Early life.

Sidney Tarnopol was born in New York City into a Jewish family. According to the 1920 U.S. Census, his parents were Isidore (a printer) and Caroline, both Yiddish-speaking immigrants; his father was from Russia and his mother from Romania. Sidney was the oldest of three siblings—he had a brother Martin and a sister Mildred. Born on New York's Lower East Side, Sid grew up in Brooklyn, in a poor neighborhood. Not much is known about his youth, although he seems to have become a jazz fan as a teenager, and at one point tried to become a trumpet player. One source says he started college and then dropped out as a result of the Great Depression. By 1930, the census showed him working at a record store. He first got into radio in 1937, at a radio station in the Bronx, WBNX, where he began as an afternoon disc jockey, doing a show called the "Afternoon Swing Session". His show featured the biggest hits by black performers such as Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Ella Fitzgerald. He became extremely popular with young people, many of whom would come to the station hoping to meet him or make a request. In an era when black music was still not frequently heard on the air, Symphony Sid was among the few white announcers who played what was then called "race" or "sepia" recordings on a regular basis. In addition to being an announcer—in 1937, the word "disc jockey" was not yet in common use—Sid sold airtime for his own program and produced the commercials for his sponsors.

Early radio career.

The story of how he got the nickname "Symphony" Sid has been told in numerous ways. According to one source, it came from working at the Symphony record store where he introduced R&B records. The predominantly black customers told their friends that they bought the records from Symphony Sid. But another source says it came from a sponsor—a men's clothing store, and when announcer Walter Tolmes opened Sid's show, he rhymed "Here comes the kid with the fancy pants and the fancy lid... Symphony Sid." And yet another source says he got the name from playing "good music" (classical recordings) at his first radio job, before he became known for jazz. This source says the name came from his playing symphonic music every day. But however he got the nickname, he also did what was very common back then—he shortened his ethnic-sounding last name (Tarnopol) to one that was more generic—Torin.  By 1941, Symphony Sid had left WBNX and was working at WHOM in Jersey City, New Jersey, where he became identified with doing the late night shift. His show was called the "After-Hours Swing Session". At WHOM, he began to give up-and-coming black performers exposure. He also began to co-produce and promote jazz concerts, in association with Monte Kay. One of their first collaborations was in 1945 (some sources say 1942) at New York's Town Hall; it featured two up-and-coming talents, Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. After WHOM, his career took him briefly to WWRL in New York and then to WMCA. By 1947, he was one of the best known jazz disc jockeys, and airplay on his show could give a major boost to any musician. Some grateful performers even wrote songs that they dedicated to him: for example, in 1947, Arnett Cobb recorded "Walkin' With Sid" for the Apollo record label. And also in 1947, Sid began to use a song by Erskine Hawkins, "After Hours", as the theme of his nightly program.  Sid left WMCA in early June 1949, but he didn't have to wait long for his next job. On 20 June 1949, he received his biggest opportunity: a network program on what was then called WJZ—later known as WABC. Thanks to his work on the fledgling ABC Radio Network, he was heard in more than 30 states. And as a result of his network show, jazz, especially the music of artists like Miles Davis and Charlie Parker, gained wider exposure with a national audience. Later, critics would refer to him as "the dean of jazz radio".

Controversy and change.

