabilities.  Because of its history and location, the Hydro-Electric Board was responsible for most of the hydroelectric generating capacity in the United Kingdom. Both authorities were privatised in 1990/91, initially retaining their pre privatisation geographic and functional bases. The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board became Scottish Hydro-Electric, whilst the Southern Electricity Board became Southern Electric.

Post privatisation.

Scottish and Southern Energy was formed in September 1998, following a merger between Scottish Hydro-Electric and Southern Electric. In August 2000, Scottish and Southern Energy acquired the SWALEC energy supply business. SWALEC operate exclusively in Wales while SSE operates in Scotland and England.  In July 2004, the company acquired the Ferrybridge and Fiddlers Ferry Power Stations for £250million. In January 2008, it went on to buy Airtricity Holdings, an Irish wind farm business. In August 2009, it agreed to purchase Uskmouth power station from Welsh Power Group Limited. In April 2010, the company purchased the natural gas exploration and production assets of Hess Corporation in three areas of the United Kingdom Continental Shelf – Everest/Lomond, Easington and Bacton.  In January 2010, Scottish and Southern Energy changed the core company branding from Scottish and Southern Energy to SSE.

Separation of retail supply division.

In November 2017, it was announced that SSE was looking to separate from its retail subsidiary which would then merge with the npower division of rival Innogy. It was planned that SSE shareholders will own 65.6% of the demerged entity and Innogy would hold the remainder. The resulting company would have been listed on the London Stock Exchange and included npower's residential and business retail business, and SSE's residential energy supply and home services business, excluding its business in Ireland. Although the merger received preliminary regulatory clearance from the Competition and Markets Authority on 30 August 2018, and full clearance was given on 10 October 2018, it was abandoned on 17 December 2018, with the companies blaming "very challenging market conditions".  In September 2019 SSE announced that it would be selling its retail business to OVO Energy: the transaction was completed in January 2020. Ovo owns SSE Energy Services and is responsible for all it's management decisions but still uses the SSE brand under licence.

Operations.

SSE's core focus is economically regulated electricity networks and renewables. Complemented by businesses with a key role to play in enabling the net zero transition.  Its subsidiaries are organised into the main businesses of renewables, electricity transmission, electricity distribution, thermal, enterprise, energy solutions and Airtricity.

Renewables.

From onshore and offshore wind to hydro electric power, SSE Renewables develops, operates and owns the low carbon infrastructure which will support the net zero transition.

Transmission.

SSEN Transmission plays a critical role in the transition to a low carbon future, developing, building, maintaining and operating a network for net zero. Vital to net zero ambitions it transports huge quantities of clean, green renewable power over a quarter of the UK land mass across some of its most challenging terrain.

Distribution.

Economically-regulated Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks powers 4 million homes and businesses across the north of Scotland and central southern England. Employing more than 3,500 people in the development and maintenance of the modern flexible distribution network required for a low-carbon world, the business is vital to efforts to reach net zero.

Business Energy.

It supplys sector leading customer solutions for homes and businesses, from small start-ups to large national corporates and public sector clients, across the UK.

Thermal.

SSE Thermal comprises the business' flexible generation, energy-from-waste and energy storage activities, with over 600 employees across the UK and Ireland.

Enterprise.

it's Enterprise business provides innovative solutions to build, own, operate and maintain energy and communications infrastructure in the UK and Ireland.

Airtricity.

Through the SSE Airtricity brand it supplies green electricity, natural gas and energy-related services to homes and businesses in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Living wage.

SSE became the largest officially accredited Living Wage Employer in the United Kingdom in 2013. All its employees across the United Kingdom are guaranteed to receive the then-Living Wage rate of at least £7.85 an hour in 2013.

Fair Tax Mark.

In October 2014, SSE became the first company on the FTSE 100 to be awarded the Fair Tax Mark which is an independent accreditation process for identifying companies making an effort to be transparent about their tax affairs.

Ownership.

SSE plc is headquartered in Perth, Scotland and is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. SSE operates in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

SSE plc (formerly Scottish and Southern Energy plc) is an energy company headquartered in Perth, Scotland. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. SSE operates in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


Life.

Born in 1906 in Düsseldorf, Mertens came from Catholic working-class roots in the Rhineland. His father was a steel worker and his mother came from a family of Jewish craftsmen. He was denied access to the Gymnasium for financial reasons. After commercial studies (1919-1922) and about six months in the missionary school of the Franciscan Order in Moresnet in 1923, he headed to Vienna to join the "Herrgottsknechten". These were young Catholics who did social work free of charge while renouncing official titles and organizational structure and leading a consciously modest life. In 1925, Mertens published the book "Ruf zur Wende – Blätter zur katholischen Erneuerung" ("Call for a Change - Guide to Catholic Renewal"). In Vienna he also joined a group affiliated with Catholic social reformer Anton Orel (1881-1959) publisher of the weekly "Das neue Volk" ("The New People"). Mertens however came to regard Orel's social-romantic anticapitalism as out-of-date and unsuitable for everyday living and, while preferring socialism to capitalism, nevertheless rejected the materialistic and atheistic elements of Marxist doctrine. Mertens was also repelled by Orel's anti-Semitism.  In 1926, through the intervention of the People's Association for Catholic Germany, Mertens found a position in the mission department of the Düsseldorf office for the Union of Catholic Youth ("Katholischen Jungmännervereine"). Because of his public support for socialism, he was soon dismissed at the instigation of General-President Ludwig Wolker (1887-1955). He then joined the editorial board of the Social Democratic "Rheinische Zeitung" on the recommendation of Wilhelm Sollmann (1881-1951) and became the editor of the supplement "The Tribune", an ongoing dialogue between Christians and socialists. He likely joined the Social Democratic Party at this time, though he remained a critic.  In 1928 he founded the "Association of Catholic Socialists of Germany" and gave it a voice with the monthly publication "Red Book of Catholic Socialists" ("Roten Blatt der katholischen Sozialisten"). The association's headquarters was located in Cologne and members came mainly from the ranks of the Social Democrats. Some young chaplains also contributed under pseudonyms. The Red Book, which was published from January 1929 until November / December 1930, had about 1800 subscribers, predominantly Catholic corporations, intellectuals, and Catholic and Protestant theologians. In January 1931, the "Red Book" was merged with the "Newspaper for Religion and Socialism", a voice for Protestant socialists, published by Georg Wünsch in 1929. The publisher was Wünsch, and Heinrich Mertens took the lead.  A prominent member of the association was Ernst Michel, head of the "Academy of Labour" founded by the unions in Frankfurt in 1921. Their goal of combining Catholic faith with socialist thought was, however, achieved only to a limited extent. The Social Democratic Party showed little interest in the organization because it could not demonstrate significant growth in party membership, and on the Catholic side, the 1931 papal encyclical "Quadragesimo anno" emphasized the fundamental incompatibility of Christianity and socialism.  As a scholar supported by the Abraham Lincoln Stiftung (endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation), Mertens studied philosophy, economics, pedagogy and psychology during the summer semester of 1932 in Frankfurt. On the basis of his high examination scores, he was admitted to university in the spring of 1932 without a certificate of matriculation. In the Mainmetropole, he worked especially at the Institute for Social Research, where he also made contacts with Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer. However, after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 and the subsequent cancellation of the Lincoln scholarship funds for political reasons, he was forced to leave early.  Later Mertens got a job at the "Frankfurter Sender" newspaper. While in this position he even joined the Sturmabteilung and hoped vainly for a "second revolution" within National Socialism, of socialists against nationalists.  In February 1936, Mertens was arrested by the Gestapo as part of the trial of the Catholic priest Joseph Rossaint (1902-1991) on the charge of high treason. Mertens was accused of having illegal Marxist ambitions, but he was released again after a month-and-a-half. During the Second World War, Mertens found a job at the office of the Berliner publishing house. He made contact here with various resistance groups and provided assistance to Jews living undercover.  With the end of the war, Heinrich Mertens was appointed mayor of Eisleben by the US armed forces on April 14, 1945, a position which he held until 31 October. He participated in the founding of the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDP). As the LDP candidate he succeeded Theodor Lieser as mayor of Haale, and after the local electoral victory by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, became on 26 September 1946 the mayor of by Jena. In 1947, he fled with his wife Maria and two daughters to the West. Among other roles, he was a correspondent for "Die Welt", head of the press department for the German Trade Union Confederation, employee at Westdeutscher Rundfunk Cologne; publisher of the newspaper "Ost-West-Handel" ("East-West Trade"). At this time, he was once again active in the SPD. He was close to the future Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, Heinz Kühn (SPD). He died in 1968 in Austria in a traffic accident.

