Early life.

Background and education.

Harold Handley was born November 27, 1909 in LaPorte, Indiana, one of the three sons of Harold Lowell and Lottie Margaret Brackbill Handley. His father was a merchant who sold furniture. He attend local public schools before enrolling in Indiana University. His classmates included William E. Jenner and George N. Craig. Handley became good friends with Jenner; the two later became important political allies. Craig however, would become Handley's major opponent within his own party. He studied at the school for four years and graduated in 1932 with a bachelor's degree in economics.  After school Handley returned home where he joined his father's sales department. Although Handley was an able salesman, his company was one of many that folded during the mid-1930s because of the continuing Great Depression. Handley took a new job as a salesman at Unagusta Furniture Corporation, a North Carolina furniture company, but in turn folded in less than a year after he joined it. It was during his period of unemployment that he began to become involved in politics. He formed the Young Republicans of LaPorte County in 1935 and in 1936 he made an unsuccessful run for the Indiana Senate. He remained active in the party and ran for the senate again in 1940 and was elected along with a strong Republican majority to both houses of the body. In the first session of the Indiana General Assembly of his term, he supported the Republican position of repealing almost a decade of Democratic legislation, and reorganizing the executive branch of the government to decentralize control away from the governor.

World War II.

After the United States entered World War II in 1941, Handley resigned from the senate and enlisted in the army as a lieutenant, but eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was assigned to the Eighty-eighth Infantry Division headquartered in Mojave desert. Despite making multiple requests to be sent overseas, the army kept him in the United States for the duration of the war to serve as a trainer for new recruits. As fresh soldiers arrived in the camp he was responsible for overseeing the drill sergeants and ensuring they were properly trained before they were dispatched to serve as reinforcements to the main body of the division.  During his time in the army he met Barbara Jean Winterble, a psychiatric nurse working at a Red Cross post near his base. The two were married on February 17, 1944 and they moved back to LaPorte after Handley was discharged from the army in 1946. He took a new job in furniture sales and a second job in sales a small movie production company. He soon had two children, Kenneth and Martha Jean.

Legislator.

Handley returned to politics in 1948 after winning election to his former senate seat. It was still a period of Republican domination in the state, and he quickly rekindled his friendship with then-United States Senator William E. Jenner. In the 1952 state convention, George N. Craig, a dark horse candidate, won the nomination to the consternation of the party leadership. Jenner and others had hoped to have a more conservative nominee for governor. They successfully maneuvered Handley as their candidate to win the nomination to run for lieutenant governor. Party tickets were not run at that time, and Handley ran a separate campaign for office, advocating a significantly different platform than Craig, who was calling for many progressive reforms. Thanks in part to the popularity of Dwight Eisenhower, Handley won a landslide victory and defeated his Democratic opponent E. Spencer Dalton by 230,420 votes.  In his role as President of the Senate, Handley became an early opponent of Governor Craig. Craig submitted a plan to reorganize the state's 141 agencies into eleven departments centralized under his leadership, a reversal of the reorganization Handley supported during his first term as a senator. Handley was able to kill all debate on the bill in the Senate and prevent it from passing. The short legislative sessions allowed Handley to focus most of his attention on his statutory offices, serving as the Commissioner of Agriculture and Commissioner of Commerce. He successfully attracted a number of companies to expand and move operations to Indiana, providing thousands of new jobs. He also used his position to build a considerable political base of support.  A scandal in the state highway department was discovered just before the 1956 state Republican Party convention. It was found that three governor-appointed commissioners had accepted bribes to influence their decision in assigning construction contracts. Handley publicly blasted Governor Craig and blamed him for the scandal. Craig had been in a constant battle with the Republican leadership during his term, and they had largely prevented him from gaining control of any of the state's patronage system. Craig later accused Handley, Jenner, and others of purposely attempting to derail his reform agenda and using the bribery scandal, in which Craig was found to be uninvolved in, to tarnish his reputation to end his political career.

Governor.

Campaign.

At the state convention, Handley ran for the nomination to run for governor with the backing of Senator Jenner. Although Craig tried to block his nomination, Handley was able to overcome his opposition and win the nomination. In the general election his opponent was Democrat Ralph Tucker. The central election issues was the bribery scandal, the impending state budget deficit, and reform of the state health institutions. Handley also repudiated past governors who had taken federal grant money for selling out control of the state to the federal government. He said "Hoosiers refuse to stand in line in front of the treasury in Washington with tin cups in their hands," and that depending on the federal government for revenue would lead to the ruin of the state. President Eisenhower was running for re-election in the same year, and again thanks in part to his popularity, Handley won a second landslide victory, defeating Tucker by 227,475 votes.

Agenda.

Handley had not advocated any significant agenda items during his term, but rather focused on advocating his principles. His party controlled both houses of the Indiana General Assembly, and for the first time in fifty years, they were able to use their power implement a major Republican agenda. Because of his good relations with the Assembly, they readily passed a number of items he requested.  The most controversial position Harold took was advocating a 50% increase in the state gasoline tax. The bonuses paid to soldiers, and the state's school consolidation plan had used up the budget surplus in 1956. A deficit was predicted for 1957 and 1958, but the state was not permitted to take on debt by the constitution. Members of his party recommended using some of the state's reserve fund to handle the deficit, but ultimately the tax increase was approved, earning him the nickname "High Tax Harold." Handley also successfully advocated the passage of a withholding law that allowed employers to withhold state income taxes from their employee's pay. This led to the discovery of thousands of tax cheats that produced an unexpected windfall for the state government. Hoping to use the situation to restore some confidence in his conservativeness, Handley proposed that most of the state property taxes be repealed. The General Assembly readily agreed and state level property taxes completely repealed, leaving only some local property taxes in place.  A number of other important laws were passed in Indiana during Handley's administration. The state's first right-to-work law was put in place, but Handley was reluctant to support it. When he finally did sign the bill, his public image had already been tarnished by his opponents who attacked his lack of vigor in helping the common worker. A bill of major importance that Handley supported was also passed, making Indiana the first state to outlaw union shops, leading to a gradual decline in the influence of labor unions. The Interstate Highway system was also started during Handley's term, using $1 billion in federal grants to begin constitution. Before he left office, over had been completed. Some in his own party saw his support of the highway construction as breaking one of his campaign pledges to not accept federal money and the string that came attached to it. Handley countered that the highway was in the best interest of the state, and that it was the only exception he would make to his position on accepting federal money.  A number of delayed construction projects were also started during his term, including the building of the Indiana State Office Building to allow for room to be made in the crowded Indiana Statehouse. Funds were granted to expand Purdue University and a new state mental hospital was built.

Senate campaign.

Senator William Jenner resigned shortly before the mid-term elections in 1958 and urged Handley to seek his seat. A plan was created where Handley would resign the governorship, his lieutenant would appoint him senator, and he could finish the term. When the plan was revealed to the party leadership, they strongly advised him to not implement the it because they feared it would hurt the party and be perceived as a scandal. Handley then decided to have the Secretary of State order an election for the office in November, and Handley himself ran for the position.  Handley did not resign from the governorship during his campaign and was widely criticized for the unprecedented action. His Democratic opponent, Vance Hartke, brought up his tax increase, the breaking of his campaign promise, his reluctance on signing the right-to-work bill, and the rising state unemployment. Statewide unemployment was just above 10% in April, but dropped to 6.9% by the end of September. Handley also faced national backlash against the Republican Party in the wake of the recession in late 1957 and early 1958. Despite Handley's claim to have to helped lower unemployment, he lost the election and returned his focus the governorship.

Later life.

The constitution of Indiana prevented governors from serving consecutive terms, making it impossible for Handley to seek re-election. He returned to his private life in his new Indianapolis home after leaving office in January 1961. He had become increasingly interested in helping the mentally retarded during his time as governor and quickly became involved in several charitable groups. In 1970 he won a Drummer Boy Award from the Retarded Children's Association for his work.  Handley started a public relations and advertising firm based in Indianapolis that became very successful. In 1969, a major revision of the state constitution was finally authorized. He and fellow former Governor Matthew E. Welsh were appointed to the Constitutional Revision Commission. Among the important influences he had on the revision was allowing governors to serve consecutive terms again. The state courts were also reorganized, and a level of appointment power was also returned to the governor. In total seven amendments he helped author were drafted and passed into law.  Handley traveled to Wyoming for a vacation in 1972. He died in Rawlins on August 30 of a heart attack. His remains were returned to Indiana for a public service, and he was buried at the Pine Lake Cemetery in LaPorte. His memoir and gubernatorial papers were donated to the Indiana State Archives.

References.

Notes Bibliography

Harold Willis Handley (November 27, 1909 – August 30, 1972) was the 40th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1957 to 1961. A veteran of World War II, and furniture salesman by trade, Handley began his political career as a state senator. Thanks to his longtime friendship with state party leader and United States Senator William E. Jenner, he was able to secure the nomination to run for lieutenant governor in 1952, during which time he opposed many of the actions of Governor George N. Craig. His popularity rose among the conservative leadership of the Indiana Republican Party and aided him in winning the nomination and subsequent election as governor in 1956.


Early life.

Although his life began and ended in Raleigh, North Carolina, the parts in between took him to the rest of the world. He was named after his paternal grandfather. His distinctive first and middle names were the result of a family tradition of using the names of states for offspring, begun by his great-grandfather. In addition to his grandfather's unusual name, his great-uncles were named Arkansas Delaware, Wisconsin Illinois, Oregon Minnesota, and Iowa Michigan Royster. They were usually called by their first and middle initials. These names were so unusual that for many years they were printed in the "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" series of books. Royster's father, Wilbur High Royster, owned and operated the Royster Candy Company in Raleigh, which in the early 1900s sold chocolate, peanut brittle, and other candies across the Carolinas and Virginia. His family also had a strong connection to the nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Vermont's grandfather had taught Latin and Greek at the university, and his great-uncle Wisconsin Royster had helped create the medical school at UNC. Vermont was a cousin of bandleader and radio personality Kay Kyser.

Career.

