Playing career.

Club career.

Papavasiliou began his pro football career in 1988 with Greek Alpha Ethniki club OFI, having arrived from England nd the youth teams of Oldham Athletic and Arsenal. He spent five years with the Cretan top-tier side during its "golden years", establishing himself as an attacking midfielder under coach Eugène Gerards. In August 1993, Papavasiliou was transferred to Newcastle United for £120,000 signing a two-year contract and thus becoming the first Cypriot to play in the FA Premier League. He made his Newcastle debut against Tottenham on 14 August 1993. He went on to play for two seasons at the club before returning to OFI in 1994.  He returned to Cyprus in 1996 signing for First Division club Apollon Limassol, where he stayed four years. In 2000, Papavasiliou was acquired by Anorthosis Famagusta, but after playing with them through the 2000−01 season, he was subsequently loaned out to Enosis Neon Paralimni and Olympiakos Nicosia. He then moved to APOEL, where he played his final season, opting to retire his playing career in 2003.

International career.

Papavasiliou has represented Cyprus for 9 years during 1990−1999, making a total of 38 national caps and scoring five goals.

Managerial career.

Papavasiliou holds the English UEFA A Licence and also the UEFA Pro Licence. He began his managerial career in Cyprus, first at APE Pitsilia in the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division and then moving to Olympiakos Nicosia, who had recently been relegated to the Second Division after many decades in the top flight. Papavasiliou led the "Green−Blacks" throughout their 2007–08 campaign, but missed out on promotion in the final match of the competition, in which his side was defeated 2−1 by fellow promotion contenders Nea Salamis, who thus finished in the promotion zone and left Olympiakos in fourth place.  In the summer of 2009, Papavasiliou returned to Greece and the team where he made his name as a player, OFI, where he was paired up with former OFI teammate Myron Sifakis to lead the club during its 2009–10 Beta Ethniki campaign. The duo were however sacked after poor performances at the start of the competition. He returned to Cyprus and Olympiakos Nicosia, this time completing the club's comeback to the First Division after securing third place in the 2009–10 campaign. He left the club in the summer of 2010 and spent the next six months managing Doxa Katokopia until January 2011, and then one year at Enosis Neon Paralimni, whom he led to an all-time best sixth-place finish in the First Division in 2011. In February 2012, Papavasiliou was hired as manager of Olympiakos Nicosia for the third time in his managerial career.  In September 2012, Papavasiliou reached an agreement with Apollon Limassol, for whom he had played from 1996 to 2000, and mutually terminated his contract with Olympiakos to complete the move. He did not manage to finish the season with the club, as he was sacked in March 2013, after a 9−6−6 record. In September 2014, he was appointed manager of Ermis Aradippou, but once again he was fired after several bad results in February 2015.  On 21 August 2015 Papavasiliou was hired as manager of Slovak First Football League side Slovan Bratislava, whom he led to the 2016 Slovak Cup Final. He finished the season in second place behind double-winners AS Trenčín, boasting an impressive.64 win ratio. His second season with the club came to an abrupt end however, as he was fired after the third game of the 2016−17 season  In May 2018, Papavasiliou was appointed manager of Greek Football League side Ergotelis. He managed to lead the club to its first Greek Cup Quarter-finals since 1986 during his first season as club manager. His work did not go unnoticed and in September 2019 he was offered the head coach position of struggling Super League side Panionios. Papavasiliou thus terminated his contract with Ergotelis, accepting the bid and thus making his Super League managerial debut.

Other.

Papavasiliou has accumulated substantial experience and expertise in scouting, and Academy management, having worked as a scout for FA Premier League clubs Bolton Wanderers and Newcastle United. He is also the owner of Nikki Football Academy in Cyprus.

Nikodimos "Nikki" Papavasiliou (; born 31 August 1970) is a Cypriot football manager and former international midfielder. He was the manager of Greek Super League club Panionios. Aside from playing and managing, Papavasiliou's background includes scouting and Academy management. He was the first Cypriot to play in the FA Premier League.


History.

In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig. Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function. Noelle contested Lederman's patent, but the challenge (called an interference) was rejected on all counts

Expression.

CD40 ligand is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells).

Specific effects on cells.

CD40L plays a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via T cell priming and activation of CD40-expressing immune cells.

Macrophages.

In the macrophage, the primary signal for activation is IFN-γ from Th1 type CD4 T cells. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds CD40 on the macrophage cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and TNF receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy phagocytosed bacteria and produce more cytokines.

B cells.

B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called T cells. If an activated T cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation. The T cell also produces IL-4, which directly influences B cells. As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a germinal center where antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation occurs, as well as their differentiation to plasma cells and memory B cells. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target. Early evidence for these effects were that in CD40 or CD154 deficient mice, there is little class switching or germinal centre formation, and immune responses are severely inhibited.

Endothelial cells.

Activation of endothelial cells by CD40L (e.g. from activated platelets) leads to reactive oxygen species production, as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. This inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells promotes recruitment of leukocytes to lesions and may potentially promote atherogenesis. CD40L has shown to be a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability.

Interactions.

CD154 has been shown to interact with RNF128.

CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 (protein) on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (T cells). On T cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication. A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.


Early life and education.

Knight was born in New York City. She started playing classical piano at the age of four, continuing her studies for ten years at the Mannes School of Music.

Career.

Knight started studying classical piano at age four and continued her studies for ten years at the Mannes School of Music. She left home at sixteen. In 1980, her first big break came when she played keyboards (uncredited) on Kiss' "Unmasked" album. In the early 1980s, she joined Spider (featuring Anton Fig of Late Show with David Letterman) and her band, managed by Bill Aucoin, manager of Kiss and Billy Idol, among others, got a recording contract with Dreamland Records, an RSO-distributed label, and released two albums: "Spider" (self-titled; 1980) and "Between the Lines" (1981).  Knight was already planning to leave Spider, when Dreamland president, songwriter and record producer Mike Chapman urged her to move to Los Angeles to pursue her songwriting career. She signed a publishing deal with his company, eventually signing to EMI Publishing. Knight and Chapman worked together on the Top 5 U.S. hit "Better Be Good to Me" (1984) by Tina Turner and "Love Is a Battlefield" (1983) by Pat Benatar, each of which won a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Knight was replaced on keyboards in Spider, later renamed Shanghai for its eponymous and final album, by famed producer Beau Hill, before her former band folded in 1984.  Knight has written hits for some of the most successful artists in music. For Pat Benatar, in addition to "Love Is a Battlefield", she wrote "Invincible"; she co-wrote "The Best", performed by Bonnie Tyler and later a No. 1 single around the world for Tina Turner. On her own and in collaboration with others, Knight wrote songs with Heart, Aerosmith, Bonnie Tyler, Rod Stewart, and many more. Tina Turner has recorded nine of her tunes, including "The Best", "Better Be Good to Me", and "In Your Wildest Dreams" (1996). She was voted the Best Songwriter in "Rolling Stone" Magazine's 11th annual poll, along with Phil Collins, Paul Simon, Billy Joel and Bruce Springsteen.  Knight had a second band called Device in the mid-1980s, who had a hit with "Hanging on a Heart Attack" off their album "22B3" (1986). Spider and Device both had Top 40 hits, while Device was on MTV's heavy-rotation playlist for four consecutive months. Knight also released a self-titled solo album in 1988. This album featured her own rendition of the song she co-wrote, "Love Is a Battlefield", as well as the single "Heart Don't Fail Me Now", which featured background vocals from Daryl Hall.  Her songs have featured on the soundtracks of numerous films, including "Thelma & Louise" (1991), "Vision Quest" (1985), "Legend of Billie Jean" (1985), "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome" (1985), "The Secret of My Success" (1987), "Stuart Little II" (2002), "13 Going on 30" (2004), "What the Bleep Do We Know!?" (2004), and hit television shows such as "Nip/Tuck" (2003–2010), "The Singing Bee" (2007–), "American Idol", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", "30 Rock", "South Park", "Dallas Buyers Club", "Glee", "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", "Necessary Roughness", the 40th anniversary "Saturday Night Live", and the finale episode of "The Voice" (2011), in which Cee Lo Green performed a duet of "Love Is a Battlefield" with one of the final contestants. Most recently her songs have been featured in the Netflix hit show, GLOW ("The Warrior" became the theme song), Stranger Things, Mix-ish and Schitt's Creek  Knight wrote the theme song for the popular Joss Whedon television show "Angel" (1999–2004), performed by Darling Violetta. She also wrote and produced the title theme for the sitcom "Still Standing" (2002–2006), performed by Will Hoge, which received the ASCAP award for recognition as one of the top TV music themes of 2003, as well as the same award again in 2004.  In the 21st century, Knight has also been active as a record producer. In 2009, she produced a jazz EP called "Natural" for Antonia Bennett, daughter of Tony Bennett, and in 2012, an alternative pop record of original songs for her, entitled "Ordinary Girl". In 2014, she produced a second full-length jazz record for Antonia Bennett of songs from the "Great American Songbook" called "Embrace Me", on Perseverance records. She has also produced tracks for Otep, Fefe Dobson, The Donnas, and the Australian band, Porcelain, and 2014 Tony Award winner Lena Hall.  In 2017, she contributed a chapter to the book "Because I Was a Girl", published by Holt.

Personal life.

Knight has two sons and lives in Los Angeles.  She has been married three times, and dated Anton Fig and Paul Stanley in the 1980s.

Holly Knight is an American songwriter, musician and singer. She was a member of the 1980s pop rock groups Spider and Device, and wrote or co-wrote several hit singles for other artists, such as "Rag Doll", "Obsession", "Love Is a Battlefield", "The Best", "Invincible", "Better Be Good to Me", "The Warrior", and "Change".


Early life.

