History.

In the 1970s the Irish government considered three options for the introduction of a second television service: the re-transmission of BBC1 Northern Ireland; authorisation of an independent commercial service; or charging RTÉ with the establishment of a second national channel. It was the last of these that was finally chosen.  The channel, the Republic's second, began transmissions at 20:00 on 2 November 1978 with an opening broadcast of a gala ceremony from Cork Opera House. Owing to a technical fault, audio from BBC2 was played during the countdown instead of the proper soundtrack, and when the channel commenced programmes, there was no audio for the initial 15 seconds or so. At first the new channel broadcast in the evenings only. The first broadcast on RTÉ 2 was on 6 June 1978, it was largely aimed at those in "single channel land". Programmes included "The Streets of San Francisco" and "Duchess of Duke Street".  The opening night's line up was as follows:

RTÉ 2 (1978–1988).

Up to 60% of the Republic of Ireland could receive UK channels via spillover or via cable. Cable in the republic was only permitted in areas of spillover up to the mid-1980s, to provide viewers with better reception of channels they could already receive over the air. Hence RTÉ 2 was aimed at those that did not have the UK channels. To this end one of their main remits was the re-broadcasting of UK programming to Irish audiences, that would not otherwise be seen on RTÉ 1.  On the opening night of RTÉ 2, one of the channels announcers said "From ten to seven each weekday, three o'clock on Saturdays and six o'clock on Sundays, RTÉ 2 will be bringing you the best of BBC, ITV and other first

Network 2 (1988–2004).

In September 1988, RTÉ 2 was given a major revamp and became Network Two. In addition to the launch of a new vivid red, blue, and green logo, the channel now came on air at 14:30. "The Den" was moved to the channel, along with most youth and children's programming. "Jo Maxi" was launched as the youth strand. "Sports Stadium" took up the entire Saturday afternoon schedule, and all sports programming was aired on the channel, along with Irish language programming. A late night news bulletin, "Network

RTÉ Two (2004–2014).

RTÉ decided the channel needed another revamp to keep it fresh. The channel's name reverted to RTÉ Two on the morning of 2 October 2004, with a themed evening of programmes called "Farewell Network 2" beginning at 20:00, featuring Podge and Rodge. The new logo is similar in style to the current RTÉ One logo. The new branding is designed to promote the Irishness of the station, green is the dominant colour. New strands were developed. In particular, the number of Irish made programmes has increased, though some of this is made up of a new strand of early evening repeats. The idents from

RTÉ2 (2014–present).

From 22 September 2014 RTÉ Two became RTÉ2 and presented a new schedule of programming. The channel established itself as the "voice for the under 35s" where the new schedule continued with new seasons of "New Girl", "The Big Bang Theory", "Grey's Anatomy", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine", "Masters of Sex", "Devious Maids", "The Americans", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and the final season run of "Mad Men". Brand new imported shows included "Outlander", "Gotham", "Resurrection", "iZombie" and "CSI Cyber". RTÉ2 confirmed it had secured broadcasting rights for two Danish drama series 1864 and "The Saboteurs: The Heavy Water War", both broadcasting in 2015. In terms of home-produced Irish programming RTÉ2 confirmed the return of "Other Voices" (Season 13), Maia Dunphy's "What Women Want" (Season

RTÉ2 HD.

The HD channel launched on Saorview on 27 May 2011. The service broadcasts sporting programming from national to international events, documentaries, movies and American, Canadian, and Australian programming in high-definition 1080i.  As RTÉ start to convert more of their main studios to HD then the

RTÉ2 +1.

RTÉ2 +1 launched on 19 February 2019, and it broadcasts daily from 19:00 until 02:00 Monday to Friday and 12:00 until 02:00 Saturday and Sunday. The channel launched only on Saorview and it will

Future.

RTÉjr on RTÉ2.

RTÉ 2 continues to air a block of programming from RTÉjr (previously known as Den Tots). RTÉ put forward a request to move the RTÉjr strand from RTÉ 2 in April 2013, on RTÉjr's first official birthday. The proposal was passed to the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources who took the decision to have the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland carry out a Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) on the proposed move.  Minister

Budget.

The following figures were issued by RTÉ as part of their annual reports in 2008 and 2012:  Income

Programming.

RTÉ2 provides a broad range of programming which is mainly targeted towards young people up to 45-year-olds. Between 06:00 to 18:30 kids and teens programming is served by RTÉjr (separate to the channel) and the teenage strands TRTÉ and Two Tube. From 19:00 onwards, RTÉ2 provides a wide range of programming from Irish produced content, sports, comedy, dramas, films and acquisitions from North America, Australia, the UK and Central Europe. RTÉ2 has a strong tradition of broadcasting many US TV shows prior to other European broadcasters, though this has slightly changed in recent years.  Films are also regularly aired on the channel especially Irish-European cinema and International cinema. Until September 2014, RTÉ2 had stands such as"Two Wild" (nature documentaries), "Two Extreme" (extreme sports/adventure documentaries), and "RTÉ Sport on Two", these strands were axed in 2014 but the strands contents play an important role in the current schedule.

RTÉ 2 Controller.

Dick Hill was RTÉ 2's first controller until 1994.  During the time of the 1997 rebrand of the channel as N2 they had placed the Head of Schedule as "controller" of the channel. Up until then, the channel was run side by side RTÉ One under RTÉ Television. N2 was a successful relaunched of the channel in the late

Imported programming.

1978–1988.

RTÉ 2 was original set up to provide Irish viewers with retransmission of BBC and ITV programming. In 1978 it introduced a simulcast of many British programmes including "Top of the Pops". Other UK shows included "Coronation Street" (which began simulcasting from 1983), "Porridge", "Mastermind", "Never the Twain",

1988–1993.

As Network 2 the service still focused strongly on imported programming, RTÉ would now look to have first runs of US programming before other European networks. In the early years Network 2 broadcast US sit-coms Monday to Friday at 21:00 such as "The Golden Girls",

1993–1997.

During the 1990s Network 2 began to expand it schedule to cover morning and late night television. Imports still played a major part of the schedule with first showings of popular 1990s TV such as "Friends", "The X Files", "Nowhere Man", "My So-Called

1997–2004.

During the late 1990s the schedules began to increase in size again. All of the daytime repeat programmes were replaced by Children's television while Late Night TV was extended until 2 am each morning with shows like, "Profiler", "Millennium", "" (only airing the first season), "Stargate SG1" and some Australian serials including "Water Rats" and "Murder

2004–2013.

Renamed in 2004 as RTÉ Two, the channel still has a heavy emphasis on imported programming. Its late night schedule completely filled with imports from "Rules of Engagement" to "24", from "Rescue Me" to "Smallville". Their 19:00 to 21:00 schedule consists of many BBC natural history programmes including David Attenborough "Life" and "Horizons". The channel currently shows first time showings of "Cougar Town", "Flash Forward", "Lost", "The Good Wife", "", "Criminal Minds", "Desperate Housewives", "Grey's Anatomy", "Sons of Anarchy", "Life with Boys" and "Mr. Young".  RTÉ 2 also airs American programmes such as "The Simpsons" (currently airing Season 20 weekdays at

2014–2016.

In 2014, RTÉ 2 began to focus more on Irish music programming for the first time in its history the annual "Choice Music Prize" was aired on television, previously only available on radio. It continued to air the critically acclaimed music series "Other Voices" for an eleventh season. In August 2014, RTÉ 2 televised over 8 hours of "Electric Picnic" coverage from Stradbally, Co. Laois, this was the first time that the channel aired the annual music festival. On 2 September 2014, RTÉ began to

2016–.

RTÉ2 will broadcast the 12th season of "Other Voices" in spring. RTÉ2 have yet to confirm which programmes it has acquired for 2016. The summer 2016 schedule will largely be made up of sports programming such as GAA, Euro 2016 and Summer Olympics 2016.  In early 2016, the broadcaster confirmed it would air the mini-series "The X-Files", which began airing on 26 January. "iZombie" was another addition to their schedule, along with Icelandic crime drama "Trapped". In Spring 2016, the channel

Irish-produced programming.

Reality TV.

During the last decade like many other TV channels RTÉ 2 have had several reality based TV shows.  In 2003, Network 2 set out to find their news TV presenter in a reality show called "The Selection Box"; the eventual winner was Caroline Morahan.  RTÉ 2 also produced two series of the employment reality show "No Experience Required", three prospective candidates are evaluated over the course of a week for a vacant position in a top company, the show follows them through interview stages and tasks set out by their prospective employees.  In 2008, RTÉ 2 broadcast "Hollywood Trials". It follow a group of young actors travelling to make it big in LA. The actors where selected

Drama.

In the first two decades of RTÉ 2, little original drama was produced for the channel; often RTÉ would just repeat their dramas on the channel such as "Fair City" and "Glenroe". RTÉ did place some emphasis on short film in the RTÉ 2 series "Short Cuts". Short films remain on RTÉ 2 most Monday nights at 11:30; these shorts are not just taken from RTÉ co-financed productions but also from independent producers around the world.  RTÉ 2's most successful drama was a drama/comedy/chat show entitled "Nighthawks" presented by Shay Healy. This was produced as a pseudo-documentary about the behind the scenes of the television production, it featured many well known Irish comedians, however unlike the mockumentary "The Larry Sanders Show", "Nighthawks" featured real interviews and was created by David Blake Knox, who went on to be controller of Network 2 until 1998. Gerry Ryan had a similar format show called "Gerry Ryan Tonight" during the 1990s.

2000–2008.