Royster was a 1935 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; during his time at UNC he was a member of the Philanthropic Society and served as the editor of the student newspaper, "The Daily Tar Heel". Soon after graduating, he moved to New York City and secured a job as a reporter for the New York City News Bureau, and a year later began his 61-year career with "The Wall Street Journal".  His career at "Journal" was one of steady advancement: reporter, 1936; Washington correspondent, 1936–40 and 1945–46; editorial writer and columnist, 1946–48; associate editor, 1948–51; senior associate editor, 1951–58; editor, 1958–71; contributing editor, columnist, 1971–96; editor emeritus, 1993-96.  In 1940 Royster joined the United States Navy Reserve. During the Second World War he served as the captain of a US Navy destroyer, the USS Jack Miller, in the Pacific theater of the war. He rose to the rank of lieutenant commander in the Navy. The "Jack Miller" saw a considerable amount of combat against the Japanese Navy, and survived being caught in two typhoons. In early September 1945, Royster was among the first group of American officers to see the ruins of the Japanese city of Nagasaki, which had been destroyed by the second atomic bomb dropped on Japan. After the war ended Royster resumed his career at "The Wall Street Journal".  In 1953 Royster was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing. He served as president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors in 1965–66. He retired as editor of "The Wall Street Journal" in 1971 and began writing his popular weekly column "Thinking Things Over", which he continued until the handicaps of old age forced him to discontinue it in 1986. He was awarded a second Pulitzer Prize, in 1984, for Commentary.  After his retirement from the "Journal", he became the Kenan Professor of Journalism and Public Affairs at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Honors.

When he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan in 1986, the citation read:  Other awards he received include Distinguished Service Award, Sigma Delta Chi, 1958; William Allen White Award, University of Kansas, 1971; the 1975 Gerald Loeb Memorial Award for excellence in business and financial reporting; Elijah Lovejoy Award 1976; North Carolina Journalism Hall of Fame, 1980.  In 1976, Royster received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. Several of the editorials he wrote are considered classics: The Desolate Wilderness along with And the Fair Land are now "The Wall Street Journal"s traditional Thanksgiving editorials, and In Hoc Anno Domini appears every Christmas.

Personal life.

Royster married Frances Claypoole in 1937, and the couple had two daughters, Francis and Eleanor. He died on July 22, 1996, and she followed two years later on April 23, 1998, both in Raleigh, North Carolina. He was 82 and she was 83.  He is a cousin, through the Roysters, of Kay Kyser, a popular bandleader in the 1930s and 1940s.

Vermont Connecticut Royster (April 30, 1914 – July 22, 1996) was the editor of the editorial page of "The Wall Street Journal" from 1958 to 1971. He was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He won two Pulitzer Prizes for his writing, and numerous other awards. Royster was famed for providing a conservative interpretation of the news every day, especially regarding economic issues.


Early life and education.

He was born at Frolands Verk, a rural community near Arendal, in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway and came to the United States at age of three with his family to settle in Lincoln County, South Dakota. Sigurd became a United States citizen at age 8 when his father became a naturalized citizen. He graduated from the Canton Lutheran Normal, Canton, South Dakota, and enrolled at South Dakota State College. During his first school year, he suffered from scarlet fever, which prevented his return to college the following fall. In order to secure funds to continue his education, he worked as a farm hand and taught rural school in Kingsbury County, South Dakota. In 1928, Anderson enrolled at the University of South Dakota, and graduated in 1931 with "cum laude" honors and a B.A. degree and then went on to earn his LL.B degree from University of South Dakota School of Law. In 1937 he married Vivian Walz of Vermillion, South Dakota and began practicing law in Webster. Their daughter, Kristin Karen, was born during Anderson's administration.

Career.

He twice served as Day County state's attorney and as an assistant attorney general in the state capital, Pierre. Before he was elected governor he served two terms as South Dakota Attorney General, 1947–1951.

1946 Attorney General election.

On July 9, 1946, at the Republican convention, Anderson defeated I.R. Erickson of Vermillion; Anderson received 72,220 votes to 68,695 votes for Erickson.  In the general election, Anderson defeated Democrat Albert F. Ulmer by a count of 106,502 votes to 50,480 votes.

1948 Attorney General election.

In 1948, Anderson was re-nominated without opposition at the Republican convention in Pierre.  In the general election, Anderson was re-elected as Attorney General by defeating D.C. Walsh by a 137,370 to 99,724 vote margin.

Gubernatorial administration.

His re-election in 1952 marked the first time a candidate for South Dakota governor received more than 200,000 votes in a general election. This was not accomplished again until Mike Rounds' reelection in 2006, over fifty years later. It was during Anderson's administration that the Legislative Research Council was established. It was also during this time that the state had a debt-free status—the first time in 40 years.  After his service as governor, he served as a commissioner on the Federal Trade Commission.  In 1964, Anderson once again announced his candidacy for governor, but lost the GOP gubernatorial primary to Nils Boe, who won the general election. Boe appointed Anderson to fill a vacancy as a circuit judge, from which position Anderson retired in 1975.

Death and legacy.

Anderson died on December 21, 1990, and was interred in Webster Cemetery, Webster, Day County, South Dakota US. Sigurd received dozens of professional and political honors and was a member of numerous organizations. He was a member of the Lutheran Church, Masonic Lodge and affiliated bodies, Phi Beta Kappa fraternity, Delta Theta Phi fraternity, Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, Veterans of Foreign Wars and many others. The Sigurd Anderson airport in Webster, South Dakota is named in his honor.

Sigurd Anderson (January 22, 1904December 21, 1990) was the 19th Governor of South Dakota. Anderson, a Republican from Webster, South Dakota, served in that office from 1951 to 1955.


History.

Kijkduin.

Kijkduin is a seaside resort on the North Sea coast of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. It is one of the two seaside resorts of the city of The Hague, the other (more famous) one being Scheveningen. "Kijkduin" is quite famous for its long stretch in sand dunes along the coast. In the late 19th century, the seaside resort Kijkduin arose at the narrowest spot in the dunes on the south-western side of The Hague. Around 1890, with the construction of a bath hotel, the development of a bathing culture started. Kijkduin was especially suitable this because the dunes here were so narrow that people could easily get close to the sea. The proximity of country estates and the proximity of the city also played a role in this. The bathing hotel stood lonely on the top of the white dunes for a period of time. In 1900 there were only three villas, the bath hotel and a hospice of the Sophia Foundation. Between 1920 and 1923, the "Meer en Bosch" villa park was built at the foot of the dune, designed by the famous architects Bernard Bijvoet and Jan Duiker. This park consisted of 126 rental and owner-occupied homes. Later, in 1930, a sea hospice was also built on the dunes of Kijkduin.  During and shortly after the Second World War half of the buildings in Kijkduin were demolished as a result of the Atlantik Wall, which was a massive defensive line built by the German occupation force. There are still 56 homes left, these fall under the protected cityscape Kijkduin - Meer and Bosch. In the sixties additional care functions were developed at the area as a care hotel where cardiac patients could rehabilitate and a care complex for lung patients was built. The development of the resort got an even stronger impulse when in the early seventies MAB developed the Atlantic Hotel and the shopping area. Until then, the facilities were limited to a simple bath hotel and a wooden pancake house. The development put Kijkduin on the map as a seaside resort, complete with a boulevard. The residential function also expanded. First with fifteen apartment blocks on the Kijkduinsestraat and the development of a bungalow park behind the Kijkduinsestraat.  Between 1954 and 1965, part of the Segbroek polder was set up as a camping site. The polder quickly grew into one of the largest campsites in Europe, which attracted large groups (especially young people) to Kijkduin. From the seventies the recreation development took a big flight. In the beach area behind the dunes, the municipality places the pueblo gardens with recreational facilities and sports fields in between. Camping Ockenburgh also develops from simple seasonal camping to a bungalow park (named Vakantiepark Kijkduinpark) with an adjoining 9-hole golf course. In the current situation, there is still a small campsite on the Kijkduinpark site.

Ockenburgh.

