Overview.

Electoral system.

The General Junta of the Principality of Asturias was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Asturias, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the regional Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Principality.  Transitory Provision First of the Statute established a specific electoral procedure for the first election to the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, to be supplemented by the provisions within Royal Decree-Law 20/1977, of 18 March, and its related regulations. Voting for the General Junta was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in Asturias and in full enjoyment of their civil and political rights. The 45 members of the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of five percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied regionally. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, which were established as follows:  Each constituency was allocated a fixed number of seats: 32 for the Central District, 5 for the Eastern District and 8 for the Western District.

Election date.

The Council of Government of the Principality of Asturias, in agreement with the Government of Spain, was required to call an election to the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias within from 1 February to 31 May 1983. On 7 March 1983, it was confirmed that the first election to the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias would be held on Sunday, 8 May, together with regional elections for twelve other autonomous communities as well as nationwide local elections, with the election decree being published in the Official Gazette of the Principality of Asturias and of the Province on 10 March.

Background.

The approval of a statute of autonomy for the Principality of Asturias was subject to the "slow-track" procedure set down under Article 143 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. This route had been favoured by the governing party of Spain, the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), and more reluctantly by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the People's Alliance (AP), which had initially advocated for the "fast-track" route of Article 151; the difference between both procedures being the pace in the process of devolution.  Starting in October 1977, deputies and senators from the four parties having won parliamentary representation in Asturias at the 1977 Spanish general election—PSOE, UCD, AP and PCE—initiated procedures for requesting the central government a pre-autonomic regime for the region, which was granted in 1978 through the establishment of a Regional Council with Socialist Rafael Fernández at its head and members from the aforementioned four political parties. The autonomy Statute was finally approved in 1981 after the signing of the "autonomic pacts" between UCD and PSOE, coming into force on 31 January 1982.  The first regional government of the autonomous community came to be formed by a PSOE–PCE coalition in April 1982. The investiture process to re-elect Rafael Fernández to the post had came under trouble over discrepancies on the government composition, after the PSOE unsuccessfully attempted to invite all other parties into a national unity government or form a single-party government without the PCE until the celebration of the first regional election, and with the PCE's refusal to support the PSOE candidate without entering the regional cabinet risking a political deadlock or a UCD–AP government in the region. While as president, Fernández maintained a moderate profile aimed at broadening the PSOE's support ahead of the incoming 1982 and 1983 elections, with the Principality having become both an experiment on the Socialists's government capabilities at large as well as an electoral stronghold for the party.

Parliamentary status.

The composition of the provisional General Junta was determined by the provisions of Transitory Provision Second of the Statute, which established that its members be indirectly elected as follows:  As a result, the composition of the provisional General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, upon its constitution in March 1982, was established as indicated below:  The 1982 Spanish general election resulted in changes in the composition of the provisional regional assembly, in accordance with the new seat distribution of Cortes Generales members in the region. Changes shown include former UCD provincial deputy Manuel Rodríguez Zapico leaving the UCD's parliamentary caucus and joining the Mixed Group as an independent on 23 March 1982.

Parties and candidates.

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one-thousandth of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election—with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. A minimum of three deputies was required for the constitution of parliamentary groups in the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias.  Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:  The electoral disaster of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) in the October 1982 general election and the outcome of its extraordinary congress held in December, in which the party's leadership chose to transform the UCD into a christian democratic political force, brought the party to a process of virtual disintegration as many of its remaining members either switched party allegiances, split into new, independent candidacies or left politics altogether. Subsequent attempts to seek electoral allies ahead of the incoming 1983 local and regional elections, mainly the conservative People's Alliance (AP) and the christian democratic People's Democratic Party (PDP), had limited success due to concerns from both AP and UCD over such an alliance policy: AP strongly rejected any agreement that implied any sort of global coalition with UCD due to the party's ongoing decomposition, and prospects about a possible PDP–UCD merger did not come into fruition because of the latter's reluctance to dilute its brand within another party. By the time the UCD's executive had voted for the liquidation of the party's mounting debts and its subsequent dissolution on 18 February 1983, electoral alliances with the AP–PDP coalition had only been agreed in some provinces of the Basque Country and Galicia.  Together with AP, the PDP had agreed to maintain their general election alliance—now rebranded as the People's Coalition—for the May local and regional elections, with the inclusion of the Liberal Union (UL), a political party created in January 1983 out of independents from the AP–PDP coalition in an attempt to appeal to former UCD liberal voters. The Coalition had seen its numbers soar from late February as a result of many former members from the UCD's christian democratic wing joining the PDP.  The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) chose not to field incumbent president Rafael Fernández as their leading candidate, after several clashes between Fernández and the party's regional leadership, instead proposing Pedro de Silva, secretary general of the Socialist Parliamentary Group in the Congress of Deputies up until then, for the post of regional premier.

Opinion polls.

he tables below lists opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll.  The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. When available, seat projections are also displayed below (or in place of) the voting estimates in a smaller font; 23 seats were required for an absolute majority in the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias.  The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Aftermath.

Under Article 32 of the Statute, investiture processes to elect the president of the Principality of Asturias required of an absolute majority—more than half the votes cast—to be obtained in the first ballot. If unsuccessful, new ballots would be held within 48-hour periods requiring only of a simple majority—more affirmative than negative votes—to succeed. In the event of the investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot, the General Junta was to be automatically dissolved and a fresh election called, with elected deputies merely serving out what remained of their four-year terms.  On 17 June 1983, Pedro de Silva, the candidate proposed by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), was elected as new president of the Principality with an absolute majority of votes.

The 1983 Asturian regional election was held on Sunday, 8 May 1983, to elect the 1st General Junta of the Principality of Asturias. All 45 seats in the General Junta were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


History of deaf education in the United States

Early history.

Before the 1800s, few, if any, educational opportunities existed for deaf children in America. Some wealthy families sent their children to Europe's schools, but many non-high class children had no access to education.

Early oral education in the United States.

In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, many wealthy colonists sent their deaf children to Europe to receive schooling. The best known deaf educational institution was the Braidwood Academy in Edinburgh, Scotland, established in 1760 by Thomas Braidwood as the "Academy for the Deaf and Dumb." The Braidwood Academy was an expensive private oral school that was very secretive about its methods, only sharing their methodology with a few select people.  The Bolling family, who lived in Virginia, were the most prominent colonists to send their deaf children to the Braidwood Academy. Thomas Bolling and his wife Elizabeth Gay (who was also his first cousin) had three deaf children, John, Mary, and Thomas Jr., as well as at least two hearing children. John was the first of the three children to go to the Braidwood Academy in 1771, with Mary and Thomas Jr. arriving later. The three Bolling children arrived back in the United States in 1783; however, they became ill shortly after arriving home, and John died on October 11, 1783. Because of this, it cannot be determined how effective the ten years of oral instruction he received were. Mary and Thomas Jr. lived for at least another four decades, and comments about Thomas Jr. noted that he was a "miracle of accomplishments."  The next generation of hearing Bollings had deaf children, and they wanted their children to be educated in the United States. William, the last child of Thomas and Elizabeth, married his first cousin Mary, who bore five children, two of whom were deaf. The couple's first deaf child, William Albert, drove his father's desire to create a school for the deaf in America. William Bolling met John Braidwood, a descendant of Thomas Braidwood, after he arrived in America in 1812. Bolling invited Braidwood to stay in his home as Braidwood sorted out a more permanent living arrangement. Braidwood discussed with Bolling his desire to open a school similar to the Braidwood Academy in America. After many setbacks, the Cobbs School was established in 1815. It closed about a year and a half later, in the fall of 1816, when Braidwood's personal problems caused him to leave the school and Bolling could no longer financially maintain it.

Early manual education in the United States.

In 1812 in New England, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet met a little girl named Alice Cogswell, who inspired him to create a school for the deaf in the United States. In 1815, he traveled to Europe to gain insight on their methods of teaching deaf students. He attempted to learn from the Braidwood system, but the administrators wanted him to sign a contract, remain at the school for several years to be trained in oralism, and agree to keep the teaching methods of the school a secret; Gallaudet refused this. He attended a lecture in France by Abbé Sicard showcasing two successful pupils of Paris' National Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet spent several months at the school, and he convinced Clerc, a thirty-year-old assistant teacher, to return with him to Hartford, Connecticut. Back in America, they established the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, which was later named the American School for the Deaf, in 1817. Gallaudet was the director, and Clerc was the first deaf teacher in America. Alice Cogswell was one of the first seven students.  For most of the remainder of the century, education of deaf children using sign language, a practice known as manualism, continued to grow. Approximately forty percent of all teachers were deaf. More than thirty schools for the deaf were opened, the majority of which were manual. William Willard was the first deaf superintendent in America and founded Indiana School for the Deaf in 1843. Gallaudet College (now Gallaudet University) was founded in Washington, D.C in 1864 with Thomas Gallaudet's son, Edward Miner Gallaudet, as the school's superintendent. Edward Miner Gallaudet strongly believed in the use of sign language and had a number of arguments with Alexander Graham Bell, an oralist.  Before the 1860s and before the American Civil War, manual language was very popular among the Deaf community and also supported by the hearing community. The hearing community viewed deafness as “[isolating] the individual from the Christian community”. At the time, the people of the United States were fairly religious (notably Christian), and the hearing-advantaged believed that sign language opened deaf individuals' minds and souls to God. Through this, the hearing community believed that manualism brought deaf people closer to God and opened deaf people to the Gospel, which brought manualism general acceptance.  Prior to the 1860s, the American hearing community viewed manualism, sign language, as an art, and naturally beautiful. They also thought of deaf people who signed as being like the Romans because of the pantomimes that are a part of the language.