From 2000 to 2008, RTÉ were committed to providing new and original drama on RTÉ 2 each Monday night each autumn. The dramas had mixed reviews but they included "Paths to Freedom" (2000), "Bachelors Walk" (2001–2003), "The Big Bow Wow" (2003), "Pure Mule" (2004), "Love is the Drug" (2004) and "Prosperity" (2007). "Raw" was RTÉ 2's last Monday night drama; it received mixed reviews but it reached on average 250,000 viewers each week against RTÉ One's "Prime Time Investigates" and TV3's"The Apprentice"; Raw's second series ran on RTÉ One. Most of RTÉ 2's drama output was aimed at a younger audience than that of RTÉ One's and it often contained bad language and sex scenes.  RTÉ ended their RTÉ 2 drama's in 2008 with the first series of "Raw", choosing to air its second series on RTÉ One. RTÉ are not currently looking for drama specifically for RTÉ 2 which brings to an end a significant amount of work brought to the channel from RTÉ's drama department and independent producers. Many of the dramas of this era on RTÉ 2 were seen as experimental but also highly modern and innovative.

Comedy.

Monday night has been comedy night on RTÉ 2 since its 1997 re-launch. Many US sitcoms were intermixed with live Irish comedy such

RTÉ Young Peoples.

RTÉ Young People's department oversees programming for under 5s, 5 to 12-year olds and teenage audiences. As part of RTÉ 2's redevelopment in 1988 as Network 2, most of RTÉ's young people's programming moved from RTÉ One to Network 2.

Children's television.

"Dempsey's Den" was hosted by Ian, Zig, Zag and Zuppy. It moved to Network 2 from RTÉ One, and broadcasting for an extra hour from 15:00 to 18:00. Network 2 would start the day 14:30 with "Bosco" a pre-school television show. All children's television moved to Network 2 when it rebranded in 1988. When Ian Dempsey left Dempsey's Den the show was renamed "The Den", with a new presenter, Ray D'Arcy. D'Arcy presented the show from 1990 to 1997 when the strand began to expand it schedule into the early hours of

Teenage television.

Shows for young people in the 1970s and 1980s included:  In the late 1980s, RTÉ began simulcasting "The Beatbox" with 2FM as a replacement for "MT USA". Presenters included Barry Lang, Electric Eddie (Doug Murray), Simon Young, Peter Collins, Ian Dempsey. It was replaced in 1995 with Dave Fanning's "2TV". "2TV" spawned several spin offs: late night videos hosted by Jon Slattery, and RTÉ's only attempt at a morning show in 1999 with Bianka Luykx.  In 1988, "Jo Maxi" appeared for the first time until 1993, a daily teen show airing at 18:00, which was later replaced by Echo Island and in the early 2000s by "ID", followed by "ID2", "TTV" and now "Two Tube". Within the programming block, contains "The Big Bang Theory", "Neighbours" (repeated from RTÉ One), "The Simpsons" and "Home and Away" (repeated from RTÉ One).  Space Station Video's – Late 1985/1986 – music video show presented by people from the world of music, sport & entertainment, including chris de burgh & phil lynnot – Set on a space station – time on – unknown.

News and current affairs.

Since 2017 RTÉ2 provides no regular prime time news or current affairs programme since January 2017. Children's news programme News2day remains part of their line up.  From 1978 to 2014, RTÉ 2 provided late night news. The first such news programme was called "NewsNight". The programme was a wide international news service which provided news stories from US and UK broadcasters the show also included a national news bulletin, the final late night news on the channel was called "RTÉ News on Two".  On 22 September 2014 the late night news was dropped in favour of two bulletins at 18:55 and 19:55 called "News Feed". They also provide children's news each weekday called "News2day".  With the relaunch of RTÉ Two as Network 2 the news was renamed "Network News". The news was now similar in style to the newly launched "Six One" news and "Nine News" on RTÉ One.  In 1997, with the possibility of competition from a new local broadcaster Network

Sport.

RTÉ 2 broadcasts the majority of RTÉ's sports content. Since RTÉ own rights to several competitions any fixtures clashing with RTÉ 2's schedule will often be provided on RTÉ One, however RTÉ One rarely provides sporting events on weekdays hence most soccer matches are shown on RTÉ 2. These include UEFA Champions league and the League of Ireland and competitive Ireland National Football Team matches. George Hamilton is the station's main sports commentator. RTÉ 2 also covers some smaller sports such as athletics, cycling, extreme sports, golf, hockey, racquet sports, scuba diving, target shooting, triathlon, and water sports. RTÉ 2 also covers the Olympic Games.  RTÉ used to cover basketball which has moved to TG4, combat sports, snooker, pool and used to cover the annual International Rules Series between Ireland and Australia; however, this has moved to TG4. RTÉ also used to cover Wimbledon and the Tour de France which is now on TG4.  RTÉ main sporting rights are UEFA Champions League Live & Highlights, Ireland International qualifying matches Live & Highlights, League of Ireland Live & Highlights, FIFA World Cup Live & Highlights, European Championship Live & Highlights, FAI Cup Live & Highlights, Women's FAI Cup Live & Highlights, 6 Nations Championship Live & Highlights, Ireland Autumn Internationals Live & Highlights, Women's 6 Nations Live & Highlights, Olympic Games, GAA Championship Live & Highlights, GAA League Highlights, Grand National, The Derby, Galway Races, Punchentown and the Cheltenham Festival which take commentary and coverage from Channel 4 with RTÉ's own presenter and analysis.  RTÉ 2's sports coverage is its most popular programming strand, it often tops RTÉ 2's most watch shows, significantly out doing other all other programming. RTÉ plan to provide most sporting events in High Definition on RTÉ 2.

GAA.

RTÉ 2 provides most of the GAA championship coverage for hurling and football, in 2008, RTÉ lost its monopoly on the championship games to TV3 for the first time in its 10-year history took an interest in the games having mainly bought in soccer and bought live rights for 10 of the matches for three seasons, this forced the Sunday Game Live off air some weekends with live coverage only on TV3 however TV3 lost these rights to Sky Sports for Summer 2014 therefore

Soccer.

League of Ireland rights are owned by RTÉ and eir Sport. They each take turns on showing live matches each Friday night. RTÉ also show FAI Cup games and the final in HD. Every Monday at 7 pm, RTÉ produce a domestic soccer show called "Monday Night Soccer" (MNS) presented by Peter Collins which provides a roundup of the weekend of League of Ireland and international team news with regular guests, this was axed in 2014 and replaced by Soccer Republic which airs around 11 pm every Monday night. RTÉ have held rights to the 15:00 Premier League match from the English league between 2004–2007, this was hosted by Bill O'Herlihy, Darragh Maloney, Michael Lyster and Des Cahill with commentary by George Hamilton, Peter Collins and Darragh Maloney, however these are now owned by Setanta Sports. In June 2013, RTÉ decided not to renew their highlights package for the

Rugby.

RTÉ currently holds the rights to the RBS Six Nations Championship until 2017. They previously held the rights to all Ireland games in the tournament until 1998, when BSkyB had the rights to home England games until 2003. Since 2003 the tournament has been broadcast in its entirety live on RTÉ 2, since 2010 RTÉ have been host broadcaster for Ireland home games. Ireland's Autumn International Series is also broadcast live on RTÉ, with the station holding the rights until 2017.  RTÉ had shown every Rugby World Cup until 2007 when Setanta Ireland secured the full rights to the 2007 and 2011 editions. With Ireland games at the tournament an A listed event, terrestrial rights went to TV3 for the 2007 edition, the 2011 tournament returned to RTÉ with the

Entertainment.

RTÉ 2's entertainment content is generally aimed at a young audience to that of its sister channel RTÉ One. Since 1988 RTÉ 2 has been successful with a number of entertainment shows aimed at the 15- to 35-year-old age group.  In the early years of RTÉ 2 music shows on the channel consisted of "Music TV USA" every Friday night, which was then repeated on Sunday afternoons at 3 pm. In the mid-1980s this was replaced by "The Beatbox" presented by Ian Dempsey. From 1995, Dave Fanning presented a near identical programme under the new name of "2TV". "The Beatbox" and "2TV" were both broadcast on 2FM RTÉ's popular music radio station.  "No Disco" was an alternative music show for late night TV from 1993 to 2003, it was hosted by initially by Donal Dineen who left to present radio on Radio Ireland in 1997. Uaneen Fitzsimons took his place on the show, seen as a major upcoming television talent.

Cláracha Gaelige.

As part of RTÉ Two's re-brand to Network 2 some emphasises was put on Irish language programming including a daily current affairs show called "Cursaí". The series ran from 1988 to 1996 at 19:00 Monday to Friday. The series was later moved around both RTÉ channels. RTÉ retained the arts spin-off programme, "Cursaí Ealaíona", into the late 1990s on

RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ. It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland's second television channel.


Design.

Designs exist for both intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Disposable autoinjectors commonly use a pre-loaded spring as a power source. This spring and the associated mechanical components form a one-shot linear actuator. When triggered the actuator drives a three step sequence:  Some injectors are triggered by simply pushing the nose ring against the injection site. In these designs the protective cap is the primary safety. Other designs use a safety mechanism similar to nail guns: The injection is triggered by pushing the nose ring against the injection site and simultaneously, while applying pressure, pushing a trigger button at the rear end of the device.  Since spent autoinjectors contain a hypodermic needle they pose a potential biohazard to waste management workers. Hence the protective cap is designed not only to protect the drug and keep the needle sterile, but also to provide adequate sharps waste confinement after disposal.  Injectors intended for application through layers of clothing may feature an adjustable injection depth. Other typical features include: A drug inspection window, color coded spent indicator and an audible click after the injection has finished.

Variants.

Another design has a shape and size of a smartphone which can be put into a pocket. This design also has retractable needle and automated voice instructions to assist the users on how to correctly use the autoinjectors. The "Auvi-Q" epinephrine autoinjector uses this design.  A newer variant of the autoinjector is the gas jet autoinjector, which contains a cylinder of pressurised gas and propels a fine jet of liquid through the skin without the use of a needle. This has the advantage that patients who fear needles are more accepting of using these devices. The autoinjector can be reloaded, and a variety of different doses or different drugs can be used, although the only widespread application to date has been for the administration of insulin in the treatment of diabetes.

An autoinjector (or auto-injector) is a medical device designed to deliver a dose of a particular drug. The injectors were initially designed to overcome the hesitation associated with self-administration of the needle-based drug delivery device.


Early life.