Excavations show that there were already inhabitants in the Bronze Age in Ockenburgh. However, the name "Ockenburg" appears in literature for the first time around 1650, when the poet and physician Jacob Westerbaen bought the savage dune landscape south of The Hague and founded the Ockenburgh estate - Jacob's 'Eden in the Duyn'. Later, the history of the estate has an erratic course with several owners. One of these owners were the Pauw family. It is known that a member of this family (Maarten Pauw) extended the farmstead into real estate. Furthermore, Elisabeth Pauw, baroness douarière Van den Boetzelaer, ordered in 1746 land surveyor P. Looten to measure and drawn the Ockenburgh estate. The estate changed from a formal garden in 1840 into a landscape garden. The layout of the garden has not been changed since 1889.  During the First World War, Belgian soldiers stayed temporary on the estate. Furthermore, in 1919, the Ockenburgh Airfield was constructed on the site which marks nowadays the end of the Machiel Vrijenhoeklaan. The last known residents of the villa was the Menten family. In 1931 the estate was purchased by the municipality of The Hague and opened to the public. This made the estate for the first time in centuries accessible for normal citizens.  Just before the Second World War in 1939, the estate was home to Jewish children. In the same year the sports park in Ockenburgh, which was built in 1936, was converted into a military auxiliary airfield. During the mobilization in September 1939, there was a need for military (aid) airports in the west of the Netherlands. As a result, The Aviation Company took the Ockenburgh sports park into use. The Battalion Aviation Troops ensured that the sports attributes of the sports fields were removed and that the existing changing rooms could also be used. The porter's house (on the current Wijndaelerweg) was set up as a waiting room. A large tent was placed on the site where recently purchased Douglas 8a-3N aircraft from the United States were assembled. Furthermore, there were some Fokker's devices in depot.  The surveillance of the airfield was initially in the hands of the Grenadiers Regiment. These were relieved on May 8 by three sections of the 22nd Depot Company Surveillance Troops. In order to provide a good defence of the site, they did not have enough time to prepare for the German invasion of the Netherlands. The first German troops attacked the auxiliary airfield from the air in the early morning of the 10th of May. At first, it was only parachutists, later also airborne troops that were dropped on the field with Junkers Ju-52.  During the Battle for The Hague Ockenburgh was a stage of heavy fighting between Dutch and German troops. Due to the large German superiority with their better armament, the depot groups were pushed back to Loosduinen after 2 hours of heavy fighting. Of the 96 soldiers, 24 died and 18 were injured. The Germans failed to push through to the centre of The Hague to capture the Queen, the government and the Dutch High Command. Due to the unexpectedly fierce opposition at Ockenburgh, the troops of the Grenadiers regiment from The Hague and the Regiment Jagers from Monster were given the time to confine German troops. The artillery, which was installed at Poeldijk, ultimately drove the German troops from Ockenburgh. The 1st Battalion of Grenadiers eventually recaptured the auxiliary airfield. They also captured about 160 German soldiers. Another large group of German soldiers could escape the Dutch encirclement in the late evening of 11 to 12 May and reach Overschie via a nocturnal march. Just like the attack on the other airports in the region, Ypenburg and Valkenburg, the German attack on Ockenburgh failed. At the battle of Ockenburgh a total of 86 Dutch soldiers were killed.  After the Dutch capitulation, the military auxiliary airfield came back into German hands and a fake airfield was made. With wooden planes, fake lighting and fake barracks, it was intended to tempt allied airmen to throw their bombs on the fake airfield in order to protect the operational airfields from bombing. In the middle of 1943 the fake airfield was lifted. In 1942 the first minefields were constructed and were mainly intended for the reinforcement of the Atlantic Wall. Thousands of landmines were buried on and around the field. Soon after the liberation, these landmines had to be cleared by German prisoners of war. During the German occupation of the Netherlands, V2 rockets were also shot from the Ockenburgh estate towards London.  From 1954 onward Ockenburgh has had a campsite. The villa was used as a youth hostel and got an extension in the seventies of the last century. A large modern wing with a construction of steel and glass, also called 'The Van Klingeren wing'. In 1996 the youth hostel was closed. In 2011 the Van Klingeren construction was removed and stored. In the nineties, the current Kijkduinpark was built on a part of the campsite.  Since 16 August 1990, the estate has been part of the protected nature reserve Solleveld. Over the past period, the park has been thoroughly restored under the direction of the South Holland landscape. Renovating the estate is special because it is a Natura 2000 area. This means that the estate is part of a European network of nature reserves. Among other things, new white estate banks have been installed and the bridge to dune forest 'de Zwitserland Partij' on the banks of the Spiegelvijver has been renewed.

Kijkduin en Ockenburgh is a Dutch subdistrict of the Loosduinen district in The Hague. The subdistrict is located in the western part of The Hague at the municipal border of Monster. The area is bordered by the North Sea, an imaginary line between beach pole 105 and the De Savornin Lohmanlaan, the Machiel Vrijenhoeklaan, the Duinlaan, the Kijkduinsestraat, the Ockenburghstraat, the Loosduinse Hoofdstraat, the Monsterseweg and the municipal border with Monster. As the name suggests, the subdistrict consists of two neighborhoods Kijkduin and Ockenburgh.


History.

The sedan and hatchback shared the same dashboard, but the CRX and wagons both had their own unique dash (CRX having a covered cubby in the middle of the dash, the wagon having a pop up set of vents which could be used or retracted into the dash). The hatchback adopted a flatter roof over the rear seats, drawing influences from a bodystyle known in Europe as a shooting-brake, that seemed to blur the definition between traditionally defined hatchbacks and the shooting-brake. The flat roof, three door hatchback appearance was also used on the supermini Honda City, and the Honda Today, the car that returned Honda to "kei car" production. This appearance was also used on the Honda Accord Aerodeck. The Honda CR-X was the only three-door hatchback that adopted a fastback, sloping rear hatch, demonstrating a performance car appearance identified with "Honda Verno" products during the mid-1980s. In Europe, a British-built version of the sedan model was also sold, as the Rover 213/216, while in Japan it was marketed in parallel (through "Verno" dealers) as the Honda Ballade. Both the Sedan and Hatchback models were also sold in Indonesia under the name Civic "Wonder".  A new 12-valve (three valves per cylinder) 76 hp, 1500 cc inline-four engine was introduced. The base hatchback and CRX 1.3 used the 1,300 cc 8-valve engine giving 60 hp (45 kW). The DX and 1500 S model hatchbacks shared the new 1500 cc engine with the sedan, wagon, and CRX 1.5. The 1500S model achieved over highway.  European cars received a short-stroke 1200 cc engine at the bottom of the ladder, with at 6000 rpm. A version of this with was also available; it needs fuel with a higher octane rating. The little 1.2 was usually only available with hatchback bodywork, although some markets received a four-door version. The 1300 was also available with sedan bodywork and in a range of equipment levels. The Shuttle was only available with the "1500", which also appeared in the 'S' hatchback, while the CR-X received a fuel injected version of this engine producing. All of these engines have three valves per cylinder. The three-box sedan was not intended for sale in the European common market, initially only being available in EFTA markets such as Sweden and Switzerland.  In 1986, the Civic got flush-mounted headlights, revised tail-lights, new wheel cover designs and other minor cosmetic updates. The optional three-speed automatic transmission also gained O/D (overdrive) making it a four-speed automatic.

Sporting versions.

Honda first adopted the Si badge for the Japanese domestic market (JDM) third-generation Civic in November 1984. Mainly offered in hatchback form, the main aesthetic difference for the Si was a slight bulge in the hood, which accommodated the taller DOHC engine. A four-door sedan variant also existed in Japan, but was only produced in small numbers and is rare. Designated as ZC1 in Japan and D16A1 in Europe, the new engine put out, enabling the car to hit and go from 0–60 mph in 8.9 seconds. This was fairly powerful at the time, on par with its hot hatch competitors.  In Europe and in the United States, a somewhat sporting Civic "S" trim was introduced to the hatchback in the 1983 model year. The European version receives a carburetted version of the 12 valve 1.5, producing. In the US, the Civic S featured sports seats and reclining rear seats. Although the S retained the rear beam with coil springs for the suspension, a rear stabilizer bar was added to improve handling. Unlike the JDM Civic Si, the S trim used the same carbureted 1.5 L EW1 engine as the base and the DX trims. 1985 finally saw the US release of the Si trim with the Civic CRX Si, which featured a fuel-injected, 1.5 L SOHC EW3 engine making. In 1986, the Si trim was extended to the Civic hatchback, offering the same powertrain of the CRX Si but with four-seats. Added improvements for the Civic Si hatchback included a removable glass sunroof, a five-speed manual gearbox, tilt steering wheel, a full-width taillight panel, a color-keyed front airdam, sedan-style disk wheel covers, and a roof spoiler. Like the CRX Si, the Si hatchback was powered by a, 12-valve SOHC engine designated EW4/D15A4 (the latter code was used for the 1987 model year but with the same specs). The Civic Si also saw a release in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, sharing specifications similar to those of the American-market Si.  In Europe, the fuel injected already used in the CRX was installed in the Civic hatchback as well, beginning in 1985. It was called the 1.5i GT rather than Si, as the Si name was held in reserve for the later, more powerful 1.6 litre version.

CRX.

The CRX was a Civic with a different body; it was a 2-seater in North America with a lockable storage compartment, while it was offered to the rest of the world with a rear seat. The Si model was added to the CRX lineup in 1985, which used Honda's PGM-FI fuel injection on the 1,488 cc four-cylinder; in the United States this generated while other markets received a considerably more powerful DOHC, 1.6-litre unit. The Si model added a pantograph rear wiper, sports seats, and a power sunroof. The CRX Si was also identifiable by body-colored lower body panels in 1986, new four hole "dial" alloy wheels and a body-colored rubber spoiler, now mounted on the back of the hatch as opposed to on the top portion of the lid.  Originally all CRXs had two-tone paint scheme with silver lower body panels. The 13-inch alloy wheels were fitted with 175/70R13 Michelin MXL tires. The comparatively quicker inline-four engine propelled the CRX Si from 0–60 mph in under 9 seconds.

Shuttle/Wagon.

The five-door wagon received unique bodywork and interior. "Shuttle" in most countries, it was called the wagon and "Wagovan" in the United States; the differences being the wagon having 50/50 split folding cloth fixed rear seats that reclined to four different positions, and the Wagovan having a vinyl single piece rear seat that slid forward to accommodate additional cargo as well as metal bars across the rear side windows. It was also available as a "full" van, called "Pro", for commercial users in the Japanese domestic market. The Shuttle's appearance as a "tall wagon" was similar to that of the concept car Lancia Megagamma introduced earlier.  The wagon was originally only available in front-wheel drive; in 1985 a part-time any-speed four-wheel drive, operated by a push button on the dash, became available. The four-wheel drive transmission also introduced a low-speed "granny gear" which could only be engaged in four-wheel drive. Externally, not much was changed aside from "4WD" stickers: the rear bumper was somewhat larger and mudflaps were standard, while the ground clearance was increased to, up from. The central tunnel for the driveshaft was unusually low and only minimally affected interior space. Undercarriage shielding was added for both the engine/transmission and gas tank, while the spare tire hung under the rear cargo area in a roll-cage. In Europe the 1.5 liter 12 valve 'four' from the regular Shuttle was fitted.  For 1987, the push-button four-wheel drive system on the wagon was changed; a new Real-Time 4WD system featured an automatic viscous coupling unit that shifted power to the rear wheels automatically when needed. The coupling featured 67 individual friction plates, surrounded by a heat sensitive silicon oil, which would distribute power to the rear driveshaft when a difference in both front/rear wheels was present. Real-Time 4WD models are recognizable by the charcoal grey center covers, covering the lug nuts which were exposed on FWD models.