Although Sid was white, he was famous for his hipster lingo, his love of bebop, and his knowledge of the black music scene. While modern critics later accused white jazz disc jockeys like Symphony Sid and Alan Freed of profiting from black radio and taking jobs away from black announcers (see Sinclair, 1989 for example), this did not seem to be a concern during the years when Sid broadcast. He won several awards from black organizations, including an award for Disc Jockey of the Year presented to him in 1949 by the Global News Syndicate, for his "continuous promotion of negro artists". Among the entertainers he had helped were such jazz performers as Nat King Cole, Sarah Vaughan, Charlie Parker, and Billy Eckstine. As his popularity grew, songs were written about him. For example, there was a reference to "the dial is all set right close to eighty" in the song "Jumpin' With Symphony Sid", which was written by Lester Young with lyrics by King Pleasure; the song mentioned the location on the radio dial where Symphony Sid's Friday night show could be found. "Jumpin' With Symphony Sid" was also a 1950 hit for the George Shearing Quintet. Louis Jordan's "After School Swing Session (Swinging With Symphony Sid)" suggests his show's widespread popularity among young listeners ("Everyday we meet on just any old street, listening to Symphony Sid"). In addition, another song, "Symphony in Sid" by Illinois Jacquet was written in tribute to him. However, jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, in his autobiography "Miles : the autobiography", made numerous complaints about Torin, accusing him of self-aggrandizement and trying to short-change musicians (e.g. J. J. Johnson) who performed in bands and performance dates managed by Torin.  "JZ" refers to radio station WJZ. "Lacy" refers to popular deejay Jack Lacy, a rival broadcaster of Sid's, whose show was called "Listen to Lacy" and who played standards (thus: 'Hey Sid, don't play pop tunes and make us think we're listening to Lacy!'). "80" most likely refers either to WJZ, broadcasting at 770 (close to 800), or possibly the call letters of another one of Sid's NY stations, "WADO radio, 1280 on your dial".  For a while during the mid to late 1940s, Sid broadcast live from the Royal Roost night club in New York. In 1950, he moved the show to Birdland. Sid also did some shows from other New York clubs such as the Three Deuces and Bop City. He also continued to work with concert promoters, serving as MC for a number of jazz concerts at venues like Carnegie Hall.  It seems to have been an open secret that Sid was a regular user of marijuana. While the slang expression was "reefer", a home where marijuana was used and sold was known as "tea pad", and the police raided Sid's apartment in the summer of 1948, and arrested him. He remained on the air while the case was pending, and it finally came to trial in late January 1949. The case was declared a mistrial, but there was some residual damage to Sid's reputation. Some sources say he was fired from WJZ, while others indicate he continued to work as an MC in the clubs. But he evidently decided it was time for a change of scenery, and went with his friend Norman Furman to Boston about 1952. Furman had become general manager of WBMS, which had been doing classical music (the call letters reportedly stood for "World's Best Music Station"). He changed the format and hired Sid, who did a gospel show and a jazz show. But Sid had a unique arrangement with Furman—he worked at WBMS in the daytime, and at night, he worked for WCOP, where he did live jazz shows, just like he had done in New York. During the mid-1950s, Sid could be heard live from the Hi-Hat, a night club owned by Julian Rhodes, in a part of Boston known for live jazz—the area near the intersection of Massachusetts and Columbus Avenues. During this period of time, his voice would be heard as the MC on a number of jazz recordings. In the mid-fifties Sid was instrumental in the growth of the Rhythm & Blues radio in Boston, giving out plastic key chain fobs that said " I Dig You the Most", but he never really embraced the music, and tried to interest his audience in Jazz.

Back to New York.

By 1957, Sid had left Boston and returned to New York, this time working on WEVD AM & FM. The station in the 1920s and 30s had been known for ethnic music (Yiddish, Italian, etc.) as well as for a very liberal and pro-labor stance on politics (WEVD had been named for socialist Eugene V. Debs). Sid's show featured Latin music (salsa), Afro-Cuban jazz featuring artist such as Mongo Santamaria, Mario Bauza and Machito for which, as Donald Fagen recalled in a letter to Countermoon Zine, his choice of music proved controversial, and he was dubbed by some the "Jazz Traitor". On the other hand, some critics found his Latin music show both interesting and important, and praised the concept as "an extraordinary meeting of cultures". Then in the late 70s, encouraged by his engineer, Marty Wilson, Sid again started to play jazz in the last hour of his show. When he retired, he gave Wilson his record collection and the jazz show continued on the weekends. Throughout his time in New York, Sid also continued to be involved with promoting and serving as MC at jazz concerts.  Besides the aforementioned Marty Wilson, other NY jazz deejays contemporaneous with or following after the trail Sid blazed were: Al "Jazzbo" Collins (WNEW), Mort Fega (WEVD), Ed Beech (WRVR), Chris Borgen (WNCN), George Crater (WNCN) and Phil Schaap (WKCR).

Final years.

Sid Torin had three marriages, all of which ended in divorce (two of his wives were Eva Pena and Betty Ansley). He had two sons, one born in 1948 and the other in 1951. He retired to Islamorada in Florida in 1973, where he enjoyed fishing and had his own boat. He also did a full-time airshift on a Miami Beach jazz radio station, WBUS. By all accounts, he was a heavy smoker, and he died of emphysema and heart disease in mid-September 1984. While modern media critics acknowledge his importance and praise him for introducing certain jazz artists to a national audience, surviving recordings where he was the announcer do not fare so well. Many modern critics have referred negatively to his on-air work. For example, his announcing at a 1945 Charlie Parker concert is called "annoying"; another critic who reviewed that same reissue calls Symphony Sid "odious" and says he "gives a painful imitation of a hipster". However, a few critics place Symphony Sid's style in the context of its time and understand that in his day, his style of announcing was popular.  Because of his importance in that pre-rock music era, the staff of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland has included him in a display about the most influential disc jockeys in history.