Somerville was born and grew up in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. She started acting and singing at a young age, appearing in high school plays at Poly Prep Country Day School in Bay Ridge in Brooklyn. Somerville attended Boston College as a Musical Theater major and returned home upon completing her education in order to try acting professionally.

Career.

Somerville was noticed by a modeling scout while waiting tables. At the age of 22 she moved to Los Angeles, assembled a band and got an agent. She sang backup on Joshua Radin's first album, "We Were Here". Her song "Winding Road" was included on the "Garden State" soundtrack, a film written and directed by Zach Braff.  Somerville's first acting job was as an extra in the 1996 film "City Hall". Her first major role for television was for the lead in the CBS miniseries "" (1999), in which she also sang. In 2000 Somerville starred in the series "Grosse Pointe", and later played Rachel Hoffman, a colleague of Sandy Cohen, in season one of "The O.C.".  Somerville had a recurring role as Ross Geller's girlfriend, Mona, for seven episodes in Season 8 of "Friends". During the final season (2004–05) of "NYPD Blue", she had a supporting role as Det. Laura Murphy. She appeared in fifteen episodes.  In 2005, Somerville starred as a lead role in the short-lived sitcom "Kitchen Confidential" opposite Bradley Cooper. In 2008 she starred the ABC dramedy "Cashmere Mafia", along with Lucy Liu, Miranda Otto and Frances O'Connor. She also guest-starred in CBS's "Gary Unmarried".  Somerville had small roles in the films "Spider-Man 2", "Without a Paddle", "Bedazzled", "Shades of Ray", "The Ugly Truth" and "Labor Pains". She had a lead role in the 2010 independent comedy film "The Best and the Brightest", along with Neil Patrick Harris and Amy Sedaris. She played Sam, who moves to New York City with her partner Jeff (Harris) and attempts to get their five-year-old daughter into an elite private kindergarten. In June 2010, Somerville appeared in an episode of "Royal Pains".  In 2011, Somerville starred in the Hallmark Channel Christmas television film "A Holiday Engagement", in which she sings the song "Angels We Have Heard On High".  In 2013, Somerville played Detective Mackenzie on CBS's "Golden Boy" which aired for one season.  Somerville is a singer in the group Band from TV with Greg Grunberg, Bob Guiney, James Denton, Hugh Laurie, Jesse Spencer, Barry Sarna, Brad Savage, Rich Winer and Chris Kelley.

Discography.

"Songs from Another Life" EP (2009)

Bonnie Somerville (born February 24, 1974) is an American actress and singer. She has had roles in a number of movies and television series, most notably "NYPD Blue", "Grosse Pointe", "Friends", "The O.C.", "Cashmere Mafia", "Kitchen Confidential", "Without a Paddle", and "Golden Boy". She starred as Dr. Christa Lorenson in season one of the CBS medical drama "Code Black".


Process.

Curing.

A resin impregnated felt tube made of polyester, fiberglass cloth, spread tow carbon fiber or another resin-impregnable substance, is inserted or pulled through a damaged pipe. It is usually done from the upstream access point (manhole or excavation). It is possible to insert the liner upstream (e.g. from the downstream access point) but this carries greater risk. It is possible to install a liner from the downstream access point, upstream to a blind end; however, this carries the highest risk of all the CIPP installation methods. CIPP is considered a trenchless technology. Little to no digging is involved in this trenchless process, making for a potentially more cost-effective and less disruptive method than traditional "dig and replace" pipe repair methods. The liner can be inserted using water or air pressure. The pressure required for insertion can be generated using pressure vessels, scaffolds or a "chip unit". Hot water or steam can be used to accelerate the curing rate of the resin. If a fiberglass tube is used, the curing of the resin can be triggered though the use of UV light introduced into the tube. As the resin cures, it forms a tight-fitting, joint less and corrosion-resistant replacement pipe. Service laterals are restored internally with robotically controlled cutting devices called cutters in the larger-diameter pipe. Smaller diameters (100 mm) can be opened remotely using smaller cutters designed for small diameter pipe. The service lateral connection can be sealed with specially designed CIPP materials, sometime referred to as a 'top-hat'. The resin used is typically polyester for mainline lining and epoxy for lateral lines. Since all resins shrink (epoxy resins shrink far less than poly and vinyl ester versions) and it is impossible to bond to a sewer that has fats, oils, and grease an annular space exists between the new CIPP liner and the host pipe. The annular space exists in all installations just some are larger than others and depending on the severity may need additional rehabilitation. There are multiple ways to prevent water from tracking in the annular space and entering back into the waste stream including: water swelling material (hydrophilic), lining of the entire connection and host pipe with a continuous repair (YT repair) gaskets, and point repairs placed at the ends of the host pipe.

History.

Conception.

In 1971, Eric Wood implemented the first cured-in-place pipe technology in London, England. He called the CIPP process "insitu form", derived from the Latin meaning "form in place". Wood applied for U.S. patent no. 4009063 on January 29, 1975. The patent was granted February 22, 1977, and was commercialized by Insituform Technologies until it entered the public domain on February 22, 1994.

Implementation.

The process began to be used in residential and commercial applications in Japan and Europe in the 1970s and for residential application in the United States in the 1980s.  Safety Concerns

Advantages.

As a trenchless technology, CIPP does not require excavation to rehabilitate a pipeline that is either leaking or structurally unsound. Depending upon design considerations an excavation may be made, but the liner is often installed through a manhole or other existing access point. Anything larger than 60 inches must be excavated in order to install. Liner is installed as it is wet out on site in these instances. In the case of sewerlines, lateral connections are also restored without excavation via a remote controlled device that drills a hole in the liner at the point of the lateral connection. If larger than 24" and it is safe to do so someone will reinstate laterals by hand. CIPP has a smooth interior and no joints. While CIPP can repair a pipe with bends, special design considerations must be taken into account to prevent wrinkling and stretching. CIPP can effectively reduce infiltration and leaks in pipeline systems without digging.

Disadvantages and limitations.

Except for very common sizes, liners are not usually stocked and must be made specifically for each project. CIPP requires bypass of the flow in the existing pipeline while the liner is being installed. The curing may take from one hour to 30 hours depending on pipe diameter and curing system (steam, water or uv) and must be carefully monitored, inspected, and tested. Obstructions in the existing pipeline, such as protruding laterals, must be removed prior to installation. Cost should be compared with similar methods such as Shotcrete, thermoformed pipe, close-fit pipe, spiral wound pipe and sliplining as these other methods can provide a similar design solution for similar or less cost in certain situations. CIPP must also be carefully monitored for release of chemical agents utilized in the reaction process for contamination downstream of rehabilitated pipes. The liner material used for common sizes is normally a felted fabric (non-woven) and does not go around bends well without wrinkling and going out of round on corners. Liners used for pipes with bends (particularly 100 mm pipes) are made from a woven fabric allowing it to go around bends with minimal wrinkling. The more flexible the liner, the more care needs to be taken during inversion to ensure the liner remains on the correct alignment. Once a line is repaired with the CIPP method, that line can no longer be cabled or snaked with a machine, it must be cleaned by method of Hydro jetting (AKA high-pressure water blasting)

Quality assurance and quality control.

Testing of CIPP installations is required to confirm that the materials used comply with the site and engineering requirements. Since ground and ambient installation conditions as well as crew skills can affect the success or failure of a cure cycle, testing is performed by 3rd party laboratories in normal cases and should be requested by the owner.  Samples should be representative of the installation environment since the liner is installed in the ground. Wet sandbags should be used around the restraint where the test sample will be extracted from. As with any specimen preparation for a materials test, it is important to not affect the material properties during the specimen preparation process. Research has shown that test specimen selection can have a significant effect on the CIPP flexural testing results. A technical presentation at the CERIU INFRA 2012 Infrastructures Municipales Conference in Montreal outlined the results of a research project which examined the effects of test specimen preparation on measured flexural properties. Test specimens for ASTM D790 flexural testing must meet the dimensional tolerances of ASTM D790.  The North American CIPP industry has standardized around the standard ASTM F1216 which uses test specimens oriented parallel with the pipe axis, while Europe uses the standard EN ISO 11296-4 with test specimens oriented in the hoop direction. Research has shown that flexural testing results from the same liner material are usually lower when determined using EN ISO 11296-4 as compared to ASTM F1216.

Environmental, public health, and infrastructure incidents.

Testing conducted by the Virginia Department of Transportation and university researchers from 2011 to 2013 showed that some CIPP installations can cause aquatic toxicity. A list of environmental, public health, and infrastructure incidents caused by CIPP installations as of 2013 was published by the "Journal of Environmental Engineering". In 2014, university researchers published a more detailed study in "Environmental Science & Technology" that examined CIPP condensate chemical and aquatic toxicity as well as chemical leaching from stormwater culvert CIPP installations in Alabama. In this new report additional water and air environmental contamination incidents were reported not previously described elsewhere.  In 2017, CALTRANS backed university researchers examined water impacts caused by CIPPs used for stormwater culvert repairs.  In April 2018, a study funded by six state transportation agencies (1) compiled and reviewed CIPP-related surface water contamination incidents from publicly reported data; (2) analyzed CIPP water quality impacts; (3) evaluated current construction practices for CIPP installations as reported by US state transportation agencies; and (4) reviewed current standards, textbooks, and guideline documents. In 2019, another study funded by these agencies identified actions to reduce chemical release from ultraviolet light (UV) CIPP manufacturing sites.  With proper engineering design specifications, contractor installation procedures, and construction oversight many of these problems can likely be prevented.

Worker and public safety concerns.

