Spy career.

Infiltration.

In the late 1970s, Craig Williamson had inveigled Lars Eriksson, director of the (IUEF) in Geneva, into employing him as deputy director and help in the award of IUEF scholarships to African students. He was thus able to infiltrate the banned African National Congress (ANC) and, at the same time, make high-level contacts in Sweden which provided most of the funding for the IUEF. Williamson's networking through prime minister Olof Palme's office in Stockholm put him in touch with a number of Palme's close associates including Pan Am Flight 103 victim, Bernt Carlsson, who had become secretary-general of the Socialist International in 1976 and was based in London until 1983. In 1981, Williamson recruited the woman who would become South Africa's best-known female spy, Olivia Forsyth.

Dirty tricks.

The same source accused Williamson of syphoning off IUEF funds to establish a dirty tricks operation in Pretoria known as "Long Reach" in order to target apartheid's opponents both in South Africa and abroad. This dirty tricks operation also involved arms trafficking.

Counter-intelligence.

Again using IUEF funds, Williamson set up the "South African News Agency" to recruit and use journalists for apartheid South African counter-intelligence purposes. Williamson also attempted to infiltrate the International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF), though he was successfully deflected by Phyllis Altman, general secretary of IDAF. His cover was finally revealed by Arthur McGiven who reported his activities in the "Observer."

Bombing and burglary.

PAC office in London.

In 1982, a burglary took place at the Pan Africanist Congress office in London. Two suspects were arrested. One of them, a Swedish journalist, Bertil Wedin, was eventually acquitted by an English court. Wedin admitted, however, that he was working for South African intelligence and that he had been recruited by Craig Williamson. The other suspect, South African Defence Force Sergeant Joseph Klue had diplomatic immunity as a member of staff at the South African embassy in London and was ordered to leave the United Kingdom.

ANC office in London.

Williamson applied for amnesty in 1995 from South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) for bombing the London office of the ANC in March 1982. In the British House of Commons in June 1995, Peter Hain MP asked through the then Home Secretary, Michael Howard, that the British police should interview and consider extraditing Williamson to stand trial for the London bombing. The Home Secretary turned down Hain's request. Amnesty was eventually granted by the TRC to Williamson and seven others on 15 October 1999. Following the TRC hearing, South African lawyer Anton Alberts commented to the "woza" news agency: "If you look at the Lockerbie disaster - this is very similar. I think Britain would like to see these guys are prosecuted in England even though they get amnesty here."

Kidnapping and assassination.

Ruth First.

Williamson ordered the assassination of Ruth First, who was an exiled campaigner for the Anti-Apartheid Movement, close friend of Sweden's prime minister, Olof Palme, and the ANC author of a pioneering study of Namibia. She was also the wife of the South African Communist Party's leader, Joe Slovo. She was killed by a letter-bomb in Maputo, Mozambique on 18 August 1982.

Mozambique.

In January 1984, minutes of the apartheid State Security Council, chaired by Prime Minister P. W. Botha, recorded Craig Williamson as plotting the overthrow of the government in Mozambique

Jeanette and Katryn Schoon.

In mid-1984 Craig Williamson mailed a letter-bomb which on 28 June killed Jeanette Curtis Schoon, wife of Marius Schoon, and their six-year-old daughter Katryn, at the family's home in exile in Lubango in Angola. Both Jeanette and Marius Schoon were prominent South African anti-apartheid activists and members of the ANC. While in exile in Botswana some years earlier, the Schoons had broken Williamson's cover internally within the ANC, several months before his public exposure in the UK, allowing the ANC leadership to attempt to manipulate Williamson covertly for their own purposes.  The Schoons' younger son Fritz, then aged three, witnessed the murder of his mother and sister at close hand; found wandering alone in the house, and severely traumatised, he developed epilepsy from which he never fully recovered. Following Williamson's application for amnesty for the killings, Schoon filed a civil suit against Williamson, seeking damages for his son. However, the suit was suspended pending Williamson’s Amnesty hearing.  It has never been determined whether the letter-bomb had been addressed specifically to Marius Schoon or to both him and his wife; Williamson claimed to his subordinate, the bomb-maker Jerry Raven, that the former was the case. In June 2000, a year after Marius Schoon died of lung cancer, TRC amnesty for this killing and that of Ruth First was granted to Williamson, despite Marius Schoon's earlier testimony strongly opposing amnesty. Schoon had argued that the whole truth about the murder of his wife and daughter had not, as required, been revealed by Williamson, and that the murder of his wife and daughter had been carried out in revenge.  Williamson's bomb-maker, Jerry Raven, testified:

Propaganda.

Williamson was one of the main collaborators with Peter Worthington in the anti-militant video "The ANC method - violence" which was distributed by "Citizens for foreign aid reform" throughout Canada in 1988.  In the summer of 1988 the US-produced film "Red Scorpion" was made on location in South-West Africa (Namibia). South Africa helped finance the movie and the SADF provided trucks, equipment as well as extras. The action-packed movie was a sympathetic portrayal of an anti-communist guerrilla commander loosely based on Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA – the Angolan rebel movement – supported by both Washington and Pretoria. The film's producer, Jack Abramoff, was also head of the International Freedom Foundation (IFF). Established in Washington in 1986 as a conservative think-tank, the IFF was in fact part of an elaborate intelligence gathering operation and, according to Craig Williamson, was designed to be "an instrument for political warfare against apartheid's foes". South Africa spent up to $1.5 million a year – until funding was withdrawn in 1992 – to underwrite "Operation Babushka", the code-name by which the IFF project was known.  An article about the "enigma" Craig Williamson in the SA "Sunday Times" of 20 September 1998 entitled "The spy who never came in from the cold" concluded with the Williamson dictum:  In a television interview in early August 2001, Williamson told the BBC's Tim Sebastian in a defence of his actions during the apartheid era, that his actions should be contrasted against the background of the Cold War and were in support of the West. The NATO bombing of Belgrade in 1999, he said, killed far more civilians than his "dirty tricks brigade" ever did.

Craig Michael Williamson (born 1949), is a former South African Police major, who was exposed as a spy in 1980, and was involved in a series of state-sponsored overseas bombings, burglaries, kidnappings, assassinations and propaganda during the apartheid era.


Location.

The Großer Ehrenberg lies in the South Harz within the South Harz Nature Park. It rises around 2.5 kilometres west of Rothesütte and about 3.5 kilometres north-northwest of Sülzhayn, which both belong to Ellrich. To the north the terrain drops into the valley of the "Großer Kunzenbach" and, to the west, into the valley of the "Kleiner Kunzenbach" which each flow along the border between Thuringian and Lower Saxony and merge to form the Kunzenbach immediately west of, and below, the mountain. The eastern spur of the mountain is the Dornkopf (). This spur and the Großer Ehrenberg itslet are passed by the "Landesstraße" 1014, which branches off the Bundesstraße 4 between the tripoint of the states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia und Rothesütte and runs from there roughly in a north-south direction to Sülzhayn. Both peaks are accessible "inter alia" from this road on forest tracks.

Inner-German Border.

The old Inner German Border used to run along the valleys of the "Großer Kunzenbach" and "Kleiner Kunzenbach" to the north and west of, and below, the Großer Ehrenberg. However, the Iron Curtain, including the convoy track, ran right over the summit. Today the German Green Belt runs over the mountain. To the northeast of the peak on the former Inner German Border at the tripoint of the three states is the Dreiländerstein.

Height.

The Großer Ehrenberg is high. On topographic maps a trig point is shown near its highest point with a height of.

The Großer Ehrenberg is a mountain,, and the highest peak in the Thuringian part of the Harz mountains. It is also the highest point of the county of Nordhausen in Germany.


Personal life.

Holland was born on May 27, 1927, to Jewish parents in Mannheim, Germany. He escaped Nazi Germany by Kindertransport to England. He was re-united with his family in the Dominican Republic. They moved to the United States in 1940 where they first resided at Kew Gardens in New York.  Holland was married for 57 years to Alice. They had four children, three boys and one girl.

Education and career.

Holland received his bachelor's degree in chemistry (high honors) in 1946 from Princeton University. He served in the U.S. Army from 1946-47 on secret and classified government projects with Wernher von Braun. In 1947 he entered graduate school at Columbia University, receiving a master’s degree in 1948 and Ph.D. in 1952, both in geology. He served on the faculty of Princeton University from 1950 to 1972, rising from the rank of instructor to full professor.  Holland moved to Harvard University in 1972. He later became the Harvard Harry C. Dudley Professor of Economic Geology. In 2006 he ‘retired’ from Harvard and became a Visiting Scholar in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science at the University of Pennsylvania where he remained active in research and writing until his death. During his career he held visiting appointments at University of Oxford, Durham University, University of Hawaii, Heidelberg University, Penn State, Imperial College, London, and Hebrew University, Jerusalem.  He was vice president of the Geochemical Society from 1969 to 1970 and president from 1970 to 1971.

Awards.

Holland was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His awards included the V.M. Goldschmidt Award of the Geochemical Society(1994), the Penrose Gold Medal of the Society of Economic Geologists (1995), and the Leopold von Busch Medal of the Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft (1998).

Death.

Holland died from cancer aged 84 on May 21, 2012 in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.

Heinrich Dieter 'Dick' Holland (May 27, 1927 – May 21, 2012) was an emeritus professor in the Earth and Planetary Sciences department of Harvard University. He made major contributions to the understanding of the Earth's geochemistry, especially large-scale geochemical and biogeochemical cycles. He has also contributed to the field of planetary chemistry and planetary evolution.


Life.