Heinrich Mertens (6 February 1906–16 June 1968) was a German publicist, editor of the magazine "The Red Book of Catholic Socialists", and mayor of Halle and Jena.


Plot.

The small fishing village Ste-Marie-la-Mauderne on the north coast of Quebec is in decline. Every resident collects welfare. To lure a company into building a plastic container factory nearby, they need to double their population of 120, have a resident doctor, and give a $50,000 bribe for the company owner.  Montreal plastic surgeon Dr. Christopher Lewis (David Boutin) gets pulled over for speeding by an officer, Réal Fournier (Jean-Pierre Gonthier), the former mayor of Ste-Marie-la-Mauderne who moved to the city because he, like most of the residents of Ste-Marie, couldn't get a job there. Réal will not arrest him for drug possession - Dr. Lewis is carrying a packet of cocaine - if Dr. Lewis will visit Ste-Marie-la-Mauderne for one month. In a deleted scene, Dr. Lewis sells cocaine to his patients.  Germain Lesage (Raymond Bouchard), a welfare recipient himself and the new mayor, hatches a plan. The entire village will convince Dr. Lewis to stay. They tap his phone, and pretend to share his likes: cricket, fusion jazz, and all the same foods. Henri Giroux (Benoît Brière), the local banker whose sole job is to cash the townfolks' welfare cheques, leaves small amounts of money for Dr. Lewis to find as small measures to increase Dr. Lewis' happiness about being in town, and attempts to secure a loan through his bank for the bribe. Dr. Lewis likes the beautiful post office worker Ève Beauchemin (Lucie Laurier), but Ève knows he has a girlfriend, Brigitte, in Montreal.  The ruse works, but they cannot secure a loan. Henri fronts the money from his personal savings, after a bank executive tells him that he has a job only as a favour to his father, and that his position could easily be replaced by an ATM. When the plastics company owner arrives, everyone continues their elaborate trick, and convinces him to build the factory there. The owner is ready to sign, but insists that they must have a doctor.  When Dr. Lewis learns that Brigitte has been having an affair with his best friend Paul for three years, he proclaims that he will stay because everyone in the village is genuine. Germain feels bad for lying, and "lets him off the hook" by telling him another lie in that they have secured another person as a permanent doctor. Hurt, Dr. Lewis turns to Ève, who has disliked all the lying, and confesses all to him, including the phone tap. Dr. Lewis confronts Germain about the lies, with Germain confirming the accusations. When Dr. Lewis asks him if he will learn the game of cricket for real if he decides to stay, Germain replies "no". It is then that Dr. Lewis decides to stay. The factory is built, Ste-Marie-la-Mauderne is saved, everyone gains renewed pride, and Dr. Lewis has five years in which to woo Ève.

Production.

Producer Roger Frappier wanted to film "Seducing Doctor Lewis" in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada but the film was eventually shot on an island with a population of about 300, Harrington Harbour, Quebec, Canada. The film's producers felt the island looked too pretty to fill the role of a fishing village experiencing hard times, so they worsened its appearance in the movie.

Remakes.

An English language remake titled The Grand Seduction was released in 2013, starring Taylor Kitsch as Dr Lewis with Brendan Gleeson, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, and Gordon Pinsent as town folks. The story's setting was moved to Newfoundland.  A French remake "Un village presque parfait" (English: "An almost perfect village") produced by Stéphane Meunier, was released in 2015. The action takes place in a small imaginary Pyrenean village : Saint-Loin-la-Mauderne, which is twinned with Sainte-Marie-la-Mauderne from the original movie.

Seducing Doctor Lewis (French: La grande séduction) is a 2003 Quebec comedy film and the first film directed by Jean-François Pouliot. The script was written by Ken Scott. It won the Audience Award at 2004 Sundance Film Festival. Starring in the movie are Raymond Bouchard, Benoit Brière, David Boutin and Lucie Laurier.


Development.

Manufactured by Fabrique Nationale d'Herstal, the FN MAG was chosen by the U.S. military for different roles after large worldwide searches and competitions. The MAG is a belt-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled, crew-served, fixed headspace general-purpose machine gun. Its versatility is demonstrated by its ability to be fired effectively from its integral bipod, mounted on a tripod, on ground vehicles, watercraft and aircraft.  It was first adopted by the U.S. Army in 1977, as a coaxial tank gun, and slowly adopted for more applications in the 1980s and 1990s. The M240 and M240E1 were adopted for use on vehicles. This led to further adoption in more uses, especially for the army and marine corps infantry. While possessing many of the same basic characteristics as its predecessor, the durability of the MAG system results in superior reliability when compared to the M60. The MAG actually has a more complex gas system than the M60, but gives better reliability combined with lower maintenance requirements, though this comes at greater manufacturing cost and weight.  Compared to other machine guns, its rating of 26,000 mean rounds between failure (MRBF) is quite high for its weight—in the 1970s when it was first adopted it achieved about 7,000 MRBF. It is not as reliable as some very heavy older designs, but it is quite reliable for its mass.

Early history: testing and adoption.

The US adoption of the MAG has its origins in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a project to procure a new coaxially mounted 7.62 mm machine gun for tanks to replace the M73 and M219 machine guns then being used. The 1950s-era M73 had been rather troubled, and the derivative M73E1/M219 was not much of an improvement. A number of designs of the period from various countries were considered; the final two candidates were the M60E2 and the FN MAG. They underwent comprehensive testing alongside the older M219 for comparison.  Two main criteria analyzed were "mean rounds between stoppages" (MRBS, malfunctions that can be cleared within minutes) and "mean rounds between failures" (MRBF, such as a part breaking). The results for the evaluated machine guns were the following:  The MAG itself underwent some improvements and the M60E2 was a specialized coaxial variant that differed from some of the other types. The qualities of the M60 variants vary considerably, such as between the M60E4 and the M60C. The clear winner was the MAG, which was designated as the M240 in 1977 after the army competition.  The M240 was adopted as the U.S. Army's standard vehicle machine gun in 1977. The Marine Corps also adopted the M240 and M240E1 for use on vehicles like the LAV-25. It then went on to replace many older types of vehicle machine guns in the 1980s. U.S. Navy SEALs continued to use the "CAR-60" (M60E3) version of the M60 machine gun due to its lighter weight and slower rate of fire, which allows a more effective duration of fire with allowable levels of ammunition carried.  The M240 proved popular enough that it was adapted by the infantry later on, as the M240G and M240B. The USMC adopted the M240G for this role in 1991, where it not only replaced the original M60s used by the Marine Corps infantry, but also the upgraded M60E3 that the Marines had started using in the 1980s. In the late 1990s, the Army adopted the M240B for the infantry role – they had considered the M60E4, which (though lighter and cheaper) did not offer commonality with the vehicle-borne M240, other FN MAG users within NATO, or the USMC.  The various versions of the M240 have not entirely replaced all the M60 versions, though they have for most main applications and roles. The M60 is still, in some cases, used by the Navy.