Sid Torin (born Sidney Tarnopol, December 14, 1909 – September 14, 1984), known professionally as "Symphony Sid", was a long-time jazz disc jockey in the United States. Many critics have credited him with introducing bebop to the mass audience.


Genome.

The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular double-stranded DNA. The genome has a guanine + cytosine content of 42-60%.  The genome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a has been sequenced. It is 156,922 bases in length and encodes 123 putative open reading frames. The G+C ratio is 49.2%. Among the encoded proteins are a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, a fatty acid elongase, a sphingomyelinase, a phosphate acyltransferase and a patatin-like phospholipase.

Virology.

The virions consist of an envelope, a core, and an internal lipid membrane associated with the inner particle. The virus capsid is enveloped and measures 130 nm in diameter, and 200-240 nm in length. Virions are bacilliform, ovoid, and allantoid.  These viruses infect immature stages of the order "Lepidoptera", in which they cause a chronic, fatal disease. They are transmissed by endoparasitic wasps and the host develops a unique cytopathology that resembles apoptosis. Cell infection induces apoptosis and in some species is associated with synthesis of a virus-encoded executioner caspase and several lipid-metabolizing enzymes. After infection the host cell DNA is degraded, the nucleus fragments and the cell then cleaves into large virion-containing vesicles. Synthesis of viral proteins results in the rescue of developing apoptotic bodies that are converted into large vesicles in which virions accumulate and continue to assemble. In infected larvae, millions of these virion-containing vesicles begin to disperse from infected tissues 48–72 hours after infection into the haemolymph, making it milky white, a characteristic of this disease. The circulation of virions and vesicles in the blood facilitates mechanical transmission by parasitic wasps.

Evolution.

Ascoviruses evolved from iridoviruses (family "Iridoviridae") that also attack lepidopteran larvae and are likely the evolutionary source of ichnoviruses (family "Polydnaviridae").

Ascoviridae is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, Ascovirus, which contains three species, and Toursvirus with a single species "Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus". The type species of "Ascovirus" is "Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a", which infects the army worm ("Spodoptera frugiperda").


Characteristics.

The key symptom of RCVS is recurrent thunderclap headaches, which over 95% of patients experience. In two-thirds of cases, it is the only symptom. These headaches are typically bilateral, very severe and peak in intensity within a minute. They may last from minutes to days, and may be accompanied by nausea, photophobia, phonophobia or vomiting. Some patients experience only one headache, but on average there are four attacks over a period of one to four weeks. A milder, residual headache persists between severe attacks for half of patients.  1–17% of patients experience seizures. 8–43% of patients show neurologic problems, especially visual disturbances, but also hemiplegia, ataxia, dysarthria, aphasia, and numbness. These neurologic issues typically disappear within minutes or a few hours; more persistent symptoms may indicate a stroke. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is present in a small minority of patients.  This condition features the unique property that the patient's cerebral arteries can spontaneously constrict and relax back and forth over a period of time without intervention and without clinical findings. Vasospasm is common post subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral aneurysm, but in RCVS only 25% of patients have symptoms post subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Causes.

The direct cause of the symptoms is believed to be either constriction or dilation of blood vessels in the brain. The pathogenesis is not known definitively, and the condition is likely to result from multiple different disease processes.  Up to two-thirds of RCVS cases are associated with an underlying condition or exposure, particularly vasoactive or recreational drug use, complications of pregnancy (eclampsia and pre-eclampsia), and the adjustment period following childbirth called "puerperium". Vasoactive drug use is found in about 50% of cases. Implicated drugs include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, weight-loss pills such as Hydroxycut, alpha-sympathomimetic decongestants, acute migraine medications, pseudoephedrine, epinephrine, cocaine, and cannabis, among many others. It sometimes follows blood transfusions, certain surgical procedures, swimming, bathing, high altitude experiences, sexual activity, exercise, or coughing. Symptoms can take days or a few months to manifest after a trigger.  Following a study and publication in 2007, it is also thought SSRIs, uncontrolled hypertension, endocrine abnormality, and neurosurgical trauma are indicated to potentially cause vasospasm.