He was born in Haseley, in Warwickshire in 1620. He was the son of John & Judith Aneley (not to be confused with John Annesley, the brother of Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, a mistake that many historians made). His father, a wealthy man, died when he was four years old. He started to read the bible at an early age. In Michaelmas term, 1635, he was admitted a student at The Queen's College, Oxford, and there he proceeded successively B.A. and M.A. He underwent presbyterian ordination, on 18 Dec. 1644, and subscribed by seven presbyterian ministers, having possibly already received Episcopal ordination, and became chaplain to Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, then admiral of the parliament's fleet, on the Globe.  He succeeded Griffin Higgs in the living of Cliffe, Kent, when Higgs was ejected for his loyalty to the king and treason to the Commonwealth. On 26 July 1648 he preached the fast sermon before the House of Commons, and around this time Oxford gave him an honorary doctorate. He was also again at sea with the Earl of Warwick, who was in action against the royalist navy. In 1657 he was nominated by Oliver Cromwell lecturer of St. Paul's, and in 1658 was presented by Richard Cromwell to the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate. He was presented again there after the Restoration, but was ejected after the Act of Uniformity 1662.  He preached semi-privately, but his goods were distrained for keeping a conventicle, a meeting-house in Little St. Helen's. In 1669 he was preaching in Spitalfields to a congregation estimated at 800.

Death.

He died on 31 December 1696, his funeral sermon being preached by Daniel Williams, while Daniel Defoe, a member of his congregation, wrote an elegy on his death:  He was buried in St. Leonard's Churchyard, Shoreditch, in an unmarked plot.

Works.

His writings consisted of sermons separately published, and in the various collections under the title "Morning Exercises at Cripplegate" and biographical works including a life of Thomas Brand. In addition to furnishing the first sermon for these Morning Exercises"," Annesley edited this volume of sermons from prominent Puritan ministers considering practical issues of conscience and three sequel volumes, for each of which he provided the first sermon.

Family.

He had a large family, of whom one daughter, Elizabeth, married John Dunton, while another daughter, Susanna Wesley, became the wife of the Rev. Samuel Wesley, and the mother of John Wesley and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism. His eldest son was also called Samuel Annesley; he obtained a position in the employ of the East India Company in Bombay and is the source of the supposed lost legacy of the Wesleys.

Samuel Annesley (c. 1620 – 1696) was a prominent Puritan and nonconformist pastor, best known for the sermons he collected as the series of "Morning Exercises".


Orbit and classification.

"Parchomenko" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,228 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.  First identified as at Lowell Observatory, the body's first used observation was taken at Nice Observatory in 1939, extending its observation arc by 32 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.

Physical characteristics.

In the SMASS classification, "Parchomenko" is a common S-type asteroid.

Diameter and albedo.

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Parchomenko" measures 7.99 and 9.84 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.295 and 0.333, respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.5 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.

Rotation period.

In December 2005, a rotational lightcurve of "Parchomenko" was obtained from a photometric observations by Robert Stephens, Brian Warner and Petr Pravec. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.1177 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude ().

Suspected binary.

Three possible occultation events were observed, suggesting that "Parchomenko" might be a binary asteroid, having a minor-planet moon as companion. However, no new findings have been made since. In October 2008, Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli measured a similar period of 3.08 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 magnitude ().

Naming.

This minor planet was named in honor of Russian astronomer Praskoviya Parchomenko (1886–1970), who observed and discovered the minor planets 1129 Neujmina and 1166 Sakuntala at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory during the 1930s and 1940s. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 ().

1857 Parchomenko, provisional designation, is a stony asteroid and suspected binary from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.


Family and education.

Kalloor was the third son of Abraham and Achiyamma of the Kalloor family of Kadammanitta, in Pathanamthitta District. He received secondary education at Government High School, Kadammanitta, did minor seminary at St. Aloysius Seminary, Trivandrum, and philosophy and theology at St. Paul's Seminary, Tiruchirappalli (Trichy).

Ministry.

Kalloor was ordained a priest by Benedict Mar Gregorios on 5 May 1973. He began pastoral ministry as assistant vicar in the parishes around Balaramapuram. Later he became parochial vicar of Venniyoor, Mulloor, Chowara and Vizhinjam, and later still director of St. Johns Leprosy and HIV Care Services at Pirappancode.  When the Malankara Catholic Mission in North America was inaugurated, Kalloor was appointed co-ordinator and spent time ministering in the Archdiocese of Washington. Based at Holy Comforter-St. Cyprian parish in Washington, DC, he was a chaplain for DC General Hospital and coordinated ministry for Syro-Malankara rite Catholics in the United States. In 1997 he was made chorbishop.  Pope John Paul II appointed Kalloor second bishop of the Eparchy of Marthandom on 16 April 1998. He was ordained a bishop with the name Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom by Archbishop Cyril Mar Baselios at Mar Ivanios Stadium, Trivandrum, on 29 June 1998. He was installed as the bishop of Marthandom on 1 July 1998 at Marthandom Cathedral.  Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom was appointed first bishop of the newly erected Eparchy of Pathanamthitta on 25 January 2010 and enthroned on 20 March 2010. He served until retiring on 7 June 2019.

Yoohanon Chrysostom Kalloor (born 19 May 1944) was the second bishop of the Eparchy of Marthandom (1998-2010) and first bishop of the Eparchy of Pathanamthitta (2010-2019) of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. He retired from Pathanamthitta on 7 June 2019 and was succeeded by Samuel Irenios Kattukallil. He is currently Bishop Emeritus.


Background and early life and career.

William Goodhart was the son of Arthur Lehman Goodhart and the brother of Charles Goodhart and Sir Philip Goodhart.  He was educated at Eton College, undertook National Service from 1951–1953, and graduated with a law degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1956 before winning a Harkness Fellowship to study law at Harvard University.  He was admitted to the bar in 1960 and made a Queen's Counsel in 1979. As a barrister he developed a specialist Chancery practice and appeared in a number of notable cases, including in particular (in the House of Lords) "Street v Mountford". He also co-wrote (with Gareth Jones a textbook on the subject of specific performance.

Politics.

A member of the Social Democratic Party, he contested the safe Conservative seat of Kensington in both the 1983 and 1987 general elections.  After the SDP merged with the Liberals, he subsequently fought the Kensington by-election of 1988 under the new Social and Liberal Democrats banner, finishing a weak third.  In the 1992 general election he contested the winnable seat of Oxford West and Abingdon now as a Liberal Democrats candidate. Goodhart cut the Conservative majority by over 1,000 votes down to 3,500 but still finished second.

Peerage.

He was knighted on 14 February 1989 and was created a life peer as Baron Goodhart, of Youlbury in the County of Oxfordshire, on 23 October 1997. In the House of Lords, he served as a spokesman for the Liberal Democrats in several capacities, usually relating to legal matters, including as the Liberal Democrats' Shadow Lord Chancellor. Before the House of Lords Act 1999, he campaigned to reform the Upper House, and later in his career expressed frustration at its undemocratic nature.  He retired from the House of Lords on 15 May 2015.

Humanism and ICJ memberships.

A devoted humanist, Goodhart was a longtime member of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group, as well as the British Humanist Association (BHA). He was among a number of parliamentarians who in 2010 called for substantive reforms of public services in Britain following a BHA report into religious influence in public services. From 2007 to 2009, Goodhart was the Chairman of JUSTICE, the UK section of the International Commission of Jurists, as well as serving as a Commissioner of the ICJ since 1993. He was elected as Vice-President of the ICJ in 2002. He was also an honorary associate of the National Secular Society.

Private life.

He had three children with his wife, Celia (née McClare) Goodhart: Annabel Frances Goodhart (born 22 August 1967; married to James Dallas; three daughters), Laura Christabel Goodhart (born 25 December 1970; married to William Watts; three sons), and Benjamin Herbert Goodhart (born 29 December 1972; partner of Wendy Young; one son).

William Howard Goodhart, Baron Goodhart, QC (18 January 1933 – 10 January 2017) was a British Liberal Democrat politician, a leading property and human rights lawyer, and a member of the House of Lords.


Background.

Born and raised in Manhattan, New York City, Utada started singing at a very young age; she was a member of U, a musical act with her mother Keiko Fuji and her father Teruzane. U released their debut album "Star" in 1993, with the hope to debut in America; the album only peaked at thirty-three in Japan. Utada's mother was a Japanese enka singer and actress, while her father was a Japanese record producer who had contributed to some of Fuji's work. In 1996, the group was re-branded as Cubic U, an R&B project that focused primarily on Hikaru, resulting in the English language album "Precious" in 1998 with record label Toshiba EMI. The album peaked at two on the Oricon Albums Chart and sold over 700,000 units.  Utada moved to Tokyo in early 1997 to attend Seisen International School and American School in Japan. During her studies, Utada signed as a solo artist with Toshiba EMI and begun recording her album "First Love". Fluent in both English and Japanese languages, the head offices at EMI asked if she could write Japanese songs rather than English lyrics. During the process of the album, Utada desired to become a singer-songwriter and occasionally practised producing and composing her music rather than become a Japanese idol. She refused to allow talent agencies to contact her at the start, which was a very common tradition for Japanese singers in the 1990s, and her father started to manage her work along with producing and composing it; to this day, her father continues to manage and co-produce some of her work.

Composition.

