Design.

Beginning in 1843, the Prussian postal service "Preussischer Adler" initiated negotiations with the Russian government to establish a regular line between St. Petersburg and Stettin; the agreement was finalized in 1845, which called for both countries to provide a steamship to service the route. An order for a vessel to meet Prussia's obligation to the project was placed, but the ship built in Britain in 1845 proved to be a failure on initial sea trials and a replacement was ordered from the Ditchburn & Mare shipyard in Blackwall, London the following year. "Preussischer Adler" was designed by the Prussian Navy's chief designer, Carl Elbertzhagen; the historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Otto Steinmetz note that records of the initial owner of the vessel have not survived, but Elbertzhagen's involvement suggests it was a state organization, though they point out that the "", the royal merchant shipping organization, had already ceased its shipping operations.

Characteristics.

"Preussischer Adler" was long at the waterline and overall. She had a beam of over the hull and over the paddle wheel. Her draft was and she had a designed displacement of and a full-load displacement of. Her hull was built with transverse iron frames that provided the internal structure for the iron hull planking and wood decks.  The ship had a crew of ten officers and one hundred enlisted men. She carried one large and five small boats of unrecorded types. During her early career as a post steamer, she could carry 168 passengers. "Preussischer Adler" was a good sea boat, but she maneuvered poorly, being difficult to turn and slow to do so.  Her propulsion system consisted of one horizontal, 2-cylinder, single-expansion marine steam engine that drove a pair of paddle wheels, one on each side of the ship. The wheels were in diameter, and each wheel had twenty paddles. Steam for the engine was provided by three trunk boilers that were ducted into a single funnel. Her machinery was rated at for a top speed of, but in service she was capable of reaching from. She had a coal storage capacity of. To supplement the steam engines, the ship carried a topsail schooner rig with a total sail area of, though the ship did not perform well under sail.  The ship initially carried no armament. After conversion to an aviso in 1848, she was initially armed with a pair of 25-pounder mortars; the following year, she received two short-barreled 32-pounder guns. When she returned to civil service in 1849, her guns were removed. After resuming naval service in 1862, she received a new armament that consisted of four 36-pounder guns, and after 1867, her armament was revised again, now consisting of four 24-pounder guns, two of which were rifled and two were smoothbores.

Service history.

Civil career and the First Schleswig War.

"Preussischer Adler" was laid down in 1846 and was launched later that year. She entered service in 1847 as a post steamer, operating the route between Stettin and St. Petersburg. During the German revolutions of 1848–1849, the ship was requisitioned by the Prussian Navy for use after the outbreak of the First Schleswig War between the German Confederation and Denmark in March 1848. At the time, the Prussian Navy was effectively powerless to prevent the larger Danish Navy from blockading the German coast; merchant ship owners in various German ports pressured Prussia to arm "Preussischer Adler" and another post steamer, "Königin Elisabeth", but the postmaster general initially refused to turn the vessels over to the navy, since doing so would break international postal treaties. Continued pressure forced the postal service to transfer the vessels, and upon her requisitioning, her deck was reinforced to support the weight of the guns added. During this period, from August 1848 to August 1849, the ship was commanded by Paul Barandon and she retained her civilian crew. The ship got underway for the first time as an auxiliary warship in August 1848, steaming first from Stettin to Swinemünde; by this time, the Armistice of Malmö had been signed on 26 August, temporarily ending the conflict.  By August, the so-called "" (Committee of the Fifty) of the Frankfurt Parliament became aware that the Prussian fleet had acquired "Preussischer Adler"; the parliamentarians requested that the Prussians turn the vessel over to the "Reichsflotte" (Imperial Fleet), but the Prussians refused. Later that month, she assisted with the launching of the gun-yawls "Nr. 3" and "Nr. 4". With the fighting stopped, the Prussian naval command debated the continued service of "Preussischer Adler". The senior naval officers convened a committee on 5 September to evaluate the vessel; since the Russia–Prussia postal line could not be reestablished owing to the uncertain political situation in the Baltic Sea, the navy initially opted to decommission "Preussischer Adler". But after Denmark remobilized its forces in February 1849 to resume the conflict with the Duchy of Schleswig, the navy decided to return the ship to active service, and at this time the two 32-pound guns were added. The ship was recommissioned in May, with Barandon again in command; by this time, he had been inducted into the Prussian Navy and given the rank "Leutnant zur See" (Lieutenant at Sea). The ship was tasked with protecting German shipping in the area around Stettin from the Danish blockade and preventing Danish warships from attacking the Prussian coast.  While she was conducting shooting practice in the Stettiner Haff on 26 June, the ship received word that a Danish warship was cruising off Swinemünde and had taken two Prussian merchant ships as prizes. "Kommodore" (Commodore) Jan Schröder came aboard "Preussischer Adler", which steamed to Swinemünde to search for the blockade ship. At around 16:00 the next day, she encountered the Danish brig off Brüsterort. The two ships engaged in an artillery duel at ranges between that lasted until 21:30; this was the first naval battle of the Prussian Navy after it had been re-established. The Danes fired some 200 shells at the Prussian vessel, which fired 63 shells from her mortars and six 32-pound shells in return. Neither side was significantly damaged in the battle, though "Preussischer Adler" was hit once by a shell that killed one man, the first battle death of the Prussian fleet.  "Preussischer Adler" returned to port and received repairs for the shell hit, thereafter returning to Swinemünde in late July. She saw no further action, as a second armistice had been signed, again stopping hostilities. The ship then steamed back to Stettin, where she remained until November, when she was disarmed and returned to the postal service. A long winter prevented the resumption of the St. Petersburg–Stettin route until May 1850. She operated on the route without incident until 1862, when the Prussian Eastern Railway had reached St. Petersburg; the rail line was much faster than "Preussischer Adler", rendering the maritime route superfluous and bringing her career as a postal steamer to an end. She once again passed into service with the Prussian Navy, which was at that time searching for vessels to strengthen its fleet. The ship was used to replace the old paddle steamer, which had recently been decommissioned. "Preussischer Adler" was commissioned on 18 July and taken to Danzig to be reconstructed for naval service. At this time, she received her armament of 36-pound guns.

Return to naval service.

The ship was commissioned in June 1863 for a tour abroad; this came after intense debate between elements of the naval command and the administration over the reliability of the ship's steam engines for an extended overseas cruise. "Preussischer Adler" was to be sent to the eastern Mediterranean Sea along with the gunboats and. At the time, unrest in the Kingdom of Greece threatened German interests, including the reign of King Otto of Greece—a member of the German House of Wittelsbach, who was deposed in 1862. "Korvettenkapitän" ("KK"—Corvette Captain) Gustav Klatt served as the ship's commander and as the leader of the flotilla during the deployment. A secondary purpose of the cruise was to patrol the mouth of the Danube at Sulina on the Black Sea, a right granted to Prussia and the other European Great Powers (excluding Russia) under the terms of the Treaty of Paris that had ended the Crimean War in 1856.  "Preussischer Adler", "Basilisk", and "Blitz" departed Kiel on 19 September and reached Piraeus, Greece on 9 October. From there, they passed through the Dardanelles and Bosporus into the Black Sea to patrol the Danube, but they remained there only briefly before receiving orders to return home on 3 December owing to the rise in tensions between Denmark and the German states. Boiler problems aboard "Preussischer Adler", coupled with heavy coal usage, slowed the voyage back to Prussia, and they had only reached Brest, France by 3 February 1864, by which time war had again broken out between Denmark and the German Confederation.

Second Schleswig War.

The Second Schleswig War had resulted from Denmark's November Constitution, passed in 1863, which integrated the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg with Denmark, a violation of the London Protocol that had ended the First Schleswig War. The crisis between Denmark and the German Confederation erupted into open conflict on 1 February 1864, after the Prussian and Austrian Empires delivered an ultimatum to Denmark to cede the disputed duchies to Austro-Prussian control. At the time, the Danish fleet was far superior to the Prussian naval forces available, which allowed the Danes to blockade the German coast. To assist the Prussians, the Austrian Navy sent "Kommodore" (Commodore) Wilhelm von Tegetthoff with the screw frigates and to break the Danish blockade.  While Tegetthoff's ships were still en route from the Mediterranean, the three Prussian ships remained in Brest for several days owing to the uncertain situation in the North Sea; the Prussians were not certain as to the location of Danish warships in the area and did not want to risk sending the small flotilla into a possible action with superior enemy forces. By 15 February, the Prussians had ascertained that the Danish Navy had sent only the screw frigate into the English Channel, so the naval command ordered Klatt to return home. From Brest, the ships steamed to Cherbourg, France, to replenish coal. They then hugged the coast to avoid contact with "Niels Juel" and stopped in Den Helder, the Netherlands, on 15 February. There they waited until Tegetthoff's frigates arrived, joining forces to make the last and most dangerous leg of the trip back to Cuxhaven. During this period, the Danes had organized a North Sea Squadron to patrol for German ships in the area. Tegetthoff arrived on 1 May and took command of the Austro-Prussian squadron, which departed for Cuxhaven two days later.  On the morning of 9 May, Tegetthoff learned that a Danish squadron consisting of the steam frigates "Niels Juels" and and the corvette were patrolling off the island of Heligoland. Tegetthoff took the five ships under his command out to attack the Danish vessels, resulting in the Battle of Heligoland. "Preussischer Adler" and the other Prussian ships remained on the disengaged side of the Austrian frigates, taking shots at the Danish vessels when possible, though they had little success. After "Schwarzenberg" caught fire, Tegetthoff broke off the action and escaped to the neutral waters around Heligoland, where the ships remained until early the next day. During the period off Heligoland, the Prussian vessels sent their doctors to the Austrian frigates to help tend to their wounded. "Preussischer Adler" had not been hit or suffered any casualties. The next morning, the ships returned to Cuxhaven, with "Preussischer Adler" carrying many of the wounded to a hospital at Altona. Though the Danish squadron had won a tactical victory at Heligoland, the arrival of Austrian warships in the North Sea forced the Danes to withdraw their blockade.  The day after the battle, both sides agreed to a temporary ceasefire and "Preussischer Adler" steamed to Hamburg. In June, a second Austrian squadron arrived, which included the ship of the line and the armored frigate under the command of "Vizeadmiral" (Vice Admiral) Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair; the now outnumbered Danish fleet remained in port for the rest of the war and did not seek battle with the Austro-Prussian fleet. The combined Austro-Prussian fleet embarked on a campaign to seize the North Frisian Islands; "Preussischer Adler" was part of the powerful fleet assembled under Wüllerstorf-Urbair for the attack. Due to her boiler problems, she remained in Hamburg during the operations and took no active role in their execution. Austrian and Prussian soldiers crossed over to the islands of Sylt and Föhr on 12 July without naval support, though elements of the fleet provided support to the soldiers as they engaged the defending Danish forces.  The war ended with the Treaty of Vienna, and thereafter repair work began on "Preussischer Adler"s troublesome boilers. This work was finished by March 1865 and she was then taken to Danzig, where she was decommissioned for a more thorough overhaul. The project was delayed until October 1867, lasting until February 1868.