Pentland was born and raised in Northampton. When she was seven years old, her mother died from metastatic breast cancer, which Pentland goes into detail about in her October 2015 video, "My Pink Hair Story". Her father later remarried and Pentland suffered mental and physical abuse from her stepmother. While at school at Northampton High School, Pentland experienced bullying. Pentland graduated with a Bachelor of Science with Honours in Psychology and Biology from Liverpool John Moores University in 2006.

Career.

Pentland was working in a number of office roles when she began writing a craft and interior DIY blog named "Sprinkle of Glitter".  Pentland began her YouTube channel, also named "Sprinkle of Glitter", in January 2010. At first the channel covered beauty, fashion and lifestyle, as well as her pregnancy; it has since expanded to include motivational and advice videos. In August 2012, Pentland began a second channel named "Sprinkle of Chatter", where she uploads lifestyle vlogs. Pentland has broadcast many collaborations on her channel with other YouTubers, including: Zoe Sugg, Joe Sugg, Alfie Deyes, Louis Cole, Tanya Burr, Tyler Oakley, Troye Sivan, Grace Helbig, Phil Lester, Dan Howell, Caspar Lee, Jim Chapman and others.  As of August 2016 Pentland's main YouTube channel has over 2.5 million subscribers and over 150 million video views; her second channel "Sprinkle of Chatter" has over 1 million subscribers and over 85 million views. Pentland is influential in social media, with over 1 million followers on Twitter and Instagram.  Pentland has identified as a feminist and interviewed Labour Party leader Ed Miliband during the 2015 United Kingdom general election.  In 2014 she began Q&A sessions with her viewers at YouTube conventions named "Glitter Time." On 2 November 2014 she performed a pilot of her "LouiseLIVE" stage show in Northampton, her home town, and went on to take it on tour around the UK.  On 1 September 2016, after her divorce, she announced in the blog post "Why I'm 'Quitting' My Youtube Channel" and the video "Finishing with Sprinkle of Glitter" that she will be quitting her YouTube channel as it is now, and change to something more 'adult', as she feels she has grown up a lot since the start of her channel, and it's time for something new and something she feels is more 'Louise Pentland', instead of 'SprinkleofGlitter'.

Published works.

"Life with a Sprinkle of Glitter" was published in July 2015 by Simon & Schuster. The following month Pentland published "Sprinkle of Glitter 2016 Diary: Have the Best Year of Your Life!" through Faber and Faber.  Bonnier Zaffre acquired rights to two novels in 2016. The first, "Wilde Like Me", was published in June 2017. The sequel, "Wilde About The Girl", was published in August 2018. The third and final book in the series, "Wilde Women", was published in September 2019.  In March 2020, Bonnier Books announced a three-year portfolio of books written by Pentland, including a memoir on motherhood, scheduled to be released in August 2020; in addition to an adult fiction book, to be published in 2021, and two children's books, due in 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Podcasting.

In November 2019 Pentland announced her own podcast, "Mothers' Meeting with Louise Pentland", with episodes focusing on "offering insight into the parenting styles, personal struggles, and points of view of some of Britain's best loved mums". The first episode featured Angela Scanlon and Emily Norris, and subsequent guests have included Konnie Huq, Katie Piper and Nadia Sawalha.

Personal life.

Pentland studied BSc Psychology and Biology at Liverpool St Johns University. There she met Matt Watson, a teacher, whom she married on 4 September 2010; their daughter Darcy Jane Watson was born in April 2011. Pentland and Watson separated in mid-2014, but both stated in 2015 that they remained on good terms. Pentland is currently in a relationship with Liam O'Neill and they share a daughter named Pearl Jane Pentland, born in January 2018. Pentland and O'Neill announced their engagement in March 2020.

Louise Alexandra Pentland (born 28 April 1985) is an English motherhood, beauty and lifestyle vlogger, blogger, YouTube personality and author. She is also known by her online pseudonym SprinkleofGlitter or SprinkleofChatter, although publicly disavowed these usernames in favour of using her own name in 2016.


History.

Because of the characteristic round shape of its churchyard, the cathedral is thought to be on the site of an earlier Celtic church, of which no trace remains. A new church, dedicated to St. John, was built on the orders of Bernard de Neufmarché, the Norman knight who conquered the kingdom of Brycheiniog in 1093. He gave the church to one of his followers, Roger, a monk from Battle Abbey, who founded a priory on the site as a daughter house of Battle. The first prior at Brecon was Walter, another monk from Battle. Bernard de Neufmarché also endowed the priory with lands, rights and tithes from the surrounding area, and, after his death, it passed to the Earls of Hereford, so giving it greater prosperity. The church was rebuilt and extended in the Gothic style in about 1215, during the reign of King John. In the Middle Ages, the church was known as the church of Holy Rood or Holy Cross, because it owned a great "golden rood" which was an object of pilgrimage and veneration until it was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. The smoke-blackened roof of its hall was built between 1237 and 1267. In 1538 the Prior was pensioned off, and the priory church became the parish church. Some of the surrounding buildings were adapted for secular use; and others, such as the cloisters, were left to decay and later demolished. By the 19th century, the church was in poor repair and only the nave was in use. Some restoration took place in 1836, but major renovation of the church did not start until the 1860s. The tower was strengthened in 1914.  The cathedral is a Grade I listed building.  In recent years, some of the buildings in the cathedral close have been converted into a diocesan centre, a heritage centre and exhibition, as well as a shop and "Pilgrims'" restaurant.  Charles Lumley (1824–1858), awarded the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War, was buried in the cathedral churchyard.

Deans of Brecon.

The present Dean is Paul Shackerley, who was appointed in September 2014, in succession to Geoffrey Marshall who retired earlier that year.

Organ.

A specification of the pipe organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.  2017 Stephen Power

Bells.

There are five bells but they have become unringable.

Brecon Cathedral, () in the town of Brecon, Powys, is the cathedral of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon in the Church in Wales and seat of the Bishop of Swansea and Brecon. Previously the church of Brecon Priory and then the Parish Church of St John the Evangelist, it became Brecon Cathedral following the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920 and the creation of the diocese in 1923.


Early life and family.

Hilal Nebahat Çehre, born to a family from Georgia, on 15 March 1945, in Samsun, a city by the Black Sea in northern Turkey. She is paternal Georgian and maternal Laz descent. Her father was İzzet Çehre and her mother Müzeyyen Çehre was a housewife. After her father's death due to a heart attack, Çehre, along with her family, moved from Samsun to Turkey's largest city, Istanbul, when Çehre was five years old. In Istanbul, Çehre's widowed mother Müzeyyen married a second time to a judge, and then having divorced in 1956, married a third time to a newspaperman Cahit Poyraz in the early 60s. While recalling her childhood in interviews, Çehre had described herself as having been an extremely shy and startled little girl. Çehre also stated that she had been affected by the early death and absence of her father when she was still very young, and that she found it difficult to accept her mother's remarriages. Çehre would grow up to graduate from Fatih Kız Orta Okulu and Fatih Akşam Kız Sanat Okulu.  Çehre has an older half-brother, Nail Çehre (who was born from a previous relationship of İzzet Çehre), a younger brother named Orhan Çehre, as well as a younger half-brother, Tayyar Yıldız, from her mother's second marriage.

Early modelling career.

Çehre's professional career began with modelling. In 1960, at the age of only fifteen, Çehre was selected as "Miss Turkey" and was requested to represent Turkey in the Miss World pageant of that year in London, England. In later interviews, Çehre stated that at the time she was still a very young girl who hadn't matured yet, that she had never found herself attractive and that to have been chosen to represent Turkey in the beauty contest greatly surprised her. When asked, "How did you decide to enter the beauty contest?" Çehre responded: ""I had only just turned fifteen years when I entered the contest. I actually didn't really want to enter, but I was at the side of my friend and her older sister, who were entering the contest, and they made an offer to me, too. My mother had an interest in beauty and the models. When I told her of the offer, she wanted me to accept it. I entered the contest and came first."" Furthermore, after having always been called by her original first name Hilal, Çehre was enrolled into the pageant with only her middle name and surname, and would officially become known as Nebahat Çehre. Çehre also worked for a short amount of time at the side of an architect as a secretary.  The opportunity to have represented Turkey in the Miss World pageant brought about the offers for Çehre to play in films, under Turkey's then-leading film industry, "Yeşilçam". Çehre had a role within a play at a children's theatre, however, she was unable to get paid. Without previously ever having had an interest or desire to work as an actress, Çehre debuted in her first film, "Yaban Gülü", or "The Wild Rose", at the age of seventeen in 1962, and also did modelling from this time. However, Çehre did not like her screen character and described her character as a "rich and spoiled girl". She was determined not to act in any more films, although unexpectedly she was offered to play the role of a lawyer in another film afterwards, and was glad to accept the offer. Çehre continued to act in many more films after that point of time, her most notable Yeşilçam films including "Acı Hayat", or "Bitter Life" (1962) and "Kral Arkadaşım", "The King Is My Friend" (1964).

Relationship with Güney.

Acting.