Diagnosis.

The clinician should first rule out conditions with similar symptoms, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, pituitary apoplexy, cerebral artery dissection, meningitis, and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak. This may involve a CT scan, lumbar puncture, MRI, and other tests. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has a similar presentation, and is found in 10–38% of RCVS patients.  RCVS is diagnosed by detecting diffuse reversible cerebral vasoconstriction. Catheter angiography is ideal, but computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography can identify about 70% of cases. Multiple angiographies may be necessary. Because other diseases (such as atherosclerosis) have similar angiographic presentations, it can only be conclusively diagnosed if vasoconstriction resolves within 12 weeks.

Prognosis.

All symptoms normally resolve within three weeks, and may only last days. Permanent deficits are seen in a minority of patients, ranging from under 10% to 20% in various studies. Less than 5% of patients experience progressive vasoconstriction, which can lead to stroke, progressive cerebral edema, or even death. Severe complications appear to be more common in postpartum mothers.

Epidemiology.

The incidence of RCVS is unknown, but it is believed to be "not uncommon", and likely under-diagnosed. One small, possibly biased study found that the condition was eventually diagnosed in 45% of outpatients with sudden headache, and 46% of outpatients with thunderclap headache.  The average age of onset is 42, but RCVS has been observed in patients aged from 19 months to 70 years. Children are rarely affected. It is more common in females, with a female-to-male ratio of 2.4:1.

Treatment.

As of 2014, no treatment strategy has yet been investigated in a randomized clinical trial. Verapamil, nimodipine, and other calcium channel blockers may help reduce the intensity and frequency of the headaches. A clinician may recommend rest and the avoidance of activities or vasoactive drugs which trigger symptoms (see § Causes). Analgesics and anticonvulsants can help manage pain and seizures, respectively.

History.

Case studies of the condition first appeared in the 1960s, but it was not then recognized as a distinct entity. In 1983, French researchers published a case series of 11 patients, terming the condition "acute benign cerebral angiopathy". Gregory Call and Marie Fleming were the first two authors of a report in which doctors from Massachusetts General Hospital, led by C. Miller Fisher, described 4 patients, alongside 12 previous case studies, with the characteristic symptoms and abnormal cerebral angiogram findings. The name "Call-Fleming syndrome" refers to these researchers.  A 2007 review by Leonard Calabrese and colleagues proposed the name "reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome", which has since gained widespread acceptance. This name merges various conditions that were previously treated as distinct entities, including Call-Fleming syndrome, postpartum angiopathy, and drug-induced angiopathy. Other names may still be used for particular forms of the condition.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS, sometimes called Call-Fleming syndrome) is a disease characterized by a weeks-long course of thunderclap headaches, sometimes focal neurologic signs, and occasionally seizures. Symptoms are thought to arise from transient abnormalities in the blood vessels of the brain. In some cases, it may be associated with childbirth, vasoactive or illicit drug use, or complications of pregnancy. If it occurs after delivery it may be referred to as postpartum cerebral angiopathy.


Flat maps.

Xplanet can be used to produce projected maps of any planet (but typically Earth), for example mollweide projections which show the whole earth at once, or mercator projections with a rectangular appearance suitable for filling the screen.  It is possible to overlay clouds or text (such as the location of recent events) onto these maps; a popular option is shading areas currently experiencing night.

Planetary images.

Xplanet can also be used to render more general views of objects in the solar system, such as a view of the Earth from the moon. In more recent versions, Xplanet depicts eclipses, and some of its images show Jupiter's moons casting an eclipse onto the planet.

Technical.

Xplanet runs on Linux, Mac OS X and other Unix operating systems and also on Microsoft Windows, and was derived from an older Unix application called "xearth".  It can either generate wallpaper, save the resulting image, or produce textual output detailing the locations of various objects.  Configuration is done by modifying a text file. The Windows version comes with a simple editor called winXPlanetBG to assist in updating the configurations and helps to download the cloud maps automatically. OSXplanet is an interactive wallpaper derivative for the Mac OS X.

XplanetFX.

XplanetFX is a GTK-frontend for Xplanet under Linux. It provides a simple to use GUI to configure Xplanet and schedule renderings. It also claims to produce higher quality renderings. XplanetFX is free software released under a permissive vanity license.

