Location and facilities.

The halt ("Haltepunkt", technically a station without points) of Eilendorf is on the Cologne–Aachen high-speed line north of the centre of Eilendorf. The district of Nirm borders to the north. The Eilendorf Tunnel ends to the east of the station. The "Eilendorf Bahnhof" bus stop of "Aachener Straßenbahn und Energieversorgungs-AG", the Aachen municipal bus company, lies to the west, about 200 metres from the platforms. The station has two tracks, each of which is faced by a 125 m long side platform. There is a waiting room, a ticket machine and a one-line, digital passenger information system on every platform. Noise barriers are installed on the northern platform. The platforms are monitored by video. There are also lockable bicycle boxes behind both platforms. There is a slope next to the railway line. While the entrances, which are each in the middle of a platform, are at ground level, the line toward Aachen rises from Eilendorf station, but after the station it is below the surrounding ground. The tracks cannot be crossed at the station itself, so passengers must use a bridge to the west or an underpass to the east. The straight line to Eilendorf Tunnel and Nirm Tunnel can be seen from the eastern end of the platforms.

History.

The Rhenish Railway Company ("Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft") opened the railway from Cologne to Aachen on 1 September 1841. A halt was opened at the time called "Nirm", which was renamed Eilendorf in 1865. With the building of a siding to a neighbouring sawmill, Eilendorf halt was redesignated as a station. The original, one-story station building was opened on the south side of the station in April 1897. In the meantime, passenger services were discontinued at Eilendorf station, but they resumed in 1897. A new, larger entrance building was built by Deutsche Reichsbahn in about 1920. At that time, Eilendorf station had an island platform between the two tracks, a bypass track and a track for freight handling. The latter was located at the first station building built in 1897. Eilendorf station received its current form during the electrification of the Cologne–Aachen line, which took place from 1963 to 1966. Two side platforms were replaced by a central platform. All track infrastructure, except for the platform tracks, was dismantled and the station was redesignated as a halt. The station building was demolished in 1988. A stop of the Regional-Express RE 9 "Rhein-Sieg-Express" service was established in Eilendorf in 2003. Shortly afterwards, demands were made for a second Regional-Express stop in Eilendorf and subsequently the RE 1 "NRW-Express" stopped there, thus establishing a 30-minute cycle to Cologne. The RE 9's stop in Eilendorf was discontinued at the 2009 timetable change. The platforms were increased from 38 cm to 76 cm to enable a level, barrier-free entry into the trains in 2018. The platforms, which were previously over 200 m long, were shortened to 125 m.

Current operations.

Eilendorf station is served by following passenger services:

Eilendorf station is a station in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia on the Cologne–Aachen high-speed railway. It is located in the eastern Aachen district of Eilendorf near the districts of Brand, Rothe Erde and Verlautenheide.


Early life.

Charles J. McCurdy was born at Lyme, Connecticut. His father, Richard McCurdy (1769–1857), was a graduate of Yale and a lawyer by profession, but devoted himself to agricultural pursuits and the care of his estate. His mother was Ursula Wolcott Griswold (1775–1811), granddaughter on her father's side of Governor Matthew Griswold, whose wife Ursula was the daughter of governor Roger Wolcott, sister of Oliver Wolcott, aunt of Oliver Wolcott Jr, and mother of Roger Griswold, all of whom were governors of Connecticut. Thus, McCurcy was related to many governors of the state. Among his younger brothers was Robert Henry McCurdy (1800–1880), the co-founder of McCurdy and Aldrich.  He was of Scotch Irish descent on his paternal side; as early as 1503, King James VI leased the vast majority of the Isle of Bute to the MacKurerdy family (later McCurdy). His paternal grandfather, John McCurdy, emigrated to the United States from Ireland in 1745 prior to the Declaration of Independence. His mother's family was of English descent and his maternal great-grandfather, Matthew Griswold, served as the 17th Governor of Connecticut from 1784 to 1786.  McCurdy entered Yale College in 1813, and was graduated in 1817 with high honors.

Career.

He studied law under Chief Justice Zephaniah Swift of Windham, Connecticut and was admitted to the bar in 1819.  From 1827 and 1844, McCurdy served in the Connecticut General Assembly, first in the Connecticut House of Representatives where he was Speaker of the House in 1840-41 and 1844. In 1832, he became member of the Connecticut State Senate. He was elected in 1847 and 1848 to succeed Noyes Billings as Lieutenant Governor and President of the Senate.

Diplomat and Judge.

From 1850 until 1852, he was commissioned by then Secretary of State Daniel Webster to serve as U.S. Chargé to the Austrian Empire, succeeding newspaper publisher James Watson Webb (father of H. Walter Webb, William Seward Webb, and Alexander Stewart Webb) who later served as Ambassador to Brazil. After his service, he was relieved by former doctor and newspaper editor Thomas M. Foote In 1861, he was an active member of the Peace Conference of 1861, a meeting held at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC in an effort to avoid the U.S. Civil War.  In June 1855, he was appointed a judge of the Connecticut Superior Court, and in 1863 a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors, which position he held until his retirement by constitutional limitation of age in 1867. Following his retirement, he taught at Yale Law School and received a Doctor of Laws from Yale in 1868.  In 1888, McCurdy issued a pamphlet discussing the "origin of the change in the law by which the last 40 years witnesses have been allowed to testify in court when having an interest in the decision of the suit."

Personal life.

In 1822, McCurdy was married to Sarah Ann Lord (1800–1835), his second cousin and the daughter of Richard and Anne (née Mitchell) Lord. Before her early death in 1835, they were the parents of one child:  He did not remarry after his wife's death, instead "the education of this daughter became one of his greatest pleasures, and as she developed and matured into womanhood it was his delight to make her his confidential friend and familiarize her mind with his legal and business affairs, and share with her his political, intellectual, and social interests."  McCurdy died at his home in Lyme, Connecticut on June 8, 1891. At the time of his death, he was the oldest Yale graduate in the state.

Charles Johnson McCurdy (December 7, 1797 – June 8, 1891) was an American lawyer, diplomat, and the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1847 to 1849.


Canal tunnel.

Construction.

On 4 April 1794, construction of the "Huddersfield Narrow Canal" (then known as the "Huddersfield Canal"), linking Ashton-under-Lyne and Huddersfield via a tunnel was authorised by an Act of Parliament. Benjamin Outram was appointed the consulting engineer after his report in October 1793 estimated the cost of the canal and tunnel at £178,478. Nicholas Brown surveyed the route. Outram thought that geology of the hill through which the tunnel would pass was of gritstone and shale, and not present any difficulties. Work on the tunnel would start at a dip in the hill at Red Brook and the tunnel would be driven simultaneously from both ends. Steam engines would keep the works drained during construction.  Outram was the site engineer and Brown was superintendent and surveyor. During July 1795, John Evans was appointed to manage boring the tunnel. By mid-1796, of tunnel had been cut, some of which had been lined. Considerable effort had been spent constructing small tunnels to supply waterwheels to raise spoil and water from intermediate adits. By the autumn, concerned that such work was expensive, Outram abandoned building extra workfaces and concentrated on boring out from both ends. Although cheaper, the completion date was extended.  Other factors had slowed progress; a shortage of funding and poor working practices also contributed. Cutbacks in drainage provision hampered tunnelling as larger quantities of water entered the workings. In September 1797, Outram advised the committee that Thomas Lee, the contractor, had made large losses as a result of the difficulties and could not complete his contract. He was awarded more money for timber, an increased rate per yard for completion and an extra year in which to finish the tunnel.  By mid 1799, of the tunnel had been finished and had been excavated, but not completed. In October 1800, the Peak Forest Canal Company, who were keen to trade, suggested a tram road should be built to bypass the tunnel until it was completed but no action was taken. The next tunnel contract failed to attract any takers and canal engineer John Varley, who had repaired parts of the canal which had been damaged by floods, was invited to work on the tunnel. Soon thereafter, mine owner Matthew Fletcher was asked for his opinion; he suggested that time could be saved by tunnelling in both directions from Redbrook pit, which was kept dry by a large steam engine. He estimated that it would cost £8,000 but a contractor could not be found and tunnelling continued from both ends.  In 1801, Outram resigned after work had stopped for a lengthy period. Brown was dismissed. In late 1804, a sub-committee visited Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal, Butterley Tunnel on the Cromford Canal and the Norwood Tunnel on the Chesterfield Canal. It recommended that a towing path should be built through the tunnel but the extra cost and delay were not affordable. Desperately short of money, the canal company obtained a new Act of Parliament in 1806 to raise additional finance and allow an extra toll for using the tunnel. In 1807, Thomas Telford was asked for his advice. He produced a plan, which was followed until the work was completed.  On 9 June 1809, both ends of the tunnel met. On 26 March 1811, the tunnel was complete and a grand opening ceremony was held on 4 April; a party of invited guests, followed by several working boats, entered the tunnel at Diggle and completed the journey to Marsden in one hour and forty minutes. The tunnel had cost £160,000, making it the most expensive canal tunnel to have been built in Britain. It was also the longest, deepest and highest. The tunnel was long, underground at its deepest point, and above sea level. It was extended at the Marsden end in 1822 by when Tunnel End Reservoir's overflow was diverted over the tunnel mouth. The tunnel was also extended at the Diggle end in 1893 by to accommodate the 1894 rail tunnel. The extensions made the tunnel long. A survey carried out before restoration using a modern measuring system gave the length as which is the accepted figure.

Operation.

