Band history.

Formation (2004–2005).

Frost* was formed in September 2004, by songwriter, producer and musician Jem Godfrey - better known to the wider world for his work creating chart-topping pop hits for bands including Atomic Kitten - when he made a conscious decision to return to his own musical past writing and playing progressive music, in the band Freefall.  After writing and recording material on his own for several months, and listening to a broad selection of contemporary progressive music, Godfrey first approached John Mitchell of Arena, The Urbane and Kino, (and currently lead guitarist and singer for It Bites). Mitchell then introduced Godfrey to John Jowitt (also of Arena, and additionally IQ and Jadis), subsequently leading to meeting Andy Edwards (ex Robert Plant and IQ). John Boyes, Godfrey's former band-mate in Freefall in the 1990s, and from the band Rook, had already performed significant rhythm guitar work on the early recordings. With the lineup in place, recording of the first album was completed during winter 2005.  When asked in an interview why there is an asterisk next to the band name, Godfrey replied "That is a serving suggestion; if you get to put it on it means'serve chilled'! or'may contain nuts'!"

"Milliontown" (2006).

Frost*'s first album was named after the 26 minute long final track, "Milliontown," inspired by the book "The Apprentice" by Gordon Houghton. The album was released in the United States on 18 July 2006 and in Europe on 24 July. The band went on a brief tour to play a selection from the album, supporting Pallas on a four date tour of the Netherlands and Germany in October 2006.

Dissolution, rebirth, "Experiments In Mass Appeal" (2006–2009).

Shortly after returning from the tour, Godfrey announced - by way of an article on the band's blog on MySpace on the 29th of the month (since removed), and reiterated by InsideOut in a bulletin on the same site two days later (expired) - that due to his increasing professional and personal commitments elsewhere, Frost* would be dissolved after fulfilling four remaining concert dates. It later emerged that an appearance at the RoSfest in 2007, in America - which was the final scheduled date - had been cancelled. The final appearance of Frost* for the time being, in support of their album "Milliontown", was back-up for The Flower Kings at The Scala in Kings Cross, London, on 10 December 2006.  However, in early 2007, Godfrey revived the band name and wrote in his blog about writing material for a second Frost* album. Following the band's reformation, Godfrey recruited Declan Burke of Darwin's Radio to contribute vocals and guitars on the follow-up album, "Experiments in Mass Appeal" which was released worldwide on 17 November 2008. Throughout 2008 Godfrey posted several videos on YouTube called "Frost* Reports," under the user name Planetfrost. In between the recording in early 2008, Frost* supported Spock's Beard for a small tour.  In November 2008, Andy Edwards announced that due to his new job as a college lecturer he would no longer play live with the band, although he might be involved in future recording work. In January 2009, Nick D'Virgilio of Spock's Beard was announced as guest drummer for Frost*'s performance in May at RoSfest 2009.  In May 2009, John Jowitt announced his departure from the band. With gigs scheduled in support of Dream Theater, Jem announced bass duties would be handled by Level 42 guitarist Nathan King, with Andy Edwards briefly rejoining the band for these dates.  On 29 May 2009, Jem announced via AudioBoo that a live Frost* album, recorded at RoSfest 2009, would be titled "The Philadelphia Experiment". Excerpts from that performance were released as a limited edition EP, titled "FrostFest Live CD", including a new song called "The Forget You Song", recorded at Godfrey's home studio The Cube in East Sussex.  Subsequent to RoSfest, Dec Burke left the band. Jem Godfrey, John Mitchell and Nathan King performed some low key gigs as a drummerless trio before recruiting new drummer Craig Blundell.

"The Dividing Line", "Indefinite" Hiatus (2010–2011).

On 2 February 2010, Jem announced via his blog that he had been invited to participate in the 10th anniversary party of The Dividing Line Broadcast Network, Vancouver, British Columbia's internet-based progressive rock radio station. Godfrey accepted, and, to thank them for their support of Frost*, tasked himself to write and record a new Frost* song, aptly titled, "The Dividing Line," to be completed within the eight weeks then remaining until the party.  Godfrey gathered not only fellow Frost* mates John Mitchell (It Bites), Andy Edwards, Dec Burke and Nathan King, but also enlisted the talents of Tara Busch, Mark "madfiddler" Knight, Lyndon Connah and original Frost* guitarist, John Boyes, for the one-off project. A special Frost* Report, Dividing Line edition, was posted on Godfrey's blog, as well as PlanetFrost*, the band's YouTube channel, providing a video chronicle of the song's status.  Jem announced on 31 March on the Frost* forum that the track was completed and would be included as a bonus track on the 2-disc live album, "The Philadelphia Experiment". "The Dividing Line" premiered during The Dividing Line's 10th anniversary broadcast on Saturday, 3 April 2010.  Frost* played a small number of shows in the U.K. in December 2010. On 1 March 2011, Godfrey announced that he had put the band on indefinite hiatus. He stated that the main reasons for his decision were that he felt uncomfortable as the band leader, and that the increased workload from running the band was having a negative impact on his health.

Return of Frost*, third studio album "Falling Satellites" (2011–2018).

On 16 September 2011, Godfrey announced via his blog that Frost* would once again be returning for a third album, stating "As yet I have no idea of the form, shape, personnel or sound of this new album, but it will definitely be Frost* shaped. I'll once again be making Frost* reports available online during the process and it'll no doubt be a bloody madhouse throughout, but that's Frost*". The band performed a sold-out Christmas show at the House of Progression, Kingston upon Thames on 16 December 2011.  On 12 May 2013, Frost* played at Celebr8.2 Prog Festival at the Hippodrome. In December 2013 Frost* released "The Rockfield Files", a CD/DVD package documenting "live in studio" performances of older material plus then-new piece "Heartstrings", recorded at Rockfield Studios (Monmouth, Wales UK) in early January 2013.  In May 2015, Godfrey announced on Facebook that a new Frost* album was in progress – “New album underway. JM, CB and NK all in. Release scheduled for ’16. Writing nearly complete. Recording in Autumn”. Writing was completed in late October 2015; recording began in December and was completed on February 17, 2016.  On 17 January 2016, Godfrey announced the new album would be called ‘Falling Satellites’, and later announced a U.K. tour for June/July 2016 to promote the new album. The tour included an appearance on the Prog Stage at the 2016 Ramblin Man Fair, Mote Park, Maidstone, Kent, UK on Saturday 23 July 2016, playing a cut-down set of four songs.  "Falling Satellites" was released on 27 May 2016. The band's first ever official music video (for the track 'Numbers') debuted shortly after on 31 May 2016. Additional dates were performed in 2017, including that year's "Cruise To The Edge" and an appearance at Dingwalls in London that was recorded for future video release (tentatively titled "Failing Satellite").

Departure of Craig Blundell, "Others" EP and fourth studio album (2019–present).

Frost* once again performed on the 2019 Cruise To The Edge (with Nick D'Virgilio filling in for Craig Blundell), along with a small number of dates in Canada in March.  On May 15, 2019, it was announced that drummer Craig Blundell had left the band due to scheduling conflicts caused by being entirely too successful.  In July 2019, Godfrey announced that Frost* will release an EP titled "Others", comprising six older, previously unfinished tracks recorded with either Andy Edwards or Craig Blundell on drums. In September 2019, the band shared three tracks from this forthcoming EP on Soundcloud, 'Exhibit A', 'Fathom' and'Postcard'. The Others EP was released through InsideOut Music on June 5 2020.  Starting 16 September 2019, Godfrey and John Mitchell spent a week in Cornwall working on material for the band's fourth studio album. "Podcasts" of the two conversing were recorded each evening at area pubs and uploaded on Soundcloud.

Frost* is an English neo progressive rock supergroup, formed in 2004 by Jem Godfrey and members of Arena, Kino, and IQ. Frost* released their first studio album, "Milliontown", in 2006, before splitting up. In 2008, Godfrey reformed Frost*, adding Darwin's Radio vocalist and guitarist, Declan Burke, to the lineup, and released their second album, "Experiments in Mass Appeal". The band disbanded again in 2011, to reunite later in September, after a brief hiatus.


History.

On 26 November 1994, at "Fire with Fire: The Feminist Forum" held at the Sydney Town Hall, Joan Kirner mentioned the plan currently before the ALP National Executive to introduce an Australian version of the US Emily's List.  In 1994, the ALP National Conference passed an "Affirmative Action" Rule requiring that women be pre-selected in 35 per cent of winnable seats, in all elections, by 2002. This was at the same time as passing of the Affirmative Action (Equal Employment Opportunity for Women) Act 1986. In 1995 the ALP decided to form an internal version of EMILY's List, and in 1996 Kirner established EMILY's List Australia outside the party. with the aim of attaining 45% female membership in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.  The name EMILY comes from its United States equivalent and is an acronym for "Early Money Is Like Yeast" from the political saying, "Early money is like yeast, because it helps to raise the dough".  In the 2004 Federal Election campaign EMILY's List donated a total of $100,000 to candidates. Research conducted by EMILY's List and submitted to the Labor Party's national executive stated that Labor women regarded then health spokeswoman Julia Gillard as the best performer during the campaign, with then Prime Minister John Howard in second place. Of Mark Latham their submission stated; "the most common themes were: perceived aggression, concern he had been watered down for the campaign, inexperience, constantly going on about background, glib answers, bully boy tactics of the past."  In the 2010 Federal Election campaign EMILY's List undertook Gender Gap research in six key marginal seats and undertook a targeted campaign incorporating materials along the themes of 'We Can't Trust Tony', 'Let's Make History' and 'Torpedo the Speedo'.  In the 2012 Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory elections, for the first time EMILY's List endorsed every female Labor Party candidate contesting those elections.  Australia's first female Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, was a founding member of EMILY's List Australia and assisted to prepare their initial constitution. She presented the Inaugural EMILY's List Oration at Parliament House, Canberra in September 2011.

Organisational structure.

EMILY's List Australia is run by a National Committee which includes parliamentarians, volunteers and women unionists. Although it is a partisan organisation, is not controlled by the formal structures of the ALP. At the State and Territory level there are "Action Groups" (ELAG) which have their own organisational structures. South Australian Senator Anne McEwen and Victorian lawyer, poet and writer Tanja Kovac are currently the National Co-convenors.

