History.

Situated on the historic Mormon Trail and near the Oregon and California trails along the banks of the North Platte River, Torrington was founded in 1900 by W.G. Curtis (1857–1913), and named by him for his home town of Torrington, Connecticut. Originally a watering and coaling station for the CB&Q Railroad, which began passenger service in 1900, the growing city soon became the main source of civilization for nearby farmers and ranchers. In 1905, the first bridge was constructed over the North Platte River, which it had previously been necessary to ford.  A post office called Torrington was established in 1889 on W. G. Curtis' farm three miles west of where the town of Torrington would be in 1900, with W. G. Curtis serving as Postmaster and later as mayor. By 1908 the town was incorporated as a town in Laramie County. It had a bank, three general stores, a pharmacy with a soda fountain, a land office, and two hotels (for one of which the building, although modified, still exists at 1841 Main Street.) It soon became a central place of trade for Goshen County, and for surrounding areas in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska.  Situated on the North Platte River in eastern Wyoming near the Nebraska border, the town site survey began on April 1900, by Ashland B. Smith of the Lincoln Land Company of Nebraska. The survey and plating was completed and recorded in public records in Cheyenne on June 22, 1900, individual plots of the land were sold to residents for one dollar each by Charles Henry Morrill, President of the Lincoln Land Company. More The Torrington Telegram" (which was still published in 2015) was established in 1911. The 1900 United States Census lists only 71 inhabitants in the Torrington Precinct and does not list it as a town. All were stock growers, ranch laborers, cowboys or at school. Only one was listed as a Hardware clerk  Also in 1911, Goshen County was officially organized. The County was created from what had previously been a portion of the northern end of Laramie County. The towns of Torrington and nearby Lingle—some 10 miles away—both competed for designation as the county seat. Torrington ultimately prevailed, and was selected, after Torrington residents were able to raise sufficient funds for a construction of a courthouse. The cornerstone for the courthouse was set in 1913, during a ceremony where a band played, conducted by Hi Yoder—from whose family the nearby town of Yoder, Wyoming, takes its name.  Also by that time, early motor cars started showing up in town, the Goshen County Fair Association had been established, and in 1915 Torrington had a population of 443. In 1919, the Trail Hotel building, which still exists at 2001 Main Street, was constructed. In 1925, the Union Pacific Railroad based in Omaha constructed a spur line from Cheyenne to South Torrington, to serve the proposed Holly Sugar Corporation plant which began operations in 1926.  The large, 24-hour Holly Sugar factory, which processes sugar beets, was still operating in 2015 as a major employer for the Torrington area, and the preserved historic Union Pacific Depot building now houses the Goshen County Homesteaders Museum.  The Torrington Livestock Commission, established in 1934, still held twice-weekly livestock auctions in 2015. It is the largest livestock auction operation and barn in Wyoming, and ranks as the third to fifth largest livestock auction in the United States. Drawing cattle from a nine-state region (Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, South Dakota, Montana and the bulk of Wyoming) the Torrington livestock auction barn attracts buyers from all over the nation. And,, Goshen County ranked number one in Wyoming for its cattle inventory.  Today, when traveling between Torrington and Guernsey, Wyoming, motorists will be following the path of the historic Oregon and Mormon Trail as they make their way along the banks of the North Platte River past the site of the 1854 Grattan Massacre near Lingle, and past the historic western 19th-Century U.S. Army Cavalry outpost, Fort Laramie National Historic Site.

Geography.

Torrington is located at (42.066542, −104.182471). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land. Its elevation is 4104 feet, 1251 meters.

Climate.

Torrington, situated on the North Platte River, has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification ""BSk"").

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 6,501 people, 2,527 households, and 1,506 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 2,717 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 93.2% White, 1.0% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 3.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.3% of the population.  There were 2,527 households of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.4% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.83.  The median age in the city was 41.4 years. 19.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 19.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.5% male and 47.5% female.

2000 census.

At the census of 2000, there were 5,776 people, 2,436 households, and 1,522 families living in the city. The population density was 1,617.4 people per square mile (624.7/km2). There were 2,644 housing units at an average density of 740.4 per square mile (286.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.49% White, 0.31% African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 3.65% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.47% of the population.  There were 2,436 households out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.86.  The age distribution was: 23.3% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $30,136, and the median income for a family was $40,750. Males had a median income of $31,058 versus $20,101 for females. The "per capita" income for the city was $16,026. About 9.3% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

The United States Postal Service operates the Torrington Post Office.  The Wyoming Medium Correctional Institution (WMCI) is located in Torrington. WMCI, a facility of the Wyoming Department of Corrections, serves as an intake center for male inmates not sentenced to death. It was opened on January 6, 2010, and the first 75 inmates to be housed there arrived on January 13, 2010. By 2015, it housed over 300 inmates.

Education.

Public education in Torrington is provided by Goshen County School District#1. Zoned campuses include Lincoln Elementary School (grades K-2), Trail Elementary School (grades 3–5), Torrington Middle School (grades 6–8), and Torrington High School (grades 9–12).  Other towns and communities included in the consolidated Goshen County School District include Lingle, LaGrange, Huntley, and Yoder, among others.  Eastern Wyoming College, located in Torrington, is a two-year community college serving the area, with outreach centers serving Platte, Niobrara, Converse, Weston and Crook counties.  Torrington has a public library, the Goshen County Library.

Infrastructure.

Airport.

Torrington Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) east of the central business district of Torrington.

Torrington is a city in, and the county seat of, Goshen County, Wyoming United States. The population was 6,501 at the 2010 census.


Biography.

He was born into a modest family of small farmers in Lachaussée-du-Bois-d'Écu. His first art lessons were at the "Imperial School of Design" (a government-sponsored craft school). Later, he studied at the École des Beaux-arts in the workshop of Léon Cogniet. He won the Prix de Rome in 1864, aged only twenty-three.  After returning from Rome in 1869, he was appointed a Professor of drawing at the Gobelins Manufactory, a position he occupied for fifty years. From 1873 to 1877, he was the Inspector of art works. He exhibited in the Salon every year until his death in 1926 in Paris. After the founding of the Third Republic, he was involved in the decoration of several public buildings, including murals for Saint-Augustin Church (which had been started during the Second Empire), ceiling and staircase decorations for the Town Hall in the 3rd arrondissement and ornaments in the Bon Marché (now gone).  At the request of Prince Von Donnersmarck and his wife (known as "La Païva"), Maillart decorated the ceiling of in Upper Silesia. The building was burned by the Red Army in 1945 and the ruins were demolished in 1961. A series of murals he created for the City Hall in Beauvais also fared poorly; being destroyed by German bombs in 1940.  In addition to his painting, he was also a prolific author, writing a work on Byzantine art and a general history of the fine arts, in two volumes (among others). He became a knight in the Légion d’honneur in 1885. His grave in the Cimetière du Montparnasse is adorned with a bust sculpted by Henri-Léon Gréber.

Diogène Ulysse Napoléon Maillart (28 October 1840 – 3 August 1926) was a French painter, illustrator, designer, teacher and art critic.


Club career.

Early career in Argentina.

Born in Mercedes, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Culio began his football career at Flandria after being scouted in the street when he was nineteen. He previously went on trial at Argentinos Juniors despite living 100 km from the capital but failed to earn a contract after his grandmother, who gave him money to travel at Argentinos Juniors, suffered an illness and gave up football as a result. Throughout his time at Flandria, he quickly worked his through to the first team, establishing himself in the starting eleven for the side. He also scored once for the side during his time there.  In 2004, Culio moved to Almagro, where he received a handful of first team appearances, making eight appearance.

Club Atlético Independiente/Racing Club.

On 13 July 2005, he joined Independiente. Culio made his Club Atlético Independiente debut on 7 August 2005, in a 4–2 win over Lanús. However, he only made one appearances for the side, as his time at the club was overshadowed by injuries. It was announced that he was expected to leave the club following the 2005–06 season.  On 25 July 2006, Culio then joined Racing Club ahead of the 2006–07 season. However, he spent the first four months on the substitute bench. It wasn't until on 8 November 2006 when Culio made his Racing Club debut, in a 3–2 loss against Banfield. His time at Racing Club was overshadowed when he was involved in an alteration with Cristian Pino, which was eventually solved. Despite this, he went on to make three appearances for Racing Club.

Club de Deportes La Serena.

In January 2007, it was announced that Culio joined La Serena in the.  Culio made his La Serena debut on 26 January 2007, where he started the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Unión Española. He quickly became a first team regular for the side, making a number of good performances. It wasn't until on 10 March 2007 when he scored his first goal, in a 1–1 draw against Everton. His second goal then came on 29 April 2007, in a 2–1 win over Santiago Wanderers. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Culio went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring three times for the side.

CFR Cluj.