Operation.

Loading the M240 can be done either with the bolt forward or to the rear. If the bolt is to remain forward, the operator will then load the rounds into the feeding block (feed tray cover closed); or will open the feed tray cover, load the rounds onto the feeding tray, then close the feed tray cover. The charging handle will then be pulled to the rear, which locks the bolt to the rear. The weapon is then placed on safe and the charging handle is then placed back to the forward position (this is spring-loaded on the tank-mounted variation). The weapon is now ready for operation.  The weapon fires from the open bolt position, meaning that the bolt is held to the rear and only moves forward as it is firing a round. The firing pin is static and the bolt moves around the firing pin, circumventing any need for a hammer. A sear is used to time the internal mechanisms of the weapon to provide a consistent rate of fire, ensuring proper function and accuracy. However, firing from an open bolt also provides the possibility of an accidental discharge due to a bolt override. This happens when there is enough force for the bolt to jump over the sear and fire without the trigger being pulled. The safety on the weapon cannot stop this from happening. The safest way to protect against this is to leave the bolt forward on the weapon until the operator is ready to fire the weapon; then charge the weapon and fire.  Clearing the weapon is performed by ensuring that the bolt is locked to the rear and the weapon is on safe. The top cover is then lifted, the remaining belt (if any) is swept out of the feed tray, the feed tray is lifted to visually inspect the chamber and the face of the bolt. Any links or brass casings are removed. The weapon is now clear. In the extremely unlikely event that a live round is on the bolt face, it is knocked loose with a cleaning rod or another rigid object. If there is a live round lodged in the barrel, the operator must immediately decide if the barrel is hot enough that there is a chance of it cooking off. If there is, they will immediately move their face away from the opening of the weapon; and aiming the gun in a direction that is perceived to take the least amount of damage or casualties should the event of a cook-off occur. They will then wait for the barrel to cool off before attempting to remove it. They can also attempt to extract the round by closing the cover, taking the weapon off of safe, and pulling the trigger. This will likely cause the weapon to fire, so care is taken to ensure that the weapon is first pointed in a safe direction.  The rate of fire may be controlled by three different gas regulator settings. The first setting allows the weapon to cycle at 650–750 rounds per minute, the second setting being 750–850 rounds per minute, and the third setting being 850–950 rounds per minute. These settings are changed by dismounting the barrel, removing the gas regulator collar and turning the gas regulator to allow more or less gas to move through the weapon system. It is generally performed only when necessary to return the gun to operation after fouling has caused sluggish operation and there is no time to properly clean the weapon.  The barrels can be exchanged rapidly, thanks to a barrel release button located on the left side of the weapon. The weapon is cleared first and then the button is held down, while the barrel's carrying handle is moved from the right side of the weapon to the center, unlocking it from the receiver. At this point, the button is released and the barrel is then pulled free of the receiver and placed to the side. The new barrel is inserted into the receiver and then the carrying handle is shifted to the right, locking it into place. Headspace is set by counting the clicks as the barrel is locked down and should be between two and seven clicks.  During prolonged firing, care must be taken to not allow exposed skin to come in contact with the weapon. The barrels can become hot enough to inflict second-degree burns instantly without becoming visibly different. These hot barrels glow brightly to anyone using any sort of optics sensitive to infrared radiation, such as night vision devices.

Variants.

The manufacturer's name for the weapon is the "MAG 58". The M240 adheres to FN MAG-58 specifications, allowing parts to be interchanged with other standard MAG-58s. This has significant advantages in training, logistics support, tactical versatility, and joint operations. For example, a US unit with attached British troops could supply replacement parts for the L7s, and vice versa.

M240, M240E1, and M240C.

The M240 is adapted as a coaxial machine gun for tanks and 7.62 mm fire power on light armored vehicles. The M240 is part of the secondary armament on the U.S. Army M1 series Abrams tank, M2/M3 series Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and the U.S. Marine Corps LAV-25. The M240E1 is the US Marine Corps version of the original M240 coaxial/pintle-mounted machine gun that is used on vehicles like the LAV-25. It can also be fitted with spade grips for flexible use, like the ones from the M240D.  The "M240C" is the right-hand variant on the original coaxial (installed alongside the main weapon) M240, it is identical to the M240 except for the ammunition cover and feed tray. It has a right-handed feed for use on the M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle and LAV as the coaxial machine gun. It is fed from the left on the M1 Abrams and other M1 variant (M1A1, M1A2, M1A2 SEP) tanks. The M240C uses a charging cable instead of a charging handle, has a cut-off pistol grip and has a special paddle assembly that allows the trigger to be actuated by means of a solenoid. Since the machine gun is not meant to be handled during use, the barrel is fully exposed and must be handled with asbestos mittens during barrel changes.  The rate of fire of the M240, M240E1, and M240C can be controlled by three different gas regulator settings;

M240B.

The M240B (formerly called the M240E4) is the standard infantry medium machine gun of the U.S. Marine Corps. The US Navy and Coast Guard likewise utilize the weapon system. It is also still used by some Army units. It comes configured for ground combat with a buttstock and bipod, though it can also be mounted on tripod, ground vehicles, aircraft, aboard ships and small boats. It is almost always referred to as an "M240 Bravo" or just "240" verbally.  The M60E4 (Mk 43 as designated by the U.S. Navy) was pitted against the M240E4 (former designation of the M240B) in Army trials during the 1990s for a new infantry medium machine gun, in a competition to replace the decades-old M60s. The M240E4 won, and was then classified as the "M240B". This led to 1,000 existing M240s being sent to FN for an overhaul and a special kit that modified them for use on ground (such as a stock, a rail, etc.). This led to procurement contracts in the late 1990s for the all-new M240B. However, a new feature was added, a hydraulic buffer system to reduce the felt recoil as incorporated in the M60. While the M240B had been more reliable in the tests, it was a few pounds heavier than the M60E4, which led to the development of the lighter M240L machine gun. The Army M240 converted to the M240B configuration should not be confused with the large numbers of M240/E1 converted to the M240G configuration for the Marine Corps.  In the Marine Corps, the M240G is the predecessor of the M240B. The main differences between the two machine-gun variations is the Picatinny rail system, hydraulic buffer inside of the butt stock to reduce the amount of recoil felt by the gunner, and the number of gas settings on the gas regulator plug. The M240G has three gas settings, allowing the machine gun to have a fire rate between 650–950 rounds per minute depending on the setting selected, whereas the M240B only has one setting, restricting the fire rate to between 550 and 650 rounds per minute. The smaller gas port used on the M240B slows down the rate of fire, which increases the longevity of the machine gun by reducing stresses on the action. A side effect is a weapon that will not fire when extremely dirty as the energy on the piston is reduced. The Marine Corps relies on fire discipline among its machine gunners to not set it to the largest port unless required.  The M240B is being tested with a new adjustable buttstock that may replace the current stock of the M240B. The lighter M240L has started to replace the M240B in U.S. Army service. The Marine Corps is observing the progress of the M240L, but feels it is too expensive for adoption. The corps is instead looking to upgrade the M240 barrel through several ways, including carbon fiber coatings, new alloys, or ceramic liners, to lighten and strengthen the barrel. The goal would be a barrel that would not need to be changed, would weigh the same, but decrease heat retention, lessen warping, and eliminate cook-offs. They are also interested in incorporating a suppressor into the barrel, rather than having to attach one, to reduce the sound of shots and make it difficult to determine where the gunner is located.