When the tunnel opened, the canal became a through route, 13 years after the rest of the canal had been completed and 17 years after work began, at a total cost of £123,803. Despite multiple problems, its construction showed that the technique of quantity surveying had advanced. Telford's plan covered every eventuality and was followed until the canal opened. Between 1811 and 1840, the tunnel was used on average by 40 boats daily. The tunnel is brick-lined in some places, though some sections of bare rock were left exposed.  The tunnel is only wide enough for one narrowboat for much of its length and to save on cost, a tow-path was not provided. Canal boats were horse-drawn when it opened and the boats were legged through the tunnel – one or more boatmen lay on the cargo and pushed against the roof or walls of the tunnel with their legs. Professional leggers were paid one shilling and six pence for working a boat through the tunnel which took one hour and twenty minutes for an empty boat and three hours with a full load. The limited load capacity and the lack of a tow-path damaged the competitiveness of the whole canal when compared to the rival Rochdale Canal, which was only a few miles to the north and competed with the Huddersfield Canal for business.  Although there were widened passing places in the tunnel for handling bi-directional traffic, intense competition between boat crews was a hindrance and two-way operation in the tunnel was impractical. The canal company introduced one way working, for which one end of the tunnel was closed by a locked chain to prevent access unless authorised. A similar arrangement remains in use.  In 1846, the Huddersfield Narrow Canal was purchased by the Huddersfield & Manchester Railway. The canal tunnel was used during the construction of the first railway tunnel and no shafts were needed. The canal provided an easy means of removing the excavated spoil. When the railway tunnel was completed, several cross passages were retained.  The last commercial boat passed through the tunnel in 1921 and the canal was closed to traffic in 1944 when maintenance ended and the tunnel fell into a state of disrepair. The last boat to pass through the tunnel before its restoration was the Rolt/Aickman expedition in the "Ailsa Craig" in 1948. Writing in 1948, L. T. C. Rolt described the journey as taking two hours, during which the speed was kept very low to avoid damage to the boat.  The canal had become obstructed in several places on both sides of the Pennines and the tunnel, which had become unsafe was closed by large iron gates at each end. A local newspaper described a trip organised by the Railway and Canal Historical Society during 1961, which was held to commemorate 150 years since the canal's opening. The expedition used a single narrowboat, which departed Marsden around 11 a.m. and emerged from the Diggle portal around 1 p.m.

Restoration.

In the 1990s, the canal and tunnel benefitted from a £5 million restoration project to re-open the entire canal. Several rock-lined parts of the tunnel were stabilised by rock bolts where possible and concrete was used to stabilise the rock face where this was impractical. In May 2001, the tunnel was re-opened to traffic.  Most modern canal boats are diesel-powered and it was considered unsafe for boaters to navigate the tunnel using diesel power because of its length and the lack of ventilation and so electric tug boats haul the narrowboats through. Typically three or four boats are linked together with the electric tug at the head, and they proceed through the tunnel while the boat crews travel in the tug. A British Waterways operative steers the last boat in the chain and no personnel are allowed to travel on the intermediate boats. Despite the use of rudimentary protection measures, strips of thick rubber conveyor belting on the boat gunwales and roofs, impact damage to the unsteered boats was common with this method of working.  In September 2007, significant repairs were required to one of the electric tugs and British Waterways carried out a trial for self-steer operation. The trip boat "Pennine Moonraker" was taken through the tunnel under her own power by owner John Lund, shadowed by a BW electric tug. Since the 2009 season, boats have been allowed to travel through the tunnel under their own power with an experienced chaperone on board to guide its passage, followed by a service vehicle through one of the parallel disused railway tunnel.

Railway tunnels.

Three railway tunnels run parallel to each other and the canal tunnel. They are level for the whole length, which had the operational benefit of providing the only section of level track on the line where water troughs could be installed to provide steam locomotives with water without the requiring the train to stop. Both the single-track bores have ventilation shafts at Cote, Flint and Pule Hill and the double-track tunnel is ventilated via three shafts at Brunn Clough, Redbrook and Flint. Drainage adits interlink with one another, including the canal tunnel, into which water is discharged.  In 1846, work commenced on a railway tunnel for the Huddersfield & Manchester Railway. It ran parallel to, and to south of the canal tunnel at a slightly higher level. From the canal tunnel, thirteen adits were driven to facilitate excavating the railway tunnel. The railway company had bought the canal company to provide access. Boats transferred excavated spoil and moved construction materials. Canal access increased the rate of construction, which took a little over two years; in comparison, the Woodhead Tunnel, which was slightly shorter took seven years to built despite the work being done by the same contractor, Thomas Nicholson. The tunnel was driven and lined by up to 1,953 navvies working 36 faces. The tunnel advanced at up to per week. Nine men died during its construction. In 1848, the central single-track tunnel was completed by the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR), who had acquired the Huddersfield & Manchester Railway midway through its construction. Costing £201,608, the tunnel is long. When opened, trains were accompanied through the tunnel by a pilot man or pilot engine and their re-emergence was communicated between signal boxes situated at either end by a telegraph system devised by Henry Highton.  The 1848 tunnel soon became a bottleneck for rail traffic between Huddersfield and Manchester. Even before its completion, plans were in consideration for a second tunnel alongside it. When economic case became clear, Thomas Nelson, who built the first railway tunnel, was awarded the contract. As with the first tunnel, the canal tunnel was linked to the second by 21 adits which passed underneath Nicholson's tunnel, allowing spoil to be removed by boat. Construction was disrupted by strike action by tunnellers and bricklayers over disputes about payment and shift length. In February 1871, the second rail tunnel, to the south of the first, was opened.  Even two tunnels could not provide sufficient capacity to satisfy demand and in 1890, the L&NWR embarked on providing four tracks on most of the line which required constructing a twin-track tunnel.  Construction was done under the guidance of AA MacGregor and carried out by 1,800 men who lived in the paper mills at Diggle and 54 wooden huts near the eastern side. Once again the tunnel was driven from adits, this time 13 adits were connected to the first railway tunnel. The canal tunnel was extended at the Diggle end to accommodate the third rail tunnel, which ran close past it. For most of its length, the new bore is to the north of the canal tunnel, but passes over the canal tunnel just inside each tunnel entrance. When the work was completed, the tunnel was long. To speed the excavation, 40 breakups were opened using around of gelignite. About 25 million bricks, which were mostly produced locally were used in the tunnel lining.  A unlined section of tunnel collapsed in April 1894 blocking the tunnel for a week. On 1 August 1894, the new tunnel was passed for use by inspector Major Yorke. The opening of the double-track tunnel provided additional capacity for the L&NWR, allowing them to temporarily close the single bores for maintenance. As of 2018, the double-track bore is the fifth-longest rail tunnel in Britain, after the new High Speed 1 tunnels, the Severn Tunnel on the Great Western Main Line, and the Totley Tunnel on the Sheffield to Manchester route.  Only the 1894 rail tunnel is in use for rail traffic, although all three rail tunnels are maintained. In 1966, the 1848 single-track rail tunnel was closed followed by the 1871 single-track tunnel in 1970. The 1848 tunnel provides an emergency escape route for the other tunnels and has been made accessible to road vehicles such as fire engines and ambulances. Both the 1848 and 1871 tunnel are used by maintenance personnel for access. During the 2000s, Network Rail proposed reinstating rail traffic through the 1848 and 1871 tunnels to increase capacity on the Leeds–Manchester Transpennine route, but after a reappraisal after the decision to electrify the Transpennine line, it was reported in 2012 that reinstatement was unnecessary.

Visitor centre.

The Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre at the Marsden end of the tunnel is in the former warehouse used for transshipment of goods from canal barge to packhorse between 1798 when the canal reached Marsden and 1811 when the tunnel opened. The centre contains exhibitions on the history of the tunnels, the canal tunnel's recent restoration and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Tunnel End Cottages, which once housed canal maintenance workers, houses a cafe and the booking office for 30-minute boat trips into the tunnel. The tourist trips use electric tugs that push a passenger-carrying barge.  The visitor centre is about half a mile (0.8 km) west of Marsden railway station which can be reached via the canal towpath. Adjacent to the railway station is the headquarters of the National Trust's Marsden Moor Estate which has a public exhibition, "Welcome to Marsden", that gives an overview of the area and its transport history.

The Standedge Tunnels () are four parallel tunnels through the Pennine hills at the Standedge crossing between Marsden in West Yorkshire and Diggle in Greater Manchester in northern England. Three are railway tunnels and the other is a canal tunnel. Before boundary changes in 1974, both ends of the tunnels were in the West Riding of Yorkshire.


Life and professional career.

Schliessmann was born in Aschaffenburg, Germany. He is also a professional scuba diver and serves as an Ambassador for the "Protecting of Our Ocean Planet" program of the Project AWARE Foundation. The inspiration of the variety of colours of the underwater world he converts into differentiated sounds in his artistic interpretations, a phenomenon called synesthesia. In several segments of an interview with Oliver Fraenzke in "The New Listener" entitled "Interview: Burkard Schliessmann", Schliessmann describes his experiences of these feelings and impressions.  He also is engaged in the study of philosophy and photography.  Schliessmann performed at Steinway Hall in New York and is an official artist of Steinway & Sons. He has performed as a recitalist, chamber musician and orchestral soloist throughout the world and has participated in music festivals in Europe, among these the Münchner Klaviersommer, the festival “Frankfurt Feste”, the Valldemossa Chopin Festival and the Maurice Ravel Festival in Paris. He received invitations from orchestras like the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, Radio Symphony Orchestra Frankfurt, WDR Radio Symphony Orchestra Cologne, Symphony Orchestra Wuppertal and the New Philharmonic Westfalia, in addition to other orchestras.  He has received honors and awards for his performances and his musical recordings and has been the subject and guest artist on many radio and television programs. His repertoire comprises Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, Brahms, Scriabin, the Second Viennese School up to the Avantgarde.

Musical style, interpretation and artistry.