On July 26, 2017, Purdue University researchers published a peer-reviewed study in the American Chemical Society's journal "Environmental Science & Technology Letters" about material emissions collected and analyzed from steam cured CIPP installations in Indiana and California. To further make the study accessible to the public and CIPP worker community, the study authors set up a website and made their publication open-access, freely available for download. Purdue University professors also commented on their study and called for changes to the process to better protect workers, the public, and environment from harm.  On August 25, 2017, the National Association of Sewer Service Companies, Incorporated (NASSCO), which is a (501c6) nonprofit dedicated to "improving the success rate of everyone involved in the pipeline rehabilitation industry through education, technical resources, and industry advocacy", posted a document on its website bringing up several important concerns and unanswered questions regarding the study, and its messaging.  On September 22, 2017, NASSCO announced it would fund and coordinate an assessment of previous data and studies, and an additional study and analysis of possible risks related to the CIPP installation and curing process.  On September 25, 2017, a document was issued by the Purdue University study authors that clarified incorrect assertions put forward by others about their CIPP study.  On September 26, 2017, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published a Science Blog contribution regarding "Inhalation and Dermal Exposure Risks Associated with Sanitary Sewer, Storm Sewer, and Drinking Water Pipe Repairs".  In September 2017, the NASSCO posted a request for proposals to “review of recent publication(s) that propose the presence of organic chemicals and other available literature relating to emissions associated with the CIPP installation process, and a scope of services for additional sampling and analysis of emissions during the field installation of CIPP using the steam cure process.”  In September 2017, the California Department of Public Health issued a notice to municipalities and health officials about CIPP installations. One of several statements in this document was that "municipalities, engineers, and contractors should not tell residents the exposures are safe."  On October 5, 2017, the National Environmental Health Association sponsored a webinar about the hazards involved for workers and residents associated with cured-in-place pipe repair. The video can be found here. Several questions about the webinar, and the study have been raised, and feedback noted by industry members.  On October 25, 2017, a 22-year old CIPP worker died at a sanitary sewer worksite in Streamwood, Illinois. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) completed their investigation April 2018 and issued the company a penalty. Chemical exposure was a contributing factor in the worker fatality.  In April 2018, NASSCO issued a request for proposals to conduct a study on chemical emissions from 6 CIPP installations.

A cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) is a trenchless rehabilitation method used to repair existing pipelines. It is a jointless, seamless pipe lining within an existing pipe. As one of the most widely used rehabilitation methods, CIPP has applications in sewer, water, gas, and chemical pipelines ranging in diameter from 0.1 to 2.8 meters (2–110 inches).


Early life and education.

Campa was born in Lynwood, California and grew up in Southern California. Campa is a distinguished honor graduate of the United States Navy Senior Enlisted Academy. He also graduated from the United States Army Sergeants Major Academy in May 2003 and completed the Command Sergeants Major course. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Excelsior College. In March 2006 he graduated from the Naval War College with a Master of Arts degree in National Security and Strategic Studies.

Naval career.

Campa enlisted in the United States Navy on 2 June 1980. He completed Recruit Training and Hospital Corpsman "A" School in San Diego, California.  Campa's duty assignments include, San Diego; Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California; Seventh Marine Regiment, First Marine Division, Camp Pendleton; Naval Hospital, Long Beach, California; Third Force Service Support Group, Fleet Marine Force, Okinawa, Japan; Naval Hospital Bremerton, Washington; First Force Service Support Group during the Gulf War; San Diego, California; and Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois.  Campa was selected to the command master chief program in May 1999. He reported to in Yokosuka, Japan as command master chief in November 1999 and served until June 2002.  During his tour aboard "Curtis Wilbur", the ship deployed to the North Arabian Sea in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. From June 2003 to February 2005, Campa served as the command master chief for, homeported in Guam. He was then the command master chief at Joint Task Force Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He was sworn in as Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) 11 in July 2006.  As MCPON, Campa will be best remembered for "resetting" the Chief Petty Officers' Mess, changing the role of the chiefs from the perceived Naval Officer duties and functions they were carrying out, to more a role of "Deckplate Leadership," where chiefs are expected to "being on deck with their Sailors, directly leading & mentoring them and being the technical expert of their equipment." He created the chiefs' "Mission, Vision and Guiding Principles," a written set of expectations and guidance on how to conduct themselves as chiefs, which led to a change of the chiefs' evaluation system, using those seven "Guiding Principles" as benchmarks for grading criteria in chiefs' performance.

Retirement.

On 7 November 2008, Campa announced his plans to step down as MCPON on 12 December 2008 and to retire on 1 April 2009. On 5 December 2008, Fleet Master Chief Rick D. West was announced as the 12th MCPON. Campa received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal during his retirement ceremony.

Joe R. Campa Jr. is a retired United States Navy sailor who served as the 11th Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy.


Background.

Formerly located at 3400 Wilshire Boulevard, between Catalina Street and Mariposa Avenue in present-day Koreatown, the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles was built as part of the Ambassador Hotels System. At the time the hotel opened in January 1921, the chain consisted of the Ambassador Los Angeles, the Hotel Alexandria in Los Angeles, the Ambassador Santa Barbara, the Ambassador Atlantic City and the Ambassador New York. The Santa Barbara property burned down soon after on April 13, 1921, and the Alexandria left the chain in 1925, while the Ambassador Palm Beach joined in 1929. The Schine Family owned the Ambassador from its opening in 1921 until 1971; it was set back from Wilshire Boulevard on 24 acres, which included the main hotel, a garage and several detached bungalows.  The Ambassador Hotel was frequented by celebrities, some of whom, such as Pola Negri, resided there. From 1930 to 1943, six Academy Awards ceremonies were hosted at the hotel. Perhaps as many as seven U.S. presidents stayed at the Ambassador, from Hoover to Nixon, along with chiefs of state from around the world. For decades, the hotel's famed Cocoanut Grove nightclub hosted well-known entertainers, such as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Judy Garland, Lena Horne, Nancy Wilson, Bing Crosby, Nat King Cole, Liza Minnelli, Martin and Lewis, The Supremes, Merv Griffin, Dorothy Dandridge, Vikki Carr, Evelyn Knight, Vivian Vance, Dick Haymes, Sergio Franchi, Perry Como, Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Goodman, Sammy Davis Jr., Little Richard, Liberace, Natalie Cole, Richard Pryor and Shirley Bassey.

History.

Early history.

Designed by American architect Myron Hunt, the Ambassador Hotel opened for business at the stroke of midnight on January 1, 1921, and quickly established a new standard of hotel luxury. Guests were greeted by a grand lobby upon arrival, with an oversized Italian fireplace, crystal chandeliers, oriental carpets and luxurious draperies adorning the lobby, along with a choice of 1,000 guestrooms and bungalows. The hotel occupied 23.7 acres at 3400 Wilshire Boulevard, bordered by Wilshire Boulevard at the north, 8th Street at the south, Catalina Street at the east, and nearly to Mariposa Avenue at the west. When the hotel's Cocoanut Grove nightclub opened on April 21, 1921, it had officially solidified the hotel's social scene. In the 1980 book, Are the Stars Out Tonight?, former Ambassador PR Director, Margaret Tante Burk, recalls the Grove's opening night:  "...on the night of April 21, 1921... the new club officially opened its Moroccan style, gold leaf and etched palm tree doors... The Cocoanut Grove was aptly named, guests agreed as they were escorted by the maître de and captains down the wide plush grand staircase... Overhead, soaring about the room were cocoanut trees of papier mache, cocoanuts and palm fronds which had been rescued from the sandy beaches of Oxnard where they had served as atmosphere of the 1921 classic, The Sheik. Swinging from their branches were stuffed monkeys blinking at the revelers with their electrified amber eyes. Stars twinkled in the blue ceiling sky, and on the southernmost wall hung a full Hawaiian moon presiding over a painted landscape and splashing waterfall. The Cocoanut Grove was frequented by celebrities such as Louis B. Mayer, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Howard Hughes, Clara Bow, Rudolph Valentino, Gloria Swanson, Anna May Wong, Norma Talmadge and others. According to "Photoplay", Joan Crawford and Carole Lombard were frequent competitors in the Charleston contests held on Friday nights; Lombard was discovered at the Grove. The famous artificial palm trees that adorned the Cocoanut Grove were left from Rudolph Valentino's 1921 silent romantic drama film The Sheik. The names of the hotel and its nightclub quickly became synonymous with glamour. As a result, “Cocoanut Grove" would become a trendy name for bars and clubs across the United States.  Beginning in 1928, Gus Arnheim led the Cocoanut Grove Orchestra, in which six to seven songs were sung each night. At one point, there was a two-hour broadcast of the orchestra on radio. By the 1930s, the Cocoanut Grove was frequented by cinema stars like Norma Shearer, Irving Thalberg, Clark Gable, Katharine Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, Cary Grant, John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Loretta Young, Lucille Ball, Ginger Rogers and countless others. On February 29, 1940, the 1939 Academy Awards Ceremony was held in the Cocoanut Grove, with Bob Hope hosting the awards.  During World War II, servicemen from the U.S. military mingled with movie stars at the hotel during numerous galas and fundraising events to help with war efforts.  Loyce Whiteman, singer for the Cocoanut Grove Orchestra, recalled, "the most beautiful thing about the Grove is that they stood in front of you when you sang and just swayed to the music. Joan Crawford would stand at the stand and sing a couple of choruses with the band. It was a house full of stars."

Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.

On June 5, 1968, the winner of the California Democratic presidential primary election, United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy, was addressing a speech at the Ambassador Hotel to an excited crowd of hopeful supporters. After the brief victory speech in the Embassy Room, Kennedy was shot three times along with five other people in the pantry area of the hotel's main kitchen soon after midnight. Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan was arrested at the scene and later convicted of the murder. Kennedy died the following day due to his injuries, while the other victims survived from their wounds at Good Samaritan Hospital. During the demolition of the Ambassador Hotel in late 2005 and early 2006, portions of the area where the 1968 shooting occurred were eliminated from the site. The section of Wilshire Boulevard in front of the hotel has been signed the "Robert F. Kennedy Parkway".

Decline and closure.

The death of Robert F. Kennedy marked the demise of the hotel coinciding with the decline of the surrounding neighborhood during the late 1960s and 1970s. The area also saw a surge of illegal drugs, poverty, and gang activity infiltrating the Wilshire corridor. Under the direction of Sammy Davis, Jr., the “Now Grove” replaced the classic Cocoanut Grove in 1970 in order to appeal to a modern nightclub crowd. However, patrons lost interest in both the hotel and the neighborhood surrounding it, which caused the Ambassador Hotel to fall into disrepair throughout the years. Because of this the Ambassador Hotel closed to guests in 1989, but it remained opened for filming and hosting private events. In 1991, Donald Trump, who had bought the hotel in hopes of tearing it down to build a 125-story building, sold off silver serving platters with the hotel's eagle-topped crest, tiki-style soup bowls from the famed Cocoanut Grove nightclub, and beds and nightstands from the rooms.