The lyrics to the tracks from "First Love" are written by Utada and featured English-language phrases. Utada's father Teruzane and Akira Miyake served as the album's primary producers alongside Hikaru; Saito Masaaki, Nakasone Junya, Sanada Yoshiaki and Okamoto Tatsyua served as the album's executive producers. Utada contributed to editing and producing her recorded vocals for all the tracks. The tracks from "First Love" were recorded in studios across her native New York City, Los Angeles and Tokyo. American producer and mixer Ted Jensen had mixed the tracks at Sterling Sound Studios in New York.  The album's opener "Automatic" is a R&B and dance-pop song that talks about a previous relationship. "Rockin' On Japan"'s editor and chief Kano had commented that Utada had brought a large prominence of R&B and soul music with the tracks "Automatic" and "Time Will Tell", and felt that "Automatic"'s release introduced a new R&B audience inside of Japan. The title track is a pop ballad song conveying slow and off-key vocals that complimented the music to the album.  "Movin' on Without You" is a disco and house inspired track that was influenced by the early 1990s dance music throughout the Western part of the world and lasts a duration total off four minutes and forty-one seconds. "B&C", a funk song, was featured as a b-side to the physical CD format from "Movin' on Without You". The album closer "Give Me a Reason" is a trip hop song. "Interlude" was produced into a song called "Kotoba ni Naranai Kimochi" on Utada's "Distance" album.

Release.

"First Love" was released on 10 March 1999 by Toshiba EMI. The album was released as a compact disc and a double vinyl. The vinyl was exclusively released in North America and Japan by Eastworld Records. "First Love" was released in the Philippines by OctoArts EMI Music. It was released in South Korea by Eastworld and Indonesia by Toshiba EMI Limited and PT EMI Indonesia.  After fifteen years of its release, "First Love" was re-release by Universal Music Japan on 10 March 2014 in two separate versions. The normal version is a two-disc set featuring a remastered version of the normal album along with a second disc featuring Utada's previously unreleased "LUV LIVE" concert. The remastering was done by Ted Jensen. The other version is a limited edition 4-disc set, containing the remastered track list on disc one, "LUV LIVE" concert on disc two, as well as featuring a disc containing karaoke tracks and the last containing a multitude of demos from the "First Love" era of Utada's career. The deluxe edition also carries with it memorabilia from that time, including a hard cover booklet filled with unreleased photoshoots, handwritten lyrics, promotional items as well as replicas of the tickets and backstage passes to her "LUV LIVE" concert. The Deluxe Edition initially was limited to 5,000 copies, however, due to overwhelming demand, this was pushed to 10,000 after the initial 5,000 units were sold almost instantly.

Singles.

The A-side singles "Automatic" and "Time Will Tell' was released on 9 December 1998 as 8cm CD singles. The songs received positive reviews, many whom highlighted them as album stand outs. "Automatic" was given the gold award at the 2000 JASRAC awards, beating her own song "Time Will Tell" and "Dango 3 Kyodai" to be the most royalty-receiving song in 1999. The Japan Record Awards mentioned the song as an Honorable Mention Award. In 2000, The Japan Gold Disc Awards had awarded "Automatic" along with "Movin' on Without You" and "Addicted to You" for Song(s) of the Year. "Automatic/Time Will Tell" peaked at number two and four on the Oricon Singles Chart in their respective formats. "Automatic/Time Will Tell" has sold over 2.1 million units in Japan, making it her best selling physical single and the nineteenth best selling single in Japan.  The third single "Movin' on Without You" was released on 17 February 1999 as a CD single. The song received positive reviews, many of whom highlighted the song as an album stand out. It won the award for Song of the Year at the Japan Gold Disks Awards. The song reached number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, marking this her first number one. The song was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of one million units. The fourth and final single "First Love" was released on 28 April 1999 as a mini-CD single. The song received positive reviews, many of whom highlighted the song as an album stand out. The song peaked at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart, missing the top spot but was certified double platinum by RIAJ for shipments of 800,000 units in Japan.

Commercial performance.

"First Love" entered the Oricon Albums Chart at number one with over two million units sold. It stayed at number one for six weeks and stayed on the chart for eighty-four weeks. By August 2000, "First Love" had sold 9.6million units in Asia, including 8.7million in Japan, 450,000 in Taiwan, and another 450,000 in other Asian countries.  "First Love" is the only album or physical record to have been certified 8x Million by RIAJ, which is equivalent to 32x platinum. This marks "First Love" the best selling Japanese and Asian-oriented album of all time. As of March 2010, "First Love" has sold over ten million units worldwide. In September 2007, "Rolling Stone Japan" ranked "First Love" No.99 on its list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time". "First Love" is the seventh album to claim the highest weekly sales in Japan, behind her 2001 album "Distance" and 2002 album "Deep River".

Personnel.

All Japanese names are in Western order – given name before family name.

First Love is the debut Japanese-language studio album (second overall) by Japanese recording artist Utada Hikaru, released on 10 March 1999 on Toshiba-EMI. Born and raised in New York City to music-oriented parents, Utada moved to Tokyo to attend Seisen International School and American School in Japan. From there, she began writing and composing music for her debut effort. Utada, her father Teruzane Utada and producer Akira Miyake produced the album and remain her two main co-producers and composers.


History.

Torpig reportedly began development in 2005, evolving from that point to more effectively evade detection by the host system and antivirus software.  In early 2009, a team of security researchers from University of California, Santa Barbara took control of the botnet for ten days. During that time, they extracted an unprecedented amount (over 70 GB) of stolen data and redirected 1.2 million IPs on to their private command and control server. The report goes into great detail about how the botnet operates. During the UCSB research team's ten-day takeover of the botnet, Torpig was able to retrieve login information for 8,310 accounts at 410 different institutions, and 1,660 unique credit and debit card numbers from victims in the U.S. (49%), Italy (12%), Spain (8%), and 40 other countries, including cards from Visa (1,056), MasterCard (447), American Express (81), Maestro (36), and Discover (24).

Operation.

Initially, a great deal of Torpig's spread was attributable to phishing emails that tricked users into installing the malicious software. More sophisticated delivery methods developed since that time use malicious banner ads which take advantage of exploits found in outdated of versions of Java, or Adobe Acrobat, Flash, Shockwave. A type of Drive-by download, this method typically does not require the user to click on the ad, and the download may commence without any visible indications after the malicious ad recognizes the old software version and redirects the browser to the Torpig download site. To complete its installation into the infected computer's Master Boot Record (MBR), the trojan will restart the computer.  During the main stage of the infection, the malware will upload information from the computer twenty minutes at a time, including financial data like credit card numbers and credentials for banking accounts, as well as e-mail accounts, Windows passwords, FTP credentials, and POP/SMTP accounts.

Torpig, also known as Anserin or Sinowal is a type of botnet spread through systems compromised by the Mebroot rootkit by a variety of trojan horses for the purpose of collecting sensitive personal and corporate data such as bank account and credit card information. It targets computers that use Microsoft Windows, recruiting a network of zombies for the botnet. Torpig circumvents antivirus software through the use of rootkit technology and scans the infected system for credentials, accounts and passwords as well as potentially allowing attackers full access to the computer. It is also purportedly capable of modifying data on the computer, and can perform man-in-the-browser attacks.


Biography.

The youngest of six sons, Donald J. Hying was born in West Allis, Wisconsin, to parents Albert and Catherine Hying (both deceased) on August 18, 1963. He attended St. Aloysius and Immaculate Heart of Mary grade schools, and graduated from Brookfield Central High School. Hying received his bachelor's degree from Marquette University and his master's degree from Saint Francis de Sales Seminary.  On May 20, 1989, Hying was ordained a priest for the Milwaukee Archdiocese by Archbishop Rembert Weakland. He was associate pastor of St. Anthony Parish, Menomonee Falls, from 1989 to 1994. Hying then served as a Team Member for La Sagrada Familia Parroquia, Dominican Republic, from 1994 to 1997. He served as temporary administrator of St. Peter Parish (1998), then as associate pastor of St. Anthony Parish, Milwaukee, from 1998 to 1999. He was appointed pastor of Our Lady of Good Hope Parish, Milwaukee, from 1999 to 2005. In 2006, Hying was temporary administrator of St. Augustine Parish, Milwaukee in 2006. He then became the Dean of Formation at Saint Francis de Sales Seminary from 2005 to 2007. He was appointed rector of St. Francis de Sales Seminary by Archbishop Timothy Michael Dolan from 2007 to 2011.

Auxiliary Bishop of Milwaukee.

On May 26, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Hying titular bishop of Regiae and auxiliary bishop of Milwaukee. He was consecrated on July 20, 2011.

Bishop of Gary.

On November 24, 2014, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Hying as the fourth Bishop of the Diocese of Gary, Indiana, and accepted the resignation of Bishop Dale Joseph Melczek, who had submitted his resignation as required when he reached the age of 75. Hying's installation in Gary took place on January 6, 2015. While he was Bishop over the Diocese of Gary, Hying oversaw that diocese's first Synod in 2017.

Bishop of Madison.

On April 25, 2019, he was named Bishop of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin, to replace the deceased Bishop Robert Morlino. He was installed on June 25, 2019.

Donald Joseph Hying (born August 18, 1963) is an American Roman Catholic prelate who is the fifth bishop of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 2011 to 2015 and bishop of the Diocese of Gary, Indiana, from 2015 to 2019. On April 25, 2019, he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Madison.


Design and development.