"Schliessmanns' approach to the piano, though guided by a piercing intellect, remains essentially intuitive", so a reviewer in the introduction to an interview in "High Performance Review HPR", USA.  Schliessmann himself stated in a conversation about the "Goldberg Variations" with James Reel in 2008,  According to Phil Muse, "Schliessmann is essentially a romantic, and as such he is the last sort of pianist you would expect to just play the notes as written, without comment."  James Harrington argued in "American Record Guide" in 2010 that "Schliessmann arrives at his own unique interpretations, with reverence for the past (Cortot, Michelangeli, Rubinstein, and Horszowski especially). While each phrase is impeccably shaped, there is an overall thrust to each work that holds everything together. He uses rubato sparingly, and while he embraces the virtuosity in the music, it never overrides other musical content. After a half century of listening to a number of these works, I must say that Schliessmann shed new light on most of them."  Peter J. Rabinowitz described in "Fanfare" in 2011 Schliessmann "as a fiercely intellectual pianist." He added: He's intellectual in two senses. First, he approaches this music with a tremendous store of background knowledge – knowledge about the composers and their works, about their early receptions, about their critical writings, about their literary inspirations, and about the cultural milieu in which they found themselves. Second, he performs the music with a rigorous sense of the ways its details contribute to its form, both in terms of its overall architecture and in terms of its vertical structure. Not that he sounds anything like Pollini, much less Rosen (to mention just two other pianists often tagged as intellectuals); his playing is far lusher and less severe than Pollini's (listen to the gorgeous shifts in color in the Barcarolle), far more flexible than Rosen's. Still, if you're looking for playing with splashy virtuosity, heightened emotionality, and an extroverted interpretive style, you won't find it here.

On playing Bach, Schumann and Chopin.

In 2008, Schliessmann said that he played Bach more than any other composer and that he had played the complete organ works at the age of 21 – and this by memory.  In a segment of an interview with James Reel in "Fanfare" entitled "Burkard Schliessmann Articulates His Approach to Bach", Schliessmann speaks about the surreal and metaphysical experience of playing the Bach "Goldberg Variations". According to Schliessmann, "Bach really cannot be seen, understood, and interpreted from an isolated point. Bach has to be explored as part of something complete, unique, of a universe – an aspect of human realism." This Schliessmann also stated in broadcastings on SWR, WDR and HR.  According to Schliessmann, "Chopin is the crowning and climax of piano-playing. It's something so unique, all-affecting in emotionalism, musical architecture, and structure, that all past giants are present in it: Bach and Mozart. Chopin's elegance is so singular, that again you need much experience to convey his music in the real and original style. The question of rubato is very sensitive: It's nothing arbitrary, but much more something well calculated and well proportioned, something that is integrated in the classical strength of form, which is constructed on the profound knowledge of the polyphonic and contrapuntal structures of Bach and Mozart."  In another interview with Peter J. Rabinowitz in "Fanfare" entitled "Cannons Camouflaged by Flowers: Burkard Schliessmann Talks about Chopin", Schliessmann stated, "To approach Chopin, you have to separate him stylistically completely from Schumann. Schumann admired Chopin very much and saw him as friend, but Chopin himself had much less interest in and esteem for Schumann. Whereas the young Schumann's creative path led in the opposite direction, from classical forms – however deeply revered, to the freedom of subjective self-expression - this is an absolute deep contrast to Chopin, who found himself favoring a "classical" form of musical essence. He needs to bring nothing in from outside, the music is nearly "absolute"."

Instruments.

In a segment of an interview in "Fanfare" entitled "A Philosophy, Not a Profession: The Art of Burkard Schliessmann", Peter J. Rabinowitz wrote that Schliessmann is a connoisseur of the mechanics of the piano and he insists that his concert instruments be in perfect condition. He described that according to Schliessmann the quality of the sound has its source, as well, in the quality of his piano technician, Georges Ammann.  "I don't want to be conceited," Schliessmann said, "absolutely not, but it's a fact that piano and player have to blend into one."  Peter J. Rabinowitz added that for Schliessmann "the interaction between piano and concert hall is also extremely important. He often travels with his own favored instruments (especially if there is a recording or broadcast involved), and he carefully adjusts to any hall in which he plays."  Schliessmann stated: "I need a day to hear the hall and to place the piano at the right position. This maximizes the impact on the audience."  James Inverne wrote in "Steinway International Pianos Magazine" that "Schliessmann owns two treasured Steinways. They were carefully selected after years of searching." One, Schliessmann said, is a "very orchestral" instrument and is used for large scale works. The other "is very sensitive and sensible, great for chamber music." He added: "The search for the ideal instruments was entirely worth it: My pianos are alive to me and a mirror of me. It was vital to get it right."

About live concerts and studio recordings.

According to Peter J. Rabinowitz, the artistic fulfilment of Schliessmann's performances is the communication with his audience. Phil Muse commented: "There is a strong personality behind his performances, one that always has a decided opinion about the music" and the "FAZ" described his concert appearances as a "mystic fusion".  Peter J. Rabinowitz explained, "this give and take is so important that, when recording in a studio, he likes to bring a few friends along to serve as an audience."  Schliessmann himself said: "Sometimes, I ask one, two, or more people just to sit in the audience and to listen to me with concentration as I play. It's stimulating for me, and I try to build up a situation like that in a recital with a live audience. This helps me to play in a way that electrifies people."  The interview in "Fanfare" entitled "Cannons Camouflaged by Flowers: Burkard Schliessmann Talks about Chopin" concluded with a statement of Schliessmann:

Discography (selected).

Schliessmann records for Arthaus Musik, MSR-Classics and Bayer. In June 2014 Schliessmann signed a further recording contract with the British label Divine Art for the worldwide releasing of selected piano works and cycles from Johann Sebastian Bach and Frédéric Chopin.

Television and radio productions.

Schliessmann has appeared in a number of television and radio productions on the European television stations ARD, ZDF, WDR, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Hessischer Rundfunk, ARTE, 3-SAT, EinsFestival,, Classical TV and the US channels Classic Arts Showcase, WSMC, WWFM, WUOT and WDPR. These include:

Memberships.

Schliessmann is a member (Master Instructor) of the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) and of the Canon Professional Network. He is also a long-term member of the Frankfurter Gesellschaft für Handel, Industrie, Wissenschaft und Kultur, Lions Clubs International and American Guild of Organists.

Burkard Schliessmann is a German classical pianist and concert artist with an active international career. He attended the Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts and graduated with a Master's degree. He studied under several internationally recognized musical artists and participated in master classes conducted by Shura Cherkassky and Bruno Leonardo Gelber.


Description.

Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The color pattern is highly variable. The dorsum in adult males is consistently tan to brown. There are varying levels of yellow or brown spots, or yellow blotches that may cover most of the dorsum. The yellow spots might have dark brown centers or edging. Most specimens have a brown or dark brown canthal stripe that runs from the nostril through the eye to at least the forelimb insertion, sometimes further to the inguinal region of the hind limb. The throat is canary yellow. The belly is grayish blue or white. The limbs are salmon red to red, with the concealed parts of the thighs being bright orangish red. In adult females, the dorsal ground color varies from orangish brown to mustard yellow. The canthal region is dark brown in most individuals, and that coloration may extend from the posterior of the orbit to the forelimb insertion. The dorsum may be completely without patterns, or the patterns can resemble the males ones, or may include large brown blotches with neon yellowish green borders. The abdomen is white with a light pink to grayish blue throat; the limbs have similar color. The hands and feet may be salmon red. In both males and females, the flanks and dorsum may have a lighter brown coloration than the remainder of the dorsum, or range from light gray to salmon red. Juveniles and subadults have coloring that transitions from a lime green dorsum (often with a white dorsolateral line) to the adult coloration described above.

Habitat and conservation.

"Hyperolius castaneus" occurs in swamps in montane grassland and forest at elevations of above sea level.

Conservation.

First assessed as "vulnerable" in 2004, this species is now listed as "least concern" due to the discovery that it occurs more widely than previously thought (now a 73,498 km2 estimated extent of occurrence) and because, despite ongoing habitat loss, there is currently an abundance of suitable habitats within its range. It is considered to be an abundant species. It is present in several national parks.

Hyperolius castaneus is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in the highlands of western Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda as well as eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Common names of this species include Ahl's reed frog, brown reed frog, and montane reed frog. The status of the putative subspecies "Hyperolius castaneus rhodogaster" is unclear, and it may actually be a distinct species. Also "Hyperolius constellatus", now a distinct species, was formerly recognized as a subspecies of "H. castaneus".


Career.

Born December 22, 1928, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Buck rose to prominence as the leading figure in the preservation and advancement of authentic traditional jazz. He started out selling newspapers during World War II and converting the profits into war bonds. He took this money and recorded his first session with his favorite musicians, Wild Bill Davison and Tony Parenti on Jazzology Records. Soon after, he began recording New Orleans style jazz on GHB Records. He began yearly pilgrimages to New Orleans in 1961, cementing his relationship with the city by immersing himself in the culture and recording the artists who lived in the city. Buck developed a passion for radio after hosting a radio show in college, which he dubbed, Jazzology. This early involvement in radio led him to buy many small, under performing radio stations beginning with WCOS in Columbia, South Carolina, and turn them around with new formats and improved management. All of his profits from this went to support his growing list of record labels. He started and bought many labels in order to make sure this music would survive. He issued recordings of most forms of jazz through nine labels: Jazzology, GHB, Circle, Southland, American Music, Black Swan, Audiophile, Progressive, and Solo Art.  According to his son, Buck's passion, love, and enthusiasm for jazz never diminished. He and his wife, Nina moved the operation to New Orleans in 1987 and in 1989 expanded further by opening the Palm Court Jazz Café, which became an important part of New Orleans jazz culture under the management of his wife. The GHB Jazz Foundation houses the record business and is located on the second floor of the same building in the French Quarter. As of 4-2-2020, Buck's weekly program "Jazzology" continues to air on WAVO 1150-AM in Rock Hill, SC on Sundays from 4-5PM. He produced nearly 700 broadcasts during his years in New Orleans. The programs were originally recorded on cassettes. In recent years, most of the programs were transferred to compact discs. An archive of these programs is kept in New Orleans and at the WAVO studios in Charlotte, NC. Buck's sign off was "This is recordially yours, George Buck. Wishing you the best of everything and good jazz listening. Bye bye and buy bonds!"

Buck companies.

Companies founded by Buck  Companies acquired by Buck  Philanthropy founded by Buck

George Herman Buck Jr. (December 22, 1928 – December 11, 2013) was an American entrepreneur who devoted much of his life to recording jazz by producing albums and acquiring the rights to those produced by companies established by others. Buck acquired the inventories of record labels and transcription discs made by radio broadcasting companies decades earlier. He was a major record collector. Until his death at age 84, he ran his businesses and philanthropy. He began his radio career as a partner in radio station WJNO in West Palm Beach.