Change from predominantly manual education to oral education.

By the end of the American Civil War in the late 1860s, the argument for “Survival of the Fittest” was applied to the issue of education for the deaf as a result of a Darwinist perspective of Evolution. This movement brought manualists arguing their view that signs were closer to nature because the first thing babies learn to do is gesture, which is akin to sign language. To the Deaf community, manualism was at the time considered a gift from God. During this particular time in the United States, oralism was coming about which gave some a negative view of manualism because, it was argued, it was not a natural language.  Support for oralism gained momentum in the late 1860s and the use of manualism started to decrease. Many in the hearing community were now in favor of the evolutionary perspective, which depicted deaf people who used manual language akin to “lower animals”. Some hearing people viewed speech as what separated humans from animals, which in turn caused manual language to be viewed as unhumanlike. The first schools for oralism opened in the 1860s were called The New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes and The Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes (now the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech).  At that time the teaching of manual language was restricted because the American Hearing Society saw deaf people who used it as different, as foreigners, or as a group with a separate language that was a threat to the hearing society. Members of the hearing community who were in favor of oralism took offense to deaf people having their own group identity and refusing to integrate within the greater community.  Oralists believed that the manual language made deaf people different, which in turn led them to believe that deaf people were abnormal. Oralists believed that the teaching of oralism allowed deaf children to be more normal. Oralists strongly believed that deaf children should put as much effort as possible into learning how to live in spite of their disabilities, thus promoting the teaching of lip reading, mouth movements, and use of hearing technology. Oralists also argued that if deaf people continued the use of manual language as their form of communication, they would never integrate within the rest of society.  It has been remarked that the better-funded northern schools switched to oralism while their poorer southern counterparts kept signing because it was difficult to hire new oralist teachers.  A model figure for oralism and against the usage of sign language was Alexander Graham Bell, who created the Volta Bureau in Washington, D.C. to pursue the studies of deafness. Two other Americans who encouraged the founding of oralist schools in the United States were Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe, who travelled to Germany to see their oral schools and who wished to model them.  In 1880, an event called the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf (which, despite the name, was actually the first) took place. The Second International Congress was an international meeting of deaf educators from at least seven countries. There were five delegates from America and around 164 delegates total in attendance. The Congress was planned and organized by a committee created by the Pereire Society, a group that was against sign language. More than half of the people invited were known oralists; therefore, the Congress was biased and most, if not all, of the resolutions that were voted on by the delegates gave results in favor of the oral method. Many of the resolutions were worded in ways that supported the oral method, such as "Considering the incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society, and in giving him a more perfect knowledge of language,/Declares –/That the Oral method ought to be preferred that of signs for the education and instruction of the deaf and dumb". Until the 1890s, deaf education in the United States was limited to children, but Lillie Eginton Warren and her assistant, Edward B. Nichie, expanded the teaching to adults.

Early 20th century.

After the Congress, deaf education in America changed. Manualists, those who advocated for sign language usage, were effectively "kicked out" and replaced with teachers who used the pure oral method. Deaf teachers were removed from the profession and replaced with hearing ones. Most schools switched to the oral method or were created as oral schools in the first place, and few manual schools remained in existence. The work of deaf educators in the oralist schools, who were mostly women, was to prepare the deaf children for life in the hearing world, which required them to learn English, speech, and lipreading. All students that were sent to the oral schools were forced to use the oral method, and oralist schools restricted the deaf students' use of American Sign Language (ASL) in class and in public. Students in pure oral programs were not allowed to sign in class and were also forbidden to sign in dormitories. Students caught signing were punished, but students continued to learn sign from each other anyway. One type of punishment used on deaf students was to force them to wear white gloves that were tied together to prevent them from using signs. Those who were not successful under the oral method after several years were transferred to manual classes and considered "oral failures" who would never know anything or be able to make it in the world. Some consider this the "Dark Age of Oralism".  Edith Mansford Fitzgerald opposed these views, as a deaf woman who felt that the oralist methods had stunted her learning. In 1926, she published a book, entitled "Straight Language for the Deaf: A System of Instruction for Deaf Children" was published in 1926 and was widely influential in the field of deaf education. Her "Fitzgerald Key" at one point was used in around 75% of the institutes teaching the deaf.

Instructors.

In the early 20th century there was an increase of instructors who were deaf in many schools for the deaf. In America one of the biggest debates the deaf community had with the institutions was whether to hire more instructors who were deaf instead of hearing. Part of the reason why parents of students who are deaf wanted instructors who were deaf was to allow their children to have a role model, by allowing more instructors who were deaf allowing their children to see a possible future for themselves through their instructors.

Late 20th century.

The almost exclusive use of the pure oral method in deaf education continued well into the twentieth century. Then, during the late 1960s, Roy Kay Holcomb coined the term "Total Communication". This term described an educational philosophy he popularized where the child could use the communication method that worked best for them given their needs. If a child learned better with American Sign Language or an English sign system, they were taught using that method. If a different method worked better with another child, they received their instruction that way. Some schools using the oral method changed to Total Communication; others just added sign into their existing program or simply allowed children to sign amongst themselves without punishment. Often, the "sign languages" used in oral programs were constructed Manually Coded English (MCE) systems such as Seeing Essential English or Signing Exact English or were ASL signs in English word order. The programs used these systems in order to use them with speech in a practice known as Sign Supported Speech or Simultaneous Communication.

Deaf President Now.

In 1988, Gallaudet University students decided that they would take matters of their education into their own hands. The sixth president of Gallaudet had announced in late 1987 that he would be resigning his position as president. By early 1988, the committee that selected the candidates had narrowed it down to three finalists, two of which, Dr. Harvey Corson and Dr. I. King Jordan, were deaf, and one of which, Dr. Elisabeth Zinser, was hearing. On March 6, it was announced hastily through press release (even though the selection committee was supposed to come on campus) that Zinser, the only hearing candidate, had become the seventh president of the university. There had been rallies beforehand for a deaf president (most notably on March 1), but on the 6th, the rallying changed into protest. Students and faculty went on marches, made signs, and gave demonstrations. The students locked the gates to the university and refused let the school open until Zinser resigned. Under intense pressure from the students protesting, Zinser resigned on the fifth day of the protest, March 10. Many students decided to stay on campus instead of going on Spring Break, which was scheduled to begin on March 11. Two days later, on March 13 Jane Spilman resigned and was replaced by Phil Bravin as chair of the Board of Trustees, a taskforce was created to figure out how to achieve a 51% majority of deaf people on the Board of Trustees, and no one received any punishment for being in the protest. I. King Jordan was named eighth president—and first deaf president—of Gallaudet University.  Deaf President Now changed deaf education. Before the protest, a select few deaf people held doctorates; however, since the protest, the number of deaf people pursuing and earning advanced degrees has steadily increased. Also, schools for the deaf across America have had “mini DPNs” where students demanded deaf superintendents and senior administrators. In addition, collegiate programs were created in other countries that did not previously have them (such as Japan, Sweden, and South Africa). Deaf President Now not only affected deaf education in America, but it also affected deaf education worldwide.  In 1990, cochlear implants were approved for children two years of age and up. This drastically changed education for deaf children. More children than ever were migrated out of bilingual-bicultural residential schools and into oral schools and mainstream programs with no extra supports. Parents were not encouraged to sign with their children because it was feared that it would slow down their speech, even though research has shown that the opposite is true. This move from residential schools to day schools and mainstreaming has caused many residential programs to downsize.

Instructors.

In the most recent years the deaf community has been fighting hard for more instructors who are deaf in the public school system. In 1991 Carlsbad Unified School District parents went to the school board to complain about the lack of any instructors who are deaf. Many parents stated that their children are not getting the best education they could be getting because of the lack of representation of instructors who are deaf. However, the department head of the deaf education program says his instructors are trained for deaf and hard of hearing students. Many parents felt that having the background of understanding of deaf education is vastly different from being a person who is deaf.

Today.

Today, there are a few different methods used in the education of deaf children in the United States.  All deaf students, regardless of placement, receive an Individualized Education Program (IEP) that outlines how the school will meet the student's individual needs. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that students with special needs be provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education in the Least Restrictive Environment that is appropriate to the student's needs. Government-run schools provide deaf education in varying degrees of settings ranging from full inclusion to schools for the deaf.