EMILY's List Australia is a political network in Australia that supports progressive women candidates seeking election to political office. EMILY's List Australia was inspired by EMILY's List, a Political Action Committee with similar goals in the United States.


Biography.

Fisher was originally named ', and also known as ', which translated into English as "George Fisher". He was born to Serbian parents in Székesfehérvár, Hungary in April 1795. Following his father's death Đorđe was sent to the Serbian Orthodox Church seminary in Sremski Karlovci, to train as a priest. He left in 1813 to join the Serbian revolutionary forces during the First Serbian Uprising. He traveled to Philadelphia in the United States in 1814 before heading to Mexico. In 1825, Fisher helped found the first York Rite Masonic Lodge in Mexico. He became a naturalized Mexican citizen in 1829 and contracted to settle five hundred families on lands in Texas formerly held by Haden Edward.  Fisher later was in charge of a customs house at the far north end of Galveston Bay, succeeding the very unpopular John Davis Bradburn in this post. Fisher demanded that all ships landing at the mouth of the Brazos River pay their customs duties to him at Anahuac. This was a great hardship to area boat captains due to the great distances between that port and other Texas seaports. Fisher was forced to resign his post in early 1832 after a military confrontation with Texian settlers.  Later that year, Fisher began publishing the liberal newspaper "Mercurio del Puerto de Matamoros" in Matamoros. On October 13, 1835, Fisher and José Antonio Mexía organized a movement in New Orleans to attack Tampico and instigate a revolt among the eastern states of Mexico.  In 1837, he became a commission agent in Houston, in the Republic of Texas, and served as justice of the peace in 1839. Fisher was admitted to the bar in 1840 and was elected to the Houston city council. In 1843 he became a major in the Texas militia.  He traveled to Panama in 1850 and on to California in 1851. In 1853 while he was still Secretary for the Land Commission, he may have gone to Washington. For there was printed in two and later three volumes "Portraits and Memoirs of Eminent Americans", in which a biographical sketch of Fisher appears as the sole entry from the state of California. It was written by the editor John Livingston, a New York lawyer.  Fisher's story aroused interest also in Europe as evidenced by many articles published in several European countries. The well-known Munich magazine of the epoch "Das Ausland", of July, 1843, using material out of John Lloyd Stephens book which had appeared in London at the beginning of 1843 published several articles in sequence on this "adventurous Serb."  Fisher continued to serve in various civic and administrative posts in San Francisco from 1860 to 1870 until retirement. Soon after retiring, he was appointed by the King of Greece as Consul for that nation.  Fisher was married four times. He died in San Francisco on June 11, 1873.

References.

1. Parmenter, Mary Fisher, Walter Russel Fisher, Lawrence Edward Mallette "The Life of George Fisher". Jacksonville, Florida: The H. & W.B. Drew Company. 1959<br> 2. Slavkovic, A. B. " The Immigrant. The Judge Fisher Story. " Pittsburgh, PA: White Angel Media. 2006 3. John Livingston: https://books.google.ca/books?id=36F9yDts_xoC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=john+Livingston,+a+new+york+lawyer+and+editor+of+Portraits+of+Eminent+Americans&source=bl&ots=Hu7e_UkzlO&sig=OBKYrfHRjeyahTin-Tuu6qiBh0s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxzc_pqrrRAhWU0YMKHUp9BMwQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=john%20Livingston%2C%20a%20new%20york%20lawyer%20and%20editor%20of%20Portraits%20of%20Eminent%20Americans&f=false

George (Jorge) Fisher (April 30, 1795 – June 11, 1873) was a customs officer and early leader of the Texas Revolution.


Biography.

Born in Lyon, he initially trained there designing patterns for silk. In 1889 he moved to Paris to enroll at the Académie Julian. There he met Paul Ranson, Louis Valtat, and Georges d'Espagnat. He also associated with the group known as Les Nabis which included Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis, Vallotton, Marquet and Signac.  In 1894, he exhibited five paintings at the Salon des Indépendants where he caught the eye of Renoir. Despite their age difference, a solid friendship united them until Renoir's death in 1919, providing André with guidance in his career. Through Renoir's art dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel, André was able to sell many of his paintings in the United States through the Durand-Ruel Galleries. Between 1895 and 1901, he exhibited at the Salon des Cent, the Salon des Indépendants, the Exposition d'Art Nouveau, the Salon d'Automne, and, in 1904, at the Salon de la Libre Esthétique in Brussels. In 1912, Durand-Ruel enabled André to exhibit his work in New York City and in 1913, he was selected to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Libre Esthétique in Brussels, showcasing works on a theme of southern France. He would later showcase his works many times in New York City, as in 1930.  Demobilized from World War I in 1917, he moved to Marseille and then to the village of Laudun in the Gard, where he had been on vacation since his childhood as his family owned a house there together with a small vineyard. He became curator of the art museum of Bagnols-sur-Cèze, where he remained until his death. In 1919, he produced a monograph, "Renoir", considered to be "one of the most accurate contemporary accounts of the artist's work", and in 1921, he organized a retrospective of Renoir's work at the Durand-Ruel Gallery. He was also very close to the art critic George Besson, a friend since 1910. In 1971, Besson decided to offer his art collection to the nation, bequeathing to the museums of Besançon and Bagnols-sur-Cèze, where the museum is now called Musée Albert-André.  André died on 11 July 1954 at 85 years old, shortly before his works were due to be showcased at the Avignon Museum. After his death, in 1955, the Salon d’Automne organized a retrospective of his works. Today many of his paintings are to be found in major world museums such as the Modern Art Museum of New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, museums in Philadelphia and Washington DC, Paris's Musée d'Orsay, the Galerie Rienzo, and the Musée Albert-André in France.

Albert André ( 24 May 1869 – 11 July 1954) was a French Post-Impressionist figurative painter. He produced portraits of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, his closest friend, and Claude Monet.


Plot summary.

In the Swiss Alps, when the mayor announces a competition with a prize of "50,000 kronkites" to the one who can climb the Schmatterhorn first, Yosemite Sam quickly volunteers.  When he starts climbing, Bugs Bunny emerges from a rabbit hole on the mountain, hearing a band playing the send-off tune and a crowd cheering. He inquires about the sounds, to which Sam brags about his dare and the prize. Bugs decides he wants in, and climbs up the mountain an easier way than Sam. Realising that Bugs now plans on winning, Sam tries to pull him back down ("Get down, ya long-eared mountain goat!") In the process, he causes Bugs to pull down a boulder, which chases Sam back down the mountain and crushes him.  Sam climbs back up and pretends to form a partnership with Bugs. He climbs up with a rope tied to him, and another rope tied to Bugs, which he throws up to Sam. Bugs then shouts his "What's up, doc?" catchphrase, to which Sam replies "Not what's up, what's down!" revealing that he has double-crossed Bugs, tied his rope to another boulder and is about to push it over. However, it turns out that the rope around the rock is also tied to Sam! Despite his attempts to free himself with a Swiss army knife, he is pulled to the bottom of the mountain with the rock. As he prepares to try again, the band and crowd also sound again.  Sam runs back up and struggles to climb over a ledge. Bugs "helps" him over it, but Sam ends up sliding back down the mountain (Music and crowd again).  Sam runs back up to a cliff, which Bugs is climbing up. Sam tries to push another boulder over the cliff, but as soon as he lets go, it rolls after him, chasing him off another cliff. When he lands, the impact causes the boulder to fall after him, crushing him through the ledge onto the ground below.  Sam catches Bugs under a pile of snow. Bugs attempts to warn him to be careful to prevent an avalanche. Sam attempts to use this to his advantage by shouting and shooting his pistol, hoping the avalanche will get rid of Bugs. Instead, all the snow falls on Sam. A St. Bernard pulls a frozen Sam out of the snow, makes and drinks a cocktail, then runs off hiccuping.  Sam chases Bugs all the way to the top of the mountain. Once Bugs states that they have reached the top, Sam pushes him off, then starts celebrating. However, it turns out that he is on top of the Eiffel Tower, and Bugs says "Well, as long as he's happy, why tell him?" The band (who is at the base of the tower) plays the same song one last time, continuously into the "That's all Folks!" end titles.

Piker's Peak is a 1957 Warner Bros. "Looney Tunes" animated short directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on May 25, 1957, and stars Bugs Bunny. The title is a pun on Pike's Peak.


Incidents.

On March 12, 2012, "Caribbean Princess" suffered a problem with her port side propulsion engine that required her to return to her home port of San Juan, Puerto Rico after a stopover in St. Maarten. The problem caused Princess Cruises to cancel the next two trips (scheduled for March 18 and 25).  In November 2013 a scheduled Thanksgiving week cruise departure was delayed from the Houston, Texas cruise port due to inclement weather conditions. Above average winds combined with safety concerns related to the narrow and extremely busy Houston ship channel were cited from the ship's bridge as the main reasons for the delay. Further complications with pilot boat scheduling were also announced over the ship's public address system. "Caribbean Princess" finally departed on the next day, however two of the exotic ports of call (Belize and Roatan) were cancelled. An unscheduled stop at Costa Maya was added to the itinerary, but the advertised seven-night sailing with three stops ended up as six nights of actual sailing with only two stops.  "Caribbean Princess" experienced a norovirus outbreak in January 2014 sickening approximately 200 people on board. The scheduled cruise ended two days early.  On August 3, 2016, "Caribbean Princess" experienced a power outage while on a British Isles cruise. The ship completely lost propulsion about 25 miles southeast of Dublin, Ireland in the Irish Sea, and was left adrift for nine hours. During the power outage, air conditioners, lighting, hotel functions, and toilets were all functional. The ship regained power and sailed to Belfast, Northern Ireland, missing her next port of Dublin on her itinerary. An ocean-going tug was dispatched from Holyhead in North Wales, UK and an air/sea rescue helicopter from Dublin monitored the situation. The cruise continued without any further problems to either the ship or the passengers.

Ocean pollution.

On August 26, 2013, the crew of "Caribbean Princess" deliberately discharged 4,227 gallons of oil-contaminated waste off the southern coast of England. The discharge involved the illegal modification of the vessel's on-board pollution control systems, and was photographed by a newly hired engineer. When the ship subsequently berthed at Southampton, the engineer resigned his position and reported the discharge to the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency. An investigation was launched by the United States Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division which found that the practice had been taking place on "Caribbean Princess" and four other Princess ships since 2005. In December 2016, Princess Cruise Lines agreed to plead guilty to seven felony charges and pay a $40 million penalty. The charges related to illegal discharges off the coasts of Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. As part of the agreement cruise ships from eight Carnival companies, including Carnival Cruise Line and Holland America Line, are required to operate for five years under a court-supervised environmental compliance plan with independent audits and a court-appointed monitor. According to the US Justice Department, the fine was the "largest-ever criminal penalty involving deliberate vessel pollution."