History.

Wigan Casino was the name of the last incarnation of a Wigan ballroom called the Empress. Local DJ Russ Winstanley and Wigan Casino manager Mike Walker approached lease owner Gerry Marshall to run all-nighters. Walker brought Winstanley, who had a DJ set at the local rugby club, to the Casino Club. At 2 am on Sunday 23 September 1973, Wigan Casino started its first-ever Northern soul all-nighter, with Winstanley as the DJ. After Winstanley and his helper Ian Fishwick, Kev Roberts was the third DJ at Casino all-nighters, who was quickly joined by Richard Searling Soul performers that performed there include Jackie Wilson, Edwin Starr and Junior Walker.  Young people from all over the UK regularly attended Wigan Casino to hear the latest northern soul artists and to dance. There were long queues to get in. The second dance floor, Mr M's, stayed open until 6 am and played oldies songs from a variety of DJs including Dave Evison and Steve Whittle. All-nighters generally ended with three songs that became known as the '3 before 8': "Time Will Pass You By" by Tobi Legend, "Long After Tonight Is All Over" by Jimmy Radcliffe, and "I'm on My Way" by Dean Parrish. Parrish is still active on the Northern soul circuit.  Wigan Casino's 500th all-nighter was held on Saturday 16 May 1981, from midnight to 8 am. Over the eight years it was open, it had over four million people through its doors.  Wigan Council owned the building and wanted to extend the nearby Civic Centre, but short of funding, it never went ahead. The club closed on 6 December 1981; that final night of Wigan Casino in its Northern soul state was DJ'd by Winstanley, and the '3 before 8' were played three times consecutively at the end of the night. The crowd refused to leave; according to Winstanley, to "break this spell of hysteria", he picked a 7" at random from his box and played that. This final Wigan Casino song became one of the most famous Northern soul songs of all time, Frank Wilson's "Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)". Annual reunions are held in Wigan hosted by the original DJs.  The Casino is commemorated with a Blue plaque, which was installed in 2014, marking the place where the doors to the club once stood.  The site is now occupied by the Grand Arcade shopping centre, which pays homage to the club with its Casino Café.

The Wigan Casino was a nightclub in Wigan, England. Operating between 1973 and 1981, it became known as a primary venue for Northern soul music. It carried forward the legacy created by clubs such as the Twisted Wheel in Manchester, the Chateau Impney (Droitwich), the Catacombs (Wolverhampton) and the Golden Torch (Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent). It remains one of the most famous clubs in Northern England. In 1978, the American music magazine "Billboard" voted Wigan Casino "The Best Disco in the World", ahead of New York's Studio 54.


Plot.

In Rome, during the reign of Nero, a young pagan general named Marcus Vinicius falls in love with a beautiful Christian hostage named Licia. Their love appears to be impossible, because of the conflict of their religions. Nero burns the city of Rome and blames the Christians, already hated by the pagan Romans.

Production.

The film was produced by the ambitious Unione Cinematografica Italiana. D'Annunzio, the son of the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio, was considered a rising director and also wrote the film's screenplay. It was one of several attempts in early Fascist Italy to recapture the success of the historical epics of the previous decade. Rudolph Valentino was invited to star in the film, but was forced to turn the offer down due to contractual reasons. Production quickly became troubled – the film ran seriously over-budget, and additional financing had to be raised from Germany. The new backers insisted that a German director, Jacoby, be appointed to co-direct.

Reception.

The film was a critical and commercial failure on its release, effectively ending the career of its producer Arturo Ambrosio, who had been one of the major figures of early Italian cinema. In its review "The New York Times" described it as "excellent as spectacle, but is too tedious in many sequences to be a good entertainment". D'Annunzio never directed or wrote another film. Jacoby's reputation also suffered heavily, and he switched to working on musicals and comedies. Emil Jannings' performance, on the other hand, received moderate praise. "The New Yorker" noted that Jannings was the "one item beside boredom" the movie had, but despite his "able performance" they "still prefer him in Germanic studio surroundings."

Quo Vadis (or Quo Vadis?) is a 1924 Italian silent historical film directed by Gabriellino D'Annunzio and Georg Jacoby and starring Emil Jannings, Elena Sangro and Lillian Hall-Davis. It is based on the 1896 novel "Quo Vadis" by Henryk Sienkiewicz which was notably later adapted into a 1951 film.


Origins.

A number of ancient Chinese cookbooks and treatises on food (now lost) display an early Chinese interest in food, but no known focus on its medical value. The literature on "nourishing life" () integrated advice on food within broader advice on how to attain immortality. Such books, however, are only precursors of "dietary therapy", because they did not systematically describe the effect of individual food items. In the volume on "Fermentations and Food Science" of Joseph Needham's "Science and Civilization in China", H. T. Huang considers the "Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments" (c. 200 BCE) and the "Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon" as precursors of the "dietary therapy" tradition, the former because it recommends food products as remedies for various illnesses, the latter because it discusses the impact of food on health. The "materia medica" literature, exemplified by the "Shennong Bencao Jing" (1st century CE), also discussed food products, but without specializing on them.  The earliest extant Chinese dietary text is a chapter of Sun Simiao's "Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold" (), which was completed in the 650s during the Tang dynasty. Sun's work contains the earliest known use of the term "food (or dietary) therapy" ("shiliao"). Sun stated that he wanted to present current knowledge about food so that people would first turn to food rather than drugs when suffering from an ailment. His chapter contains 154 entries divided into four sections – on fruits, vegetables, cereals, and meat – in which Sun explains the properties of individual foodstuffs with concepts borrowed from the "Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon": "qi", the viscera, and vital essence (), as well as correspondences between the Five Phases, the "five flavors" (sour, bitter, sweet, pungent, and salty), and the five grains. He also set a large number of "dietary interdictions" (), some based on calendrical notions (no water chestnuts in the 7th month), others on purported interactions between foods (no clear wine with horse meat) or between different flavors.  Sun Simiao's disciple Meng Shen (; 621–713) compiled the first work entirely devoted to the therapeutic value of food: the "Materia Dietetica" (). This work has not survived, but it was quoted in later texts – like the 10th-century Japanese text Ishinpō – and a fragment of it has been found among the Dunhuang manuscripts. Surviving excerpts show that Meng gave less importance to dietary prohibitions than Sun, and that he provided information on how to prepare foodstuffs rather than just describe their properties. The works of Sun Simiao and Meng Shen established the genre of "materia dietetica" and shaped its development in the following centuries.

Later history.

An abundant literature developed in China around the medicinal uses of food. A mid-ninth-century work, now lost, called "Candid Views of a Nutritionist-Physician" () discussed how food could treat various disorders, while several works from the Song dynasty (960–1279) explained how to feed the elderly to extend their life.  In the early 14th century, Hu Sihui, who served as Grand Dietician () at the court of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1260–1368), compiled a treatise called the "Proper and Essential Things for the Emperor's Food and Drink" (), which is still recognized in China as a classic of both "materia medica" and "materia dietetica". Influenced by the culinary and medical traditions of the Turko-Islamic world and integrating Mongol food stuffs like mutton into its recipes, Hu's treatise interpreted the effects of food according to the scheme of correspondences between the five phases that had recently been systematized by northern Chinese medical writers of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Yuan eras. Before that period, food materials had not yet been comprehensively assigned to the five flavors systematically correlated with specific internal organs and therapeutic effects.  Chinese understandings of the therapeutic effects of food were influential in East Asia. Cited in Japanese works as early as the 10th century, Chinese dietary works shaped Korean literature on food well into the Joseon period (1392–1897). In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the imperial court of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) ordered several works on Chinese food therapy translated into Manchu.

Main tenets.

Although the precepts of Chinese food therapy are neither systematic nor identical in all times and places, some basic concepts can be isolated. One central tenet is that "medicine and food share a common origin", and that food materials can therefore be used to prevent or treat medical disorders. Like medicinal drugs, food items are classified as "heaty" () or "cooling" (). In popular understanding, "heaty" or "heatiness" food is typically "high-calorie, subjected to high heat in cooking, spicy or bitter, or 'hot' in color (red, orange)", and includes red meat, innards, baked and deep-fried goods, and alcohol. They are to be avoided in the summer and can be used to treat "cold" illnesses like excessive pallor, watery feces, fatigue, chills, and low body temperature caused by a number of possible causes, including anemia. Green vegetables are the most typical "cooling" or "cold" food, which is "low-calorie, watery, soothing or sour in taste, or 'cool' in color (whitish, green)". They are recommended for "hot" conditions: rashes, dryness or redness of skin, heartburns, and other "symptoms similar to those of a burn", but also sore throat, swollen gums, and constipation.  In more systematic understandings, each medicine or food item has one of five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, pungent (or "acrid"), and salty. Besides describing the taste of food, each of these "flavors" purportedly has specific effects on particular viscera. The sour flavor, for instance, has "constriction and emollient effects" and "can emolliate the liver and control diarrhea and perspiration", whereas "bitter" food can "purge the heart 'fire', reduce excessive fluids, induce diarrhea, and reinforce the heart 'Yin'".

Scientific assessments.

There are few studies in English on the scientific validity of these beliefs and practices. A few studies conducted in China suggest that a diet designed according to the precepts of Chinese food therapy may help control blood pressure, but these studies are based on different diagnostic categories than those of evidence-based medicine ("Yin deficiency" instead of hypertension), and on chiefly qualitative and conceptual evidence rather than on modern randomized controlled trials. Consequently, the claims of efficacy are weaker in scientific evidence than those based on mixed nutritious foods and demonstrated to have health effects by extensive clinical research, such as the DASH diet or Mediterranean diet.

Chinese food therapy (, also called nutrition therapy and dietary therapy) is a mode of dieting rooted in Chinese beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism, and centered on concepts such as eating in moderation. Its basic precepts are a mix of folk views and concepts drawn from traditional Chinese medicine.


