History.

Before the construction of Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in 1941 and Moses Lake Army Air Base in 1942 the area was largely barren. Native Americans knew the area as Houaph, which meant willow. Chief Moses was leader of the Sinkiuse tribe from 1859 to 1899, and was forced to negotiate with white settlers who began to settle in the area in the 1880s. Under pressure from the government, Chief Moses traded the Columbia Basin land for a reservation that stretched from Lake Chelan north to the Canada–US border. The government later traded again for what is now the Colville Indian Reservation.  The new settlers named the lake in honor of Chief Moses. The city was originally named Neppel, after a town in Germany where one of the original settlers had lived. The first settlers established fisheries and farms — some of the first exported items were carp, jackrabbits and fruit — but irrigation attempts failed and settlers left at about the same rate as they came. When the town was incorporated and renamed Moses Lake in 1938, the population was estimated at 302 people.  The arrival of the air base in 1942 and irrigation water pumped from Grand Coulee Dam in 1955 offered newcomers a reason and a way to settle in an area that previously had little to offer other than good fishing and a place to water sheep and cattle. Moses Lake was quickly transformed into a hub for a vast region where transportation, agriculture and recreation came together.  The air base was built to train World War II pilots to fly the P-38 Lightning and B-17 Flying Fortress, two planes that were essential to the war effort. The base was closed after the war ended, but reopened in 1948 as a U.S. Air Force base and test area for Boeing's B-47 Stratojet and B-50 Superfortress.  The B-47 tests led to development of modern commercial jetliners still used today. Fighter jets were stationed there to protect Grand Coulee Dam to the north and the Hanford site to the south. Boeing still uses the airport as a test and evaluation facility for its aircraft. Japan Airlines used the airport as a training area from November 1968 until March 2009. The old air base is now owned by the Port of Moses Lake and is home to Grant County International Airport, Big Bend Community College and several businesses.  Farmers, meanwhile, had developed new methods to irrigate water from the lake and from the Columbia River and began planting expansive irrigated acreage. When the Columbia Basin Project was completed in the mid-1950s, farms expanded by thousands of acres, growing potatoes, corn, onions, carrots and sugar beets.  In little more than a decade, Moses Lake's population grew from 300 to 2,679 in 1950. Today, the population is 21,419 (2014 estimate).

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 20,366 people, 7,600 households, and 4,995 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 8,365 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 76.4% White, 1.6% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.9% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30.1% of the population.  There were 7,600 households of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.25.  The median age in the city was 32.1 years. 29.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 14,953 people, 5,642 households, and 3,740 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,468.6 people per square mile (567.1/km2). There were 6,263 housing units at an average density of 615.1 per square mile (237.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.16% White, 1.69% African American, 1.02% Native American, 1.43% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 15.44% from other races, and 3.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25.41% of the population.  There were 5,642 households out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.20.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $36,467, and the median income for a family was $42,096. Males had a median income of $34,945 versus $25,193 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,644. About 11.0% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Climate.

Moses Lake has a dry climate, and is classed as a semi-arid climate. It is warm during summer, when temperatures tend to be in the 80s (°F) and somewhat cold during winter, when temperatures tend to be in the 30s (°F). The warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of. The coldest month is January, with an average minimum temperature of.  Temperature variations between night and day are greater during summer (), and less during winter ().  The annual average precipitation at Moses Lake is 7.69 inches (195 mm). Although rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, it is not unusual in mid-summer for a month or six weeks to pass without any measurable rainfall. The wettest month is December with an average rainfall of 1.19 inch (30 mm).

Economy.

Moses Lake's historic economic base has been agriculture, but now includes considerable manufacturing and technology. Several companies have moved to the area, including REC Silicon (one of the world's largest manufacturers of polysilicon, used in solar panels). Moses Lake has also attracted some alternative fuel companies, such as Washington Ethanol & Washington Biodiesel.  BMW, in partnership with the SGL Group, began construction in July 2010 on a $100 million carbon-fiber manufacturing plant. The plant was designed to produce 300 tons of carbon fiber per year from a single production building, and began operations in 2011. In 2013, ground was broken for a second 300-ton building, bringing projected production to 600 tons per year. In 2014, a third 300-ton building was started. When the third building is completed, SGL Moses Lake will be the largest producer of carbon fiber in the world. Mitsubishi in 2016 announced that the company would use the port of Moses Lake for its new regional jet (MRJ) FAA flight testing. The testing will be completed by the end of 2018. Other major corporations that have facilities in (or are based in) Moses Lake include:

Transportation.

Road.

Moses Lake is bisected by two major highways that bypass the city center: Interstate 90 and State Route 17. State Route 171 and Interstate 90 Business serve the city's downtown, connecting to the two highways.

Rail.

The Columbia Basin Railroad is headquartered in Moses Lake and operates the city's railroad. It is the busiest shortline railroad in Eastern Washington.  During the 1990s, a high-speed rail line between Seattle and Moses Lake was proposed, primarily to use Grant County International Airport as a satellite airport for the Seattle metropolitan area.

Public transportation.

Moses Lake and Grant County are served by the Grant Transit Authority, which runs several bus routes within the city and intercity bus service to nearby Ephrata and other towns.

Airport.

Larson Air Force Base, five miles from the city of Moses Lake, originally was named Moses Lake Army Air Base. It was activated on 24 November 1942 as a World War II training center. Major Donald A. Larson, for whom the base was later renamed, was from Yakima, Washington.  The Secretary of Defense announced on November 19, 1965 that Larson was to be closed by June of the following year. Larson Air Force Base, since renamed Grant County International Airport, is now a world-class heavy jet training and testing facility used by the Boeing Company, the U.S. Military and NASA. Columbia Pacific Aviation now handles charter passenger service to and from Moses Lake. With and a main runway long, it is one of the largest airports in the United States.  Moses Lake is also served by the much smaller Municipal Airport, which has one runway.

Education.

Schools.

Learning centers.

The Japanese Supplementary School of Moses Lake (モーゼスレイク補習授業校 "Mōzesu Reiku Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a weekend Japanese educational program, previously operated in Moses Lake.

Sister cities.

Moses Lake has one sister city, according to the Washington State Lt. Governor's list of Washington Sister Cities:  Moses Lake has a long history with its sister city; Yonezawa, Japan. The two cities have been exchanging students every summer for over 20 years. There is a street named after Yonezawa in Moses Lake and a street named after Moses Lake in Yonezawa. In 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced plans to build the Moses Lake Washington Temple on Yonezawa Boulevard between Division Street and Road K NE.

Moses Lake is a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. The population was 20,366 as of the 2010 census. Moses Lake is the largest city in Grant County. The city anchors the Moses Lake Micropolitan area, which includes all of Grant County and is part of the Moses Lake-Othello combined statistical area.


History of the phrase.

Ruskin coined the term "pathetic fallacy" to attack the sentimentality that was common to the poetry of the late 18th century, and which was rampant among poets including Burns, Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats. Wordsworth supported this use of personification based on emotion by claiming that "objects... derive their influence not from properties inherent in them... but from such as are bestowed upon them by the minds of those who are conversant with or affected by these objects." However Tennyson, in his own poetry, began to refine and diminish such expressions, and introduced an emphasis on what might be called a more scientific comparison of objects in terms of sense perception. The old order was beginning to be replaced by the new just as Ruskin addressed the matter, and the use of the pathetic fallacy markedly began to disappear. As a critic, Ruskin proved influential and is credited with having helped to refine poetic expression.  The meaning of the term has changed significantly from the idea Ruskin had in mind. Ruskin's original definition is "emotional falseness", or the falseness that occurs to one's perceptions when influenced by violent or heightened emotion. For example, when a person is unhinged by grief, the clouds might seem darker than they are, or perhaps mournful or perhaps even uncaring.  There have been other changes to Ruskin's phrase since he coined it: The particular definition that Ruskin used for the word "fallacy" has since become obsolete. The word "fallacy" nowadays is defined as an example of flawed reasoning, but for Ruskin and writers of the 19th century and earlier, "fallacy" could be used to mean simply a "falseness". In the same way, the word "pathetic" simply meant for Ruskin "emotional" or "pertaining to emotion".  Setting aside Ruskin's original intentions, and despite this linguistic 'rocky road', the two-word phrase has survived, though with a significantly altered meaning.

Examples of Ruskin's original meaning.

In his essay, Ruskin demonstrates his original meaning by offering lines of a poem:  <poem>They rowed her in across the rolling foam— The cruel, crawling foam...</poem>  Ruskin then points out that "the foam is not cruel, neither does it crawl. The state of mind which attributes to it these characters of a living creature is one in which the reason is unhinged by grief"—yet, Ruskin did not disapprove of this use of the pathetic fallacy:  Now, so long as we see that the feeling is true, we pardon, or are even pleased by, the confessed fallacy of sight, which it induces: we are pleased, for instance, with those lines... above quoted, not because they fallaciously describe foam, but because they faithfully describe sorrow.  Ruskin intended that pathetic fallacy may also refer to any "untrue" quality: as in the description of a crocus as "gold", when the flower is, according to Ruskin, saffron in color.  The following, a stanza from the poem "Maud" (1855) by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, demonstrates what John Ruskin, in "Modern Painters", said was an "exquisite" instance of the use of the pathetic fallacy:  <poem> There has fallen a splendid tear She is coming, my dove, my dear; The red rose cries, "She is near, she is near;" The larkspur listens, "I hear, I hear;" </poem>

Science.