M240D.

The M240D is an upgrade of the M240E1, primarily in the addition of an optical rail on the receiver cover. It has two possible configurations: aircraft and egress (ground). In the aircraft configuration, the M240D has a front and rear sight and a trigger group which accommodates the spade grip device, while the ground configuration involves the installation of an egress package or "infantry modification kit", which is designed to provide downed aircrew personnel with increased firepower. The egress package contains a buttstock assembly, a buffer assembly, a bipod assembly, and a conventional trigger assembly.  The M240D is issued for aircraft configuration. The barrel assembly contains a three position gas plug. The first gas plug position allows the weapon to cycle at 650–750 rounds per minute (RPM), the second gas plug positions allows the weapon to fire at 750–850 rounds per minute (RPM), and the third gas plug position allows the weapon to fire at 850–950 rounds per minute (RPM). The aircraft configured M240D weighs 25.6 lb (11.6 kg) and is 42.3 in (1074.42 mm) long, while the egress configuration weighs 26.2 lb (11.9 kg) and is 49 in (1244.6 mm) long.

M240H.

The M240H (formerly designated as the M240E5) is an improvement of the M240D, the M240H features a rail-equipped feed cover, an improved flash suppressor, and has been configured so that it can be more quickly converted to infantry standard using an Egress Kit. The M240H has an overall length of 41.6 in (1056.6 mm) with a 21.7 in (551.2 mm) barrel and weighs empty, and has a rate of fire of 550–650 rounds per minute (RPM). The M240H entered service in 2004 on U.S. Army helicopters. It is equipped with dual spade grips and thumb-activated trigger systems, and can be quickly converted for dismounted infantry use via an egress components kit that includes a bipod and conventional pistol grip trigger module.

M240N.

The M240N is designed with a front and rear sights, and configured specifically for mounting on water craft. It is similar to the M240G, but lacks the integral bipod. It also uses the hydraulic buffer of the M240B, and features the lower cyclic rate of fire of the M240B which is around 550–650 rounds per minute (RPM).

M240G.

The M240G allows for commonality throughout the Marine Corps whether the weapon is used in an infantry, vehicular, or airborne role. The M240G is the ground version of the original M240 or M240E1, 7.62 mm medium class weapon designed as a coaxial/pintle-mounted machine gun for tanks and LAVs. The M240G can be modified for ground use by the installation of an "infantry modification kit" (a flash suppressor, front sight, carrying handle for the barrel, a buttstock, infantry length pistol grip, bipod, and rear sight assembly). The M240G lacks a front heat guard, and as such is a few pounds lighter than the M240B, weighing in at. The rate of fire of the M240G can be controlled by three gas settings. On gas setting one the weapon will fire at 650–750 rounds per minute, on gas setting two the weapon will fire at 750–850 rounds per minute, and on gas setting three the weapon will fire at 850–950 rounds per minute. The size of the gas port increases resulting in greater energy being delivered to the action. Use at high settings induces added stresses on the action and results in a shorter service life of the weapon. It gives the operator an ability to adjust the gas bleed to the action. This also allows the weapon to continue firing when very dirty from sustained use in combat conditions when it may be otherwise rendered inoperable due to an extremely dirty and dry action.

M240L.

The M240L (M240 Lima), formerly the M240E6 is the product of the M240B weight reduction program which reduces the weight of the existing M240B by. To achieve 18% weight savings, the M240L incorporates titanium construction and alternative manufacturing methods for fabricating major components. The resulting improvements reduced the soldier's combat load while allowing easier handling and movement of the weapon. The M240L may replace the M240B in U.S. Army service. It was type classified in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2010.  Titanium was used to make the receiver body, front sight post, and carrying handle while maintaining steel operating system components. Manufacture had to be adjusted because titanium takes longer to machine than steel and requires more frequent replacement of tooling bits; more pliable stainless steel rivets were used, and the receiver was coated with boron and chrome carbo-nitride coatings with a ceramic-based top coat to preserve it under extreme operating temperatures. The M240L weighs with a standard-length barrel and standard stock, and weighs with a shorter barrel and collapsible stock. The short barrel is shorter than a standard M240 barrel, and with the collapsible stock the M240L can be made shorter. The smaller and lighter variant of the M240L is the M240P, which is still in a testing phase in Afghanistan. The M240P is not used as often as its predecessors. The Army initially bought 4,500 M240Ls, and plans to buy 12,000 total. Although the M240L has good reliability, it is still heavy for LMG Role.  M240L 7.62 mm medium machine gun (light) specifications:

Derivatives.

Barrett 240LW.

The Barrett 240LW (Light Weight) program has its design roots in the original U.S. Army solicitation for a lighter M240 medium machine gun in 2010. The program called for a much lighter version of the M240, while keeping the same familiar open bolt design that the machine gun is world-renowned for. This was formally known as the M240B Weight Reduction Program, or the M240E6. The results of that solicitation ended with the adoption of the M240L by the U.S. Army. By producing the receiver out of titanium, instead of steel, FN delivered a light-weight solution by trimming the weight of the M240B by 5.5 pounds, or an 18 percent weight reduction of the original machine gun, giving it an overall weight of 22.3 pounds. The Lima is in limited service with the U.S. Army.  Although Barrett did not participate in the solicitation program, the company felt that it could produce an equivalent weight reduction by more efficient manufacturing methods instead of simply switching to the much more expensive titanium receiver. In addition, the company makes the point that the majority of worldwide titanium reserves are coming from Russia and China. Should relations between the United States and these countries sour, it would become much harder to find sources of titanium. Thus Barrett designed the 240LW series, keeping the standard M240 technical data package, while more efficiently manufacturing the receiver.  The Barrett 240LW is a general-purpose machine gun capable of mounting on a bipod, tripod, aircraft, or vehicle. It is belt fed, air-cooled, gas operated, fully automatic and fires from an open bolt. It features an adjustable buttstock with a hydraulic buffer, feed pawls, a fluted quick detach barrel, a new handguard with Keymod attachments, a new quick detach titanium bipod, adjustable carrying handle, a rivetless receiver, and a three position gas regulator.  Barrett 240LW 7.62 mm medium machine gun specifications:

Barrett 240LWS.