Bilingual-bicultural education.

In this educational method, deafness is not seen as a medical issue; it is instead seen as a cultural issue. In the bilingual-bicultural program, it is advocated that children who are deaf be taught ASL as a first language, then be taught written and/or spoken English as a second language. Bilingual-bicultural programs emphasize that English and ASL are equal languages, and they work to help children develop age-appropriate levels of fluency in both languages. The bilingual-bicultural approach holds the belief that deaf children are visual learners as opposed to auditory learners, and therefore, academic content should be fully accessible to all deaf students (i.e. not contingent on spoken receptive/expressive skills, which may vary across students), so academic content is delivered in ASL and/or written English. Since it is not possible to simultaneously produce grammatically correct, fluent American Sign Language and spoken English, only one language is used at a time. Because there is no risk in learning sign language, the bilingual-bicultural approach mitigates the risk of language deprivation (a condition that arises when children have limited access to both spoken and sign language). Many bilingual-bicultural schools have dormitories, and deaf children can either commute to the school daily or stay in a dormitory as part of the residential program and visit their families on weekends and/or holidays and school vacations.

Residential programs.

A residential program is an educational program in which a student lives at a school for the deaf during the week and goes home on weekends or holidays instead of commuting to the school daily. In residential programs, deaf children are fully immersed in Deaf culture. At a residential school, all students are deaf or hard of hearing, so deaf students are not looked at as different. They have "a common heritage,... a common language,... and a set of customs and values". People at deaf schools help pass on "Deaf folklore and folklife (jokes, legends, games, riddles, etc.)" from one generation to the next. Deaf parents of deaf children often send their children to residential schools so that they may participate in the Deaf community and culture. Hearing parents are often a bit more reluctant because they do not want to be separated from their children. The first deaf woman to hold the position of superintendent of a residential school for the deaf in the U.S. was Gertrude Galloway.

Auditory-oral and auditory-verbal education.

The auditory-oral and auditory-verbal methods, sometimes referred to collectively as listening and spoken language, are forms of oral education. These methods are based on the belief that a deaf child can learn to listen and speak and that families do not need to learn sign language or cued speech. These methods are presented as communication options, and they rely on a large amount of parental involvement. Children who use this option may be placed in a continuum of educational placements including oral schools, such as Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech, self-contained classrooms for deaf students in public schools, or mainstream classrooms with hearing students. Though some deaf children can learn to use hearing devices to speak and understand language, that is not the case for all deaf children. Therefore, auditory-oral "only" education puts children at risk of language deprivation: a condition that arises when children have limited access to both spoken and sign language. Unlike children who receive auditory-oral-only education, deaf children who use both signed and spoken language speak as well as their hearing counterparts.

Mainstreaming and inclusion.

This educational method is what occurs when a deaf child attends public school in regular classes for at least part of the school day. Students may receive accommodations such as itinerant teachers, interpreters, assistive technology, notetakers, and aides. Inclusion can have benefits including daily interaction with hearing students and the opportunity to live at home, but it can also have drawbacks such as isolation and limited availability of support.

The history of deaf education in the United States began in the early 1800s when the Cobbs School of Virginia, an oral school, was established by William Bolling and John Braidwood, and the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, a manual school, was established by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc. When the Cobbs School closed in 1816, the manual method, which used American Sign Language, became commonplace in deaf schools for most of the remainder of the century. In the late 1800s, schools began to use the oral method, which only allowed the use of speech, as opposed to the manual method previously in place. Students caught using sign language in oral programs were often punished. The oral method was used for many years until sign language instruction gradually began to come back into deaf education.


Design and construction.

The airport is designed for 13 million passengers per year and will receive 12 fingerdocks. The lead construction company is China International Fund, which was founded in Hong Kong in 2003. The Chinese built a construction village named, meaning "Chinese village", with accommodation for worker and material depots, east of Luanda in Viana. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, economic growth in Angola has accelerated.  The passenger terminal occupies 160 000 square metres, while the cargo terminal is 6 200 square metres with an annual capacity of 35,000 tonnes of cargo. Two runways are to be built. The northern runway is 4,200 meters long, while the southern runway is 3,800 meters long, both measuring 60 meters in width. Construction was suspended at the end of 2007, due to financial revaluation by the Angolan government. The construction costs, which are financed entirely by China, were estimated at US$3,8 billion (2015). Complementary infrastructure, such as shops, hangars, restaurants, offices and a nearby hotel are not included.  The total area of the airport is planned for at least 50 square-kilometers.  The project includes the construction of a rail link to the capital, to the province of Luanda and possibly to the neighboring province of Malanje. A road connection to Luanda requires that the existing road from Luanda to Malange is greatly expanded. The road is subject to frequent traffic jams.  The project is staffed almost exclusively by Chinese workers, which caused protests by the local population. This led to occasional riots, eventually calmed by police and military.

Angola International Airport ("Aeroporto Internacional de Angola" in Portuguese) is a major airport under construction near the Angolan capital of Luanda. The site was selected in 2004. It is located 40 kilometers southeast of the city center in the Bom Jesus commune. It will be an alternative to existing Quatro de Fevereiro International Airport. Chinese companies and the Brazilian company Odebrecht are constructing the airport. The first phase was completed in 2012. The originally scheduled 2015/2016 opening was delayed until 2022.


Professional career.

After playing with the youth clubs of Chemosvit, Gavel began his professional career in the German 2nd Division with Karlsuhe, during the 2001–02 season. He then moved to the German 1st Division club Giessen 46ers in 2004. He was named the German League's Rookie of the Year in 2006.  After that, he joined the Spanish League club Murcia in 2006. He then joined the Greek League club Aris Thessaloniki for the 2008–09 season. He then joined the Slovak League club Chemosvit for the start of the 2009–10 season, before signing with the German 1st Division club Brose Baskets that same season.  He was named the BBL Best Defensive Player in 2012. In 2013, he won the award again, and was as well named the BBL Finals MVP, after he won his 4th straight German League title.  On July 22, 2014, Gavel signed a two-year contract with the German champion Bayern Munich. On July 8, 2016, it was announced that he signed a two-year extension with the team. Gavel announced his retirement on August 28, 2018.

Coaching career.

In the 2019–20 season, Gavel would be the head coach of OrangeAcademy of the German third tier ProB.

International career.

Slovak national team.

Gavel played at the 2005 World University Games. He was a member of the senior men's Slovak national basketball team. Some of the tournaments that he played in with the Slovak senior men's national team included: the FIBA EuroBasket 2005 Division B, the FIBA EuroBasket 2007 Division B, the FIBA EuroBasket 2009 Division B, and the FIBA EuroBasket 2011 Division B. He also played at the FIBA EuroBasket 2013 qualification tournament.

German national team.

In July 2015, two months before EuroBasket 2015, Gavel expressed his desire to represent the senior German national team. On 13 August 2015, FIBA permitted him to switch to the German national team. Gavel made his debut for Germany on 14 August 2015, against Croatia.

Anton Gavel (born October 24, 1984) is a Slovak-German former professional basketball player who last played for Bayern Munich of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL). He is a 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) tall combo guard who primarily played at the shooting guard position.


Career.

Waters was born in Iowa and started singing semi-professionally in high school. After school, she sang for the Jerry Gray Hotel Jazz Band. Her family moved to Denver and she started listening to Billie Holiday, whose life and singing had a profound influence on her.  In the early 1960s she followed the recommendation of friends to move to New York. Albert Ayler heard her in a dining club and introduced her to Bernard Stollman, the owner of the experimental jazz label ESP-Disk. Her most influential albums, "Sings" (1965) and "College Tour" (1966) were made for this label.  Her best known recording is a nearly fourteen minute version of the traditional song "Black Is the Colour (Of My True Love's Hair)" (from "Sings"), which is rendered in a haunting, anguished wail.  In the late 1960s, she spent time in Europe and then left the music world to raise her son (born in 1969) in California. Almost 30 years later she recorded the album "Love Songs" in 1996 and began performing in public again. This included reunion concerts with pianist Burton Greene at two music festivals in May 2003: Visions Festival in New York and Le Weekend in Stirling.  In 2004 she released "You Thrill Me: A Musical Odyssey," a collection of rare and unissued recordings from the years 1962–1979. ESP-Disk reissued "Sings" and "College Tour" on a single CD ("The Complete ESP-Disk Recordings") in 2006.  She returned in 2019 with the album "Live" (Blank Forms) recorded at the First Unitarian Congregational Church in Brooklyn. The album was followed in 2020 by another live recording entitled "An Evening In Houston" (Clean Feed).  On June 5th, 2020 she released an unissued 1970 LP titled "Plays" via her own label.

Patty Waters (born March 11, 1946) is a jazz vocalist best known for her free jazz recordings in the 1960s for the ESP-Disk label.


Early life and education.

Kak was born to Ram Nath Kak, a government veterinary doctor and Sarojini Kak in Srinagar, India. His brother is the computer scientist Avinash Kak and his sister is the literary theorist Jaishree Odin.  Kak received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the Regional Engineering College, Srinagar (now the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar) and a Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1970.

