Peterborough (UK Parliament constituency)

Boundaries and boundary changes.

The City of Peterborough formed a parliamentary borough returning two Members in 1541. The rest of the Soke of Peterborough was part of the Northamptonshire parliamentary county; the area south of the River Nene was in the historic county of Huntingdonshire and Thorney was considered part of Cambridgeshire. Until 1832 when the whole of the parish of Saint John the Baptist was encompassed, the boundary, as far as is known, excluded the villages of Longthorpe, Dogsthorpe and Newark with Eastfield. The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, while the rural portion of the Soke was included in the Northern division of Northamptonshire. Under the Boundaries Act 1868, New Fletton and Woodstone were transferred from Huntingdonshire and, under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the borough's representation was reduced from two to one MP.  In 1918 the parliamentary borough was abolished and replaced with a new division of the parliamentary county of Northampton with the Soke of Peterborough, including the whole of the Soke (which had been created as a separate administrative county by the Local Government Act 1888) and neighbouring parts of the administrative county of Northamptonshire, absorbing the bulk of the abolished Northern division, incorporating Oundle and extending down to and beyond Thrapston and Corby. This became a county constituency under the revisions brought in for the 1950 general election by the Representation of the People Act 1948, with only minor changes to the boundaries of the constituency to reflect a rationalisation of the rural districts of Northamptonshire.  The composition of the constituency from 1918 onwards is shown in the table below.  In 1965 the administrative counties of the Soke of Peterborough and Huntingdonshire were combined to form Huntingdon and Peterborough. At the next redistribution, which came into effect for the February 1974 general election, the constituency was redesignated as a Borough Constituency, composed of the local authorities which had comprised the Soke, together with the small Rural District of Thorney, which was transferred from the administrative county/county constituency of Isle of Ely. The parts in Northamptonshire were transferred to the county constituency of Wellingborough.  Meanwhile, as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, the two counties of Huntingdon and Peterborough and Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely were merged to form the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire, with effect from 1 April 1974. However, the next redistribution did not come into effect until the 1983 general election, when areas to the south of the River Nene, including Fletton and the Ortons, which were now part of the expanded City of Peterborough, were transferred from the abolished County Constituency of Huntingdonshire. Mainly rural areas to the east (Thorney and Eye) and west (Barnack and Werrington) were transferred respectively to the new County Constituencies of North East Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon.  The next redistribution, which came into effect for the 1997 general election, saw the creation of the County Constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, which took the areas to the south of the River Nene (City of Peterborough wards of Fletton, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville and Stanground). Werrington was transferred back from the Huntingdon constituency. Following their review of parliamentary representation in Cambridgeshire in 2005, the Boundary Commission for England made minor alterations to the existing constituencies to deal with population changes, including the transfer back of Thorney and Eye from North East Cambridgeshire. There were also marginal changes to take account of the redistribution of City of Peterborough wards. These changes increased the electorate from 64,893 to 70,640. On the enumeration date of 17 February 2000, the electoral quota for England was 69,934 voters per constituency.  The current constituency is composed of built-up areas of Peterborough to the north of the River Nene, as well as rural areas to the east and north and comprises approximately 60% of the electorate of the local authority of the City of Peterborough. Remaining parts of the City, composed of residential areas to the south of the River Nene and rural areas to the west of Peterborough (wards of Barnack, Fletton, Glinton and Wittering, Northborough, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville, Orton with Hampton, Stanground Central, and Stanground East) form part of the North West Cambridgeshire constituency.

Franchise.

In the unreformed House of Commons to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat, a man had to own (not rent) freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year (women could neither vote nor stand for election). This was known as the 40/- freehold. The franchise for borough seats varied enormously. Originally in Peterborough the dean and chapter had claimed the franchise and held that only residents of Minster Precincts were burgesses. By the interregnum, the city was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. In 1800 there were 2,000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough. By 1835 this was 576, or about one per cent of the population. Bribery was general until the introduction of the secret ballot under the Ballot Act 1872. Votes were cast by spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, erected on the Market Place (now Cathedral Square).  In 1832 the Great Reform Act enfranchised those who owned or leased land worth £10 or more and the Second Reform Act extended this to all householders paying £10 or more in rent per annum, effectively enfranchising the skilled working class, so by 1868 the percentage of voters in Peterborough had risen to about 20% of the population. The Third Reform Act extended the provisions of the previous act to the counties and the Fourth Reform Act widened suffrage further by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This system, known as universal manhood suffrage, was first used in the 1918 general election. However, full electoral equality wouldn't occur until the Fifth Reform Act ten years later.  According to the 2001 census, the population count of Peterborough constituency is 95,103 persons, comprising 46,131 males and 48,972 females. 67.56% of those aged 16–74 are economically active, including 5.92% unemployed; a further 12.26% are retired and 3.08% students. Of a total 39,760 households, 63.80% are owner occupied, fewer than the regional (72.71%) and national (68.72%) averages. Turnout at the 2005 general election was 41,194 or 61.0% of those eligible to vote, below the regional (63.6%) and national (61.3%) figures.

Members of Parliament.

Peterborough sent two members to parliament for the first time in 1547. Before the civil war, many were relatives of the clergy; then for two hundred years after the restoration there was always a Fitzwilliam, or a Fitzwilliam nominee, sitting as member for Peterborough, making it a Whig stronghold. Representation was reduced to one member under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.  One of the earliest incumbents, Sir Walter Mildmay, member for Peterborough from 1553 to 1554, subsequently became Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1559 to 1589. Later, in the nineteenth century, William Elliot, Whig member from 1802 until his death in 1819, was Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1806 and 1807; the Hon. William Lamb (later the 2nd Viscount Melbourne), Whig member from 1816 to 1819, became Home Secretary in 1830 then Prime Minister from 1834 to 1841; and Sir James Scarlett (later the 1st Baron Abinger), Whig member from 1819 to 1830, was, from 1827, Attorney General for England and Wales.  From the formal merger of the breakaway Liberal Unionists with the Conservatives in 1912 and the absorption of rural North Northamptonshire in 1918, Peterborough has been predominantly Conservative; however, it has elected Labour MPs several times from 1929 onwards.  Lord Burghley, as he then was, succeeded the socialist writer and illustrator, Frank Horrabin, who was born in the city and elected under the leadership of Ramsay MacDonald in 1929. David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter, winner of 400m hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics, member of the International Olympic Committee for 48 years and chairman of the organising committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics, was the Conservative member from 1931 to 1943.  In 1966, in one of the closest polls in UK history, Sir Harmar Nicholls held the seat by three votes after seven recounts. Nicholls was the Conservative member from 1950 to 1974, when he lost in the October election of that year to Labour's Michael Ward, having held on by just 22 votes after four recounts in the election eight months earlier. The growth in the New Town from 1967 may in part account for Labour's victory here in 1974. In 1979, however, Ward lost the seat to the Conservative Brian Mawhinney, who would represent Peterborough for the entire duration of the incoming Conservative government and was a Cabinet Minister and Conservative Party Chairman during the second Major government (1992–97).  The seat was made more competitive in the 1997 boundary review by the formation of the North West Cambridgeshire seat, which incorporated the rural land outside Peterborough and several Conservative-inclined wards from the city. Since its formation, North West Cambridgeshire has been one of the safest Conservative seats in the country, whilst Peterborough was ranked 93rd in the Conservatives's one hundred most vulnerable seats (the ones which the other parties must take if there is to be a change of government) and 73rd on Labour's target list; these factors led Mawhinney to stand in North West Cambridgeshire instead. He retired as an MP in 2005 and was created Baron Mawhinney, of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire.  Helen Clark (née Brinton) won the seat for Labour in 1997. She was defeated by Conservative candidate Stewart Jackson at the 2005 election, following which it was widely reported that Clark was planning to defect to the Conservative Party, an announcement which was not popular locally. However, by early June it emerged that while she had left the Labour Party, she had not in fact joined the Conservatives and did not intend to.  Jackson was re-elected in 2010 with an increased majority, which then fell in 2015. In 2017, Labour's Fiona Onasanya won a majority of 607; this result marked the first time since 1929 that Peterborough voted Labour in an election where the Conservatives won the national popular vote, and the first time it has ever elected a Labour MP in a year in which Labour did not form the government. Furthermore, Peterborough became one of five constituencies – the others being Croydon Central, Enfield Southgate, Leeds North West and Reading East – which elected Labour MPs in 2017 having not done so since 2001.

Parliamentary borough 1547–1918.

MPs 1660–1883.

The Tories (or Abhorrers) and Whigs (or Petitioners) originated in the Court and Country parties that emerged in the aftermath of the civil war, although it is more accurate to describe them as loose tendencies, both of which might be regarded as conservative in modern terms. Modern party politics did not really begin to coalesce in Great Britain until at least 1784.

MPs 1885–1918.

In 1832 the Tory Party evolved into the Conservative Party and in 1859 the Whig Party evolved, with Radicals and Peelites, into the Liberal Party. In opposition to Irish home rule, the Liberal Unionists ceded from the Liberals in 1886, aligning themselves with the Conservatives. The Labour Party was later founded, as the Labour Representation Committee, in 1900.

Division and county constituency.

The parliamentary borough of Peterborough was abolished under the Representation of the People Act 1918, and the name was transferred to a division of the new parliamentary county of Northampton with the Soke of Peterborough. The Peterborough division became a county constituency in 1950.

Borough constituency.

Peterborough was redefined as a borough constituency with effect from the February 1974 general election. Successors of the historic parliamentary boroughs, the spending limits for election campaigns are slightly lower than in county constituencies.

MPs since 1974.

Onasanya sat as an independent after she was suspended by the Labour Party in December 2018. The seat became vacant on 1 May 2019 following a successful recall petition, until 7 June 2019, when Lisa Forbes was elected to the constituency in the 2019 Peterborough by-election, on behalf of the Labour Party.

Elections.

Elections in the 2010s.