The third generation Honda Civic is an automobile which was produced by Honda from 1983 to 1987. It was introduced in September 1983 for model year 1984. The Civic's wheelbase was increased by 2–5 inches (13 cm) to 93.7 inches (hatchback) or 96.5 inches (sedan). A three-door hatchback/kammback, four-door sedan (also known as the Honda Ballade), the five-door "Shuttle" station wagon, and sporting CRX coupé shared common underpinnings. This included MacPherson strut suspension with torsion bars in the front and a rear beam with coil springs. However, the body panels were largely different between models. The Civic-based Honda Quint five-door hatchback also underwent a model change, and became the Honda Quint Integra, available as both a three- and five-door fastback. The Quint Integra (soon just "Integra") was sold at the Japanese "Honda Verno" dealership along with the CR-X. The Civic in Japan was now exclusive to "Honda Primo", along with Honda's kei cars as well as superminis like the Honda City.


History.

The museum was founded in 1976 and opened to the public in 1981. It rescues and restores common English buildings from the Chilterns, which might otherwise have been destroyed or demolished. The buildings have been relocated to the museum's site, which includes woodland and parkland. The collection has more than 35 buildings on view including barns, other traditional farm buildings and houses. There is a working historic farm with farm animals.  The charity's aims are to create a living landscape that connects the past to the present - people and place; preserving and interpreting the cultural heritage of the Chilterns.  Buildings of interest include a 1940s prefab from Amersham, a reconstruction of an Iron Age house, a Victorian toll house from High Wycombe, a "Tin Chapel" from Henton, Oxfordshire and a forge from Garston, Hertfordshire. A fine pair of cottages from 57 Compton Avenue at Leagrave, near Luton which started out as a weather-boarded thatched barn with central double doors in the early 18th century. In the late 18th century the barn was converted into two labourers' cottages. A chair factory from High Wycombe highlights the local chair making trade. There is a reconstructed WW1 Nissen hut and a reconstructed WW2 Nissen Hut next to a 'Dig for Victory' allotment. In 2014, the museum completed reconstruction of a wychert style farmhouse. The museum's collection includes 16 buildings that are in storage and due for re-erection as and when the museum's funds permit.  Within the collection waiting to be reconstructed is Jackson Studios, a recording studio used by highly influential BBC radio disc jockey, Jack Jackson, who was also known as the ‘father of DJs’. in the 1970s, the studios were set up a commercial recording studio by Jack's sons, Malcolm and John. The studios became renowned for their ‘dead’ sound. Many world famous artists recorded at the studios, including Elton John, Ian Dury, Eddie and the Hotrods, and Motorhead (recording their definitive track Ace of Spades there). It was one of the first recording studios to provide overnight accommodation for artists. With the advent of digital technology, the studios went into decline and were eventually rescued by the Museum from developers. The Museum is in the process of raising funds to reconstruct the studios at the Museum for music fans and visitors to enjoy.  The site is also used as a filming location, and has been included in well-known productions such as Mary Queen of Scots, "Downton Abbey", "Inside No. 9", "Call the Midwife", Grantchester, Midsommer Murders, Horrible Histories and The Suspicions of Mr Whicher.  At the museum there are lots of hands-on activities and traditional skills experience days including blacksmithing, willow sculpting and weaving, straw plaiting, historic cooking and folk singing. There are lots of annual events including re-enactments and living history.  The site is popular with school groups and has the Sandford Award, Learning Outside the Classroom Quality Badge and was shortlisted in the Museums + Heritage Awards in 2018 under the Education Initiative.  The site has an environmentally-friendly ethos. In June 2013, the Museum won the environmental category of the Pride of Bucks award, sponsored by B P Collins.

Chiltern Open Air Museum is an independent open-air museum of vernacular buildings and a tourist attraction located near Chalfont St Peter and Chalfont St. Giles in the Chiltern Hills, Buckinghamshire, England. The museum is a registered charity under English law and has a small number of full-time staff and a volunteer workforce of approximately 200.


Military career.

In 1540 Ungnad had been appointed on the position of Captain General of Lower Austria (modern-day Slovenia), Croatia and other Habsburg estates. The main threat to the territory he was responsible for was the Ottoman Empire and its forces in Ottoman Bosnia. He believed that the best way to confront it was to spread the Protestantism to the very gates of Istanbul. In 1555 he refused to execute anti-Protestant measures requested by Ferdinand I, resigned his position and opted for voluntary exile in Germany.

South Slavic Bible Institute.

The South Slavic Bible Institute () was established in Urach (modern-day Bad Urach in Germany) in January 1561. Baron Ungnad was its owner and patron. Ungnad was supported by Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, who allowed Ungnad to use his castle (former convent) of Amandenhof near Urach as a seat of this institute.  Baron Ungnad was interested in Protestant proselytism propagated by Primož Trubar and attended the session of German theologians held in Tubingen in 1561. At that occasion Ungnad, probably instructed by Duke Christoph, agreed that he would take responsibility for publishing Slavic books.  Within the institute, Ungnad set up a press which he referred to as "the Slovene, Croatian and Cyrillic press" (). The manager and supervisor of the institute was Primož Trubar. The books they printed at this press were planned to be used throughout the entire territory populated by South Slavs between the Soča River, the Black Sea, and Constantinople. Until 1565 were published thirty titles with 25.000 copies. Today exist only 300 books. Translations of Bible texts were inspired by glagolitic tradition. Thirteen books were printed in glagolitic, nine in latin, and eight in cyrillic script. Trubar had idea to use their books to spread Protestantism among Croats and other South Slavs. For this task, Trubar engaged Stjepan Konzul Istranin and Antun Dalmatin as translators for Croatian and Serbian.

Hans von Ungnad (1493–1564) was 16th-century Habsburg nobleman who was best known as founder of the South Slavic Bible Institute established to publish Protestant books translated to South Slavic languages.


Early life and family.

He was a son of regent Konoe Hisatsugu and a concubine. Motohiro was not considered a legitimate member at first, but his father Hisatsugu and his wife, Princess Shoshi, a daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, had no child and Hisatsu died in Motohiro's childhood. Thus by an imperial order from Go-Mizunoo, Motohiro was installed in the Konoe lineage, and grew up under imperial protection.  In 1654 he performed his genpuku ceremony and entered adulthood and therefore courtier life. In 1664 he married Princess Joshi, another daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo and his consort. With her he had a son, Iehiro, and a daughter, Teruko, who was a consort of Tokugawa Ienobu, the 6th "shōgun" of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Political career.

After his entrance to the court, he served three emperors: Emperor Go-Mizunoo, Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama. Go-Mizunoo was his protector since his childhood, so his early career was prospective along with his noble lineage. But Emperor Reigen did not get along with the Tokugawa shogunate, and considered Motohiro sympathetic to the Shogunate, hence his career in Reigen's court was not as splendid. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the shogun at that time, was not warm to Ienobu at all, one of the candidates for his successor, hence also Motohiro, as the father-in-law of Ienobu.  In Higashiyama's court, Motohiro however gained power again. He served as kampaku, the most powerful courtier from 1690 to 1703. After he quit, he had his supporters, including his own son, succeed the kampaku position respectively, and kept his influence. In 1704 the Tokugawa shogunate designated Ienobu, Motohiro's son-in-law, the successor of Tsunayoshi, hence the future shogun. His relation to the shogunate was therefore strengthened. Motohiro visited Edo twice, and was even welcomed to give political opinions, however it made the terms between ex-Emperor Reigen and him worse. Emperor Reigen even cursed him at Shimogamo Shrine, and accused him of being a "bad subject who privatizes and bends laws and justice" (私曲邪佞の悪臣) in his cursing prayer. However Motohiro was not always a supporter of Shogunate politics, and publicly objected to the Shogunate over some of their pressure on the imperial court.  In 1722 he died and was buried at Daitoku-ji.  He wrote a diary from 1655 until his death, later titled "Diary of Lord Motohiro" (基熈公記).

, Tajimaru (多治丸) in his childhood, was a "kugyō" or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He held a regent position kampaku from 1690 to 1703.


Education.

From 1968 till 1978 he learned at school, in 1978–1981 in the pre-seminary «Norbertinum» in Magdeburg. In 1981–1986 Pickel studied at the Graduate Theological Seminary "St. Albert the Great" in Erfurt, in 1987/1988 in the pastoral seminary in Neuzelle.

Priesthood.

Pickel was ordained a deacon on December 19, 1987, and a priest on June 25, 1988. From 1988–1990 he was vicar of the parish of St. Mary Magdalene in the town Kamenz (Saxony). On August 1, 1990 he was released for pastoral work in the USSR. From 1990 he was engaged in pastoral activities in the territory of former Soviet republics. In 1990/1991 he worked as vicar in the parishes in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Kurgan-Tube, Vakhsh). From 1991 the rector of the parish of Christ the King in Marx. From 1992 to 1998 he was dean in the Pavolskaga region, since 1998 member of the Apostolic Administration of priests to Catholics of Latin rite of the European part of Russia. On March 23, 1998 Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Bishop Husyry. Episcopal ordination was on June 7, 1998 in Marks, when he became the youngest bishop in Europe. On November 23, 1999 Apostolic Administrator of the South European part of Russia. From 1999 Member of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Russia, Chairman of the Commission on Affairs of the parishioners, and youth movements and the Commission KKER "pastoral – a vocation." Since 2001 he is a member of the Pontifical Council "Cor unum". On February 11, 2002 he became bishop of the Diocese of Saint Clement in Saratov. On December 15, 2003 Pickel finally got a residence permit in Russia.

Clemens Pickel (, born August 17, 1961, in Colditz, Saxony, Germany) is a German-Russian Catholic leader, and Bishop of Saratov, Russia. Pickel is the current chairman of the Episcopal Conference of Russia.


Biography.