Description.

The flag consists of two horizontal bands of equal thickness, the upper one is red, the lower one is white or heraldic silver. The Franconian Rake is usually placed in the centre. Also common is the word "Franken" ("Franconia") in white letters on a black field above the rake. Although not official, the Franconian Rake is also commonly used as the flag itself, replacing the horizontal bands with the rake. The Franconian flag is neither a state symbol nor an emblem of sovereignty because Franconia is only a geographical or cultural region, not an administrative unit. it is used mainly on festival days or similar purposes by private individuals and clubs. On Franconia Day it may also be hoisted by the authorities. In the Franconian provinces the coat of arm of the respective province (Upper, Middle or Lower Franconia) may take the place of the Franconian Rake. The flag is also sometimes seen incorrectly with the colours reversed.

History.

The flag takes its colours from the so-called Franconian Rake. This coat of arms first surfaced in the early 14th century on the gravestone of the Würzburg prince bishop, Wolfram Wolfskeel von Grumbach, as well as a seal for the village of Gerolzhofen. It was a symbol of Franconian ducal sovereignty, which the Wurzburg prince bishops nominally had. The field banners of the contingents of soldiers of the Franconian Circle within the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire also bore these colours. The flag was, however, not a symbol of the whole of Franconia because it was never a separate state. When, in 1835, a new Bavarian coat of arms was introduced, the officials responsible for the task ensured that the Franconian territories were recognised. They chose the Franconian Rake as the emblem of the whole of Franconia, which has since been integrated into the armorial achievement.

Flag dispute.

With the introduction of Franconia Day there has been pressure to fly the Franconian flag on public buildings. But because it is not a state flag, this request was refused by the Bavarian state parliament, the "Landtag". However, the constitutional committee of the "Landtag" decided in 2012 that the flag could be hoisted for advertising purposes on public buildings alongside the flag of Germany, the Bavarian state flag and the flag of Europe, because the state was neither able nor permitted to make a ruling.  There were more arguments over the flags on Nuremberg Castle. In 2008 a Bavarian flag was hoisted on the castle for the first time. This was taken as an affront by many of the locals. SPD members of parliament demanded that the Free State also displayed the Franconian flag on the castle. This demand was rejected, however, by the Bavarian Interior Minister, Joachim Herrmann. In summer 2009 Lord Mayor Ulrich Maly escalated the flag dispute but allowing the Nuremberg municipal flag to be raised alongside the German and Bavarian flags. Because it is also red and white, the version without the city coat of arms resembles the Franconian flag. Including the requisite additional eight-metre-high flagpole the cost came to € 25,000. In summer 2012 the flags were changed again: on the "palas", the main building of the castle, the German flag was replaced by a Bavarian flag. On the flagpole where this Bavarian flag had hitherto been hoisted (the "Heideturm" tower) a Franconian flag was now displayed. The flag of Germany now fluttered on a pole erected for it in the open.  The Franconian flag is also used as a symbol by the Franconia football team.

The Franconian flag ( or "Frankenflagge") is a symbol of Franconia, a region in North Bavaria and parts of Thuringia, Hesse and Baden-Württemberg in Germany.


Professional career.

Bailey turned pro in 1996 and won his first 21 fights by knockout, including the WBO Light Welterweight Title with a 1st-round KO over Carlos Gonzalez in 1999. He defended the title twice before losing it in 2000 to Ener Julio in a close split decision.  In 2002, he won the interim WBA Light Welterweight title with a 3rd-round KO win over Demetrio Ceballos. He fought Diosbelys Hurtado for the vacant WBA Light Welterweight title but lost courtesy of a KO in the 7th round. In 2003, he challenged DeMarcus Corley for the WBO Light Welterweight Title but lost a decision. In 2004, he fought Miguel Angel Cotto for the WBO Light Welterweight Title, losing by TKO in the 6th round. The fight was stopped on cuts. In 2006, Bailey defeated Lenin Arroyo, Santos Pakau, Juan Polo Perez and Russell Stoner Jones to get the right to fight Shawn Gallegos for the IBA Intercontinental Light Welterweight title. He defeated Gallegos via a TKO inside eight rounds to become the new International Boxing Association Intercontinental champion. In 2007, he beat Harrison Cuello by KO in the 2nd round. He then fought Herman Ngoudjo and lost by a split decision over 12 rounds in an IBF eliminator bout. In 2008, Bailey fought a rematch with DeMarcus Corley and won via decision. In 2009, Bailey kayoed Frankie Figueroa in the fourth round of an IBF eliminator to win another shot at the IBF world title against Juan Urango. In the fight Bailey knocked down Juan Urango in the 6th round, the first time Urango had been knocked down. Bailey tired late in the fight and in the 11th round his corner threw in the towel after Urango had begun dominating the fight.

Moving up to welterweight.

After the loss to Urango, Bailey moved up to 147 pounds and fought Germaine Sanders, whom Bailey knocked down three times before winning an 8-round decision. On March 19, 2010 Bailey fought an IBF title eliminator against Sugar Jackson. Bailey knocked out Jackson in 90 seconds of the 1st round. Instead of fighting the IBF Title against Jan Zaveck, he fought Said Ouali on December 10, 2010 in Antwerp, Belgium, with the fight resulting in a second round no-contest when Ouali was thrown out of the ring by Bailey and the fight could not continue.  Bailey became the IBF welterweight champion after knocking out top contender Mike Jones June 9, 2012, becoming a world champion in two weight divisions 10 years after winning his last title (the interim WBA light welterweight title). His emotional response in his post fight interview drew cheers from the crowd.  Bailey lost his IBF welterweight title against Devon Alexander as a main event on Showtime Championship Boxing. He then won three straight fights, culminating in a knockout win over Shusaku Fujinaka for the WBO Asia Pacific Welterweight title, before a loss to Jeff Horn on April 27, 2016. He has not fought since.

Randall Bailey (born September 13, 1974) is an American professional boxer. A veteran of the sport for over twenty years, he is a former world champion in two weight classes, having held the WBO light welterweight title from 1999 to 2000, and the IBF welterweight title in 2012. Additionally, he held the WBA interim light welterweight title in 2002. Nicknamed "The Knock-Out King" for his exceptional knockout power, Bailey is considered to be one of the hardest punchers in boxing.


History.

The company was founded as Munich Helicopter Service (MHS) in 1977.  After the purchase of the Airline by the entrepreneur Gerhard Brandecker in 2009 the airline put a focus on adding business jets to its fleet. MHS Aviation has been in business for more than 40 years and has developed into one of the largest executive charter operators in Germany. In October 2019 MHS Aviation took delivery of Europe's first Embraer Praetor 600.

Services.

MHS Aviation specializes in aircraft charter, aircraft lease and fleet management. It currently operates several business jets of different sizes.

Destinations.

MHS Aviation performs both passenger and cargo charter flights. The company operates international charter flights as well domestic scheduled services.

Fleet.

Current fleet.

As of November 2019, the MHS Aviation fleet consists of the following aircraft: Currently the fleet consists of 18 aircraft ranging from Ultra Long Range to Turbo Prop Aircraft. Since June 2017 MHS Aviation operates two Dassault Falcon 2000LX by the French aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation.

Former fleet.

The airline previously operated the following aircraft (at November 2019):

Safety Standards & Organizations.

The company earned the ARG/US Platinum safety rating - the highest-level safety audit rating in private aviation – in 2018 and has maintained it since for its flight safety standards. Furthermore, MHS Aviation is certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), it is an Agency of the European Union with specific regulatory responsibilities and executive tasks in the area of aviation safety. MHS Aviation is member of multiple national and international aviation organizations. Currently the airline is member of the European Business Aviation Association (EBAA), the North American National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) as well as The Air Charter Association (ACA).

MHS Aviation GmbH is a German charter airline headquartered in Oberhaching, Bavaria. MHS Aviation is based at nearby Munich Airport, Special Airport Oberpfaffenhofen as well as Mannheim City Airport. The company specializes in aircraft charter, aircraft management, aircraft lease and VIP Service. It currently operates a fleet of 18 charter aircraft. The majority of the fleet consists of business aircraft, in addition six Dornier 328 aircraft are operated for Rhein-Neckar Air on a scheduled domestic service.


Career.

Korir won his first international medal at the age of fifteen at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games, getting a bronze medal in the 5000 metres. He was part of the winning Kenyan junior team at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, where he finished fifth, and helped retain that title at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, where he came third as part of Kenyan podium sweep. He failed to make the team the following year but was chosen for the 2011 African Cross Country Championships, where he became the competition's first male junior champion. He ran in Europe later that year and set a personal best of 13:17.18 minutes for the 5000 m at the Nijmegen Global Athletics meeting.  He began the 2012 season with a 5000 m personal best of 13:11.44 minutes at the PSD Bank Meeting (moving up to fourth on the all-time junior indoor lists) and had a win at the Eurocross cross country race in Luxembourg. The IAAF World Cross Country Championships changed to a biennial format so was not held and Korir instead competed in the junior section of the 2012 African Cross Country Championships, placing a narrow second behind Ethiopia's Muktar Edris. He failed to make the Kenyan team for the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics in June, having been hurt by a competitor's track spikes, and missed the rest of the season due to an Achilles tendon injury.  In Korir's first year as a senior athlete he placed sixth at the Kenyan Cross Country Championships and the selectors, seeing he had recovered from injury, made a last-minute decision to add him to the Kenyan team. At the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships he was the fourth youngest entrant in the men's senior race but he defeated much more experienced rivals to become the youngest ever world champion at the event (the former holder of that honour being multiple world champion Kenenisa Bekele). Following this success he set his sights on competing at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics. That April he won the 5000 m at the Melbourne Track Classic and the Würzburger Residenzlauf. His form dropped in May, however, as he came last in the 3000 metres at the Doha Diamond League meeting, then managed only 17th place at the World 10K Bangalore race. Korir missed the rest of the 2013 track season.  In early 2014, Korir won the Antrim International Cross Country race and the Great Ireland Run in April. Korir also moved up to compete in the half marathon, finishing in 7th place at the CPC Loop Den Haag in a time of 1:02:41 hours.