Xplanet is a renderer for planetary and solar system images, capable of producing various types of graphics depicting the solar system. It is normally used to create computer wallpapers, which may be updated with the latest cloud maps or the regions of Earth which are in sunlight. Xplanet is free software released under the GNU GPL.


Biography.

Anna Elisabet Weirauch was born in Romania on August 7, 1887. Anna's father was a Berlin writer and the founder of the Romanian State Bank. She lived in Romania until her father's death when she then moved to Germany. After moving and attending school in Berlin, Weirauch worked for the German State Theatre where she acted for Max Reinhardt's company until she found her love for writing. She then moved onto writing plays, and finally, to novels. After living in Berlin, she moved to Munich and spent the rest of her days with her partner Helena Geisenhainer, whom she had been with since her mid twenties. Weirauch died in Berlin on December 21, 1970.

The Scorpion (Der Skorpion).

One of Weirauch's most well-known works is her three-volume German novel "The Scorpion" ("Der Skorpion"), which dealt with lesbian life and love. The first volume of "The Scorpion" was published in 1919. Two continuation volumes were later published, one in 1921 and one in 1931. The book was acclaimed for being ahead of its time in the depiction of same sex people and relationships, as it did not establish a cause of lesbianism, rather it was seen as innate. It was also written in such a way as to not depict lesbianism as a negative trait, rather as just an aspect of the main character, Mette's, life. Rather than writing a standard plot, possibly involving a boarding school romance or naughty maid scenario, Weirauch writes a modern story with more mature themes. This work, as opposed to many others within the lesbian fiction genre released in the same timeframe, takes on an original perspective on the independence and freedom as well as the anxieties experienced by lesbian women in postwar Berlin society. Typically, 20th-century lesbian fiction is more serious and does not end happily; "The Scorpion" varies slightly here. The piece does not end in the death of the protagonist, as was common in similar works, but leaves Mette single. It does not preclude, however, the possibility of a future relationship. It also strays from the norm in the main romance, as the love interest of Mette in the first volume, Olga, is more masculine in her presentation.

Plot.

Melitta Rudloff, known as Mette, (some scholars know refer to her as Myra, likely due to translation) is a lesbian raised by a strict, upper-class family from Berlin. The first sign of Mette's sexuality is when she is attracted to her nanny, but that infatuation does not have any outcome. She first pursues a true lesbian relationship with a woman 10 years older than her named Olga, who Mette is attracted to for her knowledge and charm. Their relationship is initially platonic, but takes a turn for the romantic following a passionate evening. Mette's family actively tries to dissuade her from following this path, initially hiring a private detective to shadow them, and possibly convict Olga of "the seduction of minors." They also send Mette to a psychiatrist, in an attempt to steer her away from the lesbian lifestyle. Following the romantic development of their relationship, Mette's family follows through with accusing Olga of the seduction of minors. Olga denies this when confronted at her home by the police and Mette's family, and sends Mette away. Having been already accused of this crime in Austria, which can result in prosecution, Olga commits suicide over pressure from this as well as her treatment of Mette.  Mette comes of age at 21, and inherits a sizable fortune from her family. As a result, she breaks off her heterosexual engagement, which she took only to avoid discrimination, and travels to Munich. While there, she meets other homosexual people, and has a romantic affair. However, Mette is dissatisfied without mental stimulation, and leaves yet again, this time to Hamburg. After residing there for some time, Mette decides that she would like to live a rural life, for which she would have to return to Berlin. Once there, she enters a relationship with Cora von Gjellerström, a previous lover of Olga. This relationship is not long-lasting, but allows Mette to come to terms with herself. The series ends with Mette living by herself in the countryside, but at the same time does not exclude the possibility of a future relationship.

Terminology.

A main theme in the novel is the complexity of lesbian identity, and rejection of the fetishization of female sexuality. This is conveyed through the main romance between Mette and Olga, the latter of whom is more masculine in their presentation. Mette is smitten by the older and mysterious Olga, who is a "scorpion". In German, a "Skorpion" ('scorpion'), is a more masculine-presenting lesbian; scorpions communicate their complex identities through their appearances, such as through masculine haircut or fashion. Scorpions are also more sophisticated, frequently being well-educated in various fields and disciplines.

Response and Translated Publishings.