The Barrett 240LWS (Light Weight Short) gas operated, belt fed, open bolt, medium machine gun is a shortened variant of the 240LW program. The design concept of this variant is to produce a viable medium machine gun that would serve in a special operations capacity, where a small team of operators could maximize a medium machine gun by having it in a shorter and lighter package than its big brother, the 240LW, or the equivalent M240B. This follows in the footsteps of the Mk 48 and the M60E6 medium machine guns, also designed for the small unit role. The Mk 48 is a variant of the M249 LMG, scaled up to chamber 7.62×51mm NATO; it has come across some issues in its service life; it was never designed to be a general-purpose machine gun, while the M60E6 arguably came too late to make a difference in USMC and US Army general machine gun adoption, being that the M240 design was well standardized within the DoD ranks. Both offerings are more focused on Special Operations in US Service.  The Barrett 240LWS features a removable and telescoping buttstock, that has six adjustable positions. It differs from the buttstock of the 240LW by being half of its size in length, and doesn't have a polymer cheek piece. There are two telescoping rods that allows the buttstock to be extended to the desired position, when depressed from the top portion. The rods have indentations on them, which lock into positional latches within the rear of the buttstock. The hydraulic buffer is permanently encased within the stock and is necessary for recoil reduction from the reciprocating movement of the bolt group. Early prototypes had steel QD sling sockets on both sides of the stock, however current production versions will have solid steel sling loops on either side of it. This is to alleviate any damage that may occur to a sling mounted on the QD socket, and the amount of stress that it could take while carrying the machine gun. It also features a Picatinny rail that is longer compared to the Picatinny rail of the M240 machine guns, and where the Barrett M107A1 rear sight can be mounted and other various optics. The design of the feed tray cover hinge has been altered to be in the shape of a hexagon, thus allowing for the feed tray cover to be able to stay open while at a 45 degree angle to the receiver, while the machine gunner is loading a belt of ammunition. The feed tray has also been altered, with two protruding spring-loaded teeth which can bend in the direction of the ammunition belt. These teeth allows the operator to securely place a belt of ammunition on the feed tray, while at an upright angle, and not have the belt slip out while closing the cover. In addition they allow the operator to be able to squeeze the front of the belt into a closed cover because the teeth only bends in the direction of the belt, and the belt will pass over them, then the teeth will click upwards, thus locking the belt in place. Another click forward, and the belt of ammunition will be in place to fire. This allows the operator to feed a belt of ammunition into his 240LWS without ever having to possibly expose his position or line of sight, by opening the feed tray cover.  The position of the pistol grip and firing control group has been redesigned to make the 240LWS even shorter than the 240LW. With this, Barrett moved the entire grip forward by about four inches, to where the front of the trigger guard is at a right angle to the ejection port. By moving the fire control group forward, the overall length can be shortened because the machine gunner no longer needs a traditionally longer stock to compensate for the original position of the pistol group, towards the very rear portion of the receiver. Instead of the operator using a cheek weld on the stock, the operator can now rest his face against the actual receiver of the machine gun, it also allows the operator to have a closer fit of the weapon. But by doing this, the bolt had to be modified accordingly, because the original location of the sear is no longer there. Barrett had to move the position of the sear catch on the bolt to further down the length of it. The bolt group is still the same as the original M240 design, with the exception of the position of the sear catch. Though moving the grip forward took away the ability to connect the LWS to the standard pintle adapter from the M192, Barrett made available as part of the system a new adjustable pintle adapter that works with both made by Military Systems Group. As of July 2017, it is not yet clear if that adapter is compatible with the M192 or M122 Traverse and Elevation (T&E) mechanism. However, the primary intended use of the LWS is not to be mounted, but instead being a part of a small man team that needs the additional firepower while on a foot patrol.  It still features a non-reciprocating bolt handle, a fluted quick detachable barrel and features a quick flip-up sight, a three position gas regulator similar to the M240G's gas regulator, a standard M240 muzzle compensator, quick detach titanium bipod that has three positions, and a new redesigned handguard which no longer contacts the gas tube, minimizing heat transfer to the handguard. Unlike the current M240's solution of minimizing the heat transfer, Barrett uses a free floating handguard system, where they bolted the handguard directly to the receiver of the machine gun, instead of to the gas tube assembly. The handguard also has Keymod rail sections at the 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions, with the side sections being separated from the bottom by a gripping surface for the operator.  Barrett 240LWS 7.62 mm medium machine gun specifications:

The M240, officially the Machine Gun, 7.62 mm, M240, is the US military designation for the FN MAG ("Mitrailleuse A Gaz", "gas-operated machine gun"; alternatively, "Mitrailleuse d'Appui General" "machine gun, support, general"), a family of belt-fed, gas-operated medium machine guns that chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.


Life and work.

Frederick Lane Sandback was born in Bronxville, New York where, as a young man, he made banjos and dulcimers. He majored in philosophy at Yale University (BA, 1966) before studying sculpture at Yale School of Art (MFA, 1969) where he studied with, among others, visiting instructors Donald Judd and Robert Morris.  Sandback is primarily known for his Minimalist works made from lengths of colored yarn. The artist's early interest in stringed musical instruments led him to make dulcimers and banjos as a teenager. In 1967, he produced the sculpture that would establish the terms of his mature work. Using string and wire, he outlined the shape of a 20-foot-long 2-by-4 board lying on the floor. Though he employed metal wire and elastic cord early in his career, the artist soon dispensed with mass and weight by using acrylic yarn. His yarn, elastic cord, and wire sculptures define edges of virtual shapes that ask the viewer's brain to perceive the rest of the form. In that way his work can be considered visionary or imaginative, as well as minimal and literal. Indeed, Sandback was fond of installing "corner" pieces whose shadows assist with this form completion process. In describing his work he stated, "It's a consequence of wanting the volume of sculpture without the opaque mass that I have the lines." and "I did have a strong gut feeling from the beginning though, and that was wanting to be able to make sculpture that didn't have an inside." Sandback himself referred to his sculptures operating in pedestrian space, acknowledging both the viewer’s movement through a space and as something to be engaged actively.

Exhibitions.

Sandback's first one-person exhibitions were at the Galerie Konrad Fischer, Düsseldorf, and the Galerie Heiner Friedrich, Munich, both in 1968, while the artist was still a graduate student. Following this debut, Sandback exhibited widely his minimalist sculptures and prints in the United States, Europe and elsewhere. His artwork was included in the 1968 Annual Exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Biennale of Sydney in 1976, and the Seventy-third American Exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1979. In 2003, several large Sandback sculptures were permanently installed at in Beacon, New York. That same year, Sandback created "Mikado (Sculptural Study for the Pinakothek der Moderne)" as site-specific at the then newly opened Pinakothek der Moderne.  Sandback's work was the subject of an extensive survey exhibition organized in 2005 by the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz (which traveled to the Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh and the Neue Galerie am Joanneum, Graz, in 2006). His work is represented in many public collections including the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo.

Recognition.

Sandback was one of a small group of avant garde artists sponsored by the Dia Art Foundation. In 1981 the Dia Art Foundation initiated and maintained a museum of his work, The Fred Sandback Museum in Winchendon, Massachusetts, which was closed in 1996. Dia presented exhibitions of his works in 1988 and in 1996–97. In 2007 the Fred Sandback Archive, a non-profit organization was established primarily to create and maintain an archival resource on Sandback's work. At Christie's New York, his four-part installation "Untitled" (1968) was sold for $266,500 in November 2010.

Bibliography (selected).

A complete exhibition history and bibliography is available online at fredsandbackarchive.org.

Fred Sandback (August 29, 1943 – June 23, 2003) was a minimalist conceptual-based sculptor known for his yarn sculptures, drawings, and prints. His estate is represented by David Zwirner, New York.


History.

The railway was built by the government of the Cape Colony between 1890 and 1906, to connect the Langkloof fruit growing industry with the new port at Port Elizabeth. The section of line between Humewood Road and Humansdorp was opened for public traffic on 1 November 1905.  In 1903 a request was laid before the then government in order to add a branch line to Patensie. This branch was commissioned on 3 April 1914.  In 1906 a branch line was opened to the Port Elizabeth's suburb Walmer and in 1928 a twelve mile long private branch was constructed to the Eastern Province Cement Company (EPCC).

Passenger traffic.