In science, the term "pathetic fallacy" is used in a pejorative way in order to discourage the kind of figurative speech in descriptions that might not be strictly accurate and clear, and that might communicate a false impression of a natural phenomenon. An example is the metaphorical phrase "Nature abhors a vacuum", which contains the suggestion that nature is capable of abhorring something. There are more accurate and scientific ways to describe nature and vacuums.  Another example of a pathetic fallacy is the expression, "Air hates to be crowded, and, when compressed, it will try to escape to an area of lower pressure." It is not accurate to suggest that air "hates" anything or "tries" to do anything. One way to express the ideas that underlie that phrase in a more scientific manner can be found and described in the kinetic theory of gases: effusion or movement towards lower pressure occurs because unobstructed gas molecules will become more evenly distributed between high- and low-pressure zones, by a flow from the former to the latter.

The phrase pathetic fallacy is a literary term for the attribution of human emotion and conduct to things found in nature that are not human. It is a kind of personification that occurs in poetic descriptions, when, for example, clouds seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent. The British cultural critic John Ruskin coined the term in Volume 3 of his work, "Modern Painters" (1856).


Biography.

Xydakis was born in Piraeus in 1958. He studied graphic arts at the Technological Educational Institute of Athens from 1976 to 1977 before attaining a degree in dentistry from the University of Athens in 1984, where he later went on to pursue postgraduate studies in history of art from 1998 to 2002.  Having joined "Kathimerini" in 1992, Xydakis became arts editor of the newspaper in 1999 and subsequently editor-in-chief from 2003 to 2014. He received an award from the Athanassios Botsis Journalism Foundation in 2009. From 2002 to 2005 he was General Secretary of the Greek section of the International Association of Art Critics.  In the January 2015 election, Xydakis stood as a candidate for the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). He was elected MP for the Athens B constituency, and following the formation of a Syriza-led coalition government under Alexis Tsipras, Xydakis was appointed Alternate Minister of Culture in the combined Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, serving under Aristides Baltas.  The Syriza–ANEL coalition resigned on the 20 August 2015 and remained in office until a caretaker cabinet led by Vassiliki Thanou was appointed. Speaking to the "Observer" before the September 2015 election, Xydakis said: "We have all aged. It seems like years since we were elected, and yet it was only months ago. So much has happened, events have been so big, it has almost been too much for anyone to take in."  He was re-elected to parliament for the Athens B electoral district in the second election of 2015, but failed to win re-election at the 2019 election.

Nikos Xydakis (; born 1958) is a Greek journalist, art critic, and left-wing politician. From 27 January to 28 August 2015, he served as the Alternate Minister for Culture in the cabinet of Alexis Tsipras. From 23 September 2015 to 5 November 2016, he served as the Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs.


Early years.

Wisniewski was standout guard at Penn State University. He was twice named All-America (1987 and 1988). He was a key contributor on the Nittany Lions 1986 national championship team. He capped his senior season by playing in the Hula Bowl and the Japan Bowl.  He earned a Bachelor of Science in marketing in 1989.

Professional career.

Wisniewski was selected in the second round (#29 overall) of the 1989 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He was then immediately traded to the Los Angeles Raiders along with a sixth round pick (#140-Jeff Francis), in exchange for a second round choice (#39-Daryl Johnston), a third round choice (#68-Rhondy Weston) and a fifth round choice (#119-Willis Crockett).  He would play all of his 13 seasons in the league with the Raiders. "Wiz" became the standout Guard of the 1990s and made the Pro Bowl 8 times in his career tying him at the time of his retirement with Art Shell, Howie Long, and Tim Brown (Who would later surpass him) for most by a Raider. He was also named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team and was a first team All-Pro twice. Missed only 2 regular season starts in 13-year career due to injury.  On January 27, 2011 it was announced that Wisniewski would be returning to the Oakland Raiders as an assistant offensive line coach under new Head Coach Hue Jackson, new offensive coordinator Al Saunders and new offensive line coach Bob Wylie. He was thrilled by saying "I'm back to my first love, the Oakland Raiders and working with the Offensive Line. I’m a Raider for life. I can help in technique, help in mindset and attitude and really push these young men to develop and to be the heartbeat of the team." Wisniewski said via the Raiders website. He also said in a statement that "I’m thrilled to be working in the building again for the Silver and Black and helping to shape the future of the offensive line." He and Wylie replaced Chris Morgan and Jim Michalczik, who were not retained for the 2011 season.  Following the death of Raiders owner Al Davis in October 2011, Jackson's firing the following January and the hirings of new general manager Reggie McKenzie and new head coach Dennis Allen, Wisniewski, one of the few coaches retained by the new regime, was slated to assist under new offensive line coach Frank Pollack. However, right before the start of training camp in July 2012, it was announced that Wisniewski had resigned for "personal reasons" but would remain with the club as an ambassador.

Personal life.

Wisniewski lives in Oakland, California and maintains an association with the Raiders. He spent one year at Stanford University, helping coach the offensive line on a team that reached the Orange Bowl Wisniewski is a born-again Christian and currently volunteers at The Well Christian Community Church in Dublin, California, the church founded by fellow ex-Raider, Napoleon Kaufman. In 2004, Wisniewski was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame.  His brother, Leo, was a three-time letterman for the Penn State football team (1979–1981). Wisniewski's nephew (Leo's son), Stefen, was a guard/center on the Penn State team & had a standout career there. The Oakland Raiders picked him 48th pick in the 2011 NFL Draft, and on April 18, 2015 he signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He played with the Philadelphia Eagles and Kansas City Chiefs and started at left guard for both teams as they went on to win Super Bowl LII and Super Bowl LIV.

Steve Wisniewski (born April 7, 1967), nicknamed "The Wiz", is a former offensive guard who played 13 seasons with the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders, and later served as the team's assistant offensive line coach. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1989 NFL Draft, but his playing rights were traded to the Raiders that same draft. He played college football at Penn State.


Club career.

Early career and Exeter City.

Born in Oxford, Gosling signed for Swindon Town Centre of Excellence as a ten-year-old. A year later he signed for Plymouth Argyle Centre of Excellence after he moved with his family to Newquay in Cornwall. He was released by Argyle at the age of 16 whereupon he enrolled at Hartpury College. He graduated through the Exeter City youth team to sign professional terms under Paul Tisdale in April 2012.  He scored a "stunning goal" against Dorchester Town in pre-season, and joined Conference South side Dorchester on loan in September; the initial one-month loan deal was later extended until January. During this loan spell he scored the goal that knocked Exeter's rivals Plymouth Argyle out of the FA Cup on 4 November.  He made his debut for Exeter on 12 January 2013, as a late substitute for Steve Tully in a 3–0 win over Southend United at St James Park. He scored his first goal for the club to complete a 3–0 home win over Northampton Town in League Two on 2 March. After the match, Gosling said he hoped to become a first team regular at the club.  On 13 March 2014, Gosling joined Conference North side Gloucester City on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut three days later in a 3–3 draw against Gainsborough Trinity. Gosling made twelve appearances and scored three times: against Brackley Town, Harrogate Town and A.F.C. Telford United.  On 17 May 2014, Gosling announced that he was leaving Exeter, though he was offered a new contract by the club.

Bristol Rovers.

After leaving Exeter City, it announced on 24 June 2014 that Gosling had signed for recently relegated Conference Premier side Bristol Rovers for the 2014–15 season. He made his debut on 9 August as the Pirates began the season with a goalless draw against Grimsby Town. On 16 September, he scored his first goal for the club, concluding a 3–1 win over Nuneaton Town at the Memorial Stadium. Eleven days later, he struck the only goal for a win at Southport.  He played 23 league games across the season, scoring three goals, the last being the opener in a 7–0 rout of Alfreton Town in the last game of the regular season on 25 April 2015, relegating the opponents. He helped Rovers seal an immediate return to The Football League with a play-off victory over Grimsby on 17 May.  After not featuring for Bristol Rovers since the 26 December fixture against Wimbledon, Gosling joined Newport County on 26 February 2016 on an initial one-month loan. He made his debut on 1 March versus Crawley Town and played a further five times before returning to help Rovers earn promotion to League One. He signed a new contract with the Gas on 20 June 2016.  In August 2016 Gosling was loaned to Cambridge United of League Two on a six-month loan. His loaned was ended prematurely in November 2016 after making seven appearances for the club. On 16 January 2017 it was announced that Gosling would again go out on loan, this time to Forest Green Rovers of the National League.

Torquay United.

On 6 June 2017, it was announced that Gosling had joined Torquay United following his release from Rovers. He was released by Torquay at the end of the 2017–18 season.

International career.

In January 2014, it was confirmed that Gosling was eligible to play for Gibraltar in upcoming friendlies and their Euro 2016 qualifying campaign by national team coach Allen Bula, and was under consideration for his next squad. He was eventually called up to the squad for friendlies against Estonia and Malta on 26 May and 4 June 2014, respectively. Gosling made his international debut in the match against Estonia at the A. Le Coq Arena in Tallinn, starting the match and scoring the equaliser in the eventual 1–1 draw. The goal was Gibraltar's first away goal since joining UEFA. He became Gibraltar's outright top scorer of all time on 7 September 2015 when he scored their second competitive goal, a consolation at the end of an 8–1 away loss to Poland in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. With the goal, he also became the first Gibraltar player to score more than one goal at the international level.

Jake Gosling (born 11 August 1993) is a footballer who plays as a winger who is currently unattached after leaving Torquay United in July 2018.


Early life.

She was born Simone Ovide in about 1913 near the Haitian town of Léogâne, the daughter of a mulatto merchant and writer, Jules Faine, and Célie Ovide, one of the maids in his household. At an early age her mother gave her up, and she spent much of her childhood in an orphanage in Pétion-Ville, an exclusive suburb in the hills above Port-au-Prince. The orphans were encouraged to acquire vocational skills and Simone Ovide was trained as a nurse's aide. While working as a nurse she met a young doctor named François Duvalier. The couple was married on 27 December 1939, and had four children: Marie Denise, Nicole, Simone “Queen”, and Jean-Claude, their only son.

First Lady.