"The Scorpion" faced criticism and was censored in Germany during 1926, as it was seen as a corrupting influence on youth. Prior to this the occupational government blocked publication of the book as it was seen as too "nihilistic" and the block persisted despite attempts to republish the book via another publisher. As a result the book was not widely distributed.  Viewed as ahead of its time and at the same level as later lesbian fiction and feminist classics such as "The Well of Loneliness" and "," a translated English version that combined volumes one and two was published in 1932 by Whittaker Chambers, an American writer and spy for the Communist underground. The English translated version of the third volume, "The Outcast," was translated by American novelist and screenwriter Guy Endore and was released in 1948. This same year, "The Scorpion" rose to be a classic of more intellectual lesbian novels.

Anna Elisabet Weirauch (7 August 1887, Galaţi – 21 December 1970, West Berlin) was a German author. Weirauch was an important figure for lesbians in Germany in the early 1900s, as well as for lesbians in the 1970s-1980s following an English translation. Her most well-known work is "Der Skorpion," which was a significant piece of lesbian literature which broke from traditional peers in the genre.


History.

Some Snoqualmies settled onto the Tulalip Reservation after signing the Point Elliott Treaty with the Washington Territory in 1855, but many remained in their ancestral homelands around the Snoqualmie Valley and Lake Sammamish. At that time they were one of the largest tribes in the Puget Sound region numbering around 4,000. They have tried and failed on several occasions to secure a reservation on their ancestral lands along the Tolt River (a tributary of the Snoqualmie River). Instead, they purchased land for and were granted a reservation near Snoqualmie, Washington, on which the tribe opened the Snoqualmie Casino in 2008.

Law enforcement.

In 2008, the Snoqualmie Tribe Police Services was established to enforce tribal laws at the new Snoqualmie Casino near Snoqualmie, Washington. In the summer of 2008, the department hired a Chief who was supposed to hire a force of up to six officers to patrol the Casino and the Reservation property. However, in the spring of 2009 the tribe did not receive the funding they anticipated from the BIA, and disbanded the department. The tribe now contracts law enforcement out to the King County Sheriff's Office on a "calls for service" only basis. The Sheriff's Office does not actively patrol the casino—no one is assigned there—but the Sheriff's Office will respond to calls when needed and the tribe is billed per call for service.

Recognition by the United States.

The tribe lost federal recognition in 1953. In October 1999, the Bureau of Indian Affairs once again granted recognition to the Snoqualmie.

Membership and government.

According to one source, the Snoqualmie Tribe currently has approximately 597 members. Another source puts the membership at approximately 650 members.  The government consists of a tribal constitution and elected council.

The Snoqualmie Indian Tribe ("S·dukwalbixw"), is a federally recognized tribe of Snoqualmie people. They are Coast Salish Native American peoples from the Snoqualmie Valley in east King and Snohomish Counties in Washington state.


Life.

The three earliest appointments Blassianus received, which comprise the steps of the "tres militiae" that "equites" followed in their military career, are recorded in several inscriptions from Trieste. First was prefect of the Cohors II Asturum equitata, then stationed in Roman Britain; followed by military tribune in Legio VII, either Claudia or Gemina; and lastly prefect of the "ala" II Gallorum stationed in Cappadocia. Anthony Birley notes that "it would fit the chronology of his career if he obtained a commission from A. Platorius Nepos, governor of Britain 122-4, who was patron of Aquileia, a city close to Blassianus' home".  The remainder of his career in the imperial service is documented in a fragmentary inscription recovered from Ostia Antica honoring him as prefect by the "collegium fabrum tignariorum". Blassianus received three civil appointments. The first was procurator of one of the gladiator training schools, the "ludus matutinus". The second was procurator "ad census accipiendos" in Cappadocia. Third was procurator of the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis and Aquitania. After these came the signal appointment as "praefectus" of the Classis Britannica, which Birley dates to c. 140.  Blassianus returned to Rome to hold the next two appointments. First was "praefectus vigilum", commander of the "vigiles" or nightwatch of Rome; he may have preceded Gaius Tettius Maximus in this post. Next was an appointment as "praefectus annonae"; which may have fallen between the tenures of Lucius Volusius Maecianus and Titus Furius Victorinus. His last appointment was as governor of Egypt, one of the most prestigious offices an "eques" could hold; his tenure in Egypt is dated as extending from 167 to the following year.  The last known event in his life is his prefecture of the "collegium" honored the inscription mentioned above. This office has been dated to have fallen between the year 164 and 169. His life after this is not yet known.