Japhet Kipyegon Korir (born 30 June 1993) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in cross country running competitions and the 5000 metres. He was the gold medallist at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, becoming the youngest ever world cross country champion. He has a personal best of 13:11.44 minutes for the 5000 m track event.


Work, research, and recognitions.

In the revised and updated publication of "", he presents additional evidence for his contention that orangutans share significantly more morphological similarities to humans than any other great ape.  He has also been a major contributor to the George Washington project, an attempt to create wax figure likenesses of the first U.S. President at the ages of 19, 45, and 57, based upon dentofacial morphology. Scheduled for public display in 2006 in a new education center and museum at Mount Vernon, the models also went on a 9-city national tour to promote the museum.  Since 1998 he has served as a consultant in forensic anthropology to the Allegheny County coroner's office.  In 2007 he was elected President of the World Academy of Art and Science for a five-year term (one year as president-elect). He was the first person so elected, all previous presidents having been directly appointed by trustees of the organization.

Education.

Born March 6, 1948 in Richmond, Virginia, Schwartz earned his bachelor's degree from Columbia College in 1969 and completed his doctorate from Columbia University in 1974.

Family.

Schwartz is the son of Jack Schwartz, a doctor who did quinine research during World War II, and Lillian Schwartz, one of the earliest visual artists to utilize computer imaging. He is married to the poet Lynn Emanuel and they reside in Pittsburgh.

Film.

Jeffrey H. Schwartz made an appearance in the documentary film "The Trouble with Atheism".

See also.

Birutė Galdikas

Jeffrey Hugh Schwartz (born March 6, 1948) is an American physical anthropologist and professor of biological anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and a fellow and President of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS) from 2008-2012.


Online Magazine.

The society has recently augmented its traditional book publishing activities with the launch of its Online Magazine, an ever-expanding online archive of miscellaneous British naval records. The online collection includes records in archives and museums as well as those in private collections which would otherwise never be seen. New postings to the archive are made at least once per month throughout the year. Every posting receives a detailed introduction explaining how or why the record is important and is posted alongside relevant links in the collection of the Royal Museums Greenwich and, where appropriate, relevant videos. Members can share their knowledge and comment on every posting.

Leading Figures.

Sir Cyprian Bridge co-founded the Navy Records Society (NRS) with Sir John Knox Laughton. He was born in Newfoundland, the son of the chaplain to its governor, Admiral Sir Thomas John Cochrane.  Bridge entered the Royal Navy in 1853. He saw service in many parts of the globe, notably the Antipodes. In 1889 he became director of the Admiralty's newly instituted naval intelligence department. Reaching flag-rank in 1892, he chaired, the following June, the preliminary meeting which resulted in the foundation of the NRS.  Leaving his Admiralty post in 1894, he was later that year appointed naval C-in-C of the Australian squadron, serving as such until 1898. In that year he was promoted vice-admiral, and in 1899 he was knighted (KCB).  In 1901 he went to China as C-in-C of the squadron, playing a seminal role in the negotiations that led to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1902). He became full admiral and KCB in 1904, the year he relinquished the command and retired from active service.  He served as an assessor on the International Commission of Inquiry into the 1904 Dogger Bank incident, and during the First World War as a member of the Mesopotamia Commission of Inquiry appointed in August 1916.  He held definite views on naval policy, opposing construction of HMS Dreadnought as contrary to British interests, and publishing widely on naval topics. His books included a memoir, Some Recollections (1918).  More information about Sir Cyprian's life and career, and a list of further reading, can be found in Sir Geoffrey Callender's entry on him (revised by James Goldrick) in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB).  Sir John Knox Laughton, the principal founder of the Navy Records Society, was born in Liverpool, son of a former master mariner. He graduated as a wrangler in mathematics from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and entered the Royal Navy as an instructor.  In 1853 he joined the Baltic-bound Royal George, and following the Crimean War was transferred to the Calcutta, which participated in the Second Opium War. His sea-going career ended in 1866, when he commenced teaching at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth. He authored acclaimed pioneering texts on meteorology and nautical surveying, and in 1873 became head of the department of meteorology at the new Royal Naval College, Greenwich.  Having authored Essay on Naval Tactics (1873) and The Scientific Study of Naval History (1874), Laughton in 1876 added naval history to his teaching responsibilities. A prolific author in the field, he was the progenitor of the study of naval history in its modern form. In 1885 he was appointed professor of modern history at King's College, London.  He founded the NRS with a long-standing friend, Admiral Cyprian Bridge (1839–1924), director of naval intelligence at the Admiralty. Many distinguished people supported the venture, including the renowned American naval strategist and commentator Alfred Thayer Mahan, whose writings helped to kindle popular interest in naval topics, and the famed historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner.  As the society's secretary from 1893–1912, Laughton played a pivotal role: directing the NRS, arranging publications, recruiting members, and securing respected scholars to edit its volumes. During the years leading up to the First World War, when Germany was striving to develop an ocean-going force to challenge Britain's mastery of the seas, the NRS (with a membership of around 500 that included opinion-formers from the armed services, academia, politics, and the press) deliberately concentrated on the publication of historical sources which reflected contemporary issues in order to influence policy makers.  Laughton edited the first two volumes in the NRS series of publications, State Papers Relating to the Defeatof the Spanish Armada (1894) as well as Vols. 32, 38, and 39 (Letters and Papers of Charles, Lord Barham, 1758–1813). He co-edited vols. 6 (Journal of Rear Admiral Bartholomew James, 1725–1728) and 31 (The Recollections of Commander James Anthony Gardner, 1775–1814).  As the author of over 900 entries in the Dictionary of National Biography, including virtually all the naval memoirs, he left an enduring legacy and stamped his imprimatur on the interpretation of Britain's past naval personalities for generations to come.  He was knighted in 1907, and in 1910 received the Chesney gold medal of the Royal United Service Institution as well as a testimonial (marking his 80th birthday) from the future George V and many celebrated admirals. As he had wished, when the time came his ashes were committed to the deep at the mouth of the Thames. One of his daughters, Dame Elvira [Vera] Laughton Mathews (1888–1959), was director of the Women's Royal Naval Service, 1939–47.  Further information may be obtained from the following works by former NRS secretary Professor Andrew Lambert: The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy, and the historical profession (1998), Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton (2002; Vol. 143 in the NRS publications series), and the biographical entry on Laughton in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB).  A former barrister who became a distinguished writer on aspects of British naval history, and from 1902 a lecturer at the new Royal Naval War College at Greenwich, Sir Julian Corbett was one of the NRS's foremost early members, and edited several of the society's publications.  The son of a London architect, he attended Marlborough College and graduated with a first-class degree in law from Trinity College, Cambridge. He abandoned the Bar after a few years to travel and write both fiction and non-fiction. His biography of Sir Francis Drake (about whom he wrote two novels) appeared in the "English Men of Action" series during 1890.  His well-received "Drake and the Tudor Navy", based on extensive archival sources and informed by his appreciation of the nexus between state policy and the deployment of naval power, appeared in 1898. That same year he edited, at Laughton's urging, "Papers Relating to the Spanish War", 1585–87, volume 11 in the NRS series of publications.  A few years later he edited Sir William Slyngsbie's "Relation of the Voyage to Cadiz 1596", which appeared in "The Naval Miscellany I" edited by Laughton (Volume 20 in the NRS series). Other volumes edited by Corbett were "Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816" (series vol. 29), "Views of the Battles of the Third Dutch War, Signals and Instructions", 1776–1794 (series vol. 34), and the first two volumes of "The Private Papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer" (series vols. 46 and 48).  In 1914, following publication of the second Spencer volume, he was awarded the Chesney gold medal by the Royal United Service Institution. Books he authored included "The Successors of Drake" (1900), "England in the Mediterranean", 1603–1714 (1904), "England in the Seven Years' War" (1907), "The Campaign of Trafalgar" (1910; reprinted 2005), and "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War", 1904–06 (2 vols., 1915). He also wrote influential pamphlets.  Admiral Sir John Fisher, as First Sea Lord (1904–10), solicited Corbett's endorsement of a number of innovations, including the dreadnought and the battle cruiser. Corbett advised on naval policy during the First World War, was knighted in 1917, and became the historian of the war's maritime conduct in his "Naval Operations" (3 vols., 1920–23), a controversial and difficult task.  More information about Sir Julian's life and career, and a list of further reading, can be found in Sir Geoffrey Callender's entry on Corbett (revised by James Goldrick) in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (ODNB).  Herbert Richmond was perhaps the most brilliant naval officer of his generation. In 1913 he edited the society's vol. 42, "Papers relating to the Loss of Minorca". He was a close friend of Sir Julian Corbett, and took over Corbett's task of editing "The Private papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer", contributing vols 3 and 4 in 1924 (vols 58 and 59).  Richmond entered the navy in 1885 and rose swiftly, though his well known tendency to offer critical advice to his senior officers, as well as publishing critical articles, limited his naval career. He was a moving spirit in the founding of the "Naval Review" in 1912. Eventually in 1920 he was made Rear-Admiral, between 1923 and 1925 he was Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, after which he became the first Commandant of the new Imperial Defence College. In 1929 he was promoted to Admiral at which point he retired.  In addition to the society's volumes, Richmond had also written two fine studies: "The Navy in the War of 1739–48" (1920) and after his retirement, "The Navy in India" (1931). In 1934 he appointed to the Vere Harmsworth Chair of Imperial and Naval History at Cambridge, and two years later was elected as Master of Downing College, Cambridge.  See A.J. Marder, "Portrait of an Admiral: the Life and Papers of Sir Herbert Richmond" (1952); Barry Hunt, "Sailor-Scholar: Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond 1871–1946" (1982).  Michael Lewis was a councillor and a vice-president of the NRS. He edited, with insight and humour, Sir William Henry Dillon's enjoyable and lengthy A Narrative of My Personal Adventures (1790–1839) that comprise Volumes 93 and 97 (1953–56) of the society's publications.  Like Sir John Knox Laughton, Sir Julian Corbett, and Sir Geoffrey Callender, Lewis was a member of ‘the Greenwich School’ of naval historians – to employ C. Northcote Parkinson's phrase. This ‘Greenwich School’ – members of the Admiralty's own teaching staff – dominated the writing and interpretation of naval history at a time when academic historians at the universities concerned themselves rather more with "turnips, spinning-jennies and constitutional progress" than with considerations of Britain's maritime past (see English Historical Review, Vol. 64, 1949, pp. 374–375).  Educated at Uppingham and at Trinity College, Cambridge, Lewis was in 1913 appointed an assistant master at the old Royal Naval College at Osborne, and served throughout the First World War in the Royal Marine Artillery. In 1922 he became assistant head of the history and English department at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and in 1934 the Admiralty appointed him professor of history and English at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in succession to Sir Geoffrey Callender. He held that post until his retirement in 1955.  Initially a writer of fiction and light verse who contributed to Punch, Lewis from 1939 was a prolific and in many ways groundbreaking writer on naval history. His works, often highly original investigations of facets of the navy's story, include "England’s Sea Officers" (1939), "British Ships and British Seamen" (1942), "The Navy of Britain" (1948), "The History of the British Navy" (1959), "A Social History of the Navy", 1793–1815 (1960), "The Spanish Armada" (1960), "Armada Guns" (1961), "Napoleon and his British Captives" (1962), and "The Navy in Transition", 1814–64 (1965).  Professor Michael Arthur Lewis was a fellow of the Society of Arts (FSA), a fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS), and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). An obituary, with photograph, appeared in "The Times" (2 March 1970, p. 12).  Christopher Lloyd took a notable part in the organisation of the society, becoming administrative Secretary in 1949, then adding publications to his responsibilities in 1950. Between 1952 and 1962 he was full Secretary from 1952 to 1962. His first edited volume of five for the society was the second volume of the Keith papers (vol. 90), when he took over a project started in 1926 by W.G.Perrin, the Admiralty Librarian. Lloyd completed the third volume (vol. 96) in 1955. He also edited the fourth "Miscellany" volume in 1952, the "Memoir of James Trevenen, 1760–1790" (vol. 100, 1959) and "The Health of Seamen" in 1965 (vol. 107).  Christopher Lloyd was educated at Oxford, taught in Canada and then at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, until 1945. He was then appointed a lecturer at the RNC Greenwich, where he taught until his retirement in 1966. In 1962 he was appointed professor of history. He was editor of the journal of the Society for Nautical Research in 1971.  His best-known books were "The Navy and the Slave Trade" (1949) and a general history, "The British Seaman" (1968). He also completed, with Jack Coulter, the third volume of "Medicine and the Navy, 1200–1900" (1961). This last volume was a successor to the first two volumes produced by Surgeon Commander John Keevil.  Nicholas Rodger was honorary secretary of the society between 1976 and 1990 during which time he was an Assistant Keeper in the Public Record Office, where he started in 1974. In 1992 he was made Anderson fellow of the National Maritime Museum, created for him so that he could start the three-volume "The Naval History of Britain". In 1999 he became a senior lecturer in history at the University of Exeter, and in 2000 was given a personal chair as professor of naval history. In October 2008 he became a senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.  Dr. Rodger edited a Naval Miscellany volume (vol. 125) and was one of the team of editors who assembled the documents for the Centenary volume, "British Naval Documents, 1204–1960" (vol. 131). He wrote "The Admiralty" (1979), followed by "The Wooden World: an anatomy of the Georgian Navy" (1986). In 1993 his third book was published: "The Insatiable Earl: a life of the Fourth Earl of Sandwich 1718–1792". The first volume of "A Naval History of Britain" appeared in 1997 "The Safeguard of the Sea": vol. 1 660–1649. The second volume, "The Command of the Ocean" 1649–1815, was published in 2004. Professor Rodger is now working on the third volume.  Professor Rodger has a D.Phil. from Oxford and is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. In 2005 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy.  Andrew Lambert was honorary secretary of the society from 1996 until 2005 and has been a member of council for many years. He has edited one of the society's volumes (vol.143) "Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830–1915" (2002).  He has taught in the Department of War Studies at King's College, London since 1991, having previously taught at the RMA, Sandhurst. Professor Lambert was given a chair in naval history at Kings in 1999 and since 2001 he has been Laughton Professor of Naval History. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.  Professor Lambert has published prolifically on the nineteenth century. His books include "Battleships in Transition: the creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1960" (1984); "The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–1856" (1990); "The Last Sailing Battlefleet: Maintaining Naval Master 1815–1850" (1991); "The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession" (1998); "War at Sea in the Age of Sail" (2000), Nelson: "Britannia’s God of War" (2004) and "Admirals" (2008). "Franklin at the Gates of Hell: A Polar Tragedy" is to appear in 2009. He also presented the television series "War at Sea" (BBC 2, 2004).