Scheduled trains.

Scheduled passenger trains were discontinued in the 1940s, although limited space was available on scheduled freight trains until the mid-1970s.

Walmer Branch.

From 1906 to 1928 a passenger only branch line, from Valley junction near Port Elizabeth, to the suburb of Walmer, serviced up to 22 trains a day between Port Elizabeth and the terminus at 14th Avenue in Walmer. It was closed as a result from competition from a bus service.

Apple Express.

The line was best known for its tourist train, the Apple Express, which commenced operations in 1965 to Loerie, later to Thornhill or Van Stadens River, the highest two foot narrow-gauge railway bridge in the world. The motive power for the Apple Express was retained as steam, normally a SAR NGG16 Class Garratt. The Apple Express ceased operations in 2011.  Today, there is a new effort to restore a partial, limited, service in 2016 / 2017 from Port Elizabeth to Van Stadens Station – if not Thornhill - with two NG/G15 and one NG/G16 Garratt along with a fleet of passenger cars under restoration inside the former Humewood Road narrow Gauge diesel depot in Port Elizabeth.  From 2011 onward a volunteer team undertook the restoration of the NG15 NG119 steam locomotive, returning the locomotive to running order during 2017. Restoration of the NG15 NG124 steam locomotive was started in 2016.  After running a test Apple Express train on the 24th of December 2017, using the restored NG15 NG119 locomotive, the Apple Express started running a summer holiday special service between King's Beach halt and a point near the Airport.

Freight traffic.

Fruit and agriculture.

The presence of the railway contributed significantly to the development of agriculture in the Lankloof and Gamtoos Valley, enabling farmers to transport their produce conveniently to the warehouses and harbour at Port Elizabeth. Unfortunately, agricultural transport was lost due to competition from road haulage.

Limestone.

In the 1920s a limestone quarry was opened near Loerie to serve the Eastern Province Cement Company (EPCC) in New Brighton near Port Elizabeth via the EPCC owned private line branching off at Chelsea. The limestone traffic ceased in 2001 when the quarries were closed.

Operations.

The railway was operated by the South African national railway company Spoornet.  As the South African Government has deregulated the road transport industry, a large amount of traffic has moved from the railway to the roads. Spoornet has hence designated the line as "low density," and always had the threat of closure hanging over it.  After all major freight traffic ceased, only the tourist train Apple Express continued operations but finally ceased in 2011.  In 2014 AER Management was working to recommence running trains and targeting for Phase 1 (Port Elizabeth to Van Stadens Station – if not Thornhill) to be operating in 2016 / 2017. The goal was to provide a scheduled passenger service to the new multi-billion rand Bay West Mall about 22 km from Port Elizabeth. Scheduled heritage tourism trains will also be run on a day trip basis, with the vision being to have the whole line (285 km) running within two years of Phase 1 becoming operative.  After running a test Apple Express train on the 24th of December 2017, using the restored NG15 NG119 locomotive, the Apple Express started running a summer holiday special service between King's Beach halt and a point near the Airport

Motive power.

Tender locomotives.

The first locomotives entering service on the Langkloof line were the NG8 class from 1903 to 1931.  From 1915 to 1935 the NG6, from 1915 to 1939 the NG9 and from 1916 to 1948 the NG10.  The final and largest class to be employed on the Avontuur Railway were 21 NG15's from 1960 to the mid-1980s.

Tank locomotive.

Class NG3 performed yard duties around Humewood Road Station in Port Elizabeth from 1939 to 1946

Garratt locomotives.

The first Garratt locomotive to be introduced was the NGG11 class, soon to be followed with the NGG13 class in 1927, the latter setting the standard for motive power on the Avontuur railway for the next decades, to be followed with the NGG16 class, very similar to the NGG13.  The smaller Garratt classes NGG12 and NGG14 performed yard duties at Humewood Road railway station in Port Elizabeth until the 1950s.

Diesel locomotives.

From 1973 the South African Class 91-000 General Electric diesels were introduced, the most powerful 2 foot gauge diesel in the world.

The Avontuur Railway is a closed railway line between Port Elizabeth and the town of Avontuur in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. It is the longest narrow gauge route in the world at a length of. "Avontuur" is the Afrikaans and Dutch word for "adventure".


Classification and orbit.

"Daléra" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,323 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation.

Physical characteristics.

Rotation period.

In March 2015, three rotational lightcurves of "Daléra" were independently obtained by Italian astronomers Maurizio Scardella (), Fabio Salvaggio (), and Giovanni Casalnuovo () after being reported as a light-curve photometry opportunity at "minorplanet.info" (CALL). They gave a rotation period of 3.880 and 3.881 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively (). Previously, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, gave a longer period of 4.2227 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Daléra" measures between 11.36 and 18.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.10.  The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for S-type asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.09. However, based on the low albedos (0.03, 0.08, 0.10) determined by WISE/NEOWISE, "Daléra" is not a stony but rather a carbonaceous asteroid, which are uncommon in the inner main-belt.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after Paul Daléra, a friend of the discovering astronomer Louis Boyer. The official naming citation was first mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 ()

1511 Daléra, provisional designation, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 March 1939, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algerian Algiers Observatory, North Africa, and named after Paul Daléra, a friend of the discoverer.


History.

In 1907, the Inland Waterways Commission thought it necessary to ask the Conference of Governors to provide both state and national views relating to practical questions dealing with natural resources utilization and management in the Progressive Era. The NGA represents the governors of the fifty U.S. states and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). It is funded primarily by state dues, federal grants and contracts, and private contributions.  The NGA serves as a public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government. NGA provides governors and their senior staff members with services that range from representing states on Capitol Hill and at the White House when discussing federal issues to developing policy reports on state programs and hosting networking seminars for state executive branch officials. The NGA Center for Best Practices focuses on state innovations and best practices on issues that range from education and health to technology, welfare reform, and the environment. NGA also provides management and technical assistance to both new and incumbent governors.  NGA adopted a policy in 1977 formalizing its standard practice dating back to 1941: The position of NGA chair alternates yearly between Republican and Democratic governors, so that neither party can control the position for two consecutive years. The vice chair is usually of the opposite party to the chair, and generally assumes the role of NGA chair the following year. The current NGA chair is Governor Larry Hogan of Maryland, a Republican. The vice chair is Governor Andrew Cuomo of New York, a Democrat.  Arkansas' Bill Clinton is, to date, the only former chair of the organization to become president of the United States. Janet Napolitano of Arizona became the first female chair in 2006.  In February 2020, Mike Pompeo warned the National Governors Association that the Communist Party of China was actively attempting to influence U.S. policy through state governors and local officials.

Chairs.

Formally adopted as policy in 1977, chairs preside for a one-year term and alternate party affiliation, so the same party never serves for two terms in a row.  The following states have never produced an NGA chairperson: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina and South Dakota. Andrew Cuomo will become the first NGA chair from New York for the 2020-21 term.

The National Governors Association (NGA) is an American political organization founded in 1908. The association’s members are the governors of the 55 states, territories and commonwealths. Members come to the association from across the political spectrum, but NGA itself is nonpartisan.


Plot.