Quintus Baienus Blassianus was a Roman "eques" who held a number of military and civilian positions during the reign of the Emperors Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius, including "praefectus" of the Classis Britannica, and of Roman Egypt.


Plot.

Henry Petosa and Freddy Ace are identical twins living in the fictional city of Empire with no knowledge of each other, separated at birth and given up for adoption.  Henry is a shy garage mechanic. He lives in a slum and loves Beverly Franks, his best friend's sister. He also baby-sits for his neighbor Rosie, a prostitute.  Freddy is a driver for Mr. Paris, a gangster. He is slick and self-confident, married to a materialistic woman named Sharon.  One day, a young woman named Sonya Kirk who works in a morgue accidentally comes across a letter indicating that the twins are actually the offspring of European nobility and owed a large sum of inheritance money. Sonya decides to play amateur detective and track them down.  It all leads to a confrontation between the surprised twins in a restaurant, a shootout and a final scene high above the Grand Canyon.

Principal cast.

Twin child actors Jasen and Jereme Kane play the young version of Modine's characters, as well as appearing as the twin children in the restaurant at the end of the film.

Production.

Parts of the film were shot in Crescent Junction and Moab, Utah as well as St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Critical reception.

"The New York Times" movie reviewer Stephen Holden had praise for the actors, saying Modine "does a fine job of differentiating between the two without resorting to caricature. He is especially good at showing how the repressed qualities of each twin peek through their surfaces. As Henry's sweetheart, Ms. Boyle exudes the right mixture of warm-blooded ardor and strait-laced defensiveness."

Equinox is a 1992 film written and directed by Alan Rudolph. It stars Matthew Modine in dual roles, along with Lara Flynn Boyle, Marisa Tomei and Fred Ward. The film was shot in Minnesota and Utah and is set in the fictional urban city of Empire. It was nominated for four Independent Spirit Awards.


History.

The race originates from races held at the Daytona Beach Road Course during the 1948 NASCAR Modified series season, the first sanctioned races held by the organization. Between 1950 and 1958, the race was held as part of the Modified/Sportsman Series, at the Daytona Beach Road Course. It was held the Friday or Saturday before the track's Grand National Series race.  In 1956–1959, a race in the short-lived NASCAR Convertible Division was also held.  The race moved to the new 2.5-mile Daytona International Speedway for 1959. It was scheduled the day before the Daytona 500, and ran a distance of either 200 or 250 miles. In 1966, the race became known as the Permatex 300, making it only the second race on the NASCAR schedule to be named for a corporate sponsor (the Motor Trend 500 at Riverside being the first). In 1968 the Permatex 300 was shifted from the Modifieds division to the newly organized NASCAR Late Model Sportsman Division. In 1982, the Late Model Sportsman Division was reorganized into the modern day NASCAR Xfinity Series, and the race was sponsored by Goody's for several years.