Later career.

She was recommissioned on 11 August 1868 to carry a delegation of senior naval officers to visit Russia; she got underway on 20 August with "Vizeadmiral" Eduard von Jachmann, the director of the Ministry for the Navy, aboard, along with his adjutant, "Kapitänleutnant" Reinhold von Werner, the Chief of Staff for the High Command, "Kapitän zur See" ("KzS"—Captain at Sea) Carl Ferdinand Batsch, and the head of the Artillery Department, "KK" Georg von Schleinitz. They met with Vice Admiral Nikolay Krabbe, the Russian Minister of the Navy and observed Russian naval maneuvers directed by Vice Admiral Grigory Butakov. "Preussischer Adler" then carried the Prussian officers back to Kiel and immediately took aboard King Wilhelm I, Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Carl Scheel-Plessen, the new president of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein. She carried them to the artillery training ship to observe experiments with torpedoes and naval mines in the Kieler Förde. Since the winter of 1868–1869 was mild, the ship remained in commission into early 1869, albeit with a reduced crew.  On 20 January 1869, "Preussischer Adler" carried material to be used in completing the new armored frigate, then being built at the Thames Iron Works in London. She also brought "KK" Heinrich Köhler, the head of the acceptance commission. "Preussischer Adler" remained in London at the disposal of the acceptance commission during the final months of work on "König Wilhelm" and she escorted the ironclad back to Kiel on 4 May. She then went to participate in the ceremonies surrounding the founding of the port of Wilhelmshaven in the Jade Bight, held from 29 May to 22 June. In August and September, she served with the newly-formed ironclad squadron for its first exercises. She remained in service until 13 October, when she was decommissioned for the winter. The ship was recommissioned briefly in early 1870 for use as a harbor vessel in Kiel.  She was mobilized after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July and she served as the flagship of "Konteradmiral" (Rear Admiral) Eduard Heldt, the commander of the "Marinestation der Ostsee" (Naval Station of the Baltic Sea). Heldt organized the "Ostseestreitkräfte" (Baltic Sea Forces) to assist in the defense of Prussia's Baltic coast. She spent the war at Friedrichsort to observe the minefield that had been laid to protect the Kieler Förde. The French Navy send a squadron into the Baltic, but poor planning hampered its effectiveness: it possessed no landing forces and few shallow-draft vessels suitable for operations close to shore. As a result, they withdrew on 24 September and Heldt hauled down his flag six days later. After the war, the naval command dissolved the "Ostseestreitkräfte" on 19 March 1871.  "Preussischer Adler" initially remained in service as a guard ship in Kiel before being reduced to a tender to the base command. She helped the ironclad tow a new floating dry dock from Swinemünde to Kiel from 29 June to 1 July. At the end of July, she was assigned to I. Shipyard Division to assist with the training of engineers and boiler room personnel. The next month, she carried Prince Friedrich Karl from Flensburg to Heiligenhafen, and in mid-August, the ship was transferred from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven, where she continued to serve as a tender. Prince Adalbert, the Inspector General of the Navy, boarded "Preussischer Adler" for his last cruise in the North and Baltic Seas in September; at the conclusion of the voyage, the ship returned to Wilhelmshaven, where she was decommissioned.  In April 1872, "Preussischer Adler" was recommissioned for a new role: fishery protection. At the time, British fishing vessels were encroaching in German waters and had begun attacking German fishers to drive them off, prompting an appeal from Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to the navy to address the problem. "Preussischer Adler" was tasked with patrolling German waters to expel British vessels illegally fishing. She began these operations on 1 July, replacing "Blitz". She was decommissioned again in February 1873 and the next year she resumed training duties for engine and boiler room crews. She served as a fishery protection vessel again in July that year, thereafter seeing short periods in her training role between 1875 and 1877, ultimately being decommissioned for the last time on 30 April 1877. Owing to the poor condition of her hull, she was deleted from the naval register on 27 November. She remained in the fleet's inventory until November 1879, when she was used as a target ship in torpedo experiments. "KL" Alfred von Tirpitz, the new head of the torpedo department, wanted to test the effectiveness of the weapons on an iron-hulled vessel. She was sunk by two torpedoes in tests conducted on 26 June. During subsequent salvage operations to clear the wreck, the ship's bow ornament was removed and is preserved at the Mürwik Naval School.

SMS "Preussischer Adler" was a paddle steamer originally built in the mid-1840s for use on a packet route between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire in the Baltic Sea. She was requisitioned by the Prussian Navy during the First Schleswig War in 1848 and converted into an aviso, the first vessel of the type commissioned by Prussia. During the war, she took part in an inconclusive action with the Danish brig, the first naval battle of the Prussian fleet. After the war, she was disarmed and returned to her commercial role, operating uneventfully on the Stettin–St. Petersburg route until 1862, when the expansion of the Prussian Eastern Railway had rendered the maritime route superfluous. The ship was purchased by the Prussian Navy and rearmed, once again as an aviso.


Early life.

Jane was born in Lesotho and began playing soccer at age 4 watching his brother Jane Jane, a member of the Lesotho national football team. He moved to the United States with a host family in Kentucky to pursue a professional soccer career at age 13 after making contact with Thabane Sutu, a former goalkeeper for the Lesotho national team, who was coaching at United 1996 in Louisville.

Career.

Youth.

While living in Kentucky, Jane played for United 1996 FC in Louisville while earning All-State honors at Trinity High School.

College and amateur.

From 2010-2013, Jane played college soccer for the Terrapins of the University of Maryland. His performance in the offense at Maryland, including appearances in every match during the 2012 and 2013 seasons and eight goals and 19 assists in four seasons, led to him being named the No. 10-rated recruit in the nation. At the time, it was strongly believed that Jane was one of only two Lesotho-born players to be playing college soccer in the United States, the other being Lepe Seetane who played for the Northwestern Wildcats and came to the United States and lived with the same host family as Jane.  It was announced on 26 January 2011 that Jane was signed as one of the first 15 players to join the River City Rovers of the Premier Development League for their inaugural season in 2011. However, Jane never appeared on the roster for the season and did not make any appearances for the club.

Professional.

United States.

Following the 2013 season at Maryland, Jane was invited to participate in the MLS Combine in hopes of impressing Major League Soccer scouts and being selected in the 2014 MLS SuperDraft. However, he was not selected during the draft. After not being selected by an MLS club, it was announced on 24 February 2014 that Jane had signed a professional contract with Wilmington Hammerheads FC of the USL Pro, the third level of the United States soccer pyramid, for the 2014 season. After missing the Hammerheads' first two games of the season due to a lengthy international clearance process, Jane made his professional debut on 26 April 2014 in a league match against the Charlotte Eagles. Jane entered the match in the 60th minute with Wilmington trailing 0-2. Although he did not score, Jane set up several chances and narrowly missed one of his own. About Jane's debut, head coach David Irving said, “I thought Sunny Jane did well when he came on...I thought he gave us a little breath of fresh air...” In May 2014 Jane scored a hat trick against the United States Under-20 national team when it played the Hammerheads as part of a training camp in North Carolina to prepare for 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup qualification.  Jane scored his first professional goal on 23 August 2014 in an eventual 2-1 victory over the Orange County Blues FC. Only one day after scoring his first professional goal, Jane scored two more for his first brace in a 3-3 draw with LA Galaxy II. In total, Jane scored five goals and tallied three assists in 17 appearances during his first professional season, one that included a late-season playoff push. On 24 November 2014, it was announced that Jane, along with teammate Paul Nicholson, would return to Wilmington for the 2015 USL Pro season to fulfill the second year of their two-year contracts. About Jane returning to the team, new head coach Carson Porter said, “What is exciting for us is that I don’t think we have seen the best of Sunny and we look forward to working with him and helping him reach his potential as a player. We knew coming into the offseason we wanted to have Sunny back and are excited about his future.”  Jane moved to USL side Richmond Kickers on January 7, 2016. He remained with the club through the 2017 season, scoring seven total league goals in 49 appearances.