Academic career.

During 1975-1976, Kak was a visiting faculty at Imperial College, London, and a guest researcher at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. In 1977, he was a visiting researcher at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. In 1979, he joined Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, where he was appointed the Donald C. and Elaine T. Delaune Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. In 2007, he joined the Computer Science department at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.  Kak has published on the history of science, the philosophy of science, and the history of mathematics.  He was featured as one of the pioneers of quantum learning in the journal NeuroQuantology edited by Cheryl Fricasso and Stanley Krippner. Kak had proposed an efficient three-layer feed-forward neural network architecture and developed four corner classification algorithms for training it. Despite being criticized for scalability issues; it invoked attention within the electronic hardware community. Kak has argued that there are limits to artificial intelligence and that it cannot equate the biological equivalent.  Kak is the Regents Professor of Computer Science Department at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater and an honorary visiting professor of engineering at Jawaharlal Nehru University.  On 28 August 2018, he was appointed member of the Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) in India.

Indology.

Kak primarily advocates for an autochthonous origin of the Indo-Aryans from Punjab ("Indigenous Aryans" hypothesis) in contradiction of the scholarly consensus about the validity of Indo-Aryan migration theory; Kak reads the promotion of the latter theory to stem from racist tendencies. Scholars have noted his charges to be without any basis, lacking in any critical examination and primarily intended to promote Hindu supremacy.  Kak has also claimed to find evidences of advanced computing and astronomy in the Rig Veda, in what Noretta Koertge deems to be a "social constructivist and postmodern attack on modern science". He insists that Vedic scientists discovered the physical laws by Yogic meditation and that it is a valid scientific method which can be only evaluated within the paradigm of Vedic assumptions and by those who have attained Yogic enlightenment. He has also asserted a belief in the superiority of Hindus over Muslims. Philosopher Meera Nanda summarized some of Kak's views on the matter in a 2004 critique: according to Kak, Hindus built "cultural empires" without military conquest, in contrast to Muslim "military empires" reliant on conquest.  Meera Nanda writes about Kak being revered as a stalwart of Hindutva and one of the leading “intellectual Kshatriyas”. Edwin Bryant calls him to a well read and articulate spokesman for the Indigenous Aryan hypothesis and for other issues concerning ancient Indian science and culture.  Scholars have rejected his theories in entirety and his writings have been heavily criticized. Acute misrepresentation of facts coupled with wrong observations, extremely flexible and often self-contradictory analysis, cherry picking of data and forwarding of easily disprovable hypotheses have been located. His understanding of linguistics and subsequent assertion have been challenged. Romila Thapar calls Kak an amateur historian whose views on the Indus Civilization were fringe and who was part of a group that had more to do with waging political battles at the excuse of history. Michael Witzel noted him to be a revisionist and part of a "closely knit, self-adulatory group", members of which often write together and/or profusely copy from and cite one another, thus rendering the whole scene into a virtually indistinguishable hotchpotch. Garrett G. Fagan, a noted critic of pseudo-archaeology has concurred with Witzel. Similar concerns of his being a Hindutva-based revisionist have been echoed by other writers. In a critique of faulty scientific reasoning in Hindutva ideologies and theories, Alan Sokal sarcastically criticized Kak as "one of the leading intellectual luminaries of the Hindu-nationalist diaspora" Koertge as well as Meera Nanda have remarked that Kak's work advances a Hindutva-based esoteric pseudoscience narrative that seeks to find relatively advanced abstract physics in Vedic texts and assign Indian indigenousness to the Sanskrit-speaking Indic Aryans in a bid to prove the superiority of the ancient Hindu civilization.  While Kak's interpretation has been included in recent overviews of astronomy in the Vedic period in India and the West, his chronology and astronomical calculations have been critiqued by several Indologists, such as Michael Witzel, and historians such as Kim Plofker.

Reviewed works.

Archaeoastronomy - "The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda".

In the book, Kak proposes that the organization of hymns in the Rig Veda was dictated by an astronomic code concerning the courses of planets—length of solar year and lunar year, the distance between sun and earth et al. He then leverages the proposition to argue for the existence of a tradition of sophisticated observational astronomy as far back as 3000 or 4000 BCE. Kak also states that the construction of fire-altars were a coded representation of their astronomic knowledge and that the Vedic civilisation were aware of the speed of light. He prepared the section on archaeoastronomical sites in India for the thematic study on "Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention" prepared for UNESCO by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the International Astronomical Union (IAU).  Kim Plofker rejected Kak's probabilistic analysis of the presence of planetary period numbers in the Rigveda's hymn number combinations, showing that Kak's apparent matches have "no statistical significance whatever". Witzel has rejected his analysis to be suffering from several shortcomings and questioned his usage of arbitrary multiplication factors to lead to the results. Kak's method depends on the structure of the Rigveda as redacted by the shakhas in the late Brahmana period, well within the Indian Iron Age, when it was organized into mandalas ("books"). According to Witzel, this leaves Kak's approach attempt to date the text flawed, because this process of redaction took place long after the composition of the individual hymns during the "samhita prose" period. Witzel concludes that the entire issue boiled down to an over-interpretation of some facts that were internally inconsistent and more, to the creativeness of Kak who was pre-motivated to find evidence of astronomy at every verse of Rig Veda. Meera Nanda criticized the arbitrary and absurd nature of Kak's analysis at length and noted his method to be "breathtakingly ad hoc" which "reads like numerology." M A Mehendale, in a review over "Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute", criticized the book for its many shortcomings which did not stand the scrutiny of rigor and remarked it to contain inaccurate and misleading statements. S. G. Dani, a Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize recipient rejected Kak's hypothesis as unscientific and highly speculative with extremely vague details and whose results were statistically insignificant.  Klaus Klostermaier in his book "A Survey of Hinduism" praised Kak, for opening up an "entirely new approach to the study of Vedic cosmology from an empirical astronomical/mathematical viewpoint". Klostermaier's books have been heavily criticized for offering pro-Hindu views that have little currency in scholarship.

Influence.

Kak's work influenced Raja Ram Mohan Roy's 1999 book "Vedic Physics: Scientific Origin of Hinduism," which sought to prove that the RigVeda was coded per the laws of quantum and particle physics. Kak wrote the foreword to this book commending Roy's interpretations as a new way of looking at Vedic Physics. Meera Nanda, one of Kak's foremost critics, noted the result to be a "shameful demeaning of physics as well as the Vedas" and resembling "ravings of mad men".

"In Search of the Cradle of Civilization".

Kak co-authored "In Search of the Cradle of Civilization" (1995), equating the Vedic Aryans with the Harappans. and thus, participating in the political controversy around the "indigenous Aryans" theory. The chronology espoused in this book is based on the archaeoastronomical readings obtained by correlating textual references and archaeological remains.  A review by Indian archaeologist M. K. Dhavalikar over "Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute" noted it to be a "beautifully printed" contribution that made a strong case for their indigenous theory against the supposed migratory hypotheses but chose to remain silent on certain crucial aspects which need to be convincingly explained. Guy Beck showered glowing praises on the book in his review over the "Yoga Journal." Klostermaier et al. praised the book. Prema Kurien noted that the book sought to distinguish expatriate Hindu Americans from other minority groups by demonstrating their superior racial and cultural ties with the Europeans.

The Nature of Physical Reality.

Stanley Krippner, an American psychologist, praised the book as an engaging read that would leave readers wiser.

Subhash Kak (born 26 March 1947, Srinagar) is an Indian-American computer scientist and a Hindutva-based historical revisionist. He is the Regents Professor of Computer Science Department at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, an honorary visiting professor of engineering at Jawaharlal Nehru University, and a member of the Indian Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).


History.

2007–09: Formation and "Bretton".

Lower Than Atlantis formed in 2007 while the members were attending college. Guitarist Ben Sansom asked guitarist Mike Duce if he wished to form a band with Ben's brother Luke, who would provide vocals. Alongside them was bassist Richard Wilkinson and drummer Matt Britz. Ben and Luke Sansom, and Britz had previously been in Aboycalledhero. They were initially called Atlantis. Duce said they renamed it to Lower Than Atlantis "because Atlantis sounds like your dad's covers band." Around this time, they released "Demo 2007". Following line-up changes, such as the addition of drummer Josh Pickett, bassist Stephen Minter, and Duce becoming the band's frontman, they began working on what would become their first EP, "Bretton". Duce taught himself how to sing and play guitar at the same time while playing along to the band's "Demo 2007" release. "Bretton" was released through Small Town on 18 October 2008. In June 2009, the band toured with We Stare at Mirrors. Through this tour, drummer Eddy Thrower met Duce and Sansom. We Stare at Mirrors bassist Declan Hart "thought Lower Than Atlantis were meth-heads. Their reputation was just "mental"." Partway through the touring cycle for the EP, the band had further line-up changes.

2009–11: "Far Q" and "World Record".