Preservation efforts.

From 2004 and 2005, the Ambassador Hotel became the topic of a legal struggle between the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), which planned to clear the site and construct a school on the property, and the Los Angeles Conservancy and the Art Deco Society of Los Angeles, who wanted the hotel and its various elements preserved and integrated into the future school.  The Location Managers Guild organized an event together with the Jefferson High School Academy of Film and Television in March 2005, entitled "Last Looks: The Ambassador Hotel". They mentored students in script breakdown and location scouting, using the hotel as a potential location to be scouted, documenting the property one last time. The images taken by both the students and the professionals were then exhibited side by side at Los Angeles City Hall.  After much litigation, a settlement was attained at the end of August 2005, allowing the demolition to begin in exchange for the establishment of a $4.9 million fund, reserved for saving historic school buildings in the Los Angeles Unified School District.

Demolition.

On September 10, 2005, a final public auction was held for the remaining fittings in the hotel's parking lot, with demolition commencing soon afterwards. On January 16, 2006, the last section of the Ambassador Hotel fell, leaving only the annex that housed the hotel's entrance, shopping arcade, coffee shop, and the Cocoanut Grove, which were promised to be preserved in some manner and integrate within the new school.  A wake attended by hundreds of people was held for the Ambassador Hotel on February 2, 2006 at the Gaylord Apartments and adjoining restaurant H.M.S. Bounty, both part of a historic building built during 1924, directly across the street from the Ambassador Hotel. Diane Keaton, who was one of many who fought for the preservation of the hotel, was among the speakers of the ceremony.  The Cocoanut Grove was renovated several times before, destroying much of its architectural integrity, and it was promised that it would undergo yet another major transformation before becoming the auditorium for the new school. Also promised was preservation of the attached ground floor coffee shop, designed by noted architect Paul Williams. Due to claims of poor structural integrity, however, the LAUSD decided to demolish most of the Cocoanut Grove, retaining only the hotel entrance and east wall of the Grove.

New school.

The Central Los Angeles New Learning Center #1 K–3, and Central Los Angeles New Learning Center #1 4–8/HS, along with the Robert F. Kennedy Inspiration Park, were built on the site.  The six schools were named as the Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools. The K–3 facility opened on September 9, 2009 and the 4–8 and high school facility began operation on September 14, 2010. The north side of the new school has a slightly similar appearance to the original facade of the hotel and north lawns will remain much the same, as seen from Wilshire Boulevard.

Filming.

The Ambassador Hotel was a popular filming location and backdrop for movies and television programs, starting with Jean Harlow's 1933 film "Bombshell". An early MGM color short film, "Starlit Days at the Lido" (1935), was filmed in the Lido Spa at the Ambassador Hotel, of a lunchtime tea dance featuring the Henry Busse band and vocalists, novelty acts with Arthur Lake, Cliff Edwards and Ben Turpin, with chorus girls and reaction shots of "guests", including Francis Lederer, Buster Crabbe, John Boles and MC Reginald Denny.  Throughout the 1980s and early 2000s, the hotel would be used in several movies and television shows such as "Forrest Gump", "Murder, She Wrote", "Beverly Hills 90210", "S.W.A.T.", "The Italian Job", "Blow", "Mafia!", and much more. This is due to the fact that the hotel had various rooms that could be conveniently utilized in filming, while also not having to deal with hotel guests or disturbing other people. Due to its time capsule environment, it was a perfect location to represent any 1950s through 1970s period hotels, as in "Almost Famous", "Apollo 13", "Catch Me If You Can", "Hoffa", and "That Thing You Do".  The last project to specifically film in the infamous kitchen was "Spin the Bottle", a 2004 episode of the TV series "Angel". The 2006 film "Bobby" was the last project to physically film on the hotel property, gaining access in late 2005 to film crucial establishing shots even while portions of the hotel were already in the process of being demolished.  In addition, the Ambassador itself has been memorialized as a "character" in films. The Cocoanut Grove was recreated for the 2004 movie "The Aviator", while the 1999 film "The Thirteenth Floor" recreates the hotel when the main characters visit 1937 Los Angeles.  The Cocoanut Grove hosted musician Roy Orbison and several performers in September 1987 for the television special "", first shown on Cinemax in early 1988. Rock band Linkin Park held their press photo shoot for their 2003 album "Meteora" at the hotel. Guns N' Roses filmed the music video for their song, "Patience", in the hotel in 1989. R&B singer Chuckii Booker filmed the music video for his song "Games" from the album "Niice 'n Wiild" at the hotel in 1992. The hotel also served as the filming location for the music video of the 1997 Marilyn Manson single "Long Hard Road Out of Hell" off the soundtrack for the Todd McFarlane motion picture "Spawn". Rock band 311 used the lobby of hotel as the backdrop for a photo shoot of the album cover of their 2003 album "Evolver".  A feature-length documentary film by Camilo Silva, "After 68: The Rise and Fall of the Ambassador Hotel", is being made with an estimated release date in 2014. In a 2013 interview Silva reported that the film was "about half" shot.

The Ambassador Hotel was a hotel in Los Angeles, California. Designed by architect Myron Hunt, the Ambassador Hotel formally opened to the public on January 1, 1921. With its Mediterranean styling, tile floors, Italian stone fireplaces and semi-tropical courtyard, the Ambassador enchanted guests for over six decades. Later renovations by architect Paul Williams were made to the hotel in the late 1940s. It was also home to the Cocoanut Grove nightclub, Los Angeles’ premier night spot for decades; host to six Oscar ceremonies and to every United States President from Herbert Hoover to Richard Nixon.


Effects.

The spill affected one-third of Lebanon's coastline. Beaches and rocks were covered in a black sludge up to Byblos, north of Beirut and extended into the southern parts of Syria. The slick killed fish, and threatens the habitat of the endangered green sea turtle as well as the endangered logger head sea turtle.

International response.

United Nations.

The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution by 170 votes to 6 (Australia, Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau, and United States voting against) calling upon Israel to assume responsibility for compensation for the costs of repairing the environmental damage and restoration of the marine environment.  In the United Nations Second Committee where the draft resolution was discussed, the United States explained its opposition in terms of its one-sided and inappropriate nature, while Canada felt that "the General Assembly was not the appropriate forum to address questions of legal liability or compensation of the cost of repairing environmental damage". Israel objected to the omission of any mention of "the entire reason for the conflict", namely that "Hizbollah terrorists had crossed an internationally recognized border into Israel and kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers", as well as the lack of concern for the "half a million trees and 52,000 dunams of forest that had burnt down in Israel as a result of fires caused by Hizbollah rockets; the 25 Israeli cement and asbestos buildings that had been damaged, polluting an area of 20,000 square metres; or the direct hit by a Katyusha rocket on a sludge-thickening plant in Tzafat."  The estimate by the UN of the cost of the oil spill in terms of harm to the Lebanese economy and cleaning up operations is $203million. Israel has refused to answer any request for compensation.  Following this there was a precise rerun of the discussion and vote in December 2007, with the Australia, Canada, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau and the United States coming out again against a General Assembly Resolution requesting Israel to take responsibility. In its defence the ambassador from Israel said the failure to mention the environmental catastrophes in Israel (half a million trees on fire), as well as the entire cause of the conflict (Hizbollah crossing the southern border of Lebanon to kidnap Israeli soldiers) proved that the resolution was an act of political demonization.

Media awareness.

A documentary by Hady Zaccak called "The Oil Spill in Lebanon" won first prize at the "European and Mediterranean Film Festival on the TV of the Sea"

Clean-up effort.

The Lebanon Ministry of Environment, with the help of many donor countries and non-profit organizations, has been working on the clean-up effort. This includes legal issues, such as compensation, which is being dealt with through the United Nations General Assembly. The government of Israel has still, to this day, not compensated the government of Lebanon for the damage that was done. The requests of compensation from the United Nations to the government of Israel went unanswered. The objective of the entire project is to manage the environmental catastrophe by attaining funds to complete the clean-up. The total amount that was raised by donor countries and organizations was $2,919,400. Cleanup work was funded by the country of Japan through the UNDP and by the country of Norway through the Higher Relief Commission in Lebanon. Expenditures between the years of 2006 and 2007 where estimated to be around $1,835,587. The clean-up effort included the Dalieh Fishermen's wharf and three sites between Jadra and Ras al Saadiyat and three sites between Jieh and Beirut. Surveys of the coasts from Southern to Norther Lebanon took place in coordination with surveys of the underwater shorelines. A comprehensive shoreline survey of the catastrophic oil spill was put into action from the southern city of Tyre to the northern border of Lebanon, and it was undertaken between the months of November and December 2008, with funding from the International Development Agency of the Canadian government through UNDP in coordination with the Ministry of the Environment of Lebanon and under its technical supervision. The findings were finally, and with long anticipation, published by the United Nations in September 2009. Minor and pre-final clean-up activities at about 12 sites along the Lebanese coast, with a total length of approximately 7.5 kilometers, were quickly put into play and monitored by the Ministry of the Environment of the government of Lebanon.  A waste management project was also put in place in order to safely collect and transport the polluting material from the shorelines to temporary storage sites. The most recent United Nations report was published on August 7, 2009. This was the final report made by the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly decided to establish an Eastern Mediterranean Oil Spill Restoration Trust Fund, based on contributions from donor countries and organizations, to provide assistance and support to the States directly and adversely affected in their management of an environmentally sound sea and wildlife, from clean-up process to safe disposal of the oily waste that is on the shorelines, of this environmental disaster caused by the destruction of the oil storage tanks at the Jieh electric power plant in Lebanon.