Evans was born on 27 July 1920 in Sittingbourne, Kent; to John Evans, a cricketer and First World War Royal Flying Corps pilot and double prisoner-of-war escapee who wrote the 1926 novel, "The Escaping Club", and his wife, the former Marie Galbraith, an Irish concert violinist. Evans later told the Toronto Star in a 1992 interview on his return to "My Fair Lady" touring Russia, that aged 12, he decided to be an actor after seeing Sir John Gielgud on stage in "Richard II".  During the Second World War he was a Royal Air Force navigator, and flew during the Blitz. He returned to Winchester College and graduated in 1943, and then studied acting with the Old Vic company, with whom he made his stage debut in London's West End theatre in 1948 as a member of the Old Vic company.  Evans then moved to United States, making his New York debut in the Broadway theatre production of "Ring Round the Moon" opposite Harry Belafonte. Evans then played opposite a young Audrey Hepburn in "Gigi" in 1951. He then took on the role of Henry Higgins in a touring production of "My Fair Lady". Evans returned to Broadway in "Mary, Mary" and made the move to Hollywood when he took a role in "Bye Bye Birdie" (1963). While in Hollywood, he took on many guest starring roles in shows such as: "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Combat!", "Perry Mason" and his best known television role as Colonel Douglas Austin on "The Young and the Restless". In the early '80s he played Britain's greatest detective, "Sherlock Holmes" in "Sherlock and Me".

Personal life.

In 1948, Evans married Pat Wedgewood. The couple had two sons (Nick and Christopher), and divorced in 1983. His second wife, Pat Sigris Evans, died in 1986, with whom he had two daughters: Rosemarie and Bridget.  Evans died in a Woodland Hills assisted-living facility on 4 September 2007, of complications related to age. He was buried in Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery.

John Michael Evans (27 July 1920 – 4 September 2007) was an English actor best known for starring in the original 1951 Broadway production of "Gigi" with Audrey Hepburn, and later as Colonel Douglas Austin on the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless".


History.

"Witchfinder General".

It is for his third and final movie, "Witchfinder General", that Reeves is best remembered. He was only 24 years old when he co-wrote and directed it, but it is often called one of the greatest horror films that Britain has produced. Made on a very modest budget in East Anglia and adapted from the novel by Ronald Bassett, "Witchfinder General" tells the story of Matthew Hopkins, the infamous lawyer-turned-witchhunter who blackmails and murders his way across the countryside. Reeves imbues the film with a powerful sense of the impossibility of behaving morally in a society whose conventions have broken down, and though it is by no means free of the conventions of low-budget horror, it stands as a notably powerful and evocative film.  Reeves wanted Donald Pleasence to play the title role, but American International Pictures, the film's co-financiers, insisted on using their resident horror star Vincent Price instead. This caused friction between the veteran actor and the young director. A famous story is told of how Reeves won Price's respect: Reeves was constantly telling Price to tone down his over-acting, and to play the role more seriously. Price eventually cracked, snapping, "Young man, I have made eighty-four films. What have you done?" Reeves replied: "I've made three good ones."  Reeves continued to goad Price into delivering a vicious and brilliant performance, and only upon seeing the finished film did the actor realise what the director was up to, at which point Price took steps to bury the hatchet with Reeves. "Witchfinder General" was released to mixed reviews, with one notably savage notice by Alan Bennett appearing in "The Listener", but was soon reassessed and gained generally favourable reviews.

Death.

Michael Reeves died in London a few months after the film's release. After shooting "Witchfinder General" he was at work on an adaptation of "The Oblong Box" but had difficulties getting projects off the ground and was suffering from depression and insomnia, for which he took tablets and received a variety of treatments from medical and psychiatric practitioners. On the morning of 11 February 1969, Reeves was found dead in his bedroom, aged 25, in Cadogan Place, Knightsbridge, by his cleaning lady. The coroner's report stated that Reeves's death (from a barbiturate overdose) was accidental, the dosage being too marginal to suggest intention.

Slated projects.

Some films Reeves was apparently scheduled to direct or for which he was being considered were "The Buttercup Chain" and "De Sade". Both of these films were completed with other directors.

Michael Reeves (17 October 1943 – 11 February 1969) was an English film director and screenwriter. He is best known for the 1968 film "Witchfinder General" (known in the US as "Conqueror Worm"). He died at the age of 25 from an accidental alcohol and barbiturate overdose.


History.

The BSFA was the fourth attempt to set up a national organisation of science fiction fans in Britain. The first, the Science Fiction Association (SFA), was set up in 1937 by fans who attended the first British science fiction convention in Leeds in May of that year and was "devoted to the stimulation of interest in science fiction and scientific progress", but it had to be disbanded on the outbreak of the World War II barely two years later. The second attempt was the British Fantasy Society (which has no connection with the present organisation of the same name, which is a 1971 offshoot of the BSFA), which was established in June 1942 by many of the people behind the SFA with the objective of giving members (who numbered nearly one hundred) better access to science fiction through its extensive library. The BFS did not long survive the war, being wound-up in November 1946. In 1948 Captain Ken Slater, who ran "Operation Fantast" - a trading operation which bought and swapped books and magazines - proposed the founding of a new national fan organisation, and thus the Science Fantasy Society was born. Unfortunately Slater was later posted to the army in Germany and the remaining committee members did not share his "flaming enthusiasm" for the organisation; in September 1951 the SFS was declared to be "a glorious flop".  By the late 1950s, British science fiction fandom was in serious decline. The annual Eastercon had become a purely social event with a rapidly diminishing attendance (150 in 1954, 115 in 1955, 80 in 1956, fewer than 50 in 1958). Spurred by this, the 1958 Eastercon held in Kettering held a discussion on the whole future of British fandom. It was agreed that both British fanzines and science fiction conventions had become inward-looking and had moved so far away from science fiction that they were not attractive to newcomers, and there were no routes in to British fandom anyway. It was decided that the only way forward was a new national organisation devoted to the serious study of science fiction but also carrying material in its publication about fandom, so that newcomers could go on to more personal involvement in fandom. After considerable debate on the name ("science fiction" being considered a stigma in dealing with the Press), the BSFA was formed and had over 100 members by its first anniversary.

The British Science Fiction Association Limited is an organisation founded in 1958 by a group of British academics, science fiction fans, authors, publishers and booksellers, in order to promote the writing, criticism, and study of science fiction in every form. It is an open membership organisation, currently costing £29 per year for UK residents (£20 for students and the unwaged) and £45 for international members. The first president of the BSFA was Brian Aldiss. Stephen Baxter is the current President and the current Vice-President is Pat Cadigan. The BSFA currently publishes three magazines, sent to all members:


Early life and infantry service.

Gustav Dörr was born in Blindgallen, East Prussia, the son of a building contractor. He completed trade school and began work at age 18 with Krupp AG. In 1908, he was drafted in the military and enlisted in Infanterie-Regiment 176, and mustered out as a non-commissioned officer.  In August 1914, with the start of World War I, he was recalled. On 20 August 1914, he was seriously wounded, taking until December to recover. Upon his return he fought in actions along the Rawka River near Warsaw. During an attack on 17 February 1915, he was bayoneted in his right hip. This wound put him in the garrison hospital at Naumburg. He was incapacitated for front line duty, and was recommended for service in the reserve battalion of his regiment.

Aerial service.

Dörr saw a circular from the War Ministry asking for volunteers for pilot training. Dörr applied and was accepted despite his physical condition and relatively advanced age. He reported for training with FEA 2 at Döberitz in July 1915 and later at FEA 3 in Gotha.  On 18 March 1916, he was posted as a Vizefeldwebel to FA 68, an artillery observation unit engaged in artillery spotting. One of his comrades there was future ace Ernst Udet. Dörr earned an Iron Cross Second Class while assigned to FA 68.  Dörr and his observer Oberleutnant Serger were transferred to FA 6 to help counter heavy Allied air pressure. He stayed with the unit through its redesignation as FA 257 in May 1916, and participated in air operations prior to the Battle of the Somme in July.  In June 1917, the elevator on Dörr's plane failed in flight, and he crashed from an altitude of 1400 meters (4,600 feet). His observer, Leutnant Bohn, was killed; Dörr survived with his jaw broken in six places. This serious injury kept him out of action for three months.  He returned to duty at Althaus as a test pilot from November 1917 until February 1918, and was awarded an Iron Cross First Class on 22 December 1917.  In February 1918, he was then transferred from flying two seaters into Jagdgstaffel 45. His first victory was on 17 March, in a dogfight that saw six Germans tackle 26 French and British machines. Dörr knocked down a Sopwith 11⁄2 Strutter.  He downed a French Breguet 14 on 28 May, only to be shot down in flames by others in the formation. Fortunately, his altitude was only 400 meters (1,300 feet); he crash landed in no man's land between the French and German trenchworks with minor burns and made it back to German lines under heavy fire.  He claimed an unconfirmed victory only three days later and added three confirmed claims for the rest of June. In July, he logged eleven more victories, scoring consistently and increasingly often through the month. August added six more victories, bringing his total to 23. On 29 August, he was awarded the Gold Military Merit Cross; this was the enlisted man's equivalent of the better-known Pour le Merite or "Blue Max" given to officers. He was commissioned a lieutenant. September saw seven confirmed victories—three Spad VIIs and four Spad XIs. His tally now stood at 30. By 25 October, he had added three more. On that day, he was proposed for the Pour le Merite. Two days later, he scored one and had another unconfirmed claim. Another probable came the next day. His last victory of the war came on 30 August. On 4 November, he had an indecisive bout.  Dörr was the most successful ace to fly the Fokker D.VII, accumulating 30 victories with it. He had been wounded four times in his country's service, twice as an infantryman, twice as a pilot. He had refused an assignment to the rear echelon to remain in the front line. Nevertheless, he did not receive his nation's greatest honor; the Kaiser abdicated without awarding Dörr's Blue Max. It was an embittering experience that may have been the root for false reports that he was given the Pour le Merite in January 1919.

After the war.

Gustav Dörr became one of the world's original commercial airline pilots after the war. He flew for Deutsche Luft Hansa.  On 11 December 1928, he was piloting a Junkers G 31 on a night flight from Cologne to Berlin. He attempted an emergency landing at Letzlinger Heide. His plane brushed a tree on final approach and crash landed. Spilled fuel caught fire and killed Dörr and his crew. Luft Hansa later commemorated him by naming one of its airliners after him.

Gustav Dörr (5 October 1887 – 11 December 1928) was a German World War I fighter pilot credited with 35 victories. He went on to become one of the world's first airline pilots.


Life.