After their marriage, François Duvalier became minister of public health and labor in 1949 and won election to the presidency in 1957. Throughout his 14 years in office, his wife guarded access to her husband and developed and promoted her own palace favorites.  Because of her acquired status and her imperious bearing, Haitians referred to her as "Mama Doc". She was, like her husband, reported to be a Vodou expert. She cultivated the image of a benefactor; dispensing charity to inhabitants of "Cite Simone", a planned settlement named for her that is known today as Cité Soleil, one of the most miserable slums in Latin America.  Simone Duvalier's influence reached its peak after the death of her husband on 21 April 1971, when her nineteen-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded his father as Haiti's "President for Life". Simone Duvalier retained the title of First Lady, and relished the power it conferred. According to a number of her associates, she deeply resented having to relinquish that role after Jean-Claude Duvalier married in 1980 and she was demoted to "Guardian of the Duvalierist Revolution".

Exile and death.

When her son was ousted from power in February 1986, Simone Duvalier joined him and his wife, Michèle Bennett, in exile in France. She was rarely seen in public. After her son's bitter divorce from his wife, Simone Duvalier lived with her son in relative poverty in the suburbs of Paris.  She died on 26 December 1997.

Simone Duvalier (; "née" Ovide; 19 March 1913 – 26 December 1997), also known as Mama Doc, was the wife of Haitian leader François "Papa Doc" Duvalier and the First Lady of Haiti.


Family.

Peter Caxaro was born of a noble Mdina family in Malta. Unfortunately, the date of his birth is still unknown, and it is very doubtful whether it had ever been recorded at all. We might suppose, however, that he was born around the beginning

Studies and offices.

Caxaro's first studies were undertaken in Malta. Later, he went to Palermo, Sicily, to pursue them further. At the time, Palermo was a flourishing city imbued with the spirit of Renaissance humanism. There, Caxaro completed his studies and became a notary in 1438. A couple of months after his graduation, he was appointed judge at the courts of Gozo for the

Friendship with Dominicans.

During all this time, Caxaro was on very good terms with the Dominican friars. These had a monastery at Rabat, Malta, very close to Mdina, Caxaro's home-town and centre of operation. The Dominicans had originally arrived in Malta around 1450, and quickly forged good friendships amongst the literary population and professional people, including academics.

Marriage attempt.

Around 1463, Caxaro aspired to marrying a widow, Franca de Biglera. However, her brother, a Canon at the bishop's cathedral chapter, objected on the grounds of “spiritual affinity”, since Caxaro's father was a godfather to

Excommunicated.

At the Town Council of Mdina Caxaro had three particular themes which he seemed to come to life about: the welfare and maintenance of his town-home Mdina, the education of the common people, and the accountability of civil servants.  In 1480, Caxaro took an active and bold part in an issue which involved the bishop of Malta, who was suspected of corruption. Caxaro was

Death.

On August 12, 1485, Caxaro drew up his will, and died a few days later. The precise date of his death is still not known with any certainty. All his possession went to the Dominican friars.  It is not known where he

Caxaro's cultural formation.

Unveiled.

Peter Caxaro was virtually unknown until he was made famous in 1968 by the publication of his "Cantilena" by the Dominican Michael Fsadni and Godfrey Wettinger. It was Michael Fsadni who discovered the "Cantilena" on September 22, 1966, at the back of the third page from the last in the first of Reverend Brandan Caxaro's notarial registers (1533–1536), currently numbered R175, in the Notarial Archives, Valletta. Caxaro's work was actually transcribed by Rev. Brandan himself in its original Maltese version. The discovery was encountered with enthusiasm within scholarship circles since it had eventually given Maltese literature its greatest boost for a very long time. It had taken the authors about two years before they were able to present Caxaro's "Cantilena" to

The man.

Introducing his transcription of the composition, Rev. Brandan - a member of the Society of True Christians - indicated its author as a "philosopher, poet and orator".  On examination, it is positively held that Caxaro's original version was in the Maltese tongue, and that Rev. Brandan transcribed it as faithfully as possible as he recalled it. The composition proves that Caxaro's qualification as a philosopher, poet and orator is fully justified since its construction is professionally accomplished. He certainly was a man of learning.  Lately, a few proposals have been made which held that the said composition, in part or as a whole, does not have Peter Caxaro as its author. It has been said that the poem is none other than Rev. Brandan's innocent transcription in

Extant fragments.

Little of Caxaro's scholarship is known to exist. Much work has yet to be accomplished in this difficult field. We only possess isolated parts of his contributions, the most complete being the "Cantilena", which, in itself, comes down to us through an imperfect, indirect source.  That Brandan's transcript of the "Cantilena" is faulty is evident from various internal traits. Furthermore, the reasons for which Brandan recalled the work, and even the manner in which he did so, is unto this day a baffling uncertainty. The cheerfulness felt by Brandan apparently seems to be doubly caused, namely by both the memory of the composition "and" the memory of his ancestor (with a necessary relationship of one to the other). Brandan's opening sentence of the short prologue seems to suggest that he was gladdened "more" by the relationship than by any of the related parts. Wettinger and Fsadni had suggested that it was the consolation which Brandan saw in the content of the composition that prompted him to leave us a memory of it, writing it down in one of the registers of his acts. But this

The philosopher.

"Philosopher" is the title attributed to Caxaro by Rev. Brandan. In the rest of the "Cantilena"’s prologue, which is formally in accord with the general practice of the times, the poetic rather than the philosophical or oratorical excellences of Caxaro are emphasized. These are left in the shadow, even by modern scholars. It has been naively ventured that the appellative "philosopher" is to be understood merely in the sense of a man of wisdom or learning ("“bniedem gharef”", literally indicating a sophist rather than a philosopher). However, being

A Humanistic character.

It seems to be opportune at this point to highlight two instances from Caxaro's acquaintances, namely, his father's contact with Barcelona and Valencia, and Caxaro's own connection with Palermo.

Humanist Catalonia.

Catalonia, together with Aragon, became familiar with humanism before Castille. The first contact of the Catalan scholars with the movement was at its first appearance at the Pontifical court of Avignon, where Petrarch sojourned, and at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), Basle (1431) and Florence (1438–1455), as at the Neapolitan court of Alphonse V of Aragon, so-called "El Magnanimo" (died 1458).  The Catalan movement was initiated by Juan Fernandez' efforts in the 14th century. Fernandez travelled to the East and returned with many Greek manuscripts. He later established himself as a translator, compiler and commentator of classical texts, therefore giving rise to a literary culture concerned with human interests.

Humanist Palermo.

King Alphonse the Magnanimous of Aragon, asserting his seat at Naples, and set in giving additional splendour to the reign of Aragon, was successful in changing the Neapolitan court in one of Renaissance's most brilliant great centres. Naples and its favoured twin Palermo were visited by the most eminent of humanists from all over the Italian peninsula, Catalonia, Castile and Aragon.  From the first half of the 15th century onwards, Palermo went through an enormous and impressive economic, demographic and urbanistic development, manifesting a substantial cultural facelift. Though the times were rather difficult due to the frequent incursions of the Turks, and the disastrous effect of epidemics and other diseases, the enthusiasts of the "humanæ litteræ" were great in number. Up to Caxaro's visit to Palermo many native men familiar with the "studia humanitatis" made a name for themselves and for their town, scholars like Giovanni Aurispa and Giovanni Marrasio.  As in the case of Catalonia, the spirit of humanism was imported to Sicily from Northern Italy where large numbers of Palemitans went to study. Prior

The spirit of mediaeval humanism.

In order to comprehend better Caxaro's philosophy we cannot do less than grasp the spirit of humanism in his age.  The heart of the Mediaeval humanists, as distinct from that of the 14th century Mediaeval masters, and from the exponents of the 16th century Renaissance, was the retrieval and imitation of the beauty of ancient letters. This had nothing of any anti-Christian sentiment but definitely emphasized naturalism enormously. The imitation of the customs of "pagan" antiquity came later.  The beginning of humanism coincided with a number of other occurrences. In the first place, the Eastern Schism, a critical moment in the Catholic Church which weakened the papacy. Next, a marked ignorance of the clergy and a relaxation of discipline. Thirdly, the corruption of the customs of the high classes. And finally, the decadence of Scholasticism.  The forerunners of humanism imprinted their views with surprising power. The works of Brunetto Latini (1230–1291), Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) became the daily bread of the humanists.

The "Cantilena".

The textual analyses of the "Cantilena", employed during these last twenty-five years, have given ample food for thought. In general, the comments regarded the embarrassing inconsistencies which exist in the extant copy of the "Cantilena".  The literary value of Caxaro's work, and its standing in the Maltese literary tradition, has likewise been embellished from the historical literary analyses’ point of view. The general lines of this discussion, however, had already been quite satisfactorily described by Wettinger and Fsadni in 1968.  More interesting comments had been advanced from the perspective of literary criticism. However, much work has to be done in this field, especially by scholars with professional standing on mediaeval Arabic, Spanish and Sicilian idioms, dialects and poetic forms.  Due to the "Cantilena"’s uniqueness interesting results have been put forward by historical linguistics, emphasising the drastic changes in the Maltese language over a span of four centuries.  What interests us here, however, is not the "Cantilena"’s literary value as much as its philosophical content. Before proceeding further, it would be opportune to give the transliteration of the "Cantilena":  Paraphrased in English:

Idiosyncratic analysis.

At its appearance in 1968 the "Cantilena" had been declared to be not readily understandable by today’s generation. The publishers themselves found it “terribly difficult and absolutely daunting”. The interpreter, it had been said, had to be a philologist, a Maltese, one in possession of Arabic, familiar with the history of Malta, and well informed on the author of the composition. It must be admitted that a foreigner, even if expert in this field of study, but unfamiliar to a Maltese way of thinking, will find the text difficult and obscure.  The main idea of the text, the so-called “physical interpretation”, is simple enough. An uncontrollable person had been responsible for the collapse of a building

The text.