After a disastrous storm which wrecked the Rs.I, Dornier continued development of large seaplanes with the Rs.II. The design and construction drawings of the Rs.II had been prepared during 1915 and the airframe was completed rapidly after the loss of the Rs.I. Although resembling the Rs.I, there was little in common with the Rs.II, which had a much broader, shorter hull, low aspect ratio upper wing and open lattice tail unit.  The Rs.II, (Navy serial no 1433), as launched in 1916, consisted of a sesquiplane flying boat with a short but very broad fuselage and a tail unit supported at the end of a long open lattice box framework of tubular booms cross braced with cables. The short lower wings were intended to support stabilizing floats but these were found unnecessary due to the inherent stability of the broad hull. The tail unit comprised a biplane elevator assembly with a small separate tailplane above a pair of all-flying rudders and the large upper wing was supported by struts which also supported the propellers.  Power was supplied by three Maybach HS engines mounted inside the hull, transmitting power to the three propellers via clutches, gearboxes and shafts. The three propellers were mounted as pushers aft of the wing support structure at about mid-gap. Radiators for the internally mounted engines were mounted as a wide slab on the hull aft of the pilots cockpit.  The wing structure was formed by three built-up girder spars of triangular section with aluminium wing ribs spaced fairly wide apart; the wing fabric was sewn to special eyelets, which were attached to the framework at evenly spaced intervals. The lower wings were attached directly to the fuselage, touching the water when afloat, improving water-borne stability. The low aspect ratio upper wing was supported by a central frame work and N strut assemblies at 1/3rd span and 2/3rd span. Incidence of the upper wing was adjustable by altering the length of the forward N-strut tubes.  Flying controls were fairly conventional despite their size, with unbalanced ailerons on the upper wing and a large biplane elevator unit trailing a small tailplane and small rudders under the tailplane. To improve lateral control at low speeds, and improve spin resistance, the tip incidence was washed-out, ensuring that the inner wing sections stalled first.  The hull, constructed of steel bulkheads and stringers with Duralumin skinning on the sides and bottom, but fabric on parts of the upper decking, housed the crew in a cockpit near the nose, who were protected by a raised coaming. The engines and fuel lines were also housed inside the hull; they could be serviced in flight by a mechanic.

Operational history.

On 17 May 1916 the Rs.II left the hangar at Seemoos for initial taxiing trials with Schroter at the controls, with Graf Zeppelin, Dornier and other important people from the Zeppelin works observing from Zeppelin's motor boat "Württemberg". Initial attempts at taking-off were unsuccessful, attributed to the very calm conditions not allowing the hull to un-stick, they also highlighted the unacceptable rudder power for manoeuvring on the water.  The first modification involved adding a third tall rudder between the original rudders. Flight tests resumed on 30 June 1916, take-off attempts were made with the wing incidence set at one, then two degrees and finally at three degrees which was successful at 07:30 hours. Two more flights were made that day and a further three flights proved the need for changes to the tail framework and tail surfaces; large diameter metal tubes replacing the upper booms and fixed fins fitted between the boom ends, as well as reducing the area of the central rudder and improving the planing surface shape.  Ready for continued flight tests on 17 July 1916, the RS.II still showed poor take-off characteristics and the aircraft was sluggish in roll. Rudder authority was also lacking as it was found impossible to maintain straight flight with the centre and starboard engines throttled back. During these tests the port transmission began to vibrate and eventually it failed, causing the port propeller to break. The aircraft dropped onto the water from about 10 m (33 ft), bounced into the air where the centre propeller transmission broke loose, damaging the tail boom as the aircraft settled with the tail boom in ruins.

Second version.

Rebuilding of the Rs.II was completed by 5 November 1916, with Schroter piloting the aircraft on its second flight the next day.  The much revised Rs.II had four more reliable Maybach Mb.IVa engines fitted in push pull nacelles mounted on struts above the hull at approx. mid gap. Initially the biplane tail cellule was retained with large fins and rudders attached to the tail boom side members; the tail unit was later made more conventional with a large tailplane and twin fins with rudders. Take-off performance was improved by moving the step further aft but the take-off run was still excessive. The upper wing was also lowered by shortening the centre section struts and moving the mounts for the side struts to halfway down the sides of the fuselage. Other changes included aerodynamic balance surfaces for the ailerons, lower wings with reduced chord and rounded tips.  Flight tests of the revised Rs.II were still dogged by engine problems with the engines either over-cooling when un-cowled, or overheating when fully cowled, not to mention spark plug and equipment failures exacerbated by a lack of spare parts. During May 1917, while practising landings, the Rs.II landed hard, breaking the central boom support. Unaware of the damage, the pilot attempted to take-off again, but the sagging tail forced the Rs.II back on to the water, where the tail broke off and sank to the bottom of Lake Constance.  By June 1917 the cumbersome tail unit had been replaced by a cleaner design with a single tailplane and finely formed fins and rudders mounted at the end of each boom. The new boom structure was much stronger and of simpler design. Evaluation by the SVK ("Seeflugzeugs-Versuchs-Kommando" - Seaplane Testing Command), was carried out from 23 to 26 June 1917 testing various engine off configurations and water-borne handling. Given a qualified clean bill of health, the Rs.II was prepared for a transit flight to Norderney on the North Sea coast to carry out seaworthiness trials.  Due to the recurring problems with the engines and the lack of clean high grade fuel, the Rs.II was required to carry out a practice delivery flight to ensure that the aircraft could reach its destination. During one of these practice flights, number 4 engine back-fired violently and number 1 engine's propeller disintegrated, showering the wings and hull with splinters. With two engines shut-down the pilot throttled back number 2 and 3 engines, gliding to a safe landing. The damage caused by the disintegrating propeller was deemed uneconomical to repair.

The Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II (known incorrectly postwar as the Dornier Rs.II) was a biplane flying boat, designed by Claudius Dornier and built during 1914-15 on the German side of Lake Constance. Initially this aircraft was powered by three engines mounted inside the hull driving three pusher propellers via gearboxes and shafts. The later version was powered by four engines in two push-pull nacelles mounted between the wings.


2000s.

2005.

The festival was started in 2005 unintentionally by the Dutch painter Bart Rouwenhorst in the small Dutch city of Asten. As a painter, he was inspired by artists like Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Gustav Klimt. Both of these artists created dramatic portraits of women, and both artists made famous paintings depicting redheaded women.  To follow in the footsteps of his favourite painters, Rouwenhorst planned an exhibition of fifteen new paintings of redheads. Finding models was problematic, since redheads are rare in the Netherlands where only two percent of the population has natural red hair. To find models, an advertisement was placed in a local newspaper. However, instead of 15, 150 models volunteered.  Not wanting to turn down so many potential models, Rouwenhorst decided to choose 14 models, organise a group photo shoot for remaining redheads, and have a lottery to decide by chance who would be the 15th and final model. Thus began the first Redheadday.  That year, the focus was on red-haired women only, since they were asked to volunteer to pose for the paintings. At the events in later years, the aim was to attract redheaded men as well as women, but still the sexes are not equally distributed. The first meeting attracted 150 natural redheads.

2007.

The second event was organised in 2007, in and around the main church of Breda. On 2 September 2007, 800 redheads including Evelien went to the city. The dress code was white. The festival was opened by the mayor of Breda, unveiling a painting of fifty redheads. The festival poster contained a picture of a redheaded model (Milanne) in a wedding dress. Redheaded children were allowed off school for a week because of this event. This holiday still continues for some schools in The Netherlands.

2008.

On 7 September 2008, about 1,500 to 2,000 redheads from 15 countries went to Breda to celebrate the third Redheadday. The programme consisted of 42 activities, including exhibitions of forty artists. The dress code was black. The programme was multi-lingual for the first time and the press coverage was worldwide. Articles appeared in newspapers from Norway to Hong Kong and Chile. In 2008 some Dutch calendars started noting the first Sunday of September as the official Redheadday, a day honouring redheads. It complements Mothers Day and Father's Day, the celebrations honouring parents.

2009.

The 2009 event took place on Saturday 5 and Sunday 6 September. The location was again the city of Breda. On Saturday, the focus was on visitors from abroad. On Sunday, the main event took place, with the traditional group photo in the main city park of Breda. There were about 50 activities, ranging from large artistic photo shoots by artists, to workshops with children, and lectures on different aspects of red hair.

2010.

The 2010 event took place on Saturday 4 and Sunday 5 September. Again there were about 50 activities, ranging from large artistic photo shoots by artists, to workshops with children, and lectures on different aspects of red hair. This year however, the nature of the event was more international. Program booklets were provided in three languages (Dutch, English and German) and groups of redheads appeared with T-shirts and flags reflecting their home country, like Germany, France and Italy. This year, all hotels in the city center were booked full. The organisation estimated that 4,000 people with natural red hair came from thirty countries. Russian news made a report on the event.

2011.

The 2011 event lasted from Friday September 2 to Sunday September 4. On Friday, an unofficial opening was held for the volunteers and some visitors from the Netherlands, Germany, UK, Ireland and the US. This year, there were more photoshoots. The organisation estimated that despite the forecast rain, the same number of visitors came to Breda, this time from over fifty countries. Russian news made a report on the event again.

2012.

Breda played host to the 7th edition of the Redhead Days from 31 August to 2 September 2012. Due to its large global appeal this festival officially changed its name from the Dutch "Roodharigendag" to the "Redhead Days". The event started with a Kick-off party at the Mezz in Breda on Friday evening 31 August where participants were treated to an abridged version of the documentary "Being Ginger" and a performance by the band "Convoi Exceptional".  The world record for the number of redheads in one place was also broken in this year with a total of 1255 redheads standing together for 10 minutes. According to the organisation approx 4 to 5 thousand from 60 different countries attended the event. The media was represented from around the world including a documentary team from Australia.

2013.

The 8th edition of the Redhead Days took place from 30 August to 1 September 2013. For the first time in this event’s history the activities were partially sponsored by means of crowdfunding. For the second time the festival opened with a kick-off party at the Mezz in Breda during which the film "Trait MC1R" was shown and "Vanessa Voss and Band" performed. The documentary "Being Ginger" in a sold-out Chasse Theatre was shown twice during this year’s event. Once again on Sunday 1 September the 2012 record of "redheads in one place" was broken. Under the watchful eye of an official Guinness Book of Records official the total number of 1,672 redheads in one place was recorded. The organisation confirmed that more than 5,000 redheads from 80 different countries attended the event. Media teams from around the world also attended.

2015.