The Jiyeh Power Station oil spill is an environmental disaster caused by the release of heavy fuel oil into the eastern Mediterranean after storage tanks at the thermal power station in Jiyeh, Lebanon, south of Beirut, were bombed by the Israeli Air force on July 14 and July 15, 2006 during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. The plant's damaged tanks leaked up to 30,000 tonnes of oil into the eastern Mediterranean Sea, A 10 km wide oil slick covered 170 km of coastline, and threatened Turkey and Cyprus. The slick killed fish, threatened the habitat of endangered green sea turtles, and potentially increased the risk of cancer.


Musical career.

Born in Tbilisi, the capital of then-Soviet Georgia, he graduated from the Tbilisi State Conservatoire and continued his studies at the Bolshoi school. He made a student debut in Tbilisi in 1976 and then took part in several singing competitions, including at the Bolshoi in Moscow, where he sang in "Boris Godunov". Early in his career, Burchuladze sang Leporello ("Don Giovanni"), Prince Gremin ("Eugene Onegin"), and King Rene ("Iolanta") for the Tbilisi Opera House. Burchuladze was further trained in Milan from 1978 to 1981 and sang Banquo, Pagano ("I Lombardi"), Walter ("Luisa Miller") and Zaccaria ("Nabucco") at La Scala.  During his career, which spanned more than three decades, Burchuladze made appearances across the world's leading opera houses. He debuted at the Covent Garden in 1984 as Ramfis ("Aida") and then appeared as Don Basilio ("The Barber of Seville"), Khan Konchak ("Prince Igor"), Boris Godunov, and the Inquisitor ("Fiery Angel"). His United States debut was at Philadelphia, in 1987, as Boris. He also sang Basilio, Boris, and the Commendatore ("Don Giovanni") at the Metropolitan. His other notable roles are Silva ("Ernani"), Fiesco ("Simon Boccanegra"), Philip II, Boito's Mefistofele, and Dosifey ("Khovanshchina"). He also made several recordings.  According to the musicologist Elizabeth Forbes, Burchuladze's "magnificent dark-toned voice and imposing stature are ideal for both the Russian repertory and Giuseppe Verdi's bass roles". He has also been described by classical music critics as acting "sly, gravelly", being "imposing", and "wonderfully menacing". Burchuladze announced he was leaving music to focus on his new political role in May 2016.

Charity work and civil activities.

Burchuladze set up the charity foundation Iavnana in January 2004 and through it organized dozens of concerts and events to support vulnerable children and families in Georgia. He was the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador in 2006 and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in Georgia in 2010.  In November 2015, Burchuladze established the Georgian Development Foundation, a civic movement, which was expected to turn into a political party ahead of the scheduled October 2016 parliamentary election. Burchuladze emphasized that his new organization was not a political party and described it as a pro-democracy and pro-Western advocacy group. He set up offices in Washington and Los Angeles with the declared aim to raise awareness of Georgia in the United States, whose help, according to Burchuladze, was essential in reducing threats coming from Russia.  A March 2016 opinion poll commissioned by the International Republican Institute showed Burchuladze's Georgian Development Foundation as being not too far behind from the ruling Georgian Dream coalition and the main opposition United National Movement, garnering 12%, 19%, and 18%, respectively. On 12 May 2016, Burchuladze announced the foundation of a new political organization, State for the People, and his intention to take part in the upcoming parliamentary election. Two months after the party's failure in the election, in December 2016, Burchuladze announced his withdrawal from politics and return to opera. In July 2017, Burchuladze became the director of the opera division of the Moscow-based Mikhailovsky Theater, one of Russia's oldest opera and ballet houses.

Paata Burchuladze () (born 12 February 1955) is a Georgian operatic bass and civil activist. After his debut in his native Tbilisi in 1976, he embarked on a 35-year-long musical career during which he made appearances at leading opera houses across Europe and the United States. Through his foundation, he became involved in children charity in Georgia in 2004. From May to December 2016, Burchuladze briefly entered politics of Georgia, founding the political party State for the People to challenge the incumbent Georgian Dream coalition government in the scheduled October 2016 parliamentary election, in which the party failed to win any seat in the legislature. Since July 2017, Burchuladze has been leading the opera division of Moscow's Mikhailovsky Theatre, one of Russia's oldest opera and ballet houses.


Location.

Sembabule District is bordered by Mubende District to the north, Gomba District to the northeast, Bukomansimbi District to the east, Lwengo District to the south, Lyantonde District to the southwest, and Kiruhura District to the northwest. The town of Sembabule is approximately, by road, northwest of Masaka, the largest town in the sub-region.

Overview.

Sembabule District was carved out of Masaka District in 1997. The district is generally a rural district that receives relatively low rainfall and has long dry spells. This greatly affects agriculture, but cattle keeping is not seriously affected. Some cattle are reared on ranches. Ranching and dairy farming are the backbone of the district's economy.  Administratively, the district has two counties (Lwemiyaga and Mawogola Counties) that are divided into the following sub-counties:

Population.

In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 144,040. The 2002 national census estimated the population at 180,050, with an annual growth rate of 2 percent. In 2012, the population was estimated at 219,600.

Economic activities.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the district economy. Agriculture involves both crop and animal husbandry. Because of the relatively dry climate, cattle ranching for beef and dairy farming are the most important economic activities in the district. Fish farming is being implemented increasingly in the district as well. The produce of the district is marketed in Uganda's larger cities and in area towns including Kampala, Masaka, and Rakai. The crops grown for food and sale include:

Points of interest.

In the region around Bwera, there is a site known as Bigo bya Mugenyi, which appears to be the location of human settlement dating back to the late Iron Age (1200 - 1000BC). Excavations at the site have yielded iron blades (most probably used for harvesting grain), pottery with simple decorations, cattle dung, and post-holes for fencing.

Sembabule District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Sembabule is the site of the district headquarters. Other urban centers in the district include Lwemiyaga and Ntuusi.


CVE identifiers.

MITRE Corporation's documentation defines CVE Identifiers (also called "CVE names", "CVE numbers", "CVE-IDs", and "CVEs") as unique, common identifiers for publicly known information-security vulnerabilities in publicly released software packages. Historically, CVE identifiers had a status of "candidate" ("CAN-") and could then be promoted to entries ("CVE-"), however this practice was ended some time ago and all identifiers are now assigned as CVEs. The assignment of a CVE number is not a guarantee that it will become an official CVE entry (e.g. a CVE may be improperly assigned to an issue which is not a security vulnerability, or which duplicates an existing entry).  CVEs are assigned by a CVE Numbering Authority (CNA); there are three primary types of CVE number assignments:  When investigating a vulnerability or potential vulnerability it helps to acquire a CVE number early on. CVE numbers may not appear in the MITRE or NVD CVE databases for some time (days, weeks, months or potentially years) due to issues that are embargoed (the CVE number has been assigned but the issue has not been made public), or in cases where the entry is not researched and written up by MITRE due to resource issues. The benefit of early CVE candidacy is that all future correspondence can refer to the CVE number. Information on getting CVE identifiers for issues with open source projects is available from Red Hat.  CVEs are for software that has been publicly released; this can include betas and other pre-release versions if they are widely used. Commercial software is included in the "publicly released" category, however custom-built software that is not distributed would generally not be given a CVE. Additionally services (e.g. a Web-based email provider) are not assigned CVEs for vulnerabilities found in the service (e.g. an XSS vulnerability) unless the issue exists in an underlying software product that is publicly distributed.

CVE data fields.

The CVE database contains several fields:

Description.

This is a standardized text description of the issue(s). One common entry is:  This means that the entry number has been reserved by Mitre for an issue or a CNA has reserved the number. So in the case where a CNA requests a block of CVE numbers in advance (e.g. Red Hat currently requests CVEs in blocks of 500), the CVE number will be marked as reserved even though the CVE itself may not be assigned by the CNA for some time. Until the CVE is assigned AND Mitre is made aware of it (i.e., the embargo passes and the issue is made public), AND Mitre has researched the issue and written a description of it, entries will show up as "**RESERVED **".

References.

This is a list of URLs and other information  This is the date the entry was created. For CVEs assigned directly by Mitre, this is the date Mitre created the CVE entry. For CVEs assigned by CNAs (e.g. Microsoft, Oracle, HP, Red Hat, etc.) this is also the date that was created by Mitre, not by the CNA. The case where a CNA requests a block of CVE numbers in advance (e.g. Red Hat currently requests CVEs in blocks of 500) the entry date that CVE is assigned to the CNA.

Obsolete fields.

The following fields were previously used in older CVE records, but are no longer used.

Changes to syntax.

In order to support CVE ID's beyond CVE-YEAR-9999 (aka the CVE10k problem, cf. year 10,000 problem) a change was made to the CVE syntax in 2014 and took effect on Jan 13, 2015.  The new CVE-ID syntax is variable length and includes:  CVE prefix + Year + Arbitrary Digits  NOTE: The variable length arbitrary digits will begin at four (4) fixed digits and expand with arbitrary digits only when needed in a calendar year, for example, CVE-YYYY-NNNN and if needed CVE-YYYY-NNNNN, CVE-YYYY-NNNNNN, and so on. This also means there will be no changes needed to previously assigned CVE-IDs, which all include a minimum of 4 digits.

CVE SPLIT and MERGE.

CVE attempts to assign one CVE per security issue, however in many cases this would lead to an extremely large number of CVEs (e.g. where several dozen cross-site scripting vulnerabilities are found in a PHP application due to lack of use of codice_1 or the insecure creation of files in codice_2). To deal with this there are guidelines (subject to change) that cover the splitting and merging of issues into distinct CVE numbers. As a general guideline one should first consider issues to be merged, then issues should be split by the type of vulnerability (e.g. buffer overflow vs. stack overflow), then by the software version affected (e.g. if one issue affects version 1.3.4 through 2.5.4 and the other affects 1.3.4 through 2.5.8 they would be SPLIT) and then by the reporter of the issue (e.g. Alice reports one issue and Bob reports another issue the issues would be SPLIT into separate CVE numbers). Another example is Alice reports a /tmp file creation vulnerability in version 1.2.3 and earlier of ExampleSoft web browser, in addition to this issue several other codice_2 file creation issues are found, in some cases this may be considered as two reporters (and thus SPLIT into two separate CVEs, or if Alice works for ExampleSoft and an ExampleSoft internal team finds the rest it may be MERGE'ed into a single CVE). Conversely, issues can be merged, e.g. if Bob finds 145 XSS vulnerabilities in ExamplePlugin for ExampleFrameWork regardless of the versions affected and so on they may be merged into a single CVE.