Elections in the 2000s.

Elections in the 1990s.

Elections in the 1980s.

Elections in the 1970s.

Elections in the 1960s.

Elections in the 1950s.

Elections in the 1940s.

General Election 1939/40 Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected:

Elections in the 1850s.

Elections in the 1840s.

Elections in the 1830s.

Peterborough is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Its current form is the direct, unbroken successor of a smaller constituency that was created in the mid-16th century and used for the legislatures of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (UK). The seat today elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election since 1885, before which its earlier form had two-member representation using the similar bloc vote system and both forms had a broadening but restricted franchise until 1918.


Boundaries.

1955–1974: The Borough of Eastleigh, in the Rural District of New Forest the parishes of Eling and Netley Marsh, in the Rural District of Romsey and Stockbridge the parishes of Ampfield, Chilworth, North Baddesley, and Nursling and Rownhams, and in the Rural District of Winchester the parishes of Botley, Bursledon, Hamble, Hedge End, Hound, and West End.  1974–1983: The Boroughs of Eastleigh and Romsey, in the Rural District of Romsey and Stockbridge the parishes of Ampfield, Braishfield, Chilworth, Melchet Park and Plaitford, Michelmersh, North Baddesley, Nursling and Rownhams, Romsey Extra, Sherfield English, and Wellow, and in the Rural District of Winchester the parishes of Botley, Bursledon, Hamble, Hedge End, Hound, and West End.  1983–1997: The Borough of Eastleigh, and the City of Southampton ward of Woolston.  1997–2010: The Borough of Eastleigh wards of Bishopstoke, Botley, Bursledon, Eastleigh Central, Eastleigh North, Eastleigh South, Eastleigh West, Fair Oak, Hamble, Hedge End St John's, Hedge End Wildern, Hound, West End North, and West End South.  2010–present: The Borough of Eastleigh wards of Bishopstoke East, Bishopstoke West, Botley, Bursledon and Old Netley, Eastleigh Central, Eastleigh North, Eastleigh South, Fair Oak and Horton Heath, Hamble-le-Rice and Butlocks Heath, Hedge End Grange Park, Hedge End St John’s, Hedge End Wildern, Netley Abbey, West End North, and West End South.  The constituency lies in a long band east of Southampton in Hampshire that stretches from Eastleigh to the sailing centre of Hamble, and comprises all of the Borough of Eastleigh apart from part of the town of Chandler's Ford which is in the Test Valley constituency.

History.

Eastleigh constituency was created for the 1955 general election; before then Eastleigh itself had been in the Winchester constituency. It was a fairly safe seat for the Conservatives for nearly forty years until the death of its then MP, former journalist Stephen Milligan, in 1994. At the subsequent by-election, the Liberal Democrats gained the seat on a very large swing, and then held Eastleigh in the four following general elections (1997, 2001, 2005 and 2010), though with somewhat narrow majorities.  Chris Huhne, the MP from 2005 to 2013, was his party's environment spokesman in opposition, before becoming the Liberal Democrat senior spokesman for the Home Office (or Second Shadow Home Secretary). While in the previous role Huhne stood unsuccessfully for party leader in 2006 against Sir Menzies Campbell and again in 2007 against Nick Clegg. Following the 2010 general election, Huhne joined the coalition government's cabinet as Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, but resigned as an MP in February 2013 after admitting perverting the course of justice over a speeding case. His resignation took effect from 5 February, and the following day it was confirmed that a by-election to fill the vacancy would be held on 28 February 2013. Mike Thornton retained the seat for the Liberal Democrats in the by-election. However, at the 2015 general election Thornton was defeated by the Conservative Mims Davies.

Elections.

Elections in the 2010s.

Eastleigh is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Paul Holmes, a Conservative.


Erith and Thamesmead (UK Parliament constituency)

History.

It was created for the 1997 general election from parts of the old Woolwich and Erith and Crayford constituencies.  John Austin was the MP for this constituency from its creation for the 1997 general election until he stepped down at the 2010 election. The seat was then held for Labour by a local activist Teresa Pearce, who defeated the Conservatives candidate Colin Bloom, a councillor for Bickley Ward in Bromley.  Pearce increased her majority in the 2015 general election to rank 125th of the party's 232 MPs then elected.

2010 Labour selection controversy.

In April 2009, an investigation took place into the tampering of ballot boxes and abuse of the postal vote system used for the selection of the prospective Labour candidate for Erith and Thamesmead. A rerun of the candidate selection ballot resulted in victory for Teresa Pearce.

Boundaries.

1997–2010: The London Borough of Bexley wards of Belvedere, Erith, Northumberland Heath, and Thamesmead East, and the London Borough of Greenwich wards of Abbey Wood, Eynsham, Glyndon, Lakedale, St Nicholas, and Thamesmead Moorings.  2010–present: The London Borough of Bexley wards of Belvedere, Erith, Lesnes Abbey, Northumberland Heath, and Thamesmead East, and the London Borough of Greenwich wards of Abbey Wood, Plumstead, and Thamesmead Moorings.  The cross-border constituency of Erith and Thamesmead currently stretches from Plumstead, and Abbey Wood in the west, to Lesnes Heath, and Erith in the east. The Conservatives' strongest wards are in the Bexley part of the seat, in particular Northumberland Heath Ward. The remaining wards from Bexley and Greenwich have traditionally seen more support for the Labour Party, in both local and national elections. There is a significant demographic divide within the seat, with Northumberland Heath being over 85% white, and Truth and Belvedere are also predominantly white. However, Thamesmead and Plumstead have much more diverse populations, where no single ethnic group has more than half of the population.

Boundary review.

Following their review of parliamentary representation in South London, and as a consequence of changes to ward boundaries, the Boundary Commission for England recommended that parts of Glyndon ward and Colyers ward be transferred from Erith and Thamesmead to the constituencies of Greenwich and Woolwich and Bexleyheath and Crayford respectively; that part of Plumstead ward be transferred to Erith and Thamesmead from Eltham; and that parts of Lesnes Abbey ward, Nothumberland Heath ward and Erith ward be transferred to Erith and Thamesmead from Bexleyheath and Crayford.

Election results.

Elections in the 2010s.

Erith and Thamesmead () is a constituency created in 1997, and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Abena Oppong-Asare of the Labour Party. It covers the areas of Erith and Thamesmead in the southeast of Outer London by the River Thames near the border of Greater London and Kent.


Hammersmith (UK Parliament constituency)

Boundaries.

1885–1918.

1885–1918: The parishes of St Peter and St Paul, Hammersmith.  The parliamentary borough of Hammersmith was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and consisted of the civil parish of Hammersmith (in Middlesex only until 1889 when it fell within the approximately that became part of the County of London under the Local Government Act 1888). Like almost all seats created from 1885 it returned one Member of Parliament. This was the first parliamentary constituency to be based on the town, which from 1868–1885 was at the westernmost part of Chelsea and previously had been part of the parliamentary county of Middlesex. In 1900 the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith was formed, but this did not affect the constituency's boundaries.  The seat bordered to the west the Ealing seat, to the north the large Harrow division of Middlesex seat, to the east Kensington North and Kensington South and to the south the large Kingston division of Surrey and, to the southeast, Fulham. In 1918 the Hammersmith constituency was divided into Hammersmith North and Hammersmith South constituencies.

1983–1997.

The second parliamentary borough constituency of Hammersmith was created in 1983. By then the area was part of Greater London and the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham (both created in 1965). The constituency consisted of ten wards of the London borough, namely Addison, Broadway, Brook Green, College Park and Old Oak, Coningham, Grove, Ravenscourt, Starch Green, White City and Shepherd's Bush, and Wormholt. The seat was entirely formed from the previous Hammersmith North constituency.  BBC Television Centre, Shepherd's Bush Market and the Hammersmith Apollo was in this version of the constituency for its 14-year existence, however Westfield London shopping centre had not yet been built.  The constituency was abolished in 1997 and mostly replaced by Hammersmith and Fulham. A northern slice of the seat became part of Ealing, Acton and Shepherd's Bush. The new Hammersmith and Fulham constituency included the town centres of both Hammersmith and Fulham.

2010–present.

Following a review of parliamentary boundaries in North London, the Boundary Commission for England recreated the Hammersmith constituency for the 2010 general election, following major changes in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The review also created new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington.  The current Hammersmith constituency is made up of the following ten electoral wards of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham: Addison, Askew, Avonmore and Brook Green, College Park and Old Oak, Fulham Reach, Hammersmith Broadway, North End, Ravenscourt Park, Shepherd's Bush Green, and Wormholt and White City.  The 2005 notional result was Labour 44.6%, Conservative 31.1% and Liberal Democrat 19.2%.

Constituency profile.

The constituency includes the western part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, stretching from Wormwood Scrubs down to the River Thames. It takes in the commercial and business hub of Hammersmith itself, parts of northwestern Fulham, the western part of Earl's Court (the Exhibition Centre itself straddles the boundary between this constituency and the Kensington seat), West Kensington, Shepherd's Bush, and White City. The seat has northern areas with a much higher proportion of social housing dependency than the London average and overall this leads to the seat having slightly higher rates of unemployment and underemployment. The Labour Party candidate took a marginal majority of 7.5% of the vote in 2010. Slaughter's majority in 2015, 13.6%, made it the 156th safest of the party's 232 seats by percentage of majority. In 2017, Slaughter increased his majority to 35.7%. In 2019, Slaughter's majority slipped slightly to 34.4%

Hammersmith is a parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It is currently represented by Andy Slaughter, a member of the Labour Party, who has represented the seat since its recreation in 2010.


Boundaries.