Cambodia.

On 8 February 2018 it was announced that Jane had signed for Phnom Penh Crown of the Cambodian League. His first goal for the club came in his second appearance, when he scored a long-ranged screamer to the top corner in the 90+minute to seal off an impressive 2 : 0 away win over National Defense Ministry FC.

Return to the United States.

On 10 December 2018, it was announced Jane would join USL Championship side Louisville City ahead of their 2019 season.

International career.

Jane represented his native Lesotho at the Under-15/16 and Under-18 levels. He trained with the U-18 team at age 13. He had also been called up to play for the U-20 and senior national team. However, Jane stated that he was waiting to make a decision on the future of his international career until after gaining United States citizenship and attempting to earn a call-up to the United States national team. In June 2014, Jane chose to represent his native Lesotho, making his international debut in a 2-0 victory over Liberia during 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. Jane started the match and played 60 minutes in the victory which saw Lesotho advanced to the second round of qualifying for the first time in history. About playing for Lesotho, Jane said, “It’s a good feeling...It’s really special. It’ll be a chance to see my family, so I’m excited about it.” His return to Lesotho for the match allowed him to see his family and friends for the first time in ten years since going to the United States. In July and August 2014, Jane was called up again for home-and-away qualifiers against Kenya. Jane went on to play in the first leg of the series, earning a start in the eventual 1-0 victory.  In May 2015, Jane was called up to the Lethoso squad again to take part in the 2015 COSAFA Cup. Jane started Lesotho's opening match against Madagascar before being subbed off in the second half of the eventual 1–2 defeat.

Tsotleho "Sunny" Jane is a Lesotho footballer who currently plays as a forward for Louisville City in the USL Championship, and the Lesotho national team.


Life.

Blackadar was a surgeon by profession. Raised in New Jersey and educated at Dartmouth College and Columbia University, he moved to Salmon, Idaho, in 1949. It wasn't until he reached the age of 43 that he started kayaking. He began running big rivers, typically of the Western United States and Canada, and soon he had several first descents to his credit.  He was the role model of a whole generation of paddlers. In America in the 1970s, he transformed the image of paddling from pure competition to outdoor recreation and exploration. One of his most spectacular achievements was the first descent of Turnback Canyon on the Alsek River, which he ran solo on August 25, 1971; and in 1972, he achieved the first descent of Devils Canyon on the Susitna River in Alaska.  In Turnback Canyon, after a chunk of ice in a large hydraulic damaged his kayak and he had barely reached the shore, he wrote in his diary:  "One huge horrendous mile of hair, 30 feet wide, 50,000 cubic feet per second and a twenty degree downgrade going like hell. Incredible! I did not flip in that mile or I would not be writing... I'll never go back, not for $ 50,000, not for all tea in China. Heed my words well and do not be a ass! It's unpaddleable!" Sports Illustrated compared his success at Turnback Canyon with the first ascent of Mount Everest. Canada named a mountain in the Alsek Range in his honor; Turnback Canyon is located on the west flank of Mount Blackadar.  In 1972, with Roger Hazelwood and Kay Swanson, Blackadar attempted the first descent of Devil’s Canyon of the Susitna River in Alaska. While they completed the descent alive, there were several swims and two lost boats. He ran Devil’s Canyon again in 1976 and 1977, the former filmed for the TV show American Sportsman; he was not able to complete the run without swimming.  Blackadar appeared in many other episodes of American Sportsman, running the Grand Canyon and other western “big water” rivers. He also appeared in a full-length feature documentary, "The Edge" (1976), running the Grand Canyon.  Blackadar's paddling career suffered a tragedy in 1974, when young Julie Wilson lost her life while running the West Fork of the Bruneau with him in Idaho. The rapid was later named Julie Wilson Falls in her honor. Blackadar was greatly saddened by the loss, and it affected his aggressive, devil-may-care approach to the sport.  In 1974, Blackadar learned of Evel Knievel's plan to jump the Snake River Canyon on a rocket-powered motorcycle, and he resolved to be there to witness the event. Sneaking onto the river with four kayakers, he positioned himself in the rapids below the jump. When Knievel's parachute opened prematurely and his cycle floated down toward the river, crashing on the banks, Blackadar got to him. He checked Knievel out and accompanied the daredevil to the helicopter for evacuation.  On May 13, 1978, he had a fatal accident on the South Fork of the Payette River, Idaho, when he became pinned under a downed tree at the water's surface. The rapid is named in his honor. A memorial, marked by a bronze plaque on a rough boulder, is located in Garden Valley Cemetery, overlooking the river where he passed away.

Walter Lloyd Blackadar Jr. (August 13, 1922 – May 13, 1978) was an American whitewater pioneer, best known for his solo first descent of Turnback Canyon on the Alsek River.


Playing career.

Ross began his major junior career in the WHL with the Regina Pats in 2004–05, appearing in 10 games. After a 31-point campaign with the Pats in 2006–07, Ross was drafted 30th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the Phoenix Coyotes. The next season, back in the WHL, he was traded from the Pats to the Kamloops Blazers on January 5, 2008, along with Spencer Fraipont and a fourth-round bantam draft pick, in exchange for Victor Bartley and Ryan Bender. Upon being eliminated from the 2008 WHL playoffs with the Blazers, the Coyotes assigned Ross to the San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League (AHL) for the remaining 4 games of the 2007–08 AHL season.  Returning to the Blazers the following season, in 2008–09, Ross was traded, along with Alex Rodgers, just before the January 10, 2009 trade deadline, to the Vancouver Giants in exchange for Curtis Kulchar and three bantam draft picks. He finished the season with an accumulated 43 points between the two teams. In the subsequent 2009 playoffs, after sweeping the Prince George Cougars, the Giants were pushed to a seventh game against the Spokane Chiefs in the second round where Ross scored the series-clinching goal in overtime – a point shot that deflected off a Chiefs defenceman.  On July 30, 2013, Ross returned for a second stint in the Austrian Hockey League, signing a one-year contract with HDD Olimpija Ljubljana. In the 2013–14 season, Ross enjoyed a more productive second tenure in the EBEL, posting 28 points in 39 games before opting to finish the season in the Italian Elite.A with HC Asiago.  On April 16, 2014, Ross signed to continue in the EBEL, joining his third club in as many seasons in agreeing to a one-year deal with HC TWK Innsbruck.

Family.

His younger brother, Brad Ross (born 1992), was selected by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2nd round (43rd overall) of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, and is currently playing with the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

Nick Ross (born February 10, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for DVTK Jegesmedvék of the Slovak Extraliga. He was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes with the 30th pick of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.


Description.

The colouration of the green junglefowl is sexually dimorphic. The male's plumage is dark and blackish at a distance. A closer view reveals an iridescent mantle of gleaming scales reminiscent in colour and pattern to those seen in the ocellated turkey and green peafowl. Each scale is vivid blue at its base and moves through various shades of gold and bronzed green. Specialized plumes framing the throat of the male green junglefowl are highly light-reflective and appear violet at the proximal and sky blue at the distal edges. The lesser coverts of the wing are a striking burnt orange with bronzed black centers. The distal edges of the greater secondary coverts are vivid ocher.  Like the related red junglefowl, the breast and ventral regions are a dense, light-absorbing black. Like its closer relative the Sri Lankan junglefowl, the male green junglefowl exhibits vivid 'windows' of bare facial skin that contrast against the dark scarlet red of the face. The green junglefowl exhibits an ice blue center in its comb. A region of electric yellow facial skin extends below each ear, delineating the plumed hackles from gular lappet. Its head is topped by a light blue comb, which turns purple or red towards the top. Its wattle is also of the same colour but is bordered with blue on the edges and yellow closer to the throat. The female is mostly brown with occasional green feathers and has no comb.

Distribution and habitat.

The green junglefowl is endemic to Java, Bali, Lombok, Komodo, Flores, Rinca and small islands linking Java with Flores, Indonesia. It has been introduced to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands where there is a small wild population. It is found from a natural altitude of 0 – 2000 m in subtropical/tropical lowland moist forest, shrubland and arable land, and has been seen flying from island to island in its native range, where it lives and breeds along coastal areas.

Behaviour.

The green junglefowl usually lives in groups of two to five in the wild led by a dominant male, who takes the flock to feed and drink and then back into the cover of the forest. In the night the flock roosts in bamboo stands at 15–20 feet above the forest floor. In the breeding season the dominant males in each flock are challenged by other males without flocks. The two males clap their wings and crow loudly while fighting each other with their spurs.

Relationship with humans.

The green junglefowl is being maintained and increasingly bred in captivity as its genetic diversity is disappearing. This is because these birds are bred with domestic chickens by many people, producing a hybrid known as the bekisar. The bekisar has become very popular in the East Java province and has become a mascot of the area. A recent genetic study revealed evidence of genetic introgressive hybridization from green junglefowl to domestic chicken.  The captive green junglefowl requires warm aviaries with lots of foliage and cover due to their shy nature and are fed with grains and seeds, as well as fruit and insects as these are the same type of food they would feed on in the wild. This bird has also been known for a long time as a pet animal because of its beauty and unique call.