On 23 June 2007, it was announced that Culio was transferred to the Romanian club CFR Cluj from Club de Deportes La Serena in the. Four days later, on 27 June 2007, he was presented as a CFR Cluj player.  Culio made his CFR Cluj debut on 1 August 2007, in the opening game of the season, starting the match before coming off as a substitute in the 72nd minutes, in a 1–0 win over Oțelul Galați. Since joining the club, he quickly established himself in the first team, playing in the midfield position and was regularly capped player due to his activity on the field and physical endurance. It wasn't until on 7 November 2007 when he scored his first goal for the club but was sent–off for a second bookable offence, in a 2–0 win over FC Vaslui. His performance soon earned him praised from Manager Cristiano Bergodi, as well as, earning Romanian's Player of the Month. Culio later helped CFR Cluj win both the league and Cupa României. At the end of the 2007–08 season, making thirty–seven appearances and scoring once in all competitions, Culio earned recognition by his home country.  In the 2008–09 season, Culio started the season well when he scored his first two goals in the UEFA Champions League, on 16 September 2008 against AS Roma. His team won 2–1 and Culio was designated the Man of the Match. This helped CFR Cluj obtain some important points in its first ever Champions League appearance. His performance for the side this season saw him being a subjected of a transfer bid from Russian clubs, such as, FC Moscow and Rubin Kazan. Despite the transfer bid, he stayed at the club throughout January and his performance continued to impress, earning a praise by his then teammate, Eugen Trică and Gheorghe Hagi. Between 4 April 2009 and 18 April 2009, Culio assisted five times in four appearances, including twice against FC Vaslui. This was followed up by scoring his first league goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Steaua București on 22 April 2009. Once again, Culio helped the side win the Cupa României Cup for the second time in a row, in which he scored in the final, in a 3–0 win over Politehnica Timișoara. Despite missing out four matches out of the forty–two matches the club has played in the 2008–09 season, he went on to make thirty–eight appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.  Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Culio continued to be linked a move away from the club, as interests from European clubs increased, including Porto, which saw Álvaro Pereira joined the side. Eventually, he stayed at the club throughout the summer transfer window. In the Supercupa României against Unirea Urziceni, which the game was played for 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw, Culio started the season well when he helped the side win 3–2 in the penalty–shootout despite missing a penalty. After missing two matches, he returned to the first team and played in both legs against FK Sarajevo in the UEFA Europa League Play–Offs, which they won 3–1 on aggregate. Following his return, Culio regained his first team place for the side. He then scored his first goal of the season on 16 September 2009, in a 2–0 win over Copenhagen in the UEFA Europa League Group Stage. Following a 3–2 loss against Sparta Prague in the UEFA Europa League Group Stage on 5 November 2009, Culio was involved in alteration with the club's supporters, which he apologized after the match. It wasn't until on 13 March 2010 when he scored his first league goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Dinamo București. Later in the 2009–10 season, Culio helped the side win both the league and the Cupa României after beating FC Vaslui 5–4 in penalty–shootout in the final. Despite being out on two occasions during the 2009–10 season, Culio went on to make forty–two appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Ahead of the 2010–11 season, Culio, once again, expressed his desire to leave the club. Despite the move never happened, he, nevertheless, helped the side beat Unirea Urziceni in the Supercupa României, after the match went on penalties following a 2 –2 draw throughout extra time. He started the season as a first team regular for the side. On 2 August 2010, Culio scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–0 win over Victoria Brănești. In a 2–1 win over FC Basel in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage Matchday 1, he set up two goals, in which he was praised for his performance. Culio then assisted three times in three matches between 24 September 2010 and 3 October 2010. Then, on 19 October 2010, he scored his second league goal of the season, in a 3–2 loss against Bayern Munich. A month later, on 28 November 2010, he scored again, in a 2–2 draw against Steaua București. By the end of December 2010, Culio was subjected of a transfer bid by Kuban Krasnodar, which was rejected by the CFR Cluj. By the time of his departure, he made twenty–five appearances and scoring three times in all competitions. He also finished the top assists for the Champions League Group.  The Cluj fans loved him dearly and also gave him the nickname 'Draculio'. He was one of the most popular football players among CFR's fans.

Galatasaray.

On 6 January 2011, Culio signed with Turkish club Galatasaray for reported €2 million.  Culio made his Galatasaray debut on 23 January 2011, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 win over Sivasspor. It wasn't until on 19 February 2011 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 1–0 win over Bucaspor. Since joining the club, Culio quickly adapted at the club, stating that he settled in and got on well with his teammates, supporters (due to his work rate and professional attitude) and the manager. His second goal then came on 18 April 2011, in a 3–2 win over Manisaspor. Despite missing two matches towards the end of the 2010–11 season, he went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring four times for Galatasaray.  Shortly after the end of the 2010–11 season, new manager Fatih Terim made Culio available for transfer and was expected to leave the club in the summer. Two years after joining the club, it was announced on 7 August 2011 that both parties reached an agreement, allowing Culio to mutually leave Galatasaray by having his contract with Galatasaray terminated. As part of the termination, the settlement was reached, with Culio receiving 500 thousand euros.

Loan to Orduspor.

On 5 August 2011, Culio left Galatasaray on loan to Orduspor for €350,000. Upon joining the club, he said of the move: "Orduspor fans can not wait to stand out, Orduspor is a great community when I came here better understood. I believe that Orduspor in the Super League will bring sound. I'm waiting for our fans to support us. The last drop of the term for the success of Orduspor'u play".  Culio made his Orduspor debut in the opening game of the season against Fenerbahçe. Since joining the club, he quickly established himself in the starting eleven for the side and was one of the club's key players, alongside Jean-Jacques Gosso. Culio then scored his first goal for the club, as well as, setting up a goal, in a 2–1 win over Eskişehirspor on 15 October 2011. He added two more goals by the end of December. Culio then captained his first match on 25 January 2012 against Kardemir Karabükspor and during the match, he scored, in a 3–2 win. He went on to captain the side three more times. During the 1–1 draw against Beşiktaş on 11 March 2012, he was involved in altercation with teammate Jean-Jacques Gosso; eventually, the situation was resolved and the pair made up.  It was announced on 26 March 2012 when the club decided against taking up options to sign Culio again and expected to return to Galatasaray for the next season. It came after when he criticised the club, leading the club to terminate his loan spell there. Following this, he never played for the side for the rest of the season. Culio went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once for Orduspor in all competitions.  On 4 July 2012, it was announced that Culio had returned from Orduspor and back to Galatasaray and training with his original club in the Florya Metin Oktay Sports Complex and Training Center. Fatih Terim had announced last season that if he knew that Arda Turan was going to leave that he wouldn't have sent Culio to Orduspor.

Loan to Mersin Idmanyurdu.

For the 2012–13 season, Culio signed for Mersin İdmanyurdu on a one-year loan deal on 16 August 2012, with an option of paying the transfer fee of €150K by 15 January 2013.  Culio made his Mersin Idmanyurdu debut in the opening game of the season against Orduspor, where he came on as a substitute in the 60th minutes, in a 1–1 draw. In the next two follow up matches, he scored goal against Sivasspor and Eskişehirspor, adding his goal tally to two by the end of August. Since joining Mersin Idmanyurdu, Culio became a first team regular for the side. It wasn't until on 27 January 2013 when he scored twice, in a 3–0 win over Sivasspor. After scoring his sixth goal against Gençlerbirliği on 17 February 2013, Culio, however, was then sent–off for second bookable offence, in a 2–1 loss against Kayserispor on 3 March 2013.  At the end of the 2012–13 season, making thirty–five appearances and scoring six times in all competitions, Culio left Mersin Idmanyurdu and returned to his parent club.

Deportivo de La Coruña.

On 9 August 2013, he signed for Deportivo de La Coruña on an initial one-year deal.  Culio made his Deportivo de La Coruña debut against Las Palmas in the opening game of the season, where he started the match, set up a goal for Pablo Insua and then got sent–off for a second bookable offence, in a 1–0 win. Since joining the club, he quickly established himself in the starting eleven for the side. It wasn't until on 13 October 2013 when he scored his first Deportivo de La Coruña goal, in a 1–0 win over Barcelona B. His second goal for the side then came on 24 November 2013 when he scored the only goal of the game, with a 1–0 win over SD Ponferradina.  However, his time at Deportivo de La Coruña was overshadowed with alteration with teammate Luisinho and suspension. Despite this, his performance at the club attracted interests from UAE Pro-League side Al Wasl. Although he initially wanted to stay at the club, Culio ultimately changed his mind when he was absent from training in early–January.

Al Wasl.

On 10 January 2014, Culio joined UAE Pro-League side Al Wasl for a transfer fee of 300,000 euros, until the end of the season.  On 14 January 2014, Culio made his Al Wasl debut in the quarter–finals of the UAE President Cup against Al Ain and scored during the match, but eventually, Al Wasl were eliminated following a 9–8 loss in the penalty shootout after the game went extra time. His league debut came on 18 January 2014, in a 2–1 loss against Al Jazira. For the rest of the 2013–14 season, he went on to make ten appearances for the side. Following this, it was announced that Culio left Al Wasl after being told by the club's management that he was surplus to requirements. After leaving the club, Culio reflected on his time at the club.

Las Palmas.

On 25 August 2014, it was announced that Culio joined Las Palmas on a one–year contract with the club.  However, he missed the first two months at the club, due to delays of international clearance from Al Wasl. It wasn't until on 4 October 2014 when he made his Las Palmas debut, where he started the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Sporting de Gijón. Two weeks later, on 19 October 2014, Culio scored his first goal for the club, but was later sent–off for the second bookable offence, in a 2–0 win over CD Numancia. After serving a one match suspension, he returned to the starting lineup, where he set up a goal for Roque Mesa to score the second goal of the game, in a 2–1 win over Albacete on 1 November 2014. Since joining the club, Culio established himself in the starting eleven for the side. However, in a 5–3 win over Real Zaragoza on 11 January 2015, Culio was sent–off, along with his two teammates, for arguing with referee and officials, leading him to serve a two match suspension. Las Palmas came fourth and made the play-offs, in which, Culio was featured in four matches in the play-offs, as on 21 June 2015, in the final second leg against Real Zaragoza at the Estadio Gran Canaria, he set up the opening goal for Mesa, which the club later won 2–0 on the night, 3–3 on aggregate, thus sending "Los Amarillos" into La Liga via the same rule. Despite being sidelined during the 2014–15 season, Culio went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions.  At the start of the 2015–16 season, Culio was a first team regular for the side. Then, on 13 September 2015, he set up the club's third goal of the game, in a 3–3 draw against Celta. His first team runs last until on 18 October 2015 against Getafe when he was sent–off "for knocking down an opponent with his feet in the form of an iron, with no option to play the ball, when the ball is in play", in which he served a one match suspension. Following his return, his playing time was soon reduced and found himself on the substitute bench.

Real Zaragoza.

On 2 February 2016, it was announced that Real Zaragoza, keeping him until 2017. Upon joining the club, his unveil at the club received negative reception from Real Zaragoza's supporters, due to his comment made about the club during his time at Las Palmas. In response, Culio apologised for his comment.  Four days later, on 6 February 2016, Culio made his Real Zaragoza debut, where he started the whole game, in a 1–0 win over CD Leganés. After the match, he received a standing ovation from Real Zaragoza's supporters for his performance. Since joining the club, Culio received a handful of first team appearances. However, suspensions and injuries plagued his playing time at the club for the rest of the season. At the end of the 2015–16 season, Culio went on to make twelve appearances in all competitions. On 5 July 2016, it was announced that he left Real Zaragoza by mutual consent. Ahead of the match between RCD Mallorca and Real Zaragoza on 5 November 2016, he said family reasons was another factor of his departure from the club.