The turning point of both Çehre's professional and personal life would occur in 1964. During that year, she was offered to play the leading female role in a film called "Kamalı Zeybek", where the renowned Turkish actor Yılmaz Güney was set to play the leading male role and who had also written the film's scenario script. Having had found the scenario very affective and having had liked it very much, Çehre gladly accepted the offer. Çehre and Güney were set to meet one another for the film one day, and Çehre would later describe in interviews that when she met Güney, she felt that she had been "hit by a forceful emotion" and that for both her and Güney, there was "a charge of electricity" and it was love at first sight. Both Güney (aged thirty) and Çehre (aged nineteen) would fall in love with each other within the duration of a couple of weeks of the filming, and Çehre would later describe that she was extremely happy and had found the "man of her life". However, Çehre's happiness was to be short-lived when she had discovered that Güney was living with another woman (Can Ünal), who had reportedly been of assistance to him when Güney had gone into prison for publishing a "communist" novel. Çehre described that, upon discovering this, ""within a moment my dreams had been ruined, I was ripped to shreds... He" [Güney] "explained everything to me, but I didn't want to accept anything and broke off"[from him]"."" Çehre was then sent to Miami, USA, for the Miss Universe beauty pageant. Upon her return to Turkey, she found that there was "a rain of film offers from Yeşilçam", with one of these film offers having had been to play at the side of Güney once again, in a film called "Dağların Oğlu", or "Son of the Mountains" (1965). Çehre accepted, after which she described that she and Güney were "no longer able to break off from one another." At this point of time, Can Ünal fell pregnant with Güney's child, and gave birth to his daughter, Elif Güney, in 1966. Despite Ünal's pregnancy and birth, Güney and Çehre remained together and agreed to get married. Güney, due to his tough posture and actions, earned himself the nickname of "Çirkin Kral" ("Ugly King"). Çehre, due to her modelling in the Miss World pageant, was known as "Güzellik Kraliçesi" ("Beauty Queen"). This contrast shared between Güney and Çehre has always been noted.  Çehre's romantic relationship with Güney also led to a turning point within her own acting career. Güney was an actor who also wrote film scripts and would sometimes even direct his own pictures. Between the years 1964 to 1968, Güney and Çehre would act in up to fourteen films together, side by side. Çehre would describe in later interviews, ""within the films that I acted in with Yılmaz, I would portray the roles of Anatolian, impoverished women."" Çehre greatly appreciated this due to previously always having been had suited by producers to female characters who were "rich, spoiled and pampered." Çehre also personally admired Güney's extremely skilled acting abilities, his effective film scripts and film directing style. Çehre's personal favourite and most notable film with Güney is "Seyyit Han" (1968), a simple love story amidst economic difficulties of rural life.  Another notable film that Güney and Çehre had made was "Eşrefpaşalı" (1966), in which one particular scene between Güney and Çehre has always been discussed by film critics and has continued to be portrayed and imitated in several other Turkish films and soap opera shows. The scene involved Güney shooting a glass off his then-girlfriend Çehre's head with a gun. The film's producer, Abdurrahman Keskiner, described the scene as such: ""Cinema historians would say of this" [scene] "to be made up from a tale. But it's true! On that day, out of the three guns that I had on me, Yılmaz wanted the one that had actual bullets inside. At this point Nebahat was crying, trembling and begging the man she loved in tears, 'Yılmaz, it's not possible, I won't do it. Don't use a real bullet, I'm begging you! I didn't find my life in the streets. At the slightest wrong movement I could die.' Yılmaz wasn't concerned. He put the glass on Nebahat's head. Then he stood twenty metres away. There was a deathly silence on the set. Everyone was holding their breath in fear, looking at the trembling Nebahat who was at the foot of the wall. The poor girl was as if she was little suspecting of the disaster that awaited her. Yılmaz pulled the trigger, and the glass was smashed to smithereens. Nebahat began to cry... Yılmaz calmed her down with difficulty. He took her to the corner of the beach and said some things.""

Marriage.

Güney and Çehre were married on 30 January 1967, at the Hilton Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey, and it was the first marriage for each of them. However, their marriage was, at many stages, not without its disputes, troubles or violence. According to witnesses, Güney and Çehre were "madly in love with one another." Abdurrahman Keskiner, who had been Güney's close friend and personal manager and a close acquaintance of both Güney and Çehre during the time, would later describe in an interview that, ""they" [Güney and Çehre] "had a very passionate and intensely severe love, full of quarrels and beatings. Nebahat would get beaten up a lot by Yılmaz."" A particularly renowned incident that had occurred between Güney and Çehre and which has been described by several individuals who knew them, involves Çehre to leave home and board a train with her brother Tayyar without the knowledge of Güney, and go to the northwestern Turkish city of Eskişehir, to visit her relatives. Güney, upon discovering this, pursues the train within his car, drives ahead and parks his automobile on the train tracks. As the train reaches Güney with a screeching noise, Güney maintains his calm composure, enters the train after it has stopped, collects Çehre and takes her back home to Istanbul.  At some point during the marriage, Çehre conceived her child with Güney. Upon predicting that the marriage would not continue for a lifetime and taking the instability of their relationship under consideration, Çehre decided that it was best to terminate the pregnancy. This was firmly against Güney's wishes, who ardently wished for Çehre to bear their children, and had even gone so far as to threaten Çehre's doctor. The doctor was changed, and Çehre proceeded with an abortion. Güney approached the doctor and expressed his wish that nothing of the sort should happen again, should any subsequent pregnancies occur.

Divorce.

Çehre officially divorced Güney in April 1968, after only fifteen months of marriage. Abdurrahman Keskiner described another incident that occurred within the final days of Güney and Çehre's marriage: ""...Yılmaz, Nebahat and I... One day they" [Güney and Çehre] "had another quarrel at a night club. Nebahat angrily left the club. She didn't pay any attention when Yılmaz said'stop'. As Nebahat began running towards the hotel that they were staying at in Elmadağ, Yılmaz hopped into his automobile. He angrily passed the steering wheel. Then, in front of my own eyes, he ran over the woman he loved with his car. Nebahat flew up into the air, smashed on to the car and then on to the sidewalk... She stayed in hospital for four days. We hid this" [incident] "from everybody. Their relationship ended after the incident. But their love never, ever ended."" The incident resulted in Çehre to having had broken her right-collarbone.  Keskiner also went on to continue that, ""Within his life, Yılmaz loved Nebahat Çehre the most. He couldn't forget her. His later wife Fatoş Güney would know of this and become angry. Even within his last times in Paris, he said, "Abdurrahman, I can't come back to Turkey. Take care of Nebahat.""  Çehre was able to divorce Güney within one law hearing and cited "extreme incompatibility" as the ground for her divorce. After their divorce, Güney was required to do his compulsory military service in the province of Sivas in Central Anatolia. Despite their divorce, however, Çehre would reportedly fly to Sivas every week to visit Güney, and Güney would continue to write love letters to her, expressing his sadness and regret of what he had put her through and noting Çehre's remarkable strength as a woman and actress and his everlasting love for her. Within interviews made during her later life, Çehre would describe that ""intense love and passion wears out a relationship... Sometimes things become extremely passionate. Passion brings harm to a relationship... Yılmaz was both a very good and a very difficult husband... I was living the intensity of his love to an unimaginable degree but, at a moment, this can use you up... For us to have lived together seemed impossible, one of us would have vanished. For both of us to have stayed healthy, I thought of it as a definite condition that we separate from one another." " Güney would marry a second time to Fatoş Güney in 1970 and, due largely to his increasing "leftist" opinions, would spend most of his remaining life in prison. He escaped from prison in 1981 and flew to Paris, France, where he would die of stomach cancer in 1984. Despite their divorce, Çehre has described herself as "lucky" and regularly calls Güney her "school" and "teacher", explaining that ""I learnt about life and the art of acting from him... I began buying and reading my own books... I became a more social person... I began to get to know the people of the country... I learnt to take my job more seriously... My view towards life and the world changed."" Their relationship lasted a little over four years. However, Çehre has explained how, at one stage, during her stay in hospital for suffering from jaundice, her former husband rushed to the hospital to see her, and during Güney's years in imprisonment, members of Çehre's family would visit him. Güney had also occasionally telephoned Çehre during his imprisonment. Directly before Güney had escaped to Paris in 1981, he wanted to see Çehre one last time and, when Çehre was set to perform at a casino in Bebek, Istanbul, one evening, as she arrived at the casino, to her great surprise which made her "panic dreadfully", Güney was sitting amongst the audience to see her, alongside his friends. Initially trying to avoid eye contact while singing on stage, Çehre eventually glanced at Güney, who handed his former wife a flower after she approached him and the two shared an embrace. According to Çehre, "His [Güney's] intention that night was to reunite. However, I did not want this relationship to begin again. They [the casino's employees] managed to get me away from there."' After their final meeting, Güney died a few years later. Çehre did not attend his funeral, and, despite visiting Paris regularly, frequently suggests that she has never gone to his grave, ""I think it's because I want to remember him the last way I had seen him,"" she said. However, Çehre has stated that, every time she goes to Paris, she and her step-daughter from her first marriage, Elif Güney, come together in meeting, and also meet when Elif Güney visits Istanbul. Çehre regularly comments that she has "great respect for Güney" and that ""had Yılmaz" [Güney] "lived today, we would have been very good friends. Because every time I had a headache, he would rush immediately to be by my side.""

Singing career.

After her divorce from Güney, Çehre continued to act in a large amount of Yeşilçam films, which she had taken a break from while married to Güney. However, within the 1970s, the creation of sex films were dramatically increasing within Turkish cinema. At this time, Çehre chose to do professional stage singing instead. Her singing abilities were first recognised by the prominent Turkish singer, songwriter and music composer, Zeki Müren. Çehre explained, ""I was walking on the shore with Zeki Müren... He asked me why I hadn't gone on to the stage and at a moment, asked me to sing a song for him. I got embarrassed, 'How can I do this next to you?' I said. When he insisted, I sang 'Kırmızı Gülün Alı Var"' ['The Red Rose Has A Deception']. "He liked it, 'Amazing', he said. I held on to this job tightly, I embraced music seriously. I got lessons from the best teachers and I took my first step on to the stage in 1970."" Çehre made her first stage performance at the Lunapark Casino in Ankara, Turkey.

Relationship with Demir.