An idiosyncratic analysis of the "Cantilena" implies the minute examination of its constitution, particularly of the ideas expressed therein. In the first place we shall describe the intrinsic pattern in philosophical terms:  A. VV. 1-2: THE INVOCATION: TRIAD OF COMMUNICATION  B. VV. 3-6:

Caxaro's philosophy.

Given the aforementioned background to Caxaro's thought we shall hereunder indicate introductory and merely signalatory problematics proper to the philosopher under study. The suggested propositions can neither be exhaustive nor comprehensive but may simply aid our understanding of Caxaro's philosophical positions.

The common tongue.

In the first place it is never enough to emphasise the use of the (Maltese) vulgar idiom by Caxaro. This marked a qualitative leap which resulted from a humanistic formation. The option to express himself with masterly skill while positively valuing highly the language of the people, as opposed to the Latin and Sicilian idioms of the cultured class, indicates

Humankind at the centre.

Similarly important is the profane theme and nature of Caxaro's composition. This marks a further sign of Caxaro's humanistic character. The "Cantilena" is not a-religious or anti-Christian but it decidedly does not belong to what is sacred, religious or biblical. It is definitely not irreverent or blasphemous but it characteristically considers life, persons and their surroundings from a human standing.  The theme dwells on the qualities distinctive of the human nature, such faculties which affirm the astonishing skills

The sphere of reality.

The concreteness of Caxaro's reflections stands out loud and clear against any theoretical speculation. The arid, scholastic, professional terminology and mental structure is completely done away with. The practical existential perspective to life and reality is preferred. This may be considered typically Maltese in

Myth "vs." Logos.

Narration in Caxaro, as elsewhere, does not imply shallowness. Nor does it hint at an incapability to express oneself otherwise, namely, in arbitrary (professional) terms. Narration must be considered also as a scientific genre of expression. In fact, it is a traditional technique rich in history where sophistication is purposely ignored, choosing a more fluid, free and inclusive mode of communication.  Caxaro's composition, following the line of Plato's own professional preferences, is shrouded in a

Allegory "vs." Parable.

Caxaro's narration cannot be taken as a puerile typification of moral or spiritual relations. It is futile to search for strict correspondence between each and every figure he uses and concrete occurrences in life, his or any other. It is on these grounds that the “marriage proposal” interpretation must not be taken seriously, for it despoils Caxaro's composition from its abounding intrinsic qualities.  Correspondences do exist indeed in the "Cantilena" between the various symbolisms which

Truth "vs." Appearance.

This is an important theme in the "Cantilena", maybe carrying the greatest consequence for the whole composition. "“Fen tumayt insib il gebel sib tafal morchi”" (“Where I hoped to find rock I found soft clay”, v. 13{19}) gives us the hint.  This may well be the key to the composition's enigma. We have here a juxtaposition of an apparent truth (a pseudo-truth) and the truth itself.  In its most general terms this is a metaphysical problem. It marks human's encounter with a reality which is in itself concealed and garbed with the immediate consciousness and evidence of the sensible. Caxaro eventually contrasts the phenomenal to the

Metaphysics.

Caxaro's ontological and epistemological philosophy, together with his psychology, commences with the concrete experience of defeat and impotency (see v. 11{15}). It is not a momentary despondency but rather a state of being. It is the consciousness of humans helplessly succumbing to a reality which overshadows them.  From the reflection of this mode of existence determined by circumstances there arises in Caxaro the humanistic trigger to break out of the humiliating condition (diametrically opposed to the humanizing condition) by a rediscovery of the intrinsic spiritual power within humans themselves. "“Vargia ibnie”" (“and build it up again”, v. 11{15}) recalls Petrarca's call for rebirth; a reblooming out of the dust. This marks an essential moment in the

Logic.

No minute examination of Caxaro's logic as presented in vv. 7-10{11-14}. Caxaro's formal logic seems to be characteristic of his times, showing a notable departure from the former scholastic logic. His syllogism is simple. It avoids complicated compounds. It

Causation.

Caxaro seems to have in mind notions other than the archaic Aristotelian concepts of cause. The whole of vv. 3-4 recall one of the motive forces which Empedocles called “Strife”, accounting for the dissolution or decay of the other force, “Love”, which is the principle of generation.  Furthermore, Plato's own concept of cause seems to play an additional

Communication.

The triad at the head of the "Cantilena" is part of the general narrative theory of language. It rests on two legs, namely, Caxaro's examined life, a tenet proceeding from Socrates and Plato up to Petrarch, and further on the transmission of that experience.  This is opposed to the teaching of an otherwise abstract theory, somewhat confirming a superiority

Symbolism.

In this context one can easily comprehend the nature of the language used by Caxaro: an expressive mode which, in accordance with his general philosophy, is intrinsically unconfined and porous. It is likewise based on a theory of correspondences.  Caxaro does not seem to employ images in an unrelated (or extrinsically related) aloof manner. He does not merely appropriate their external form in some way. Caxaro aptly creates a harmony of nuances amongst the symbols he uses, taking advantage of their mutual agreeability. Moreover, he presents them in an analogous relationship with his world of being through the understanding of that world as an indissoluble unity.  Caxaro's symbols, like those of the Megalithics in Malta and the posteriors Eleatics in Greece, are neither simple nor artificial. They do not point to the author's identification to the images "qua" images. Caxaro's peculiar material expression presupposes a prior cosmic spiritual relationship between all matter.  This is a philosophy very proper to the mediaeval philosophers, especially those of the so-called Platonic school.  Unfortunately, here we must sadly restrain myself from

See also.

Philosophy

Sources in chronological order.

1949  1965  1968  1969  1970  1971  1972  1973  1974  1975  1977  1978  1979  1980  1981  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1989  1990  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1999  2000  2001  2004  2006  2008  2009

Pietru "Peter" Caxaro (c. 14001485) was a Maltese philosopher and poet. He is so far Malta's first known philosopher, fragments of whose works are extant. His philosophical views and positions qualify him as an honourable adherent of the mediaeval humanist movement. His contribution skilfully stands as a mature reflection of the social and cultural revival of his time.


Life and career.

2001–2013: Career beginning.

Belt was born in Wichita, Kansas, to Earl & Carol Belt. He began as an actor in kindergarten where he attended Buckner Performing Arts Magnet in Wichita. When he was 11 years old, his family moved from Kansas to California for pilot season. They returned to Kansas but shortly thereafter moved permanently to Los Angeles in 2001. Belt went on to have a career as a working commercial and print actor appearing in commercials for Allstate Insurance, Sony PlayStation, McDonald's, AT&T, Sony Vaio computers and many others. In 2004 Dustin met Kendall Schmidt at an industry event in Hollywood. They became immediate friends and later began the project known as Heffron Drive, named after the street they both lived on.  Schmidt had purchased some recording equipment and assembled a studio in his bedroom where the two began creating music together. They posted their music on the website Myspace, where they began garnering tens of thousands of "plays" a day. Dustin was referred to BTR's management by Kendall to be the lead guitarist for the live band. Dustin accepted the job and spent the next 4.5 years touring the world with the group, playing some of the most iconic venues in the world. His first show with the band was "The Today Show" in New York City where they played for a live crowd of 5,000 and a syndicated crowd of over 4 million. He can be seen in performances on "Ellen", "MTV Hits", "Live! With Kelly", "The National Tree Lighting Ceremony" among others.  While on the road with BTR, Dustin and Kendall would continue to work on music for Heffron Drive in their downtime.

2013–2018: Heffron Drive.

After Big Time Rush ended in late 2013, Heffron Drive was revived as a band as the full-time project of Dustin & Kendall. They released their first single "Parallel" in early 2014. "Happy Mistakes", Heffron Drive's first album, was released September 9, 2014 and premiered on the Billboard 200 at #84 and on the Billboard Pop Charts at #14. The band embarked on a 26 city tour to promote the album, covering a majority of the United States and addition dates in Mexico. In October through December 2014, Dustin co-produced Heffron Drive's acoustic album "Happy Mistakes: Unplugged" which was released April 28, 2015. The album was completely produced by Belt and Schmidt and released through Schmidt owned TOLBooth Records.  Heffron Drive performed at the "A Capitol Fourth" celebration broadcast on PBS in July 2014 and toured extensively internationally promoting both albums with stops in Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Italy among others. Dustin frequently worked with RedBull and RedBull.tv as a social media influencer, covering music festivals across America for the past few years. Heffron Drive announced via social media the release of their new EP "The Slow Motion", which was released worldwide on February 10, 2017. The EP included 4 new songs, including the single "Living Room", released on January 13. A tour with stops in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Amsterdam, Paris, Lyon, Milan, Turin and Rome took place in support of the EP release.

Dustin Earl Belt (born December 3, 1987) is an American guitarist, music producer and actor. He is best known as a founding member of the indie pop duo, Heffron Drive, and as the touring guitarist for the Nickelodeon/Sony boy band, Big Time Rush. Heffron Drive's first single, "Parallel", was released in March 2014 through the record label TOLBooth Records. Heffron Drive's first album "Happy Mistakes" was released on September 9, 2014. Upon release, it charted at #84 on the Billboard Top 200 and at #14 on the Billboard Pop Charts.


History.

World War II.

The 5th Marine Division was activated on Armistice Day, 11 November 1943. The division's Headquarters Battalion officially began operating at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton on 1 December, at which time men and equipment began streaming into Camp Pendleton. The official activation date for the Division was 21 January 1944. The division had a solid core of combat veterans from the beginning however there were many issues raising the total required number of Marines as the Marine Corps had to provide combat replacements to other divisions and staff the newly formed 6th Marine Division also. Among the personnel forming the new division were Marines from the former 1st Marine Parachute Regiment, the Raider Training Battalion, the Parachute Training School, West Coast, and the Parachute Replacement Company.  Parts of the division began to deploy overseas to act as the reserve force during the Battle of Guam where they were not needed. Because of this they were sent to Camp Tarawa near Hilo, Hawaii for further training. After more extensive training the division loaded ships and left Hawaii in January 1945. By mid-February they were sailing past Saipan headed for Iwo Jima.