Richard Stöss was born during the final part of World War II at Sankt Goar, a small wine producing town on the left bank along the narrow section of the Rhine Gorge between Koblenz and Mainz. He passed his school final exams ("Abitur") in 1965, just a few weeks short of his twenty-first birthday. Between 1969 and 1996 he worked at the Central Institute for Social Sciences Research at the Free University of Berlin, which is where in 1970 he received his first degree, in political sciences.  Till 1971 he combined his studies with part time work as a research assistant. Between 1971 and 1976 he was a research assistant, and between 1976 and 1996 he was a research associate (initially on the DFG "Party systems" project, and subsequently unrestricted). He was supervised for his doctorate, which he received in 1978, by. His habilitation, also awarded by the Free University of Berlin, followed in 1984, was received in return for a dissertation on the "structure and development of the party system" in West Germany, which was subsequently adapted for wider publication.  In 1996 Stöss became a member of the Department of Political Sciences (today the Department of Political and Social Sciences) at the Free University of Berlin, also taking on the top job at the Otto Suhr Institute's "Otto-Stammer-Zentrum". In 2004 he was appointed an extraordinary professor.  Richard Stöss is a member of the SPD.  He has been retired from his full-time university commitments since April 2009.

Richard Stöss (born 18 March 1944) is a German political scientist and extraordinary professor at the Free University of Berlin. The focus of his research is on right-wing extremism and on.


The Greatest Story Ever Told (The Lawrence Arms album)

Cultural references.

In the liner notes and artwork the band members identify themselves under false names and as playing instruments not found on the album, specifically Gordon Shumway on vibraslap, Ivan Nikolayevich on harp and lyre, and Ferdinand Magellan on bassoon. The names are references to history, literature and pop culture:  They also fictitiously list several other famous figures as "additional musicians", including musician John Oates, actors Bronson Pinchot and Ian Ziering, poet Ezra Pound and former President Chester A. Arthur.

"The Master and Margarita".

Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" is referred to several times: the album has a song called "Chapter 13: The Hero Appears", named after the same chapter in the book; its liner notes name one of the band members (corresponding to guitarist Chris McCaughan) as Ivan Nikolayevich; the song "A Wishful Puppeteer" includes the lyric "text to burn" in reference to Bulgakov's combustion of an early draft of the book and other works; and the liner notes' back page features the same quote from Faust that prefaces the novel.

Quotations.

In addition to the numerous historical, literary and cultural references made in the album's lyrics, the inside back cover of the liner notes bears a pair of quotations designed to illustrate the album's juxtaposition of "legitimate" literature and philosophy with American pop culture: "Part of that Power which eternally wills evil and eternally works good." -from Goethe's "Faust" (also prefaces "The Master and Margarita", which as noted above is referenced elsewhere in the album)  "Is this true?" "Yes, your honor, this man has no dick." -Bill Murray in "Ghostbusters"

The Greatest Story Ever Told is the fourth studio album by the American punk rock band The Lawrence Arms, released in 2003 by Fat Wreck Chords. A concept album of sorts, it follows a linear storyline and has several songs which call back to or refer to others. The album includes extensive liner notes with footnotes to the lyrics that detail the many literary and pop culture references. Its title is a direct reference to the movie "The Greatest Story Ever Told", a 1965 film about the life of Jesus.


Biosynthesis of NCS Chromophore.

The biosynthesis of neocarzinostatin takes place through a convergence of the activities of a gene cluster, which includes two separate iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and deoxy sugar biosynthetic pathways. The first type I PKS gene, NcsE, codes for the enediyne moiety. The second type I PKS gene, NcsB, codes for the naphthoic acid moiety. Additionally, a cluster of "NcsC" genes are responsible for coding enzymes for the synthesis of the deoxyamino sugar moiety of NCS chromophore. The biosynthesis can be divided into three preliminary steps with a final convergence of the three moieties:  1. Synthesis of deoxyaminosugar moiety: This part is carried out by the enzymes encoded by a cluster of seven genes, named "NcsC" through "Ncs6". Since, these enzymes have similarity to dNDP-D-mannose synthases, it has been proposed that, the synthesis starts from D-mannose-1-phosphate. Since the C-2 hydroxyl group (-OH) is ultimately eliminated, the possibility of having D-glucose-1-phosphate cannot also be ruled out. However, additional studies indicate that, D-mannose-1-phosphate is the more likely starting point.  2. Synthesis of naphthoic acid moiety: "NcsB", "NcsB1", "NcsB2" and "NcsB3" are enzymes responsible for the synthesis of the naphthoic acid moiety. This is similar to other enediyne natural products, the genes involved in construction of the aromatic moiety are an iterative type I PKS rather than a type II PKS system. The methyl group on the phenol group is added by SAM.  3. Synthesis of enediyne moiety and convergent assembly: The enediyne is synthesized by 14 enzymes encoded by "NcsE" to "NcsE11" plus "NcsF1" and "NcsF2". "NcsE" to "NcsE11" constitute another iterative type I PKS, while "NcsF1" and "NcsF2" have epoxide hydrolase activity.  Finally, the building blocks are assembled in a convergent fashion. Ncs6 glycosyltransferase catalyzes the coupling between the enediyne core and the dNDP-deoxyaminosugar. The naphthoyl group is attached to the enediyne core by the enzyme NcsB2 CoA ligase. There is an additional carbonate functionality added, probably originating from CO (or bicarbonate), however, it remains to be determined whether this step is truly enzymatic.

Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a macromolecular chromoprotein enediyne antitumor antibiotic secreted by "Streptomyces macromomyceticus". It consists of two parts, a labile chromophore (the non-protein molecular entity shown at right) and a 113 amino acid protein to which the chromophore is tightly and non-covalently bound with high affinity (K ~ 10 M). The non-protein component is a very potent DNA-damaging agent; However it is extremely unstable and the role of the protein is to protect it and release it to the target DNA. Opening of the epoxide under reductive conditions present in cells creates favorable conditions for a Bergman cyclization, leading to formation of benzyne, followed by DNA strand cleavage. Another important member of the chromoprotein group of natural products is kedarcidin.


Types of trading strategies.

The term trading strategy can in brief be used by any fixed plan of trading a financial instrument, but the general use of the term is within computer assisted trading, where a trading strategy is implemented as computer program for automated trading. Technical strategies can be broadly divided into the mean-reversion and momentum groups.  All these trading strategies are speculative. In the moral context speculative activities are considered negatively and to be avoided by each individual.who conversely should maintain a long term horizon avoiding any types of short term speculation.

Development.

The trading strategy is developed by the following methods:  The development and application of a trading strategy preferably follows eight steps: (1) Formulation, (2) Specification in computer-testable form, (3) Preliminary testing, (4) Optimization, (5) Evaluation of performance and robustness, (6) Trading of the strategy, (7) Monitoring of trading performance, (8) Refinement and evolution.

Performance measurement.

Usually the performance of a trading strategy is measured on the risk-adjusted basis. Probably the best-known risk-adjusted performance measure is the Sharpe ratio. However, in practice one usually compares the expected return against the volatility of returns or the maximum drawdown. Normally, higher expected return implies higher volatility and drawdown. The choice of the risk-reward trade-off strongly depends on trader's risk preferences. Often the performance is measured against a benchmark, the most common one is an Exchange-traded fund on a stock index. In the long term a strategy that acts according to Kelly criterion beats any other strategy. However, Kelly's approach was heavily criticized by Paul Samuelson.

Executing strategies.

A trading strategy can be executed by a trader (Discretionary Trading) or automated (Automated Trading). Discretionary Trading requires a great deal of skill and discipline. It is tempting for the trader to deviate from the strategy, which usually reduces its performance.  An automated trading strategy wraps trading formulas into automated order and execution systems. Advanced computer modeling techniques, combined with electronic access to world market data and information, enable traders using a trading strategy to have a unique market vantage point. A trading strategy can automate all or part of your investment portfolio. Computer trading models can be adjusted for either conservative or aggressive trading styles.

In finance, a trading strategy is a fixed plan that is designed to achieve a profitable return by going long or short in markets. The main reasons that a properly researched trading strategy helps are its verifiability, quantifiability, consistency, and objectivity.


Route.

The line passes through Taunusstein, Bad Schwalbach (called Langenschwalbach until 1927), Aarbergen and Hahnstätten, which all lie in the Aar valley in the Western Hintertaunus (the lower north-western ridges of the Taunus). The southern part of the Aar Valley Railway runs through Hesse and the section between Diez and Zollhaus lies in Rhineland-Palatinate.  The line formerly connected in Diez with the Lahn Valley Railway between Limburg and Koblenz.  Until 1951, passengers could change in Zollhaus to the narrow-gauge Nassau Light Railway ("Nassauische Kleinbahn", NKB), connecting to Sankt Goarshausen and Braubach on the Rhine.  Connections existed in Wiesbaden to trains towards Darmstadt and Aschaffenburg, Mainz, Koblenz, Niedernhausen and Frankfurt.

History.