1997–2010: The London Borough of Newham wards of Bemersyde, Forest Gate, Hudsons, New Town, Park, Plaistow, Plashet, Stratford, Upton, and West Ham.  2010–present: The London Borough of Newham wards of Canning Town North, Canning Town South, Custom House, Forest Gate North, Forest Gate South, Green Street West, Plaistow North, Plaistow South, Stratford and New Town, and West Ham.  The constituency covers the western half of Newham stretching from the Thames just east of Canary Wharf to Stratford. The boundary changes that took effect for the 2010 general election expanded the constituency by adding Canning Town from the abolished Poplar and Canning Town constituency, whilst losing Silvertown to the redrawn East Ham. The boundary with the East Ham constituency was modified to align with local government ward boundaries.

History.

The seat was created in 1997 by the fourth periodic review (following the first such review in 1945), undertaken by the Boundary Commission, from portions of the Newham North West and Newham South seats.  The area's elections to date, including both forerunner seats have returned safe majorities for the Labour Party since the last Conservative for the smaller, denser divisions from 1931-1934; going back further, West Ham South had in 1892 sent Keir Hardie to the Commons who co-founded the party.  Banks held this seat at the 2001 general election with nearly 70% of the vote and a local record majority of 53.5% of the vote.  The 2010 result, not only on the notional result, accommodating boundary changes, but also on predecessor-successor seat analysis shows that the main beneficiary of the runner-up Respect vote, as they did not have a candidate in that year, was the Labour candidate. The 2015 result made the seat the 14th safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority.  The first member Tony Banks served the main predecessor seat, Newham North West from 1983 until his retirement in 2005, and was Minister for Sport (1997-1999).

Constituency profile.

Helped by proximity to the City of London and exporting businesses in areas such as Hackney, Shoreditch and the Thames Gateway, the area is only gradually recovering in terms of employment rates from the deep East End decline, particularly decline of the dockers' industry here of the 1950s to the 1980s, with an immediate boost from the 2010 creation of the London Olympic Village and Park. In November 2012, workless claimants who were registered jobseekers were significantly higher than the national average of 3.8%, at 7.7% of the population based on a statistical compilation by "The Guardian", though not the highest in London. Within this figure is a skew toward male unemployment which was at 9.8%  Now that the Olympic stadium has become West Ham United's home the club is located in the constituency that shares its name; their previous ground at Upton Park was actually in the neighbouring East Ham seat.

Demographics.

In the 1991 census just over 43% of residents were non-white. By the time of the 2001 census, people who identified as white made up 44.1% of the population and 35.3% of residents were born outside the UK, and in the 2011 census the borough saw an increase in those of mixed colour ethnicity, at 4.6% and saw the lowest proportion of people of solely white ethnicity at 29.0%, the figure for those of black ethnicity had fallen to 19.6%, and those of South Asian ethnicity had risen to 43.5% of the population.  In terms of religion the British Asian population is more than 50% Muslim in this constituency. By the time of the 2005 general election, only seven of the 646 constituencies had more Muslims than West Ham. Respect fielded a candidate for the 2005 election, hoping to benefit from opposition to the Iraq war; in the end this was not enough to unseat Labour's replacement for Banks, Lyn Brown, but Respect managed to take nearly 20% of the vote.

Election results.

Elections in the 2010s.

The Green Party originally selected Jane Lithgow as their candidate for the 2010 election.

West Ham is a constituency created in 1997 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Lyn Brown, a member of the Labour Party.


Naming and classification.

"Aloe perfoliata" was formerly known as "Aloe mitriformis". The physical appearance of this aloe varies greatly depending on environment, and consequently various sub-populations have previously often been mistaken for being separate species. The South African National Biodiversity Institute now recognizes that these are all members of the same species, "Aloe perfoliata", comprising what were previously known as "Aloe mitriformis", "Aloe distans", "Aloe comptonii", "Aloe albispina" and "Aloe flavispina" among others.  This species is the most widespread of a group of closely related "Creeping Aloes" ("Mitriformes"), including the cliff-hanging aloes "A. meyeri" and "A. dabenorisana"(stemless), as well as spotted "Aloe arenicola" of the South African west coast and the unusual "Aloe pearsonii" of the Richtersveld desert.

Appearance.

In their natural habitat, these aloes have long, prostrate, branching stems of up to 2 meters. Instead of growing upright, they tend to sprawl along the ground and over rocks. While most of the plant lies along the ground, the terminal leaf-bearing head is often erect, facing upwards to the sun. The leaf margins are armed with harmless, little white teeth.  The Rubble Aloe is extremely variable-looking, depending on its environment, making it difficult to identify sometimes. Plants growing in full sun develop tightly arranged bluish leaves, while those in the shade have more widely spaced green leaves. During dry conditions, the leaves assume a red colour. The thick, fleshy leaves often curve inwards during times of drought – making the rosette look rather like a mitre (until recently this species was known as "Aloe mitriformis" because of this resemblance). Unlike most aloes, which flower in winter, the Rubble Aloe flowers in summer. The red flowers appear on stalks, which (befitting the variable nature of this species) vary from being rounded to being cone-shaped.

Distribution.

"Aloe perfoliata" is indigenous to the Western Cape and some adjacent areas in the Northern and Eastern Cape of South Africa. Here it typically occurs in mountainous rocky Fynbos, overflowing into neighboring Karoo and Albany Thicket vegetation.  They are usually found in groups among rubble and rocky outcrops (hence their Afrikaans name, ""Puin Aalwyn"", or "Rubble Aloe"), growing in clay or sandy soil. These resilient plants tend to prefer flat, rocky places but it is not uncommon to see them hanging on vertical cliff faces.

Cultivation.

A very tough and compact species, it can be grown on embankments, rocky slopes and walls, and it easily survives through both very hot summers and snow in the winter. These aloes are also used in arid gardens as they flower in the summer (unlike most aloes), but require full sun for maximum flowering.  The species can easily be propagated by taking stem cuttings, dried for a day or two and planted in sand.

Aloe "nobilis" hybrid.

A hybrid, of "Aloe perfoliata" with "Aloe brevifolia", is very commonly used in landscaping around the world, and is often nicknamed ""Aloe nobilis"". It is frequently confused with "Aloe perfoliata" itself, but the "nobilis" hybrid is a much smaller plant, and has much smaller rosettes. It is usually a light green colour.

Aloe perfoliata, the rubble aloe or mitre aloe, is a hardy creeping aloe, found in rocky, mountainous areas throughout the Western Cape, South Africa.


Signs and symptoms.

Humans.

When mastocytomas affect humans, they are typically found in skin. They usually occur as a single lesion on the trunk or wrist. Although it is rare, mastocytomas are sometimes found in the lung. It can also affect children.

Other animals.

Mast cell tumors are known among veterinary oncologists as 'the great pretenders' because their appearance can be varied, from a wart-like nodule to a soft subcutaneous lump (similar on palpation to a benign lipoma) to an ulcerated skin mass. Most mast cell tumors are small, raised lumps on the skin. They may be hairless, ulcerated, or itchy. They are usually solitary, but in about six percent of cases, there are multiple mast cell tumors (especially in Boxers and Pugs).  Manipulation of the tumor may result in redness and swelling from release of mast cell granules, also known as Darier's sign, and prolonged local hemorrhage. In rare cases, a highly malignant tumor is present, and signs may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and anemia. The presence of these signs usually indicates mastocytosis, which is the spread of mast cells throughout the body. Release of a large amount of histamine at one time can result in ulceration of the stomach and duodenum (present in up to 25 percent of cases) or disseminated intravascular coagulation. When metastasis does occur, it is usually to the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow.

Diagnosis.

A needle aspiration biopsy of the tumor will typically show a large number of mast cells. This is sufficient to make the diagnosis of a mast cell tumor, although poorly differentiated mast cells may have few granules and thus are difficult to identify. The granules of the mast cell stain blue to dark purple with a Romanowsky stain, and the cells are medium-sized. However, a surgical biopsy is required to find the grade of the tumor. The grade depends on how well the mast cells are differentiated, mitotic activity, location within the skin, invasiveness, and the presence of inflammation or necrosis. However, there is a significant amount of discordance between veterinary pathologists in assigning grades to mast cell tumors due to imprecise criteria.  The disease is also staged according to the WHO system:  X-rays, ultrasound, or lymph node, bone marrow, or organ biopsies may be necessary to stage the disease.

Treatment and prognosis.

Removal of the mast cell tumor through surgery is the treatment of choice. Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, are given prior to surgery to protect against the effects of histamine released from the tumor. Wide margins (two to three centimeters) are required because of the tendency for the tumor cells to be spread out around the tumor. If complete removal is not possible due to the size or location, additional treatment, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy, may be necessary. Prednisone is often used to shrink the remaining tumor portion. H2 blockers, such as cimetidine, protect against stomach damage from histamine. Vinblastine and CCNU are common chemotherapy agents used to treat mast cell tumors.  Toceranib and masitinib, examples of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are used in the treatment of canine mast cell tumors. Both were recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as dog-specific anticancer drugs.  Grade I or II mast cell tumors that can be completely removed have a good prognosis. One study showed about 23 percent of incompletely removed grade II tumors recurred locally. Any mast cell tumor found in the gastrointestinal tract, paw, or on the muzzle has a guarded prognosis. Previous beliefs that tumors in the groin or perineum carried a worse prognosis have been discounted. Tumors that have spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body have a poor prognosis. Any dog showing symptoms of mastocytosis or with a grade III tumor has a poor prognosis. Dogs of the Boxer breed have a better than average prognosis because of the relatively benign behavior of their mast cell tumors. Multiple tumors that are treated similarly to solitary tumors do not seem to have a worse prognosis.  Mast cell tumors do not necessarily follow the histological prognosis. Further prognostic information can be provided by AgNOR stain of histological or cytological specimen. Even then, there is a risk of unpredictable behavior.

Other animals.

Mast cell tumors are an uncommon occurrence in horses. They usually occur as benign, solitary masses on the skin of the head, neck, trunk, and legs. Mineralization of the tumor is common. In pigs and cattle, mast cell tumors are rare. They tend to be solitary and benign in pigs and multiple and malignant in cattle. Mast cell tumors are found in the skin of cattle most commonly, but these may be metastases from tumors of the viscera. Other sites in cattle include the spleen, muscle, gastrointestinal tract, omentum, and uterus.