Battle of Iwo Jima.

The 5th Division landed on Iwo Jima on 19 February 1945, southeast of Mount Suribachi. The division sustained heavy initial losses, so much so that by that afternoon, the 26th Marine Regiment (26th Marines) had to be released as the division reserve. On 23 February, two American flags were raised on Mount Suribachi by members of the 28th Marine Regiment (28th Marines). The 5th Division would fight on Iwo Jima from 19 February until 26 March where they would sustain 2,482 killed in action, 19 missing in action, and 6,218 wounded in action. This was the highest casualty rate among the three Marine divisions involved in the invasion. The 5th Division began loading onto ships on 26 March, finally leaving Iwo Jima on 27 March 1945 sailing for Hawaii.  On 21 March 1945 the 5th Marine Division Cemetery was formally dedicated on Iwo Jima. Chaplains prayed, Major General Keller E. Rockey added a tribute to the dead and Lieutenant Roland B. Gittelsohn, U.S. Navy and a 5th Division chaplain, spoke of friends buried and "the ghastly price of freedom..." The American flag (there since 14 March) at the northern part of Iwo Jima was raised then lowered to half-mast. Taps was played echoing across the dark foreboding ash of "Sulfur Island".  Iwo Jima became an important support and emergency landing field for aircraft based out of the Marianas. In recognition of the 5th Marine Division's sacrifice in securing the island, the U.S. Army Air Corps 9th Bombardment Group named a B-29 "The Spearhead", with elaborate nose art depicting the 5th Division's insignia and the flag raising on Mt. Suribachi.  The 5th Division returned to Camp Tarawa, Hawaii and remained there until the end of the war. After the Japanese surrender they set sail for Japan where they occupied the southern island of Kyushu. The 5th Division left Japan in November 1945 and arrived in San Diego, California the week of Christmas 1945. The majority of the division's Marines were discharged shortly thereafter. The 5th Division was inactivated on 5 February 1946.

Vietnam War.

The 27th Marines and 5th Tank Battalion were activated on 1 January 1966, the 5th Marine Division and 26th Marines on 1 March, the 13th Marines (13th Regiment of Artillery) on 1 May (Headquarter on 5 April), and the 28th Marines on 17 January 1967. The 13th, 26th, and 27th regiments were attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced), 1st Marine Division (Reinforced), and 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade in South Vietnam until 19 March 1970.  On 27 February 1966, Secretary of Defense McNamara ordered the reactivation of RLT 26 (26th Marine Regiment) and the 5th Marine Division (5th Division headquarters was activated in June) at Camp Pendleton on 1 March 1966. BLT 1/26 (1st Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) was activated on 1 May, BLT 2/26 (2nd Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) on 1 June, and RLT 3/26 (3rd Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) on 1 July. Each battalion received eight weeks of pre-deployment training, all Vietnam oriented, before moving out aboard navy transports on 6 July, 27 July, and 1 September. The 26th Regiment (26th Marines) was part of the 5th Division, but never came under its command; under base command then subordinate of Force Troops, Pacific, at Twentynine Palms. The 26th Marines were based in Vietnam beginning on 27 August 1966 (2nd Battalion, 26 Marines, 3rd Marine Division Reinforced) until 19 March 1970, but were never commanded there by the 5th Division.  The 5th Division was ready to deploy anywhere by June 1967. It was never intended that the 5th Division would go over seas. It was a force in readiness. But in February 1968, General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. Army, commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, asked for help because of the all-out Communist Tet Offensive. The 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was airlifted out on 48 hours' notice, with 3,700 Marines. In September, it became the first major combat unit to come home from the Vietnam War. The 5th Division began deactivating its member units on 15 October 1969. The 5th Division was formally inactivated on 26 November 1969, and the men reformed into the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade.

Battle of Khe Sahn and Tet offensive, 1968.

The 26th Marines participated in the Battle of Khe Sahn, 9 January to 9 July 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh from 20 January to 1 April 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced).  In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet Offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On 12 February 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on 17 to 19 February. The 27th Marines became the first Marine regiment to fly into a combat zone in Vietnam. The 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, which deployed on 17 February, was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for action during Operation Allen Brook at Go Noi Island on 17 to 28 February while attached to the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced). During this operation, 3/27 members earned a Medal of Honor, 2 Navy Crosses, and several Silver Star Medals and Bronze Star Medals with Combat "V"s. In September 1968, The 27th Marines, after serving seven months in country Vietnam, became the first major combat unit to come home from Vietnam. All first tour personnel were reassigned to other units in order to complete their tours.

26th Marines.

1st Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 May 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 6 July and was assigned to the 7th Fleet's Special Landing Force on 5 August. It participated in the 26th Marines first combat operation in Vietnam off the assault helicopter carrier USS "Iwo Jima" during Operation Deckhouse III and taking the regiments first four casualties. The 1/26 Marines was based in South Vietnam on 27 September 1966.  2nd Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 June 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 27 July and boarded the USS "Bexar". The 2/26 Marines arrived in Da Nang, South Vietnam on 27 August 1966.  3rd Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 July 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 2 September and was assigned to the 7th Fleet's Special Landing Force on 4 October. The 3/26 Marines was based in Vietnam on 11 December 1966.

27th and 28th Marines.

The 27th Marine Regiment (27th Marines), 5th Marine Division, would receive orders on 12 February 1968 to deploy to Vietnam, with 1/27 Marines arriving at Da Nang, South Vietnam on 23 February. On 2, 1 April/27 Marines was attached to the 1st Marine Division. The 28th Marine Regiment (28th Marines) would remain at Camp Pendleton throughout the Vietnam War.

13th Marines.

Kilo Battery, 13th Marine Regiment (13th Marines), landed at the mouth of the Cua Viet River in Vietnam in May 1967. Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie 1/13 were present at the Battle of Khe Sanh in 1968.

5th Tank Battalion.

The 5th Tank Battalion (RLT 26, RLT 27, and RLT 28), attached to the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) staged in the Philippines upon arrival from Camp Pendleton, California. After departing Subic Bay aboard USS "Washtenaw County", they landed in Da Nang in July 1967. The unit provided mission fire control support at every strategic hill in South Vietnam, and received two Presidential Unit Citations (PUC) for extraordinary heroism in the battles at Khe San and Hue City. Ord & Maint Co. suffered heavy losses on Hill 88 as 21 Marines perished from mortar fire falling on the 105mm ordnance bunker. This was the highest number of casualties suffered in a single day by the 5th Tank Battalion during the Vietnam War.  Note: The only two companies from the 5th Tank Battalion that were sent to Vietnam with the 26th and 27th Marine Regiments were Alpha Company and Bravo Company (Capt Robert Johnstone commanding). Charlie Company and Delta Company remained in garrison at Camp Pendleton. As the result of President Nixon's draw down in troop strength Bravo Company returned to Camp Pendleton in September 1968.

Medal of Honor recipients.

Fifteen Marines and 2 Navy corpsmen assigned to the 5th Marine Division were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II (Iwo Jima). Twelve were posthumously awarded. Two Marines of the 26th and 27th Marines were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for the Vietnam War.  Posthumous

Vietnam War.

Posthumous

The 5th Marine Division was a United States Marine Corps ground combat division which was activated on 11 November 1943 (officially activated on 21 January 1944) at Camp Pendleton, California during World War II. The 5th Division saw its first combat action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945 where it sustained the highest number of casualties of the three Marine divisions of the V Amphibious Corps (invasion force). The 5th Division was to be part of the planned invasion of the Japan homeland before Japan surrendered. Assault troops of the 5th Division were included in the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to the V Amphibious Corps for extraordinary heroism on Iwo Jima from 19 to 28 February 1945. The 5th Division was deactivated on 5 February 1946.


Career.

He was born in Ali Sabieh. Beginning in 1982, he held various important positions at Air Djibouti. On 1 April 1985, he became its Deputy Director-General. He then served as Interim Director-General from 25 April 1986 to 1 March 1990 and was Director-General from 1 March 1990 to 31 January 1991. He was subsequently Technical Adviser to the Minister of National Education from 1992 to 1997 and was elected to the National Assembly in the December 1997 parliamentary election as the fourth candidate on the joint candidate list of the ruling RPP and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) for the District of Djibouti. During the parliamentary term that followed, he served as President of the Permanent Commission of the National Assembly; he was also a member of the Defense Commission.  In the January 2003 parliamentary election, Ali was re-elected to the National Assembly as the fourth candidate on the candidate list of the ruling coalition, the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP), in the District of Djibouti. Following this election, he was elected without opposition as President of the National Assembly on 21 January 2003, and he was also elected as Secretary-General of the Executive Bureau of the RPP on 3 July 2003. In the February 2008 parliamentary election, Ali was the second candidate on the UMP's candidate list for the District of Djibouti. He was re-elected to a seat in the National Assembly, and he was then re-elected as President of the National Assembly on 20 February 2008. In the vote for President of the National Assembly, he received 61 votes against four for another RPP deputy, Mohamed Dileita.  Ali was replaced as RPP Secretary-General by Ilyas Moussa Dawaleh in September 2012, as part of an extensive shake-up of the RPP leadership. In the February 2013 parliamentary election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly. The National Assembly began meeting for its new parliamentary term on 18 March 2013, and Ali was re-elected as President of the National Assembly. He was the only candidate for the post and received the votes of 54 of the 55 deputies present; 10 opposition deputies were not present.  Ali died on 12 February 2015 at a Kenyan hospital in Nairobi.