Status and conservation.

The green junglefowl is evaluated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The green junglefowl ("Gallus varius"), also known as Javan junglefowl, forktail or green Javanese junglefowl, is the most distantly related and the first to diverge at least 4 million years ago among the four species of the Junglefowl.. Hybridization with domestic chicken has also been reported. Green junglefowl is a medium-sized (up to 75 cm long) bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae.


High school career.

Wood attended Elder High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he played both the tackle and guard positions. His team went 28-2 over the last two seasons, including two consecutive state titles. After playing tight end as a junior, Wood started all 15 games at offensive tackle in his senior year and earned first team All-League honors.  Considered a two-star recruit by both "Rivals.com" and "Scout.com", Wood was not ranked among the nation's top offensive line prospects. He chose Louisville over Bowling Green, Ohio, Cincinnati, Indiana and Columbia.

College career.

After redshirting his initial year at Louisville, Wood started all 12 games at center for the Cardinals in 2005. He earned Freshman All-American honors by "Rivals.com", "Sporting News" and "College Football News". Wood was an excellent student, earned Academic All-Big East accolades as well.  Wood remained Louisville's starting center in his sophomore and junior seasons, starting all 13 and 12 games, respectively. Led by quarterback Brian Brohm, the 2007 Cardinals offense ranked sixth nationally with an average of 488.0 yards per game. Wood earned All-Big East honors in both years, and again in his senior season. He finished his career with 49 consecutive starts at center, the second-longest streak in school history behind Travis Leffew (51, 2002–05).

Professional career.

NFL draft.

Alongside Alex Mack, Wood was considered one of the best centers available in the 2009 NFL Draft. He has been compared to Brad Meester by "The Sporting News", but his instincts and "nastiness" on the field had scouts comparing him to the NFL's old time centers like Mike Webster of the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tim Grunhard of the Kansas City Chiefs.  Wood was selected with the 28th pick of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills, using the pick acquired from the Philadelphia Eagles via a trade for Jason Peters. With Mack being selected with the 21st pick by the Cleveland Browns, at marked the first time two centers were drafted in round one since the 1983 NFL Draft, with Dave Rimington and Don Mosebar.

Buffalo Bills.

In his rookie season, Wood was counted on to start at right guard. He joined a completely retooled Bills offensive line that was expected to feature two rookie starters—him, and second round pick Andy Levitre at left guard—and no players returning at the same position. On July 28, 2009, Wood signed a five-year contract with the Bills, reportedly worth more than $12 million. Wood immediately became the Bills starting right offensive guard next to center Geoff Hangartner, with Levitre at left guard. On November 22, 2009, in his 10th game, Wood fractured his tibia and fibula in the fourth quarter of an 18–15 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, after Jaguars defensive tackle Montavious Stanley ran into Wood's leg. Wood underwent season-ending surgery in a Jacksonville hospital and did not return to Buffalo with the team. He was placed on the injured reserve list on November 24, 2009.  On March 30, 2010, Wood told the Buffalo Bills that his leg was healing well and that he gave it an 80% chance to be ready for training camp. He eventually started 14 games in the 2010 NFL season, missing only Steelers and Vikings games because of an ankle injury. The Bills were playing the same trio up the middle: Wood at right guard, Hangartner at center, and Levitre at left guard.  In 2011, Wood was switched to center, between Levitre and new starting right guard Kraig Urbik. These three have been instrumental in the resurgence in the Bills offense, led by Ryan Fitzpatrick at quarterback and Fred Jackson at running back. However, he was hurt in game 9 and did not play the rest of the year, replaced first by Urbik and then by Colin Brown.  In 2015, the NFL announced Wood as one of the 32 players honored as the Bills' "Man of the Year" and eligible to win the "Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award".  It was reported that Wood suffered a broken leg playing in a game against the Seattle Seahawks on November 7, 2016. The Bills reported that this injury would keep Wood out for the remainder of the season. He was placed on injured reserve on November 14, 2016.  On August 26, 2017, Wood signed a two-year, $16 million contract extension with the Bills.  On January 26, 2018, after the Bills made their first playoff appearance since 1999, Wood announced that he had failed his end-of-season physical and would no longer be cleared to play professional football. Adam Schefter of "ESPN" said the cause of the failed physical, a neck injury, was partially due to wear and tear, but also part of a "complicated medical situation" (Wood later specified that the disc between his second and third vertebrae had come dangerously close to his spinal cord, which he suspected happened during the week 6 game of the 2017 season). Wood had played through the entire 2017 season, handling every offensive snap that year without missing any. He had intended to wait until after the 2018 Pro Bowl to announce the injury; he had been designated as an alternate to the game and did not consider his condition to be a hindrance to playing in the game. News of the injury had leaked to the press two days before the game, and the two Pro Bowlers named to the position for the AFC both played in the game. He reached an injury settlement with the Bills on May 31, 2018, and was officially released.

Post-playing career.

In September 2018, Wood signed on as a columnist for "The Athletic". He replaced Mark Kelso as color commentator on the Buffalo Bills Radio Network in 2019.

Eric Wood (born March 18, 1986) is a former American football center. He played college football at the University of Louisville and was drafted in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft (28th overall) by the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). Wood played nine seasons in the NFL, including a Pro Bowl appearance, before retiring following the 2017 season due to a neck injury.


Background and release.

"Til It Happens to You" was written by Diane Warren and Lady Gaga, and recorded by the latter for "The Hunting Ground" (2015), a documentary film about campus rape in the United States. Director Kirby Dick and producer Amy Ziering wanted someone with "major" influence to record a song for the film, believing it would generate publicity and promote the subject. They contacted executive producer Paul Blavin, explaining their idea and added that they did not have the resources to find someone. Blavin started searching and met with music supervisor Bonnie Greenberg, who introduced him to Warren. Warren was moved by the idea saying: "I cannot not write a song for you. And not only can I not not write a song for this movie, I'm going to gift it to you." She wrote the song after viewing scenes from the film almost a year before the track's release. Warren then called Gaga and played her a rough demo, but was unsure about her involvement. So she decided to fly to New York and try to work with Gaga; the latter accepted the song and decided to record it. Warren said of the song and Gaga's contributions: "I heard about [the film] and it just really touched me, and she had stuff in her life that she could relate to. Gaga is one of the most talented artists I have worked with in my life and I'm excited about doing more with her... There are a lot of levels to the song. There's something very vulnerable about it and something very defiant about it, especially the way [Gaga] sings it. The first verse is vulnerable—'You tell me it's going to get better?'—and the second verse comes in and it builds. 'Really? It gets better? No. You don't know until it happens to you...'" Warren also added that the song's message was universal in nature and relatable to any loss faced in life. Gaga, who herself is a victim of rape, revealed during the Producers Guild of America Awards 2015, that the song's theme was important to her family as well. Her father's sister Joanne had been sexually assaulted while attending college, and the subsequent torment worsened her prevailing lupus, resulting in her death and profoundly affecting Gaga's family. The singer became involved with New York state Governor Andrew Cuomo's push for new legislation to help eradicate "rape culture" in American universities, signing a letter supporting it. Titled "Enough Is Enough", the legislation went into effect in July 2015.  The documentary features two versions of the song, one during the body of the film and the second at its closing, and highlights the sequences of the pain of sexual assault. While the song played, the lead subject, an assault survivor, reminisced about the impact of rape while walking around a college campus. Ziering concluded that having Gaga sing the track fulfilled their need for publicity since she "[brought] a whole other demographic. Anyone who has that kind of platform to reach all sorts of people that maybe would not necessarily be inclined to be interested in your issue... it's incredible." "Til It Happens to You" leaked onto the Internet before it was officially released, through an unofficial recording made at the film's premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. In April 2015, Warren confirmed that the song would have an official release and was waiting for a final audio mixing by Gaga. It was later released as a digital download single on September 18, 2015.

Recording and composition.

In an interview for a "Billboard" podcast, Nile Rodgers spoke about the song's recording sessions and working with Gaga and Warren. He had met Gaga at a party and she invited him to join them in the studio. During recording, Gaga was singing in a D note, over the F note of the music that was being played. Rodgers suggested to Warren that since the D vocals made the song sound like a country track, they could instead inverse the chords into thirteenth (an octave plus a sixth), thus serving a dominant function. Warren accepted the suggestion and the song was re-recorded. Gaga reportedly struggled while recording the song, since it caused her to recall her own trauma. Warren explained that it was: "very emotional for her. She couldn't even talk through it at times". Gaga told an interviewer with "Variety" that Warren had helped her feel comfortable about the song and its subject matter, allowing her to transcend the singing and put the correct emotional depth in her performance.  "When Diane first played me what she had begun with the song, I needed no convincing about the record... it was about sharing that part of myself with the world... We talked a lot about what I felt the song needed in order to reach as many young people as possible. I felt that it needed to not stay in a purely emotional state, but that it was going to somehow grow throughout the performance and the song and by the end, kind of be full of rage. I feel like what this song accomplishes is women—or men—rising to say, 'You think you can hurt me? You don't know about power. Because after what you did to me, you don't even know how much stronger I am.'"  "Til It Happens to You" is a somber tune featuring orchestral production and soaring strings. The pop ballad delivers an empowering message: "Hold your head up and be strong / When you fall you gotta get up", and has been described as "stirring and emotional". Featuring a classical production, the song emphasizes Gaga's vocals, keeping focus on the lyrics, which clarifies that one cannot understand the feelings of a victim unless they have been in similar situation. The first verse is sung by Gaga in a vulnerable voice, which gradually changes into an aggressive tone, and finally a joyous one during the final lyrics. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, "Til It Happens to You" is set in the time signature common for a slow tempo of 59 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A minor with Gaga's vocals spanning from E to D. The song follows a basic sequence of Am–C–F–C–G/B as its chord progression.