Dogs.

Mast cell tumors mainly occur in older adult dogs, but have been known to occur on rare occasions in puppies. The following breeds are commonly affected by mast cell tumors:

Cats.

Two types of mast cell tumors have been identified in cats, a mast cell type similar to dogs and a histiocytic type that appears as subcutaneous nodules and may resolve spontaneously. Young Siamese cats are at an increased risk for the histiocytic type, although the mast cell type is the most common in all cats and is considered to be benign when confined to the skin.  Mast cell tumors of the skin are usually located on the head or trunk. Gastrointestinal and splenic involvement is more common in cats than in dogs; 50 percent of cases in dogs primarily involved the spleen or intestines. Gastrointestinal mast cell tumors are most commonly found in the muscularis layer of the small intestine, but can also be found in the large intestine. It is the third most common intestinal tumor in cats, after lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.  Diagnosis and treatment are similar to that of the dog. Cases involving difficult to remove or multiple tumors have responded well to strontium-90 radiotherapy as an alternative to surgery. The prognosis for solitary skin tumors is good, but guarded for tumors in other organs. Histological grading of tumors has little bearing on prognosis.

A mastocytoma or mast cell tumor is a type of round-cell tumor consisting of mast cells. It is found in humans and many animal species; it also can refer to an accumulation or nodule of mast cells that resembles a tumor.


Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford (UK Parliament constituency)

History.

Parliament accepted the Boundary Commission's Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies which recommended this constituency for the 2010 general election in the district of the city of Wakefield. Due to less increase in population than elsewhere the Commission had to reduce constituencies in the county by one, resulting in the "merger" of Normanton and Pontefract/Castleford seats, however some wards of both went to other neighbouring seats to give the correct size electorate.  The Commission had great difficulty in naming the constituency, with "Normanton and Pontefract" and "Pontefract and Castleford" both suggested. On 24 May 2006 the modified name was chosen following further public consultation. The only other three-place constituency in England in terms of name is Ruislip, Northwood and Pinner in London.

Boundaries.

The constituency first contested at the 2010 general election has electoral wards of the City of Wakefield:

Constituency profile.

The area has the three retail towns, Pontefract being the most touristic — producing liquorice as well as Pontefract cakes — the wider economy includes self-employed trades, work in local manufacturing and jobs in creative industry, retail, public sector and corporate headquarters including in Leeds and Wakefield.  The last working deep coal mine in the United Kingdom, Kellingley Colliery, was a significant employer until it closed in December 2015.  Well recovered from economic decline from the loss of most local mines, the rate of jobseeking benefits claimed is lower than the Yorkshire and Humber average (4.6%) at 4.4% however this slightly exceeds the national average and is over twice that of six constituencies in the region.

EU Referendum 2016.

The results for the EU referendum were not returned by individual Parliamentary constituency, but the Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford area is estimated to have voted by a 69.3% – 30.7% margin to Leave the EU.

Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Yvette Cooper of the Labour Party since its 2010 creation.


Background.

On September 27, 2010, an interview article in "Spin" quoted MGMT as saying that they would have less freedom on this album, claiming that Columbia Records was not happy with the reception of the band's second album "Congratulations". MGMT later denied these statements in an email to "Pitchfork", who cited the article on their own site as a side note to a different story, stating that they were not "even close to starting the process of making a new album," that "label-relations are currently quite friendly," and finally telling readers "Don't believe everything that you read (even on Pitchfork.com)."  In an interview with "American Songwriter" published on November 8, 2010, VanWyngarden and Goldwasser said their third album will be self-titled, and that "usually if we say something and it gets published, we stick to it. That's what happened with "Congratulations"." Regarding the content of the album, Goldwasser said "Something that'd be fun to do is have a decent number of songs on the album that can easily be extended or have sections that could turn into a really trance-y, repetitive thing live."  When in Argentina to perform on January 22, 2011,  On February 28, 2011, they told "Coup de Main" magazine that they will be on tour until April, when they will begin work on demos for the third album. On January 26, 2012 MGMT confirmed in an interview with Gibby Haynes of Butthole Surfers in the inaugural issue of Intercourse Magazine that they had started work on the album. VanWyngarden stated that he has written five songs, inspired by R.E.M.. On February 27, the band began recording the album at Tarbox Road Studios with producer Dave Fridmann.  On March 1, Andrew VanWyngarden revealed in an interview that they will perform new songs on their upcoming shows in Argentina, Chile, México, Colombia, Brazil and Puerto Rico. On March 30, the band premiered a new song, "Alien Days", at a show in Bogotá, Colombia. at the Festival Estereo Picnic. The song was also played at the following shows in Latin America. On August 3, Andrew VanWyngarden told "The Morning Call" that their new album was "too good not to talk about". He said he was enjoying it, it sounds close to "Congratulations", and they're "making good songs".  On January 29, 2013, the band told "Rolling Stone" that they "are not trying to make music that everyone understands the first time they hear it." They also confirmed that a song entitled "Mystery Disease" and a cover of Faine Jade's 1968 track "Introspection" will be included on the album. On March 4, 2013 MGMT released information about their 2013 tour that started April 26 and ended on May 18. On March 6, 2013 MGMT's producer Dave Fridmann stated on his website that the album was about to be finished.  On June 9, the band confirmed on their official Twitter account that they were going to finish the album cover later that day. On June 10, Dave Fridmann updated his website with the news that the album could be out sometime in August. On June 25, MGMT revealed via their website that the album is due for release on September 17, 2013. The band confirmed via Twitter that their new video for "Your Life Is a Lie" will come out on August 5, and it's accompanied with an interactive kaleidoscopic video embedded on their official website. MGMT released their full album "MGMT" prematurely via Twitter on September 9 saying they had a "surprise". Days before its official release, was made pre-release of the album in the service Rdio on September 9, 2013.

Artwork.

Photographer and film director Danny Clinch was hired by Columbia Records to photograph the band for publicity photos and the album's packaging artwork. The cover artwork features Vanwyngarden and Goldwasser and a lawnmower on the lawn in front of Stylz Unlimited, a hair salon and clothing consignment store in Dunkirk, New York. The store is a short distance from Tarbox Road Studios in Cassadaga, New York, where the album was recorded. Art direction and design for the packaging was completed by graphic designer Alejandro Cardenas.

Release.

On March 22, 2013 the Record Store Day release was confirmed to be a cassette tape containing the studio version of "Alien Days" and was made available on April 20. Its video was released on 31 October 2013, and was directed by indie director Sam Fleischner. The first video released from the album was for the track "Your Life Is a Lie", which was directed by Tom Kuntz, and was released on August 5, 2013.  The album features a variety of unique visual elements to accompany and illuminate the music via "The Optimizer", which provides listeners a simultaneously aural and optical listening experience featuring video and CGI work, and is available as part of an enhanced album package on all commercial formats.

Critical reception.

According to review aggregator website Metacritic, the album received an average critic review score of 62/100, based on 32 reviews, indicating generally favorable reviews. Mike Usinger of "Alternative Press" said of the album, "Beyond weird? Yes, but in the best, most deliciously mind-bending of ways." Tom Pinnock of "NME" gave the album an 8/10, saying, ""MGMT" might be a comfortable journey at times, but it's also a transcendental one you've never been on before. Forget the shareholders – it's time for us to give MGMT a proper chance, on their own terms." "Spin", however, called it a "confused, confusing album," and that it will "leave you as confused as they seem to be." Chris Bosman of "Consequence of Sound" gave the album a negative score, saying, "The record's thick textures feel like canvases that have been painted over too many times, and its genre excursions have had the life practiced out of them. A looser take on "MGMT" would likely have been a rousing success. Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" said, "Something's always looming and buzzing — or burbling, or clattering, or tapping, or ratcheting, or blipping, or quavering — near the foreground throughout MGMT's third album, "MGMT." It makes the album both testing and, eventually, rewarding." Luke O'Neil of "The Boston Globe" said, "Occasionally the band's vision pays off here." Kevin Liedel of "Slant Magazine" said, "The swampy, claustrophobic "MGMT" is never as interesting or smart as the crowd-pleasing sing-alongs on "Oracular Spectacular"."

Personnel.

MGMT  Production

MGMT is the self-titled third studio album by the American rock band MGMT, released on September 17, 2013 by Columbia Records.


Construction and commissioning.

HMS "Leander" was ordered from the Blackwall-based firm of Wigram, Wells & Green on 6 May 1813. She was laid down in June 1813 and built of pitch pine to a design by Sir William Rule. Built of softwood to get her into service as quickly as possible, "Leander" was launched on 10 November 1813, less than five months after laying down. She was moved to Woolwich Dockyard and completed there by 18 February 1814. The construction of fourth rates, a type that had fallen out of favour prior to the French Revolutionary Wars, was a response to the American spar-decked frigates, like. A spar-decked frigate was one with a continuous row of cannon on the uppermost deck, conventional frigates had an open waist amidships where no guns were mounted. Ordered alongside "Leander" was the similar 50-gun.  "Leander" was a spar-deck frigate, designed to carry thirty 24-pounder guns on her main deck, and twenty-six 42-pounder carronades on her spar deck, with four 24-pounders on her forecastle. This nominal armament was slightly altered during her 1813–18 commission, when two extra 24-pounders replaced two of the carronades on the spar deck. She was reported to be fast, exceeding 13 knots, but had a reputation for heavy and violent movements, probably due to poor stowage; this was fixed in her 1820 commission. In 1815, after the War of 1812 and Napoleonic Wars, "Newcastle" and "Leander" were fitted with accommodation for a flag officer with a poop deck built over the quarterdeck, and were mostly used as flagships on foreign stations, replacing older 50-gun ships that had previously filled this role. Both ships were re-rated as 60-gun fourth rates in February 1817.  "Leander" was commissioned under her first commander, Captain George Collier, in December 1813. Collier had commissioned "Newcastle" the previous month, but then moved to "Leander".