Idriss Arnaoud Ali (25 December 1945 – 12 February 2015) was a Djiboutian politician who was President of the National Assembly of Djibouti from 2003 to 2015. He was also the Secretary-General of the People's Rally for Progress (RPP) from 2003 to 2012.


Biography.

Born on 28 August 1860 in Cienfuegos, Luisa Martínez Casado Muñoz was the daughter of the writer, theatre and newspaper owner, Luis Martínez Casado, and his wife Guadalupe Muñoz. She had three elder sisters and two younger brothers. Thanks to her father, when she was only six years old, she appeared on the stage reciting "La vaquera de la Finojosa". In 1868, the family moved to Havana where Martínez Casado appeared in "El gorrión", a play written by her father.  As she grew older, she appeared in an ever-wider variety of plays, together with established actors including Ceferino Guerra, Julio G. Segarra, Ana Suárez Peraza and Eloísa Agüero. It is believed Enrique Zumel's "Laura" (1864) was written specially for her. In 1876 she performed in Mexico where she was reported to have been "inimitable". On her return to Cuba in July 1877, still just 17, she played Dorotea in Pancho Fernández' "Los negros catedráticos". and appeared in José E. Triay's "Cervantes" in memory of the author of "Don Quijote".  In September 1878, Martínez Casado was admitted to the Madrid Royal Conservatory where she studied under Concepción Sanpelayo, Florencio Romea and Matilde Diez. She was such a talented student that she completed the four-year course of study in just six months, receiving the conservatory's first prize for tragedy, comedy and drama. In December 1878, she performed in Spain in a work written for her by José Echegaray titled "Mar sin orillas". She continued to perform to wide acclaim in Madrid and the provinces over the next five years.  When she was 28, she returned to Cuba for a short period, signed a contract with the theatrical empresario Leopoldo Burón, and in 1888 went on to Mexico City where she appeared at the Teatro Arbeu, receiving standing ovations and countless bouquets. President Porfirio Díaz even invited her to the presidential palace while his wife presented her with gifts including a jewelry box with over 30 jewels. After touring the Mexican provinces, she returned to the capital in 1889, appearing this time at the Teatro El Nacional.  On 1 January 1891, Martínez Casado married Isaac Puga, an actor she had met in Spain and who had travelled to meet her in Cuba. Together they had four children. The same year she returned to Spain, broke off her contract with Burón and created her own theatrical company bearing her name. Over the next 20 years, she performed with her company in Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Santo Domingo, Panama, Costa Rica and Venezuela, earning more than three million peso, a veritable fortune.  In 1910, now aged 50, Martínez Casado established the "Sociedad para el Fomento del Teatro", a foundation aimed at encouraging Cuban authors to write plays and revive past Cuban theatrical works. In 1911, following the death of her husband, Martínez Casado retired from the stage, giving her last performance in Cárdenas where she played in "Locura de amor" by Manuel Tamayo y Baus.  On 28 September 1925, Luisa Martínez Casado died in her home town of Cienfuegas.

Luisa Martínez Casado Muñoz (1860-1925) was a Cuban actress who performed in Spain and throughout Latin-America, enjoying particular success in her native Cuba and in Mexico. Winning no less than 47 gold medals, she has been described as the most successful Spanish-speaking actress of the 19th century, on a par with Eleonora Duse and Sarah Bernhardt.


Active, expanded, and postseason rosters.

As of the upcoming 2020 season, each Major League Baseball team maintains a 26-man active roster, an 28-man expanded roster, and a 40-man reserve list of players. Players on the 26-man roster are eligible to play in official major league games throughout the season. The 40-man reserve list includes the players on the 26-man roster plus as many as 14 players who are either on the team's seven- or 10-day injured list, who are on paternity leave for up to three days, or who are in the franchise's farm teams in Minor League Baseball. From September 1 through the end of the regular season, each team is required to expand its active roster to 28 players. (Before the 2020 season, any player on the 40-man reserve list, also referred to as the "expanded roster", was eligible to play in an official regular season game on or after September 1.) Many young players make their Major League debuts in this way, as "September call-ups."  To be eligible for a team's postseason roster, a player must be on any of the following: (a) the 40-man reserve list, (b) the 60-day Injured list, or (c) the bereavement list as of August 31 at midnight ET. The only exception is that a player who is on the injured list at the end of the regular season may be replaced on the postseason roster by any other player who was in the organization on August 31, with the approval of the Commissioner. All players on the team's roster during the season will be eligible to receive a World Series ring after the team wins the World Series.

Trades.

Teams may trade only players currently under contract. Trades between two or more major-league teams may freely occur at any time during a window that opens two days after the starting date of the final game of the most recent World Series and closes at 4 pm Eastern Daylight Time (UTC 2000) on July 31. MLB had allowed trades during the month of August if players cleared waivers, but August trades involving players on a team's 40-man reserve list were eliminated after the 2018 season per the Official Major League Rules, 9(b)(3).  Unlike in the NFL, NHL, MLS, and the NBA, teams may not trade draft choices (with the exception of competitive balance draft selections, which can be traded as explained below), but may purchase the rights to Rule 5 Draft Picks.  Beginning with the 2012 season, MLB allows one specific class of draft picks to be traded. As part of a newly signed collective bargaining agreement between MLB and its players' union, each team is allocated a "bonus pool"—a set amount of money it can use to sign its draft picks for that year. Teams that go over their threshold can be penalized by losing one or more future draft picks. Those forfeited draft picks will eventually end up in the possession of small-revenue teams, which can then trade them if they wish. The first picks awarded under this scheme were for the 2013 draft.  The August 31 rule was waived in for servicemen returning from World War II. Over the years, there have been several notable cases where a player acquired after the August 31 deadline made a significant contribution to a playoff-contending team but was ineligible for the postseason; for example, Pedro Ramos with the 1964 New York Yankees and Sparky Lyle with the 1980 Philadelphia Phillies.  If a player has been on an active major league roster for 10 full seasons and on one team for the last five, he may not be traded to another team without his consent (known as the 10 & 5 rule). Additionally, some players negotiate to have no-trade clauses in their contracts that have the same effect.  In some trades, one of the components is a "player to be named later" which usually turns out to be a minor league player. The unnamed player is included as part of a trade when the teams cannot immediately agree on a specific player or when the player is not yet eligible to be traded. In these cases, the player in question must be named within six months. Cash or some other consideration may be exchanged in lieu of the player to be named later. For example, during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike, the Minnesota Twins traded Dave Winfield to the Cleveland Indians at the trade deadline. Among the conditions of the trade were that if the Indians played no more games in 1994, "Indians general manager John Hart must write a check for $100 made out to the Minnesota Twins and take Twins general manager Andy MacPhail out to dinner."

Waivers.

Any player under contract may be placed on waivers ("waived") at any time. Before the abolition of August trades in 2019, teams were "required" to place any player they wished to trade after MLB's July 31 trade deadline on waivers before trading him.  If a player is waived, any team may claim him. If more than one team claims the player from waivers, the team with the weakest record in the player's league gets preference. If no team in the player's league claims him, the claiming team with the weakest record in the other league gets preference. In the first month of the season, preference is determined using the previous year's standings.  If a team claims a player off waivers and has a viable claim as described above, his current team (the "waiving team") may choose one of the following options:  If a player is claimed and the waiving team exercises its rescission option, the waiving team may not use the option again for that player in that season—a subsequent waiver would be irrevocable with a claiming team getting the player essentially for nothing. If no team claims a player off waivers after three business days, the player has cleared waivers and may be assigned to a minor league team, traded (to any team), or released outright.  The waiver "wire" is a secret within the personnel of the Major League Baseball clubs; no official announcement of a waiver is made until a transaction actually occurs, although information sometimes leaks out. Before the abolition of post-July 31 trades, players were often waived during the post-July "waiver-required" trading period for teams to gauge trade interest in a particular player. Usually, when the player was claimed, the waiving team would rescind the waiver to avoid losing the player unless a trade could be worked out with the claiming team.  The National League (NL) was the first of the two major leagues to adopt the trade deadline rule in 1917. Originally it was enforced after June 15, but was later changed as the result of a new collective bargaining agreement. For many years, players could not be traded from one league to another without being waived by all of the teams in the trading team's league. Then an inter-league trading period was established, centered on the winter baseball meetings in December. Later, there were two "inter-league" trading periods each year, one from after the World Series until mid-December and the second from a week before spring training began until March 15. So intent were leagues on keeping their stars from being moved from one league to the other, that then–National League President Warren Giles threatened to keep NL clubs from trading major stars to the American League after the deal that sent Frank Robinson from Cincinnati to Baltimore.

Assignment to a minor league team.

Options.

Options are directed by MLB Rule 11 (C). A player has a finite number of option "years" in which he may be moved between the major and minor leagues an unlimited number of times. If a player is on the 40-man reserve list but not on the active major league roster, he is said to be on optional assignment—his organization may freely move him between the major league club and the minor league club. The rules for this are as follows. (In all cases, an assignment of a player on a major-league injured list to the minors while on a rehabilitation assignment does not count as time spent in the minors.) A common misconception, based on the phrase "out of options," is that a player may only be moved between the major and minor leagues a restricted number of times.  Once all of the options have been used up on a player, a player is considered "out of options" and a player must be placed on and clear waivers prior to being sent down to the minor leagues (there is also the "veterans' consent" rule).  The option system was designed to prevent players from being buried in the minor leagues forever, by forcing teams to make a decision within a limited number of years on whether or not they can use a player in the Major Leagues. Once placed on the protected 40-man reserve list the player knows his team will have to bring him up to the majors, or expose him to being claimed on waivers so that another team can bring him to the majors, all within three years. Options do not "reset" if a player is traded - he still has only the original three option years that began when he was first placed on a team's 40-man reserve list.

Designated for assignment.