They recorded their next release and first full-length album, "Far Q", with Daniel Lancaster (of Hertfordshire band Proceed) at Studio Glasseye in Hatfield, England. It was released in March 2010 on A Wolf at Your Door Records in the UK, under the Distort Entertainment label in Canada and for rest of Europe under Redfield Records on limited Mediabook-CD and limited white vinyl. This release retained some element of the band's punk roots whilst gearing itself more towards post-hardcore/melodic hardcore influences. Before that Redfield Records release a 10" split-vinyl in February 2010 with the single "Far Q" together with tracks from Grace.Will.Fall, Talk Radio Talk and MNMTS.  Their second full-length album, "World Record", was recorded at Outhouse Studios in Reading, England, and released via A Wolf at Your Door Records on 25 April 2011. It took strong alternative rock influences from bands such as Jimmy Eat World and Foo Fighters. "World Record" saw the band make a significant breakthrough both in terms of growth at live shows and radio airplay.

2012–13: Island Records and "Changing Tune".

At the last show of their headline tour in support of second album "World Record" on 27 January 2012, the band announced that they had signed to Island Records. They then played a string of festivals such as Hit the Deck, Camden Crawl, Slam Dunk, Download, Y Not, Hevy and the Festival Republic Stage at Reading & Leeds festivals, all in the summer of 2012. On 14 September 2012, Lower Than Atlantis were the penultimate act at Butserfest and headlined Underground Festival on 30 September in Gloucester.  The band's third album "Changing Tune", recorded early in 2012 at Rockfield Studios in Wales, was released on 1 October 2012, reaching no. 25 in the UK Official Album Charts. The album was accompanied by a UK headline tour that started in Exeter on 1 October and finished in London on 11 October. The album's first single, "Love Someone Else", was premiered on Zane Lowe's evening show on Radio 1 on 16 July 2012. This single had a similar sound to "World Record".  The band recorded a Christmas single entitled "Merry Christmas (Wherever You Are)" in 2012. After its premier on Zane Lowe's show, the hashtag #LTAforchristmasnumber1 became one of the top trending hashtags in the UK on Twitter. The track was also featured in the Christmas episode of Made in Chelsea.  They were the support act for All Time Low's UK tour during February 2013, and also played dates in the UK 6–16 February and a date in Paris, France, on 18 February.  In April 2013, the band embarked on their biggest UK headline tour to date, "The Fuck It to the Man Tour". On the tour, they had support from Dinosaur Pile-Up, The Xcerts and Blitz Kids.

2014–16: Sony Records and "Lower Than Atlantis".

On 29 April 2014, the band announced through their Facebook and Twitter pages that they had signed to Sony Records and that their new album would be released via the label. Shortly afterwards, they were announced to be playing the NME stage at Reading and Leeds Festival later that year. On 2 June, the band released the lead single from the new record, 'Here We Go'. The song went on to become their most successful single to date. In July and into the start of August, Lower Than Atlantis went on a UK tour with Decade and Yearbook. On 12 August 2014, the band released the second single from their self-titled 4th album, 'English Kids In America', along with a Music Video which was compiled from tour footage from their trip to America. The song was first played on BBC Radio One. The album was released on 6 October to very positive reviews from critics; praising the balance between development and maturity and the band's sound while maintaining the sound of the Rock genre.  In November 2014. UK, magazine Rock Sound rated Lower Than Atlantis as their #1 album of 2014. In the same month, the band supported A Day to Remember on their UK tour along with Decade. In December 2014, Lower than Atlantis announced details of a UK & Ireland tour with support from PVRIS and We Are The Ocean. In April 2015, front man Mike Duce spoke to GiggingNI.com about their musical direction, songwriting and past travels to Ireland. Weeks before their first 2015 tour began, it was revealed that all dates completely sold out.  On September 18, 2015 the band released "Get Over It". The song had been recorded three weeks prior. A music video for the song was directed by Andrew Groves. Thrower came up with the concept for the video, Duce explained that the band have "done a few different bits on this record and I think we wanted something that was direct but also a little more cinematic." Following the release of the 'Get Over It' the song spent a near record-breaking 13 weeks at number one on the Kerrang! Chart. A deluxe edition of the album (Lower Than Atlantis: Black) was released with a second disc including 'Get Over It', four other previously un-released tracks, four studio covers, two covers recorded in the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge, and four songs from the original album recorded acoustically. The band then embarked and their biggest headline tour yet including a sold-out performance at the Roundhouse in London.  In August 2016 they played yet again at Reading and Leeds Festival but this time on the more prestigious Main Stage, opening for acts such as Die Antwoord, Boy Better Know and Chvrches.

2016–2019: "Safe in Sound".

On August 15, 2016 the band and its members each posted photos on their Instagram accounts about their new single titled "Work for It", which was played for the first time on BBC Radio 1 the following night. The single was available on iTunes at midnight.  On August 24, 2016 the band announced a 7-date UK tour that would take place in March 2017. They have said that it will be their "biggest ever UK tour".  On 2 December 2018, the group announced they would be breaking up following three shows in May 2019.

Musical style.

Lower Than Atlantis formed as a hardcore punk band and their harsh initial style is evident on their debut EP "Bretton". With each studio album, however, they introduced more melody and made their music more accessible. Thus, their 2010 debut album "Far Q" was categorized by critics as melodic hardcore, post-hardcore, and punk rock, while already a year later they moved into alternative rock, hard rock, and pop rock territory with "World Record". Their subsequent albums remained within this territory and went even further from their hardcore roots.

Lower Than Atlantis were an English rock band from Watford, Hertfordshire. They formed in 2007 as a hardcore punk band and gradually shifted into a melodic rock sound over five studio albums, their last being 2017's "Safe in Sound". The band consisted of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Mike Duce, bassist Declan Hart, drummer Eddy Thrower, and lead guitarist Ben Sansom. They announced in December 2018 that they would be disbanding after a final 3 tour dates in 2019.


Biography.

Cynthia del Águila was born in Guatemala City on 16 May 1959. She is a primary, secondary, and tertiary education teacher and holds a licentiate in Pedagogy from the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, where she studied from 1982 to 1990. She took postgraduate studies at Michigan State University in the United States. From 1996 to 2000 she was Guatemala's Technical Vice Minister of Education. She served as director of planning, coordinator of the IBRF project, and quality manager of the Ministry of Education. She was also a member of the Consultative Commission on Educational Reform, a member of the (ASIES), coordinator of the Great National Campaign for Education for several years, and is currently part of the latter's Advisory Committee. She also coordinated programs for secondary education teachers at the Universidad del Valle.

Political life.

On 15 November 2011, President Otto Pérez Molina confirmed Cynthia del Águila within his as Minister of Education of Guatemala. She was sworn in by Molina on 14 January 2012.  Among her achievements in office is the creation of the "Leamos Juntos" (Let's Read Together) National Reading Program, which established 30 minutes of daily reading at all educational institutions in Guatemala and delivered large numbers of reading books for pre-primary, primary, and secondary schools.  As Minister she generated controversy for the reform of the teaching career, which went from being an educational program at the diversified level to being a profession at the university level. Until 2012, Guatemala was one of the few countries in the world where initial teacher training was maintained at the high school level. With this reform, aspiring primary school teachers must study for a baccalaureate for two years in high school and then enter university, where they attend a three-year program. Pre-primary teacher training is maintained at a diversified cycle level. This reform was rejected by students, who protested several times, occupying school buildings. At one such event in May 2012 they forcibly detained del Águila for several minutes. Local law enforcement and the intervened for her rescue.  In January 2015, the deputy of the Commitment, Renewal and Order (CREO) bloc, Selvin García, filed a writ of "amparo" against Cynthia del Águila, for not having fulfilled her promise to rebuild 381 schools that were damaged by the earthquake of 7 November 2012, which left 48 dead, 150 injured, and hundreds of homes damaged.  She resigned as Ministry of Education on 22 August 2015, at the same time as two other prominent officials, saying that she felt "disappointed and betrayed" by the Patriotic Party administration.

Cynthia Carolina del Águila Mendizábal de Sáenz de Tejada (born 16 May 1959) is a Guatemalan teacher and politician. She was the country's from 2012 to 2015.


Early life.

Xavier was born in Washington State on August 19, 1992. She began producing and releasing electronic music in 2005. Xavier now resides in Hawthorne, Portland, Oregon.

Career.