After the annexation of the Duchy of Nassau by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866, the Prussian state railways considered build a rail link between Wiesbaden and the Limburg area. Moritz Hilf, who had been technical director of the Nassau State Railway since 1862, was put in charge of building the line across the Taunus ridge and through the Aar valley. The project was implemented in three main phases between 1869/70 and 1894.  On 1 June 1870, the first section was opened between Limburg and Zollhaus. This section was mainly used for the transport of minerals, which were obtained in the Zollhaus area (iron ore, limestone, marble and porphyry). The line, which today is largely in the area of the municipalities of Hahnstätten and Diez, follows the relatively wide and flat Aar valley. Built as a mainline railway, the section was designed with curves with a large radius of 300 m for a top speed of 80 km/h; it was reclassified as a secondary or local railway on 19 April 1881.  On 15 November 1889, the section between the Wiesbaden Rhine station ("Wiesbaden Rheinbahnhof") and the spa of Langenschwalbach was opened. This had to climb the main ridge of the Taunus between the valleys of the Aar and the Rhine. The line passes through a gap in the main range known as the Eiserne Hand (iron hand); Eiserne Hand station is the highest station on the line. The section between Chausseehaus station and the apex of the line when it opened had a grade of 1 in 30, making it the steepest section of line without rack in Imperial Germany. This section of the route had curves with a very tight curve radius of 180 m, allowing a top speed of 40 km/h. This meant that the construction of expensive and elaborate tunnels and bridges could be avoided. It was not until 1907–1911 that the minimum curve radius was increased to 200 m and the maximum speed at these curves was increased to 50 km/h.  In 1894, the third phase of construction the gap between Langenschwalbach and Zollhaus was completed. This was done mainly at the behest of the industrialist family of Passavant in Kettenbach, which operated the Michelbach steel works. Since the Aar here runs through a gorge and is sinuous, four tunnels had to be built to shorten the loops of the Aar. This section had curves with a minimum radius of 250 m, which allowed a top speed of 60 km/h.  The line in Wiesbaden left from the Rhine station in a tight arc to the west (Niederwaldstraße and Aßmannshäuser Straße (streets) are on the former course of the line) and then parallel to Dotzheimer Straße to Dotzheim station. The line had to be realigned to connect to the new Central Station ("Hauptbahnhof"), opened in 1906, and Wiesbaden West freight yard. The new line was inaugurated on 2 May 1904 and ran through the stations of Landesdenkmal (opened 1907) and Waldstraße (opened 1905). On 28 November 1904, the West Wiesbaden freight yard on was opened on the new line. An important link for freight on the line, the Bahnhof (station) curve (at the station now called Wiesbaden Ost) was opened to traffic on 1 October 1906.  In 1986, passenger services were resumed as heritage services of the "Nassauische Touristik-Bahn" (Nassau Tourist Railway, NTB), which is based in Dotzheim station. A year later, the buildings and technical facilities of the line and stations were classified as a historical monument in anticipation of its closure. Some of the station buildings were sold, but the line was largely left in a state of disrepair.

Operations.

The track is single track throughout and is not electrified. Stations where trains can pass each other are at Dotzheim, Hahn-Wehen, Bad Schwalbach, Hohenstein, Kettenbach and Zollhaus. The track is in large part supported by steel sleepers.

Passengers.

The southern section—known as the "Langenschwalbacher Bahn" (Langenschwalbach Railway)—was used in the Wilhelmine era especially for spa traffic between the world-famous spa of Wiesbaden and the women's spa of Langenschwalbach. Between them in Chausseehaus was a summer resort with hotel, restaurant and several rest homes. The steep and winding line through the Eiserne Hand gap required the development of a short carriages with bogies, which was known as a "Langenschwalbacher". In 1892, the Langenschwalbach variant of the class T 9 tender locomotive was put into operation, since the slope was found to be too steep for the Prussian T 3 locomotives that were used originally.  After the First World War, the Aar Valley Railway crossed at Laufenselden the Free State Bottleneck ("Freistaat Flaschenhals"), a strip of land between the American bridgehead of Koblenz and the French bridgehead at Mainz.  After the Second World War, the line was cut between Zollhaus and Kettenbach by the border between the American and French occupation zone. Special passes were required to travel on the trains. Later this became the border between Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate. From the 1960s on, this line was mainly served by accumulator railcars of class 517, known as "Limburger Zigarre" (Limburg cigars). In addition, the line was served by Silberling carriages, hauled by class 216 diesel locomotives. On 25 September 1983, the last scheduled passenger train ran between Wiesbaden and Bad Schwalbach. On 28 September 1986, the remaining northern section of the line was closed to traffic; at the end it was still used by Uerdingen railbuses.  On 28 December 1985, the Nassauische Touristik-Bahn began operating tourist trains, hauled by steam and diesel locomotives. These trains were based in Dotzheim station and originally operated to Hahn-Wehen. From 28 March 1991, was the line was extended to Bad Schwalbach and from 29 April 1994 to Hohenstein. The operation stopped in May 2007 when a bridge was damaged by the collision of a road vehicle and because of several defective sets of points.

Freight.

The Aar railway was used for the transportation of mining products. The Schaefer lime works in Oberneisen and the Michelbach steelworks ("Michelbacher Hütte") in Kettenbach are located directly on the line. While freight traffic on the Wiesbaden–Bad Schwalbach line was discontinued at the same time as passenger services on 24 September 1983, freight traffic ran from Diez to Bad Schwalbach until 28 December 1990 and traffic to Hohenstein was closed on 1 December 1992. The last train between Kettenbach and the northern end of the line ran on June 1999.  Since 2007, the operation of traffic was resumed between Wiesbaden Ost station and Henkell & Co. (a sparkling wine manufacturer) at the former Landesdenkmal station.

Reactivation plans.

Rhineland-Palatinate.

At the end of August 2008, the "Zweckverband Schienenpersonennahverkehr Rheinland-Pfalz-Nord" (Northern Rhineland-Palatinate Public Transport Association, SPNV-Nord) decided to reactivate the Limburg–Zollhaus section in 2014 with an hourly regional service as part of Rhineland-Palatinate integrated regular interval service ("Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt"). This would form part of the "Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt 2015" concept, which includes the reactivation of disused railway lines. The expected travel time on the 13.7 km long section between Zollhaus and Limburg (including a reversal in Diez) would be 20 minutes and thus only half as long as the existing bus service. A diesel multiple unit would operate a shuttle service on the line. In addition to the reactivation of the existing stations additional stations would be established in Niederneisen, Holzheim and Freiendiez. It was announced in 2011 that the commissioning would be delayed, however, until August 2015. A proposed extension of the reactivated section of line to Michelbach was ruled out for cost reasons, since it would require a second vehicle.

Hesse.

There have been plans since 1998 to restore and electrify the section of the Aar Valley Railway between Bad Schwalbach and Wiesbaden-Dotzheim as part of a proposed Wiesbaden Stadtbahn and building a new line from Dotzheim through the central city to Wiesbaden Central Station ("Hauptbahnhof"), including the option of an extension to Mainz. It was proposed to open the new line by 2005. After local elections in 2001, the majority in the Wiesbaden city council abandoned these plans. However, another election in 2011 has changed the balance in the council and plans for a Stadtbahn have been revived, although the proposed initial stage would not connect to the Aar Valley Railway.

The Aar Valley Railway () is a 53.7 km long line between Wiesbaden, the capital of the German state of Hesse, and Diez in Rhineland-Palatinate. From 1985 to 2007, the southern end was operated as a heritage railway with historic trains. The Hessian part of the line is heritage-listed. Currently, two bridges are unusable and several sets of points are defective and need to be repaired. Its northern end is operated with draisines.


Early life.

Arthur Ryan Smith was born in Calgary, Alberta on May 16, 1919 to Arthur LeRoy Smith, Member of Parliament for Calgary West from 1945 to 1951, and Sara Isobel Ryan. He grew up in Calgary and in British Columbia. He got his first job as an oil field worker at the age of 16 in Turner Valley, Alberta and spent four years working in the oil patch.  At the outbreak of World War II Smith enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and became a pilot. He flew 34 combat missions on Lancaster bombers and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. When Smith returned home from the war he went back to work in the oil patch. He worked his way up from roughneck to Assistant of the President at the Anglo-American Oil Company. In 1952 he became editor for the publication "Petroleum Exploration Digest".

Municipal politics.

Smith was elected to Calgary city council in 1953 and served there until 1955 when he decided to run for a seat in the provincial legislature.  Smith returned to city council after retiring from federal politics in 1963. He was elected in 1965 and remained in office until 1967.

Provincial politics.

Smith ran as a candidate in the Calgary provincial electoral district in the 1955 Alberta general election. He finished first in the vote counts on the first ballot. He resigned in 1957 to run for Parliament.

Federal politics.

Smith ran in the district of Calgary South in the 1957 federal election. He won by 10,000 votes over Donald McKay. In the election the following year, he won by 23,000 votes over the nearest candidate. In the 1962 federal election. His margin of victory was significantly reduced, but he still won in a landslide. Smith retired from federal politics in 1963 at the dissolution of the house. During his time as a Member of Parliament, he served as a delegate to the United Nations.

Late life.

Smith became an influential business man after his career in public office. In 1961 he and Milt Harradence used their political influence with Prime John Diefenbaker to make Lynn Garrison's Lancaster Memorial Fund a success. This saw Lancaster FM-136, purchased from Crown Assets Disposal Corporation by Lynn Garrison, displayed at McCall Field, Calgary as a memorial to those who had trained under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Smith had won his Distinguished Flying Cross while flying Lancasters during World War II. He served as an executive on numerous companies, sat on public boards, and volunteered in youth sports programs. In 1988 he was appointed Chief of Protocol for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary. In 1998, Smith founded the Calgary Homeless Foundation, a registered charity committed to end homelessness in Calgary.  In 2006 he endorsed Mark Norris for the leadership of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party.

Awards.

Smith became a member of the Order of Canada in 1988 and an officer in 2003. That same year he was also given an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Calgary. He was awarded the Alberta Order of Excellence and in 1997 he became Honorary Colonel of the 416 Tactical Fighter Squadron.

Captain Arthur "Art" Ryan Smith Jr. OC AOE DFC (May 16, 1919 – June 30, 2008) was a Canadian oilfield worker, fighter pilot, executive business man, philanthropist, magazine editor, advertising executive and politician on the municipal, provincial and federal levels of government.


Biography.

Marble was born in Dixfield (in modern-day Maine, then a part of Massachusetts) on March 1, 1817, one of nine children of Ephraim Marble (1787 -1871) and his wife, the former Hannah Packard. He was educated at the Waterville Academy, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843.  He practiced law in Waldoboro, Maine, and became active in the Republican Party. Marble served as federal deputy collector of customs for his district from 1862 to 1863, and collector from 1864 to 1867. Marble was Maine's federal registrar in bankruptcy (a judicial position) from 1867 to 1870, and served as the United States Marshal for Maine from 1870 to 1878.  Marble was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1864 and 1880.  He was elected to three terms in the Maine State Senate beginning in 1882, and was President of the Senate in his last term. Governor Joseph R. Bodwell died on December 15, 1887, and as Senate President, Marble succeeded to the governorship. Marble was unsuccessful in his bid for election to a full term; he was 71 at the time and the Republican party decided to nominate a younger candidate. They settled on Edwin C. Burleigh, who was nominated and won the general election.  Marble left office at the end of his term on January 2, 1889. He remained active in his local community, including service on the school board and chairman of the Board of Selectmen. He died in Waldoboro on May 10, 1902, and was buried at the Rural Cemetery in Waldoboro.