In 1890s Mexico, María Álvarez (Penélope Cruz) is an uneducated, poor farm-girl whose caring father is being forced off his land by a cruel U.S. land baron named Tyler Jackson (Dwight Yoakam). Sara Sandoval (Salma Hayek) is the highly educated, wealthy daughter of the arrogant owner of the nearby properties, and has recently returned from Europe where she attended numerous grade schools and colleges in England, Spain, and France for several years. In one fell swoop, both María's and Sara's fathers fall under attack by the baron, (Sara's father is killed, María's is shot but survives) giving him free rein in the nearby territories. As an act of revenge, María and Sara team up to become bank robbers, stealing and giving back to the poor Mexicans who have lost their lands.  At first, the pair's relationship is characterized by petty cattiness stemming in part from their different backgrounds, but under the tutelage of famed bank robber Bill Buck (Sam Shepard) they learn to trust each other. During their crucial training session at the edge of a cliff, the two women test their strength by hanging from a metal bar over a wide river. At the point of exhaustion María tells Sara she cannot swim before losing her grip on the bar. Sara voluntarily drops into the river and saves her. The two women put aside their differences and agree that, while they are not friends yet, they can at least work together as partners. María turns out to be a crack shot and, while Sara can barely hold a gun, she shows that she is an expert with throwing knives.  Angered by the recent attacks by two women, who are now known by the public as the "Bandidas", Jackson brings in a specialist criminal investigator named Quentin Cooke (Steve Zahn). When Sara and María learn this, and they capture Cooke and seduce him to help them. He has already figured out that Sara's father was murdered and therefore discovers that his client is a criminal.  The trio embark upon bigger, more ambitious heists, during which María and Sara compete for Quentin's affections. In a move to make the money they have stolen useless, Jackson moves the gold that backs the money on a train up towards U.S. territories. Midway, he decides to steal the gold, betraying the Mexican government. The Bandidas hunt him down, but when they get their chance to kill him, they decline to do so, feeling it would make them no better than him. Jackson manages to draw his gun and almost gets a shot off at María but Sara shoots first, killing him. Quentin meets with his fiancée, much to María's heartbreak. She and Sara ride off into the sunset, their eyes set on Europe, where Sara says the banks are bigger.

Release and reception.

"Bandidas" earned $18,381,890 worldwide including $3,153,999 in Mexico and $2,380,000 in Russia. The film earned mixed to positive reviews, with a 57% out of 14 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.

Bandidas is a 2006 Western action comedy film starring Salma Hayek and Penélope Cruz directed by Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg and produced and written by Luc Besson. It tells the tale of two very different women in late-19th-century Mexico who become a bank robbing duo in an effort to combat a ruthless enforcer terrorizing their town.


Biography.

Butera was born and raised in an Italian-American family in New Orleans, where his father, Joe, ran a butcher shop and played guitar in his spare time. He heard the saxophone for the first time at a wedding when he was seven years old, and, with his father's encouragement, he began to play.  Butera's professional career blossomed early, beginning with a stint in big band drummer Ray McKinley's orchestra directly after high school. Butera was named one of America's top upcoming jazzmen by "Look" magazine when he was only eighteen years old, and, by his early twenties, he had landed positions in the orchestras of Tommy Dorsey, Joe Reichman, and Paul Gayten.  As the big band era wound down and heavy touring became less common among jazz musicians, Butera re-settled in New Orleans, where he played regularly at the 500 Club for four years. The 500 Club was owned by Louis Prima's brother, Leon, and it was this connection that led him to his much-heralded Vegas-based collaborations with Prima and Smith.  Prima transitioned from big band to Vegas somewhat hastily, having signed a contract with the Sahara without having first assembled a back-up band. From his Vegas hotel room, Prima phoned Butera in New Orleans and had him assemble a band posthaste. Butera and the band drove from New Orleans to Las Vegas in such a hurry that they had not taken time to give their act a name. On opening night in 1954, Prima asked Butera before a live audience what the name of his band was. Butera responded extemporaneously, "The Witnesses", and the name stuck.  Butera remained the bandleader of The Witnesses for more than twenty years. During that time, he performed with Louis Prima and/or Keely Smith on such Prima-associated classics as "That Old Black Magic", "Just a Gigolo/I Ain't Got Nobody," "Come on-a My House," and "I Wan'na Be Like You" (from Disney's "The Jungle Book"). Richard and Robert Sherman, composers of the songs from that classic Disney animated film, agreed to cast Prima, Butera and their band after executives from the Walt Disney Company urged them to travel to Las Vegas to witness the band’s live act in person.  Butera is noted for his raucous playing style, his off-color humor, and the innuendo in his lyrics. The arrangements he made with Prima have been covered by David Lee Roth, Los Lobos, Brian Setzer, and Big Bad Voodoo Daddy. In addition to his accomplishments as a saxophonist and composer, Butera is widely regarded as the inspiration for the vocal style of fellow New Orleans-born jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.

Later career.

Butera had a featured role in the Cinemax TV special "Viva Shaf Vegas" (1986), which starred Paul Shaffer. In the show, written by Shaffer, Tom Leopold and Harry Shearer, Butera is asked to help Shaffer with his "spiritual crisis". To analyze Shaffer's problem, Butera asks a series of questions, the last of which is, "Are you regular?"  Sam Butera was featured in an episode of "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" (1997). Butera's advice for the host on getting "chicks, like a fox [insert purr]" is, "Well, first a little music, a little jive talk. You gotta call her baby, sweetheart, darling, you know all the names that go along with love." When he sang part of "Just a Gigolo," the hosts found it familiar and he began to tell how David Lee Roth stole the song from him. "I wrote that arrangement thirty four years ago, the one that David Lee Roth stole from me. He came in one night to see me, you know, and after the show he walked up to me and said 'Hey Sam!', and I said 'who are you', he said 'I'm David Lee Roth'". "'You know what' I tell him? I said 'give me my money' and he turned right away and walked out." Butera's anger towards Roth was equaled by his anger towards journalists, often calling columnists to complain about reviews he didn't like.  Sam Butera appeared in a Joe Piscopo HBO special.  Butera played a part in the movie "The Rat Race" (1960), starring Debbie Reynolds and Tony Curtis. He played a scam artist along with Joe Bushkin who fleeced Curtis out of his instruments. The music can be heard on the LP and the CD released by Dot as a soundtrack of "The Rat Race".  Butera died of pneumonia in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 81.

Selected discography.

Solo albums with The Witnesses:  With The Wildest:  -LPs  -CDs

Sam Butera (August 17, 1927 – June 3, 2009) was an American tenor saxophonist best noted for his collaborations with Louis Prima and Keely Smith. Butera is frequently regarded as a crossover artist who performed with equal ease in both R&B and the post-big band pop style of jazz that permeated the early Vegas nightclub scene.


Early years.

Sehorn was born in Sacramento, California. He played only one year of high school football at Mount Shasta High School in Mount Shasta, California.

College career.

Sehorn played his first two years of college football at Shasta College, a junior college in Redding, California, where he was a standout wide receiver, kick returner and punt returner. He then played two years at the University of Southern California where he was moved to safety due to an abundance of talent at wide receiver.

Professional career.