Xavier has released music through aliases including Macintosh Plus, PrismCorp, and Laserdisc Visions, among others. She reports that she has put out over forty releases since 2005. Paolo Scarpa characterized Xavier's music as an "exposé of late capitalism". James Parker noted Vektroid's "sensuous virtuality" and "new cyber-pop unconscious". Writing for Sputnikmusic, Adam Downer called "Floral Shoppe" a shift toward beauty in an age that has nearly "run the gamut of what artists and musicians can do".  Tiny Mix Tapes ranked "Floral Shoppe" and "札幌コンテンポラリー", released by Xavier under her Macintosh Plus and 情報デスクVIRTUAL aliases, respectively, on its list of its 50 favorite albums of 2012. "Fact" magazine called "Floral Shoppe" the defining album of Bandcamp, the streaming service through which Vektroid releases her music. The album is the site's most user-recommended album in the experimental music category.  Xavier stopped releasing music regularly in early 2013, only releasing two albums of that year, "HomeTM" and "ClearSkiesTM". Both albums were released under the PrismCorp Virtual Enterprises pseudonym in April. In 2014, Xavier released, a revision of her release "Initiation Tape - Part One", as New Dreams Ltd. In early 2015, she collaborated with electronic duo Magic Fades to produce a remix of the song "Ecco" from their debut album, "Push Through". In February 2016 she released three albums, "Fuji Grid TV EX", Shader Complete and Sleepline. The first two are revisions of some of her albums while the last one was produced in 2013 but never released previously.

Impact.

Under various aliases, Xavier played a role in the creation of the modern electronic genre vaporwave between 2010 and 2013. Her projects, Macintosh Plus and New Dreams Ltd., are considered as the primary artists in the vaporwave genre.

Ramona Andra Xavier (born August 19, 1992) is an American electronic musician from Portland, Oregon. She has released music under her primary Vektroid alias, as well as others, such as dstnt, Laserdisc Visions, New Dreams Ltd., Virtual Information Desk, and PrismCorp Virtual Enterprises. Xavier played a prominent role in the popularization of the vaporwave subgenre with the release of her first studio album under her Macintosh Plus alias, "Floral Shoppe" (2011). The album helped popularize the vaporwave genre throughout the Internet. Since then, she has continued to release music through Bandcamp and other online platforms.


Sabine's study.

Compasses tended to "wander" from north when measurements were taken at different locations or even at a single location over a period of time. The astronomer Edmund Halley noted this and the problems it would cause for navigation in 1701. It was also believed that whatever was causing this effect might be causing changes in the weather, and that studying magnetic variations might lead to better weather prediction.  In 1833 the British Association for the Advancement of Science commissioned a series of magnetic measurements across the United Kingdom. Under the direction of Major Edward Sabine of the Royal Artillery, a multi-year measuring project began, with the results to be published in 1838. As the measurements were being made a number of proposals were put forth to expand the program worldwide. In 1836 the German explorer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt wrote to Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, then President of the Royal Society, stating that a formal program was important to a nation with dominions spread across the globe. At the seventh meeting of the British Association in Liverpool in 1837, Sabine declared that "the magnetism of the earth cannot be counted less than one of the most important branches of the physical history of the planet we inhabit" and mapping its variations would be "regarded by our contemporaries and by posterity as a fitting enterprise of a maritime people; and a worthy achievement of a nation which has ever sought to rank foremost in every arduous undertaking".  In 1837, the British Government funded the installation of a magnetic observatory at Greenwich. The Association continued to press for the construction of similar observatories around the world, and in 1838 their suggestions were accepted by the Government and funds were provided. In 1839 the British Government and the Royal Society prepared four expeditions to build magnetic observation stations in Cape Town; St. Helena; Hobart, Tasmania and (eventually) Toronto, Ontario. Teams of Royal Artillery officers were sent out to take the measurements. The team assigned to Canada originally planned to build their observatory on Saint Helen's Island off Montreal, but the local rocks proved to have a high magnetic influence, and the decision was made to move to Toronto instead. The team arrived in 1839, and set up camp at Fort York in a disused barracks while construction started on new buildings. The observatory was given of land to the west of King's College; the Ontario Legislature now occupies the area on which the college was located.  The observatory, officially "Her Majesty's Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at Toronto", was completed the following year. It consisted of two log buildings, one for the magnetic instruments and the other a smaller semi-buried building nearby for "experimental determinations". The north end of the main building was connected to a small conical dome which contained a theodolite used to make astronomical measurements for the accurate determination of the local time. The buildings were constructed with as little metal as possible; when metal was required, non-magnetic materials such as brass or copper were used. A small barracks was built nearby to house the crew.  Using the measurements from the Toronto and Hobart sites, Sabine noticed both short-term fluctuations in magnetic declination over a period of hours, and longer-term variations over months. He quickly concluded that the short term variations were due to the day/night cycle, while the longer term ones were due to the number of visible sunspots. He published two introductory papers on the topic in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society". The first, in 1851, was a collection of early measurements; the second in 1852 correlated with Heinrich Schwabe's sunspot measurements, which had been made widely available in Alexander von Humboldt's "Cosmos", also published in 1851. With further data collected from the Toronto site, Sabine was able to demonstrate conclusively that the eleven-year sunspot cycle caused a similarly periodic variation in the Earth's magnetic field. He presented a third and conclusive paper on the topic in 1856, "On Periodical Laws Discoverable in the Mean Effects of the Larger Magnetic Disturbances", in which he singled out the Toronto site for particular praise. Sir John Henry Lefroy, a pioneer in the study of terrestrial magnetism served as director of the magnetic observatory from 1842 to 1853; In 1960, the Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry of Citizenship and Culture erected a Provincial Military Plaque in his honour on the University of Toronto campus.

Meteorological service.

In 1853 the Royal Society's project was concluded, and the observatory was set to be abandoned. After a lengthy debate, the fledgling colonial government decided to take over its operation. Rather than disappearing like its three counterparts, the Toronto observatory was upgraded, and its mission was expanded as it became a meteorological station (see Meteorological Service of Canada) under the direction of the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries. During the expansion, the original buildings were replaced with a permanent structure.  The new building was designed in 1853 by local architect Frederick Cumberland, who was also working on the design of University College, which was being built just north of the Observatory to replace King's College. The new observatory design called for a stone building, with an attached tower containing the theodolite. The new building was completed in 1855, and stood directly opposite the entrance of today's Convocation Hall.  During its time as a meteorological station, the observatory collected reports from 312 observation stations in Canada and another 36 in the United States. Each station was equipped with a "Mercurial Barometer, two Thermometers (a maximum and a minimum Thermometer), an Anemometer to measure the velocity of the wind, a Wind Vane and a Rain Gauge". Reports were sent in coded form to the Observatory at 8 am and 8 pm every day, Eastern Standard Time (then known as "75th meridian time"), and used to produce a chart predicting the weather for the following 36 hours. These predictions were then telegraphed across the country, and charts were distributed to newspapers and the Board of Trade, where they could be viewed by the public. With the installation of telephones, the Observatory also offered weather reports on demand, which was an important service to fruit vendors, who used the reports to plan shipping.  Among its other uses, in 1880, measurements from the site were used as part of the effort to develop standard time. The observatory remained the official timekeeper for Canada until 1905, when that responsibility was transferred to Ottawa's Dominion Observatory. At exactly 11:55 am the clocks in Toronto fire halls were rung by an electrical signal from the Observatory.  In 1881 the observatory's director, Charles Carpmeal, suggested adding a high-quality telescope to the observatory. He felt that direct solar observations would lead to a better understanding of sunspot effects on weather (as late as 1910 the observatory's then-director, R. F. Stupart, noted that "sun spots have more to do with our weather conditions than have the rings around the moon."). Coincidentally, the Canadian government (having formed in 1867) was interested in taking part in the major international effort to accurately record the December 1882 Transit of Venus.  Funds were provided for the purchase of a 6-inch (150 mm) refracting telescope from T. Cooke & Sons. The dome was originally designed to mount a small transit, and the lengthy telescope, over 2 metres long, had a limited field of view though the dome's opening. A large stone pillar was constructed inside the tower, raising the telescope to bring it closer to the dome and improve its field of view. Unfortunately, the new telescope was unable to take part in the transit measurements due to bad weather, and missed the 1895 Transit of Mercury for the same reason.

Relocation.

By the 1890s, the observatory had become crowded by the rapidly growing university. Electrification of the tramways along College Street just to the south, and the large quantities of metal used in the modern buildings surrounding the site threw off the instruments. A new magnetic observatory opened in 1898 in Agincourt, at that time largely empty fields, (found on later maps on the north end of George Forfar farm east of Midland Avenue near Highway 401 or where Health Canada Protection Branch building resides today) leaving the downtown campus location with its meteorological and solar observation duties.  By 1907, new university buildings completely surrounded the observatory; dust from the construction clogged meteorological instruments, and at night electric lighting made astronomical work impossible. The Meteorological Office decided to abandon the site and move to a new building at the north end of campus at 315 Bloor Street West, trading the original Observatory to the University in exchange for the new parcel of land. There was some discussion regarding what to do with the Cooke telescope, since the Meteorological Office had little use for this purely astronomical instrument. No other use was immediately forthcoming, and the telescope moved along with the Meteorological Office to their new Bloor Street Observatory.  The university assumed ownership of the now-disused observatory building and was originally going to abandon it. Louis Beaufort Stewart, a lecturer in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, campaigned for it to be saved for the Department of Surveying and Geodesy. He eventually arranged for the building to be re-constructed on a more suitable site. Demolition work was carried out in 1907: the stones were simply left in place over the winter, and were used the following year to construct a re-arranged building just east of the main University College building (south of Hart House).  In 1930 the Meteorological Office no longer used the Cooke telescope, and agreed to donate it to the university if they would handle its removal. Both the telescope and the observatory dome were moved to the observatory building. The telescope moved once again in 1952 to the David Dunlap Observatory north of the city, and in 1984 it was donated to the Canada Science and Technology Museum. The Department of Surveying and Geodesy used the observatory until the 1950s. Since then the office areas have been used for a variety of purposes, including a police substation and a telephone switchboard. Renamed as the Louis Beaufort Stewart Observatory, the building was handed over to the Students' Administrative Council (now University of Toronto Students' Union) in 1953, which has used the building since then. The dome, now unused, receives a yearly multi-colour paint job by engineering students.