Around this time, Çehre met and began a relationship with a basketball player from the Turkish sports club Galatasaray, Yavuz Demir. Through her relationship with Demir, Çehre later explained that ""he" [Demir]" helped me to win over my tendency to become easily startled and frightened which I had lived through at a young age. He caused me to win my self-confidence back."" Çehre and Demir married in 1976, this having been the second marriage for Çehre, and the third for Demir, who would marry five times within his life. Çehre always noted how her previous husband Yılmaz Güney and her second husband Yavuz Demir were ""the complete opposite to one another"", Güney having had "a hot temper", and Demir having had a comfortable, softer, self-controlled and calm personality. At one stage during her marriage to Demir, Çehre fell pregnant, although, sensing that her relationship with Demir wasn't going to last, she had an abortion. Çehre would later explain that, ""I had lost my own father at a very young age and grew up with a step-father. As a small girl I had suffered greatly because of this in a serious form. Because I grew up without a father, I didn't want to raise a fatherless child. I made myself a promise: If I have a marriage that I can carry on with and if it's a happy marriage, I will have my own child."" Çehre divorced Demir in 1979, their relationship having had lasted for eight years. Çehre explained in later interviews that, ""Our relationship would have continued. I just couldn't become adapted to his" [Demir's] "life. I'm conservative and confined to my own space. The life that I was living then" [with Demir] "was extremely active. All those trips, visitors and crowds were drowning me... I understood that I wasn't going to be able to carry on and keep in step with his fast lifestyle..."" Demir died in 2006 and Çehre had attended his funeral.

Hilal Nebahat Çehre (; born 15 March 1944), is a Golden Orange-winning Turkish-Georgian actress, model, and singer who was crowned Miss Turkey 1960. She is best known for her protagonistic roles as Firdevs Yöreoğlu on the Kanal D drama series Aşk-ı Memnu (2008–10) and as Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, the Valide Sultan, on the series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (2011–14).


Biography.

She was the daughter of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông and the younger sister of Emperor Trần Anh Tông. There are few details in the historical record about princess Huyền Trân's life. She was born in 1289 but her year of death is unclear. In 1293 Emperor Trần Nhân Tông abdicated in favor of his son, Trần Anh Tông, in order to join a monastery in a pagoda on Mount Yen Tu in what is now Quảng Ninh Province.  In 1301, the Emperor's father, Trần Nhân Tông, visited the Champa kingdom and was given a lavish royal welcome by King Jaya Sinhavarman III. The visit lasted nine months. When Trần Nhân Tông left Champa for Đại Việt (the name of Vietnam at the time), he promised to give his daughter in marriage to king Jaya Sinhavarman III even though the Cham king was already married and that Cham queen was a Javanese named Tapasi. Jaya Sinhavarman III thereafter sent many envoys to Đại Việt to urge the Trần King to carry out the marriage plan as Trần Nhân Tông had promised but the Emperor refused. Among the Emperor's men, only General Văn Túc Đạo Tái and Minister Trần Khắc Chung supported the marriage.  In 1306 Jaya Sinhavarman III offered to cede the two Cham provinces of Chau O and Chau Ly as a dowry and Trần Anh Tông finally agreed to give his sister in marriage to the Cham king. In 1306 Trần Anh Tông married off princess Huyền Trân to the Champa King Jaya Sinhavarman III (Vietnamese: "Chế Mân", 制旻) and as Queen Paramecvariin of Champa, in return for the two provinces of Chau O and Chau Ly (or Chau Ri) (today these provinces are Quảng Bình Province, Quảng Trị Province and Thừa Thiên–Huế Province).  Princess Huyền Trân went to Champa but a year later, in May 1307, Jaya Sinhavarman III died and the crown prince sent an ambassador to Đại Việt to offer white elephants as gifts and announced the death of his king. According to Cham tradition, all of the royal wives would be cremated with the dead king. King Trần Anh Tông ordered a general named Trần Khắc Chung to go to Champa to officially attend the funeral but the real mission was for Trần Khắc Chung to rescue Huyền Trân and take her back to Đại Việt by boat. The trip back took a year. Legends had it that Trần Khắc Chung fell in love with Princess Huyền Trân and the two disappeared from sight together but there is no historical proof to back up this story.

Huyền Trân in art.

The sacrifice of princess Huyền Trân (well known in Vietnamese literature and history as "Huyền Trân Công Chúa") has become an attractive topic for poems and arts and music in Vietnamese chữ Nôm. Her marriage is also proverbial. Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after her.

Princess Huyền Trân (, 玄珍公主) (1289-after 1330?) later Queen Paramecvariin of Champa, was a princess during the Trần Dynasty in the history of Vietnam.


History.

Establishment.

In 1167, under the pressure from the ongoing wars between the Almoravid Dynasty and the new invasions of the Almohad Caliphate, the Moorish King Muhammad ibn Mardanis (nicknamed the Wolf King), ceded the Taifa of Albarracín to a vassal of Sancho VI of Navarre, a noble from Estella-Lizarra named Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. The title was granted to d'Azagra due to his support of the Navarrese Crown against Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragón (Alfonso the Battler).  In 1172, Pero Ruíz d'Azagra managed to consolidate his power over the Señorío making that territory independent of the other Christian Kingdoms in the region. In 1190, with the signing of the Borja Accords, between Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancho VI of Navarre, the two monarchs agreed to a defensive pact against Alfonso VIII of Castile which gave official legitimacy to the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín with respect to the two kingdoms.

Troubles with the Kingdom of Aragón.

In 1220, Albarracín became one of the scenes of the, a revolt that was fostered by Rodrigo de Lizana with the help of Pedro Fernández de Azagra, the contemporary Señor of Albarracín. James I of Aragón decided to besiege the city that same year but lifted the siege after he failed to gain significant support from his nobility.

Conquest of the Taifa of Valencia.

The House of Azagra remained out of favor with the Crown of Aragón until the Reconquista of Valencia in which they collaborated with the Aragonese Crown. In 1233, they participated in the conquest of Valencia. One of the major battles the Señorío contributed its forces to was the Siege of Burriana which resulted in a victory for Aragon over the Zayyan ibn Mardanish and the Taifa of Valencia.

Downfall and integration into the Kingdom of Aragón.

The House of Azagra remained dominant in the region for six generations thanks to the support received from the Kingdom of Aragon. In 1281, with the signing of the Treaty of d'Ágreda by Peter III of Aragon and Alfonso X of Castile came to an agreement and Aragon was free to pursue territorial expansion in the region of Albarrazín and elsewhere. In 1284, the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín was conquered by the Kingdom of Aragon after a lengthy siege lasting from April to September of that year. Attempts to recover the lands by the contemporary lord, Juan Núñez I de Lara, who decided to pursue an alliance with the Kingdom of France, were defeated. Peter III of Aragon, upon capturing the city, gave it as a gift to his illegitimate child with Inés Zapata, Ferdinand of Aragon.  In 1300, James II of Aragon incorporated the lands and city of Albarracín into his dominion as a titled city.

The Lordship of Albarracín was an independent Christian lordship in the Kingdom of Aragón located in and around the city of Albarracín. Its location was a buffer wedged between the Kingdom of Aragón and the Kingdom of Castile. The Señorío was created after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín belonging to the Berber line of Banu Razín.


Background.

Bernie Lowe and Kal Mann, founders of Rydell's label, wrote "Kissin' Time". It quickly became a number 11 hit in the U.S. and made Rydell (then a 17-year-old) a "teen idol". This success was followed by a tour through Australia with The Everly Brothers, Billy "Crash" Craddock, Marv Johnson, the Champs and the Crickets. Rydell recorded a new version of "Kissin' Time" to fit Australia ("they're kissin' in Sydney. Perth and Brisbane too..."). The song was covered by the hard rock band Kiss in 1974.

Kiss version.

In 1974, the hard rock band Kiss released its eponymous debut album. The record struggled to stay on the charts and the group was in need of a single that would help. Neil Bogart, founder of the band's record company Casablanca Records, knew that a catchy single could save the record. He consequently ordered the band to record "Kissin' Time", hoping that it would achieve the same success as it had for Rydell. The single first had to be drastically reworked because of lines like "They're smoochin' all over, even in St. Lou."  A song with lyrics like the original ones were ill-suited to Kiss' then leather-clad style. Kenny Kerner, one of the album producers, said about the reworking of the song: "We sat there, we all had pads and pencils, and we just went around the board. And we went, 'Alright, well... they're Kissin' in'... and somebody would go, 'Detroit'! And we'd go, 'Alright, they're kissin' in Detroit.' And that's how it went. We re-wrote the song in like twenty minutes." The band members were not thrilled with the record company's decision to record the song and later feature it on the album, but they were pressured into going along.  "Kissin' Time" was released three months after the initial release of the album, but was not included on the album until July 1974. Sung by Kiss members Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley and Peter Criss, the song did not achieve anywhere near the success of Rydell's original, reaching only number 83 on the US Pop Charts and 79 on US Cashbox. Despite the anemic performance of the song on the charts, "Kiss" climbed to a relatively high number 87 position.

Live performances.

"Kissin' Time" was performed for a short period while the single and promotion were active, and then the band dropped the song until the 2006 Rising Sun Tour where they, to the surprise of the fans, performed it alongside the previously unplayed "Love 'Em and Leave 'Em". An acoustic version was performed on July 23, 2015, at the San Manuel Indian Casino in Highland, California.

Appearances.

"Kissin' Time" has appeared on following Kiss albums:

"Kissin' Time" is a song by the American rock and roll singer Bobby Rydell. It was released in 1959 on Cameo-Parkway Records. Written by Bernie Lowe and Kal Mann, the track was Rydell's first single and it would also go on to be his first Top 20 hit.


Early life and education.

Gossett was born in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York, on May 27, 1936, to Hellen Rebecca (née Wray), a nurse, and Louis Gossett Sr., a porter. He is an alumnus of Mark Twain Intermediate School 239 and Abraham Lincoln High School. His stage debut came at the age of 17, in a school production of "You Can't Take It with You" when a sports injury resulted in the decision to take an acting class. Polio had already delayed his graduation.  After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1954, he attended New York University, declining an athletic scholarship. Standing 6'1" (1.86 m), he was offered the opportunity to play varsity basketball during his college years at NYU, which he declined to concentrate on theater. His high school teacher had encouraged him to audition for a Broadway part, which resulted in his selection for a starring role on Broadway in 1953 from among 200 other actors well before he entered NYU.

Career.