In 2015 the Redhead Days is celebrating its 10th anniversary and the special theme is Vincent van Gogh. It is exactly 125 years since the Dutch Grand Master’s death. 2015 anniversary edition took place on 4, 5 and 6 September 2015 in Breda.

Redhead Day ("Roodharigendag" in Dutch) is the name of a Dutch summer festival that takes place each first weekend of September in the city of Tilburg, and up to 2018 in the city of Breda, in the Netherlands. The two-day festival, which inaugurated in 2005, is a gathering of people with natural red hair, but is also focused on art related to the colour red.


Inspiration.

The Volta prize was inspired on the earlier French Academy of Sciences Galvanism Prize () created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801. A Grand Prize of 60,000 francs and a medal of 30,000 francs to be given for discoveries similar to those of Volta and Benjamin Franklin. The Grand Prize never found a deserving recipient.  Only four recipients received a secondary reward of 30,000 francs from the Galvanism Prize:  Additionally, the founder of the Volta prize and next Emperor of the French, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III), nephew of Bonaparte, was himself very invested in the development of electric science. He presented his own voltaic pile at the French Academy of Sciences in 1843, made out of a single metal and two acid solutions.

Nomination rules and prize.

The rules of the Volta Prize were decreed by Napoleon III in Paris, on 23 February 1852. The decree contains five articles:  The articles descriptions above are not a literal translation from the original French articles.  The sum of money, 50,000 francs, was approximately $10,000 US dollars at that time (about $ in current dollars), more than five times the annual salary of a Paris Faculty Professor at that time. Between the members of the committee, Edmond Becquerel and Jean-Baptiste Dumas were known to be reporters in certain editions.

Recipients.

All the Volta Prize editions are listed below:  Other minor recognitions were also given to Paul-Gustave Froment for the electric motor, to Auguste Achard for the electric brake, to Gaetan Bonelli for the electric loom, to David Edward Hughes for the printing telegraph, to Giovanni Caselli for the pantelegraph, to Victor Serrin for his lightning system, to Leopold Oudry for galvanoplasty, to Duchenne de Boulogne for the applications of electricity in medicine, to Gaston Planté for a development of a secondary battery, and to for his research on electric currents.

The Volta Prize (French: prix Volta) was originally established by Napoleon III during the Second French Empire in 1852 to honor Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist noted for developing the electric battery. This international prize awarded 50,000 French francs to extraordinary scientific discoveries related to electricity. The prize was instituted by the Ministry of Public Instruction with the personal funding of the French Emperor, the selection committee was usually constituted by members of the French Academy of Sciences.


Background.

In 1983, the Federal Bureau of Investigation recorded several wire tapped conversations of Ralph Scopo extorting money from contractors. Scopo was the president of the Cement and Concrete Workers District Council of the Laborers' International Union of North America from 1977 to April 1985. During this time, Scopo used his position to extort money from cement contractors in New York in return for large construction contracts and labor peace. Contracts between $2 million and $15 million were reserved for a club of contractors called the "Concrete Club", which were selected by The Commission. In return, the contractors gave a two percent kickback of the contract value to The Commission.  Gennaro Langella supervised various labor rackets for the Colombo crime family, including their stake in "Concrete Club", and exerted control over various labor unions, including Cement and Concrete Workers District Council, Local 6A. Anthony Salerno also had hidden controlling interests in S & A Concrete Co. and Transit-Mix Concrete Corp.  In the early 1980s, Anthony Corallo unwittingly provided the government with evidence that would all but end his career. Over the years, Corallo and Salvatore Avellino established a stranglehold on the waste hauling business on Long Island. To gather evidence against Avellino, members of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (OCTF) used undercover informant Robert Kubecka, the owner of a Suffolk County, New York garbage hauling business. Since the 1970s, Kubecka had refused to participate with the mob control of the waste hauling business and had suffered extensive harassment as a result. In 1982, Kubecka agreed to wear a surveillance device during meetings with the mobsters. Although Kubecka was unable to get close to Avellino himself, the information Kubecka gathered eventually persuaded a judge to allow a wire tap on Avellino's home phone in Nissequogue, New York. The home phone tap was also disappointing to the agents; however, it did reveal that Avellino was driving Corallo around all day in Avellino's car.  In 1983, members of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (OCTF) installed an electronic surveillance device inside the dashboard on Avellino's Jaguar while he and his wife were at a dinner dance. Agents then listened to many conversations between Corallo, Avellino, and other mobsters as they drove around the city. From these recorded conversations, OCTF learned the Commission's internal structure, history, and relations with other crime families. These conversations were shared with federal prosecutors and provided them with invaluable evidence against Corallo and other family bosses in the Mafia Commission Trial.

Trial.

Defendants.

The indictments and arrests on February 25, 1985, included nine defendants:  as well as their subordinates,  Added shortly after:

Developments.

On February 25, 1985, nine New York Mafia leaders were indicted for narcotics trafficking, loansharking, gambling, labor racketeering and extortion against construction companies. On July 1, 1985, the original nine men, with the addition of two more New York Mafia leaders, pleaded not guilty to a second set of racketeering charges as part of the trial. Prosecutors aimed to strike at all the crime families at once using their involvement in the Commission. On December 2, 1985, Dellacroce died of cancer. Castellano was later murdered on December 16, 1985.  According to Colombo hitman and FBI informant Gregory Scarpa, Persico and Gambino boss John Gotti backed a plan to kill the lead prosecutor, and future New York mayor, Rudy Giuliani in late 1986, but it was rejected by the rest of the Commission.  In the early 1980s, the Bonanno family were kicked off the Commission due to the Donnie Brasco infiltration, and although Rastelli was one of the men initially indicted, this removal from the Commission actually allowed Rastelli to be removed from the Commission Trial as he was later indicted on separate labor racketeering charges. Having previously lost their seat on the Commission, the Bonannos suffered less exposure than the other families in this case.  When the lawyers for the accused mafiosi reviewed the evidence, they realized their clients' chances at trial were slim. However, when they sounded out possible plea bargain terms, Giuliani demanded that the defendants plead guilty to the stiffest charges in the indictment, which carried sentences that would have all but assured they would die in prison. The seven defense lawyers, as well as Persico's legal adviser (Persico was acting as his own lawyer) then decided to admit that the Mafia and the Commission existed, but argue that membership in the Mafia or being a boss were not in and of themselves evidence of criminal activity. The mafiosi initially balked, believing that it would amount to a violation of the code of omertà. However, the lawyers impressed upon their clients that they could not credibly deny the existence of the Mafia in the face of their own recorded references to it. Ultimately, the mafiosi agreed to this strategy as long as they did not have to personally admit the Mafia existed.  Hence, during his opening statement, Santoro's lawyer, Samuel Dawson, told the jury that there was no question that "the Mafia exists and has members," but asked, "Can you accept that just because a person is a member of the Mafia that doesn't mean he committed the crimes charged in this case?" It was the first admission in open court that the Mafia existed.

Verdicts.

Eight defendants were convicted of racketeering on November 19, 1986, with the exception of Indelicato who was convicted of murder, and were sentenced on January 13, 1987, as follows:  Salerno had initially been billed as the boss of the Genovese family. However, shortly after the trial, Salerno's longtime right-hand man, Vincent "The Fish" Cafaro, turned informant, and told the FBI that Salerno had been a front for the real boss, Vincent "The Chin" Gigante. Cafaro also revealed that the Genovese family had been keeping up this ruse since 1969. However, according to "New York Times" organized crime reporter Selwyn Raab, this would not have jeopardized Salerno's conviction at the Commission Trial or his 100-year sentence. In his book, "Five Families," Raab noted that Salerno had been tried and convicted for specific criminal acts, not for being the Genovese boss.

The Mafia Commission Trial (in full, United States v. Anthony Salerno, et al) was a criminal trial in New York City, United States, that lasted from February 25, 1985, until November 19, 1986. Using evidence obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 11 organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "Five Families," were indicted by United States Attorney Rudolph Giuliani under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder. Eight of them were convicted under RICO, and most of them were sentenced to 100 years in prison on January 13, 1987, the maximum possible sentence under that law.


Life.

Provenance and early years.

Ernst Ludwig Theodor Otto Eger was born at Darmstadt. Gustav Eger (1827–1894), his father, was a professor of Linguistics (""Sprachwissenschaften"") at the (slightly misleadingly named) Technical University of Darmstadt. Gustav Eger died in 1894 which meant Otto was a total orphan: his mother had already died two years earlier. Otto Eger's later upbringing was accordingly supervised by a guardian: his father had already taken care to make available the funds needed to complete the boy's education.

University.

In 1895 Eger embarked on his university studies, attending the universities of Göttingen (one term), Berlin (one term) and, principally, Giessen, which is where he passed his in Jurisprudence. As a student he became a member of the student fraternity ""Akademische Gesellschaft Das Kloster"". He now took a post with the "Legal Preparation Service" (""juristischen Vorbereitungsdienst"") He worked, in parallel, on his doctorate, which was supervised by, and which he received from the University of Giessen in 1899 or 1900. His dissertation concerned "Representation in property acquisition" (""Stellvertretung beim Eigentumserwerb"").

Marriage and family.

He remained in Giessen, according to his own records employed between 1903 and 1908 by the university as a faculty assistant. In 1905 he married Margarete Zöppritz (1880-1973), daughter of the geographer (1838-1885) and, through her mother, a grand daughter of the chemist (1812-1890). The marriage would be followed over time by the births of three recorded children. At the university he was able to pursue his researches in jurispridence and, increasingly, in legal history.

Habiitation, professorships and the war years.