The Navy Records Society was established in 1893 as a scholarly text publication society to publish historical documents relating to the history of the Royal Navy. Professor Sir John Knox Laughton and Admiral Sir Cyprian Bridge were the key leaders who organized the society, basing it on the model of earlier organisations such as the Hakluyt Society and the Camden Society. The American naval historian, Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, was one of the first overseas members to join the Navy Records Society. The society has published volumes of original documents and papers almost every year since its foundation. The volumes cover all the major figures in British naval history, such as Nelson, Beatty and Cunningham, and a wide range of topics, from signals and shipbuilding to strategy and politics. In 2006 the NRS published its 150th volume.


Biography.

William Turner was born at Kilmallock, Ireland. He received his education at Mungret College in Limerick, the Royal University of Ireland, the Propaganda College in Rome, and the Institut Catholique de Paris. He was ordained to the priesthood on August 13, 1893. That same year, Turner was awarded the Benemerenti medal for a commentary on St. Thomas's "De Anima". The following year he began his career as a professor of Latin and logic at the College of St. Thomas in Minnesota, moving to St. Paul's Seminary in 1895. He was rector of St. Luke's Church in St. Paul, Minnesota. He later became a librarian and professor of philosophy at the Catholic University of America.  On March 10, 1919, Turner was appointed the sixth Bishop of Buffalo, New York by Pope Benedict XV. He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 30 from Cardinal James Gibbons, with Bishops Denis J. O'Connell and Michael Joseph Curley serving as co-consecrators. In July he was down in Cattaraugus County administering confirmation at St. Patrick's in Salamanca and the next day consecrated the Church of St. Mary of the Angels in Olean. (On February 14, 2017, Pope Francis granted the title of Minor Basilica to St. Mary of the Angels Church in Olean, New York) In August 1922, Bishop William Turner helped lay the cornerstone of the Basilica of Our Lady of Victory in Lackawanna. In May 1926 the Bishop gave an address and blessed the "Millet Cross", erected by the New York State Knights of Columbus dedicated "not only to Father Millet, but to those other priests whose heroism took Christianity into the wilderness and whose devotion sought to create in this new world a new France." The cross stands on the shore of Lake Ontario just west of the Fort Denonville's north redoubt. The "Father Millet Cross" was the smallest national monument in the US. In a 1933 reorganization of the National Park Service, the "Father Millet Cross" was delisted as a national monument. It was turned over to New York State in 1949.  His younger brother John, also from County Limerick, was ordained in Rome and came to the United States in 1904. He served as pastor of the Church of St. John the evangelist in White Plains, New York. Rev. Dr. John F. Turner died at his brother's house in Buffalo in 1930 at the age of 51. Later that year, Turner celebrated the feast of the recently canonized North American Martyrs with a solemn pontifical high Mass at the Church of Saint Vincent de Paul in Buffalo. Four days later he laid the cornerstone for the Lyceum at St. John Kanty Parish in East Buffalo, where “...at least 90% of the people were Catholics, but only about a third practiced their religion.”  Turner was a supporter of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, and in 1924 began Catholic Charities in Buffalo in 1924. He established more than 30 new parishes during his administration, including national churches such as Our Lady of Czestochowa Church in North Tonawanda.  Bishop Turner died at age 65 and was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in the Town of Tonawanda. A celtic cross marks his grave.  The former Bishop Turner High School in Buffalo was named after him. Built in 1960, the school closed in 2003.

Works.

Turner was a contributor to the "Catholic Encyclopedia", the "American Catholic Quarterly Review", "Catholic World", "American Ecclesiastical Review", "America", the "Philosophical Review", "Journal of Philosophy", and the "Irish Theological Quarterly"; and was editor of the "Catholic University Bulletin".

William Turner (April 8, 1871—July 10, 1936) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo, New York from 1919 to 1936. He was ordained in 1893, and spent his early years as a priest teaching in various institutions. Upon his appointment as Bishop of Buffalo he was occupied with pastoral duties in a very large diocese.


History.

The name of the street derives from the riding facilities it contained and the proximity to the city wall. On an 1834 map it is shown as the "riding by Hanover's walls of fortification" and ran from Steintor towards the Leine (A tributary of the river Aller). There was a riding school, a riding arena and stables, which belonged to the court stables of the Leineschloss. Around the middle of the 19th century, the street was renamed "Schillerstraße" (later renamed "Am Marstall"), and the name Reitwallstraße given to the side street that currently bears the name.  No. 15 Reitwallstraße was the location of the printing and publishing house called Berenbergsche Buchdruckerei, which published, amongst others, the 1846 court and state handbook for the Kingdom of Hanover.

Modern times.

The street now extends between "Goethestraße" and "Am Marstall". The situation in Reitwallstraße is rated by the police as "delicate". 300 crimes occurred in this area alone between early 2009 and 2010. Reitwallstrasse is considered a retreat for drug dealers and thugs. The road was declared a "dangerous place" for the purposes of the Lower Saxony law on public order and safety.  The entertainment area of the red light district with brothels, strip clubs, clubs, bars and tattoo shops was under the control of the Hells Angels for many years. The "King" of the area was Frank Hanebuth up until 2011. Hanebuth was the leader of the outlaw motorcycle club, which in 1999 amalgamated with the Hells Angels. In 2010, the Hells Angels met with rivals, the Bandidos, in the restaurant "Little Italy" and under lawyer Götz von Fromberg agreed a "peace treaty". The Hanover Hells Angels were dissolved in 2012 and the following year the Black Jackets attempted to control the district.  The Reitwallstraße has declined as a red-light district in recent years. A plan for a new 167 room hotel on the street was proposed in 2019 and also im 2019 the laufhaus "Sexworld" was closed and converted into 20 apartments.