Critical reception.

Jeff Benjamin from Fuse noted that the song contains a "powerful message" while the composition was evocative of her "biting" ballads like "Dope". Brennan Carly from "Spin" said the song "highlights [Gaga]'s evocative voice" and is similar in tone to "Speechless" and "Gypsy". While reviewing the documentary, Leslie Felperin of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that the song provided "an extra jolt of poignancy" in the film. Lauren Valenti from "Marie Claire" described the track as "robust and orchestral", adding that the lyrics "command attention". She complimented the decision to have Gaga sing the track, given her connection to sexual abuse. Bradley Stern from "MuuMuse" also compared it to "Dope" and "Speechless", while comparing the string arrangement to the music of Lana Del Rey. Stern described it as a "massive production" complimenting the lyrics by being straightforward. For Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times", Dick was able to successfully change the sombre mood of the documentary with the inclusion of the song. Spencer Kornhaber from "The Atlantic" praised the song and Gaga's vocals, saying that: "Even with such somber subject matter, [the singer's] booming delivery and dramatic phrasing will probably remind people of the time when [Gaga's 2009 single] 'Bad Romance' ruled the radio."  Declaring the song Gaga's "most stirring" release, Michelle Geslani from "Consequence of Sound" called the track: "a sweeping and intensely powerful number — it's not just any ordinary pop song". Christopher Tapley from "Variety" praised both Gaga and Warren's songwriting, describing it as: "something of an anthem for the cause... It is one of the strongest contenders in this year's race for best original song [in the Academy Awards]. But far more than that, it is a rally cry for a movement." Lisa Wright wrote in "NME" that the song is: "a somber piano ballad befitting of the topic with lyrics that depict the frustration of being told to pick yourself up and carry on by people who couldn't possibly understand your situation." Idolator's Robbie Daw claimed that the "powerful, unsettling" visuals were complemented by a "strong vocal performance" from Gaga. Brittany Spanos from "Rolling Stone" called it an "evocative track", which highlighted Gaga's vocals and believed it to be "a perfect follow-up to [Gaga's "Cheek to Cheek" album] with Tony Bennett". Spanos added that "[an Academy Award win would be a triumph] following [Gaga's] critical and commercial miss with most recent album "Artpop" and help break Warren's losing streak at the show."

Chart performance.

"Til It Happens to You" charted on the Ultratip charts of Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia) while in Finland it debuted and peaked at number 21 on the Finnish Download Chart. Across Europe it peaked at number 46 in France, number 29 in Spain, and also reached number 5 on the Greece Digital Songs chart published by "Billboard". In the United Kingdom, the song entered the UK Download Chart at number 67, while on the official UK Singles Chart it reached a peak of number 171. The song also reached a peak of number 52 in Scotland. On the Belgian Ultratip charts, "Til It Happens to You" reached number 45 in Flanders region and number 42 in Wallonia.  In the United States, the song initially failed to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100, but later entered at number 95 in March 2016, following Gaga's performance of the song at the 88th Academy Awards. According to "Billboard", the song had sold less than 2,000 downloads during the week before the Academy Awards sales period. Following the performance, the song sold nearly 28,000 downloads (2,120% sales increase), becoming its best digital sales week, and debuted at number 27 on the Hot Digital Songs chart. It also garnered one million streams (up by 546%) for the tracking week, contributing its debut on the Hot 100. "Billboard" reported that the song sold more than "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith, the latter having won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Til It Happens to You" has sold a total of 71,000 downloads in the country as of March 2016.  On the Dance Club Songs, the song became Gaga's 14th entry to reach the top of the chart on the issue dated January 23, 2016, landing her in 10th place in the ranking of artists with the most number-ones on the dance chart. It was her first song to reach the top of the chart since "Applause" (2013). The rise to the top of the dance chart was aided by 30 remixed versions of the track, including those from Dave Audé, Tracy Young and Dirty Pop. On the "Billboard" issue dated February 20, 2016, the song debuted at number 24 on the Adult Contemporary chart; it has reached a peak of number 19. According to radio program directors, the song received positive response from their listeners prompting airplay.

Accolades.

"Til It Happens to You" won the award for Best Song in a Documentary, at the 2015 Hollywood Music in Media Awards, which took place on November 11, 2015, for Best Original Song at the 20th Satellite Awards, and for Best Song from a Movie at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards. Other nominations for the song came from 21st Critics' Choice Awards and the St. Louis Film Critics Association (StLFCA), where it was listed for Best Song category, from Georgia Film Critics Association and Denver Film Critics Society in the category for Best Original Song, and from the 58th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Song Written for Visual Media. "Til It Happens to You" also received a nomination for an Academy Award in the category of Best Original Song for the 2016 ceremony. It is the fifth song from a documentary to be listed for an award in that category. Gaga dedicated the nomination to survivors of sexual assault, through a message on her Twitter account. In February 2016, Gaga and Warren were honored at the 11th Annual Los Angeles Italia Film, Fashion and Art Fest, with the festival's Song of the Year Award. The song also won an award at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics, however, just Warren was credited because of their cue sheet accreditation requirement. With its nomination, "Til It Happens to You" became the first song ever to be nominated at the Grammys, Oscars and Emmys in the same year.

Music video.

Development and synopsis.

In August 2015, it was announced that the song would be released as part of a public service announcement (PSA) video, directed by Catherine Hardwicke, to raise awareness about sexual assaults in college campuses. "The Hollywood Reporter" described it as casting "an emotional spotlight on young women in vulnerable situations that college students will readily recognize". Hardwicke said of the PSA's important message: "You can't watch the documentary without screaming at the screen. We tried to capture those stories in a very visceral way and add another voice to this powerful call to action." Production costs were underwritten by the film's executive producers, Paul Blavin and Regina K. Scully. The video was released the same day as the digital release, with Gaga tweeting out a link to it and adding: "We hope u feel our love & solidarity through the song & perhaps find some peace in knowing u r not alone through this film". Warren believed that the PSA video highlighted her observations about victims coming forward to speak about the assault on them:  "It seems like it's all coming out of this dark closet it was in... It was secretive. It wasn't what you talked about. But now, people are saying, 'We're not going to be victims anymore, we're going to call you on it, whether it's on a campus or anywhere'. I want [people] to know they're not alone and they're not victims, but they're survivors."  The clip portrays sexual assaults mostly against women, and how they cope after the incident. The black-and-white video opens with a warning message: "The following contains graphic content that may be emotionally unsettling but reflects the reality of what is happening daily on college campuses." It then shows a girl walking through an empty corridor, followed by young people in various activities in a college campus: reading (portrayed by actress Nikki Reed), a trans man adjusting his chest binder in the bathroom, attending a party (one of the partygoers being portrayed by actress Kiersey Clemons). However they are all sexually assaulted, with one of the scenes showing a couple of young girls being drugged and raped at the party. The heartbroken girls and the trans man cry, while alternate images show them expressing their emotions by inscribing words on themselves. Ultimately they find solace and hope in friendship, and leave the college with their friends, as the words inscribed on their bodies change to positive messages. Near its ending, the music video displays the message: "One in five college women will be sexually assaulted this year unless something changes", following which the message points the audience to the Facebook page for "The Hunting Ground" and Itsonus.org, the White House support website for people who have endured a sexual crime. A portion of the earnings from the song's digital sales will be donated to organizations supporting victims of sexual assault.

Reception and analysis.

Kornhaber described the video as a "sombre, socially conscious curveball" but wondered why Gaga released the PSA-like video, adding that she has: "always been good at surprises, and unfortunately, no time is better than any other when it comes to discussing the issues she's singing about". Christopher Rosen from "Entertainment Weekly" described the clip as "powerful, disturbing and emotional". Writing for "The Daily Telegraph", Radhika Sanghani declared that each scenario in the video appeared realistic and wrote: "by making sure the attacks differ in location, scenario and the appearances of both rapist and victim, Gaga is breaking the myth of there being a 'typical rape'". Corinne Heller from E! believed that the "graphic, emotional and hard to watch" video was able to deliver a "powerful message", one that was close to Gaga due to her real-life rape experience. Wright described the video for "NME" as a "brutal, monochrome rendering" of the subject matter, with "harrowing" depictions of the rapes. She added that the rape statistics at the end of the video were "horrifying" but complimented Gaga for using her popularity to promote awareness of the subject. Loretta Donelan from "Bustle" believed that Gaga's previous music videos had political aspects but were open to interpretations. But with the music video of "Til It Happens to You", she showed maturity by featuring "chilling scenes of staged sexual assaults".  Alex Rees from "Cosmopolitan" felt that the video contained "uncomfortable footage", but added that the "emotionally unsettling" images were able to reflect on the actual reality of what happens on college campuses. Claire Hodgson from the same publication described the clip as a "beautifully shot, brilliantly acted short film", which "really does not hold back when it comes to portraying the real horror of sexual assault in the most graphic way possible". Emily Shire from "The Daily Beast" was positive about the clip, calling it: "both chilling and beautiful. The overall effect is as much, if not more, a credit to acclaimed director Catherine Hardwicke. The brutality of these snapshot scenes are remarkably moving in the scariest and most sickening way possible". However, Shire was disappointed with one aspect of the PSA – that the victims are supported by their friends and close-ones and that was enough to cope through the trauma. Instead Shire wanted to see the legal ramifications of such traumatic incidents, with the victims going to the police. Shire concluded the review saying: "Gaga and Hardwicke deserve props for creating such a powerful, visceral, and aesthetically striking PSA. They've brought a tremendous amount of attention to rape and sexual assault. Yet, attention alone is inadequate balm for the victims of rape." Conversely, Dan Solomon of "Fast Company" believed the video to be an "important statement" from Gaga and believed that it would direct further attention to "The Hunting Ground".