Sehorn was drafted in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft by the New York Giants, and spent most of his career playing cornerback for them.  After back-to-back successful seasons in 1996–97, Sehorn suffered a debilitating knee injury, tearing his anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments while returning the opening kickoff in a 1998 preseason game against the New York Jets. Though Sehorn returned the next season, his speed was diminished. Still, he started 73 games for the Giants at cornerback in six seasons played from 1996–2002. He represented the Giants in Super Bowl XXXV.  The Giants released Sehorn on March 7, 2003, and in May of that year he signed with the St. Louis Rams as a safety. He missed the first six games of the season with a broken foot, but played in the last ten. The next year, his contract with the Rams was terminated after he failed a physical examination before the start of the 2004 season.  Sehorn was signed by the Chicago Cubs after just one season of playing American Legion Baseball following his senior year of high school. An outfielder, Sehorn failed to produce as a hitter, batting just.184 in 49 games in 1990 for the rookie league Huntington Cubs.  Sehorn played a firefighter for one episode on the NBC show, "Third Watch", in which his character is killed in a warehouse blaze.  Sehorn is now the Director of Communications at the Hendrick Automotive Group in Charlotte, NC, an automotive retailer in the United States.  In 2005, Sehorn joined Fox Sports Net, where he was a panelist on their Sunday NFL pregame show.  Sehorn participated in ABC's "Superstars" competition during the NFL offseason. As a testament to his athleticism, he won the competition three consecutive years from 1998 to 2000.  Sehorn is also a college football analyst for ESPNU. He joined the network in 2011 as the in-studio analyst for Thursday and Saturday night games on ESPNU.

Personal life.

Sehorn was married to former CNN correspondent Whitney Casey. His marriage to actress Angie Harmon is well known due to his unusual and public proposal. During one of Harmon's appearances on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", Sehorn (with the assistance of host Jay Leno) hid backstage and surprised Harmon by getting on one knee and asking for her hand in marriage in front of a live studio audience and millions more watching on television. They were married on June 9, 2001. They have three daughters: Finley, born October 14, 2003; Avery, born June 22, 2005; and Emery, born December 18, 2008 Both publicly support the Republican party. The couple announced in November 2014 that they were separating after 13 years of marriage, and divorced in December 2015. Sehorn married Meghann Gunderman in 2017.  On January 19, 1999, Sehorn's high school jersey #1 was retired by his alma mater, Mount Shasta High School, in a ceremony hosted by his longtime friend, mentor, and former coach, Joe Blevins. The ceremony aired on local cable television.

Jason Heath Sehorn (born April 15, 1971) is a former American football cornerback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants from 1994 to 2002 and St. Louis Rams in 2003. He played college football at the University of Southern California (USC).


Early life.

Da Silva was born in Dili in 1952 to Luis da Silva and Genoveva Aleixo. He attended primary school from 1961-1962 to 1964-1965 in Fuiloro - Lautém district, and Dili Technical School from 1965-1966 to 1970-1971. Upon graduation from Dili Technical School, Da Silva went to Lisbon to pursue further training in electrical and mechanical engineering.

Political activities.

Da Silva joined Fretilin in 1974 and was a founding member of the Fretilin External Branch in Lisbon.  In 1976, Mr Da Silva interrupted his studies in Lisbon and was sent to Australia by the Fretilin leadership to lobby support for Timor Leste's independence struggle. During that time Australian supporters of Timor Leste's independence struggle (Campaign for Independence of East Timor - CIET) requested that Da Silva assist Neville Cunningham and António Belo operate a radio connection to the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste. As Da Silva was not an Australian resident, he had to operate the radio underground and spent six months in bush of the Northern Territory in radio contact with the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste.  In September 1976, Da Silva and Cunningham were encircled and arrested by the Northern Territory police and the radio link was stopped. Da Silva was released after a one-day trial and he decided to settle in Mozambique. The radio link was later re-established by Fretilin members and Australian supporters of Timor Leste's struggle for independence.  Upon his return to Australia in 1985, Da Silva campaigned tirelessly for Timor-Leste's independence. This included speaking at public forums, organising demonstrations against the illegal Indonesian occupation, organising fundraising activities and lobbying MPs. Da Silva also maintained regular contact with the clandestine movement and the Fretilin leadership in Timor Leste and assisted in helping persons in danger of persecution in Timor Leste escape and settle in Australia. In 1994 he became Fretilin Representative in Australia.  Da Silva was voted into the Fretilin Central Committee in 1998 at the Fretilin National Conference held in Sydney, Australia. His mandate was renewed at the First National Congress in 2001 as well as the Second National Congress which was held in May 2006. He was elected Chairperson in both events. He is also one of the 15 members of the National Political Commission of Fretilin which leads the work of the party between the Fretilin Central Committee meetings.  He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list.

Education and professional career.

Da Silva studied agronomy at Eduardo Mondlane University, and worked at Marracuene state enterprise as the Chief Agronomist for the Mozambican government. He also attended the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India for short training courses in agriculture systems for arid and semi arid regions.  In Australia, Da Silva continued his studies in agronomy at the University of Sydney, where he completed a post-graduate diploma in Agronomy in 1987. In 1988 Da Silva was employed by the NSW Agricultural Department at the Trangie Research Agricultural Centre and from 1994 to 1997 worked at the Australian Cotton Research Institute in Narrabri.  In 1999, Da Silva returned to Timor-Leste. He worked as a World Bank consultant for agriculture and later as Asian Development Bank project manager for infrastructure before becoming Minister for Agriculture during the second United Nations transitional government. In May 2002, upon the restoration of independence of Timor Leste, Da Silva became the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.  In 2002, Da Silva completed a two-year post-graduate training course in management and leadership provided by the Asian Development Bank Institute in Tokyo, Japan.  Da Silva is a capable and respected administrator and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is one of the success stories of an independent Timor Leste. The Ministry is regularly praised by international donors for its achievements. Under Da Silva, Timor Leste's rice production has increased every year except for in 2006 where the political crisis had a negative effect on the country's institutions and economy as a whole. Also, in Da Silva's time, Timor-Leste's rice import dependency has been reduced from two thirds to one third of domestic consumption.  Da Silva is fluent in English, Portuguese and Tetum.

Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician and a key member of the Fretilin. He was acting Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007.


Early and personal life.

Jenny Scobel was born in Orrville, Ohio and grew up in Mentor, Ohio. At Cleveland Institute of Art, Scobel received her Bachelor of Fine Arts. She received her Master of Fine Arts from Pratt Institute.  She lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

Paintings.

Scobel makes portraits or figurative paintings of children and women that blend a scene of innocent-like faces with images that suggest an underlying dark or disturbing story. The subtle mixed messages creates a "disarming perspective" and "present a mature approach to creating complex and disarming works. "Family tree" of a young girl in the foreground, hands in her pockets and a disturbing background of a tree and running blood is one example. She often works in wax and graphite. Journalist Kristin Capp likened her work to that of Romaine Brooks.  Raphael Rubinstein of Art In America said "Scobel is an artist whose attention to detail reaches manic (and sublime) proportions. She poses her subjects - in this show, pensive young women - against wallpaper per whose intricate motifs would exhaust a less patient artist. These backgrounds often seem to reveal the subjects' thoughts, as if the women had dreamed the allegorical scenes into existence."  She gives lectures, such as the April 7, 2010 engagement at the School of Art at Illinois State. Kerry James Marshall is her favorite artist.

Works.

A few of Scobel's works are:  Her works are in the public collections at Hudson Valley for Contemporary Art, New York and the Rubell Family Collection in Miami, Florida.

Exhibitions.

Solo exhibitions.

Scobel's work has been exhibited since about 1985. She has had solo shows at:

Group exhibitions.

Her work has been exhibited with other artists in London, New York, and Chicago. In 2004, Scobel participated in the exhibition "Sagt holde Frauen: 15 zeitgenssische Kunstlerinnen und das Medium Zeichnung" at the Fridericianum in Kassel, Germany

Jenny Scobel (born 1955) is an American painter who lives and works in New York City. She makes paintings of women and children weaving a sense of innocence with foreboding or darkness. Her works, compared to Romaine Brooks, have been auctioned at Christie's and Sotheby's.