RCD Mallorca.

After leaving Real Zaragoza, it was announced that Culio joined Mallorca on the same day.  Culio made his RCD Mallorca debut, where he started the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Reus Deportiu in the opening game of the season. Since joining the club, Culio established himself in the starting eleven for the side. Culio started in every matches since the start of the season until he was suspended for picking up five yellow cards. Upon returning from suspension, he scored his first goal for the club on 5 November 2016, in a 2–2 draw against his former club, Real Zaragoza. However, he was, once again, sidelined when he suffered an injury that kept him out throughout January. After returning from an injury in early–February, Culio then scored his second goal for the side, in a 2–1 win over Rayo Vallecano. However, in a follow–up match against Girona on 18 February 2017, he was sent–off for a second bookable offence, in a 1–0 loss; and was suspended again for his fifth booking of the season. Culio then scored his third goal for the side, in a 2–2 draw against CD Mirandés on 4 June 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he went on to make thirty–six appearances and scoring once in all competitions.

Return to CFR Cluj.

On 26 June 2017, it was announced that Culio joined CFR Cluj for the second time in his career, signing a two–year contract. Upon joining the club, he expressed his happiness on returning to CFR Cluj.  Culio re–debuted for the club on 17 July 2017, in the opening game of the season, in a 1–1 draw against FC Botoșani. He then scored his first CFR Cluj goal since leaving the club, in a 3–0 win over Gaz Metan Mediaș on 29 July 2017. This was followed by scoring the next two goals in two matches against FC Politehnica Iași and Dinamo București. Since joining the club, he quickly established himself in the starting eleven for the side. By the end of 2017, he scored three more goals for the side. Later in the 2017–18 season, he scored two more goals for the side. He played a vital role for the club, along with Ovidiu Hoban, when they helped the side win the league for the first time in six years. Despite missing out some matches, due to suspension, during the 2017–18 season, Culio finished the 2017–18 season, making thirty–four appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions.  In the 2018–19 season, Culio started the season well when he scored the only goal of the game, scoring from a penalty, in a 1–0 win over Universitatea Craiova in the Supercupa României. However, in the second leg of the UEFA Champions League Second Qualifying Round against Malmö on 1 August 2018, he was sent–off in the 77th minutes for a second bookable offence, in a 1–1 draw; eventually, eliminating CFR Cluj from the UEFA Champions League. Despite this, Culio scored two goals throughout August. On 3 November 2018, he scored his second league goal for the side, in a 5–1 win over Botoșani. After his sending off, in a 1–0 win over Concordia Chiajna on 24 November 2018, he scored on his return, in a 3–0 win over Dinamo București on 4 December 2018. Culio scored the goal that clinched the fifth league title in club history when he converted a penalty against Universitatea Craiova on 12 May 2019. On 16 December 2019, Culio played his last match for Cluj against Astra Giurgiu, where he also scored a goal in a 2–0 win.

Quilmes Atletico Club.

After leaving CFR Cluj, he joined Quilmes Atletico Club in Argentina, in order to be closer to his family.

Personal life.

Outside of football, Culio has a job at the construction, having worked there since he was thirteen, along with his father and brother. He said he worked in construction to earn a living and played football in his spare time.  Culio is married to his wife and together, they have two daughters and one son. He also expressed interests in obtaining a Romanian Citizenship despite struggling to speak the language at first. When he first joined CFR Cluj, Culio stated that he was treated as Romanian, along with his family. He further previously stated that he wanted to play for Romania instead of his native country on three separate statements. In December 2019, Culio decided to leave CFR Cluj for personal reasons and to return with his family to Argentina.  In addition to speaking Spanish, Culio was learning Russian in hopes of joining a Russian club, which never happened.

Honours.

Club.

CFR Cluj  Galatasaray

Juan Emmanuel Culio (born 30 August 1983) is an Argentine footballer playing in his home country for Quilmes Atlético Club. A versatile left-footed midfielder, he is renowned for his passing and high work rate.


Plot.

Alma Duval is a Louisiana housewife planning a 45th birthday family celebration for her husband John Henry, known to all as Jack, who is carrying on with a much younger woman behind her back.  During the birthday dinner, Jack picks an argument with eldest son, Buddy, daring him to show some backbone. After the dinner breaks up, he takes teenaged son, Billy, out to play pool and drink beer, trying to demonstrate to him how a man ought to behave. Jack confides in Billy that he is not content with his life.  No one even touches the birthday cake Alma made. Later in the evening, she shares some of it with her neighbor, Fan, while Fan tries to convince her to take up smoking and casual drinking to impress Jack.  While her father dallies with Ruby, his 19-year-old mistress, Virginia Duval becomes lovers for the first time with boyfriend Wyatt, a medical student, who then says he cannot marry her because he needs to be with someone of greater position and wealth.  Alma has been holding onto a belief that if she can move the family back to her hometown, where she and Jack started out, everything will be all right. But she slaps Jack after discovering his affair. He decides to leave her and move to Florida, but he and Ruby are promptly killed in a car crash. Alma and her children ultimately return to the hometown, to bury Jack, but she realizes that people and places there have changed too much, there is no true happiness to be found there, either. The family goes home, with Alma insisting that the future for them all will be successful and joyous.

Production.

The screenplay for "Hot Spell" was developed from an unproduced play by Lonnie Coleman, "Next of Kin", purchased by producer Hal Wallis in June 1956. Production occurred from January 23 to early March 1957, with filming in Pasadena and Chatsworth, California.

Release.

"Hot Spell" had its premiere in New Orleans on May 21, 1958, and went into wide release in June.  Bosley Crowther of the "New York Times" gave it a moderately good review and singled out Booth, Quinn, and MacLaine for their portrayals.

In pop culture.

During the 2010 film "Valentine's Day", Estelle and Edgar Paddington (played by MacLaine and Héctor Elizondo) reunite at a showing of "Hot Spell" at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. Edgar points to MacLaine on the screen and tells Jason Morris (played by Topher Grace), "that's my trifecta".

Hot Spell is a 1958 American drama film directed by Daniel Mann, starring Shirley Booth and Anthony Quinn, and released by Paramount Pictures.


Background.

About the song, Billy Corgan said it was "A simple song in a country tuning" and was the first song written by Corgan after the "Siamese Dream" tour. The guitars recorded in the song are tuned to EGBGBE half a step down. The drum machine track is exactly the same track Corgan recorded when he laid down the demo version of the song, because he "couldn't remember how to recreate it".  Corgan joked on an August 24, 2000 taping of "VH1 Storytellers" that he planned on making "Thirty-Three", "Sixty-Six", and "Ninety-Nine", but only finished "Thirty-Three".  When the band released their greatest hits collection in 2001, "Thirty-Three" made neither the international nor the US version. It was included, however, for the "Greatest Hits Video Collection".

Single release.

At the time of its release, the plan to release the song as the album's final single was a point of disagreement for insiders. Sources close to the band claim that "Muzzle" was in fact due to be released as the final single, as is evidenced by the fact that a promotional single for the song was issued to radio stations worldwide.

Music video.

The music video for "Thirty-Three", directed both by Billy Corgan and then-girlfriend Yelena Yemchuk, is a series of images shot in stop-motion, ending with a re-enactment of the "Mellon Collie" album cover. Jimmy Chamberlin is notably absent from shots of the band. Because the group's videos so often avoid the literal interpretation of lyrics, the video for "Thirty-Three" was created with images closely related to the words of the song, as an intentional stylistic departure.

B-sides.

The B-side "The Last Song" features a guitar solo by Corgan's father, Billy Corgan, Sr. and was performed live only once, at the Pumpkins final show at Chicago's Cabaret Metro.  The B-side "My Blue Heaven" features piano by Keith Brown, a song written in 1927 by George A. Whiting and Walter Donaldson.  Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne and Ivy fame contributed piano for the B-side "The Bells".

"Thirty-Three" is a song by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins. It was the fifth and final single from their third album, "Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness". It was also the first single released after the firing of Jimmy Chamberlin and death of Jonathan Melvoin. The song peaked at 39 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number seven in New Zealand and the top 30 in Canada and the United Kingdom. In Canada it coincidentally finished at number 33 on the "RPM" Alternative 30 year-end chart for 1997.


History.

The first courthouse was built between 1743 and 1747 in the old town, on Place Daviel, opposite the église des Accoules. In the building known as Hôtel Daviel is currently found the local office of the mayor. At the beginning of the 19th century, the location of the Hôtel Daviel was found to be insufficient for the task, and La Coste proposed in 1839 to the General Council that a reconstruction project was put in place for the old palace.  After some discussion, the decision was made to transfer the courthouse to Place Montyon. The council approved this plan on, and the foundations were laid in the city of Marseille. The architect was M. Auguste Martin. The inauguration took place on and the bishop of Marseille, Mgr Patrice Cruice, celebrated a mass in one of the meeting rooms. M. Mourier, Imperial Procurer, pronounced the building open at the inaugural meeting, led by Edouard Luce, President of Civil Tribunal.  Further renovation works were launched at the beginning of 2013, and it was closed to the public, and operations were moved to the caserne du Muy, before reopening in 2015.

Exterior.