A player who is designated for assignment (DFA) is immediately removed from the 40-man reserve list. This gives the team time to decide what to do with the player while freeing up a roster spot for another transaction, if needed. Once a player is designated for assignment, the team has seven days (had been 10 days under the 2012-16 Collective Bargaining Agreement) to do one of the following: the player can be traded, the player can be released, or the player can be put on waivers and, provided he clears, outrighted to the minors. A player who is outrighted to the minors is removed from the 40-man reserve list but is still paid according to the terms of his guaranteed contract. A player can only be outrighted once in his career without his consent.

Veterans' consent.

If a player has 5 years of major-league service, he may not be assigned to a minor-league team without his consent. This exclusion applies regardless of whether he has not yet been outrighted once, has remaining options, or has cleared waivers. If the player withholds consent, the team must either release him or keep him on the major league roster. In either case, the player must continue to be paid under the terms of his contract. If he is released and signs with a new team, his previous team must pay the difference in salary between the two contracts if the previous contract called for a greater salary.

Injured List.

If a major league player cannot play because of a medical condition, he may be placed on the 10-day injured list (IL) (15 days prior to the 2017 season; to be changed back to 15-days beginning the 2020 season). This removes the player from the 25-man roster, freeing up a space, but the player is ineligible to play for at least 10 consecutive days. Players on the 10-day injured list are still a part of the 40-man roster. An injured player may also be placed on the 60-day injured list to remove the player from the 40-man roster as well, with the condition of being ineligible to play for at least 60 consecutive days.  In 2011, a 7-day injured list was added specifically for players who have suffered a concussion. This was instituted to allow players who may recover from their concussions quickly to be removed from the active roster and replaced for a shorter period of time than the standard IL term. A player who is still suffering from concussion symptoms at the 7-day mark is automatically transferred to the 10-day IL. Both the brain injury and the player's recovery need to be verified by team and league doctors; the list is not intended for non-concussion injuries.  Players placed on the 7-day or 10-day injured list may be moved to the 60-day injured list at any time, but not vice versa. Players may be placed on any injured list retroactively for a maximum of 5 inactive days and may remain on either list for as long as required to recover. During this 5-day period, a player's status is said to be day-to-day, indicating that the team is in the process of deciding whether the player must be placed on either IL or is healthy enough to return to active service. Injured players may not be traded without permission of the Commissioner nor may they be optioned to the minors, though they may be assigned to a minor league club for rehabilitation for a limited amount of time (30 days for pitchers, 20 for non-pitchers).  Until 2018, the injured list (IL) was called the disabled list (DL). MLB changed the name of the disabled list to the injured list beginning the 2019 season.

Personal leave.

Bereavement list.

The bereavement list may be used when a player finds it necessary to leave the team to attend to a serious illness or death in his (or his spouse's) immediate family. A player placed on the bereavement list must miss a minimum of three games and a maximum of seven games. The team can use another player from its 40-man roster to replace a player on the bereavement list.

Paternity leave list.

The paternity leave list may be used when a player chooses to leave the team to attend the birth of his child. A player placed on the paternity leave list must miss the next team game, but no more than three games. The team can use another player from its 40-man roster to replace a player on the paternity leave list. This list was adopted beginning with the season.

Rule 5 draft.

If a player not on a 40-man reserve list has spent four years with a minor-league contract, originally signed when 19 or older or five years when signed before the age of 19, he is eligible to be chosen by any team in the rule 5 draft during the offseason. No team is required to choose a player in the draft, but some do. If chosen, the player must be kept on the selecting team's 26-man major league roster for the entire season after the draft—he may not be optioned or designated to the minors. The selecting team may, at any time, waive the rule 5 draftee, such as when they no longer wish to keep him on their major league roster. If a rule 5 draftee clears waivers, he must be offered back to the original team, effectively canceling the rule 5 draft choice. Once a rule 5 draftee spends an entire season on his new team's 26-man roster, his status reverts to normal and he may be optioned or designated for assignment. To prevent the abuse of the rule 5 draft, the rule also states that the draftee must be active for at least 90 days. This keeps teams from drafting players, then "hiding" them on the injured list for the majority of the season. For example, if a rule 5 draftee was only active for 67 days in his first season with his new club, he must be active for an additional 23 days in his second season to satisfy the rule 5 requirements.  Any player chosen in the rule 5 draft may be traded to any team while under the rule 5 restrictions, but the restrictions transfer to the new team. If the new team does not want to keep the player on their 26-man roster for the season, he must be offered back to the team he was on when he was chosen in the draft.  The intent of the rule 5 draft is to prevent teams from holding major league-potential players in the minor leagues when other teams would be willing to have them play in the majors. However, this draft has also become an opportunity for a team to take a top prospect from another team who might not be ready for the major leagues. For example, Cy Young Award winner Johan Santana was chosen by the Florida Marlins four years before winning the award, when the Houston Astros declined to put him on their 40-man roster. The Marlins chose Santana in the 1999 rule 5 draft, and traded him to the Minnesota Twins who kept him on their roster for the 2000 season, in which he toiled to a 6.49 earned run average at only 21 years of age. Two years later, he legitimized himself as a Major League pitcher, with an ERA under 3.00, and two years after that, he was recognized as one of the best pitchers in the league. Had he not been chosen in the rule 5 draft, he likely would not have made his major-league debut until the 2001 or the 2002 season with the Astros.  Roberto Clemente is the only Rule 5 draft pick to be inducted into Cooperstown, having been selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the then Brooklyn Dodgers in 1955.

Free agency and salary arbitration.

A free agent is a player whose contract with a team has expired and who is thus eligible to sign with another team.  If a player is drafted and is offered a contract by his drafting team (or any team to which he is traded) each year, he may not become a free agent until:  Two examples of players falling under (2) above are Hideki Okajima and Hiroki Kuroda.  A player with fewer than six years of service time is eligible for salary arbitration if he:  Players with more than six years of service time and who are eligible for free agency can also be offered arbitration when their contracts are up, if they have been tendered a contract offer by their current team by the tender deadline, and have not agreed on a contract.  The 4.2 example of arbitration eligibility above is called the "Super Two" exception, in which a player will have an extra year of arbitration eligibility. Notable recent "Super Two" players include Nolan Arenado, Chris Archer, Anthony Rendon, and Avisail Garcia. Following the salary arbitration process, the player and the team both submit a salary offer for a new contract. The arbitrator chooses one number or the other, based on which offer is closest to the salaries of players with similar ability and service time.  For purposes of salary arbitration and free agency, a player acquires a year of service time if the player remains on the major league roster for at least 172 days of the 182-day season.  Players eligible for neither free agency nor salary arbitration are very seldom offered contracts for much more than the league minimum salary, as the player has no recourse to try to obtain a better salary elsewhere. For this reason, in the first three major league years of their careers (except for the "Super Two" exception above), it is standard practice for players to accept comparatively low salaries even when their performance is stellar. Occasionally, a team may wish to sign a player in his second or third year to a long-term contract, and the resulting negotiations can involve salaries significantly higher than minimum. A recent example is the contract Ryan Braun signed barely a year into his major league career, which would have taken him through 2015. However, in April 2011, he and the Milwaukee Brewers extended that contract through 2020.  A team does not have to offer a contract to a player not eligible for free agency if his contract has expired, regardless of service time. If the player is not tendered a contract offer by the tender deadline (usually in the second week of December), the player becomes a non-tender free agent.  If a player becomes a free agent without accruing six years of service time and is not an 10 year NBP free agent, they will still be subject to service time rules with their new club. For this reason these free agents are typically only signed to a year long contract as nothing further is required to maintain team control if the player will have accrued less than six years service time at the end of that year. A recent example of this is Derek Dietrich who became a free agent after being designated for assignment by the Miami Marlins and elected to become a free agent instead. He was signed by the Cincinnati Reds for the 2019 season on a minor league deal. The Reds selected his contract for the 2019 season and he will have accrued 5 years of service time at the beginning of the 2020 season. He will be under the Reds team control and eligible for arbitration just the same as if he had been drafted and remained with a single team. Dietrich will become a free agent in 2021.

Major League Baseball transactions are changes made to the roster of a major league team during or after the season. They may include waiving, releasing, and trading players, as well as assigning players to minor league teams.


Early life and education.

Mohammad Mohammadi-Malayeri was born to Hedayatollah Najafi in 1911 in Malayer in western Iran. His father was the regional Marja' Taghlid and Hakem Shar' (religious leader and shari'a judge). In 1934 he enrolled in the Faculty of Theological Sciences at the newly established University of Tehran, majoring in Arabic literature. Ranked first in his class he received a bachelor's degree in 1937. Following an agreement with the American University of Beirut (AUB) to establish Persian Language Studies there, he was sent by the Ministry of Education and Culture to Beirut to teach Persian Language and Literature and to continue his studies in Arabic Literature. He obtained his Doctorate from AUB in 1942.

Career.

Upon return to Tehran he was initially asked by the Ministry of Education and Culture to prepare a plan to improve the teaching of Arabic in Iranian schools and the training of Arabic teachers. He then joined the Faculty of Theological Sciences, and continued this activity to modernize Arabic studies at the university level, which resulted in authoring a book titled ‘Dars al Loghah wal Adab’ in two volumes published by Tehran University in 1949 and 1951. The book continues to be taught in Iranian universities. He was Vice Dean of the Faculty from 1950 to 1957, when he was again sent to Beirut to establish the Department of Persian Language and Literature at the newly established Lebanese University. He chaired the Department for the next 10 years. While at Lebanese University he established a bilingual Persian/Arabic journal titled Al Derasat al Adabiyah (Literary Studies) which is still being published. During this period he also authored three books in Arabic: Persian Roots in Arabic Literature – Books of Taj and Ayeen, Translation and Transcription from Persian in the First Centuries of Islam, and Persian Literature – Its most Important Periods and Most Renowned Elements. Meanwhile, he also served as the Iranian Cultural Counsellor in Lebanon. He returned to Tehran in 1968 when he was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Theological Sciences of the University of Tehran, where he established the literary publication ‘Maghalaat va Barresiha’. He retired from academia in 1979.