Service off America.

"Leander" went out to North America under Collier's command, and formed part of a powerful squadron assigned to deal with the American super-frigates. Collier had previously served with distinction off the Spanish coast during the Peninsular War, and the highly sought-after posting reflected the Admiralty's approval of these efforts. He captured the on 22 June 1814. Collier sought battle with the, but the American ship escaped from Boston and evaded him. He gathered a squadron consisting of the "Leander", "Newcastle" and the 40-gun, and set off in pursuit. He almost caught up with the "Constitution" off St Jago, but failed to close on her, later claiming the weather frustrated his attempts. The "Constitution" was at the time sailing with two captured British prizes, the former and. Collier's three ships gave chase and were overhauling the "Constitution", when, having allowed the "Cyane" to escape, the "Levant" broke away and Collier followed her. In doing so he retook the "Levant", but allowed "Constitution" to escape. Collier continued to cruise in the area, but before he had another opportunity to pursue the "Constitution", news reached him that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed and that the war was over.  "Leander" recaptured the British merchant vessel "John" on 4 January 1815, just before the end of the war.

Later service.

"Leander"s next commander, from August 1815, was Captain William Skipsey. She underwent a repair and refit at Woolwich between August 1815 and February 1816, after which she went out to the Mediterranean under Captain Edward Chetham. She was active in the Second Barbary War, as part of the British fleet under Admiral Edward Pellew. She took part in the bombardment of Algiers on 27 August 1816, firing 3,680 round shot and sustaining casualties of 17 men killed and 118 wounded.  "Leander" then became the flagship of the commander of the North American Station, Rear-Admiral Sir David Milne in 1817, and was based at Halifax.She was repaired at Portsmouth between July and November 1819, and recommissioned that year under Captain Charles Richardson. Richardson took her out to the East Indies as the flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir Henry Blackwood. "Leander" came briefly under the temporary command of Captain Price Blackwood between February and May 1822, and returned to England later that year. HMS "Leander" spent her final years as a receiving ship at Portsmouth between 1823 and 1830, and was broken up there in March 1830.

HMS "Leander" was a 50-gun spar-decked frigate (rated in the fourth rate) of the Royal Navy which saw service in the Napoleonic Wars, the War of 1812, and the Second Barbary War.


Life.

Henslowe was born in Lindfield, Sussex, into a family with roots in Devon. His father, Edmund Henslowe, was appointed Master of the Game for Ashdown Forest, Sussex, from 1539 until his death in 1562. Before Edmund Henslowe's death, his daughter Margaret had married Ralf Hogge, an ironmaster.  By the 1570s, Henslowe had moved to London, becoming a member of the Dyers' Company. Henslowe is recorded working as assistant to Henry Woodward, reputed to be the bailiff for Viscount Montague, owner of Cowdray House and Battle Abbey in Sussex. Henslowe married Woodward's widow, Agnes, and from 1577 lived in Southwark, opposite the Clink prison. His elder brother Edmund, a merchant, also owned property in Southwark. It was at one time assumed that his wife's inheritance gave Henslowe his start in business, but there is no evidence.  His success in business appears to have brought him some social prominence. By the early-17th century, he was a vestryman, churchwarden and overseer of the poor in St Saviour's ward in Southwark. During the reign of Elizabeth I, he was a Groom of the Chamber. Under James I, he served as a Gentleman Sewer of the Chamber. Henslowe also served as a collector of the Lay Subsidy.  Henslowe died in 1616 in London, still actively involved in the theatre.

Business interests.

Henslowe developed extensive business interests, including dyeing, starch-making, pawn-broking, money lending and trading in goat skins. He owned property in East Grinstead and Buxted, Sussex, where his brother-in-law, Ralf Hogge, lived. Between 1576 and 1586, Henslowe was involved in the trade in timber from Ashdown Forest. However, his main activity was as a landlord in Southwark. One of his authors, Henry Chettle, described him as being unscrupulously harsh with his poor tenants, even though Henslowe made many loans to Chettle and they seem to have been on friendly terms.

Theatrical interests.

In 1584, Henslowe purchased a property known as The Little Rose, in Southwark, which contained rose gardens and, almost certainly, a brothel. In 1587, Henslowe and John Cholmley built The Rose, the third of the large, permanent playhouses in London, and the first in Bankside. From 1591, Henslowe partnered with the Admiral's Men after that company split with The Theatre's James Burbage over the division of receipts. Edward Alleyn, the Admiral's' lead actor, married Henslowe's stepdaughter Joan in 1592, and they worked in partnership.  In 1598 Burbage's company (by then, the Lord Chamberlain's Men) erected the new Globe Theatre in Bankside; Henslowe moved the Admiral's Men to the north-western corner of the city, into a venue he had financed, the Fortune Theatre. John Taylor, the "Water Poet", petitioned the King on behalf of the Watermen's Company, because of the expected loss of business transporting theatre patrons across the Thames.  He also had interests in the Newington Butts Theatre and The Swan Theatre in Southwark.

Animal shows.

Henslowe and Alleyn also operated the Paris Garden, a venue for baitings; early in James's reign, they purchased the office of Keeper of the Royal Game, namely bulls, bears and mastiffs. In 1614, he and Jacob Meade built the Hope Theatre in Bankside; designed with a moveable stage for both plays and animal baiting, it was the last of the large open-roof theatres built before 1642. The animal shows ended up ascendant at this venue. The introduction to Ben Jonson's "Bartholomew Fair", performed at the Hope in 1614, complains that the theatre is "as dirty as Smithfield, and as stinking every whit." The theatre did not have a regular theatrical tenant after 1617; Henslowe's share in it was willed to Alleyn.

Henslowe's diary.

Henslowe's "diary" is a valuable source of information on the theatrical history of the period. It is a collection of memoranda and notes that record payments to writers, box office takings, and lists of money lent. Also of interest are records of the purchase of expensive costumes and of stage properties, such as the dragon in Christopher Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus", which provide insight into the staging of plays in Elizabethan theatre.  The diary is written on the reverse of pages of a book of accounts of his brother-in-law Ralf Hogge's ironworks, kept by his brother John Henslowe for the period 1576–1581. Hogge was the Queen's Gunstonemaker, and produced both iron cannon and shot for the Royal Armouries at the Tower of London. John Henslowe seems to have acted as his agent, and Philip prudently reused his old account book. These entries are a valuable source for the early iron-making industry.  The diary begins covering Henslowe's theatrical activities for 1592. Entries continue, with varying degrees of thoroughness (authors' names were not included before 1597), until 1609; in the years before his death, Henslowe appears to have run his theatrical interests from a greater distance. At some time after his death, his papers, including the diary, were transferred to Dulwich College, which Alleyn had founded.  Henslowe recorded payments to twenty-seven Elizabethan playwrights. He variously commissioned, bought and produced plays by, or made loans to Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton, Robert Greene, Henry Chettle, George Chapman, Thomas Dekker, John Webster, Anthony Munday, Henry Porter, John Day, John Marston and Michael Drayton. The diary shows the varying partnerships between writers, in an age when many plays were collaborations. It also shows Henslowe to have been a careful man of business, obtaining security in the form of rights to his authors' works, and holding their manuscripts, while tying them to him with loans and advances. If a play was successful, Henslowe would commission a sequel.  Performances of works with titles similar to Shakespearean plays, such as a "Hamlet", a "Henry VI, Part 1", a "Henry V", a "The Taming of the Shrew" and a "Titus Andronicus" are mentioned in the diary with no author listed. Most of these plays were recorded when the Admiral's Men and the Lord Chamberlain's Men briefly joined forces when the playhouses were closed owing to the plague (June 1594).  In 1599, Henslowe paid Dekker and Henry Chettle for a play called "Troilus and Cressida", which is probably the play currently known as British Museum MS. Add 10449 (the actors' names that appear in the plot connect it to the Admiral's Men and date it between March 1598 and July 1600). There is no mention of William Shakespeare (or for that matter Richard Burbage) in Henslowe's diary (despite the forgeries of John Payne Collier); this is due to the fact that Shakespeare and Burbage were during most of their career not connected to Henslowe's theatre. Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, performed at The Theatre (starting in 1594) and later The Globe Theatre (starting in 1599).

The history of the diary.

The papers first came to critical attention in 1780, when Edmond Malone requested them from the Dulwich College library; the papers had been misplaced and were not found until 1790. Malone made a transcript of the parts he viewed as relevant to his variorum edition of Shakespeare. The original was returned to Dulwich after Malone's death. (Malone's transcript was returned to the library around 1900.) The next scholar to examine the manuscripts was John Payne Collier.

Philip Henslowe (c. 1550 – 6 January 1616) was an Elizabethan theatrical entrepreneur and impresario. Henslowe's modern reputation rests on the survival of his diary, a primary source for information about the theatrical world of Renaissance London. He was portrayed by actor Geoffrey Rush in the Academy Award-winning film "Shakespeare in Love".


Old City of Rock.

The City of Rock was created for the Rock in Rio festival in 1985. In 2001, the event returned there for its third edition. It held crowds of up to 250,000 people in one night.  With the name "Complexo Esportivo Cidade do Rock" (City of Rock Sports Complex), the area became one of the venues of the 2007 Pan American Games. Temporary stadiums for baseball and softball, with a capacity of 3,000 and 2,000 respectively, were erected on the site. The venue suffered with rain and power shortages, and both tournaments had games cancelled for bad field conditions.  The Olympic Village for the 2016 Summer Olympics was built upon the original site of the City of Rock.

New City of Rock.