Gossett replaced Bill Gunn as Spencer Scott in Broadway's "Take a Giant Step", which was selected by "The New York Times" drama critics as one of the 10 best shows of the year. He was 17, and still a student at Abraham Lincoln High School, with no formal drama training.  Gossett's Broadway theatre credits include "A Raisin in the Sun" (1959). Gossett stepped into the world of cinema in the Sidney Poitier vehicle "A Raisin in the Sun" in 1961.  Also in 1961, Gossett appeared in the original cast of Jean Genet's "The Blacks", the longest running off-Broadway play of the decade, running for 1,408 performances. The original cast also featured James Earl Jones, Roscoe Lee Browne, Cicely Tyson, Godfrey Cambridge, Maya Angelou and Charles Gordone.  In 1965, Gossett appeared in the musical play "Zulu and the Zayda" on Broadway as Paulus with music and lyrics by Harold Rome.  Gossett wrote the antiwar folk song "Handsome Johnny" with Richie Havens which Havens recorded in 1966.  His Emmy Award-winning role of Fiddler in the 1977 television miniseries "Roots" first brought Gossett to the audience's attention.  In 1983, he was cast in the title role in "Sadat", a miniseries which chronicled the life and assassination of Anwar Sadat. While filming "An Officer and a Gentleman", Gossett was also starring in the 1982–1983 science fiction series, "The Powers of Matthew Star". His role as drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film "An Officer and a Gentleman" won him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was the first black male to win an Oscar in a supporting role, the second black male to win for acting, and the third black actor to win overall.  In 1986, Gossett starred in another role as a military man (Colonel Chappy Sinclair) in the film "Iron Eagle". It was followed by three sequels.  In 1989, Gossett co-starred in the Marvel Comics adaptation "The Punisher," with Dolph Lundgren in the title role. The film was directed by Mark Goldblatt, with a screenplay by Boaz Yakin. "The Punisher" was filmed in Sydney, Australia and also featured Jeroen Krabbé, Kim Miyori, and Barry Otto.  In 1991, Gossett starred in Manny Coto's action film "Cover Up" opposite Dolph Lundgren.  Gossett is the voice of the Vortigaunts in the video game "Half-Life 2" and is the Free Jaffa Leader Gerak in Season 9 of the sci-fi television series "Stargate SG-1". He provides the voice of Lucius Fox in "The Batman" animated series. He recorded several commercials for a Nashville-based diabetic company, AmMed Direct, LLC. In 1997, Gossett presented "When Animals Attack! 4", a one-hour special on Fox.  He played the role of fictional U.S. President Gerald Fitzhugh in the 2005 film "". In 2008, he filmed the "Keep It Real" series of commercials for the Namibian lager Windhoek.  In 2009, Gossett also lent his voice talents in the Thomas Nelson audio Bible production known as The Word of Promise. In this dramatized audio, Gossett played the character of John the Apostle. The project also featured a large ensemble of well known Hollywood actors including Jim Caviezel, John Rhys-Davies, Jon Voight, Gary Sinise, Jason Alexander, Christopher McDonald, Marisa Tomei and John Schneider.  In 2013, Gossett starred in the controversial drama "Boiling Pot", which is based on true events of racism that occurred on college campuses across the US during the 2008 Presidential election. The film, written and directed by the Ashmawey brothers under AshmaweyFilms, also stars Danielle Fishel, Keith David, M. Emmet Walsh, and John Heard. Gossett plays a detective attempting to decipher a murder case that was fueled by racism, all while putting aside his own prejudices. "Boiling Pot" was released in 2014. Gossett returned to television in the CBS All Access series, "The Good Fight", guest starring as founding partner Carl Reddick of Diane Lockhart's new firm. He narrated an audiobook based on "Twelve Years a Slave".

Personal life.

Gossett has been married three times and fathered one son and adopted one son. His first marriage was to Hattie Glascoe; it was annulled. His second, to Christina Mangosing, took place on August 21, 1973. Their son Satie was born in 1974. Gossett and Mangosing divorced in 1975. His third marriage, to "Star Search" champion Cyndi James-Reese, took place on December 25, 1987. They adopted a son, Sharron (born 1977). Gossett and James-Reese divorced in 1992.  Louis is the first cousin of actor Robert Gossett who starred on TNT's "The Closer".  According to DNA analysis, he is descended, chiefly, from people of Liberia and Sierra Leone.  On February 9, 2010, Gossett announced that he had prostate cancer. He added the disease was caught in its early stages, and he expected to make a full recovery.  On July 18, 2016, Gossett cohosted as a guest programmer on Turner Classic Movies' primetime lineup. Allowed to choose four movies to air, he selected "Blackboard Jungle," "Lifeboat," "Touch of Evil" and "The Night of the Hunter."

Louis Cameron Gossett Jr. (born May 27, 1936) is an American actor. He is best known for his Academy Award winning role as Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film "An Officer and a Gentleman" and his Emmy Award winning role as Fiddler in the 1977 ABC television miniseries "Roots". Gossett has also starred in numerous other film productions including "A Raisin in the Sun", "The Landlord", "Skin Game", "Travels with My Aunt", "The Laughing Policeman", "The Deep", "Jaws 3-D", Wolfgang Petersen's "Enemy Mine", the "Iron Eagle" series, "Toy Soldiers" and "The Punisher", in an acting career that spans over five decades.


History.

To solve many of the problems the Colony of Aden faced, as well as continuing the process of self-determination that was accompanying the dismantling of the British Empire, it was proposed that the Colony of Aden should form a federation with the protectorates of East and West Aden. Under this scheme it was hoped that the conditions would be created to lessen Arab calls for complete independence, while still allowing British control of foreign affairs and the BP refinery at Little Aden to continue.  Federalism was first proposed by ministers from both the colony and protectorates: the suggested amalgamation would be beneficial, they argued, in terms of economics, race, religion and languages. However the step was illogical in terms of Arab Nationalism, for it was taken just prior to some impending elections, and was against the wishes of Aden Arabs, notably many of the trade unions.  An additional problem was the huge disparity in political development, as at the time Aden colony was some way down the road to self-government and in the opinion of some dissidents, political fusion with the autocratic and backward Sultanates was a step in the wrong direction.  In the federation, the former Aden Colony was to have 24 seats on the new council, while each of the eleven sultanates of the former Aden Protectorate was to have six. The federation as a whole would have financial and military aid from Britain.

Aden Emergency.

Many of the problems that Aden had suffered in its time as a colony did not improve as a federated state. In the new federation the Aden Trade Union Congress (ATUC) had a large influence in the new assembly and to prevent it seizing control of the federation in 1962 the former Colony of Aden had joined the Federation of South Arabia so that Aden's pro-British assembly members could counter the ATUC's influence.  However, the day after State of Aden joined the federation the Muhammad al-Badr of the Yemenese monarchy was overthrown and civil war ensued between forces backed by Gamal Abdel Nasser such as the National Liberation Front (NLF) and monarchist forces backed by the Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. Internal disturbances continued and intensified, leading on 10 December 1963 to the Aden Emergency, when a state of emergency was declared in the largely dysfunctional Aden State.  Other events of the conflict that kept spreading throughout the region include the Battle of the Crater which brought Lt-Col Colin Campbell Mitchell (AKA. "Mad Mitch") to prominence. On June 20, 1967 there was a mutiny in the South Arabian Federation Army, which also spread to the police. Order was restored by the British, mainly owing to the efforts of the 1st Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, under the command of Lt-Col Mitchell.  Nevertheless, deadly guerrilla attacks against British forces, particularly by the Egyptian-supported National Liberation Front (NLF), soon resumed in all their intensity. British presence finally ended with the final departure of British troops. The withdrawal was undertaken earlier than had been planned by British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and left the future state without an agreement on the succeeding governance. Finally the enemies of the State of Aden and the Federation, the NLF, managed to seize power.  On 30 November 1967 Aden State, together with the federation, became the People's Republic of South Yemen. In line with other formerly British Arab territories in the Middle East, the independent state did not join the British Commonwealth. The South Arabian dinar, however, continued at the one to one parity with sterling until 1972.

The State of Aden ( "Wilāyat ʿAdan") was a state constituted in Aden within the Federation of South Arabia. Following its establishment on 18 January 1963 Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston stepped down as the last Governor of Aden.


History.

The Araguaia National Park was created on 31 December 1959 by federal decree number 45,570. The whole island is a nature and culture preserve, enacted on 19 December 1973 by Article 28 of the Statute of Indian Law No. 6001. The park is at the northern end of the island and has an area of. The centre and south of the island is retained as a cultural preserve for indigenous peoples and has an area of.

Geography.

The park forms part of the large river island of Bananal Island in the Araguaia River in the southwest of the state of Tocantins, in Brazil. The park is largely flat land and lies at an altitude of above sea level. It is situated at the junction of the Amazon biome to the north and the grassland and stunted woodland biome to the south; the river is subject to large fluctuations in level and the park is subject to periodic flooding. The flora consists of a mixture of savannah grassland, scrub and deciduous forest. Rainfall is most frequent between November and March and the hottest time of year is during September and October. The park would be in the proposed South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.

Flora.

There are piassava palms and buriti palms in parts of the park that are frequently inundated. In the forested areas some frequently encountered species include the cow tree, "Cabralea", "Tabebuia", "Qualea parviflora", black sweetwood and genipap. In the drier savannah part of the park there are many species of grasses, with scattered trees such as the souari nut tree and the pau-d'alho.

Fauna.

There is a wide range of mammals in the park including marsh deer, other species of deer, peccary, capybara, giant anteater, maned wolf, jaguar, giant otter and armadillo. The reptiles present include the anaconda, spectacled caiman, black caiman and South American river turtle, and the rivers are home to many freshwater fish as well as Amazon river dolphins and Tucuxi dolphins. There are plenty of birds too, including the common toucan, anhinga, greater rhea, quail, partridge, osprey, Orinoco goose, heron. egret, Spix's macaw, hoatzin and musician wren.