Areas of operation.

"Caribbean Princess" has undertaken cruises from European ports around the British Isles, northern Europe and the Mediterranean and from North American ports to the Caribbean, New England and Canada. The ship in July 2019 left her current home port of Fort Lauderdale, Florida and sailed up to a new home port in New York for cruises to Canada, New England, and Greenland. As of 2020, however, the ship sails primarily in the Caribbean.

MS "Caribbean Princess" is a modified owned and operated by Princess Cruises, with a capacity of over 3,600 passengers, the largest carrying capacity in the Princess fleet until June 2013 when the new, another Princess ship superseded its record. She has 900 balcony staterooms and a deck of mini-suites.


History.

ChessGenius is a continuation of a series of programs (which included various incarnations of the "Mephisto" program) written by Richard Lang which won the World Microcomputer Chess Championship in 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1993. ChessGenius was the first computer to beat a world champion (Garry Kasparov) at a non-blitz time limit. This victory was particularly significant because in contrast to the victory two years later by Deep Blue which was running on very fast custom-built hardware, ChessGenius was running on only an early Pentium PC.

Features.

As well as playing chess, ChessGenius can read games created in.cbf (Chess Base Format) and.pgn (Portable Game Notation) formats and can analyse games assessing the moves played against its own evaluations. It is also possible to run other chess engines in the ChessGenius interface. The built-in opening book for ChessGenius for Windows was written by a team led by Ossi Weiner.

Playing strength.

In the early 1990s ChessGenius was "one of the first master-strength programs". In an article comparing ChessGenius with Fritz in February 1994 Grandmaster and computer chess expert John Nunn wrote, "[m]y own opinion is that if raw playing strength is your dominant criterion, then go for Genius". Its playing style has been compared to that of a "micro-Karpov". ChessGenius, like many of Lang's programs, was famous for having an 'asymmetric evaluation function' which means that moves and sequences of moves might be scored differently depending on whether they are to be made by the program or by the opponent (which has implications for which lines are 'forward pruned' in its calculations). For example, ChessGenius might give a low score to a wild attack of its own and so not calculate it and so not initiate it, but a high score to a wild attack by the opponent and so spend time calculating the implications of such an attack by the opponent, thus making its style of play very'safe'. At the Intel World Chess Grand Prix in London in 1994 ChessGenius achieved a rating performance for the tournament of 2795 Elo rating. From 1994 until 1998 ChessGenius remained one of the top chess programs available. In 1999 ChessGenius dropped out of the top ten on the SSDF (Swedish Chess Computer Association) rating list and it continued to slip down the list over the following decade. The programmer Richard Lang has suggested that this was because the program does not scale well to faster hardware. Portable versions (for example for Palm and the original iPhone) perform exceptionally well because ChessGenius is particularly strong in weak hardware environments. Unlike most other commercial vendors, Richard Lang explicitly forbids including the PC version of ChessGenius in chess engine rating lists, so it is difficult to gauge its strength compared to other modern programs. The current PC version of ChessGenius (7.2) is marketed as "Classic" because it was the first platform on which the ChessGenius engine appeared. This distinguishes it from the other versions primarily for handheld devices. It has been suggested that this branding (as "Classic") is also because apart from speed and efficiency enhancements, and updates to its openings book, the program has not changed dramatically since 1995.

Famous game.

This is the famous game from 1994 in which ChessGenius, playing with the black pieces, defeated the then world champion Garry Kasparov. The game sees Kasparov rejecting clear drawing opportunities and eventually losing. ChessGenius plays fairly well despite making some anti-positional moves which Kasparov was unable to capitalize on. White: Garry Kasparov Black: ChessGenius Opening: ECO D11 1. c4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. Qc2 dxc4 5. Qxc4 Bf5 6. Nc3 Nbd7 7. g3 e6 8. Bg2 Be7 9. O-O O-O 10. e3 Ne4 11. Qe2 Qb6 12. Rd1 Rad8 13. Ne1 Ndf6 14. Nxe4 Nxe4 15. f3 Nd6 16. a4 Qb3 17. e4 Bg6 18. Rd3 Qb4 19. b3 Nc8 20. Nc2 Qb6 21. Bf4 c5 22. Be3 cxd4 23. Nxd4 Bc5 24. Rad1 e5 25. Nc2 Rxd3 26. Qxd3 Ne7 27. b4 Bxe3+ 28. Qxe3 Rd8 29. Rxd8+ Qxd8 30. Bf1 b6 31. Qc3 f6 32. Bc4+ Bf7 33. Ne3 Qd4 34. Bxf7+ Kxf7 35. Qb3+ Kf8 36. Kg2 Qd2+ 37. Kh3 Qe2 38. Ng2 h5 39. Qe3 Qc4 40. Qd2 Qe6+ 41. g4 hxg4+ 42. fxg4 Qc4 43. Qe1 Qb3+ 44. Ne3 Qd3 45. Kg3 Qxe4 46. Qd2 Qf4+ 47. Kg2 Qd4 48. Qxd4 exd4 49. Nc4 Nc6 50. b5 Ne5 51. Nd6 d3 52. Kf2 Nxg4+ 53. Ke1 Nxh2 54. Kd2 Nf3+ 55. Kxd3 Ke7 56. Nf5+ Kf7 57. Ke4 Nd2+ 58. Kd5 g5 59. Nd6+ Kg6 60. Kd4 Nb3+ 0–1

Other platforms.

As well as PC versions of ChessGenius there are versions available for various mobile devices including mobile phones (such as the Apple iPhone and Android smartphones) and personal organisers.  Versions include the following: ChessGenius for Desktop PC's (Windows PC's, MS-DOS), Android, Windows® powered Smartphones (Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 8), iPhone, iPad & iPod touch, Pocket PC, Bada (Samsung), Palm Computing® Platform (Palm OS), Symbian Series 60 phones (Symbian S60 and ^3 phones), Nokia 7650 / 3650 Phone (any phone with Symbian Series 60 OS like Nokia N-Gage, Siemens SX1, etc.), UIQ phones, EPROMS, Casio BE-300 Pocket Manager, and more (especially phones).

ChessGenius is the name of a chess-playing computer program written by Richard Lang who has in the past written programs that have won the World Computer Chess Championship on 10 occasions.


Personal life.

Toledo was born Maria Isabel Izquierdo in Camajuaní, Cuba. Raised in West New York, New Jersey after settling in the United States at the age of eight, she attended Memorial High School, where she met her future husband and collaborator, Ruben Toledo, whom she married in 1984. Toledo told CNN that she started sewing at age eight because "I couldn’t find anything I loved." She attended the Fashion Institute of Technology (NY) and Parsons School of Design (NY), where she studied painting, ceramics, and fashion design. She left Parsons in 1979, then graduated to become an intern under Diana Vreeland at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.  Toledo died from breast cancer at a hospital in Manhattan on August 26, 2019.

Career.

Toledo presented her first collection in 1984 at Danceteria, with the help of her friend Joey Arias, who organized the events, and became an official participant in New York Fashion Week in 1985. Her work was soon being sold by Barneys New York, Colette in Paris, and Joyce Boutique in Hong Kong. Her work became influential in the world of design. According to the Israeli designer Alber Elbaz, "Everybody sort of stole from Isabel. Her work was about volume, cut, experiments, a laboratory of fabric — and that was not an Instagram moment. It was fashion."  In 1998, she stopped presenting biannual collections, instead choosing to create on her own schedule. Toledo was named creative director of Anne Klein in 2006 after more than twenty years of working solely under her own name, and this allowed her work to reach a wider public. Toledo made her debut with Anne Klein at New York Fashion Week in February 2007. Toledo and Anne Klein parted ways later in 2007.

Awards.

Along with her husband, Ruben Toledo, Isabel was the recipient of the 2005 Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award for their work in fashion.  Toledo was also the recipient of an Otis Critics' award named for her at the Los Angeles-based Otis College of Art and Design.  On September 3, 2008, Isabel Toledo was presented with the third annual Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion from the Museum at FIT in New York's Rainbow Room atop Rockefeller Center.

Michelle Obama.

Michelle Obama first wore a Toledo design in June 2008, for an appearance at a New York City fashion world fundraiser. She was introduced to Toledo's work through Ikram, a store in Chicago, Illinois, founded by Ikram Goldman. Toledo designed a lemongrass yellow, wool, and lace shift dress with matching overcoat, which the First Lady selected to wear at the first inauguration of Barack Obama, on January 20, 2009.

Isabel Toledo (born Maria Isabel Izquierdo; April 9, 1960 – August 26, 2019) was a Cuban-American fashion designer based in New York City.


Matchups.

Game 1.

Braves pitcher Johnny Sain and Indians pitcher Bob Feller were engaged in a scoreless pitchers' duel when the Braves came to bat in the bottom of the eighth inning. Feller walked Braves catcher Bill Salkeld to open the inning. Braves manager, Billy Southworth then replaced the slow-footed Salkeld with Phil Masi, who entered the game as a pinch runner. Mike McCormick followed with a sacrifice bunt, advancing Masi to second base. Feller issued an intentional walk to Eddie Stanky, who was replaced by Sibby Sisti. Feller then tried to pick off Masi at second base. Indians' shortstop Lou Boudreau appeared to tag Masi out, but umpire Bill Stewart called him safe. Tommy Holmes proceeded to hit a single that allowed Masi to score the only run of the game, giving the Braves a 1–0 victory.  The umpire's controversial ruling touched off heated debates among the media and fans, especially after Associated Press photographs of the play were published. Although Feller allowed only two hits, he took the loss in what would be the closest he came to winning a World Series game. Upon his death in 1990, Masi's will revealed that he really was out on the pick-off play.

Game 2.