Under the influence of and of, after 1905 his primary focus switched to some of the legal elements in Papyrology. His widely commended work on Egyptian land registration in the Roman period ("Ägyptische Grundbuchwesen in römischer Zeit") earned him his habilitation (under the supervision of ) in 1909 and, having been published in book form, remains relevant for researchers more than a century later. In 1910 Eger accepted a full professorship in Roman Law at the University of Basel where was elected dean of the Jurisprudence Faculty in 1911, and where he served, in 1914, as University Rector. This was also a busy period for Margarete Eger: the couple's three children were born in 1909, 1911 and 1912. War broke out in July 1914. As a reserve officer in the Imperial Army, Eger broke off his academic career to take part in the fighting. It was probably in the summer of 1914 that he received and turned down an invitation to accept an academic post at Prague University, although sources indicate that he took the opportunity to invoke the offer in the context of salary negotiations in Basel.  After suffering serious wounds, he was sent back from the frontline, deemed unfit to serve, in 1916 he returned to Basel and resumed his teaching career. In September 1917, however, he received an offer from his "alma mater" which in April 1918 he accepted. He now remained at Giessen for the rest of his career, in 1920 rejecting a further serious offer, this time from the University of Königsberg. During the so-called Weimar years he served twice as University Rector, in 1923/24 and again in 1930/31.

Weimar years.

War ended in military defeat for Germany in November 1918 and was followed by a succession of revolutions in the ports and cities. With this politically troubled backdrop, the University of Giessen faced difficult times socially and economically. Eger struggled to improve the situation by promoting academic self-government. In 1921 he became the first chairman of the newly formed "Gießener Studentenhilfe e.V." (...student support...) organisation, in response to the urgent needs of the times. In 1929 work started on a new accommodation building in the Leihgesterner Weg which was opened to students in 1931, and continues in use complete with a cafeteria: it was later named the "Otto Egger Hall of Residence" (""Otto Eger Heim""), though more recently, as Otto Eger's political record has been re-evaluated, pressure has grown for a reversal of the naming decision.  During the turbulent postwar years Eger's academic work became, for him, a lesser priority than his administrative responsibilities at the university and, equally notable in retrospect, his political activities. Contemporary legal challenges now took precedence over Roman Law. That was apparent both from the speeches he delivered as University Rector and from the way in which his time was taken up with organisation and mediation, rather than with research work. For the new republican government his position as a resolutely unreformed nationalist placed him firmly beyond the pale. Shortly after the end of the war he set up a in Gießen, recruited from the ranks of disillusioned front-line survivors, now otherwise unemployed. The group planned to participate in the 1920 Kapp Putsch. The government's rapid suppression of the Putsch made this impossible, but it had served to highlight and intensify the political polarisation between traditionalists who saw the new republican government as a foreign imposition, and the large numbers of left wingers from the working and intellectual classes who thought that Germany's best hope now lay with a rerun, on Germany soil, of the still rapidly unfolding October Revolution in the Soviet Union.  The appearance in Gießen a was part of a national phenomenon, with quasi-military "Free Corps" (""Freikorps"") units appearing across the country, manned by former members of the defeated Imperial Army, often set up and led by "traditionalist" former army officers. They varied greatly in terms of organisational effectiveness, but they were united in their loathing of Germany's "republican democratic" government and in their fear of the spectre of Communism on the eastern horizon. Half an hour (by train) to the north was another university city with its own, made up of former soldiers many of whom were now enrolled as university students. Marburg, like Gießen, would have been viewed before the war as a moderate conservative university city - "bourgois" in character, in the term then applied by commentators. The para-military volunteer corps in Marburg had much in common with the one headed up by Otto Eger in Gießen. In March 1920 the Marburg volunteers became infamous because of their involvement, it was said, in the murder of 15 workers in the village of Mechterstädt. The precise facts of the so-called, which took place in the context of political strikes and street fighting, would remain contested. For Otto Eger the incident provided an opportunity to provide practical support to the Marburg volunteers in their time of trouble.  "In his capacity as leader of the Gießen ", he addressed a carefully crafted and detailed letter to the Rector at Marburg University, urging that the university provide support to its students caught up in the affair. Later he had at least one face to face meeting with the Marburg rector to press his point. As a lawyer he urged that all the false reports that would no doubt be dredged up in court proceedings by the workers' lawyers must be very precisely refuted. For many years following the violence of the early 1920s, Otto Eger made himself available as the local contact man for the "persecuted putschists" who had been members of the disbanded (in 1921) "Escherich. And he used the speech opportunities which his rectorship provided to deliver what unsupportive sources identify as "revanchist propaganda".

Hitler years.

For someone with Eger's political background, the power seizure by the National Socialists presented an opportunity. During the first three months of 1933 the new government rapidly transformed the German Republic into a one–party dictatorship. Through his involvement in politically conservative institutions Eger transferred easily into broadly equivalent National Socialist organisations such as the NS People's Welfare (""Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt"") organisation and the NS League of Legal Professionals (""Nationalsozialistischer Rechtswahrerbund""). In 1941, after a long period of hesitation, he also joined the party itself. Long before that, in the "bourgeois" and academic clubs and associations in which he had long been a familiar presence, he was presenting himself as a committed government backer. As an example, a speech he delivered in 1942 at the 150th anniversary celebration of the Gießen Concert Association (""Gießener Konzertverein"") was shot through with all the favoured phrases and slogans from the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment. Many of the doctoral dissertations on Jurisprudence that Eger supervised between 1933 and 1945 were shamelessly supportive of the government's objectives and accompanying "anti-justice" approach to The Law.  During the 1930s Eger also returned to his research work on Legal History. In 1935 he also took over as head of the "William G. Kerckhoff Foundation" (""William G. Kerckhoff-Stiftung"" - subsequently merged into the in Bad Nauheim. However, from 1939 (when he was aged 63) Eger was frequently prevented from teaching by problems with his digestion (""Gallenerkrankung"").  The Second World War brought setbacks and personal tragedy. Otto and Margarete Eger's sons, Heinz and Hans, were killed in action in 1941 and 1944. At the university those teaching staff who had been removed on suspicion of unreliability were not replaced, and by 1944, when much of the fabric of the place was destroyed by bombing, there was already talk of closing down several of German's smaller universities, including Gießen.

Postwar years in the American occupation zone.

After 1945 Otto Eger engaged intensely in university administration. His principal objective, in which he only partially succeeded, was to avoid the permanent closure of the badly degraded university by the. In May 1946 plans were made to receive students later in the year at the redesignated "Justus Liebig Academy for Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine", but it would be only in 1957 that Giessen recovered its university status, offering again a broad range of academic disciplines. By that time Otto Eger had long since died aged 71, following a long illness, in 1949.

Evaluations.

During the decade following his death Eger's attitudes and activities in respect of the National Socialists were obscured. An obituary provided by his former pupil included the simple statement that "developments at the German universities from 1933 caused him to withdraw more and more from his university roles, and to focus on teaching students", making no further mention of Eger's actions during the Hitler years. His entry in the Neue Deutsche Biographie, also written by, and published in 1959, barely mentions the final sixteen years of Eger's life., in an affectionate obituary, also invites his readers to infer that Eger had distanced himself from the Hitler government. That implication takes no account of Eger's pro-government utterances, however, nor of the support for National Socialist philosophy that is disclosed in so many of the doctoral dissertations that he supervised. A number of more recent sources have sought to present a more inclusive view of Otto Eger.  By 1989 the re-evaluation of Eger's reputation was leading to moves to rename the "Otto Egger Hall of Residence" (""Otto-Eger-Heim""). A student "working group" in respect of the matter was in place between 2009 and 2012. The "Gießener Studentenhilfe e.V." of which Otto Eger served as the first chairman in 1921 had subsequently been relaunched with a new name as "Studentenwerks Gießen", retained responsibility for the huilding: in 2015 the organisation's ruling council finally agreed to rename the "Otto Egger Hall of Residence", which now became the "Mildred Harnack-Fish House" (""Mildred-Harnack-Fish-Haus""), honouring Mildred Harnack, an American-German resistance fighter executed in February 1943.

Otto Eger (19 October 1877 - 11 April 1949) was a German jurist and legal historian. As a professor at the University of Giessen (and undertaking, more briefly, an eight year professorship at Basel), during the first half of the twentieth century, he was an influential teacher of several generations of legal scholars. He served terms as University Rector at both institutions. A committed nationalist, he backed National socialism which, in his judgement, opened up opportunities for revanchists who still hoped to find ways to undo the destruction of the Bismarckian German state in 1918/1919. More than six decades after his death Otto Eger remained a controversial figure, due to his engagement with the Nazi régime.


Education.

Walls gained a BSc in physics and mathematics and a first class honours MSc in physics at the University of Auckland. He then went to Harvard University as a Fulbright Scholar, obtaining his PhD in 1969. He was supervised by Roy J. Glauber who was later awarded a Nobel prize in 2005.

Career and research.

After holding postdoctoral research positions in Auckland and Stuttgart, Walls became a senior lecturer in physics at the University of Waikato in 1972, where he became professor in 1980. Together with his colleague Crispin Gardiner, during the next 25 years he established a major research centre for theoretical quantum optics in New Zealand and built active and productive collaborations with groups throughout the world.  In 1987 he moved to the University of Auckland as professor of theoretical physics.  His major research interests centred on the interaction and similarities between light and atoms. He was notable for his wide-ranging expertise in relating theory to experiment, and was involved in all major efforts to understand non-classical light. A seminal paper by Walls with his first graduate student Howard Carmichael, showed how to create antibunched light, in which photons arrive at regular intervals, rather than randomly.  Walls was a pioneer in the study of ways that the particle-like nature of light (photons) could be controlled to make optical systems less susceptible to unwanted fluctuations, in particular by the use of squeezed light, a concept formulated by Carlton Caves. In squeezed light, some fluctuations can be made very small provided other fluctuations are correspondingly large.  He made major contributions to the theory of quantum measurement such as those involving Albert Einstein's"which-path" experiment, and the quantum nondemolition measurement. Walls also used a simple field theoretical approach to explain and corroborate Dirac's description of photon interference and in particular Dirac's statement "that a photon interferes only with itself."  In the later stages of his career he focused his research efforts on the theoretical aspects of the newly created state of matter, the Bose–Einstein condensate (BECs). Some of his contributions in the field include the prediction of the interference signature of quantized vortices, and the collapses and revivals of the Josephson coupled BECs.