Heritage.

The property is listed on the City of Toronto's Heritage Register since 1973. The listing notes it was opened as an observatory in 1857, designed by Cumberland and Storm.

The Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory is a historical observatory located on the grounds of the University of Toronto, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The original building was constructed in 1840 as part of a worldwide research project run by Edward Sabine to determine the cause of fluctuations in magnetic declination. Measurements from the Toronto site demonstrated that sunspots were responsible for this effect on Earth's magnetic field. When this project concluded in 1853, the observatory was greatly expanded by the Canadian government and served as the country's primary meteorological station and official timekeeper for over fifty years. The observatory is considered the birthplace of Canadian astronomy.


Biography.

Born in Naples, Sodero studied with Giuseppe Martucci, and graduated from the Naples Conservatory at fourteen. He toured Europe for a short time as a cellist before coming to the United States in 1906; for seven years he directed various American opera companies, including that in Chicago, and tried to promote American interest in Italian symphonic music. In 1914 he became principal conductor at the New York Recording Department of Thomas A. Edison, Inc., formerly the Edison Phonograph Company. He contracted and conducted a wide variety of instrumental ensembles for Edison, principally focussing on band and orchestra selections. Alone of the musicians at Edison, Sodero had final say on repertoire he recorded, rather than Thomas Edison, and Sodero's instrumental recordings are some of the most colorful and imaginative of the entire acoustical recording era. Sodero also conducted the accompaniments for most of the operatic records made at Edison between 1915 and 1925, working with such luminaries as tenor Jacques Urlus and soprano Claudia Muzio. Sodero remained with Edison until 1925, when he turned to radio. He achieved significance as a pioneer in the broadcast of opera, directing a series of fifty-three works in tabloid form for NBC in 1926. From then until 1934 he also conducted several hundred symphonic concerts for the network; he then became music director for the Mutual network. From 1934 to 1942 he served as the conductor of the Mendelssohn Glee Club of New York. Having worked for most of his career in the relatively "invisible" fields of recording and radio, Sodero was surprisingly appointed as the principal conductor of the Metropolitan Opera's Italian wing in 1942 on account of Ettore Panizza's deciding to remain in Argentina after the United States' entry into World War II. Sodero's Met debut, "Aida" on November 28, was highly successful, and critics praised Sodero's precise, powerful, yet lyrical direction. He worked steadily and successfully with the company until his death.  Sodero also composed music, and wrote one opera during his career. Titled "Ombre Russe", it was given its premiere by NBC in 1929; the stage premiere took place in Venice in 1930.  Sodero died in New York City in 1947.

External links.

(audio recordings)

Cesare Sodero (August 2, 1886 – December 16, 1947) was an Italian conductor who spent much of his career working in the United States.


History.

The line was opened in two stages: The line between Palézieux and Fräschels was owned by the Western Swiss Railways ("Chemins de fer de la Suisse Occidentale"), which already operated the Jura Foot Railway via Yverdon and the Lausanne–Bern railway via Fribourg. The Jura bernois also opened its section between Fräschels and Lyss on 12 June 1876, so that the Murten–Kerzers–Lyss section went in operation on the same day, although owned by two companies. The competition from the two established main lines and the rural character of the catchment area never allowed the Palézieux–Lyss railway to advance beyond the status of a secondary line. Various mergers of railway companies led to the line becoming wholly owned by the SBB at its foundation in 1903. Most of the line was electrified in 1944–1947, late by Swiss standards and reflecting its low traffic. The Murten–Muntelier section had already been electrified at 750 Volt using side-contact third rail between 1903 and 1947 for the trains of the Chemin de fer Fribourg–Morat–Anet (FMA). The Palézieux–Payerne section is included in the network of the Léman Express as line S21.

Route.

The Palézieux–Kerzers route runs in a predominantly northeastern direction, always along the Broye river to Lake Morat. In the first section to Moudon, which also has the only tunnel of the line, the maximum slope is 1.9%; afterwards the line is flatter. At the entrance to Kerzers station, the Bern–Neuchâtel railway is crossed at an acute angle at grade. The station itself, operated jointly by the SBB and BLS, underwent a fundamental reconstruction between 2003 and 2005. The mechanical signal box built in 1896 is preserved as a museum.

The Palézieux–Lyss railway is a single-track standard-gauge line of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in Romandy. The section south of Kerzers is sometimes considered to form one of two lines that intersect at Payerne station and are referred to in French as the "Ligne de la Broye" (Broye line) or in German as the "Broyelinien" (Broye lines) or "Broyetallinien" (Broye valley lines). The Palézieux–Lyss railway includes the "Broye longitudinal" (Palézieux–Payerne–Murten–Kerzers). The Fribourg–Yverdon railway is considered to form the "Broye transversal" (Yverdon-les-Bains–Payerne–). The lines are named after the Broye river, which passes through the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg, crossing the cantonal border ten times in total.


Description.

Guggenheim had proposed an extension of the Debye-Hückel equation which is the basis of SIT theory. The equation can be written, in its simplest form for a 1:1 electrolyte, MX, as formula_2 is the mean molal activity coefficient. The first term on the right-hand side is the Debye–Hückel term, with a constant, "A", and the ionic strength "I". β is an interaction coefficient and "b" the molality of the electrolyte. As the concentration decreases so the second term becomes less important until, at very low concentrations,the Debye-Hückel equation gives a satisfactory account of the activity coefficient.  Leroy A. Bromley observed that experimental values of formula_3 were often approximately proportional to ionic strength. Accordingly, he developed the equation, for a salt of general formula formula_4 At 25 °C "A" is equal to 0.511 and ρ is equal to one. Bromley tabulated values if the interaction coefficient "B". He noted that the equation gave satisfactory agreement with experimental data up to ionic strength of 6 molal, though with decreasing precision when extrapolating to very high ionic strength. As with other equations, it is not satisfactory when there is ion association as, for example, with divalent metal sulfates. Bromley also found that "B" could be expressed in terms of single-ion quantities as where the + subscript refers to a cation and the minus subscript refers to an anion. Bromley's equation can easily be transformed for the calculation of osmotic coefficients, and Bromley also proposed extensions to multicomponent solutions and for the effect of temperature change.  A modified version of the Bromley equation has been used extensively by Madariaga and co-workers. In a comparison of Bromley, SIT and Pitzer models, little difference was found in the quality of fit. The Bromley equation is essentially an empirical equation. The "B" parameters are relatively easy to determine. However, SIT theory, as extended by Scatchard. and Ciavatta is much more widely used.  By contrast the Pitzer equation is based on rigorous thermodynamics. The determination Pitzer parameters is more laborious. Whilst the Bromley and SIT approaches are based on pair-wise interactions between oppositely charged ions, the Pitzer approach also allows for interactions between three ions. These equations are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water.  For some complex electrolytes, Ge et al. obtained the new set of Bromley parameters using up-to-date measured or critically reviewed osmotic coefficient or activity coefficient data.

The Bromley equation was developed in 1973 by Leroy A. Bromley with the objective of calculating activity coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions whose concentrations are above the range of validity of the Debye–Hückel equation This equation, together with Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) and Pitzer equations is important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water.


Career.

Seattle Mariners.

In his first professional season, 2009, Baron played for the Rookie-Level Pulaski Mariners of the Appalachian League. He batted.179 with 19 hits, six doubles, two home runs and 13 RBIs in 30 games. In his first full season, he led all of minor league baseball in catcher caught stealing with 46%. He was considered one of the best defensive catchers in the '09 draft and was awarded the 2009 Rawlings Gold Glove award. <ref name="mariners/mlb"></ref> Baron made his MLB debut in 2015. He is one of three catchers in Major League history to catch a one-hit major league shutout in his first ever start. He was designated for assignment by the Mariners on November 2, 2016. On November 10, he was released. Baron signed a new minor league contract with the Mariners later in November.

St. Louis Cardinals.

He elected free agency on November 6, 2017, and signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals on December 22. He played with the team's AAA affiliate, the Memphis Redbirds in 2018, until being recalled on May 17 due to Carson Kelly being placed on the disabled list. His first major league hit, a single, came on May 19, 2018, off of Luis García of the Philadelphia Phillies.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

On December 18, 2018, Baron signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates. On September 3, 2019, the Pirates selected his contract. Baron was outrighted off the Pirates roster on October 25 and elected free agency on October 31.