The second game also made television history when a live broadcast of the Indians–Braves matchup was shown aboard the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's "Marylander" passenger train travelling between Washington, D.C. and New York City, using a receiver operated by Bendix Corporation technicians. An Associated Press reporter observing the demonstration said, "Technically, it was surprisingly good." The Braves scored a run in the first off Bob Lemon on Bob Elliott's RBI single with two on, but Lemon held them scoreless for the rest of the game. After three shutout innings, Lou Boudreau hit a leadoff double in the fourth off Warren Spahn, then scored on Joe Gordon's single with Gordon advancing to second on the throw to home. One out later, Larry Doby's RBI single put the Indians up 2–1. Next inning, Dale Mitchell hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt and scored on Boudreau's single. The Indians scored one more run in the ninth off Nels Potter when Jim Hegan reached on an error, moved to third on two groundouts and scored on Bob Kennedy's single. The series was tied 1–1 heading to Cleveland.

Game 3.

For the third straight game, no home runs were hit by either team. This would not happen again in a World Series until. The game's two runs came on Larry Doby's groundout in the third after a double and walk and Jim Hegan's RBI single after a single and walk in the fourth, both off Vern Bickford. Gene Bearden pitched a complete shutout, allowing five hits while striking out four, as the Indians took a 2–1 series lead.

Game 4.

Steve Gromek of the Indians and Johnny Sain of the Braves pitched complete games each. The Indians struck first when Dale Mitchell hit a leadoff single in the first and scored on Lou Boudreau's double, then added to their lead on Larry Doby's home run in the third. Marv Rickert's leadoff home run in the seventh cut the Indians' lead to 2–1, but they held on to take a 3–1 series lead.

Game 5.

Satchel Paige appeared for the Indians, becoming the first black pitcher to take the mound in World Series history. The previous day's single-game attendance record was broken with 86,288 fans. After two leadoff singles, Bob Elliott's three-run home run in the first off Indians starter Bob Feller made it 3–0 Braves. Dale Mitchell's leadoff home run in the bottom half off Nels Potter put the Indians on the board. Elliott's second home run of the game in the third made it 4–1 Braves, but in the fourth after a leadoff single and walk, Walt Judnich's RBI single made it 4–2 Braves, then one out later, Jim Hegan's three-run home run put the Indians in front 5–4 and knock Potter out of the game. Bill Salkeld's home run in the sixth tied the game. Next inning, Tommy Holmes hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and scored on Earl Torgeson's RBI single. Ed Klieman relieved Feller and allowed a walk, two-runs single to Marv Rickert, and another walk. Russ Christopher then allowed RBI singles to Mike McCormick and Eddie Stanky. Warren Spahn's sacrifice fly off Paige capped the game's scoring at 11–5. Spahn pitched 5 2/3 shutout innings of relief for the win, forcing a Game 6 in Boston.

Game 6.

The Indians struck first in Game 6 when Dale Mitchell hit a leadoff double in the third off Bill Voiselle and scored on Lou Boudreau's RBI double, but the Braves tied the game on Mike McCormick's RBI single with two on off Bob Lemon in the fourth. A walk loaded the bases, but Voiselle grounded out to end the inning. Joe Gordon's leadoff home in the sixth put the Indians back in front 2–1. After a one-out walk and single, Jim Hegan's RBI groundout extended their lead to 3–1. Three straight singles in the eighth by Ken Keltner, Thurman Tucker and Eddie Robinson made it 4–1 Indians. In the bottom of the inning, the Braves loaded the bases off Lemon on a single, double and walk. Clint Conatser's sacrifice fly and Phil Masi's RBI double off Gene Bearden made it 4–3 Indians, but Bearden pitched a scoreless ninth for the save to give the Indians the championship, currently their last.

Composite box.

1948 World Series (4–2): Cleveland Indians (A.L.) over Boston Braves (N.L.)

The 1948 World Series saw the Cleveland Indians against the Boston Braves. The Braves had won the National League pennant for the first time since the "Miracle Braves" team of, while the Indians had spoiled a chance for the only all-Boston World Series by winning a one-game playoff against the Boston Red Sox for the American League flag. Though superstar pitcher Bob Feller failed to win either of his two starts, the Indians won the Series in six games to capture their second championship and their first since (as well as their last to the present date).


History.

In December 1994, Disney announced that it was establishing a new division dedicated to publishing computer and video game console software, called Disney Interactive. The initial staff consisted of 200 newly hired employees. The company was formally established in mid-1995. On August 23, 1995, Disney Interactive formed Disney Online.

Buena Vista Internet Group.

Disney purchased a one-third share of Starwave on April 3, 1997, for $100 million. In January 1998, Disney registered go.com. Exercising its options, Disney purchased the outstanding shares of Starwave from Paul Allen in April 1998. In June 1998, Disney purchased 43% ownership of Infoseek in exchange for Starwave and $70 million. Infoseek and Disney Online joint ventured in developing the Go Network, an internet portal. With Disney's purchase of the remainder of Infoseek in July 1999, the Go Network, Infoseek, the Disney Catalog, Disney Online (Disney.com and DisneyStore.com), ABC News Internet Ventures and ESPN Internet Ventures and Buena Vista Internet Group are merged into the Go.com company.  In August 1996, BVIG took a controlling in interest in toysmart.com with three directors on the board. Toysmart would be granted marketing support including free advertising on BVIG websites like family.com. After an attempted round of financing, Toysmart.com shut down in May 2000.  In June 1999, the Disney Internet Guide is abandoned. The Go.com portal was shut down in 2001 at a cost of $878 million in charges.  In 2004, Disney re-activated the Starwave identity as Starwave Mobile, which publishes casual games for mobile phones for non-Disney brands with in Disney conglomerate or from third party. In December 2004 and partnered with Indiagames, the Walt Disney Internet Group released Disney games, wallpapers and ringtones in the Indian market which is also available on AirTel.  The group purchased Living Mobile, a European mobile game developer and publisher in November 2005.

Interactive Media Group.

On June 5, 2008, Disney Interactive Studios and the Walt Disney Internet Group merged into a single business unit, now known as the Disney Interactive Media Group. In 2009, DIMG's Disney Online unit purchased multiple websites from Kaboose.  In July 2010, Disney Interactive purchased Playdom for $563.2 million and Tapulous for its Mobile division. On July 1, Disney Interactive announced it had acquired Tapulous, the studio behind the Tap Tap Revenge franchise for iOS. In October, two co-presidents were named for DIMG, John Pleasants and James Pitaro, with orders to make the company profitable.  In January 2011, DIMG closed its Propaganda Games game studio and laid off 200 employees later in the month. The dual presidents placed the game studios of Blackrock, Junction Point, Avalanche, Wideload and Gamestar under its new game development chief Alex Seropian while Penguin creator Lane Merrifield was assigned to game initiatives for kids and families within a new publishing unit to handle marketing and production. On February 18, DIMG purchased Togetherville, a pre-teen social network. Also in February, Disney purchased Finland-based Rocket Pack, a game development company with a plugin free game development system. In November, DIMG purchased Babble Media Inc.  In April 2012, the Group announced three web series targeted towards mothers: "Moms of", "That's Fresh", and "Thinking Up." By October, DIMG had 15 consecutive quarters of losses totaling some $977 million. Lane Merrifield, the founder of Club Penguin, resigned after conflict with Pleasants. DIMG also in October announced "Toy Box", a cross platform gaming initiative where Pixar and Disney characters will interact from a console game to multiple mobile and online applications.

Disney Interactive.

Around May–July 2012, Disney Interactive Media Group changed its name to Disney Interactive (DI).  In January 2013, Disney Interactive Games' Avalanche Software unveiled the Toy Box cross platform game as "Disney Infinity", based on ""'s "Toy Box" mode crossed with a toy line. Also in January, Disney Interactive announced the closure of Junction Point Studios.  In October 2013, Disney announced that its Interactive division had a profit of $16 million for its fourth quarter, based partly on sales of Disney Infinity and uniting both halves of the division under one president.  In March 2014, Disney Interactive announced it was laying off 700 people, or one-fourth of its staff as DI combines its two-game units, mobile and social, due to sagging popularity of Facebook games, and closing some Disney Online sites. They said will focus less on advertising and more on sponsorships for Disney Online and licensed game development. While some endeavors have shown profitability, such as an app in Japan and the combined game and toy line "Infinity", the segment as a whole is unprofitable for Disney.  Disney Interactive was merged with Disney Consumer Products on June 29, 2015, forming a new segment and division known as "Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media", with Disney Interactive as a direct unit. In December 2015, Maker Studios was placed under the control of Disney Interactive with the appointment of Maker's executive vice president Courtney Holt, reporting to Jimmy Pitaro, president of Disney Interactive.  With a lack of growth in toy-to-game market and increasing developmental costs, in May 2016, Disney Interactive discontinued "Disney Infinity" and closed down the unit that developed "Infinity", Avalanche Software. Also, the company ended all self-publishing efforts. A discontinuation charge of $147 million for ending its console gaming business affected earning.  In September 2018, Disney confirmed the imminent discontinuation of "Club Penguin Island" in a letter sent to its Disney Online Studios team in Kelowna, as well as the layoffs of most employees in said studio.  In November 2018, Disney agreed to have Jam City take over operation of its Glendale-based Disney Interactive Studios, sell them "Emoji Blitz" and development of future Pixar and Walt Disney Animation franchises games. Staff at the studio would be offered jobs with Jam City working of the Disney titles.

Units.

Disney Online.

Disney Online is a division of Disney Interactive that operates most of Disney online portfolio.

Disney Online History.

On August 23, 1995, Disney Interactive formed Disney Online unit with the naming of Jake Winebaum as president of Disney Online. On November 19, 1996, the opening of DisneyStore.com was open under Disney Online business unit. The family.com website is launched on December 9, 1996.  Disney announced on April 18, 1997 that it will purchase Starwave's Family Planet Web site and merge it with Family.com. The Disney Daily Blast (dailyblast.com) web site is official launched on April 23 under a subscription plan and daily content targeted to younger viewers with Microsoft Network marketing and distributing for an exclusive 10-month period.  In July 1998, Disney Online announced dig.com, Disney Internet Guide, a child friendly web directory which launched in June 1998 and closed one year later in June to focus on Infoseek/Go Network.  In late 2007, DIMG purchased IParenting Media's websites. Disney sold movies.com to Fandango in June 2008. Disney Online purchased in 2008 Take 180 from Chris Williams, who stays on until April 2012 as vice president and general manager of Disney Online Originals, which has Take 180 as creative hub. In 2009, DIMG's Disney Online unit purchased from Kaboose multiple websites including: Kaboose.com, Babyzone.com, AmazingMoms.com, Funschool.com and Zeeks.com, and place them into its Disney Family Network. Disney.com purchased Kerpoof in February 2009.  In November 2011, DIMG purchased Babble Media Inc. to add it to the Mom and Family Portfolio. In March 2014, Disney Interactive announced it was laying off 700 people, or one-fourth of its staff as DI closed smaller Disney Online sites including BabyZone.com and Spoonful.com. They said will focus less on advertising and more on sponsorships for Disney Online to fit the experience Disney wishes to offer.