The Araguaia National Park ("Parque Nacional do Araguaia") is a national park located in Tocantins state in the north of Brazil, between 09o51’—11o11’S and 49o57’—50o27’W. Bananal Island, on which the park is located, is believed to be the largest inland river island in the world.


Priority in the Book of Mormon.

The original transcription of the Book of Mormon by scribe Martin Harris was interrupted by the loss of the original manuscript. The question about the subsequent workflow is known as the problem of priority in the Book of Mormon.

Lost 116 pages.

The "Lost 116 pages" were the first manuscript pages of the Book of Mormon, and these were entrusted to scribe Martin Harris and subsequently lost. Smith subsequently announced a revelation:  Behold I say unto you, that you shall not translate again those words which have gone forth out of your hands; for behold, they shall not lie any more against those words; for behold, if you should bring forth the same words, they would say that you have lied; that you have pretended to translate, but that you have contradicted your words; and behold they would publish this, and satan would harden the hearts of the people, to stir them up to anger against you, that they might not believe my words  In a preface to the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon, Smith writes of the Lost 116 pages:

"1 Nephi" priority.

Faced with the loss of the 116 page manuscript, transcription of a second manuscript began.  The theory of "1 Nephi" Priority argues that after the loss of the original 116-page manuscript, the transcription process returned to the beginning of the Golden Plates narrative, starting over at the beginning with "1 Nephi". Proponents of 1 Nephi Priority included multiple 20th century authors.

"Mosiah" priority.

The theory of Mosiah Priority argues that after the loss of the original 116-page manuscript, transcription continued in narrative order, beginning with Mosiah and continuing to Moroni. Afterwards, the transcription process turned to replacing the beginning of the Book of Mormon (1 Nephi to Words), roughly corresponding to the material in the Lost 116 pages.

Historical evidence.

The title page of the Book of Mormon, which Joseph Smith said was found at the very end of Moroni's record, had been completed before 11 Jun 1829. But evidence shows that the translation process still continued after this date. Metcalfe also argues that because the title page mentions Mormon's abridgment and Ether, but not Nephi's record, this suggests that "1 Nephi" had not yet been translated.  For some parts of the Book of Mormon text, likely dates of transcription have been identified. This includes the restarting of translation work (referred to in D&C 10 in April–May 1829), teachings on baptism in "3 Nephi" (referred to in D&C 13 on May 15, 1829), and a prophecy of the Three Witnesses in "2 Nephi" 27 (referred to in D&C 17 in June 1829). The times when these passages were produced corresponds with a sequence and a consistent pace of translation beginning at "Mosiah" in April 1829 and then arriving at "1 Nephi" later that summer.  The pages of the original manuscript containing "1 Nephi" are written in Oliver Cowdery's handwriting. However, the first scribes were Joseph's wife Emma and his younger brother Samuel, suggesting that the original manuscript was not begun at "1 Nephi". In addition, a scribe's handwriting in "1 Nephi" is believed to be from John Whitmer, who was not involved until late in the translation process, after Joseph Smith had moved back to Fayette, New York.  The beginning of the "Book of Mosiah" appears to be missing, since it lacks an introduction (unlike all the other abridged books) and its beginning was originally marked as Chapter 3 in the printer's manuscript. This suggests that an earlier beginning to "Mosiah" may have been in the lost 116-page manuscript and that the current "Book of Mosiah" immediately continues from that lost text.

Textual evidence.

Textual evidence for Mosiah priority includes the shift in word choices over the transcription process. Scholars examine pairs of words that are roughly synonymous, such as: More recent research has shown that the following graph is partly an artifact resulting from the fact that it is based on total hits in each book. However, Alma has c. 85,000 words, Mosiah c. 30,000, 1 Nephi c. 23,000, and Mormon under 10,000. Other books are smaller. A valid graph must use data standardized for book size. In a recent study, Eccel standardized the data on 5,000 words. The resulting graph showed no gradual shift in style. To the contrary, the radical shift from the Nephi group to the Mosiah-Helaman group, supports the study of John Hilton, which concluded that Nephi and Alma could not have been authored by the same person.

Computational studies.

A 2008 computational study claimed to note patterns which support Mosiah priority, although its methodology is not without criticism.

Reception.

Mosiah priority is widely accepted by Book of Mormon researchers and in scholarly publications about the text.

Mosiah priority is a theory about the creation of the Book of Mormon arguing that the original manuscript began not with 1 Nephi (found at the beginning of the Book of Mormon), but midway through, starting with Mosiah. According to Mosiah priority, after the text of Mosiah through the end of the Book of Mormon was transcribed, Joseph Smith returned to the beginning and transcribed 1 Nephi through Words of Mormon. Mosiah priority is the most widely held solution to questions regarding the sequence of the English text.


Description and context.

The 84 cm tall sculpture is made of lime wood, with traces of the original polychromy. The strikingly S-shaped figure of the Madonna holds the Infant Jesus in her right arm. Putting his finger to his lips, Jesus symbolises the nuns’ vow of silence. The Virgin Mary’s garments fit closely around her body, accentuating its natural movement and, on the right-hand side, compositionally balancing the figure of the child. The drapery is elaborated into an intricate system of folds and combines transverse deep hollows and the complex pleating of the merging bottom edges of her clothes. The use of perspectival shortening and the downward views of both Mary and the Infant Jesus indicate that the sculpture was originally located on a high console or in the uppermost part of an altar.  The Madonna of Zahražany is related to several wooden "Enthroned Madonnas" of the 1370s (such as those from Hrádek and Konopiště) and also to the stone sculpture of the "Madonna of the Old Town Hall" in Prague (1380) and the triforium bust of Blanche of Valois that were made by the St. Vitus Cathedral workshop. A figural type that corresponds with the Madonna of Zahražany appears in book painting ("The Gospel Book of Jan of Opava", 1368). The compositional scheme has a forerunner in the "Liber viaticus" (1354–64) and is repeated in a number of murals (Karlštejn, the Emmaus monastery) as well as in the figure of St Catherine in a panel painting from the Cistercian monastery in Vyšší Brod ("Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", c. 1360).  The Madonna of Zahražany is exceptional high-quality and stylistically well-defined carving that, in the context of Central European sculpture of the third quarter of the 14th century, has no parallel in other workshop pieces. It represents an important stage of development and a stylistic shift in Bohemian Gothic sculpture from the Madonna of Michle towards the Madonnas of the International Gothic style.

The Madonna of Zahražany is a sculpture of Mary and the Infant Jesus which comes from the former convent of the Sisters of the Magdalene Order in Most-Zahražany (1281-1442). It was created before 1380 and is on permanent display at the National Gallery in Prague


Background.

Jack Jones was born in 1884 at Tai-Harri-Blawdd in Merthyr Tydfil, the eldest son of David Jones, a coal miner, and his wife Sarah Ann. He was educated at St David’s Elementary School, Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan. He married Laura Grimes Evans in 1908. They had four sons (two died young) and one daughter.

Career.

In 1896 he joined his father to work in the mines aged 12. In 1901 at the age of 17 he joined the army and was posted to South Africa with his regiment the Militia Battalion of the Welch. However he was very unhappy there and ended up deserting. Once recaptured, he was transferred to India. When he eventually returned to Wales he went back to working in the coal mines. In 1914 Jones was summoned back to his regiment and sent to the front lines in France and later on Belgium. After suffering shrapnel wounds he was invalided home and appointed as recruiting officer for Merthyr Tydfil. He became honorary secretary of his local miners lodge. In 1923 he was appointed as the full-time secretary-representative of the miners at Blaengarw. In 1926 during the General Strike as part of his job as a miners agent, he travelled around South Wales urging miners to continue supporting the strike. In 1927 he resigned from his full-time post with the miners union. In early 1928 he was employed by Liberal Party headquarters as a speaker. He continued in this job until 1930. By 1934 he had started to earn a living as a writer. He went on two lecture tours in America and the European battlefronts during the War of 1939–45.

Politics.

In 1920 Jones became a member of the Communist Party. He attended a convention in Manchester on behalf of his local miners lodge with the purpose of establishing the party; at this meeting he was chosen to be Corresponding Secretary for the South Wales Region. He later founded a branch at Merthyr Tydfil. In 1923 he left the Communist Party and joined the Labour Party. He undertook a number of speaking engagements for the party including speaking in support of Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald at Aberavon. In 1927 he produced his first article for the press entitled "The Need for a Lib-Lab Coalition". He was becoming disenchanted with the Labour party and its support for nationalisation. He was drawn to support the Liberal Party through its new policies on coal and power. and had joined by the beginning of 1928. Liberal leader David Lloyd George who had been impressed by his rhetoric, recruited him to the Liberal headquarters speaking staff. He travelled around Britain speaking in support of the Liberal party's new industrial policies. In May 1928 he was selected by Neath Liberal Association to be their prospective parliamentary candidate. Neath was a safe Labour seat that the Liberals last won in 1918; at the last election in 1924 the Liberals had not run a candidate. He stood as Liberal candidate for Neath at the 1929 General Election and polled nearly 30%;  He did not stand for parliament again. He was retained by Liberal headquarters as a speaker for another 12 months after the election. During the 1930s he made another political change and was a speaker for Oswald Mosley's New Party. In the 1945 election he supported 'National' candidate Sir James Grigg.

Writing career.