The neoclassical building is 57 metres long, and 54 metres high, in line with most Courthouses built during the Second Empire. The main facade faces onto Place Montyon, named after Jean-Baptiste de Montyon, intendant of Provence in the 18th Century. At the centre of this façade is a monumental door made of a stoop of 25 steps, a peristyle of Ionic order of six columns topped with a triangular front on which is a representation of Justice with its right to Force and the defeat of Crime represented by the head of a man to the left of Prudence and Innocence. This group was sculpted by Guillaume. The same sculptor also made two bas reliefs placed under the porche representing repressive justice and protecting justice. The rear façade, on rue Grignan, is less decorated, with only sculptures on the front of the Napoleonic armies and two lions on a commemorative table, all sculpted by Émile Aldebert. Two statues by Joseph Marius Ramus occupy the corners of the peristyle and represent Force and Prudence. The front of the side façades were created by Pierre Travaux ; they represent the East on the side of rue Breteuil, Closure and Moderation, and on the West side, on rue Émile Pollak, Vigilance and Wisdom.

Interior.

The main chamber is 16 metres long; it has 16 red Languedoc marble columns supporting a higher gallery on the first floor. The archway consists of 4 sides, divided into 5 coffers, with 4 smaller in the centre. The large coffers each represent a legislator, while each of the smaller coffers represent juridical figures who worked at the time of that legislator. The portraits are:  On the arches are also figures representing the qualities required for magistrates: force, equity, reason, rights, liberty, authority, truth, and eloquence. All the decoration of the archways is by François Gilbert.

The Marseille Courthouse (French:"Palais de justice de Marseille") is a neoclassical building located on Place Montyon, in the 6th arrondissement of Marseille, France.


History.

The design of the British Bull Dog revolver had been in existence since 1868, but Henry Webley registered the trademark in 1878. From that time to the present, the term has come to mean any short barrelled double-action revolver with a swing-out ejector rod and a short grip.  Intended to be carried in a coat pocket, many have survived to the present day in good condition, having seen little actual use. The design originated in 1868 for the Webley Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) model revolver and was manufactured as late as 1917.  A version made by Webley, but finished by Belfast-based gunmaker, Joseph Braddell, known as the Ulster Bull Dog, used a longer grip frame than the standard, making the revolver easier to control and shoot.  The Bulldog was popular in Britain and America. US Army general, George Armstrong Custer, was said to have carried a pair at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. British Bull Dog revolvers were issued to employees of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company until 1895.

Copies.

Numerous copies and variants of this design (authorized and unauthorized) were made in Belfast, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Pakistan, France and the United States during the late 19th century. American copies were manufactured by the firms of Forehand & Wadsworth, Iver Johnson and Harrington & Richardson. Belgian and American versions (aka: Frontier Bulldogs) were chambered for the.44 S&W American or.442 Webley cartridges. The.44 Bull Dog was a popular American cartridge that was a shorter and less powerful cartridge that could also be fired from.442 Webley caliber revolvers. In 1973 Charter Arms introduced their Bulldog revolver. It is a five shot snub nose that is designed for concealed carry or a back up gun. It was named in honour of the original but does not share a design.

Garfield assassination.

Charles J. Guiteau used a.442 Webley British Bulldog revolver to assassinate United States President James A. Garfield at the Baltimore of Potomac Railroad Station in Washington D.C. On 2 July 1881. Guiteau was a disgruntled lawyer, who was angry that Garfield had not appointed him to a federal post. Guiteau reportedly wanted a British Bulldog revolver with ivory grips instead of wooden ones, as he believed they would look nicer when the gun was displayed in a museum, but decided not to spend the extra US$1 that the ivory-gripped model would have cost. Though he could not afford the extra dollar, the store owner dropped the price for him. In all, he paid $10 for the revolver, a box of cartridges and a penknife, before spending the next day familiarising himself with the revolver's operation and firing 10 practice shots with it into trees along the banks of the Potomac River. He used the revolver to shoot Garfield a week or so later in the Sixth Street Railway Station in Washington, D.C. After Guiteau's trial, the revolver was placed in the Smithsonian Institution but disappeared some time later.

The British Bull Dog was a popular type of solid-frame pocket revolver introduced by Philip Webley & Son of Birmingham, England, in 1872, and subsequently copied by gunmakers in continental Europe and the United States. It featured a barrel and was chambered for.442 Webley or.450 Adams cartridges, with a five-round cylinder. Webley produced smaller scaled.320 Revolver and.380 calibre versions later, but did not mark them with the British Bull Dog name.


In-universe description.

Background.

The Charmed Ones' ancestor Melinda Warren began the "Book of Shadows" in the late 17th century. The year 1693 is inscribed on the book's first page, below the title, presumably to indicate when the book was created. When Melinda was burned at the stake in the Salem Witch Trials, she claimed that the magical powers of each successive generation of witches in the family would grow in strength, until the book reached three sisters known as "The Charmed Ones", who would be "the most powerful witches the world has ever known". Melinda passed the book on to her daughter, Prudence, and it continued to be handed down from mother to daughter until it came to the Halliwell sisters in 1998.  The book has grown over the years with each witch who has possessed it, and by the late 1960s, it had about 100 pages. It continued to grow as The Charmed Ones added more information to it. Penny Halliwell brags in the season five episode, "Happily Ever After", that she created most of the good potion recipes in it. Patty Halliwell added text on Barbas, the Demon of Fear.  For many years, the "Book" was kept in the Manor's attic. Normally, all witches are supposed to keep their "Book of Shadows" in a specially protected altar room. The book has a different protection mechanism against evil. In several episodes, various effects resulted from an evil magical being tried to take the book for themselves, including: jumping off the stand in ""Once Upon a Time"" and ""The Seven Year Witch"", repelling the being away from the book in ""Death Becomes Them"", projecting a spherical shield around the Book in "Death Becomes Them", burning the user's hands in ""Imaginary Fiends"", and so on. When the sisters' powers were unbound, evil beings could touch it, but they couldn't get it out of the Manor. However, by 2000, the sisters had become powerful enough that evil beings couldn't even touch it.  The Halliwell sisters occasionally wrote down their experiences after vanquishing a demon, which Billie mentions this when she studied the "Book of Shadows" in ""Run Piper Run"". The first, added by Phoebe, was a spell to banish the Woogyman. Phoebe added a detailed entry on Cole Turner, Belthazor's human form, and Prue added a spell to summon him in his demon form, as well as an animal conjuring spell. Later, at the end of the series, the sisters write in the book about their adventures and what become of their lives.  Leo Wyatt, Piper's husband, also added an entry titled "Tips for Future Whitelighters", fearing he may not live to see his sons grow up. The entry included information on whitelighter powers and advice on using them.  In the final episode, Piper tells her granddaughter that the book will one day be hers.

Appearances.

In the "Charmed" series, the "Book of Shadows" is a large, green leather-bound book with an embossed red triquetra on the cover. The triquetra symbol has been known to change, usually according to some change in the sisters' powers or emotional state. The book is somewhat worn due to its three centuries of use, but it is almost completely intact, with the exception of the page on how to relinquish one's own powers, which The Charmed Ones tore out and burned after they nearly lost their powers to a warlock in the season one episode "Wicca Envy".

Powers, abilities and uses.

Due to its link with the Halliwells:

Related Books.

The "Grimoire".

The "Book of Shadows" has an evil counterpart known as the" Grimoire." The" Grimoire" is a large brown book with an unknown demonic symbol of an upside down pentagram and skull on the cover. The "Grimoire"s pages are said to be blackened by its evil. Much like the "Book of Shadows," the "Grimoire" possesses the power to protect itself from its enemies or anything good.  The "Grimoire"s spells and incantations are written in Latin. It makes only a few appearances in the television series and Leo later orbs it, to rest under a mountain of rock in the West Andes, to prevent the coronation of another Source.  Bianca and her family of assassin witches possess a grimoire which contains their family's spells, although this is simply "a" grimoire and not "the" Grimoire. The book's cover in that episode had a symbol depicting two intertwined snakes. That book was sold on eBay in late 2007 and reached a final bid of $405.00.  In the episode "Bride and Gloom", the Charmed Ones' "Book of Shadows" began to change itself into a grimoire when the girls were turned into warlocks under the influence of evil magic. For instance, good spells were replaced with evil spells.

Gypsy books.

In the series, Gypsies and witches are sister traditions. Though never specifically stated to be so, Gypsy families also have their own versions of the "Book of Shadows" that is passed down to immediate family members. This was shown in the season five episode, "The Eyes Have It", wherein the Gypsy Eva finds her family spell book previously owned by her mother after her mother's death. Like traditional Books of Shadows, Gypsies' books contain spells and magical recipes.

Critical reception.

Pagan author Raymond Buckland said in his 2002 book, "The Witch Book", that the "Charmed Book of Shadows" gave the show an air of authenticity and showed that the producers of the show seemed to at least know a little of what they were talking about when depicting wiccan practices. Judika Illes adds that the "Charmed Book of Shadows" describes the show's witches much in the same way as the real world Italian "Benandanti" traditions. She claims the show draws deeply on wiccan terminology and ritual (such as the witches' adding information to their "Book of Shadows"), but asserts that it is still a fantasy show. In "The Book of Shadows: The Unofficial Charmed Companion", Ngaire E. Genge talks about the "Charmed Book of Shadows" in relationship to a modern wiccan Book of Shadows and the ancient grimoires of such notables as "Abra-Melen the Mage" and King Solomon. The author is more critical of "Charmed"'s use of the book compared to real-world wiccans but adds, as Buckland did, that it is still a fantasy show. While not specifically mentioning the "Charmed Book of Shadows" by name, "The Craft: A Witch’s Book of Shadows", by Dorothy Morrison, appears to have been highly influenced by the series and features the same triquetra symbol on its cover as does the Halliwells' "Book of Shadows".  Criticism has also been garnered for "Charmed"s "Book of Shadows". Author Peg Aoli, a noted Wiccan and media critic at "The Witches Voice", has been critical of mixing real world Wiccan ritual items, such as athames and the "Book of Shadows, "with "Charmed"’s "Hollywood" witchcraft. Aoli critically slammed the series' representation of witchcraft in an essay in "Totally Charmed: Demons, Whitelighters and the Power of Three". Furthermore, other critics at "The Witches Voice" argue that "Charmed"'s representation of witchcraft, including their "Book of Shadows", creates "so many misconceptions" about Wicca in the modern world.

Fandom and replica "Books of Shadows".