Disney Games and Interactive Experiences, originally established as Disney Interactive, Disney Interactive Media Group and Walt Disney Internet Group, is an American company that oversees various websites and interactive media owned by The Walt Disney Company and its subsidiaries.


Feral horse populations.

Horses that live in an untamed state but, have ancestors who have been domesticated are not true "wild" horses; they are feral horses. The only truly wild horses in existence today are the Przewalski's horse native to the steppes of central Asia. The best-known examples of feral horses are the "wild" horses of the American west. When Europeans reintroduced the horse to the Americas, beginning with the arrival of the Conquistadors in the 15th century, some horses escaped and formed feral herds known today as Mustangs.  Australia has the largest population of feral horses in the world, with in excess of 400,000 feral horses. The Australian name equivalent to the 'Mustang' is the Brumby, feral descendants of horses brought to Australia by English settlers.  In Portugal, there are two populations of free-ranging feral horses, known as Sorraia in the southern plains and Garrano in the northern mountain chains. There are also isolated populations of feral horses in a number of other places, including Sable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia, Assateague Island off the coast of Virginia and Maryland, Cumberland Island, Georgia, and Vieques island off the coast of Puerto Rico. Some of these horses are said to be the descendants of horses who managed to swim to land when they were shipwrecked. Others may have been deliberately brought to various islands by settlers and either left to reproduce freely or abandoned when assorted human settlements failed.  More than 400 feral horses live in the foothills of Cincar mountain, between Livno and Kupres, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an area of approximately. These animals, which descend from horses set free by their owners in the 1950s, enjoy a protected status since 2010.  A modern feral horse population ("Janghali ghura") is found in the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere reserve of Assam, in north-east India, and is a herd of approximately 79 feral horses descended from animals that escaped army camps during World War II.  In North America, feral horses are the offspring of horses that were domesticated in Europe, although many ancient, prehistoric subspecies now extinct evolved in North America. While there are similarities shown in certain genes of both modern and fossil North American horses, they are not believed to be members of the same species. In the western United States, certain bands of horses and burros are protected under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971.

Modern feral horses.

Modern types of feral horses that have a significant percentage of their number living in a feral state, even though there may be some domesticated representatives, include the following types, landraces, and breeds:

Semi-feral horses.

In the United Kingdom, herds of free-roaming ponies live in apparently wild conditions in various areas, notably Dartmoor, Exmoor, Cumbria (Fell Pony) and the New Forest. Similar horse and pony populations exist elsewhere on the European continent. These animals, however, are not truly feral, as all of them are privately owned, and roam out on the moors and forests under common grazing rights belonging to their owners. A proportion of them are halter-broken, and a smaller proportion broken to ride but simply turned out for a while for any of a number of reasons (e.g., a break in training to allow them to grow on, a break from working to allow them to breed under natural conditions, or retirement). In other cases, the animals may be government-owned and closely managed on controlled reserves.

Population impacts.

Feral populations are usually controversial, with livestock producers often at odds with horse aficionados and other animal welfare advocates. Different habitats are impacted in different ways by feral horses. Where feral horses had wild ancestors indigenous to a region, a controlled population may have minimal environmental impact, particularly when their primary territory is one where they do not compete with domesticated livestock to any significant degree. However, in areas where they are an introduced species, such as Australia, or if the population is allowed to exceed available range, there can be significant impacts on soil, vegetation (including overgrazing), and animals that are native species.  If a feral population lives close to civilization, their behavior can lead them to damage human-built livestock fencing and related structures. In some cases, where feral horses compete with domestic livestock, particularly on public lands where multiple uses are permitted, such as in the Western United States, there is considerable controversy over which species is most responsible for degradation of rangeland, with commercial interests often advocating for the removal of the feral horse population to allow more grazing for cattle or sheep, and advocates for feral horses recommending reduction in the numbers of domestic livestock allowed to graze on public lands.  Certain populations have considerable historic or sentimental value, such as the Chincoteague pony that lives on Assateague Island, a national seashore with a delicate coastal ecosystem, or the Misaki pony of Japan that lives on a small refuge within the municipal boundaries of Kushima. These populations manage to thrive with careful management that includes using the animals to promote tourism to support the local economy. Most sustained feral populations are managed by various forms of culling, which, depending on the nation and other local conditions, may include capturing excess animals for adoption or sale. In some nations, management may include the often-controversial practice of selling captured animals for slaughter or simply shooting them. Fertility control is also sometimes used, though it is expensive and has to be repeated on a regular basis.

A feral horse is a free-roaming horse of domesticated stock. As such, a feral horse is not a wild animal in the sense of an animal without domesticated ancestors. However, some populations of feral horses are managed as wildlife, and these horses often are popularly called "wild" horses. Feral horses are descended from domestic horses that strayed, escaped, or were deliberately released into the wild and remained to survive and reproduce there. Away from humans, over time, these animals' patterns of behavior revert to behavior more closely resembling that of wild horses. Some horses that live in a feral state but may be occasionally handled or managed by humans, particularly if privately owned, are referred to as "semi-feral".


Vertical structure.

The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude: the troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Unlike the Earth's atmosphere, Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere. Jupiter does not have a solid surface, and the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere, smoothly transitions into the planet's fluid interior. This is a result of having temperatures and the pressures well above those of the critical points for hydrogen and helium, meaning that there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases. Hydrogen becomes a supercritical fluid at a pressure of around 12 bar.  Since the lower boundary of the atmosphere is ill-defined, the pressure level of 10 bars, at an altitude of about 90 km below 1 bar with a temperature of around 340 K, is commonly treated as the base of the troposphere. In scientific literature, the 1 bar pressure level is usually chosen as a zero point for altitudes—a "surface" of Jupiter. As with Earth, the top atmospheric layer, the exosphere, does not have a well defined upper boundary. The density gradually decreases until it smoothly transitions into the interplanetary medium approximately 5,000 km above the "surface".  The vertical temperature gradients in the Jovian atmosphere are similar to those of the atmosphere of Earth. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height until it reaches a minimum at the tropopause, which is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. On Jupiter, the tropopause is approximately 50 km above the visible clouds (or 1 bar level), where the pressure and temperature are about 0.1 bar and 110 K. In the stratosphere, the temperatures rise to about 200 K at the transition into the thermosphere, at an altitude and

Chemical composition.

<div style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 25em;">  The composition of Jupiter's atmosphere is similar to that of the planet as a whole. Jupiter's atmosphere is the most comprehensively understood of those of all the gas giants because it was observed directly by the "Galileo" atmospheric probe when it entered the Jovian atmosphere on December 7, 1995. Other sources of information about Jupiter's atmospheric composition include the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), the "Galileo" and "Cassini" orbiters, and Earth-based observations.  The two main constituents of the Jovian atmosphere are molecular hydrogen () and helium. The helium abundance is relative to molecular hydrogen by number of molecules, and its mass fraction is, which is slightly lower than the Solar System's primordial value. The reason for this low abundance is not entirely understood, but some of the helium may have condensed into the core of Jupiter. This condensation is likely to be in the form of helium rain: as hydrogen turns into the metallic state at depths of more than 10,000 km, helium separates from it forming droplets which, being denser than the metallic hydrogen, descend towards the core. This can also explain the severe depletion of neon (see

Zones, belts and jets.

The visible surface of Jupiter is divided into several bands parallel to the equator. There are two types of bands: lightly colored "zones" and relatively dark "belts." The wider Equatorial Zone (EZ) extends between latitudes of approximately 7°S to 7°N. Above and below the EZ, the North and South Equatorial belts (NEB and SEB) extend to 18°N and 18°S, respectively. Farther from the equator lie the North and South Tropical zones (NtrZ and STrZ). The alternating pattern of belts and zones continues until the polar regions at approximately 50 degrees latitude, where their visible appearance becomes somewhat muted. The basic belt-zone structure probably extends well towards the poles, reaching at least to 80° North or South.  The difference in the appearance between zones and belts is caused by differences in the opacity of the clouds. Ammonia concentration is higher in zones, which leads to the appearance of denser clouds of ammonia ice at higher altitudes, which in turn leads to their lighter color. On the other hand, in belts clouds are thinner and are located at lower altitudes. The upper troposphere is colder in zones and warmer in belts. The exact nature of chemicals that make Jovian zones and bands so colorful is not known, but they may include complicated compounds of sulfur, phosphorus and carbon.  The Jovian bands are bounded by zonal atmospheric flows (winds), called "jets". The eastward (prograde) jets are found at the transition from zones to belts (going away from the equator), whereas westward (retrograde) jets mark the transition from belts to zones. Such flow velocity patterns mean that the zonal winds decrease in belts and increase in zones from the equator to the pole. Therefore, wind shear in belts is cyclonic, while in zones it is anticyclonic. The EZ is an exception to this rule, showing a strong eastward (prograde) jet and has a local minimum of the wind speed exactly at the equator. The jet speeds are high on Jupiter, reaching more than 100 m/s. These speeds correspond to ammonia clouds located in the pressure range 0.7–1 bar. The prograde jets are generally more powerful than the retrograde jets. The vertical extent of jets is not known. They decay over two to three scale heights above the clouds, while below the cloud level, winds increase slightly and then remain constant down to at least 22 bar—the maximum operational depth reached by the Galileo Probe.  The origin of Jupiter's banded structure is not completely clear, though it may be similar to that driving the Earth's Hadley cells. The simplest interpretation is that zones are sites of atmospheric upwelling, whereas belts are manifestations of downwelling. When air enriched in ammonia rises in zones, it expands and cools, forming high and dense clouds. In belts, however, the air descends, warming adiabatically as in a convergence zone on Earth, and white ammonia clouds evaporate, revealing lower, darker clouds. The location and width of bands, speed and location of jets on Jupiter are remarkably stable, having changed only slightly between 1980 and 2000. One example of change is a decrease of the speed of the strongest eastward jet located at the boundary between the North Tropical zone and North Temperate belts at 23°N. However bands vary in coloration and intensity over time (see below). These variations were first observed in the early seventeenth century.