Awards and honours.

Walls was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1992. Walls was also elected Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Royal Society of New Zealand (FRSNZ). In 1995 he was awarded the Dirac Prize for theoretical physics.  The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum Technology, a New Zealand Centre of Research excellence based in the University of Otago, was named after Jack Dodd and Dan Walls in recognition of their pioneering roles in establishing New Zealand's as an internationally recognised standing in Photonics, Quantum Optics and Ultra-Cold atoms.

Personal life.

Walls died of cancer at hospital, in Auckland, aged 57.

Daniel Frank Walls FRS (13 September 1942 – 12 May 1999) was a New Zealand theoretical physicist specialising in quantum optics.


Life.

Born in Radom, moved to Warsaw where studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 defended doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). Since 1935 director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum.  He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991.  In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences.  He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba.  Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Stanisław Lorentz (28 April 1899 – 15 March 1991) was Polish scholar of museology and history of art. Director of the National Museum in Warsaw in the years 1936-1982, deputy to Sejm - the Polish Parliament (1965–69), an UNESCO expert for the protection of monuments and historic sites.


Name.

Often assumed to be named after Larz Anderson, the bridge was actually built by him as a memorial to his father, Nicholas Longworth Anderson. To do so, Anderson was helped by the huge family fortune of his wife, Isabel Weld Perkins. According to the Metropolitan Park Commission of 1913:

Construction.

The bridge was designed by the architectural firm of Wheelwright, Haven and Hoyt and completed under the direction of John R. Rablin, chief engineer for the Metropolitan District Commission.

Rehabilitation.

From 2012 to 2016 MassDOT rehabilitated the Anderson Memorial Bridge at a cost of $25million.. The project repaired the arches and replaced the parapets, sidewalks, lighting, and the bridge deck. The bridge now has three lanes of traffic (two northbound and one southbound) and one bicycle lane.

Characteristics.

Anderson Memorial Bridge is constructed of reinforced concrete accented by red brick. The bridge's spandrel walls and panels are fashioned to give the illusion of rough-hewn stone. It has a Georgian Revival design with neoclassical influences that visually connect it to the other bridges that span the Charles as well as the nearby buildings of Harvard University. Architectural author Douglas Shand-Tucci writes:  The bridge stands next to the Weld Boathouse and was designed with "a high enough arch to admit the passage of all sorts of pleasure craft." It may be noted that both the bridge and the boathouse (built in 1906) were funded by heirs to the fortune of 19th century magnate William Fletcher Weld.

In literature.

Anderson Memorial Bridge is the site of Quentin Compson's suicide in William Faulkner's classic novel "The Sound and the Fury." This is commemorated by a small brass plaque, the size of one brick, that is located on the brick wall of the Eastern (Weld Boathouse) side of the bridge, just North of the middle of the bridge span, about eighteen inches from the ground in a small alcove. It reads:  "QUENTIN COMPSON  Drowned in the odour of honeysuckle.  1891-1910"

Anderson Memorial Bridge (commonly but incorrectly called Larz Anderson Bridge) connects Allston, a neighborhood of Boston, and Cambridge. The bridge stands on the site of the Great Bridge built in 1662, the first structure to span the Charles River. It brings Boston traffic (from North Harvard Street) into Harvard Square (via JFK Street) and was finished in 1915.


Early life and education.

James Packer was born in Sydney, the son of philanthropist Roslyn (née Weedon) and media mogul Kerry Packer. His grandfather was the media proprietor Sir Frank Packer.  Packer was educated at Cranbrook School in Bellevue Hill, Sydney. After obtaining the Higher School Certificate (HSC) at Cranbrook, he began working at his father's extensive Newcastle Waters cattle station in the Barkly Tableland of the Northern Territory, where he was a jackeroo. Packer has stated he did not attend university as he "didn't have the marks".  His mentors, he has said, include his father and corporate executive Albert J. Dunlap.

Career.

Packer is the major shareholder and a director of Crown Resorts Limited, one of Australia's largest casino groups. In October 2017, Crown's market capitalisation was over 8 billion. Every year Crown's Australian resorts attract over 31 million visits.

Early internet investments.

Following the dotcom crash of 2000–2001, Packer acquired stakes in the online classified sites SEEK and Carsales.com, believing that newspaper companies relying heavily on classified advertising were vulnerable to online companies in categories including employment and vehicle listings.  Packer purchased a 25% stake in SEEK for 33 million in August 2003. He sold most of his stake six years later for 440 million. At Packer's urging, the magazine group then controlled by his family, Australian Consolidated Press, acquired a 41% stake in online advertiser Carsales in October 2005. The deal, initially valued at 100 million, was eventually worth 462 million to Packer-controlled entities.

Selling Channel Nine.

In March 2006, Packer began discussing whether to sell Channel Nine and the Australian Consolidated Press magazine group to help fund his move into the international gaming and tourism business. Given changes in media due to the Internet and pay-TV, Packer was concerned about the future of free-to-air television. On 17 October 2006, Packer's team finalised a deal to sell 50% of the media assets—which also included a 50% stake in web portal Ninemsn and a 51% stake in Carsales—to private equity group CVC Asia Pacific for 4.5 billion, plus an additional A$1 billion in equity in the new company, which would be called PBL Media.  In June 2007, Packer sold another 25% share of the joint-venture PBL Media to CVC for $515 million. In October 2008, Packer wrote down his final 25% stake in PBL Media to zero. By the end of 2012, debt from CVC's acquisition had overwhelmed Channel Nine and US hedge funds ousted CVC, taking complete ownership.

One.Tel.

Packer was a director of Australian Telecommunications company One.Tel, which was declared insolvent during May 2001. The collapse of One.Tel cost PBL 327 million. Packer admitted at a PBL annual general meeting that he had learned "painful lessons" from the collapse of One.Tel. Later at the liquidator's inquiry over the collapse he denied that he was apologising for his own personal conduct; instead, he claimed, "I was making an apology for accepting the bona fides of Mr. Rich and a Mr. Heaney, and the executive directors of One.Tel."  In April 2014, Lachlan Murdoch and Packer agreed to a 40 million settlement over the One.Tel failure. The settlement was approved by the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 17 April 2014, with 14.93 million to be paid by the Packer family's Consolidated Press Holdings, 11.77 million to be paid by Packer's Crown Resorts and 13.3 million to be paid by News Corp.

Crown Resorts Limited.

Since his father's death, Packer has moved away from the family's traditional media businesses and focused on creating a worldwide gambling empire: Crown Resorts. Crown is one of Australia's largest gambling and resort groups. It has businesses and investments in the integrated resort and casino sectors in Australia and Macau, and wholly owns and operates a high-end casino in London, Crown Aspinall's. In October 2017, Crown's market capitalization was over $8 billion. Crown's two Australian resorts, Crown Melbourne and Crown Perth, feature over 2,750 hotel rooms, villas, gambling areas, resort pools, spas, restaurants and retail, convention centres and live entertainment venues. Every year Crown's Australian resorts and casinos attract over 31 million visits. Over one third of Crown's revenue in fiscal 2016 was estimated to be generated from international visitors, mostly from Asia. Crown announced investment of over 4.1 billion between fiscal 2007 and fiscal 2017, to upgrade and open new attractions at its Australian resorts, including the significant development A$2 billion Crown Sydney Hotel Resort which is expected to open in 2020.  In 2009, Crown lost 250 million in failed casino investment company in the US, Fontainebleau Resorts. Crown also paid 242 million for a stake in Station Casinos which is now considered almost worthless.  As at 30 June 2013, Crown held a 33.7% equity interest in MCE. Crown's initial investment in Melco Crown Entertainment was 600 million, the market cap of Crown's investment as at 30 October 2013, was 6.2 billion. At Crown's annual meeting in October 2013 Packer said "Crown's investment through our partnership with Melco International Development has now grown to be one of the largest Australian joint-venture partnerships operating inside China". Crown completed the sell down of this investment in May 2017.  Betfair Australasia was formed as a 50/50 joint venture between Crown Resorts and Betfair Group plc. In August 2014, Crown Resorts announced it had acquired Betfair Group plc's 50% equity interest in Betfair Australasia Pty Limited (Betfair Australasia) for consideration of $10 million.  In 2011, Packer's ASX-listed Crown Limited acquired a 100% interest in Aspinall's Club in London, developed through a joint venture between Crown and Packer's family friend, Damian Aspinall, the son of John Aspinall. Crown has since rebranded Aspinall's Club to Crown Aspinall's.  Together with Damian Aspinall, Packer's Crown Resorts holds a 50% equity interest in a group of casino complexes in the UK called Aspers, which operate four regional casinos in Newcastle upon Tyne, Stratford, East London, Milton Keynes and Northampton. Packer's bid for a UK "supercasino" based in Cardiff fell through when only one licence was granted, to the northern city of Manchester.  In December 2014, Crown Resorts signed a deal with Matthew Tripp, which gave Crown Resorts control over Tripp's online betting platform, CrownBet, formerly known as BetEasy. In April 2016 CrownBet pleaded guilty to five counts of breaching laws by publishing illegal betting advertising that offered inducements for NSW residents to gamble. According to the NSW Department of Justice, CrownBet "sought to have the matters finalised without conviction in Downing Centre Local Court... but Magistrate Joanne Keogh said convictions were necessary for general deterrence to others in the industry and to protect the vulnerable. CrownBet was convicted of the five offences and ordered to pay a total of $10,500 in fines and also ordered to pay... legal costs of $10,000."  On 21 March 2018, Packer resigned as executive chairman of Crown Resorts.