Following The Charmed Ones' suit, fans worldwide began creating replicas of the "Charmed Book of Shadows", when the series began in the 1990s. Like the famed book of the series, the replica versions continued to grow as fans created more and more pages. The most extensive replica source has 2,500 pages to date and is distributed digitally (see source list). Fan-made "Book of Shadows" have become an art form in itself, and many different people create these. Every artisan owns the rights to their own work, so many differences appear in each artist's re-creation of the pages. There is no one-copyright holder to this collective work, which has become a hobby, like scrapbooking.

The "Book of Shadows" Post-"Charmed".

After "Charmed" ended its run, the one prop from the series that everyone wanted was the "Book of Shadows." There was good-natured discussion over several years concerning which of the long-time crew and cast members had the best claim to the book. The candidates finally narrowed down to Brad Kern, the series' showrunner for its entire run; and Holly Marie Combs, who played Piper Halliwell and was the only cast member to appear in every episode, including the unaired pilot.  Kern and Holly Marie Combs currently share custody of the book, and agreed to alternate possession between the two of them, each getting the book for an entire year at a time. Most recently Holly Marie Combs, appearing on a Comic Con Panel, confirmed that although Kern and her did agree to share custody, Kern has not shared the book.

The Book of Shadows, or simply the Book, is a book of witchcraft from the TV series "Charmed". In the beginning, the book was created by Melinda Warren and was passed down the family to the Charmed Ones. This book contains spells, incantations, potions and information of the evil beings that their ancestors have once faced. They first find out that they were witches when Phoebe finds the "Book of Shadows" in their attic, at midnight on a full moon, and reads an incantation aloud. The "Book of Shadows" is enchanted. It can protect itself from any evil being who dares to touch it.


Early years.

Noël Jacques Lefebvre was born on 19 February 1792 in Pont-Audemer, Eure, France. He was educated at the college of Pont-Audemer and then came to Paris to study law. He came to the attention of Charles-Guillaume Étienne, who presented him to the Duke of Bassano, and he obtained a job at the Ministry of the State. He became a member of the Conseil d'Etat in 1814, but was dismissed with the restoration of the monarchy.  Lefebvre became involved in the struggles of the Liberal party, was one of the founders of "Le Nain jaune" (The Yellow Dwarf) and contributed to the "Mercure de France". In 1822 he married the daughter of M. Duruflé, a wealthy manufacturer of cloth, and added his father-in-law's name to his own. They had nine children. He became a partner in the business, and introduced into its factories various manufacturing processes that had been used successfully in England and America. He left the business in 1847 to dedicate himself to politics.

Political career.

During the July Monarchy Lefebvre tried several times to be elected as deputy, running for the Pont-Audemer constituency on a platform opposing King Louis Philippe. After the February Revolution of 1848 he again failed to be elected to the Constituent Assembly. He was able to gain appointment as the general counsel of the department of Eure. On 13 May 1849 he was elected deputy for the Eure in the legislative assembly, running as a conservative. In 1850 he help passed the bill to increase the salary of the President of the Republic, the future emperor Napoleon III.  On 23 November 1851 Lefebvre was made Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. After the coup of 2 December 1851, on 25 January 1852 he was made Minister of Public Works and a member of the Consultative Commission. While he was minister a telegraph line was established between Turin and France, of railways were built, and packet boat concessions were awarded for the Mediterranean Sea. On 28 July 1853 Lefebvre-Duruflé left the ministry and was appointed to the Senate, where he remained for the remainder of the empire. On 14 August 1862 he was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.

Third Republic.

After the revolution of 4 September 1870 Lefebvre returned to private life. He was brought before a police court for irregular financial transactions while he was administrator of the "Société industrielle". On 2 December 1873 he was convicted of violating the Companies act and fined. A year later this led to him being removed from the list of members of the Legion of Honour. He died in Pont-Authou, Eure, on 3 November 1877.

References.

Citations  Sources

Noël Jacques Lefebvre-Duruflé (19 February 1792 – 3 November 1877) was a French politician who became Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the French Second Republic, and under the Second French Empire was Minister of Public Works. In the French Third Republic he was convicted on a corruption charge.


Edgware Road tube station (Bakerloo line)

History.

Edgware Road station was opened on 15 June 1907 by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (BS&WR, now the Bakerloo line) when it extended its line from the temporary northern terminus at Marylebone. In common with other early stations of the lines owned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the station was designed by architect Leslie Green with an ox-blood red glazed terracotta façade. The BS&WR had parliamentary approval to continue the line to Paddington station, but the approved route, which curved under the main line station and ended under the junction of Sussex Gardens and Sussex Place on a south-easterly heading, was not suitable for the company's plan to extend west or north-west from Paddington. The BS&WR chose not to construct the tunnels west of Edgware Road whilst it considered alternatives.  In 1908 the BS&WR considered a joint scheme with the North West London Railway (NWLR) to build a tube line from Edgware Road station to Cricklewood via Kilburn. The NWLR had obtained permission to build a line along Edgware Road from Cricklewood to Marble Arch in 1899, and had received approval for an additional section from Marble Arch to Victoria in 1906, but it had been unable to raise the money to build the line. The permitted NWLR route passed Edgware Road station and the companies sought permission in November 1908 for a section of tunnel long linking the BS&WR and the NWLR tunnels. To make use of the BS&WR's existing permission for the line to Paddington, Edgware Road station was to be provided with a second pair of platforms to enable the operation of a shuttle service between Paddington and Edgware Road. The scheme was rejected and the line was not built.  In 1911, permission was received to construct a tightly-curved long extension to Paddington which ended heading north-west under the main line station. Work started in August 1911 and the extension opened on 1 December 1913.  When the station opened, its narrow frontage was in a row of shops, but the buildings to the south of the station were demolished in the 1960s to enable the flyover to be built, leaving the station as one of two isolated buildings. Originally, an exit from the station was provided in the adjacent Bell Street. Although this is no longer used the building provides office accommodation for the station managers.  In September 2007, there was a proposal by London Assembly member Murad Qureshi to rename this station "Church Street Market", as this would end the confusion between this station and its namesake on the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines.  Between 25 May and 21 December 2013, the station closed temporarily for lift maintenance work.

Connections.

London Buses routes 6, 16, 18, 98, 332 and 414 and night routes N16, N18 and N98 serve the station.

Edgware Road is a London Underground station on the Bakerloo line, located in the City of Westminster. It is between Paddington and Marylebone stations on the line and falls within Travelcard zone 1. The station is located on the north-east corner of the junction of Edgware Road, Harrow Road and Marylebone Road. It is adjacent to the Marylebone flyover.


Plot.

As war breaks out in Europe, young Americans Chuck S. Brewer (Robert Stack), Johnny M. Coe (Leif Erickson) and Wadislaw Borowsky (Edgar Barrier) cross the Atlantic to join the Royal Air Force. Assigned to the Eagle Squadron, made up of other American pilots, they make friends with Squadron Leader Paddy Carson (John Loder), and women flyers Anne Partridge (Diana Barrymore) and Nancy Mitchell (Evelyn Ankers). Chuck is immediately attracted to Nancy, but she already has a boyfriend, Hank Starr (Jon Hall), another pilot in the squadron.  Once they are trained as fighter pilots, on their first mission against a German air force base, Johnny and Chuck are shot down, and Johnny is killed. Chuck parachutes into the sea and is rescued, but back at the base, he learns that two other pilots trying to protect them when both Americans broke formation, were also killed.  At a military dance, Chuck and Anne arrange for a date that turns out to be a picnic with a group of evacuated children, interrupted by a German air raid. Later, Squadron Leader Carson, who also likes Anne, takes her to London, with Chuck following the pair. During the bombing of a hospital, Anne is wounded leading others out of the burning building, but finds her father, Sir James Partridge (Paul Cavanagh), a noted pacifist, who dies in her arms.  Chuck and Wadislaw, along with Carson, take part in a commando raid in France to capture a top-secret new "Leopard" German fighter. The mission ends with Carson and Wadislaw dead, but Chuck takes off and shoots his way out of enemy territory, bringing the stolen fighter aircraft back to England. At an award ceremony, both Chuck and Anne are decorated for their bravery, but the ceremony is cut short by another German air raid. Chuck, who has proposed to Anne, kisses her on the cheek before taking to the air.

Documentary version.

The film began as a documentary on real Eagle Squadron pilots, with cooperation with the British Ministry of Information which provided actual aerial combat footage.  In October 23, 1940 producer Walter Wanger announced he would make "Eagle Squadron" for United Artists and that he wanted William Wellman to direct. In November 4 20th Century Fox announced they were going to make a rival project, "The Eagles Fly Again", with Henry Fonda and Don Ameche.  In November Wagner hired William Hird Bennett to write the script.  In March 1941 Wanger announced the film would be one of three pictures he would make for United Artists, the other being "Sundown" and "So Gallantly Gleaming". In July Wanger said the film would be part of a four picture deal with UA, the others being "Sundown", "Cheyenne" and "To Be Or Not to Be". Harry Watts and Ernest Schoedsack would direct.  Wanger sent fellow producer Merian C. Cooper and directors Harry Watt and Schoedsack, to film the squadron in action. Watt and screenwriter Ian Dalrymple came from the British Crown Film Unit.  The film's producers identified six pilots who would serve as the focus of the film. In September the "New York Times" reported that they had been shooting in England for three months, and the six men were Andrew Mamedoff, Gregory Daymond, Eugene Tobin, William R. Dunn, Luke Allen and Chesley G Petersen. Schoedsack said he did not want to focus on any particular flier in case one was shot down - that happened to Tobin in September. Schoedsack was forbidden to fly on missions because if he was shot down, as a civilian he would be subject to execution because he was not one of the armed forces.  The squadron continued to fight during filming in Britain, and several pilots were killed. Technical advisor John M. Hill, on leave from the RAF due to a war injury and an actual member of the Eagle squadron, was one of only four pilots of the 17-strong squadron to survive.  The six months of pre-production filming were fraught with many problems, including the reluctance of the Eagle Squadron pilots to take part. It ended with Watt and Dalrymple resigning.  Although the original documentary project was not possible, the footage shot would prove to be recycled for a new film.