New City of Rock was constructed to the southeast of the nearby Riocentro exhibition center, in a partnership between the city of Rio de Janeiro and Rock in Rio creator Roberto Medina. Known as "Parque Olímpico Cidade do Rock" (City of Rock Olympic Park) or "Parque dos Atletas" (Athletes' Park), the venue started being built in 2010 and was completed one year later, to host the fourth edition of Rock in Rio. Further editions followed in 2013, 2015 and 2017.  On 2012, two international concerts were hosted there. Lady Gaga performed at the park during her Born This Way Ball tour on November 9 with an attendance of 26,167, and Madonna had a gig from the MDNA Tour on December 2 with an attendance of 34,709. The Red Hot Chili Peppers performed there in November 2013 on their 2013 Tour, and One Direction had a 2014 concert for the Where We Are Tour.  The park is also set to host facilities for the 2016 Olympics.

The City of Rock (Cidade do Rock), located in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, is an events venue best known for hosting the music festival Rock in Rio.


North Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)

Constituency profile.

The seat covers a long stretch of the Norfolk coast including the seaside towns of Cromer, Wells-next-the-Sea and Sheringham.

History.

The North Division of Norfolk was first created by the Reform Act 1867 as one of three two-member divisions of the Parliamentary County of Norfolk. Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the three two-member county divisions were replaced with six single-member divisions. The second version of this constituency was one of the single-member seats. It has remained as a single-member seat since then, being designated as a County Constituency from the 1950 general election.  Formerly held by Labour from 1945–70, then the Conservatives from 1970–2001, the seat was represented by the Liberal Democrat Norman Lamb from 2001 until 2019; when the Conservatives regained the seat from the Lib Dems. The 2001 general election marked the first time that a Liberal aligned candidate had won a seat in Norfolk since 1929. This was to be followed by the election of Simon Wright in Norwich South in 2010. While Wright's success was short-lived (he was defeated in 2015), Lamb retained his seat, which at the 2015 election was one of only two Liberal Democrat seats in southern England, and one of only eight in the whole UK. At the 2017 general election, in which the Liberal Democrats lost five of their nine seats, North Norfolk was one of the four held. Although the seat had been held by Labour for the 25 years following World War II, Labour have slumped to a distant third in recent years, and came fourth in 2015, and last in a narrower field of three candidates in 2017.  North Norfolk was described by the Earl of Leicester as "the one constituency in England where, in 1964, it was so feudal that it had to be explained to the electors that the ballot was secret."

Boundaries and boundary changes.

1868–1885: The Hundreds of East Flegg, West Flegg, Happing, Tunstead, Erpingham (North), Erpingham (South), Eynsford, Holt and North Greenhoe.  The seat was formed largely from northern parts of the abolished Eastern Division, with a small part transferred from the Western Division. It also absorbed the Parliamentary Borough of Great Yarmouth, which had been disenfranchised for corruption under the Act.  1885–1918: The Sessional Divisions of Eynsford, Holt, North Erpingham, and North Greenhoe, and part of the Sessional Division of South Erpingham.  Great Yarmouth re-established as a single-member Parliamentary Borough. Eastern parts were transferred to the newly constituted Eastern Division.  1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Cromer, Sheringham, and Wells-next-the-Sea, and the Rural Districts of Aylsham, Erpingham, and Walsingham.  Gained the area around Fakenham from the abolished North-Western Division of Norfolk. Lost small areas in south to the Eastern and South-Western Divisions.  1950–1974: The Urban Districts of Cromer, North Walsham, Sheringham, and Wells-next-the-Sea, and the Rural Districts of Erpingham, Smallburgh, and Walsingham.  Gained North Walsham and the Rural District of Smallburgh from the abolished Eastern Division of Norfolk. Area comprising the former Rural District of Aylsham (now part of the St Faith's and Aylsham Rural District) transferred to the new County Constituency of Central Norfolk.  1974–1983: The Urban Districts of Cromer, North Walsham, and Sheringham, and the Rural Districts of Erpingham, St Faith's and Aylsham, and Smallburgh.  Gained the Rural District of St Faiths and Aylsham, including Hellesdon and Sprowston, from the abolished County Constituency of Central Norfolk. Wells-next-the-Sea and the Rural District of Walsingham, including Fakenham, transferred to the new County Constituency of North West Norfolk.  1983–2010: The District of North Norfolk.  Extended westwards, regaining Wells-next-the-Sea and areas comprising the former Rural District of Walsingham, including Fakenham, from North West Norfolk. Suburbs of Norwich, including Hellesdon and Sprowston, were transferred to Norwich North, and remaining southern areas, including Aylsham, to the new County Constituency of Mid Norfolk.  2010–present: The District of North Norfolk wards of Briston, Chaucer, Corpusty, Cromer Town, Erpingham, Gaunt, Glaven Valley, Happisburgh, High Heath, Holt, Hoveton, Mundesley, North Walsham East, North Walsham North, North Walsham West, Poppyland, Priory, Roughton, St Benet, Scottow, Sheringham North, Sheringham South, Stalham and Sutton, Suffield Park, The Runtons, Waterside, Waxham, and Worstead.  Fakenham and surrounding areas, transferred out once again, to the new County Constituency of Broadland.

Elections.

Elections in the 2010s.

This was the largest decrease in the LibDem vote share at the 2019 general election.

Elections in the 1910s.

King was named a Unionist candidate in the official list of Coalition Government endorsements, but he wrote to "The Times" stating he had left the party before the election and should be classed as an independent. He later rejoined the party.  General election 1914–15: Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

North Norfolk is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Duncan Baker, a Conservative.


Schedule.

Ahead of the tour of Australia, the Lions played the Barbarians in Hong Kong on 1 June to mark the 125th anniversary of the first Lions tour. They then played the five Australian Super Rugby teams, a Combined Country team and three tests in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney.

Test series.

The Lions won the best-of-three test series 2–1, after a convincing victory in the deciding third test followed narrow victories for both teams in the preceding two matches. The teams competed for the Tom Richards Cup, which was first presented in 2001, the last time the Lions toured the country. Australia won the 2001 test series 2–1. Before the start of the 2013 series, the Lions had won 15 of their 20 tests against Australia dating back to 1899.

First test.

The Lions won the first test 23–21. Australia's Christian Lealiifano, making his debut, had to be replaced after just 52 seconds when he was knocked out attempting to tackle Jonathan Davies. Australia recovered from that setback to score the opening try, Israel Folau scoring on his debut with a sprint to the line after a chip through by scrum-half Will Genia. George North then added to a Leigh Halfpenny penalty with a try of his own, evading Pat McCabe and James O'Connor on his way to the line. He might have had a second a few minutes later, but the television match official deemed him to have been in touch before grounding the ball, meaning that the Lions had to settle for another penalty. Instead it was Folau who picked up a second try, beating Jonathan Sexton and Halfpenny to cut the Lions' lead to a single point at half-time.  After two more Australian backs – Berrick Barnes and McCabe – suffered injuries, Michael Hooper had to move into the centres, and Liam Gill took his place in the back row. The Lions took advantage of Hooper's unfamiliar position and Alex Cuthbert scored under the posts. An exchange of penalties left Australia within two points of the Lions going into the last five minutes. Kurtley Beale had two late penalty opportunities for Australia, but missed twice, slipping as he made his second attempt with the last kick of the game.

Second test.

Australia won a close game. Leigh Halfpenny's penalty kicking gave the Lions the lead, but the Wallabies scored the only try of the game through Adam Ashley-Cooper in the 74th minute, eventually winning 16–15. In the last minute of the game, a Leigh Halfpenny penalty kick that would have won the game for the Lions dropped short of the posts, meaning that the series would be decided by the final test.

Third test.

The Lions made six changes to their starting team. Tour captain Sam Warburton and 2009 captain Paul O'Connell were both injured. Pre-game controversy focused on the decision of the Lions coaches to drop experienced centre Brian O'Driscoll, who had been widely expected to take over the captaincy, in favour of the Welsh combination of Jamie Roberts and Jonathan Davies. The Lions' starting team included 10 Welshmen in all. Australia were unchanged except for the selection of George Smith, returning from international retirement, at openside flanker.  Australia gave away possession at the kick-off, and Alex Corbisiero scored an early try for the Lions. The Lions extended this lead through four penalties from Leigh Halfpenny. The Wallabies conceded several penalties, as well as a sin-binning, at the scrum, although in the period either side of half-time, they recovered to trail only 19–16. The Lions, however, scored three further tries to win 41–16, thus recording the most points by a Lions side in a test match.

Squads.

Lions.

Tour manager Andy Irvine announced an initial squad of 37 on 30 April 2013, made up of 15 players from Wales, 10 from England, nine from Ireland and three from Scotland.  Wales' Sam Warburton was named captain; at the age of 24, he was the youngest man to lead the Lions. Warburton was captain of Wales during their Six Nations Grand Slam in 2012, and during the 2011 World Cup, where they finished fourth. Previous Lions captains Paul O'Connell (from 2009) and Brian O'Driscoll (2005) were also chosen.  Dylan Hartley was initially selected but was removed from the squad before the squad departed, after being suspended for 11 weeks for abusing a referee. Rory Best replaced Hartley later that day, meaning that the squad that set off to Hong Kong on 27 May consisted of 15 Welsh, 10 Irish, nine English and three Scottish players.  Alex Corbisiero was called up to the squad to replace Cian Healy, who suffered ankle ligament damage in the match against the Western Force, while Ryan Grant was called up to replace the injured Gethin Jenkins. Tommy Bowe broke his hand against the Queensland Reds, and Simon Zebo was brought into the squad. England's Brad Barritt, Christian Wade and Billy Twelvetrees were called in to provide further cover for the backs.  Gatland made a surprise selection on 16 June, calling up former Wales wing Shane Williams for the game against the Brumbies. Williams, playing club rugby in Japan, was already due to travel to Australia as a radio commentator, and was brought into the squad for only three days.  Ireland prop Tom Court was called up on 23 June before the final mid-week fixture against Melbourne Rebels, allowing Mako Vunipola to miss that match. Alex Corbisiero had injured his calf in the first test, so the Lions faced a shortage of props. Court was already in Australia visiting his home town of Brisbane.  O'Connell and Warburton were injured in the first and second tests respectively, ruling them out of playing in any more games in the tour.