The Reitwallstraße is a street in Hanover, Germany, near the pedestrianised "Am Steintor". It is part of the red-light district, which is bounded by "Reuterstraße", "Goethestraße", "Reitwallstraße" and "Am Marstall" and is crossed by "Scholvinstraße". The street is known for prostitution and strip clubs.


Background.

In advance of the premiere for "Four Weddings and a Funeral" and as a newcomer to high profile premieres, Grant had been told that he and his partner would be able to borrow designer clothing to wear to such an event. Inexperienced in such matters and relatively unknown, Hurley contacted various fashion houses asking for such a loan but was rebuffed several times because they did not know who she was. Finally, Versace agreed to loan a dress.

Design.

The black dress was made from pieces of silk and lycra fabric, with oversized gold safety pins placed at "strategical places". The dress was wide open at the front, from the neck down to at least halfway across the bosom, with two slimline straps on the shoulders each side connected by a gold safety pin and two cut-away parts on both sides that were held together with six gold safety pins on each side and one at the top of the cut-away on each side connecting it to the bosom section. The dress is said to be punk-inspired, "neo-punk", and something which "emerged from the sari development" according to Gianni Versace himself.

Influence.

The dress is perhaps Versace's best-known creation, as it received considerable global coverage in newspapers and magazines around the world for a long time after the event and was credited for boosting Hurley's profile, hurling her from being a virtually unknown actress to worldwide media recognition. Hurley has also been credited for making the Versace fashion brand a household name. The brand has since, with its omnipresent Medusa-head logo, "defined the paradoxes of a controversial, new-generation feminism which celebrates empowerment in the act of attracting and manipulating a male gaze." The dress topped a 2008 Debenhams' poll that asked 3,000 women to select their favourite iconic red-carpet dress.  In 2007, a copy of the dress worn by Hurley was put on sale for the first time – with a price tag of £10,690 – at Harrods, as part of an exhibition dedicated to "the little black dress" at the London store. The exhibition included the famous black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1963 movie "Charade", as part of the Harrods Timeless Luxury promotion.  In 2012, pop singer Lady Gaga wore the dress to meet Donatella Versace in Milan. Gaga promoted Versace by wearing archive pieces in her music video for the song "The Edge of Glory".

Controversy.

Hurley said of the dress, "That dress was a favour from Versace because I couldn't afford to buy one. His [Gianni Versace's] people told me they didn't have any evening wear, but there was one item left in their press office. So I tried it on and that was it." However, some viewed the dress as too lewd or distastefully revealing. Hurley said in response to comments about the revealing nature of the dress, "Unlike many other designers, Versace designs clothes to celebrate the female form rather than eliminate it."

English actress and model Elizabeth Hurley wore a black Versace dress, often referred to as "THAT Dress", when she accompanied Hugh Grant to the premiere of "Four Weddings and a Funeral" in 1994. The dress was held together by several oversized gold safety pins. The dress is perhaps Versace's best-known creation, and is considered by some to be largely responsible for launching Hurley onto the global media stage.


Location.

Avan is located on the hills north of the Nor Nork district and east of Kanaker. Avan has common borders with the districts of Arabkir and Kanaker-Zeytun from the east and the district of Nor Nork from the south. It is bordered by the Kotayk Province from the north and west. The district has an altitude ranging between 1250 and 1300 meters, which is almost 250 meters higher than the centre of Yerevan.  The district is unofficially divided into smaller neighborhoods such as Avan blocks, Avan-Arinj and Aghi Hank.  Due to its location at a higher area, Avan is known among the districts of Yerevan for its clean atmosphere.

History.

After the 2nd Synod of Dvin of the Armenian Apostolic Church in 554, the Armenian Church reaffirmed its rejection of the Chalcedonian Definition, causing controversy between the Monophysitists and the pro-Byzantine clerics within the Armenian Church. According to the 7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos, the Eastern Orthodox Church has appointed the pro-Byzantine Armenian cleric John of Bagavan as a counter-Cathoicos of the Armenian Church. In 591, John of Bagavan built the Holy Mother of God Katoghike Tsiranavor Church in Avan village as the seat of his then unrecognized Catholicos. The many inscriptions in the Greek and Georgian languages on the church façade, dating back to the 7th and the 13th centuries respectively, suggest that the Avan was still the centre of the breakaway of pro-Byzantine Armenian Church. However, Avan was severely damaged during the devastating Yerevan earthquake of 1679.  After the Sovietization of Armenia, the city of Yerevan was entirely remodeled by architect Alexander Tamanian. By the mid-1960s, within the original plan of Tamanian, new cheaper Soviet apartment blocks with more than five stories were constructed at the outskirts of Yerevan, including the districts of Avan and Nor Nork. As a result of the expansion of the capital city, Avan was eventually absorbed by Yerevan.

Avan (), is one of the 12 districts of Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. With an estimated population of 51,000, Avan forms the northern gate of Yerevan. Originally, an ancient village on a hill at the northeastern outskirts of Yerevan, Avan was inhabited since pre-Christian times. In the 20th century, during the Soviet rule, the village was incorporated to become part of the capital Yerevan. According to the 2011 census, Avan has a population of 53,231.


Quotes.

The hindrance before the advancement of the Assyrian people was not so much the attacks from without as it was from within, the doctrinal and sectarian disputes and struggles, like Monophysitism (One nature of Christ) Dyophysitism (Two natures of Christ) is a good example, these caused division, spiritually, and nationally, among the people who quarreled among themselves even to the point of shedding blood. To this very day the Assyrians are still known by various names, such as Nestorians, Jacobites, Chaldeans  A letter sent by Ashur Yusef to his brother Hanna Yusef in the U.S., during his jail term before his execution: Monday April 20, 1915  From my cell to my beloved brother, Hanna Yousouf in America.  Yesterday on Sunday morning April 19th 1915 when we had heard that the Turks were crazed with the anger of beastly slaughter, sparing neither man woman or child we became terrified. Especially when the news came of the arrests of my comrades, I began to shiver, and during the course of preparing a hiding place, I myself was arrested and brought to this cell.  This is a good opportunity that I am enjoying to write you my last letter, for I know we will be cut to pieces when we leave here, though I do not know when and where.  Do not worry over my death-it is God's will- I am going to heaven to protect the rights of the Assyrians at the presence of the biggest and greatest Judge. The books and the work I had started about our nation's education remains unfinished. I am afraid they will be destroyed in a very short time. One of my biggest desires has been to keep our brother Donabed away from drink. I'd have given anything under the sun to have made him temperate but it was in vain. I will give him my last advice after I finish writing to you.  I leave my loving wife and children in your care. My son Isaak was to graduate from high school this year. I had intended to give him a college education, which is another unfinished task I leave in your hands.  The time is almost up and I close this sad missive with wishes for your welfare and safety, so that God may some day lead you to revenge on your enemies!  Farewell brother, farewell" Ashur S. Yousouf"

Ashur Yousif (Syriac: ܐܫܘܪ ܝܘܣܦ ܐܦܢܕܝ, Ašur Yousep Afendi) born Abraham Yusef; (1858 Harput, Ottoman Empire - June 23, 1915 Diyarbekir, Ottoman Empire) was a professor and an ethnic Assyrian intellectual prior to World War I and the Assyrian Genocide. He was Protestant, as was his wife Arshaluys Oghkasian, daughter of an Armenian Protestant minister. He studied (but did not graduate) at the Central Turkey College in Antep, and later became professor of Classical Armenian language at the Euphrates College in Harput. In 1909, Ashur started publishing a Turkish-language newspaper named "Murshid Athuriyion" ("the spiritual guide of the Assyrians"). He also composed poems in Armenian and Turkish.


Orbit and classification.

belongs to the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. They are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known members.  This object orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.76–4.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,357 days; semi-major axis of 2.40 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.68 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Due to this close proximity, NASA has classified this object as a potential threat. At the time of the first WISE observations, this object was moving at a rate of 3.2° per day (for comparison the apparent diameter of the Moon is 0.5°).

Close approaches.

has a minimum orbital intersection distance with Earth of, which corresponds to 1.6 lunar distances (LD). In August 2002 and December 2013, approached Earth at 4.1 LD and 94 LD, respectively. On 12 December 2069, it will pass Earth at a nominal distance of, or nearly 3 LD. It also makes close approaches to Jupiter, Venus, Mars and the Moon.

First WISE observations.

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer's Near-Earth Object WISE (NEOWISE) program was put into hibernation on 1 February 2011, following several program extensions, from which approximately 34,000 asteroids were detected. On 21 August 2013, however, the program was reactivated. The new mission of the NEOWISE was to identify the population of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects.  The data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer was transmitted to the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology, located in Pasadena, California. To confirm the discovery, researchers at the University of Arizona utilized the Spacewatch telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona. is considered by NASA to be the first in what is expected to be thousands of objects to be detected by NEOWISE's new mission. Due to the trajectory of the asteroid, which puts it within a potentially dangerous range in over one hundred years following its discovery, NASA stated that they would keep a watchful eye on it.

Physical characteristics.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, measures 0.402 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an exceptionally low albedo of 0.025. Estimates from 2014 gave a somewhat larger diameter of 0.650 kilometers (0.404 miles). Its very dark surface, has an albedo comparable to a piece of coal.

It was first observed as by NEAT at Palomar Observatory on 29 June 2002, and by the WISE space telescope on 29 December 2013, under its current, principal provisional designation. This object was the first possible discovery of the reinstated NEOWISE program of the WISE telescope, following the program's hibernation in 2011.