Feature film production.

In October 1941 Wagner sold his company, including sixteen properties, to United Artists, but kept the rights to "Eagle Squadron". Wagner intended to set up a new company and make "Eagle Squadron" its first film.  On November 17 Wagner announced he had signed a deal to make movies at Universal, including "Eagle Squadron". This film would no longer be a documentary but a fictional story, based on a magazine story by C.S. Forester. Norman Reilly Raine was writing the script. The film would use footage taken in England, but now the characters would be played by actors rather than real pilots.  Reportedly the fictional story had been an idea of Raine's, who sold it to Wanger, who then hired Forester to write it up as a magazine story.  In December 1941 Wanger announced the female lead would be played by Diana Barrymore who was appearing on stage in "The Land is Bright". Other key roles went to Robert Stack, Leif Ericson and Jon Hall. (Wanger liked Hall's work so much he put the actor in "Arabian Nights").  In early January Universal announced that the director would be Arthur Lubin. Lubin got the job directing on the back of his success with Abbott and Costello.  Filming started 15 January. Location shooting took place at Universal Studio's backlot outside Los Angeles. Stack remembers Barrymore as "a sad and thoroughly mixed up lady" with "an inclination to drink away her problems, a firey temper and an erratic emotional perspective. But she had neither the time nor the training to acquire the enormous technical foundation in acting that other members of her famous family had."  "Eagle Squadron" begins with the onscreen declaration, "This production was made possible through the cooperation of The British Air Ministry, The British Ministry of Information, The Royal Air Force [and] The Eagle Squadron of the R.A.F." Noted war correspondent and radio commentator Quentin Reynolds, who also documented the role of the Eagle squadrons, narrates an extended foreword.

Reception.

Box office.

Although real Eagle Squadron pilots disliked its fictionalization of their experiences, "Eagle Squadron" was a box office hit, earning a profit of $697,607. "Variety" said it earned $1.8 million in rentals in the US in 1942. Its San Francisco premiere at the Orpheum Theater, raised $200,000 in war bond sales.

Critical response.

Critically, the film did not fare well. Bosley Crowther, in his review in "The New York Times", thought the blending of fictional and real-life events was outlandish and dismissed the film as nothing more than a B film. He wrote that "Eagle Squadron" was "... far from the genuine drama about American fliers with the R. A. F. that it should be, but is rather a highfalutin war adventure film which waxes embarrassingly mawkish about English courage and American spunk."

Eagle Squadron is a 1942 American war film directed by Arthur Lubin and starring Robert Stack, Diana Barrymore, John Loder and Nigel Bruce. It was based on a story by C.S. Forester that appeared in "Cosmopolitan" magazine, and inspired by media reports of the fighting in the Battle of Britain, in particular, the American pilots who volunteered before the United States entered World War II, to fly for the Royal Air Force in the actual Eagle Squadrons.


Background.

The recording session for "Beck's Bolero" was conceived of as a side project for Jeff Beck while he was a member of the Yardbirds. "It was decided that it would be a good idea for me to record some of my own stuff... partly to stop me moaning about the Yardbirds", Beck recalled. Also, the Yardbirds' management was encouraging individual band members to bring attention to the band through success in solo projects. Studio time was booked for May 1966 at the IBC Studios in London. To prepare for the session, Beck called on long-time friend and studio guitarist Jimmy Page, who had recommended Beck as Eric Clapton's replacement in the Yardbirds, to work up some ideas for songs to record.  Although there is a disagreement over credits for the composition, both Beck and Page agree that Page began by playing some chords on a twelve-string guitar using a rhythm based on "Boléro". "Boléro" is a one-movement orchestral piece composed by Maurice Ravel in 1928 and is "built on a persistent, repeating motif supported by a snare drum... re-creating the Spanish 'bolero' dance pattern for full orchestra", according to Beck biographer Martin Power. A melody line for guitar was developed along with a middle section to break up the rhythm, reminiscent of the Yardbirds' arrangements for "For Your Love" and "Shapes of Things".  With at least the outline of one song and Page on board to play guitar, Beck approached Keith Moon of the Who, whom he considered one of his favourite drummers. Moon was unhappy with the Who at the time and readily agreed to participate. To avoid a confrontation with Pete Townshend and Kit Lambert, the Who's manager, Moon wished to do so incognito. He recommended bandmate John Entwistle, who was similarly discontented with the Who, to provide the bass.

Recording.

The recording session took place at IBC Studios on 16 and 17 May 1966 (although a date after Beck left the Yardbirds in November 1966 has also been suggested). Moon arrived at the studio disguised in sunglasses and a Russian cossack hat. When Entwistle did not show, studio musicians John Paul Jones and Nicky Hopkins were brought in at the last minute to provide bass and piano. There is an unsubstantiated account that Ritchie Blackmore may have been involved at the studio, but his participation has not been acknowledged by Beck, Page, or others at the session. Napier-Bell, the Yardbirds' producer who had originally promoted the idea, was present for the recording.  For the guitar parts, Beck used a Gibson Les Paul played through a Vox AC30 amplifier and Page played a Fender Electric XII twelve-string electric guitar. Halfway through the song, Moon smashed the drum microphone with his stick – "You can actually hear him screaming as he does it", Beck remembered, "so all you can hear from then on is cymbals!" After Moon and Napier-Bell left, Beck and Page added overdubs and sound treatments to complete the track. According to Beck, two or three songs were recorded at the session, but "Beck's Bolero" was the only track released.

Composition.

"Beck's Bolero" is roughly divided into three parts. The first begins with a reworking of Ravel's two-chord progression, transposed to the key of A. Power points out that by using a 12-string guitar, Page is able to take advantage of the instrument's "rich chiming quality to emulate the distinct, orchestral 'bolero' sound". Beck then introduces the melody line on electric guitar with a fuzz-tone effect producing indefinite sustain; alternating between major and minor modes, it is described as "haunting" by Power and as a "distinctive piercing, sinister tone" by critic Richie Unterberger. In the second section, the piano, bass, and drums come in and the tension builds. Unterberger describes the third section as "suddenly set[ting] off from the main motif into a beautiful serene section highlighting slide-glissando guitars", with Beck's echo-laden slide sounding similar to a steel guitar. The fourth section returns to the main melody with overlaid drawn-out descending slide. According to Beck, "the phasing was Jimmy's idea... I played a load of waffle and he reversed it". The tension mounts as Moon adds drum flourishes, climaxing with a break.  The second part begins with Moon's simultaneous drum break and scream and launches in different, hard rock direction. "It was my idea to cut off in the middle, Yardbirds-style", Beck commented, "Keith upped the tempo and gave it an extra kick. It's like a bit of the Who, a bit of the Yardbirds and a bit of me". The amply-distorted guitar provides "a thick-toned, descending riff", according to Power. He also describes the break, inspired by the Yardbirds' rave-up technique, as "eerily presag[ing] the coming era of hard rock and heavy metal". The third part returns to the main motif with added guitar fills. The melody line is abandoned in the second section and replaced with multiple interwoven takes of guitar effects, including phasing, echo, and controlled feedback. It concludes with a few bars of hard blues rock-style lead guitar and an abrupt ending.

Releases.

The record release of "Beck's Bolero" was delayed for ten months, when Jeff Beck began his solo career after leaving the Yardbirds. It appeared as the B-side of his first single, "Hi Ho Silver Lining", which was released on 10 March 1967 in the UK (Columbia DB 8151) and 3 April 1967 in the US (Epic 5–10157). The initial UK pressing of the single listed the title as "Bolero" with Jeff Beck as the composer, while later pressings showed "Beck's Bolero" and "J. Page". The single reached number fourteen in the UK Singles Chart, and number 123 in the US "Billboard"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. "Hi Ho Silver Lining" was ignored by American underground FM radio, but "Beck's Bolero" became a staple of the new radio format.  In 1968, the instrumental gained wider exposure when it was included on the Jeff Beck Group debut album, "Truth". Released in the US in July, the album reached number 15 in the "Billboard" 200 album chart one month later. "Truth" was issued in October in the UK, but it did not appear in the album charts. On the British monaural releases, "Beck's Bolero" has a fifteen-second backwards guitar coda. This version is included as a bonus track on the 2006 remastered "Truth" CD and on the Sundazed Records reissue of the original mono vinyl album. The original album liner notes do not list the personnel for "Beck's Bolero" – Jones' and Hopkins' contributions are noted for other songs along with "Timpani by 'You Know Who'", the "Who" being Moon.  "Beck's Bolero" remains one of Beck's favourites pieces and he has performed it numerous times, often as his opening number. A live version in 2008 appears on his "Live at Ronnie Scott's" album and video. On 4 April 2009, Page formally inducted Beck into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and together they performed "Beck's Bolero" at the induction ceremony, with Page playing the original 1965 Fender XII electric twelve-string guitar which he used for the 1966 recording session.

Disagreement over credits.

Production.

Beck's later producer, Mickie Most, the Yardbirds' producer, Simon Napier-Bell, and Jimmy Page have each claimed to be the recording's producer. At the time of the release of "Beck Bolero", Beck was under contract to producer Most. Although he was not involved in the recording, under the terms of the contract, Most received a "mandated production credit" and it is his name that appears on the single and album credits. Napier-Bell, who was at least present for the recording, has claimed that his involvement was substantial:  However, according to Jimmy Page, "the track was done and then the producer, Simon Napier-Bell, just disappeared... [he] just sort of left me and Jeff to do it. Jeff was playing and I was [at the recording console]." Page asserts that he in fact was the instrumental's actual producer.

Composition.

The initial Columbia Records pressing of the single listed the title as "Bolero" and "Jeff Beck" as the composer. However, Jimmy Page filed for the composer credit for "Beck's Bolero" and it is his name that appears on the credits for all but the initial release. Nonetheless, Beck has claimed credit for his contributions to the composition. Both Beck and Page agree that Page came up with the "Boléro"-influenced chords and rhythm. However, Beck specifically claims that key features of the instrumental—the haunting melody line and the second part "hard-rock" break—are his. Beck adds that the break contains "the first heavy metal riff ever written and I wrote it". While not addressing the specifics, Page asserts "I wrote it, played on it, produced it... and I don't give a damn what [Jeff] says. That's the truth", but adds "the slide bits are his". Beck later put it behind him, "No, I didn't get a songwriting credit, but you win some and lose some down the years". Over the years, he and Page have made several appearances together in concerts and for interviews.