Management and staff.

Andy Irvine is the Lions' tour manager, having succeeded Gerald Davies, who became Lions chairman.  Although Irvine originally stated that it was unlikely that a current coach of one of the Home unions would be appointed to coach the Lions, New Zealander Warren Gatland was offered the role in March 2012 with the Welsh Rugby Union's support, before being confirmed in September 2012. Gatland promised impartial selection and said he believed that Graham Henry in 2001 picked too many Welsh players who were not good enough to go on the tour. Gatland signed a 10-month contract with the Lions, taking a sabbatical from coaching Wales, although he would coach his Welsh team against Australia and New Zealand in autumn 2012.

Australia.

Australia head coach Robbie Deans selected a 31-man squad for the test series against the Lions, to be captained by James Horwill.  Luke Morahan was added to the squad following an injury Joe Tomane sustained in training.  Following the first test, George Smith, Jesse Mogg and Ben Tapuai were called up to the squad.

Statistics.

Lions player statistics.

Key

Test match statistics.

Key

Attendances.

The tour drew record attendances to several of the 10 matches. The Lions opened the tour in front of 28,643 for a game against the Barbarians at the Hong Kong Stadium. Their first game in Australia attracted 35,103 to Patersons Stadium for their opening match in Australia against the Western Force, while their next game against the Queensland Reds at Suncorp Stadium attracted a record Reds home attendance of 50,136. The game against the ACT Brumbies attracted 21,655 to Canberra Stadium for the Lions first loss of the tour. Three days before the game against the Brumbies, 40,805 saw the Lions thrash the New South Wales Waratahs 47–17 at the Sydney Football Stadium. In the only tour game played after the test series had started, the Lions attracted a rugby union record crowd of 28,648 to AAMI Park where they defeated the Melbourne Rebels 35–0.  The test series against Australia was even more successful and drew the record sporting attendance to each stadium used. The first test saw 52,499 at Suncorp Stadium, the second test drew 56,771 to Melbourne's Etihad Stadium, while 83,704 attended the third and deciding test at the ANZ Stadium in Sydney.

Broadcasting.

Fox Sports and Network Ten televised the tour in Australia, and in the UK and Ireland the games were shown by Sky Sports. Talksport provided live UK radio commentary of all matches.  Sky Sports NZL covered the tour in New Zealand and SuperSport in South Africa. In Europe, Sky Italia showed the tour in Italy, Vatican City and San Marino while Canal+ covered it in France, Andorra and Luxembourg. The tour was covered by Setanta Sports Asia across most of Asia and the Pacific Islands and J Sports showed fixtures in Japan. Gulf DTH covered the Arabic countries in Asia. ESPN Latin America showed the tour in South America and DirecTV in America (on Channel 490) and Setanta Sports Canada in Canada.

Sponsors.

HSBC is the main sponsor of the Lions, having also sponsored their 2009 tour to South Africa. Adidas are the playing and training supplier and have been since the 1997 tour, while Rhino supply training aids. Microsoft are the Lions' technology partners and Thomas Pink supply the official formal and evening wear for the team. Qantas are the official airline of the tour, as well as the main sponsors of the Wallabies. DHL are the sponsors of the tour itself and Gilbert provide all match balls. Specsavers are the sponsors of all match officials.

The 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia was a rugby union tour during June and July 2013. The Lions played ten matches - a three-test series against Australia, and matches against the five Australian Super Rugby sides, a Combined New South Wales–Queensland Country team, and a match en route to Australia against the Barbarians.


Career.

After Hoste graduated, he worked shortly for the bar, but soon started working for the newspaper company founded by his father, which published newspapers such as Het Laatste Nieuws, "De Vlaamsche Gazet van Brussel" and "De Zweep" (a Flemish weekly). In 1909, he cofounded the "Liberale Volksbond" of the district Brussels. This organization was founded in reaction to the "Franskiljonism" of the Liberal Party of Brussels. In 1913, he also participated in the foundation of the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond.  During World War I, he lived in the Netherlands. He worked for the newspaper "De Vlaamsche Stem" until it began German-sponsored activism. In reaction he and Frans Van Cauwelaert founded the newspaper "Vrij België". Together they also founded the "Vlaams-Belgisch Verbond", and worked on the "minimumprogramma" (E: minimum-program) to establish linguistic uniformity in Flanders (Dutch) and Wallonia (French), Dutch-language usage in Flanders for education, administration, justice and army. After the war this remained the program for the "Vlaams-Belgisch Verbond".  After the war Hoste took over the management of the publishing company, and "Het Laatste Nieuws" became the most popular newspaper in Flanders. The success of the newspaper stood in strong contrast to the bad results for the liberals in Brussels in the elections of 1920. Julius Hoste would become president of the "Algemene Belgische persbond" (1935–1936), and secretary of the "Verbond der Brusselse dagbladbestuurders" (1939).  In 1935 he entered the political scene, and campaigned against the fascist parties Rex and VNV, and in 1936 became "Minister of Education" in the second government of Paul Van Zeeland. While he was in office, he founded the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten and a Dutch and French "cultural council" (1938).  During World War II he stayed in Great Britain, where he became the under-secretary for education in the Belgian government in exile. After the war, he helped reestablish the "Liberale Volksbond" and the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond. In 1947, he was one of the main authors of the Oxford Manifesto on liberalism. In 1949 he was chosen as liberal senator for Brussels, which he remained until his death in 1954. As a politician he paid attention to the problems of the Belgian communities (Flanders and Wallonia) and world peace during the Cold War.

Julius Hoste Jr. (1884–1954), was a Belgian businessman and liberal politician. He went to highschool at the "Koninklijk Atheneum" (E: Royal Atheneum) of Brussels. In 1902 he started at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he obtained a law degree in 1907. Already as a student he had become interested in the Flemish movement, like his father Julius Hoste Sr. While he was a student, he was a member of "Geen Taal, Geen Vrijheid", and together with Nico Gunzburg and Frans Van Cauwelaert, he founded the "Algemeen Vlaams Studentenbond".


Club career.

Born in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau as the oldest child of Quinta Djata, a nurse, Pereira and his family moved to Portugal when he was five. He played his youth football with three clubs in the Lisbon area, finishing his development with S.L. Benfica.  Benfica subsequently decided against signing Pereira to a professional contract, and Italian side Parma F.C. acquired him on a free transfer. He spent the second half of the 2010–11 season on loan to Aris Thessaloniki F.C. in Greece and, upon his return to the "Stadio Ennio Tardini", made his first appearance in Serie A on 21 December 2011, coming on as a late substitute in a 3–3 home draw against Catania Calcio.  Pereira was loaned again for 2012–13, spending the campaign with Roda JC Kerkrade in the Eredivisie and being first-choice to help his team narrowly avoid relegation. On 1 August 2013 he broke all ties with Parma and returned to Portugal, joining C.S. Marítimo.  On 2 July 2015, after two seasons in Madeira as first-choice, Pereira signed a four-year contract with FC Porto also from the Primeira Liga, with a release clause of €40 million. He scored a career-best six goals – from 33 appearances – in his first season, in a runner-up finish.  Pereira suffered a calf injury during a Taça da Liga match against Sporting CP on 24 January 2018, going on to be sidelined for several months. After the departure of Héctor Herrera for Atlético Madrid in the 2019 off-season, he became club captain.

International career.

Pereira chose to represent Portugal internationally. He was part of the under-20 side that finished second at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, playing all seven games (six complete) and scoring in the 2–0 semi-final win over France.  Pereira made his senior international debut on 31 March 2015, replacing fellow debutant Bernardo Silva after 62 minutes of an eventual 0–2 friendly defeat to Cape Verde in Estoril. He was also selected for the UEFA Euro 2016 squad by manager Fernando Santos, scoring his first goal in the last warm-up game, a 7–0 win over Estonia in Lisbon on 8 June.

Career statistics.

International goals.

(score column indicates score after each Pereira goal, Portugal result listed second)

Honours.

Club.

Porto

International.

Portugal  Portugal U20

Danilo Luís Hélio Pereira (born 9 September 1991) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for FC Porto and the Portugal national team as a defensive midfielder.


Sutton River (Missisquoi River tributary)

Geography.

The Sutton River flows southward through the valley, in the same direction as Canadian Pacific Railway path and route 139, to reach Richford, Vermont.  The Sutton River rises at Spruce Lake (length: ; altitude: ) on the western slope of Mont Sutton, either at the foot alpine ski slopes. Lac Spruce is encased between Mont Gagnon (located on the northeast side) and Le Round Top (located on the southwest side). This small lake is located south of Mud Pond Lake, east of the center of the village of Sutton and almost at the limit of the watershed on the Brock River side (a tributary of the Missisquoi River).  Course in Canada  From its source (lake Spruce), the course of the Sutton River flows over, generally to the south, with a drop of, according to the following segments:  Course in the United States Note: US segment is officially called: "North Branch Missisquoi River"  From the Canada-US border, the course of the Sutton River, now called the North Branch Mississquoi River, descends 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) to the southwest in an agricultural area, forming two curves toward the southeast, crossing Pinnacle Road.[4] The North Branch Mississquoi River then flows into a bend in the north bank of the Missisquoi River.  From the Canada-US border, the course of the Sutton River descends to the southwest in an agricultural area, forming two curves toward the southeast, and crossing the Pinnacle Road. The Sutton River flows into a bend in the north bank of the Missisquoi River, which, just as it rises in Quebec. This confluence is located west of downtown Richford, Vermont. The road that runs along the west side of this american segment of this stream is called North Branch Rd.

Flood zone.