Other business activities.

Packer purchased an 18% stake in Network Ten in 2010, quickly offloading half to Lachlan Murdoch. Three months later after a dispute with Murdoch over a senior management appointment Packer resigned his Network Ten board seat. There was also speculation that Packer resigned due to a conflict of interest with his interests in Consolidated Media Holdings. Following the implementation of CBS's restructure of Network Ten announced in August 2017, Packer will no longer have an interest in Network Ten.  In late May 2011, Packer made a reported 80 million investment in daily deals sites Scoopon and Catch of the Day through a partnership between his Consolidated Press Holding and several other investors, including Andrew Bassat, a co-founder of Seek.com.au.  In December 2012, Packer and producer-filmmaker Brett Ratner formed a joint venture, RatPac Entertainment. The first film financed by RatPac was a major success. "Gravity", a space thriller directed by Alfonso Cuaron and starring Sandra Bullock and George Clooney, generated the strongest-ever October opening in the US and took box office receipts of more than 100 million in its first five days.  "We all know it [producing movies] is a high-risk business and when your first movie starts like this all you can say is 'thank you'", Packer said. Packer sold his investment in RatPac for an undisclosed amount in April 2017. According to "Filmink" "Who knows what sort of legacy James Packer is going to leave when he shuffles off this mortal coil, but I maintain the films he helped finance...will stand out among the more positive achievements."  In October 2014, Packer bought out Peter Holmes à Court's 37.5% share of the ownership of South Sydney Rabbitohs NRL club, becoming Russell Crowe's partner in the venture.  In late 2016, Israeli Police started looking into reports that Packer gave members of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's family gifts and benefits. Packer, who is trying to gain residency in Israel, has taken the first step and registered with Israeli tax authorities. In February 2018, Packer was mentioned in an Israeli Police report recommending the prosecution of Netanyahu on corruption charges for accepting bribes, and acting against the interests of the state of Israel. Packer is mentioned in the report to have provided Netanyahu and his family members with champagne, cigars, jewelry and clothing valued at approximately US$100,000. In May 2019, Packer sold half of his stake in Crown Resorts to Lawrence Ho.

Wealth.

Packer first appeared on various wealth lists in 2006, following the death of his father the previous year and the intergeneration transfer of the bulk of Kerry Packer's wealth to his son, James. James Packer's wealth was valued at 7.25 billion. A television report on 21 June 2007 alleged that Packer had lost in excess of 1 billion over the previous six months in 2007 due to poor investment decisions and falling profits. The 2008 "BRW" Rich 200 listed Packer as the third-richest person in Australia with a personal wealth of 6.1 billion, behind Fortescue Metals Group chief executive Andrew Forrest and Westfield Group's Frank Lowy. That was the first time in 21 years that a member of the Packer family had not topped the list. According to "BRW", Packer's wealth dipped to an estimated 3 billion during 2009. In its 2013 "BRW Rich 200" list, Packer was ranked third with his wealth estimated at 6.0 billion, a boost of 1.1 billion on the previous year. In the 2014 wealth rankings by "BRW", Packer's wealth was assessed at 7.19 billion, making him the third-richest Australian. In 2015 "BRW" Rich 200, Packer's net worth was assessed at 6.08 billion, making him the seventh-richest Australian.  In January 2009, "The Sunday Telegraph" reported that due to ongoing financial problems, Packer's wealth dropped to under 3 billion; also reporting that Packer listed for sale his Mangusta yacht and delayed the purchase of a Boeing business jet. Yet by mid-2010, it was reported that Packer owned a number of assets including "Ellerston Z" (a superyacht), "Arctic P" (a luxury cruise ship and former ice-breaker), a private jet, a 12-seater Sikorsky S-76 helicopter, and a variety of cars including an Aston Martin DB9 coupe. , "Forbes" magazine estimated Packer's wealth at 3.6 billion, down from the 6.60 billion published by "Forbes" in their 2014 list of the richest people in Australia. In the 2017 "Forbes" list of the 50 Richest Australians, Packer's net worth was assessed at 3.9 billion, making him the ninth-richest Australian.

Personal life.

Packer owns residential property in and in, in Sydney's eastern suburbs. The Packer family also have pastoral property holdings in, called "Ellerston Station", and, since 2018, owned by his sister, Gretel.  Packer was engaged to actress Kate Fischer until the couple separated in 1998 after five years together and a two-year engagement.  Packer married Jodhi Meares at his home in Bellevue Hill, Sydney in October 1999; the relationship lasted two years, and the couple separated in 2002.  Following the breakdown of his first marriage, and the development of a friendship with the actor Tom Cruise, Packer began attending the Church of Scientology in Australia, taking courses on the Church's Dundas business centre in 2002. He subsequently confirmed his involvement with Scientology, saying he had found it "helpful". He later distanced himself from the church.  Packer later married part-time model and singer Erica Baxter, whom he wed in the equivalent of a civil ceremony on 20 June 2007. The wedding was at the Antibes town hall, and the second ceremony took place at Hotel du Cap – Eden Roc in Cap d'Antibes on the French Riviera. Together, Packer and Baxter have three children: daughter Indigo, born 27 July 2008, son Jackson Lloyd, born 1 February 2010, and daughter Emmanuelle Sheelah, born 22 September 2012. According to The Hollywood Reporter, Packer met struggling actress in November 2012 when she was 20 and Packer was 45, and the two embarked on a relationship. In September 2013 James and Erica Packer announced they were separating.  Packer was involved in a public physical brawl at Bondi Beach in 2014 with David Gyngell, a long-term friend and head of Channel Nine. Gyngell and Packer were both fined $500 for offensive behaviour over the incident.  Packer and the American singer Mariah Carey became engaged in January 2016, but had broken up by October. At the time it was alleged that the break up was a result of Carey's extravagant spending and rows over the singer's reality show Mariah's World, but Packer later said that the relationship had just been a "mistake" for both sides. In November 2017, Packer paid Carey a multi-million dollar settlement, in response to a lawsuit pursued by Carey citing an "inconvenience fee".  In 2019, James Packer was dating Kylie Lim.

Philanthropy.

James Packer is the founder and engineer of both the Packer Family Foundation and Crown Resorts Foundation. In July 2014, the Foundations launched their $200 million National Philanthropic Fund which is one of Australia’s largest philanthropic commitments.  According to the two foundations, they are working together to promote Indigenous education opportunities, the arts and culture, and partnerships with organisations that encourage and foster social cohesion. Underlying these priorities are learning, accessibility and engagement outcomes for young Australians – staying engaged with school and learning is the key to long-term positive outcomes, and this is the approach and message that the partner organisations are delivering.

James Douglas Packer (born 8 September 1967) is an Australian billionaire businessman and investor. Packer is the son of Kerry Packer, a media mogul, and his wife, Roslyn Packer. He is the grandson of Sir Frank Packer. He inherited control of the family company, Consolidated Press Holdings Limited, as well as investments in Crown Resorts and other companies. He is the former executive chairman of Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL) and Consolidated Media Holdings, which predominantly owned media interests across a range of platforms, and a former executive chairman of Crown Resorts.


Ceremony.

At exactly 9.53 pm, the Chief Yeoman Warder, dressed in Tudor watchcoat and bonnet, and carrying a candle lantern, leaves the Byward Tower and falls in with the Escort to the Keys, a military escort made up of armed members of the Tower of London Guard. The Warder passes his lantern to a soldier, and marches with his escort to the outer gate. The sentries on duty salute the Queen’s Keys as they pass.  The Warder first locks the outer gate and then the gates of the Middle and Byward Towers. The Warder and escort march down Water Lane, until they reach the Bloody Tower archway where a sentry challenges the party to identify themselves:  The Warder and escort march down to the foot of Broadwalk Steps where the main Tower Guard is drawn up to meet them. The party halts, and the officer in charge gives the command to present arms. The Chief Warder steps forward, doffs his bonnet, and proclaims:  On the answering “Amen” the clock of the Waterloo Barracks strikes 10pm and the Last Post is sounded, marking the end of the ceremony.  The Guard is dismissed, and the Chief Warder takes the keys to the Queen's House for safekeeping overnight.

History.

The origins of the ceremony are unknown. It may have begun during the Middle Ages, and it is often stated that a ceremony in some form has been held since the 14th century. Written instructions that the keys should be placed in a safe place by a Tower officer, after securing the gates, date back to the 16th century. In its current form the ceremony is likely to date to the 19th century when the institution of the Yeomen Warders was reformed by the then Constable of the Tower, the Duke of Wellington.  The ceremony has never been cancelled, and has been delayed only on a single occasion due to enemy action during the Second World War.  During much of the First World War, the Honourable Artillery Company (HAC) provided the Tower garrison but in 1919 after handing back the Tower Guard to the Foot Guards, the HAC’s 3rd Battalion presented a lantern to the Yeomen Warders on the 12 May 1919 as a mark of friendship during their time on duty. The lamp was used for the ceremony of the keys that night and every night ever since.

Access.

Between 40 and 50 visitors are allowed access to the ceremony each night, under escort. Tickets are free but must be obtained in advance from Historic Royal Palaces, the organisation that looks after the Tower. The event is usually sold out at least 12 months in advance.

The Ceremony of the Keys is an ancient ritual, held every evening at the Tower of London, when the main gates are locked for the night. It is said to be the oldest military ceremony in the world, and is the best-known ceremonial tradition of the Tower.