Live performances.

Gaga performed "Til It Happens to You" live for the first time on October 29, 2015 at the annual amfAR gala, along with cover versions of "Call Me Irresponsible", "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" and "La Vie en rose". She also performed the song at the "Billboard" Women in Music event on December 11, 2015, where she was presented with the award for Woman of the Year. The song was also performed at an intimate gathering at the Peninsula Hotel in Beverly Hills. The audience consisted of the filmmakers and the rape survivors featured in the documentary. Gaga reportedly became emotional while performing the song, and thanked the filmmakers for including the song in the film. She also performed the song at the 2015 Producers Guild of America Awards, where "The Hunting Ground" was awarded a special recognition trophy. Actress America Ferrera introduced Gaga but she did not appear on stage for sometime leading to a few moments of "nervous laughter from the audience" as Ferrera tried to joke about the situation, until the singer finally arrived in front of her piano on stage.  Gaga performed the song at the 88th Academy Awards after an introduction by Joe Biden, then Vice President of the United States. She sang it while sitting in front of a white piano, and near its conclusion, over 50 survivors of sexual assaults joined her onstage, with words like "survivor" and "not your fault" written on their bodies. Mike Ayers from "The Wall Street Journal" called it a "poignant performance" of the night. Katie Atkinson from "Billboard" listed the performance as one of the best moments of the awards show, saying that Gaga "made a huge impact on the Oscars stage. Her performance alone would have been powerful enough, but when the curtains opened behind her to reveal a sea of sexual assault survivors standing in solidarity, the emotional bar was raised to the next level." Kesha performed a cover of the song, accompanied with Warren on piano, at the Humane Society Gala in Los Angeles on May 7, 2016.  Credits adapted from Soundtrack.Net

"Til It Happens to You" is a song produced and performed by American singer Lady Gaga. She co-wrote the song with Diane Warren for the 2015 documentary film "The Hunting Ground", which deals with campus rape in the United States. The song had leaked onto the Internet through an unofficial recording made at the film's premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. It was later released by Interscope Records to digital retailers on September 18, 2015. The director and producer of the film had looked for someone influential to write a song for it, and music supervisor Bonnie Greenberg contacted Warren, who was interested. She wrote the song with Gaga and producer Nile Rodgers accompanied them during the recording, providing his suggestions.


Virtual collection.

The museum's collection is freely accessible online and displays works, documents, and artifacts from conceptual art, minimalist art, performance art, and painting, as well as from photography, literature, theatre, film, and music. In all, the collection extends over four ours, each with two wings, and with various tracts that are thematically dedicated to different way of approaching nothing:  The museum also provides background information in German, Spanish and English about all the works and artists. In addition, there is library that provides texts, publications, and exhibition catalogues for further research on nothing in art and other disciplines (philosophy, science, literature, music, etc.)

Mobile museum.

Converted bus.

Since 2015, the No Show Museum has been on a world tour with a converted bus. Inside, the mobile museum is a futuristic white cube (4 m long, 2 m wide, 2.10 m high), in which the current special exhibition is shown. It also offers access to the virtual collection via ipad stations and houses the museum shop with a limited selection of souvenirs such as the BUY NOTHING CARD® (personal credit card to buy nothing) or ART FREE AIR® (medicine for allergy sufferers). The matt black painted exterior of the bus serves as a moving blackboard, which can be labeled with announcements and information about the current exhibitions.

Thematic special exhibitions.

The special exhibitions in the Mobile Museum each illuminate certain aspects, variants and themes of nothingness in art: " INVISIBLE ARTWORKS " (2015) presented 24 intangible and invisible works of conceptual art. The show " NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE "(2016) focused on works of art that do not exist and can not possibly exist (eg because it simply exceeds the possibilities of producing the artwork, or because trying to realize it leads to unsolvable conceptual and logical contradictions.) The special exhibition " ¡NO FALTA NADA! " (2017) was about the art of nothing as an absence, eg because the artwork has been lost or irrevocably destroyed, or because it has never existed. The special exhibition entitled "NOTHING MATTERS - ICONS OF THE VOID" (2018) was developed in collaboration with Slovak artist Stano Masar. On display in the mobile museum were 20 iconic works of art history from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, which promote the dematerialization of art and in various ways illuminate the concept of nothingness.

Nothing world tour.

The No Show Museum has committed itself to the mission of not spreading anything all over the globe. For this reason, the museum is touring year after year from continent to continent. The first stage of the World Tour started in Zürich in July 2015 and led through 20 countries of Central and Northern Europe. It included around 30 exhibitions in museums and empty galleries in public spaces and remote areas. The tour ended in October 2015 with an exhibition and presentation of nothing in Venice where the No Show Museum was invited by Pro Helvetia's Salon Suisse as an official participant of the 56th Art Biennale. In the summer of 2016, the mobile museum was shipped from Europe to America with the mission to spread nothing in the New World: The 80-day exhibition tour led from New York to Canada, then to the West Coast of the U.S., and finally down to Baja California Sur, Mexico. The third stage took place from November 2017 to January 2018 and led from Baja California in Mexico through the countries of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) to Colombia, with numerous exhibitions in public space and in collaboration with museums and local galleries. The fourth stage took place in October and November 2018 with exhibitions in France, Spain and Portugal, including a show at Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology in Lisbon.

Conceptual background.

Nothing as an aesthetic category.

In the course of the 20th century, nothing has become as distinctive an aesthetic category as “the beautiful”, “the ugly” or "the absurd". The artistic examination of the (non) phenomenon "nothing" has led artists and critics to question the traditional practices of art production and open up new possibilities of spatial, temporal and material interpretation. Nothing is usually understood as the negation of being and figuration, but strictly speaking, it is impossible to define nothing. Every attempt to describe, represent or materialize nothing is doomed to fail, and it is this very fact that has inspired many artists of the 20th century to work intensively with nothing and the paradoxes of its (re)presentation. The result is a large number of artistic strategies and works on nothing.

Nothing as a ready-made.

Already in 1913, Marcel Duchamp demonstrated with his first ready-mades how any object can be converted into art by removing it from the sphere of ordinary life and placing it in a gallery or museum. This move from one context to another changes the way spectators view an object: in the context of art, it is no longer perceived as a mere object, but instead as placeholder of an idea or of an artistic intention. The result of such attributions is that the formerly ordinary object is transformed into a work of art. The same principle can be applied to nothing, and nothing can equally acquire “the dignity of a work of art by the mere choice of the artist” (André Breton). The No Show Museum is an attempt to create such an institutional framework for ensuring in the long run that nothing is art.

The museum as a mobile art context.

Although the museum’s collection is virtual, the museum does have a physical space for presentations setup in a restored and customized post bus. Thus, the museum provides a moving art context that can either be attached to established institutions are function autonomously. Moreover, the mobile museum offers the opportunity to discover new regions and spaces for the contexts of nothing, and it serves as a marker to indicate any place as an exhibition area.

The No Show Museum is an art museum, established in Zurich, Switzerland in 2015, devoted to nothing and its various manifestations throughout the history of art. It claims to be the first of its kind. Founded by Swiss conceptual artist and curator Andreas Heusser, the museum's collection today includes around 500 works and documents from over 150 international artists of the 20th and 21st centuries.


Naming.

Although this article calls it the River Blackwater, Ordnance Survey maps, both ancient and modern, call it the Blackwater River. There is a small section to the west of Finchampstead which is called Long Water in both 1897 and on recent maps. The final section from the Whitewater to the Loddon is known by alternative names. The Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 map calls it the Blackwater River, the 1:25,000 map calls it the Broadwater, and the 1:2500 map calls it the Blackwater River at both ends of this section, but the Broadwater in the middle. This last option, with a small section of Broadwater in the middle where the river is somewhat wider, was also the convention in 1899.

Blackwater Valley.