The by-law relating to the town planning program for the town of Sutton mentions a flood zone along the Sutton river, between Schweizer road and the boundary of the municipality of Abercorn.  During the night of July 14 to 15, 1997, torrential rains fell on the valley of the Sutton river. A bridge on a tributary of the west bank of the Sutton River on Claybank Road (which takes the name of Frontier Road at Frelighsburg) in Abercorn was badly damaged. The flood took the bottom of the road and the wooden structure of the bridge crashed into the bottom of the stream. The debris blocked the branches carried by the current. Almost all of Abercorn's roads were damaged, notably Spencer and Church streets.

Toponymy.

The name of the American segment of Sutton River, which is designated "North Branch Missisquoi River", creates confusion with the name of the Missisquoi River North which spills upstream on the north shore of the Missisquoi River in Canada. The course of the Missisquoi North River flows between the mouth of Eastman Lake and Highwater, entirely in Quebec.  In addition, in Vermont, there is a second Sutton River which is a tributary of the West Branch Passumpsic River; the latest is part of the watershed of the Connecticut River.  The toponym "Rivière Sutton" was formalized on December 5, 1968 at the Place Names Bank of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

The Sutton River (French: "Rivière Sutton"), North Branch Missisquoi River in the United States, is a transboundary watercourse tributary of the Missisquoi River, crossing from north to south:


Early life and education.

Flournoy's father George Flournoy was a cinematographer who worked on shows including "I Love Lucy" and "The Odd Couple". He died of a heart attack when Michèle was 14 years old. Flournoy attended Beverly Hills High School in Beverly Hills, California. She studied at Harvard College where she received a bachelor of arts degree. She received an M.Litt. in international relations in 1983 from Oxford University, where she was a Newton-Tatum scholar at Balliol College. From 1989 until 1993 she was at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, where she was a Research Fellow in its International Security Program.

Career.

Clinton administration.

Flournoy served as a political appointee under the Clinton administration in the U.S. Department of Defense, where she was dual-hatted as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy and Threat Reduction and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy. In that capacity, she was responsible for three policy offices in the Office of the Secretary of Defense:  Flournoy was awarded the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service in 1996, the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1998 and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award in 2000.

Public policy research.

She then joined the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University (NDU) as a distinguished research professor, founding and leading NDU's Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) working group, which had been chartered by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to develop intellectual capital in preparation for the Defense Department’s upcoming QDR in 2001.  She then moved to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), where she was a Senior Advisor working on a range of defense policy and international security issues before co-founding the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), to which she was named President, in 2007 with Kurt M. Campbell. Flournoy and CNAS co-founder Kurt Campbell wrote a policy paper called "The Inheritance and the Way Forward" that advocated for a U.S. foreign policy "grounded in a common-sense pragmatism rather than ideology".

Obama administration.

After the 2008 presidential election, she was selected as one of the Review Team Leads for the Obama transition at the Department of Defense. On January 8, 2009, President-elect Obama announced that he was nominating her as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, to serve under Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. In his memoirs, Secretary Gates wrote that he had "developed high respect for" Flournoy, whom he characterized as "clear-thinking and strong".  On December 12, 2011, Flournoy announced that she would step down in February 2012 to return to private life and contribute to President Barack Obama's re-election bid. As part of the Obama campaign, Flournoy appeared in a message from the official Democrat Twitter feed on October 22, 2012. She was shown in a video responding to GOP candidate Mitt Romney's assertion that Russia was the US's "number-one geopolitical foe" by stating Romney's was "a really curious statement, given that the Cold War has been over for some time."

Affiliations.

In 2017, Flournoy co-founded WestExec Advisors, a strategic advisory firm that advises U.S. and international companies and financial institutions on geopolitical factors that affect their business strategy and investment portfolios. She previously served as a Senior Advisor to the Boston Consulting Group's Washington D.C.-based public sector practice. She is a Senior Fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. She also serves on the Board of Directors of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), the Atlantic Council, and Women in International Security. She is a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the CIA's External Advisory Board.  She is a former member of the guiding coalition of the Project on National Security Reform, the Defense Policy Board, and the Defense Science Board Task Force on Transformation. Flournoy is an Advisory Board Member of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization that supports the safety and success of Americans serving abroad and the local people and partners they seek to help.

Personal life.

Flournoy's husband, W. Scott Gould, is a retired captain who served for 26 years in the United States Navy Reserve. He was a vice president at IBM before becoming United States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The couple have three children, and reside in Bethesda, Maryland.  Flournoy is a supporter of the Democratic Party and campaign finance records show she contributed $500 to Senator Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign in June 2007.

Publications.

In addition to several edited volumes and reports, Flournoy has authored many articles on international security issues:

Notes.

Ranking based on U.S. Secretary of Defense succession was changed by on March 1, 2010. When Flournoy was confirmed and sworn into office in 2009, the position was fourth-ranking, which was the highest for a female in the U.S. Department of Defense history at that time., the highest ranking woman having served in the U.S. DoD is Christine Fox as acting Deputy Secretary of Defense (from December 2013 to February 2014).

Michèle Angelique Flournoy (born December 14, 1960) is the former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, the seventh-ranking official in the U.S. Department of Defense, and in that role served as a principal advisor to U.S. Secretaries of Defense Robert Gates and Leon Panetta from February 2009 to February 2012. When the U.S. Senate confirmed her nomination on February 9, 2009, she was at the time the highest-ranking woman at the Pentagon in the department's history.


Professional career.

Los Angeles Dodgers.

Magill was drafted by the Dodgers in the 31st round of the 2008 MLB Draft out of Royal High School in Simi Valley, California. He played with the Gulf Coast Dodgers in 2008, Ogden Raptors in 2009, Great Lakes Loons in 2010 and Rancho Cucamonga Quakes in 2011. With the AA Chattanooga Lookouts in 2012 he was 11-8 with a 3.76 ERA and was selected to the Southern League midseason All-Star team. The Dodgers added him to the 40 man roster after the season and promoted him to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes to start 2013.  He was called up to the Majors for the first time on April 27, 2013 to start against the Milwaukee Brewers. He pitched 6.2 innings while allowing two runs and striking out seven. Magill made 3 more starts with the Dodgers before he was optioned back to Triple-A Albuquerque on May 20. He had no record and a 5.00 ERA in his 4 starts. Magill was recalled again to make an emergency start in place of Hyun-Jin Ryu on June 2. Magill spent the entire 2014 season with the Isotopes, where he worked as both a starter and a reliever. He was in 36 games and started 12 of them. He was 7-6 with a 5.21 ERA.

Cincinnati Reds.

On December 2, 2014, Magill was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for outfielder Chris Heisey. He underwent Tommy John surgery in May, ending his season and was released by the Reds in June.

San Diego Padres.

On January 30, 2017, Magill signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

Minnesota Twins.

On January 24, 2018, Magill signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. His contract was selected by the Twins on April 28. Magill spent the remainder of the season pitching out of the bullpen, appearing in 40 games. He struck out 56 in innings. He went 2–0 with a 4.45 ERA in 28 innings for the Twins in 2019, before being designated for assignment on July 21.

Seattle Mariners.

On July 21, 2019, Magill was traded to the Seattle Mariners in exchange for cash considerations. In 22 games, Magill was 3-2 with 28 strikeouts in innings.

Matthew William Magill (born November 10, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Cincinnati Reds, and Minnesota Twins.


Personal life and career.

He was born in Solund as the son of Edvard Sverdrup and his wife Agnes, née Vollan. His father was stationed in Solund as a vicar. Einar Sverdrup was the grandson of vicar and politician Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, a grandnephew of Johan Sverdrup, a nephew of politician Jakob Sverdrup and theologian Georg Sverdrup, a half-brother of oceanographer Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, Jr., and a brother of engineer and military officer Leif Sverdrup and women's rights activist Mimi Sverdrup Lunden. On the maternal side he was a grandson of Ole Vollan, and a first cousin of Harald and Nordahl Grieg.  Einar Sverdrup studied to be a mining engineer in the United States and at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondhjem. In 1923 in Trondhjem he married Dagny Lorck. The couple had three children, and settled in Bærum. Sverdrup eventually became the CEO of the Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani, a Norwegian coal mining company based in Svalbard.

World War II.

Before Operation Barbarossa was executed on 22 June 1941, the Svalbard archipelago was treated as a "no man's land". The mining was conducted and controlled by Norwegians and Soviets, but the authorities allowed coal transport to German-occupied Northern Norway. After Operation Barbarossa, however, the attitude changed, and Svalbard was evacuated between July and August 1941. In September 1941, Einar Sverdrup travelled to England. Here, he became involved in a plan to retake Svalbard. He was soon singled out as leader of the operation, and was ranked lieutenant colonel.  The operation was codenamed Operation Fritham. It started on 30 April 1942, when the ships and departed from Greenock. Sverdrup was on board SS "Isbjørn". The expedition reached Svalbard, but on 13 May, "Isbjørn" was sunk by German aircraft at Grønfjorden, claiming the life of Sverdrup. He was posthumously decorated with the War Cross with Sword.

Legacy.

In Svalbard, near the town of Longyearbyen is a place named for him: Sverdrupbyen ("Sverdrup Town"). Nearby, the settlement of Nybyen is sometimes alternatively known as Østre Sverdrupbyen ("East Sverdrupbyen").  There is also a memorial near Sverdrupbyen. The stone obelisk has a metal plaque with the following engraving:  <poem>DIREKTOR EINAR SVERDRUP FOR INNSATS PÅ SVALBARD 1922–1942 FALT UNDER KAMP I ISFJORDEN 14 MAI 1942 UREDD OG ÆRLIG</poem>  which translates to  <poem>DIRECTOR EINAR SVERDRUP FOR EFFORTS IN SVALBARD 1922–1942 KILLED IN ACTION IN ISFJORDEN 14 MAY 1942 FEARLESS AND HONEST</poem

Einar Sverdrup (18 December 1895 – 13 May 1942) was a Norwegian mining engineer and businessman. He was the CEO of the Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani, operating at Svalbard. When the integrity of Svalbard was threatened during World War II, he volunteered for a military operation, but was killed in action during Operation Fritham.