During his 20s Jack Jones began to educate himself and develop his love of the theatre and writing, often taking part in local dramatic productions. In 1926 he successfully entered a short play he had written entitled "Dad's Double" into a competition in Manchester. He began writing seriously during a period of unemployment. His first novel, "Saran", was never published, but a reduced version of it appeared as "Black Parade" (1935). By 1939, he had written the novels "Rhondda Roundabout" (1934), and "Bidden to the Feast" (1938), a play, "Land of my Fathers" (1937), and his first autobiography, "Unfinished Journey" (1937). The London stage version of Rhondda Roundabout was acclaimed. He wrote the dialogue for the film "The Proud Valley", in which he also had a minor acting role. During the Second World War he was a speaker for the Ministry of Information and the National Savings Movement. He wrote "The Man David" (1944), a life of David Lloyd George.  After the war he wrote two volumes of autobiography, "Me and Mine" (1946) and "Give Me Back My Heart" (1950), three novels, "Off to Philadelphia in the Morning" (1947), "Some Trust in Chariots" (1948), and "River Out of Eden" (1951), and a play "Transatlantic Episode" (1947). His later works, "Lily of the Valley" and "Lucky Year" (1952), "Time and the Business" (1953), "Choral Symphony" (1955) and "Come, Night; End, Day" (1956) were less well received. In 1954, he married his second wife, Gladys Morgan. He was elected first President of the English section of Yr Academi Gymreig. Until his death in May 1970 he continued writing; these works remained unpublished, including a biographical novel, "A Burnt Offering", based on the life of Dr William Price (1800–1893), Llantrisant, pioneer of cremation.

Honours.

In 1948 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the community and to literature. In February 1970 he won an award from the Arts Council of Wales for `his distinguished contribution to the literature of Wales'. Jack Jones died on 7 May 1970.

Jack Jones (24 November 1884 – 7 May 1970) was a Welsh miner, Trade Union official, politician, novelist and playwright.


Mission.

SDEWES Centre is dedicated to the improvement and dissemination of knowledge on methods, policies and technologies for increasing the sustainability of development by de-coupling growth from natural resources and replacing them with knowledge-based economy, taking into account its economic, environmental and social pillars. One of the main issues of the coming decades is to improve efficiencies by integrating various life supporting systems, using waste from one, as resource in other, and in exact moment when it is beneficial to all, integrating electricity, heating, cooling, transport, water, buildings, industry, forestry and agriculture systems.  The Centre organizes courses, summer schools, public lectures, seminars and workshops in order to promote sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems and provides professional opinion on issues of sustainability and sustainability metrics. The Centre also organizes a series of international SDEWES conferences for scientists to discuss issues of sustainability of energy, water and environment system. Through these actions, SDEWES Centre aims to provide a research platform that will provide comprehensive R&D activities, assessment and consultation on the research subjects of sustainable development.

History.

SDEWES started as a project co-funded by CORDIS under the FP5 – INCO 2 programme in 2002, when first Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems was organized. Partners in this project were University of Zagreb and Instituto Superior Técnico (Lisbon). After the organisation of three more conferences in 2003, 2005 and 2007, SDEWES Centre was established in 2009. Since then, eight more conferences were organized in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. As a separate regional event, the SEE SDEWES Conferences are held every two years, starting with 2014 in Ohrid. The 2nd SEE SDEWES Conference was held in Piran.

SDEWES-Skopje.

New section of SDEWES Centre is established in Skopje, Macedonia, with the goal to gather professionals and scientists from broad range of disciplines, particularly located in the Southeast Europe, in order to provide scientific support for wise policy-making. SDEWES-Skopje aims to extend the activities at regional level including the other EU candidate and potential candidate countries, as well as EU neighbourhood countries to foster regional coordination in providing feasible solutions for the common challenges and gaining synergy effects.

Membership.

According to the Statute of SDEWES Centre, every person can under the same circumstances apply for membership.

Conferences.

Up to 2011, SDEWES Conference was organized as biennial conference in Dubrovnik, Croatia. From the year 2012, it is an annual event but with a geographic regime. Every two years the conference is held in Dubrovnik, and in the years between on different locations.  The SDEWES 2012 Conference was held in Ohrid, and in 2014 on a cruise ship travelling between Venice and Istanbul.  In 2014, the first regional SEE SDEWES conference was held in Ohrid, Macedonia focused on South East Europe.  In 2015, the 10th Conference on SDEWES was held in Dubrovnik. 540 scientists from over 65 countries participated.  In 2016, the second regional SEE SDEWES conference was held in Piran, Slovenia.  Also in 2016, the 11th SDEWES Conference was held in Lisbon, Portugal.  In 2017, the 12th SDEWES Conference will be held in Dubrovnik.  In 2018, the 1st LATIN AMERICAN SDEWES Conference will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  Work presented at the conferences are published in scientific journals and among them, in the Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems

Journal.

SDEWES Centre is publishing research open access Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems since 2013.

Research.

SDEWES Centre forms research teams from the pool of members to participate in research projects. SDEWES Centre is involved in two FP7 projects, one Horizon 2020 project and one project under the European Strategy for Danube Region (EUSDR) fund START.

SDEWES Index.

In line with the aims of the SDEWES Center, an index is also developed to benchmark the performance of cities across aspects that are related to energy, water and environment systems. With the namesake of the Center, the SDEWES Index consists of 7 dimensions, 35 indicators, and close to 20 sub-indicators. It is currently applied to 58 cities.

SDEWES Centre (The International Centre for Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems), is a non-governmental scientific organization based at the University of Zagreb, Croatia.


Process.

There are three main steps in analyzing social media: data identification, data analysis, and information interpretation. To maximize the value derived at every point during the process, analysts may define a question to be answered. The important questions for data analysis are: "Who? What? Where? When? Why? and How?" These questions help in determining the proper data sources to evaluate, which can affect the type of analysis that can be performed.

Data identification.

Data identification is the process of identifying the subsets of available data to focus on for analysis. Raw data is useful once it is interpreted. After data has been analyzed, it can begin to convey a message. Any data that conveys a meaningful message becomes information. On a high level, unprocessed data takes the following forms to translate into exact message: noisy data; relevant and irrelevant data, filtered data; only relevant data, information; data that conveys a vague message, knowledge; data that conveys a precise message, wisdom; data that conveys exact message and reason behind it. To derive wisdom from an unprocessed data, we need to start processing it, refine the dataset by including data that we want to focus on, and organize data to identify information. In the context of social media analytics, data identification means "what" content is of interest. In addition to the text of content, we want to know: who wrote the text? Where was it found or on which social media venue did it appear? Are we interested in information from a specific locale? When did someone say something in social media?  Attributes of data that need to be considered are as follows:

Data analysis.

Data analysis is the set of activities that assist in transforming raw data into insight, which in turn leads to a new base of knowledge and business value. In other words, data analysis is the phase that takes filtered data as input and transforms that into information of value to the analysts. Many different types of analysis can be performed with social media data, including analysis of posts, sentiment, sentiment drivers, geography, demographics, etc. The data analysis step begins once we know what problem we want to solve and know that we have sufficient data that is enough to generate a meaningful result. How can we know if we have enough evidence to warrant a conclusion? The answer to this question is: we don't know. We can't know this unless we start analyzing the data. While analyzing if we found the data isn't sufficient, reiterate the first phase and modify the question. If the data is believed to be sufficient for analysis, we need to build a data model.  Developing a data model is a process or method that we use to organize data elements and standardize how the individual data elements relate to each other. This step is important because we want to run a computer program over the data; we need a way to tell the computer which words or themes are important and if certain words relate to the topic we are exploring.  In the analysis of our data, it's handy to have several tools available at our disposal to gain a different perspective on discussions taking place around the topic. The aim here is to configure the tools to perform at peak for a particular task. For example, thinking about a word cloud, if we take a large amount of data around computer professionals, say the "IT architect", and built a word cloud, no doubt the largest word in the cloud would be "architect". This analysis is also about tool usage. Some tools may do a good job at determining sentiment, where as others may do a better job at breaking down text into a grammatical form that enables us to better understand the meaning and use of various words or phrases. In performing analytic analysis, it is difficult to enumerate each and every step to take on an analytical journey. It is very much an iterative approach as there is no prescribed way of doing things.  The taxonomy and the insight derived from that analysis are as follows:

Information interpretation.

The insights derived from analysis can be as varied as the original question that was posed in step one of analysis. At this stage, as the nontechnical business users are the receivers of the information, the form of presenting the data becomes important. How could the data make sense efficiently so it could be used in good decision making? Visualization (graphics) of the information is the answer to this question.  The best visualizations are ones that expose something new about the underlying patterns and relationships contain the data. Exposure of the patterns and understating them play a key role in decision making process. Mainly there are three criteria to consider in visualizing data.

Role in Business Intelligence.

Business intelligence (BI) can be described as "a set of techniques and tools for the acquisition and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes".  Sentiment Analyser is a technology framework in the field of Social BI that leverages Informatica products. It is designed to reflect and suggest the focus shift of businesses from transactional data to behavioral analytics models. Sentiment Analyser enables businesses to understand customer experience and ideates ways to enhance customer satisfaction.

Impacts on Business Intelligence.

Recent research on social media analytics has emphasized the need to adopt a BI based approach to collecting, analyzing and interpreting social media data. Social media presents a promising, albeit challenging, source of data for business intelligence. Customers voluntarily discuss products and companies, giving a real-time pulse of brand sentiment and adoption. According to the recent research on social media analytics has mentioned that the need to adopt a Business Intelligence-based approach is needed for collecting, analyzing and interpreting social media data. Social media is one of the most important tools for marketers in the rapidly evolving media landscape. Firms have created specialized positions to handle their social media marketing. These arguments are in line with the literature on social media marketing that suggest that social media activities are interrelated and influence each other.

Role in International Politics.

The possibilities of the dangers of social media analytics and social media mining in the political arena were revealed in the late 2010s. In particular, the involvement of the data mining company Cambridge Analytica in the 2016 United States presidential election and Brexit have been representative cases that show the arising dangers of linking social media mining and politics. This has raised the question of data privacy for individuals and the legal boundaries to be created for data science companies in relevance to politics in the future. Both of the examples listed above demonstrate a future in which big data can change the game of international politics. It is likely politics and technology will evolve together throughout the next century. In the cases with Cambridge Analytica, the effects of social media analytics have resonated throughout the globe through two major world powers, the United States and the U.K.