The River Blackwater runs down the centre of the Blackwater Valley, which is maintained as an open space along the borders of the counties of Berkshire, Hampshire and Surrey. It runs for approximately from its source at Rowhill Nature Reserve near Aldershot in the south, northwards to Swallowfield where the river is joined by the River Whitewater and then joins the River Loddon. The Loddon eventually flows into the River Thames near Reading.  Although the lower reaches of the Blackwater are relatively rural, the upper reaches are heavily urbanised, with the river flowing through Aldershot, Farnborough, Camberley, Sandhurst and Yateley. Beneath the whole of the catchment there are chalk and greensand aquifers, but these are covered by a layer of impervious material, principally London clay. Some of the water of the Blackwater is provided by springs from these aquifers, but by far the largest component of the flow is the dischage from five major sewage treatment works on the upper reaches and two smaller ones on the lower reaches. The springs are on the edge of the Bagshot Beds, and the water from this source is quite acidic. After flowing over the London clay deposits, the underlying geology is more permeable near the mouth, consisting of Bagshot and Bracklesham Beds. In 1992, the five major sewage treatment works could discharge up to 74.4 Ml per day, and in summer months this accounted for around 85 per cent of the flow in the river above the confluence with the Whitewater.  The river valley is characterised by large areas of river gravels, which have been quarried extensively since the 1950s, and continue to be so. This activity accounts for the large number of lakes in the valley, as old workings fill with water, and have been landscaped to provide amenities, such as country parks and locations for fishing and boating. A number of them are designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) because of their rich and diverse ecology.  Although surrounded by urban development the Valley provides an important green corridor for local residents. As well as the Blackwater Valley SSSI and a small part of the Basingstoke Canal SSSI, three nature reserves within the Valley catchment and many other areas have been recognised for their ecological importance. The local planning authorities covering the Valley have designated 31 other areas as ‘Wildlife Sites’. As a result of an improvement programme, wildlife is returning, including the otter which has been absent for over 40 years, fishing stocks are improving and the construction of the long distance riverside path has opened up much of the riverbank.  A cycle route runs alongside the River Blackwater for most of its length. There is a running club named Blackwater Valley Runners who run there regularly.

Route.

The Blackwater rises as a series of springs on Rowhill Copse, a nature reserve to the south-west of Aldershot. The site contains a range of habitats, and is on the site of a private estate which once produced timber and bricks. The river heads in a south-easterly direction, passing under the railway line to station, between two lakes, under Badshot Lea Road and past some more lakes, which form part of Tice's Meadow nature reserve. This was a hop farm from 1851 until 1958, after which were quarried by Hanson Aggregates between 1998 and 2010. The site was adopted as a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) in 2009, and was restored after quarrying stopped. Beyond the reserve, the river sweeps round in a large loop to head northwards, and is joined by the A331, which follows the river valley for a considerable distance. The Aldershot sewage treatment works is located on the left bank, and during dry weather supplies more than half of the river's flow. Willow Park Fishery is to the east of the river, which passes under an aqueduct carrying the Basingstoke Canal, and is then bordered by Lakeside Nature Reserve to the east and Gold Valley Lakes fishery to the west. The A331 road makes the first of several crossings over the river. Further north is Hollybush Park, a sand quarry which was then used as a landfill site, and is now an attractive grassland with wild flowers. The lakes to the north were the subject of a planning enquiry in 2020, to build 21 floating holiday homes and an equestrian centre. The river is hemmed in by lakes, railways and roads, and is crossed by the railway line to station.  After junction 4 on the M3 motorway, the river is joined by Cove Brook, which starts as a series of streams near Farnborough Airport and flows northwards. For much of its route it is bordered by housing on both sides, but then passes beneath the North Downs railway line to reach the junction. The tree-lined section immediately afterwards was once a gas works and railway sidings, but is now known as Blackwater Park, as far as the A30 road bridge. The small town of Blackwater is on the left bank and Camberley sewage treatment works is on the right bank at York Town. This was the cause of a serious pollution incident in 2012, when a malfunction in the works resulted in partially treated effluent being discharged into the river, and contaminating the river for downstream. This resulted in fish within the Shepherds Meadow SSSI suffocating and dying. Thames Water upgraded part of the works after the incident.  To the north of the bridge, the river is joined by the Wish Stream. This rises at Wishmoor Cross, in a danger area with restricted access, and flows to the south west along Wishmoor Bottom, a boggy valley which marks the border between Surrey and Berkshire. It is part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) because of its populations of Dartford Warbler, nightjar and woodlark, and is a nationally important habitat for dragonfly and damselfly. The Wish Stream then flows through the grounds of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, entering Bathing Pool, and then passing through a series of engineered ponds and weirs, which create a significant obstacle to the movement of fish, to reach the Lower Lake. This is also supplied with water from the Upper Lake, located to the south of the Wish Stream. There is a large control structure at the outlet of the Lower Lake, which is totally impassable to fish, and then a series of high weirs again with no provision for the movement of fish. Below the grounds of the Academy, the stream flows in a culvert under a car park for a retail outlet, and several more culverts under roads to reach the Blackwater. The confluence used to be the point at which the counties of Berkshire, Hampshire and Surrey met, but when the Blackwater Valley road was being constructed in 1990, the Wish Stream was moved a short distance to the north to accommodate the roundabout that links the A30, A321 and A331 roads.  The river then flows through Shepherd Meadows, an SSSI noted for the Black Poplar tree, and a variety of wild flowers, including Sneezewort, Knapweed, Betony, Meadowsweet and Great Burnet. As the river curves to the west, it passes under the North Downs Line railway bridge, flows past Sandhurst sewage treatment works on the right bank and enters Trilakes Country Park. Former gravel pits flank the river on both sides, and as it passes the village of Finchampstead, the channel is briefly called Long Water. Soon it reaches New Mill, where there is a weir and sluice. The mill was a corn mill in 1871 and produced animal feed unti the 1950s, when the building was sold. The watermill and mill house are grade II listed, with parts of the buildings dating from the 15th century. They are now used as a restaurant, but the mill wheel, gears and machinery have been restored and can be seen working, encased behind glass screens. The river follows the northern edge of Bramshill Plantation, of woodland managed by the Forestry Commission. It is a Special Protection Area in view of the number of bird species to be found there, and also has large populations of damselflies, dragonflies and silver studded blue butterflies. Notable flora includes marsh clubmoss and pillwort.  The river turns to the north-west, and is joined by the River Whitewater, flowing northwards from Greywell, near Greywell Tunnel, the present end of the Basingstoke Canal. As it approaches Swallowfield, the channel splits and there are weirs on both branches. They enter Swallowfield Park, a grade II listed park and gardens. The park was enclosed by King Edward III in 1354, and remained the property of the monarch until the late 16th century, after which is was privately owned until 1965. The large country house was built in the late 17th century, was altered in 1820, and restored in the 1970s. The house and adjoining stable block are grade II* listed. The main drive to the house crosses the river on a five-arched brick bridge, dating from the late 18th century. The river continues through the park until it reaches the River Loddon.

Ash Aqueduct.

The Basingstoke Canal runs from the Greywell Tunnel at Greywell in the west to the River Wey in the east, and crosses the Blackwater Valley on an embankment in the village of Ash. The River Blackwater used to flow through a brick culvert under the embankment, but major reconstruction took place over the winter of 1994-95 as part of a project to route the A331 road along the river valley. Because bats were known to roost in the culvert, a new home for them was built on a nearby island. The central section of the embankment was then removed and replaced with a three-span aqueduct, with a centre span of and two side spans of each. The structure was built of post-tensioned concrete, using four cables on each side of the navigation channel, which were jacked apart until each was exerting a force of 820 tonnes to keep the concrete in compression. In order to avoid the aqueduct piers, the river channel was diverted to run through the western side span, and a new course was constructed until the road had risen sufficiently for a box-section culvert to carry the river under the new road to rejoin its original route. The new Ash Aqueduct affords views of the surrounding countryside. In the distance to the south is the Hog's Back, which runs between Farnham and Guildford, and is where the North Downs narrows.

Water Quality.

The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail.  The water quality of the Blackwater system was as follows in 2016.  Reasons for the quality being less than good include discharge from sewage treatment works; drainage from roads and transport infrastructure; contaminated land adjacent to the river; physical barriers such as weirs and impounding of the water which prevent the free migration of fish and other species; and the presence of the North American signal crayfish, an invasive species.

The River Blackwater is a tributary of the River Loddon in England and, indirectly, of the River Thames. It rises at Rowhill Nature Reserve between Aldershot in Hampshire and Farnham in Surrey and runs northwards to join the Loddon near the village of Swallowfield in Berkshire. Along part of its length, the river forms the boundary between Hampshire and Surrey, and then between Hampshire and Berkshire. Rowhill Nature Reserve is an isolated remnant of the extensive heathland that once surrounded Farnborough and Aldershot. After the Blackwater is joined by the River Whitewater near Eversley. The river gives its name to the small town of Blackwater, Hampshire, upon the river near Camberley.


History.