Dynamics.

Circulation in Jupiter's atmosphere is markedly different from that in the atmosphere of Earth. The interior of Jupiter is fluid and lacks any solid surface. Therefore, convection may occur throughout the planet's outer molecular envelope. As of 2008, a comprehensive theory of the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere has not been developed. Any such theory needs to explain the following facts: the existence of narrow stable bands and jets that are symmetric relative to Jupiter's equator, the strong prograde jet observed at the equator, the difference between zones and belts, and the origin and persistence of large vortices such as the Great Red Spot.  The theories regarding the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere can be broadly divided into two classes: shallow and deep. The former hold that the observed circulation is largely confined to a thin outer (weather) layer of the planet, which overlays the stable interior. The latter hypothesis postulates that the observed atmospheric flows are only a surface manifestation of deeply rooted circulation in the outer molecular envelope of Jupiter. As both theories have their own successes and failures, many planetary scientists think that the true theory will include elements of both models.

Shallow models.

The first attempts to explain Jovian atmospheric dynamics date back to the 1960s. They were partly based on terrestrial meteorology, which had become well developed by that time. Those shallow models assumed that the jets on Jupiter are driven by small scale turbulence, which is in turn maintained by moist convection in the outer layer of the atmosphere (above the water clouds). The moist convection is a phenomenon related to the condensation and evaporation of water and is one of the major drivers of terrestrial weather. The production of the jets in this model is related to a well-known property of two dimensional turbulence—the so-called inverse cascade, in which small turbulent structures (vortices) merge to form larger ones. The finite size of the planet means that the cascade can not produce structures larger than some characteristic scale, which for Jupiter is called the Rhines scale. Its existence is connected to production of Rossby waves. This process works as follows: when the largest

Deep models.

The deep model was first proposed by Busse in 1976. His model was based on another well-known feature of fluid mechanics, the Taylor–Proudman theorem. It holds that in any fast-rotating barotropic ideal liquid, the flows are organized in a series of cylinders parallel to the rotational axis. The conditions of the theorem are probably met in the fluid Jovian interior. Therefore, the planet's molecular hydrogen mantle may be divided into cylinders, each cylinder having a circulation independent of the others. Those latitudes where the cylinders' outer and inner boundaries intersect with the visible surface of the planet correspond to the jets; the cylinders themselves are observed as zones and belts.  The

Internal heat.

As has been known since 1966, Jupiter radiates much more heat than it receives from the Sun. It is estimated that the ratio of the thermal power emitted by the planet to the thermal power absorbed from the Sun is. The internal heat flux from Jupiter is, whereas the total emitted power is. The latter value is approximately equal to one billionth of the total power radiated by the Sun. This excess heat is mainly the primordial heat from the early phases of

Discrete features.

Vortices.

The atmosphere of Jupiter is home to hundreds of vortices—circular rotating structures that, as in the Earth's atmosphere, can be divided into two classes: cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones rotate in the direction similar to the rotation of the planet (counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern); anticyclones rotate in the reverse direction. However, unlike in the terrestrial atmosphere, anticyclones predominate over cyclones on Jupiter—more than 90% of vortices larger than 2000 km in diameter are anticyclones. The lifetime of Jovian vortices varies from several days to hundreds of years, depending on their size. For instance, the average lifetime of an anticyclone between 1000 and 6000 km in diameter is 1–3 years. Vortices have never been observed in the equatorial region of Jupiter (within 10° of latitude), where they are unstable. As on any rapidly rotating planet, Jupiter's anticyclones are high pressure centers, while cyclones are low pressure.  The anticyclones in Jupiter's atmosphere are always confined within zones, where the wind speed increases in direction from the equator to the poles. They are usually bright and appear as white ovals. They can move in longitude, but stay at approximately the same latitude as they are unable to escape from the confining

Storms and lightning.

The storms on Jupiter are similar to thunderstorms on Earth. They reveal themselves via bright clumpy clouds about 1000 km in size, which appear from time to time in the belts' cyclonic regions, especially within the strong westward (retrograde) jets. In contrast to vortices, storms are short-lived phenomena; the strongest of them may exist for several months, while the average lifetime is only 3–4 days. They are believed to be due mainly to moist convection within Jupiter's troposphere. Storms are actually tall convective columns (plumes), which bring the wet air from the depths to the upper part of the troposphere, where it condenses in clouds. A typical vertical extent of Jovian storms is about 100 km; as they extend from a pressure level of about 5–7 bar, where the base of a hypothetical water cloud layer is located, to as high as

Circumpolar cyclones.

Other notable features of Jupiter are its cyclones near the northern and southern poles of the planet. These are called circumpolar cyclones (CPCs) and they have been observed by the Juno Spacecraft using JunoCam and JIRAM. The cyclones have only been observed for a relatively short time from perjoves 1-15 which is approximately 795 days or two years. The northern pole has eight cyclones moving around a central cyclone (NPC) while the southern pole only has five cyclones around a central cyclone (SPC), with a gap between the first and second cyclones. The cyclones look like the hurricanes on Earth with trailing spiral arms and a denser center, although there are differences between the centers depending on the individual cyclone. Northern CPCs

Disturbances.

The normal pattern of bands and zones is sometimes disrupted for periods of time. One particular class of disruption are long-lived darkenings of the South Tropical Zone, normally referred to as "South Tropical Disturbances" (STD).

Hot spots.

One of the most mysterious features in the atmosphere of Jupiter are hot spots. In them, the air is relatively free of clouds and heat can escape from the depths without much absorption. The spots look like bright spots in the infrared images obtained at the wavelength of about 5 μm. They are preferentially located in the belts, although there is a train of prominent hot

Observational history.

Early modern astronomers, using small telescopes, recorded the changing appearance of Jupiter's atmosphere. Their descriptive terms—belts and zones, brown spots and red spots, plumes, barges, festoons, and streamers—are still used. Other terms such as vorticity, vertical motion, cloud heights have entered in use later, in the 20th century.  The first observations of the Jovian atmosphere at higher resolution than possible with Earth-based telescopes were taken by the "Pioneer" "10" and "11" spacecraft. The first truly detailed images of Jupiter's atmosphere were provided by the "Voyagers". The two spacecraft were able to image details at a resolution as low as 5 km in size in various spectra, and also able to create "approach movies" of the atmosphere in motion. The Galileo Probe, which suffered an antenna problem, saw less of Jupiter's atmosphere but at a better average resolution and a wider spectral bandwidth.  Today, astronomers have access to a continuous record of Jupiter's atmospheric activity thanks to telescopes such as Hubble Space Telescope. These show that the atmosphere is occasionally wracked by massive disturbances, but that, overall, it is remarkably stable. The vertical motion of Jupiter's atmosphere was largely determined by the identification of trace gases by ground-based telescopes. Spectroscopic studies after the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 gave a glimpse of the Jupiter's composition beneath the cloud tops. The presence of diatomic sulfur (S) and carbon disulfide (CS) was recorded—the first detection of either in Jupiter, and only the second detection of S in any astronomical object— together with other molecules such as ammonia (NH) and hydrogen sulfide (HS), while oxygen-bearing molecules such as sulfur dioxide were not detected, to the surprise of astronomers.  The "Galileo" atmospheric probe, as it plunged into Jupiter, measured the wind, temperature, composition, clouds, and radiation levels down to 22 bar. However, below 1 bar elsewhere on Jupiter there is uncertainty in the quantities.

Great Red Spot studies.

The first sighting of the GRS is often credited to Robert Hooke, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664; however, it is likely that Hooke's spot was in the wrong belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, versus the current location in the South Equatorial Belt). Much more convincing is Giovanni Cassini's description of a "permanent spot" in the following year. With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713.  A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted around 1700 on a canvas by Donato Creti, which is exhibited in the Vatican. It is a part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various Italian scenes,

White ovals.

The white ovals that were to become Oval BA formed in 1939. They covered almost 90 degrees of longitude shortly after their formation, but contracted rapidly during their first decade; their length stabilized at 10 degrees or less after 1965. Although they originated as segments of the STZ, they evolved to become completely embedded in the South Temperate Belt, suggesting that they moved north, "digging" a niche into the STB. Indeed, much like the GRS, their circulations were confined

The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System. It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions; other chemical compounds are present only in small amounts and include methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and water. Although water is thought to reside deep in the atmosphere, its directly measured concentration is very low. The nitrogen, sulfur, and noble gas abundances in Jupiter's atmosphere exceed solar values by a factor of about three.


Geography.

The terrain of Stanton County consists of low rolling hills, sloped toward the east. The Elkhorn River flows easterly through the upper central part of the county. The county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.7%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 6,455 people, 2,297 households, and 1,784 families in the county. The population density was 15 people per square mile (6/km2). There were 2,452 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.72% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 1.38% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. 2.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 55.8% were of German, 9.7% Czech and 5.6% Irish ancestry.  There were 2,297 households out of which 38.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.50% were married couples living together, 7.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.30% were non-families. 19.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.16.  The county population contained 29.80% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.40 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $36,676, and the median income for a family was $41,040. Males had a median income of $27,969 versus $19,428 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,511. About 5.30% of families and 6.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.80% of those under age 18 and 7.20% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Stanton County voters are reliably Republican. In no national election since 1936 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate.

Stanton County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 6,129. Its county seat is Stanton. The county was formed in 1856 and organized in 1867. It was first called Izard County until 1862, when it was renamed for Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War during the administration of President Abraham Lincoln.


History.

The WQS was introduced in 1992 as a feeder competition to what was then called the WCT (World Championship Tour). The top scoring fifteen surfers on the WQS replaced the lowest scoring seventeen from the WCT on the following year's tour.

2009 Competition.

Event 1: O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro (4*).

"Jan 12 - Jan 18"  Winner: Nathaniel Curran ()

Event 2: Copa Movistar (2*).

"Jan 23 - Jan 25"  Winner: Rafael Pereira ()

Event 3: Hang Loose Pro (5*).