2016 United States Presidential Election.

The scandal that followed the American presidential election of 2016 was one involving a three-way relationship between Cambridge Analytica, the Trump campaign, and Facebook. Cambridge Analytica acquired the data of over 87 million unaware Facebook users and analyzed the data for the benefit of the Trump campaign. By creating thousands of data points on 230 million U.S. adults, the data mining company had the potential to analyze which individuals could be swayed into voting for the Trump campaign, and then send messages or advertisements to said targets and influence user mindset. Specific target voters could then be exposed to pro-Trump messages without being aware, even, of the political influence settling on them. Such a specific form of targeting in which select individuals are introduced to an above-average amount of campaign advertisement is referred to as "micro-targeting." There remains great controversy in measuring the amount of influence this micro-targeting had in the 2016 elections. The impact of micro-targeting ads and social media data analytics on politics is unclear as of the late 2010s, as a newly arising field of technology.  While this was a breach of user privacy, data mining and targeted marketing undermined the public accountability to which social media entities no longer subject, therefore twisting the democratic election system and allowing it to dominated by platforms of “user-generated content [that] polarized the media’s message.”

Brexit.

During the 2016 Brexit referendum Cambridge Analytica attracted controversy for its use of data gathered from social media. A similar case took place in which a breach in Facebook data was acquired by Cambridge Analytica and used to encourage British citizens to vote to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU referendum. Besides Cambridge Analytica, several other data companies such as AIQ and the Cambridge University Psychometric Centre were accused of, then investigated by the British government for their possible abuse of data to promote unlawful campaign techniques for Brexit. The referendum ended with 51.9% of voters supporting the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. This final decision impacted politics within the United Kingdom, and sent ripples across political and economic institutions worldwide.

Social media analytics is the process of gathering and analyzing data from social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter. It is commonly used by marketers to track online conversations about products and companies. One author defined it as "the art and science of extracting valuable hidden insights from vast amounts of semi-structured and unstructured social media data to enable informed and insightful decision making."


Basic explanation.

W.D. Hamilton gave the following simple explanation in his 1967 paper on "Extraordinary sex ratios", given the condition that males and females cost equal amounts to produce:  In modern language, the 1:1 ratio is the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS).

Parental expenditure.

Fisher wrote the explanation described by Eric Charnov and James J. Bull as being "characteristically terse" and "cryptic": in Chapter 6: "Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Selection":

Development of the argument.

Fisher's principle is an early example of a model in which genes for greater production of either sex become equalized in the population, because each sex supplies exactly half the genes of all future generations.  Fisher's principle is rooted in the concept of frequency-dependent selection, though Fisher's principle is not frequency-dependent selection "per se". Frequency-dependent selection, in this scenario, is the logic that the probability of an individual being able to breed is dependent on the frequency of the opposite sex in relation to its own sex. It was first described by Darwin in 1871.  Fisher's principle extends frequency dependence to explain how natural selection can act on genes that affect the frequency of an individual's grandchildren without affecting the frequency of their children. Fisher predicted that parents will invest their resources equally between each sex of offspring, because each sex supplies exactly half the genes of all future generations. As a result, those genes that cause parents to invest unequally in the sexes will tend to be selected against. Fisher was aware that in humans, more boys are born, whilst boys are also more likely to die in infancy. As a consequence, he reasoned that because parents tend to invest less in boys because more boys die before the end of the period of parental care there is a higher rate of male births to equalise parental investment in each sex.  Fisher's principle is also the precursor to evolutionary game theory. R.H. MacArthur (1965) first suggested applying to sex ratios the language of game theory, and this was subsequently picked up by W.D. Hamilton (1967) who termed the equilibrium point the "unbeatable strategy". Hamilton's unbeatable strategy was refined by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price (1973) into their concept of the evolutionarily stable strategy, i.e. one which cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy.  Fisher's concept of parental expenditure (now termed parental investment), developed particularly by Robert Trivers is now an important concept in ecology.

Fisher's sources.

Historical research by A.W.F. Edwards has shown that, although the idea has been attributed to Fisher, Charles Darwin had originally formulated a similar argument in the first edition of "The Descent of Man" but removed it for the second edition – Fisher only had a copy of the second edition – and quotes Darwin in "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection".  Carl Düsing of the University of Jena published a similar argument in three works between 1883–1884, which is essentially identical to Shaw and Mohler's later model.

Further reading.

As "the most celebrated argument in evolutionary biology", (Edwards, 1998, pp. 564–569) Fisher's principle is a staple of popular science books on evolution. For example, see:  For those wishing more advanced treatment, see

Fisher's principle is an evolutionary model that explains why the sex ratio of most species that produce offspring through sexual reproduction is approximately 1:1 between males and females. A. W. F. Edwards has remarked that it is "probably the most celebrated argument in evolutionary biology".


How SMS spoofing is carried out.

SMS Spoofing occurs when a sender manipulates address information. Often it is done in order to impersonate a user that has roamed onto a foreign network and is submitting messages to the home network. Frequently, these messages are addressed to destinations outside the home network – with the home SMSC essentially being “hijacked” to send messages into other networks. In advanced cases they can even hijack existing contacts in a phone.  The impact of this activity is threefold:  The legitimate use cases for SMS spoofing include:  An SMS Spoofing attack is often first detected by an increase in the number of SMS errors encountered during a bill-run. These errors are caused by the spoofed subscriber identities. Operators can respond by blocking different source addresses in their Gateway-MSCs, but fraudsters can change addresses easily to by-pass these measures. If fraudsters move to using source addresses at a major interconnect partner, it may become unfeasible to block these addresses, due to the potential impact on normal interconnect services.

Legality.

In 2007, The UK premium rate regulator, PhonepayPlus (formerly ICSTIS) concluded a public consultation on anonymous SMS, in which they stated they were not averse to the operation of such services. However, in 2008 PhonePayPlus introduced new regulation covering anonymous SMS, requiring anonymous SMS service providers to send a follow-up message to the recipient stating that a spoofed SMS has been sent to them, and operate a complaints helpline.  It is illegal to send anonymous SMS messages in Australia.

Protecting users from SMS spoofing.

If a user can prove that their SMS sessions have been spoofed, they should contact both law enforcement and their cellular provider, who should be able to track where the SMS messages were actually sent from. A user may also modify the phone's settings so that only messages from authorized numbers are allowed. This is not always effective since hackers could be impersonating the user's friends as well.

SMS spoofing is a technology which uses the short message service (SMS), available on most mobile phones and personal digital assistants, to set who the message appears to come from by replacing the originating mobile number (Sender ID) with alphanumeric text. Spoofing has both legitimate uses (setting the company name from which the message is being sent, setting your own mobile number, or a product name) and illegitimate uses (such as impersonating another person, company, product). This can also send "mysterious" messages that look like they are from legitimate numbers or contacts.


Career.

With Ninjas in Pyjamas, Freeze Began his LCS career beginning in the summer split of season 3. By the end of the split, the team finished the regular season in 5th place, making it to the playoffs, where they finished 6th overall. This, unfortunately, lead Ninjas in Pyjamas to be relegated to the challenger series, where Freeze would stay for all of season 4, before later leaving the disbanding NiP. Freeze was then picked up by the Copenhagen Wolves before beginning the season 5 spring split, where he and the team finished 6th. In the summer split of season 5, the Copenhagen Wolves were much less successful, finishing in last place, 10th, forcing them to be auto-relegated. And once Freeze's contract expired and he announced his free agency on November 1, 2015. He was picked up by North American team Renegades on January 6, where he is currently playing the season 6 spring split. Renagades finished 8th in the LCS, and Freeze left the team after the disappointing finish.  He joined H2k on May 8, 2016, ahead of the EU LCS Summer 2016 split, replacing FORG1VEN at AD Carry as the latter was conscripted into the Greek Army. However, FORG1VEN later had his military service commuted, and transferred to Origen.  On July 27, 2016 H2k announced that Freeze would step away from the roster due to persistent tendonitis. The team stated that FORG1VEN would take his place on the starting roster. Signed by Tempo Storm in December 2016.

Aleš Kněžínek, better known by his in-game name Freeze, is a Czech professional "League of Legends" player who is the AD Carry for MAD Lions. He has notably played for Renegades, H2k-Gaming, Copenhagen Wolves, and Ninjas in Pyjamas during his career. He was the first Czech national to play in the LCS.


Reception.

Kevin Jones of "Exclaim!" wrote: "After years of playing it straight with her roots-y approach to standard jazz, blues and folk sounds, singer Cassandra Wilson has recently moved (rather measurably) left towards a more modern feel, her results garnering mixed reviews from her purist fan base. Her latest effort, Thunderbird, continues unapologetically in that same direction... Though as deep, rich and dreamy as ever, its natural sleepiness leaves you fighting disinterest, even on the most danceable tracks. With Thunderbird, youre left with the sense that, while one day in the right hands this voice will drop something truly special and far reaching, that day is still a few tweaks and stylistic shifts off." Tim Perlich of "NOW" commented: "There's as much truth as ever to the age-old record-biz axiom that jazz recordings don't sell, but Norah Jones and Diana Krall have proven that jazzy recordings do. The folks at Blue Note know this, so it makes sense that Cassandra Wilson's new Thunderbird isn't jazz but, rather, an attempt at making a contemporary-sounding bluesy roots album that people under the age of 40 might want to hear."  Martin Johnson of "Paste Magazine" stated: "...the recording’s broad, open sound is built around keyboards rather than small percussion instruments and gentle acoustic guitars. But the change in music hasn’t altered Wilson’s overall aesthetic; she’s still delving deeply into the roots of the Delta and celebrating its eclectic possibilities. The recording takes its name from the Native American legend about the animal that brought calm and growth to its haunts, and Wilson claims this spirit guided the collaboration... Many of her "Blue Skies" fans resented her "Blue Light..." material and the music that followed, deeming it a sell-out. But she eventually won over most doubters. And with "thunderbird", she’s poised to do it again."

Thunderbird is a studio album by American jazz singer Cassandra Wilson. The record was released on the Blue Note label on April 4, 2006.