Search CVE identifiers.

The Mitre CVE database can be searched at the CVE List Search, and the NVD CVE database can be searched at Search CVE and CCE Vulnerability Database.

CVE usage.

CVE identifiers are intended for use with respect to identifying vulnerabilities: Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) is a dictionary of common names (i.e., CVE Identifiers) for publicly known information security vulnerabilities. CVE’s common identifiers make it easier to share data across separate network security databases and tools, and provide a baseline for evaluating the coverage of an organization’s security tools. If a report from one of your security tools incorporates CVE Identifiers, you may then quickly and accurately access fix information in one or more separate CVE-compatible databases to remediate the problem. Users who have been assigned a CVE identifier for a vulnerability are encouraged to ensure that they place the identifier in any related security reports, web pages, emails, and so on.

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system provides a reference-method for publicly known information-security vulnerabilities and exposures. The National Cybersecurity FFRDC, operated by the Mitre Corporation, maintains the system, with funding from the National Cyber Security Division of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The system was officially launched for the public in September 1999.


Personal life.

Cottrell-Boyce was born in 1959 in Rainhill, to a Catholic family. He attended St Bartholomew's Primary School in Rainhill and West Park Grammar School.  He read English at Keble College, Oxford, where he went on to earn a doctorate. He wrote criticism for the magazine "Living Marxism". As a result, there was supposedly always a copy of the magazine on sale in the newsagent set of long-running British soap "Coronation Street", while Cottrell Boyce was on the writing staff of that programme.  The then Frank Boyce met Denise Cottrell, a fellow Keble undergraduate, and they married in Keble College chapel. Together they have seven children. He is also a patron of the Insight Film Festival, a biennial, interfaith festival held in Manchester, UK, to make positive contributions to understanding, respect and community cohesion. His favourite foods are fish finger sandwiches, marmite and wine gums.

Career.

After he met Michael Winterbottom, the two collaborated on "Forget About Me". Winterbottom made five further films based on screenplays written by Cottrell-Boyce, "Butterfly Kiss", "Welcome to Sarajevo", "The Claim", "24 Hour Party People" and "Code 46". Their 2005 collaboration, "A Cock and Bull Story", is their last according to Cottrell-Boyce, who asked that his contribution be credited to "Martin Hardy", a pseudonym. He told "Variety", "I just had to move on... what better way to walk away than by giving Winterbottom a good script for free?"  Other film directors Cottrell-Boyce has worked with include Danny Boyle ("Millions"), Alex Cox ("Revengers Tragedy"), Richard Laxton ("Grow Your Own") and Anand Tucker ("Hilary and Jackie").  Cottrell-Boyce has been praised by Roger Ebert as one of the few truly inventive modern-day screenwriters. He has spoken against the "three-act structure" and the "hero's journey" formulas, which are often regarded as axiomatic truths in the business.  In addition to original scripts, Cottrell-Boyce has also adapted novels for the screen and written children's fiction. His first novel "Millions" was based on his own screenplay for the film of the same name; it was published by Macmillan in 2004. Cottrell-Boyce won the annual Carnegie Medal from the British librarians, recognising it as the year's best children's book published in the U.K. His next novel "Framed", he made the shortlist for both the Carnegie and the Whitbread Children's Book Award. He adapted it as a screenplay for a 2009 BBC television film. He made the Carnegie shortlist again for "Cosmic" (2008). In 2011, he was commissioned to write a sequel to the Ian Fleming children's book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, which was published in October 2011 as "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Flies Again" In addition to "Coronation Street", he wrote many episodes of the soap opera "Brookside", as well as its spin-off "Damon and Debbie".  He wrote and staged his first original theatre production "Proper Clever" at the Liverpool Playhouse during the city's European Capital of Culture Year, in 2008. On 18 September 2010, he co-presented the Papal Visit at Hyde Park with TV personality Carol Vorderman. In June 2012, he assumed the position of Professor of Reading (the first such professorship) at Liverpool Hope University.  Cottrell-Boyce was the writer of the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, whose storyline he based on Shakespeare's "The Tempest". He collaborated with director Danny Boyle and other members of the creative team, including designer Mark Tildesley, in the development of the story and themes, and wrote "short documents that told the story of each segment" to provide context for choreographers, builders and other participants. He also wrote the brochure, the stadium announcements and the media guide for presenter Huw Edwards.  Three months later, Cottrell-Boyce won the 2012 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize for "The Unforgotten Coat". That story of a crosscultural friendship was inspired by a Mongolian girl he met as a writer visiting her school, whose family was subsequently deported by the British immigration office. It was commissioned by Reader Organisation of Liverpool and 50,000 copies were given away. The Guardian Prize is judged by a panel of British children's writers and recognises the year's best book by an author who has not yet won it. Interviewed by the sponsoring newspaper, Cottrell Boyce told "The Guardian" that "I'm definitely a children's writer[;] that's what I want to be. I'm always trying to get rid of everything else.... The movies I'm doing are ones that have been on the blocks for a long time."  Cottrell-Boyce was made an Honorary Doctor of Literature at Edge Hill University on 16 July 2013. In 2014, Cottrell-Boyce wrote an episode of "Doctor Who", titled "In the Forest of the Night". He also wrote the second episode of the tenth series, "Smile". In September 2015, Cottrell-Boyce held the keynote speech at the Children ́s and Young Adult Program of the 15th international literature festival berlin.  In January 2018, he was on the victorious Keble College, Oxford "University Challenge" "famous alumni" team; he got almost all of the points scored by Keble (total score 240) and was lionized on social media as a consequence; Reading University scored 0 in that game, thus making television history.

Cottrell-Boyce has won two major British awards for children's books, the 2004 Carnegie Medal for "Millions", which originated as a film script, and the 2012 Guardian Prize for "The Unforgotten Coat", which was commissioned by a charity.


Education and career.

Born in Washington, D.C., Taylor received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Barnard College in 1954. She received a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1957. She was an attorney in the Office of Solicitor of the United States Department of Labor in Washington, D.C. from 1957 to 1960. She was an assistant prosecutor in Wayne County, Michigan from 1961 to 1962. She was an Assistant United States Attorney of the Eastern District of Michigan in Detroit, Michigan in 1966. She was a legislative assistant and Detroit office manager for United States Representative Charles Diggs from 1967 to 1970. She was in private practice of law in Detroit from 1970 to 1975. She was an adjunct professor at the Wayne State University School of Labor and Industrial Relations from 1972 to 1975. She was the supervising assistant corporation counsel for the City of Detroit Law Department from 1975 to 1979. She was an adjunct professor at Wayne State University Law School from 1976 to 1977.

Federal judicial service.

Taylor was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on May 17, 1979, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 31, 1979, and received her commission on November 2, 1979. She served as Chief Judge from 1996 to 1998. She assumed senior status on December 31, 1998, serving in that status until her death on November 4, 2017, in Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, after battling an illness.

Personal.

In 1960, Taylor married United States Representative Charles Diggs; they divorced in 1971. In 1976, she married S. Martin Taylor, a regent of the University of Michigan.

"ACLU v. NSA".

In 2006, Taylor was the first federal judge to rule on the legal and constitutional issues of the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy. Her ruling in "ACLU v. NSA" held that the domestic wiretapping conducted by the National Security Agency without court approval violates the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and is unconstitutional. She granted a permanent injunction to halt it. The ruling, whose effect was stayed pending appellate proceedings, sparked a vigorous political and legal controversy. She declined to rule on the legality of the alleged NSA call database, on state-secrets grounds. The quality and comprehensiveness of her opinion have been criticized by some legal experts.  The conservative watchdog organization Judicial Watch has alleged that Taylor may have had a conflict of interest in the case, because, according to Judicial Watch she is or was secretary and trustee for the Community Foundation for Southeastern Michigan (CFSEM), a group that made a $45,000 grant over two years to the ACLU of Michigan, the plaintiff in "ACLU v. NSA" in whose favor Taylor ruled.  Taylor's ruling was subsequently overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. By a 2-1 vote, the appellate court held that the plaintiffs lacked standing, and vacated the portion of Taylor's ruling concerning warrantless wiretaps.

Anna Katherine Johnston Diggs Taylor (born Anna Katherine Johnston) (December 9, 1932 – November 4, 2017) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.


Plot.

In the present day, a widow mourns the death of her husband. She covers up the TV set and all the mirrors in the house.  Her grown children are baffled by this behavior, asking why their mother has suddenly become Orthodox Jewish. The mother will not discuss her past, but her daughter wants to know what happened. Learning of a woman (Lena) who "saved" her mother during the war, she goes to Germany to learn the whole story. She finds Lena, who willingly reminisces about World War II, about her situation and the mother's childhood as a Jew growing up in Germany during the war. Lena herself is a German woman whose Jewish husband was persecuted by the Nazis while the little girl (the widow mother) loses her own mother to the Nazi concentration camps. The principal focus of the film addresses what happened to those who were in a mixed marriage ("Aryan"/Jewish). Amid constant flashbacks, the film pieces together the story of the Rosenstrasse protest, where the women waited for seven days and nights outside of a Nazi jail for their Jewish husbands. The protests took place in Berlin during the winter of 1943.

Production.

"Rosenstraße" was Margarethe von Trotta's first film since 1995. Due to funding problems, she had to choose between retreating to academia (as some of her colleagues did) or doing more TV production work.

Accolades.

The film won a David at the David di Donatello Awards. Franz Rath won for Best Cinematography at the Bavarian Film Awards and the UNICEF Award at the Venice Film Festival.

Reception.