"Feb 09 - Feb15"  Winner: Bruno Santos ()

Event 4: MR Pro (2*).

"Mar 18 - Mar 22"  Winner: Travis Logie ()

Event 5: O'Neill Coldwater Classic - Tasmania (6*).

"Mar 23 - Mar 29"  Winner : Jordy Smith ()

Event 6: Van's Pier Classic (2*).

"Mar 25 - Mar 29"  Winner : Mike Losness ()

Event 7: Drug Aware Pro (6P*).

"Mar 29 - Apr 05"  Winner : Daniel Ross()

Event 8: Vendee Surf Pro (5*).

"Apr 06 - Apr 12"  Winner : Joan Duru ()

Event 9: Goanna Pro (1*).

"Apr 10 - Apr 12"  CANCELLED

Event 10: Quiksilver Pro Durban (6P*).

"Apr 19 - Apr 26"  Winner: Andre Jadson ()

Event 11: Estoril Coast Pro (6*).

"Apr 21 - Apr 26"  Winner: Alejo Muniz ()

Event 12: 6.0 Lower's Pro (6P*).

"Apr 28 - May 02"  Winner : Fredrick Pattacchia ()

Event 13: O'Neill Coldwater Classic - Scotland (6P*).

"Apr 29 - May 06"  Winner : Adam Melling ()

Event 14: Lizzard Nandos Surf Pro (1*).

"May 14 - May 17"  Winner : Royden Bryson ()

Event 15: Macy's E'Series - Sandy Beach, Oahu (1*).

"May 12 - May 17"  Winner : TJ Barron ()

Event 16: Arica Pro Challenge (3*).

"Jun 02 - Jun 07"  Winner : Gabriel Villarán ()

Event 17: SriLankan Airlines Pro (6P*).

"Jun 08 - Jun 14"  Winner : Owen Wright ()

Event 18: O'Neill Coldwater Classic - South Africa (6P*).

"Jun 16 - Jun 24"  Winner : Blake Thornton ()

Event 19: The Mr Price Pro (6*).

"Jun 28 - Jul 05"

Event 20: Super Bock Pro (1*).

"Jul 09 - Jul 12"

Event 21: Maresia Surf International (6*).

"Jul 07 - Jul 12"  Winner : Gabriel Medina ()

Event 22: Macy's E'Series - Ala Moana Bowls, Oahu (1*).

"Jul 07 - Jul 12"

Event 23: Billabong ECO Surf Festival (5*).

"Jul 14 - Jul 19"

Event 24: Local Motion Guaraja Surf Pro (5*).

"Jul 21 - Jul 26"

Event 25: US Open of Surfing (6*).

"Jul 17 - Jul 26"

Event 26: Tahana Pro (6*).

"Jul 28 - Aug 02"

"Event 27: TBA - Puerto Escondido, Mexico (4*)".

"Jul 29 - Aug 02"

Event 28: Relentless Boardmasters - Newquay, England (5*).

"Aug 5 - Aug 9"

Event 29: Soöruz Lacanau Pro (6*).

"Aug 18 - Aug 23" 30th Anniversary of the Lacanau Pro and good conditions this year. Surf, concerts, events scheduled. Check out the video for a summary of the event http://vimeo.com/6994555

Event 30: Acores Pro (6*).

"Aug 25 - Aug 30"

Event 31: Japan Pro Open (3*).

"Sep 01 - Sep 06"

"Event 32: TBA - Zarautz, Basque Country (5*)".

"Sep 01 - Sep 06"

Event 33: Gatorade Surf Classic (3*).

"Sep 04 - Sep 06"

Event 34: Vans El Ponto Loco (2*).

"Sep 09 - Sep 12"

Event 35: Sunshine Surfmasters (1*).

"Sep 10 - Sep 13"

"Event 36: TBA - Pantin, Spain (5*)".

"Sep 08 - Sep 13"

Event 37: Buondi Billabong Pro (6*).

"Sep 15 - Sep 20"

Event 38: Murasaki Pro Kitaizumi (2*).

"Sep 16 - Sep 22"

Event 39: Oakley NB Pro (2*).

"Sep 22 - Sep 27"

Event 40: Rio Surf Pro International (6*).

"Oct 05 - Oct 11"

Event 41: Hyuga Pro (2*).

"Oct 07 - Oct 12"

Event 42: Onbongo Pro Surfing (6*).

"Oct 13 - Oct 18"

Event 43: Squalo Mexican Surf Fiesta (1*).

"Oct 16 - Oct 18"

Event 44: La Caja de Canarias - Ocean & Earth Pro (5*).

"Oct 19 - Oct 25"

Event 45: O'Neill Coldwater Classic - Canada (6*).

"Oct 25 - Oct 31"

Event 46: Santa Pro (6P*).

"Oct 30 - Nov 07"  Winner : Drew Courtney ()

Event 47: O'Neill Coldwater Classic - California (6P*).

"Nov 02 - Nov 08"

Event 48: Xcel Pro (4*).

"Oct 26 - Nov 10"

Event 49: PXM International Vans Pro (3*).

"Nov 11 - Nov 15"

"Event 50: TBA - Papua New Guinea (2*)".

"Nov 17 - Nov 22"

Event 51: Reef Hawaiian Pro (6P*).

"Nov 12 - Nov 24"

Event 52: O'Neill World Cup of Surfing (6P*).

"Nov 25 - Dec 06"

World Qualification Series (WQS) is a surfing points competition for the honour of competing with the world's best surfers on the ASP World Tour. The WQS is sometimes referred to as 'The Grind' or simply the 'QS' by competitors.


History.

Barrington Center Church.

Barrington Center Church was built in 1853 by the Barrington Methodist Episcopal Society. A memorial plaque outside the church lists 91 area residents - one woman and 90 men - who served in the Civil War. Since the 1980s, the church building has been used by a Korean-American congregation, the New Friends Wesleyan Church.  In 1860, about 18 immigrant families of Czech ancestry settled along the east side of the Fox River, near the future site of Fox River Grove. In 1867, land was purchased at the southwest corner of Church and River - Algonquin roads, and construction was started on St. John Nepomucene Chapel, named after the patron saint of Bohemia. Completed in 1873, the chapel was never served by its own priest, and currently services are scheduled only once a year. The chapel and its cemetery are owned by the St. John Nepomucene Catholic Cemetery Association, making it the only privately owned Catholic chapel and cemetery in the Rockford Diocese.

Railroad and gentleman farms.

Starting about 1900, business executives from Chicago, many of whom were tied to the railroad industry, purchased the rolling farms and subdivided them into large summer estates. One such individual was Spencer C. Otis, who by 1910 is credited with purchasing of farmland along what was then Goose Lake Road but is now known as Otis Road and creating Hawthorne Farm. Otis was a "gentleman farmer" of the era. He worked in Chicago commerce, but his hobby was dairy farming on his large country estate. Several of his business associates, including George E. Van Hagen, also built large estates in the area and ran their summer homes as year-round dairy farms.

Barrington Hills Country Club.

In 1921, the Barrington Hills Country Club, with its eighteen-hole golf course, was established on of unfarmable land between County Line Road, Oak Knoll Road, and Northwest Highway. The land was donated by three of the club's early founders: H. Stillson Hart, who owned the farmstead known as Hart Hills just to the east of the club; George E. Van Hagen of Wakefield Farm, who owned the land just to the west of the club; and J.R. Cardwell, whose Oak Knoll Farm swelled along the winding Oak Knoll Road on the club's northern end. Van Hagen became the club's first president. Noted Chicago architect Robert Work, who was associated with David Adler, designed the first clubhouse, which was opened in 1926 and burned to the ground in 1930. Work designed the second clubhouse as well, which opened in 1931 and still stands.

Government.

Barrington Hills was incorporated in 1957. It was then composed of land only in the northwest corner of Cook County, and expanded over the next five years to its approximate configuration of today. In 1959, areas in McHenry and Lake counties joined the village, and in 1962 the village of Middlebury in Kane County was annexed. With the incorporation of Middlebury, the village government acquired its first building, a single-room school house converted into a police station. The Village of Barrington Hills is a home rule municipality which functions under the council-manager form of government with a Village President and a six-member board of trustees, all of whom are elected at large to staggered four-year terms. The current village President is Martin J. McLaughlin. There are six current members of the Board of Trustees Colleen Konicek Hannigan, Bryan Croll, Michelle Maison, Brian D. Cecola, Robert Zuback and Paula Jacobsen. Officers of the village include a village treasurer, a village clerk, a building code enforcement officer and a village manager. The village manager is Anna Paul. The current Village Hall was constructed in 1974 with a substantial addition in 1993. The building hosts the Barrington Hills Police station, administrative offices and public meeting rooms. Barrington Area Council of Governments BACOG offices are also located on this site. A fire station was constructed in 1994 on the grounds.

Education.

The only public school located in the village is Countryside Elementary School, with about 500 students, in grades K-5, in the Barrington Community Unit School District 220. Students from Countryside either attend Barrington Middle School Prairie or Barrington Middle School Station. Older students attend the nearby Barrington High School. Portions of the village are also within CUSD 300 of Dundee-Crown High School. Also the village is served by Cary-Grove High School. Some families send their children to the private Elgin Academy.

Geography.

Barrington Hills is located at (42.1399063, -88.2034182).  According to the 2010 census, Barrington Hills has a total area of, of which (or 97.83%) is land and (or 2.17%) is water. The village is located within the Fox River watershed of the greater Illinois River waterway. There is about of shoreline along the east bank of the Fox River. Locally there are two perennial stream courses known to the west as Spring Creek and to the east as Flint Creek. Over the years, Flint Creek has been impounded such that along its course in the Cook County portion of the village are substantial lakes with such names as Hawley, Hawthorne, and Keene.  Into the 1990s, farmers still worked about of land. Residential properties of over covered 30 percent. There is no downtown center, but the village has a small shopping strip along Route 14. With a population of 4,209 in 2010, Barrington Hills has kept its rural flavor as industrial and commercial development has sprung up around its borders.  The village is bordered on the west by East Dundee, Carpentersville, and Algonquin; on the north by Fox River Grove, and Lake Barrington; on the east by Barrington and Inverness; and to the south and southeast by South Barrington, and Hoffman Estates. Barrington Hills is one of only three municipalities in Illinois (along with Aurora and Centralia) with land located among four counties.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,915 people, 1,381 households, and 1,168 families residing in the village. The population density was 140.4 people per square mile (54.2/km2). There were 1,456 housing units at an average density of 52.2 per square mile (20.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 94.30% White, 0.46% African American, 3.91% Asian, 0.74% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.92% of the population.  There were 1,381 households out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.9% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.4% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.10.  In the village, the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 37.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $145,330, and the median income for a family was $156,002. Males had a median income of over $100,000 versus $56,167 for females. The per capita income for the village was $73,629. About 0.9% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.  The village ranks 87th on the list of highest-income places in the United States with a population over 1,000, with nearby North Barrington, South Barrington, and Inverness also making the list.