Legacy.

Beck, Page, Hopkins, Jones, and Moon were pleased with the outcome of the recording session and there was talk of forming a working group and additional recordings. This led to the famous quip, "Yeah, it'll go down like a lead zeppelin", which Page later used, with a slight spelling change, for his new group. Page ascribed it to Moon, while Beck's and Led Zeppelin's later manager Peter Grant claimed Moon used the phrase "go down like a lead balloon", to which Entwistle added "more like a lead zeppelin". Group biographer Keith Shadwick notes that forming an actual group at the time "was never a realistic option", due to existing contractual obligations. For all their attempts at secrecy, Townshend learned of Moon's move. Beck recalled, "I remember [Pete] Townshend looking daggers at me when he heard it... because it was a bit near the mark. He didn't want anybody meddling with that territory [his band, the Who] at all". Townshend also took to referring to Beck and Page as "flashy little guitarists of very little brain" for their perceived subterfuge (Page responded with "Townshend got into feedback because he couldn't play single notes"). In a later interview, Townshend explained  Differences with Moon were resolved and he returned to the Who shortly after the recording. One month later, Page joined the Yardbirds and together with Beck became one of the first dual-lead guitar teams in popular rock. In 1968, Hopkins became a member of the Jeff Beck Group and for performances of "Beck's Bolero" during their first US tour in June, singer Rod Stewart played the rhythm guitar part. Also in 1968, Page started Led Zeppelin with Jones. Page incorporated some of the melody line and bolero rhythm into the medley portion of "How Many More Times" for the "Led Zeppelin" debut album.  "Beck's Bolero" appears on various "best of" lists and in "Guitar Masters: Intimate Portraits", Alan di Perna describes it as "one of the great rock instrumentals, epic in scope, harmonically and rhythmically ambitious yet infused with primal energy". The May 1966 recording pre-dated other mid-1960s hard rock/psychedelic rock milestones, such as the formation of Cream, Jimi Hendrix's arrival in England, the Beatles' "Revolver" album, and the rise of the San Francisco Sound. Guitarist Mike Bloomfield recalled that "Beck's Bolero" had a "significant impact on Jimi Hendrix, who named it among his favorite tracks". Beck recalled performing a live version with Hendrix on lead guitar, but a recording has not been forthcoming.  According to Paul Hornsby, who played with Duane Allman in Hour Glass in 1967–1968 before the Allman Brothers Band, "Beck's Bolero" inspired Allman to take up slide guitar. After hearing Beck's record, Allman "loved that slide part and told me he was going to learn to play it", Hornsby recalled. In 1970, Joe Walsh adapted the slide-guitar section of "Beck's Bolero" for a James Gang song. Titled "The Bomber", the multi-part suite also includes a rendition of Ravel's "Boléro" and appears on the "James Gang Rides Again" album. Several artists have recorded renditions of "Beck's Bolero", including SRC, the Posies, Les Fradkin, Eric Johnson, and Return to Forever.

"Beck's Bolero" is a rock instrumental recorded by English guitarist Jeff Beck in 1966. It is Beck's first solo recording and has been described as "one of the great rock instrumentals, epic in scope, harmonically and rhythmically ambitious yet infused with primal energy". "Beck's Bolero" features a prominent melody with multiple guitar parts propelled by a rhythm inspired by Ravel's "Boléro".


Early life.

He attended Castleknock College, Dublin, St Patrick's Classical School in Navan and St Munchin's College, Limerick.

Munster.

Hurley made his Munster debut against Llanelli Scarlets in May 2006, in a Celtic League fixture. He sprung to notice when he was preferred to Shaun Payne at fullback in Munster's 2007–08 Heineken Cup quarter-final clash with Gloucester. He stayed at fullback for the semi-final against Saracens, and started in the 2008 Heineken Cup Final against Toulouse, which Munster won 16–13.  Hurley was part of the Munster team that won the Celtic League in the 2009–09 season, and again in the 2010–11 season. He also started for Munster in their historic 15–6 victory against Australia on 16 November 2010.  Hurley signed a new two-year contract with Munster in March 2012. He was on the wing for Munster A in their 31–12 2011–12 British and Irish Cup Final victory against Cross Keys on 27 April 2012. Hurley signed a one-year contract extension with Munster in April 2014, which will see him remain with the province until at least June 2015. He signed a further one-year extension with Munster in January 2015. Hurley captained Munster in the 2015 Pro12 Grand Final against Glasgow Warriors on 30 May 2015. In May 2016, Hurley announced he was leaving Munster.

Ireland.

He made his Ireland debut against USA on 31 May 2009 in Santa Clara.  He was also Ireland A's right-winger when they won the 2009 Churchill Cup. He played for Ireland Wolfhounds against Scotland A in January 2011, and against England Saxons in February 2011. His performances in these two fixtures earnt him a call-up into Ireland's 2011 Six Nations Championship squad, but he did not feature in any games.  Hurley was selected in the Ireland Wolfhounds squad for their games against the England Saxons in January 2012, which again earned him a call-up to the full Irish squad, for the 2012 Six Nations Championship. Hurley was nominated for the IRUPA Unsung Hero 2015 in April 2015.

Personal life.

His father, Gerry Hurley, was on the bench for the famous Munster team that defeated the All Blacks 12–0 in October 1978.

Denis Hurley (born 15 July 1984) is a former Irish rugby union player, who represented Munster and Ireland. He played as a fullback, wing or centre.


"Sonderbundskrieg".

In 1847, the period of Swiss history known as Restoration ended with the breaking out of a war between the conservative Roman Catholic and the liberal Protestant cantons (the "Sonderbundskrieg"). The conflict between the Catholic and Protestant cantons had existed since the Reformation; in the 19th century the Protestant population had a majority. The "Sonderbund" (German: separate alliance) was concluded after the Radical Party had taken power in Switzerland and had, thanks to the Protestant majority of cantons, taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in Aargau in 1841. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the Jesuits the same year, groups of armed radicals (""Freischärler"") invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of ultramontanism.  The "Sonderbund" was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6, which expressly forbade such separate alliances, and the Radical majority in the "Tagsatzung" decided to dissolve the "Sonderbund" on 21 October 1847. The confederate army was raised against the members of the "Sonderbund", composed of soldiers of all the other states except Neuchâtel and Appenzell Innerrhoden, which had stayed neutral. Ticino, while a Catholic canton, did not join the "Sonderbund" and fought with the Protestants.  The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots, this was the last armed conflict on Swiss territory.  At the end of the Sonderbund War, the Diet began to debate a new federal constitution drawn up by Johann Conrad Kern (1808–1888) of Thurgau and Henri Druey (1790–1855) of Vaud. In the summer of 1848 this constitution was accepted by fifteen and a half cantons, with Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Valais, Ticino and Appenzell Innerrhoden opposing. The new constitution was declared on 12 September 1848.

Federal Constitution.

1848 Constitution.

The new constitution created, for the first time, Swiss citizenship in addition to cantonal citizenship.  A federal central government was set up to which the cantons gave up certain parts of their sovereign rights, retaining the rest. The Federal Assembly was made up of two houses- Council of States ("Ständerat"), composed of two deputies from each canton (44 members at the time) and the National Council ("Nationalrat") made up of deputies elected three years, in the proportion of one for every 20,000 citizens or fraction over 10,000 from each canton. The Federal Council or executive ("Bundesrat") consisted of seven members elected by the Federal Assembly. In the 1848 Constitution, the entire Federal Council was granted the "supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation". Each member of the Federal Council heads one of seven executive departments. The chairman of the Council also holds the title of President of the Swiss Confederation for a one-year term, with the position rotating among the members of the Federal Council.  The judiciary ("Bundesgericht") was made up of eleven members elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The "Bundesgericht" was chiefly confined to civil cases in which the Confederation was a party, but also took in great political crimes. All constitutional questions are however reserved for the Federal Assembly.  A federal university and a polytechnic school were to be founded. All capitulations were forbidden in the future. All cantons were required to treat Swiss citizens who belonged to one of the Christian confessions like their own citizens. Previously, citizens of one canton regarded citizens of the others as the citizens of foreign countries. All Christians were guaranteed the exercise of their religion but the Jesuits and similar religious orders were not to be received in any canton. German, French and Italian were recognized as national languages.  Although there was now a fully organized central government, Switzerland was a very decentralized federation. Most authority remained with the cantons, including all powers not explicitly granted to the federal government. One of the first acts of the Federal Assembly was to exercise the power given them of determining the home of the Federal authorities (the "de facto" capital of the newly created confederation), and on 28 November 1848 Bern was chosen. The first Federal Council sat on 16 November 1848, composed entirely of members of the Free Democratic Party.  Some of the first acts of the new Federal Assembly were to unify and standardize daily life in the country. In 1849 a uniform postal service was established. In 1850 a single currency was imposed to replace the cantonal currencies, while all customs between cantons were abolished. In 1851 the telegraph was organized, while all weights and measures were unified. In 1868 the metric system was allowed and in 1875 declared obligatory and universal. In 1854 roads and canals taken in hand were taken under federal control. The Federal Polytechnic wasn't opened until 1855 in Zurich, though the Federal university authorized by the new constitution has not yet been set up.  In 1859, "Reisläuferei" (mercenary service) was outlawed, with the exception of the Vatican guard.  In 1866 the rights granted only to Christians (free movement and freedom of religion) under the 1848 Constitution were extended to all Swiss regardless of religion.