Nantucket is a uniquely preserved New England seaport, largely developed during the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the whaling industry dominated the town's economy. By 1774, Nantucket accounted for about sixty percent of the New England whaling fleet. In 1840, the town's population peaked at roughly 9,000. However, during the years that followed, several events occurred that resulted in a dramatic downturn in the island's fortunes. By this time, the nearby mainland port of New Bedford, Massachusetts had surpassed Nantucket as the leading whaling port in the nation. Also during this time, the formation of sand bars prevented the increasingly larger ships from entering Nantucket Harbor, forcing the industry to shift to nearby Edgartown on Martha's Vineyard. Another blow came in 1846, when a great fire destroyed much of the town's commercial center and wharves. By the end of the 19th century, when much of the country was experiencing dramatic growth, Nantucket's population had fallen to just 3,000. Thus, the existence of Nantucket's historic buildings is largely due to the island being forgotten for more than half a century, as its architecture survived through neglect. In 1894, the first preservation efforts on Nantucket occurred with a campaign to save the "Old Mill", a 1746 windmill built by Nathan Wilbur. In 1897, the mill was purchased at auction and donated to the Nantucket Historical Association. During this period, new construction began to reflect the island's historic character.  The oldest buildings within the historic district date from the late 17th century. Built mostly of wood, they are utilitarian in style with little ornamentation or detail. In the period that followed the American Revolution, with the rise in whaling wealth, more ornate buildings were constructed by sea captains and merchants in the Federal style. Among these is the Second Congressional Meetinghouse, built in 1809. The most outstanding buildings are situated on Main and Orange Streets, such as the Hadwen-Wright House at 94 Main Street. Immediately following the devastating fire of 1846, the entire commercial district was rebuilt with new two and three-story brick buildings. The rebuilt area is dominated by the predominant Greek Revival style of the 1840s.  It was not until the 1990s that Nantucket's population surpassed its 1840 peak of 9,000. The island's economy is now mostly based on seasonal tourism, which has put increased pressure on its historic properties. In 2000, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Nantucket on its 2000 list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places, noting that while "Nantucket has a long history of commitment to preservation, an upsurge in the destructive practices of "teardowns" and "gut rehabs," along with the inappropriate sizing and siting of new homes, are dramatically altering the heritage, cultural landscape, and quality of community life on the island."

Contributing properties.

A partial list of contributing properties within the Nantucket Historic District includes:

The Nantucket Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses the entire island of Nantucket, Massachusetts. The original December 13, 1966 listing on the National Register of Historic Places included only the historic downtown core and the village of Siasconset, but was expanded in 1975 to include the entire island, as well as the islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget. At over 30,000 acres, it is the largest conventional historic National Historic Landmark District by area in the contiguous United States.


Backgrounds.

Peace of Riga.

The preliminary peace accord (later finalized in Peace of Riga), signed on October 12, 1920, set new borders between Poland and the Soviet republics that divided modern Belarus and Ukraine in two parts. A Belarusian delegation was not invited to the Riga congress — neither from the Belarusian Democratic Republic, nor from the puppet Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus.  Due to the treaty, the demarcation line Kiyevichy-Lan lay in a way that the region of Slutsk, Belarus, stayed in a neutral zone for some time before being taken by the Red Army.

National movement in Slutsk.

The main moving power of the Slutsk defence was the local peasantry fighting against the Bolshevist agrarian policy of War Communism and supporting the independence of Belarus declared on March 25, 1918. Leaders of the defence were local intellectuals and szlachta.  Slutsk was an important centre of Belarusian national life. Local intellectuals kept tense contacts with groups supporting the Belarusian Democratic Republic in other regions.  In 1918 a Belarusian National Committee led by Pavał Žaŭryd was created in the town.

Soviet–Polish War and Slutsk.

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1920 the region of Slutsk was occupied several times by Polish and Soviet troops. Finally, on October 11, 1920 the Polish took control over the town.  The news about the division of Belarus between Poland and the Bolsheviks provoked indignation in Belarusian society. Immediately after Polish reoccupation of the town the Belarusian National Committee recommenced its activity and started forming Belarusian self-defence units. First, a 500-man Belarusian militia corps was created.  The Polish military were preparing to withdraw to Polish territory and did not prevent the creation of Belarusian military units. Many Polish military consisted of Belarusians and sympathised with the self-defence activities.  Still, there was no unity among Belarusian activists as to how to further strategy. There was a fraction that advocated cooperation with Poland. On the other side, there were even proposals for cooperation with the Soviets. Because of these contradictions much time needed for military preparation was lost. Lack of solidarity had its negative effect during the whole military defence action.  Only in November 1920 the withdrawing Polish military authorities transferred the civil power to the Belarusian National Committee. In all local communities and villages democratic elections took place; new elected Committees replaced the previous Polish-appointed local administration.  Local representatives of Belarusian socialist revolutionaries, who were the main advocates of the idea of Belarusian independence, decided to call up a Congress to confirm the authority of the Belarusian Republic in the region. Delegates from all local communities (five from each) and Belarusian organisations (one from each) were invited.

Congress of Słuččyna.

On November 14, 1920 the Congress of Słuččyna (Slutsk region) started its work. There were 107 delegates from Słuck and its surroundings as well as several representatives of the Belarusian army of general Bułak-Bałachovič.  The government of the Belarusian National Republic appointed Pavał Žaŭryd its commissioner to Słuččyna.  The Congress passed a resolution declaring the authority of the government of the Belarusian National Republic and protesting against the Soviet invasion of Belarus. A decision was made to organize armed resistance against the "bolshevik occupation":  "The First Belarusian Congress of Słuččyna, formed of 107 persons, salutes the Upper Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic and declares that it will give all its powers for the revival of our Fatherland and categorically protests against the occupation of our Fatherland by foreign and impostor Soviet powers. Long live the independent National Belarusian Republic in its ethnographic borders!"

Military preparations.

A Rada of Słuččyna consisting of 17 people was elected with the chairman Uładzimier Prakulevič. Its function was to organise civil governance of Słuččyna before regular elections could be held as well as to organise a military defence.  Military command was given to a troika led by Pavał Žaŭryd. The Rada declared a general mobilisation and continued creation of military units.  The mobilisation was very successful among inhabitants of Słuččyna, in the villages of Cimkavičy, Kapyl, Siemiežava, Hrozava and surroundings. Soon there were ca. 10,000 men mobilised into the newly created forces.  Two regiments were formed by the Rada: "1st Słuck regiment" under lieutenant colonel Achrem Haŭryłovič and the "2nd Hrozaŭ regiment" under captain Siemianiuk. These two regiments formed the "Słuck brigade" under Anton Sokał-Kutyłoŭski. The military headquarters was transferred from Słuck to Siemiežava because of approaching bolshevik armies.  The military defence action was actively supported by Belarusian nationalists from different regions of Belarus at that time occupied by Polish troops.  From Hrodna a banner with the Pahonia and the motto "To those who went to die for the life of their Fatherland" was sent to Słuck. The military commission of the Government of the Belarusian People's Republic that was acting as Belarus' defence ministry, sent several military specialists to help to organise the defence. Soon a well-organised military hospital and military court were created by the Slutsk brigade.  The Słuck Rada had tight contacts with the army of Stanisłaŭ Bułak-Bałachovič and planned to coordinate with it.  On November 21, 1920 the Rada of Słuččyna made a new declaration:  "In the moment of self-determination of all nations and their struggle for freedom the Belarusian Rada of Słuččyna carries out the will of the peasantry that delegated the protection of the independence of our Fatherland Belarus to it. The Rada declares to the whole world the will of Belarusian peasantry that Belarus must be an independent republic in its ethnographc borders"  "Stating that and being the speaker of the will of the people, the Rada of Słuččyna declares that it will stand for the independence of Belarus and protect the interests of peasantry against violation by foreign invadors. If needed, we will do it by military means despite a numeral advantage of the enemy, because what we do is honest and honesty will always win."  The Rada gave the order to all military units and volunteers to group near Siemiežava on November 24. A demonstration took place on the central square of Słuck.

The battles.

On November 27 the first encounters between Belarusian and Soviet forces began.  The Słuck brigade made some successful attacks near Kapyl, Cimkavičy and Vyzna. Against the Belarusian forces fought the Omsk division of the Red Army. Despite some support from the local population, the Belarusian units lacked ammunition and arms.  There were fights near villages Bystrycy, Vasilčycy, Vierabiejčycy, Daškava, Vasiliški, Lutavičy, Mackievičy, Sadovičy, Morač. The Słuck brigade managed to occupy several villages.  This started an anti-bolshevik partisan movement. As people joined them, the Slutsk Rada made an appeal to the soldiers of the Red Army to stop resistance as well. Many of them did, as there were numerous Russian peasants opposing the Soviet agrarian policy among them. Therefore, the Bolsheviks had to bring in units consisting of Latvians and Chinese to combat the Belarusian units.  Still, the powers were unequal and on December 31 the Słuck brigade had to retreat to Polish territory where it was disarmed by Polish border guards.  Some of the defendants of Słuck later returned to Belarus but were captured by the bolsheviks and dealt with accordingly. Some of the Belarusian military stayed in the region as a partisan Green Army and continued armed resistance against Soviet rule till the 1930s.

Modern reflections of the Slutsk military defence.

During Perestroika, numerous political groups dedicated themselves to publicise the history of a movement that was virtually erased from history during the Soviet time. November 27 became a holiday that groups like the Belarusian Popular Front and some intellectuals celebrate as "Heroes Day". However, Belarusian officials under president Alexander Lukashenko do not recognise the Słuck military defense as significant, mostly due to the pro-Soviet official state ideology dominating in Belarus.  In 1948, a monument in honor of Słuck rebels was placed by Belarusian emigrants near Mittenwald, a German city near the Alps.

The Slutsk uprising or the Slutsk defence () was an unsuccessful armed attempt to establish an independent Belarus. It took place in late 1920, near the end of the Polish-Soviet War, in the region of the town of Slutsk. It involved a series of clashes between irregular Belarusian forces loyal to the Belarusian People's Republic and the Soviet Red Army, ending in a Soviet victory.