Steven Phillip Baron (born December 7, 1990) is an American professional baseball catcher who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the first round, 33rd pick overall, of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft and made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2015. He attended Ferguson High School and has also played in MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates.


Plot.

Following the collapse of KMG (Keith Moore's Gang) at the end of "", rival drug gangs the Mad Dogs and the Slasher Boys engage in a violent turf war for control of the Luton underworld. Cherubs Gabrielle O'Brien and Michael Hendry are sent to infiltrate the Slasher Boys. While carrying out a delivery for Major Dee, the leader of the Slasher Boys, Gabrielle's contact is killed by members of rival gang the Runts and Gabrielle is grievously wounded after being stabbed by a Runt.  Meanwhile, James Adams and his new girlfriend Dana Smith are helping on the last few days of normal training as instructors. While there, Ukrainian instructor Yosyp Kazakov is accidentally knocked out when trainee Kevin Sumner throws a smoke canister at him. The seven trainees, realising it will be hours before Dana returns with head instructor George Pike, overpower and bind James. When Dana and Pike return they free James. Pike is unable to fail all the trainees, so they decide to punish Kevin and his friend Ronan Welsh by ordering them to stand to attention holding rifles until dawn. James feels guilty about the severity of the punishment, but Kazakov tells him that "A soldier is only as tough as the person who trains them."  Disgraced instructor Norman Large tries to blackmail Lauren, threatening to kill CHERUB chairwoman Zara Asker's Beagle Meatball unless Lauren testifies to the CHERUB disciplinary committee that he was not drunk when he suffered a heart attack on a training exercise in the previous book. Kyle, James, Kerry, Lauren and Bruce decide to get revenge by setting up James with Large's adopted daughter Hayley and taking pictures of the two making out. When Large discovers their ploy he attempts to kill Meatball and almost strangles Kyle to death before being knocked out by Lauren. Large is sacked by Zara, who also expels Kyle as she rationalizes that, as he is on the brink of retirement, he will simply quit CHERUB to avoid punishment. Kyle decides to go on a gap year before studying law at Cambridge, but not before James and the other cherubs throw him a leaving party.  Gabrielle barely survives her injury and the CHERUB Ethics Committee think of calling off the mission but are persuaded to send James and Bruce to infiltrate the Mad Dogs. James uses his past relationship with Keith Moore's son and Mad Dog associate Junior Moore to make infiltrating the gang easier. He is soon accepted into the gang and given a major role. An older gang member, David "Wheels" Kemp, invites James on a hotel robbery. However, James being given a high role annoys Junior, who Mad Dogs leader Sasha Thompson is trying to protect. Junior tries to persuade James to join him in the robbery of a travel agent, but James declines. Junior unsuccessfully robs the travel agent and is arrested moments after leaving.  Sasha plans a great drug robbery on Major Dee. They get into an apartment. Some gang members are by pretending the people need to fill in a form. They then Taser the woman who opens the door, before capturing nearly all the people inside with the use of handcuffs and rubber gags. James decides to help a young boy found inside who is not treated well, and one of the cocaine dealers is freed so he can continue dealing and avoid suspicion. However, the gang are forced to leave not long after by the arrival of the police. However, During the mission, James, though reluctant, loses his virginity to Sasha's daughter Lois, who suddenly meets him when he is having a bath, in the family home of Sasha. James tells his girlfriend Dana, although hurt, forgives him. She asks him to undergo an STD test, which he does. Afterwards, James, Bruce and Michael successfully complete their mission and Bruce earns a black shirt.

Mad Dogs is the eighth novel in the CHERUB series by Robert Muchamore. In this novel CHERUB agents infiltrate a violent street gang.


Career.

His acting career spanned film, radio, television, and the stage. Parkes worked often on CBC radio, beginning in 1959, and shifted into television and film, acting in such diverse series as the 1960s' ecological adventure series "The Forest Rangers", children's show "The Littlest Hobo", and the detective series "Cagney and Lacey". In 1968, Parkes won the first Canadian film award (then called the Etrog and now known as the Gemini) for his portrayal of Uncle Matthew in the movie "Isabel". He received the Andrew Allan Award in 1983 for Best Radio Actor, and in 1999, he won the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Performance in a Featured Role for "Kilt".  Parkes played the role of Doc in the North American version of "Fraggle Rock". When he was cast in "Fraggle Rock", Parkes was finishing a regular role as another type of "doc," playing Dr. Arthur Lowe (no relation to the English actor of the same name) on the Canadian TV series "Home Fires". After "Fraggle Rock", in addition to returning as Doc in "A Muppet Family Christmas", he continued to work in children's television, guest starring as alcoholic photographer Phil (opposite "Sesame Park" puppeteer Nina Keogh) on the TVOntario puppet series "Today's Special", and appearing regularly on PBS's "Shining Time Station" as store owner Barton Winslow. In 1988 he made a cameo appearance in the hit comedy "Short Circuit 2" as a priest. In 1995 he also portrayed the priest at St Bart's in New York in the Olsen Twins movie "It Takes Two".  In 1996, he portrayed Jonathan Swift in the HBO Original Film "Handel's Last Chance". In 1998, he appeared on an episode of PBS's "Noddy", as Wally the Wanderer in "Noah's Leaving". He appeared with Willem Dafoe and Billy Connolly in "The Boondock Saints" (playing a Tourette's syndrome-afflicted bartender, also named "Doc"). He reprised the role for "".  He appeared in "The Adjuster" (1991), premiering at the New York Film Festival. In 1991, it won the Special Silver St. George at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1993, the Toronto International Film Festival ranked the film 10th in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time.

Death.

He died on October 19th, 2014, three days after his 90th birthday.

Sources.

Greer, Sandy. "Small Screen", "The Toronto Star", August 2, 1986

Gerard Parkes (October 16, 1924 – October 19, 2014) was an Irish-born Canadian actor. He was born in Dublin, and moved to Toronto in 1956. He is known for playing "Doc" on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television series "Fraggle Rock" and the bartender in the film "The Boondock Saints" and its sequel "".


Geography.

Gray is located at (29.680993, -90.781414).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,958 people, 1,681 households, and 1,267 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 425.9 people per square mile (164.5/km2). There were 1,799 housing units at an average density of 154.5 per square mile (59.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 59.12% White, 36.55% African American, 2.26% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.49% of the population.  There were 1,681 households out of which 44.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.39.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 32.7% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,517, and the median income for a family was $35,727. Males had a median income of $31,827 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,676. About 21.4% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.1% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Terrebonne Parish School Board operates public schools:  Private schools:

Gray is a census-designated place (CDP) in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 7,958 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Fire progression.

The fire, caused by a lightning strike on July 31 located approximately North of Hume Lake, burned mainly in the Sierra National Forest and Sequoia National Forest.  The fire neared many famous natural landmarks, including Hume Lake, and Hume Lake Christian Camps on the southern side of the fire. Most progress on battling the fire was on the southern side, while the northern edge continued to burn, then 30 miles from the city of Fresno, California and Clovis, California. Drift smoke from the fire settled over Fresno, and Clovis which led the Clovis Unified School District to cancel outdoor recess and gym class on September 8.  On September 2 over 2,500 people were safely evacuated from Hume Lake Christian Camps and surrounding area. All camp events were cancelled and only security personnel remained.  On September 5 the fire reached Kings Canyon National Park as it crossed the mark.  On September 7, a firefighter suffered from severe burns and was airlifted to the Community Regional Medical Center of Fresno.  On September 10, officials at Kings Canyon National Park began evacuating all visitors and employees from the Wilsonia and General Grant Grove areas. A mandatory evacuation order was issued for Dunlap, effective September 11. On September 11, health officials in Fresno reported an "unprecedented increase" in hospital emergency department visits due to respiratory problems, and urged residents to avoid outdoor activities when the air is smoky.  On September 15, 1pm, as the fire slowed and with favorable weather conditions, evacuation orders and warnings in Dunlap and Squaw Valley were lifted.  At the peak of the wildfire, on September 15, the fire resources and personnel deployed were: 3,741 firefighters, 345 engines, 19 helicopters, and 45 bulldozers.  As of November 5, the Rough Fire was 100% contained.

Largest fires list.

, the fire had surpassed the Simi Fire on the list of Largest wildfires in California as it reached. On September 12, reaching, the Rough Fire passed the Campbell Complex Fire making it #17 on the list. On September 13, reaching, the Rough Fire passed the Happy Camp Complex Fire, jumping to #16. On September 17, now contained at 67%, it reached and surpassed the Big Bar Complex Fire, being #15 on the list. Still growing, even if contained at 85%, it passed the 150,000 acre landmark, and jump to position #13 on September 26.

Acreage by ownership.

, the total burned area can be break down into:

The Rough Fire was a devastating fire of the 2015 California wildfire season. The fire burned of land, making it the largest fire of the year in California, involving up to 3,742 firefighters in the fire suppression efforts.