Sebastian Streeter Marble (March 1, 1817 – May 10, 1902) was an American politician and who most notably served as the 41st Governor of Maine.


First generation (1999–2011).

The first generation of the Ford Ikon was launched in November 1999, in the Indian capital of New Delhi. It was based on the fourth generation of the Ford Fiesta hatchback, being the four-door sedan version of the latter. Reportedly, it was designed specifically for the Indian market, after the company's officials recognised that a more tailored car could be more successful than the global models in that market. It has been produced at Ford's factory located in Chennai India  In was also marketed in South America and in China, where it was known as the Ford Fiesta Sedan. At the beginning of 2001, it also began assembly in South Africa and in Mexico. In China, it was assembled starting from 2003, at the Changan Ford factory. In this market, it featured a four-speed automatic transmission, as well as other features such as ABS with electronic brake force distribution, CD player and changer, electric mirrors, remote central locking, anti-theft alarm and front airbags.  It was powered by a 1.3-litre petrol engine, with a single overhead camshaft and electronic fuel injection, that was capable of generating.  Additional 1.6-litre petrol, and 1.8-litre diesel variants were launched at the end of 2002 and during 2003 respectively.  The better equipped version Flair featured power steering, electric windows, air conditioning, central locking, tachometer, side impact beams ans new jeans blue color option.

Facelift.

In November 2008, it was facelifted and received a new diesel engine, from the Duratorq engine family, featuring common-rail injection. It complemented the 1.3-litre petrol unit, and was able to deliver and of torque.  Among the features of this model, there were a CD/MP3 player, redesigned seat covers, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, remote controlled central locking, a new instrument cluster with LCD odometer display, internally adjustable door mirrors. At the exterior it featured new redesigned headlamps, clear tail lamps and no moldings on the doors. The boot had a capacity of.  It was retired from production in early 2011, following the launch of the sixth generation of the Ford Fiesta in India. The Ford Fiesta Classic (the fifth generation Fiesta in saloon form, sold in India since 2005) effectively took the place of the Ikon in the market.

Second generation (2007–2015).

The following fifth generation of the Ford Fiesta spawned into two models with a sedan body style, one in India and one in Brazil. They were both marketed under the Ford Fiesta nameplate in their countries of origin, but in some particular markets they were exported as the new Ford Ikon (namely in South Africa and in Mexico). Furthermore, a redesigned hatchback version of the same generation of the Ford Fiesta, produced in India and marketed as the Ford Figo, is also exported as the Ford Ikon in Mexico.

South Africa.

In India, the new generation Ford Fiesta was launched in October 2005. This model was available only as a sedan and featured a different exterior design than the model released in Europe, but had a relatively similar interior.  This same model was released in South Africa as the new Ford Ikon in September 2007. It was powered by either a 1.4-litre or a 1.6-litre petrol engine, both with double overhead camshaft and four valves per cylinder, or by a 1.4-litre common-rail turbodiesel engine. All three engines were coupled to a five-speed manual gearbox.  The car was facelifted in June 2008, the modification being adopted in South Africa in February 2009. It received a revised front end (pictured), new 15-inch alloy wheels and new interior and trim specifications.  Its dimensions are: wheelbase, length, width, height. The boot capacity has been increased to.

Mexico.

In Brazil, the sedan version of the fifth generation Ford Fiesta was introduced in September 2004, being also marketed throughout the rest of Latin America (including Mexico). This model featured the same front end design as the model released in Europe. Unlike other countries the Ikon was marketed in South America as the Fiesta Sedan. It was facelifted in January 2007, and again in April 2010.  This second facelift was introduced in Mexico as the new Ford Ikon during the same year. It was followed by a hatchback version, marketed as the Ikon Hatch, that was released one year later. The latter has a different front end design from the sedan and is imported from India, where it is known as the Ford Figo. It is also a redesigned version of the fifth generation of the Ford Fiesta. The sedan version was subsequently retired from the range in Mexico in February 2012.  The sedan model was powered by a 1.6-litre petrol engine with a single overhead camshaft, coupled to a five-speed manual transmission, that had a maximum power output of. The hatchback version has a 1.6-litre Duratec petrol engine with a double overhead camshaft, that develops a maximum power of.  Its dimensions are: wheelbase, length, width, height. The boot capacity is.

The Ford Ikon is a subcompact car produced by Ford since the end of 1999. It has been initially introduced as the sedan version of the Ford Fiesta hatchback car. It spawned over two generations, the first being based on the fourth generation of the Ford Fiesta and bearing a similar front end design.


Biography.

Haupt learnt his trade during a period when the French rococo had established itself in Swedish furniture design, but came to Paris in 1764, when the neoclassical style later known under the name of Louis XVI had started to gain ground. Details of his life in Paris are scarce but he was probably employed in the workshop of Simon Oeben, the brother of the better-known Jean-François Oeben. He had come to London at some point before early February 1768, and may have been independently active as a cabinetmaker—a possibility thanks to the more liberal trade regulations in England—and remained there until July 1769, when his appointment as cabinetmaker to the King prompted him to return to Stockholm. His first royal commission was to be a desk intended as a gift for the Queen. After some pressure from the King, the Stockholm carpentry guild allowed him to use the completed piece to qualify as a master, even though there were Stockholm journeymen older than him waiting for their turn. Having been allowed into the Guild in 1770, he became a burgess in Stockholm the following year, establishing a workshop in rented premises at Trumpetarbacken, Norrmalm, which during the following years would employ three and later four journeymen and a few apprentices and produce furniture for the royal court and the Swedish social and economic elite. His reputation increased after his finishing of a mineral cabinet (depicted) for the Prince of Condé.  Haupt's style was characterized by detailed intarsia combining different woods of varying colour and structure. Even though Haupt's own furniture never reached outside the elite that could afford his prices, his style was popularized by a number of contemporaries and his influence on Swedish furniture making was great during his own lifetime. Soon after his sudden death from a stroke in 1784, fashion moved towards a more simplified style. After his death, his widow, Sara Catharina Thuring, continued to run the workshop until she remarried one of her husband's former journeymen, Gustaf Adolf Ditzinger, who had at that point recently become a master.

Georg Haupt (Stockholm 10 August 1741—Stockholm 18 September 1784) was a Swedish cabinet maker. Haupt was the son of a Nuremberg carpenter and learnt his trade as an apprentice of Johan Conrad Eckstein in Stockholm, after which he travelled as a journeyman to Amsterdam, Paris and London. He became cabinetmaker to King Adolphus Frederick in 1769 and a master carpenter and burgess in Stockholm in 1770 and 1771, respectively.


Content.

The Band booked a residency at the Academy of Music for the last week of 1971, culminating in a New Year's Eve performance. Robbie Robertson had commissioned New Orleans songwriter and arranger Allen Toussaint to compose horn charts for their recent single "Life Is a Carnival" from the album "Cahoots", and decided to have Toussaint write special charts for a five-man horn section to augment the group on their upcoming concerts. Charts written by Toussaint in New Orleans were in luggage lost at the airport, and a new set was composed in a cabin near Robertson's house in Woodstock. Robertson selected eleven songs to receive horn charts, and all are included on the released album. The horns do not play on "Get Up Jake", "Stage Fright", "This Wheel's on Fire", "The Weight", "The Shape I'm In", and "The Genetic Method." Selections on the bonus disc also do not feature horn arrangements, although the horn section added spontaneous flourishes to "Down in the Flood" and "Rolling Stone."  The repertoire consisted of material from all four of The Band's studio albums up to that point, and one new original song, "Get Up Jake", which were framed on the album by covers of the 1964 Motown hit single "Baby Don't You Do It" by Marvin Gaye, and "(I Don't Want to Hang Up) My Rock and Roll Shoes", the b-side of Chuck Willis' final single. Four nights from December 28 through 31 were recorded, and the balance of the recordings on the released album were derived from the final two nights. Their previous employer Bob Dylan made a surprise visit on the New Year's Eve show, playing four songs with the group in the early morning hours of January 1, 1972.  Originally released in 1972 as a double album, it was reissued in 1980 as two separate LPs, titled "Rock of Ages, Vol. 1" and "Rock of Ages, Vol. 2". The first edition for compact disc in 1987 was released as an "abridged version"; "The Genetic Method" (Garth Hudson's instrumental solo/introduction to "Chest Fever") was omitted, but later re-instated on the unedited two-disc version released in 1990. On May 8, 2001, an expanded and remastered two-disc edition appeared, with the original album on one disc, and an additional ten tracks on a bonus disc. Included on the bonus disc were the four songs featuring Dylan and another Motown cover, the 1966 hit single "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" by The Four Tops.  The 2005 retrospective Band box set "A Musical History" contains several "Rock of Ages" tracks newly remixed from the multitrack tapes, as well as a previously-unissued performance of the song "Smoke Signal" from the December 28 show. A hybrid SACD reissue of the original album was released on the Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab label in 2010. The song "Chest Fever" from this album is available as downloadable content for the video game "Rock Band".  In 2013, Capitol released "Live at the Academy of Music 1971: The Rock of Ages Concerts", a box set consisting of four CDs and one DVD (mostly only audio), and containing all previously released material from the concerts as well as numerous unissued performances (including the December 31 show in its entirety) presented in new stereo and 5.1 surround mixes.

Personnel.

The Band  Additional musicians  Production

Charts.

Singles - "Billboard" (United States)

Rock of Ages: The Band in Concert is a live album by the Band, released in 1972. It was compiled from recordings made during their series of shows at the Academy of Music in New York City, from December 28 through December 31, 1971. It peaked at #6 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, and was certified a gold record by the RIAA. An expanded release of recordings taken from the same series of shows, called "Live at the Academy of Music 1971", was released in 2013.