Later life.

During retirement he organized more than forty years of research into the 5-volume book “Iranian Culture and History during the Period of Transition between the Sassanid and Islamic Eras”. This book was selected as Iran’s book of the Year in 2003.

Personal life.

He married Pari Mosavvar-Rahmani in 1942. They had three children: Nasrin (1944–1999), Shahrokh (born 1948), and Sousan (born 1949). Professor Mohammadi died at home in Tehran in 2002 at the age of 91.

Contributions.

Prof. Mohammadi’s focus in his lifetime studies was to explain the apparent 250-year break in Iranian literary history between the collapse of the Sassanid Empire in the seventh century AD and the reappearance of Persian poetry in the eleventh century AD. He refuted the general belief in such a break and argued that during the period of transition between the Sassanid and Islamic eras Iranian civilization and culture infiltrated and impacted Arab and Islamic life through the efforts of Iranian scholars and administrators who chose to produce their works in the language of the Quran, i.e. Arabic. He went on to describe why this period of transition and the Persian roots of Islamic civilization have so far been obscured. He identified the main reason as ta’arib (or Arabization), i.e. giving Persian names an Arabic format so that the roots of the original names are forgotten, or covering in history books only events and tales pertaining to Arab migrants and ignoring the coverage of the lives of non-Arab peoples within the territories of Iran, or avoiding references to Persian and Iranian sources in Arabic books of history, which collectively resulted in the gradual obscurity of the manifestations of Iranian civilization in reference books of the period of transition.

Mohammad Mohammadi-Malayeri () was an Iranian historian, linguist, and literary scholar. He authored numerous books and articles on comparative Persian and Arabic languages and literature as well as Iranian history specifically the period of transition between the Sassanid Empire and the Islamic era. He taught at the American University of Beirut, the Lebanese University, as well as the University of Tehran, where he was the Dean of the Faculty of Theological Sciences. He is best known for his 5-volume work titled “Iranian Culture and History during the Period of Transition between the Sassanid and Islamic Eras”


In Theravada Buddhism.

Previous life.

According to the Pali Canon, in the time of Padumuttara Buddha, Subhūti was born a man named Nanda. Nanda was born into a wealthy family and decided to leave his life behind to become a hermit. The hermitage Nanda was staying at was then visited by Padumuttara Buddha, who had his monk who was skilled in the practice of "metta" and was foremost in being "worthy of gifts" give a thanks-giving (Pali: "anumodanā"). While all of the other hermits at the hermitage attained arahantship following the teaching, Nanda did not and instead made a resolution to become the disciple foremost in being worthy of gifts of a future Buddha. This wish was fulfilled in this lifetime when he was reborn as Subhūti.

Biography.

According to the Pali tradition, Subhūti was born into a wealthy merchant family. His father was the wealthy merchant Sumana, and his older brother was Anāthapiṇḍika, who would later become the Buddha's chief male lay disciple. Texts relate that Subhūti was present at the dedication of Jetavana Monastery, which his older brother Anāthapiṇḍika had purchased and built for the Buddha. Upon hearing the Buddha teach at the dedication, Subhūti became inspired and ordained as a monk under him. After mastering the monastic rules, he went to live in the forest where he attained "arahantship" while meditating on the "absorption of loving-kindness" (Pali: "mettā-jhāna"). Subhūti became known for teaching the Dhamma "without distinction or limitation", meaning regardless of the listener's potential, and was declared the disciple foremost in "living remote and in peace" (Pali: "araṇavihārīnaṃ" "aggo"). During alms rounds, where monks go house to house looking for food from laypeople, Subhūti had a habit of developing "mettā-jhāna" at every household, making it so people who gave him alms received the highest possible merit from the offerings. Because of this, the Buddha also declared him the disciple who was foremost in being worthy of gifts (Pali: "dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ").  In one story, Subhūti visited Rājagaha where King Bimbisara promised to build him a hut. However, the king forgot, thus forcing Subhūti to meditate in the open air. It is said that due to the power of his virtue rain would not fall, and when King Bimbisara found out about the cause of the lack of rain he had a leaf hut constructed for him. According to the text, when Subhūti sat down in the hut, rain began to fall.

In Mahāyāna Buddhism.

Among the Mahāyāna traditions, Subhūti is perhaps best known as the disciple with whom the Buddha speaks when imparting the Diamond Sūtra (Sanskrit: "Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra", Chinese: 金剛經 or 金剛般若經), an important teaching within the Prajñāpāramitā genre. This, along with the Heart Sūtra (Sanskrit: "Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya", Chinese: 心經 or 般若心經), is one of the most well-known sūtras among both practitioners and non-practitioners of Buddhism. Subhūti is also responsible for much of the exposition in earlier Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.  In the Lotus Sutra (Sanskrit: "Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra", Chinese: 法華(花)經 or 妙法蓮華(花)經), Chapter 6 (Bestowal of Prophecy), the Buddha bestows prophecies of enlightenment on Subhūti, along with other śrāvakas such as Mahākāśyapa, Mahākātyāyana, and Mahāmaudgalyāyana.

In Zen writings.

In Zen Buddhism, Subhūti appears in several koans, such as this one:  One day, in a mood of sublime emptiness, Subhuti was resting underneath a tree when flowers began to fall about him. "We are praising you for your discourse on emptiness," the gods whispered to Subhuti. "But I have not spoken of emptiness," replied Subhuti. "You have not spoken of emptiness, we have not heard emptiness," responded the gods. "This is the true emptiness." The blossoms showered upon Subhuti as rain.

Lineage of the Panchen Lamas.

In the lineage of the Panchen Lamas of Tibet there were considered to be four "Indian" and three Tibetan incarnations of Amitabha Buddha before Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, who is recognised as the first Panchen Lama. The lineage starts with Subhuti.

In Chinese literature.

A character based on Subhūti appears in the Chinese classical novel "Journey to the West", as the teacher of the Monkey King Sun Wukong. The story of Sun Wukong first meeting Subhūti was a play on the Zen story of Huineng meeting Hongren, as told in the Platform Sūtra of Zen Buddhism. Because of the role that Subhūti plays in the story, his name has remained familiar in Chinese culture.

Subhūti (Pali: Subhūti; ) was one of the ten principal disciples of the Buddha. It is said that due to his mastery of loving-kindness ("mettā") meditation, any gift offered to him bore the greatest merit for the donor. Because of this, the Buddha declared him the disciple that was foremost in being worthy of gifts ("dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ)." In Prakrit and Pāli, his name literally means "Good Existence" ("su": "good", "bhūti": "existence"). He is also sometimes referred to as "Elder Subhūti" (Subhūti Thera). He was a contemporary of such famous arahants as Śāriputra, Mahākāśyapa, Maudgalyayana, Mahākātyāyana and Ānanda.


Characteristics.

The station building was fairly small in size and inconveniently located some distance from the Berlin city centre, south of the Landwehrkanal. The surrounding area in the "Tempelhofer Vorstadt" quarter (today part of the Kreuzberg district) was largely dominated by railway infrastructure. Close by were the approach tracks of the larger Anhalter Bahnhof and Potsdamer Bahnhof, and their associated goods stations and locomotive depots.

History.

As a passenger terminus, the Dresdner Bahnhof was inaugurated with the opening of the Berlin–Dresden railway line on 17 June 1875. Trains ran to the "Berliner Bahnhof" in Dresden's Friedrichstadt quarter, about in the south, with through coaches to Prague and Vienna. Only a provisional half-timbered station building had been erected so far; plans for a large entrance hall were never carried out.  The Dresdner Bahnhof was already closed on 15 October 1882. Following the recent rebuilding of both the Anhalter and Potsdamer passenger termini to cope with rapidly increasing traffic, all services were transferred from the Dresdner Bahnhof to these two other stations, the Anhalter Bahnhof receiving the lion's share. It took on all long-distance services, and it was largely through this that it became known as Berlin's "Gateway to the South," its trains ultimately reaching Rome, Naples and Athens. The Potsdamer Bahnhof inherited mainly short-haul and suburban traffic.  After standing apparently unused for more than 30 years, in 1913 the Dresdner Bahnhof was incorporated into a much larger facility - the Postbahnhof, dedicated to the handling of mail. By then there were even more rails in the immediate vicinity following the arrival of the U-Bahn. Its original route, opened in stages during 1902, comprised a through section from Warschauer Brücke to Knie, with a triangular junction between Möckernbrücke and Bülowstraße giving access to Potsdamer Platz. This triangle of lines gave its name to the area ("Gleisdreieck", literally meaning "railway triangle"), and also to the station constructed there. Following an accident on 26 September 1908, in which two trains collided on the triangle, killing 18 people and injuring 21 others, the layout was reorganised in 1912 into what can be seen today, with two lines crossing one over the other at right angles, and a split-level station with platforms on both lines. The Dresdner Bahnhof, and the Postbahnhof of which it became part, lay in the south-east quadrant, right in the angle between the two lines. In this guise it lasted for eight more decades, finally closing in 1997.  In the photograph on the top, taken in October 2005, the bridge carries U-Bahn lines 1 and 3. A train crossing it from left to right (east to west) will run into Gleisdreieck station (high level platforms) just seconds later. Just beyond the bridge, the Dresdner Bahnhof is the mainly red brick building on the left, while the Postbahnhof is straight ahead. Both are nowadays used for concerts, parties, exhibitions and cultural events (please note that this Postbahnhof should not be confused with another venue, apparently of the same name, about 3 km away near Berlin Ostbahnhof).

The Dresdner Bahnhof was a short-lived passenger railway terminus in Berlin, Germany, operating from 1875 to 1882 and handling train services to and from Dresden over the Berlin–Dresden railway.