Barrington Hills is a village located about northwest of Chicago in the U.S. state of Illinois. It straddles approximately over four counties, Cook, Kane, Lake, and McHenry. The population was 4,209 at the 2010 census. The Village of Barrington Hills was incorporated in 1957.


Geography.

Posen is located at (41.628234, -87.685723).  According to the 2010 census, Posen has a total area of, all land.

History.

The area that is now Posen was settled by farmers, mainly of Dutch and German origin, in the second half of the 19th century. In 1893 a Chicago-based real estate firm hired 75 agents in the Polish-speaking areas of Germany to sell land to Poles seeking to emigrate to the United States. Over the next few years the village emerged as a place largely inhabited by factory workers, mainly employed at nearby Harvey, who also had room on their lots for gardens. In 1894 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago established a mission to serve the Polish residents of Posen, which was elevated to parish status as St. Stanislaus the Martyr in 1898.  In the 1930s the population of Posen was 98% of Polish origin, and in 1960 only 0.1% of the population was identified in the census as being not white, or 4 of the 4,513 inhabitants. In 1963 there were 7% black students that attended the Posen School. In 1990 Posen, having fallen to 4,226 inhabitants, was still 94.5% white, a large portion of this population being Polish. About 4% of the population identified as being both white and Hispanic, for an overall 7.3% or 310 people identifying as being Hispanic. In 2010 3,171 residents of Posen identified as Hispanic, representing the expansion of the Hispanic population to 10 times what it had been 20 years before (or an increase of more than 900% over 10 years). In the same time period the number of African American residents of the village increased from 60 (or 1.4% of the population) to 1,035. This means that the percentage rate of growth of the African American population of Posen over the last 20 years has been greater than that of the Hispanic population. While as late as 2004 the "Encyclopedia of Chicago" still referred to Posen as "predominantly Polish American" even then an actual examination of the 2000 census ancestry report would have shown that only a quarter of the population claimed to have Polish ancestry.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 census, there were 5,987 people, 1,765 households, and 1,383 families residing in the village. The population density was 5,117.1 people per square mile (1,995.7/km2). There were 1,883 housing units at an average density of 1,609.4 per square mile (627.7/km2). The racial makeup of the population was 57.0% white (28.1% non-Hispanic white), 17.3% black, 0.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 20.9% reporting some other race and 3.7% reporting two or more races. 53.0% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, including the 50.5% of the population that identified as being ethnically Mexican.  Estimates of ancestries for the period 2007-2011 put the Polish percentage in Posen at around 7.9% of the population. There were 1,765 households, out of which 50.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were headed by married couples living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.39, and the average family size was 3.81.  In the village, the population was spread out with 31.5% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males.  For the period 2007-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $52,724, and the median income for a family was $53,311. Male full-time workers had a median income of $37,278 versus $30,380 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,944. About 14.7% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Posen is in Illinois' 1st congressional district.

Education.

Posen-Robbins School District 1431⁄2 serves Posen.

Posen is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Posen is the German-language name for the western Polish city of Poznań. The population of the village was 5,987 at the 2010 census, up from 4,730 in 2000.


Geography.

Stickney is located at (41.816982, -87.786755).  According to the 2010 census, Stickney has a total area of, of which (or 98.17%) is land and (or 1.83%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,148 people, 2,253 households, and 1,516 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,189.5 people per square mile (1,229.9/km2). There were 2,334 housing units at an average density of 1,210.8 per square mile (466.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 90.78% White, 0.42% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.09% Asian, 6.31% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.52% of the population, including 18.7% of Mexican descent.  The top five non-Hispanic ancestries reported in Stickney as of the 2000 census were Polish (19.5%), Czech (16.2%), German (14.0%), Italian (9.2%) and Irish (8.9%).  There were 2,253 households out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.10.  In the village, the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $42,772, and the median income for a family was $52,614. Males had a median income of $30,684 versus $29,444 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,109. About 2.4% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Stickney is in Illinois' 3rd congressional district.

Education.

Stickney has two public elementary schools, Home School and Edison School, part of Lyons Elementary School District 103, both serving grades K-5. Students then attend George Washington Middle School in Lyons for grades 6-8.  Residents are zoned Morton West High School in Berwyn for grades 9-12 as all residents are west of Ridgeland Avenue.  The village had previously hosted Haley School which was built in 1923 and demolished in 1987; its land later being converted into Haley Park in 1989, and MacArthur School (41st and Cuyler) which was closed and later demolished. St Pius X Church had an elementary school which was closed in the 90s.

Stickney is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The village is named for Alpheus Beede Stickney, a railroad executive who played a central role in establishing the Clearing Industrial District. The population was 6,786 at the 2010 census. It was well known in the 1920s and early 1930s as the home for several bordellos linked to mobster Al Capone's empire.


Publication history.

Science-fiction anthology.

"Tales to Astonish" and its sister publication "Tales of Suspense" were both launched with a January 1959 cover date. The early run of the first volume of "Tales to Astonish" ran from issues #1–34 (Jan. 1959 – Aug. 1962), initially under Atlas Comics, the 1950s forerunner of Marvel; it fell under the Marvel banner with issue No. 21 (July 1961), the first with a cover sporting the early "MC" box. It contained science-fiction mystery/suspense stories written primarily by editor-in-chief Stan Lee and his brother, Larry Lieber, with artists including Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, Dick Ayers, Don Heck and Paul Reinman. One such story, "The Man in the Ant Hill", in No. 27 (Jan. 1962), introduced the character Henry Pym, who would be repurposed eight issues later as the superhero Ant-Man. Anthological stories continued to appear as backups until "Tales to Astonish" became a superhero "split book" in 1964, when it began featuring one story each of Giant-Man and the Hulk.

Ant-Man and Giant-Man.

Following his one-shot anthological story in No. 27 (Jan. 1962), scientist Henry Pym returned donning a cybernetic helmet and red costume, and using size-changing technology to debut as the insect-sized hero Ant-Man in No. 35 (Sept. 1962). The series was plotted by Lee and scripted by Lieber, with penciling first by Kirby and later by Heck and others. The Wasp was introduced as Ant-Man's costar in issue No. 44 (June 1963). Ant-Man and Pym's subsequent iteration, Giant-Man, introduced in No. 49 (Nov. 1963), starred in 10- to 13-page and later 18-page adventures, with the rest of "Tales to Astonish" devoted to the anthological science fiction and fantasy stories the comic normally ran. Aside from Lee and Lieber, occasional writers included Ernie Hart, under the pseudonym H. E. Huntley, Leon Lazarus (#64, Feb. 1965) and Al Hartley (#69, the feature's finale, July 1965). Artists of the latter part of the run included Ditko, Ayers, and two veterans of the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books, Carl Burgos and Bob Powell.  The backup feature "Tales of the Wasp" (#51–56) used the superheroine as a framing device for anthological science-fiction stories, having her relate tales to hospitalized servicemen and the like. The Wasp also starred in two subsequent solo backup stories. All were scripted and penciled by Lieber.

Hulk and Sub-Mariner.

The Hulk, whose original series "The Incredible Hulk" had been canceled after a six-issue run in 1962–63, returned to star in his own feature when "Tales to Astonish" became a split book at issue No. 60 (Oct. 1964), after having guest-starred as Giant-Man's antagonist in a full-length story the previous issue. The Hulk had proven a popular guest-star in three issues of "Fantastic Four" and an issue of "The Amazing Spider-Man". His new stories here were initially scripted by Lee and illustrated by the seldom-seen team of penciler Steve Ditko and inker George Roussos. This early part of the Hulk's run introduced the Leader, who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and this run additionally made the Hulk's identity known, initially only to the military and then later publicly. The Abomination first appeared in "Tales to Astonish" No. 90, and is introduced as a KGB agent and spy. Stan Lee chose the name "the Abomination," which he realized belonged to no other character, before conceiving the character's background and appearance. Lee recalled that he simply told artist Gil Kane to "make him bigger and stronger than the Hulk and we'll have a lot of fun with him." Namor the Sub-Mariner received his first feature in a decade beginning with No. 70 (Aug. 1965). The Golden Age character Byrrah was reintroduced in issue No. 90 (April 1967). After the final issue of "Tales to Astonish" (which became the solo magazine "The Incredible Hulk" with issue No. 102, April 1968), the Sub-Mariner co-starred in the split-book one-shot "Iron Man and Sub-Mariner" No. 1 before going on to his own 72-issue series.

Revivals.

A second volume of "Tales to Astonish", using the cover logo "Tales to Astonish starring the Sub-Mariner", ran 14 issues (Dec. 1979 – Jan. 1981), reprinting edited versions of "Sub-Mariner" #1–14 (May 1968 – June 1969). All but the last issue ran 18-page versions of the originally 20-page stories, with panels and text reworked to condense the plot. That last issue also included three Sub-Mariner pinups, one by character creator Bill Everett, reprinted from "Marvel Mystery Comics" No. 9 (July 1940); one by penciler Jack Kirby and inker Sol Brodsky, reprinted from "Fantastic Four" No. 33 (Dec. 1964); and a new one by artist Alan Weiss. Covers repurposed the original art, with the premiere issue's image flipped 180 degrees.  "Tales to Astonish" vol. 3 No. 1 (Dec. 1994) was a 72-page one-shot special starring the Hulk, the Sub-Mariner, Ant-Man, and the Wasp in the story "Loki's Dream" by writer Peter David, with painted art by John Estes.

In other media.

In the 2015 film "Ant-Man", after showing archival footage of Hank Pym/Ant-Man in action, Darren Cross jokes that the whole idea sounds like "tales to astonish."

Tales to Astonish is the name of two American comic book series and a one-shot comic published by Marvel Comics.