1874 Revised Constitution.

From 1848 onwards the cantons continually revised their constitutions, with most including the introduction of the referendum, by which laws made by the cantonal legislature may (facultative referendum) or must (obligatory referendum) be submitted to the people for their approval. It was therefore only natural that attempts should be made to revise the federal constitution of 1848 in a democratic and centralizing sense, for it had been provided that the Federal Assembly, on its own initiative or on the written request of 50,000 Swiss electors, could submit the question of revision to a popular vote. The first attempt at a revision in 1872 was defeated by a small majority, owing to the efforts of the anti-centralizing party. Finally, however, another draft was preferred, and on the 19 April 1874, the new constitution was accepted by the people – 14 cantons against 7 (those of 1848 without Ticino, but with Fribourg and Lucerne).  The Constitution of 1874 further strengthened the federal power. The revised Constitution included three major points. First, a system of free elementary education was set up, under the superintendence of the Confederation, but managed by the cantons. Second, a man settling in another canton was, after three months (instead of two years in the 1848 Constitution), given all cantonal and communal rights (formerly only cantonal rights were granted). Finally, the referendum was introduced in its "facultative" form; i.e., all federal laws must be submitted to popular vote on the demand of 30,000 Swiss citizens or of eight cantons. The "Initiative" (i.e., the right of compelling the legislature to consider a certain subject or bill) was not introduced into the Federal Constitution until 1891 (when it was given to 50,000 Swiss citizens) and then only as to a partial (not a total) revision of that constitution.

Industrialisation and economic growth.

The 1847 to 1914 period saw the development of the Swiss railway network. The "Schweizerische Nordbahn" (SNB) society opened the first railway line on Swiss soil in 1847, connecting Zürich and Baden. The Gotthard Rail Tunnel was completed in 1881.  The Swiss watchmaking industry has its origins in the 18th century, but boomed during the 19th century, turning the village of La Chaux-de-Fonds into an industrial center. Rapid urban growth also enlarged Zürich, which incorporated its industrial suburb Aussersihl into the municipality in 1891.  Banking emerged as a significant factor in Swiss economy with the foundation of the Union Bank of Switzerland in 1862, the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1872.  The Golden age of alpinism in the 1850s to 1860s lay the foundation to the tourism industry.

The rise of Switzerland as a federal state began on 12 September 1848, with the creation of a federal constitution in response to a 27-day civil war in Switzerland, the "Sonderbundskrieg". The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the United States Constitution and the ideas of the French Revolution, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly replaced in 1999. The constitution represents the first time that the Swiss were governed by a strong central government instead of being simply a collection of independent cantons bound by treaties.


Gameplay.

The gameplay of "Hydro Thunder" consists of racing high-tech speedboats through treacherous environments, from the cold seas of the Arctic Circle, to a post-apocalyptic, flooded version of New York City.  Scattered across the tracks are blue and red boost icons. When touched these icons allow the player who touched them to boost. Red boost icons are more scarce than blue boost icons due to the fact red boost icons give more boost fuel. When a player has boost fuel they may use the boost button to boost, which allows a player's boat to reach speeds much higher than what would normally be possible. Also by boosting a player can knock other boats into the air, a feature described by the game as the Mighty Hull. Another aspect of boosting is the Hydro Jump which is performed by braking and using the boost button. When combined with the many ramps on the tracks, players can reach short cuts and boost icons that would normally not be accessible otherwise.  The boats in "Hydro Thunder" are divided into four categories: easy, medium, hard, and bonus. The easy boats tend to be easy to control but they do not have the speed of other classes. Medium boats are in the middle, and Hard boats are usually very difficult to control but are very fast. Bonus boats are accessible by entering a combination to access the boat. The tracks in "Hydro Thunder" like the boats are divided into four classes: easy, medium, hard and bonus. The easy tracks are usually short and easy with the bonus tracks being the longest and hardest. The arcade version of the game had only two bonus tracks, New York Disaster and Nile Adventure. Hydro Speedway was present as a hidden track. The console versions add two more, Catacomb and Castle Von Dandy, making four in all.

Development and release.

The arcade version of "Hydro Thunder" utilizes the same basic cabinet as Midway's earlier "Hyperdrive". It has the same cabinet seat as Atari's "". It also has the same steering wheel on the control panel as "Cruis'n USA", minus the standard foot pedals, and adds a variable position throttle with forward, neutral and reverse directions. The game also has an unusual volume adjustment, where the regular play volume is usually set lower than the feedback volume for the subwoofer in the seat. This is intended to place the player "in the game" and make the player feel like an actual pilot of a powerful, high-tech speedboat.  In addition to the arcade, "Hydro Thunder" has been ported over to several home consoles. The PlayStation version of the game includes a career mode not found in the other versions. The Dreamcast version of the game has graphics that are more detailed and closer to the arcade version than the other console versions. The Nintendo 64 version allows up to 4-player local multiplayer (instead of just 2-player) when the Nintendo 64 Expansion Pak is present. A standalone Windows version was released exclusively through budget re-releases in Europe. The Dreamcast port became one of the few "Sega All Stars" titles. Midway Games had plans to create a double pack for "Hydro Thunder" and "San Francisco Rush 2049" under the name "Hydro Rush" for the PlayStation 2. However, the game was cancelled and the project moved to "Midway Arcade Treasures 3" (a compilation of Midway's many racing games) for Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox, and was also included in the later "Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition" for Windows - however neither of these versions were based on the arcade original, but rather the Dreamcast port.

Sequel.

Midway had plans to create a sequel for "Hydro Thunder"; however, the project was soon cancelled and never recreated - though it did result in the formation of the "Thunder" sub-series including "Offroad Thunder" and "Arctic Thunder". In January 2009, Raw Thrills announced a spiritual successor titled "H2Overdrive", developed with the assistance of the former Midway San Diego members who worked on the original arcade version of "Hydro Thunder". On March 26, 2010, a sequel titled "Hydro Thunder Hurricane" was announced for Xbox Live Arcade. Microsoft had bought the rights to the series after Midway was acquired by Warner Bros. It was released on July 28, 2010.

Reception.

"Next Generation" reviewed the arcade version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "If you've been longing for the next exciting racing game after "Rush: The Rock", it's here."  "IGN" scored the Dreamcast version of "Hydro Thunder" at 8.7 out of 10.  Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Buy it. You won't be disappointed."  Eric Bratcher reviewed the Nintendo 64 version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Even without two-player, this is still a really fun game, though still a bit, um, shallow." Bratcher reviewed "Hydro Thunder 64" in the next issue, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Looking for the next "Waverace 64"?"

Hydro Thunder is a Motorboat racing sub-series game, originally an arcade game and later released for the Sega Dreamcast as a launch title in 1999. It was also released for PlayStation and Nintendo 64 in early 2000. This game is part of Midway's "Thunder" series of racing games, which includes "Offroad Thunder", "4 Wheel Thunder", and "Arctic Thunder". "Hydro Thunder Hurricane", a sequel to "Hydro Thunder", was later released for the Xbox 360 on July 27, 2010 on Xbox Live Arcade.


Early career.

The son of Lieutenant General Vasileios Sapountzakis, he was born in Nafplio in 1846. He entered the Hellenic Army Academy, graduating as an artillery adjutant in 1865. He became a second lieutenant on 9 May 1867, a lieutenant in 1873, captain II class in 1878, captain I class in 1880, major in 1882, lieutenant colonel in 1890, and full colonel in 1896. In 1867 he returned to Crete and with his father fought in the ongoing Cretan uprising. Following the failure of the revolt, he was sent for studies abroad, in Germany, Britain and France.  He was appointed professor of military technology at the Army Academy, as well as tutor and aide de camp to Crown Prince Constantine. At the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, with the rank of colonel, he assumed the duties of chief of staff to the Crown Prince, who exercised the overall command of the main Greek field force, the Army of Thessaly. Badly trained and led, the Greek Army was defeated and forced to retreat. Sapountzakis was subsequently dismissed from his duties.

Chief of the General Staff and Balkan Wars.

In 1899, he was named head of the Personnel Department in the Ministry for Military Affairs, and in 1901 he was made chief of staff of the Army General Command, which became the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1904, with Sapountzakis its first head. From this position, he supervised the reorganization of the Army under the Georgios Theotokis cabinets.  Promoted to major General in 1909, in 1910–12 he was Chief of the Army Staff Service of the Ministry for Military Affairs. On 9 April 1912 he was appointed prospective commander-in-chief of the Army of Thessaly in wartime, as well as chairman of the Revisionary Military Tribunal. In the same year he was promoted to lieutenant general. With the outbreak of the First Balkan War, on 5 October 1912, he was placed in charge of the Army of Epirus, a post he held until 11 February 1913. The Army of Epirus was by far the smaller of the two field armies fielded by Greece and effectively comprised a small infantry division, with 8,197 men and 24 guns. Faced with superior Ottoman forces (some 15,000 men with 32 guns of the 23rd Regular and 23rd Reserve Divisions) as well as the strongly fortified position of Bizani, which guarded the southern approaches to Ioannina, its mission was entirely secondary to the main Army of Thessaly, led again by Crown Prince Constantine.  Nevertheless, the Greeks advanced and took Preveza on 21 October 1912, and repulsed an Ottoman counteroffensive in the Battle of Pente Pigadia on 24–30 October. Operations subsequently stalled as both sides awaited reinforcements. With the arrival of the 2nd Infantry Division, the Greeks resumed their offensive towards Ioannina on 12 December. Despite early success and the capture of Aetorrachi ridge, the Greek assault faltered against the guns of Bizani and successive Ottoman counter-offensives. The offensive was over by December 10, and operations degenerated into positional warfare. As more forces were being pulled from Macedonia towards Epirus, Crown Prince Constantine came to assume command in Epirus in January 1913, while Sapountzakis was relegated to command a detachment comprising the 6th and 8th Infantry Divisions. From this post he participated in the final capture of Bizani and Ioannina on 22 February 1913.  Following the fall of Ioannina, Sapountzakis retired from the Army. He was appointed director of the Army Pension Fund in 1926–29, and died in 1931. He was married but had no children.

Konstantinos Sapountzakis (, 1846 – 1931) was a Greek Army officer. He is notable as the first head of the Hellenic Army General Staff and as the first commander of the Army of Epirus during the First Balkan War.