Rosenstraße received notable criticism from film critics and historians alike. In particular, the film's explicit claim to give an accurate account of the Rosenstraße protest has caused historians to point out not only a number of minor flaws in the logic of the film, but also some major points where "Rosenstraße" did not stick to the facts. Among others, historian Beate Meyer compared fact and fiction in a detailed treatment, and came to the conclusion that "Rosenstraße" was a projection of contemporary hopes and myths on history, resulting in a utopia. The audience would inevitably come to wonder how the holocaust could occur "if only seven days of steadfastness would have sufficed to prevent it from happening."

Rosenstraße is a 2003 film directed by Margarethe von Trotta, starring Maria Schrader and Katja Riemann. It deals with the Rosenstrasse protest of 1943.


Background.

In the wake of Hariri's assassination on 14 February 2005, Annan dispatched a fact-finding mission to investigate the killing. Arriving in Beirut on 25 February, the mission interviewed Lebanese officials and politicians, from both the government and opposition, studied the Lebanese investigation and legal proceedings, examined the crime scene and collected evidence. It also interviewed witnesses.

Summary.

The report comments on the political polarization in Lebanon between those who blame pro-Syrian government, and even Syria itself, for the murder, and those who accuse "the enemies of Syria" of carrying out the crime in order to set Syria up. The report emphasizes that it is impossible to identify the culprit until the perpetrators have been brought to justice, but blames the Syrian government, which it charges with exerting "influence that goes beyond the reasonable exercise of cooperative or neighborly relations", with primary responsibility for the political tension that preceded the assassination, by its "(interference) with the details of governance in Lebanon in a heavy-handed and inflexible manner".  It also charges the Lebanese government with "a failure... to provide adequate protection for its citizens", thereby contributing to "the propagation of a culture of intimidation and impunity", and accuses the Lebanese security forces with "serious and systematic negligence in carrying out the duties usually performed by a professional national security apparatus". The report accuses the Lebanese authorities of not investigating the crime seriously enough, and of failing to pursue the investigation "in accordance with acceptable international standards." The acceptability of the results is further compromised, the report says, by the lack of trust of the Lebanese population. In addition, Lebanese investigators are accused of fabricating, falsifying, manipulating, and destroying evidence. Among other things, automobile parts were allegedly planted at the scene of the crime and used as "evidence".  The report goes on to judge as "more than doubtful" the ability of an international commission to carry out a satisfactory investigation while the Lebanese security forces remain under their present leadership, and calls for extensive reforms in the security services, with the assistance of the international community.

The "Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon inquiring into the causes, circumstances and consequences of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, 25 February - 24 March 2005", better known as the FitzGerald Report, is the outcome of an inquiry, ordered by the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan and conducted by Irish deputy police commissioner Peter FitzGerald, into the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005..


Facilities.

Kalpakkam is a well built and planned township. There is peace and serenity throughout. The backwaters add beauty to the township where fishermen cast their nets. There is greenery everywhere. The schools present in the township are Atomic Energy Central School (AECS 1 and 2), Kendriya Vidyalaya-1, Kendriya Vidyalaya-2, Govt Hr. Secondary School and Infant Jesus Matric Hr. Sec. School on Pudupattinam, with AECS-1 being the best among all. The township is split into two sides: the Sadras and Pudupattinam sides. Both sides have similar facilities and also good facilities for sports, but Pudupattinam has more complete and bigger facilities, such as the hospital and the General Services Organization (GSO). The two sides are separated by two bridges over the canal which joins the sea nearby and well over the backwater with thousands of jellyfish moving underneath. Also, the backwater is a visiting place by many migratory birds especially the rarely seen Siberian crane in the depths of winter. The backwater can be clearly seen through the compound walls of K.V-2 in Sadras.

Recreation.

Until a few years ago, the beach at Kalpakkam used to be lined with casuarina trees and only a few weeds. Nowadays, to avoid the widespread damage in case of a tsunami again, weed growth is starting to dominate, which the locals are fighting to keep in check. Also, a tsunami wall has been built across the seashore in case of another tsunami. The relatively calm waters are free of sharks.  Kalpakkam is also very close to Mamallapuram, a tourist destination near Chennai. The environment within the township has been maintained for over 30 years. The township contains numerous trees and various parks, and recreation facilities, including tennis courts, music, dance, swimming academies and other sport activities.

NESCO.

NESCO (Nuclear Employee Sports and Cultural Organisation), previously KRC (Kalpakkam Recreation Centre) is governed by an elected employee council. It offers various facilities for members: Swimming, Movies, Basketball, Volleyball, Football, Badminton, Carrom, Chess, Table Tennis and a Gym. There is also a tennis court and Swimming pool where competitions are held annually.

Bus routes.

The township is well connected by road and TNSTC operates buses from Chennai, Pondicherry, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Trichy, Nagercoil, Tirupathi, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai Chittoor, Tindivanam and Kanchipuram. The East Coast Road connecting Chennai and Pondicherry passes through Pudupattinam.

Kalpakkam is a beautiful town in Tamil Nadu, India, situated on the Coromandel Coast 70 kilometres south of Chennai. A conglomerate of two villages (Puduppattinam and Sadurangappatinam) and a DAE township, it is about from Thiruvanmiyur and from Pondicherry. This costal town is rather humid, since it is very close to the sea.Summers here prevail from early March till late May. Temperatures in the Summer vary from 32 degree celsius and can go up to 41 degree celsius. There is no particular Monsoon season for Kalpakkam as rains are unpredictable here, although there is heavy rainfall in the months of October and November,Usually turning into a storm.Coolest months are December and January. A study by the Madras Atomic Power Station(MAPS) revealed that the pollution in Kalpakkam is very low, which when compared to the neighbouring city Chennai is 50 times less. Kalpakkam is known for its nuclear plants and affiliated research installations. These include the Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), one of India's nuclear power plants, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), an affiliate of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Eminent scientists from various different fields of science work here for research and development in nuclear science and engineering. Kalpakkam hosts the only nuclear plant in India with a Fast Breeder Test Reactor(FBTR) and a Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR).


Design.

The design of the American Buffalo gold bullion coin is a modified version of James Earle Fraser's design for the Indian Head nickel (Type 1), issued in early 1913. After a raised mound of dirt below the animal on the reverse was reduced, the Type 2 variation continued to be minted for the rest of 1913 and every year until 1938, except for 1922, 1932, and 1933 when no nickels were struck. Generally, Fraser's Indian Head nickel design is regarded as among the best designs of any U.S. coins. The same design also was used on the 2001 Smithsonian commemorative coin.  The obverse (front) of the coin depicts a Native American, whom Fraser said he created as a mixture of the features of three chiefs from different American Indian tribes, Big Tree, Iron Tail, and Two Moons, who posed as models for him to sketch. The obverse also shows the motto "LIBERTY" on the top right, the year of mintage on the bottom left, and below that the letter F for Fraser.  The American Buffalo gold bullion coin further has in common with the nickel the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM above the buffalo's lower back and the device UNITED·STATES·OF·AMERICA along the top. Differences that can be noted between the nickel and the fifty dollar piece are, on the gold American Buffalo coin the mound area of the reverse of the Indian Head nickel bearing the words, "FIVE CENTS", has been changed to read "$50 1 OZ..9999 FINE GOLD". Also, the motto, "IN GOD WE TRUST", appearing on all U.S. gold coins since 1908, can be seen on the reverse of the newer coin to the left of, and beneath, the buffalo's head.

Fractional sizes.

The U.S. Mint has indicated an expansion of the program, to include buffalo gold coins in fractional sizes for 2008 only. The specially-packaged 8–8-08 Double Prosperity set contains a one-half ounce gold buffalo coin.  Weights and measures provided below:

Distribution.

Currently, all U.S. bullion coins, including the American Buffalo gold piece, are being struck at the West Point Mint in New York. According to the U.S. Mint website, only the "proof" version of the buffalo gold coin bears the mint mark "W" on the obverse (front) of the coin, behind the neck of the Indian; the bullion version does not have the "W" mint mark. The 2006 and 2007 coins only have been issued in a one-ounce version, but in 2008, $5, $10, and $25 face value coins were minted with 1/10 oz, 1/4 oz, and 1/2 oz of gold respectively.  After a long wait by both collectors and investors, the "uncirculated" version of the American Buffalo gold piece was made available to coin dealers on June 20, 2006. Collectors who wanted to purchase the "proof" version from the mint were given the opportunity to place their orders with the mint beginning on July 22. The 2006 proof quality coin has a strict mintage limit of 300,000, with an additional enforced limit of only ten (10) coins per household. The catalog number of the 2006 proof coin at the U.S. Mint is (BA6).  The coin was created in order to compete with foreign 24-karat gold bullion coins. Since investors sometimes prefer 99.99% pure gold over the 91.67% gold used in the American Gold Eagle, many were choosing non-U.S. coins, such as the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, to meet their bullion needs. With the American Buffalo coin, the U.S. government hopes to increase the amount of U.S. gold sales and cash in on the 24-karat sales, which makes up about 60% of the world gold market.  On September 26, 2008, the U.S. Mint announced that, temporarily, it would halt sales of the American Buffalo coins because it could not keep up with soaring demand as investors sought the safety of gold amid the subprime mortgage crisis of the late 2000s, which had also affected the price of gold.

Mintage.

Mintage for the bullion version of the American Buffalo is as follows (all 1 ounce coins):

The American Buffalo, also known as a gold buffalo, is a 24-karat bullion coin first offered for sale by the United States Mint on June 22, 2006, and available for shipment beginning on July 13. The coin follows the design of the Indian Head nickel and has gained its nickname from the American Bison on the reverse side of the design. This was the first time ever that the United States Government has minted pure (.9999) 24-karat gold coins for the public. The coin has a legal tender (face) value of US$50. Due to a combination of the coin's popularity and the tremendous increase in the price of gold since its creation the coin's value has increased considerably in a short time of just a few years. The initial 2006 U.S. Mint price of the proof coin was $800. In 2007 the Mint proof coin was $899.95, $1,410.00 in 2009, and $2,010.00 in 2011.