Incidents.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the race was often ridiculed and exploited by local media for its frequent crashes and massive pileups. Several major accidents and fires over the years were blamed on the low level of experience by several of the drivers, and the older equipment used. The level of prestige held by the event, along with the relatively large purses, attracted numerous independent and one-off entries, contributing to the inexperience of drivers in the field.  By the time the race had become part of a NASCAR touring series race, NASCAR tightened driver eligibility requirements, and the number of incidents has drastically been reduced. Under current NASCAR rules, drivers must be cleared to race at Daytona and Talladega (added to the second tier series in 1992), requiring enough experience at intermediate tracks to be cleared by NASCAR to participate at Daytona. Drivers who intend to run the 300 or the Truck Series NextEra Energy 250 will enter other lower-tier shorter support races, whether it was the former Dash Series race (which ended after 2004 -- it used less powerful cars) or in recent years, the ARCA race the week prior to gain NASCAR clearance, especially if a driver has turned 18 after the preceding October Talladega Camping World Truck Series race. NASCAR will also require the driver first test in the January ARCA test at Daytona if they will turn 18 prior to the ARCA race before they are allowed to participate in the ARCA race. (Drivers must be 18 to participate in any NASCAR national series race on a track 1.366 miles or longer; 16 and 17 year old drivers may enter a Truck race on shorter tracks.)  Inclement weather also plagued many early runnings.  The 1960 race is notable for having the largest pileup in NASCAR history. On the first lap, 37 cars crashed in turn four (out of a starting field of 68).  In 1981 and 2004, the race started on Saturday, but was halted by rain, and finished Monday, the day after the Daytona 500. The 1969 race was red flagged three times for rain and also saw the fatal crash involving Don MacTavish, which his whole front of the car ripped off.  The 1979 running was shortened by rain and won by Darrell Waltrip. A brutal crash erupted off Turn Two where fire exploded from the Preacher Cox Mercury of Joe Frasson; driver Don Williams was gravely injured in the crash and would die ten years later from the incident.  The 2013 race featured two large accidents. With five laps remaining, Michael Annett and Austin Dillon collided and a multi-car crash erupted in the first turn. The race was halted as a red flag was given to clean up the debris. Annett was hospitalized overnight after sustaining bruises on his chest, but was released the following day in time for the Daytona 500, but was ruled out for the following race at Phoenix because of a sternum injury. Following the red flag the race had two laps remaining. Regan Smith and Brad Keselowski moved into the lead on the final lap, but off the fourth turn, Keselowski turned Smith into the wall head on, causing the field to pile in. Kyle Larson had the most significant impact, as his No.32 Chevrolet flew into the tri-oval catch fence, causing its nose to snag a crossover gate, which tore open. The force of the collision dug the engine in, ripping it out of the car. The car's entire front half disintegrated and one front wheel lodged onto the engine and another flew approximately ten rows into the grandstand, injuring 30 spectators (two in critical condition). A total of twelve cars were involved in the crash, but all were unharmed. The two spectators that were seriously injured by the debris from Larson's crash were treated at the nearby Halifax Medical Center and were later released.  In 2015, two cautions in the final forty laps were caused by separate collisions that included eleven cars. In the first collision, Regan Smith's car flipped over once in the tri-oval, while in the second collision, Kyle Busch collided into a concrete wall head on, suffering a fracture in his leg and foot. As a result of his injuries, Busch was forced to miss the first 11 races of the Sprint Cup Series season however he would still manage to win the season championship.  The 2018 race produced the closest finish in any of NASCAR's top three series, when Tyler Reddick edged Elliott Sadler by 0.0004 seconds, making it the closest finish in NASCAR history. Since NASCAR scoring and timing does not measure beyond thousands of a second, the margin of victory was officially listed as 0.000 seconds (with video review which declared Reddick the winner by less than three inches). Analysis after the race by NASCAR timing and scoring officials placed Reddick's margin of victory at 0.0004 seconds.

Participation by Cup Series drivers.

Since its inception, due to its prestige and prominent position on the Speedweeks calendar, the race has long attracted Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series regulars. Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series regulars have dominated the race since 1981, winning all but nine runnings. Notable Cup regulars who have won the race multiple times include Dale Earnhardt (7 wins), Tony Stewart (7), Darrell Waltrip (5), and Dale Earnhardt Jr. (3).  On four occasions, the driver of the race has gone on to win the Daytona 500, which is typically run on the following day: Bobby Allison (1988), Darrell Waltrip (1989), Dale Earnhardt Jr. (2004), Kevin Harvick (2007).

Television.

In the early-1990s, ESPN began airing the race same-day tape delay. From 1997 to 2000, the race was shown live on CBS, which also held broadcast rights to the Daytona 500 at the time. From 2001 to 2006, the live television rights to the race were held by Fox (odd years) and NBC/TNT (even years). The race was shown on ESPN or ESPN2 and was the only event of Speedweeks not shown on the Fox family of networks between 2007 and 2014. Fox Sports 1 started broadcasting the race in 2015 under the current NASCAR television contract.

The NASCAR Racing Experience 300 is the first race of the NASCAR Xfinity Series season, held at Daytona International Speedway. It is held the day before the Daytona 500, and is considered the most prestigious event of the Xfinity Series. Until 2002, it was the only event of the Xfinity Series to be annually held at Daytona International Speedway. Noah Gragson won the most recent race, in 2020.


Government.

Waikato-Tainui's governing parliamentary body is Te Kauhanganui, a governing body of 204 tribal members – 3 members from each of the 68 marae. The marae are spread over a large area from Te Kuiti and Cambridge in the south to Auckland in the north.  The executive board is Te Arataura, which has 10 representatives elected from Te Kauhanganui and an 11th member appointed by the Māori king. The Waikato-Tainui tribal administration (or iwi authority) is the Waikato Raupatu Trustee Company Ltd, which replaced the Tainui Māori Trust Board, and is situated at Hopuhopu, Ngāruawāhia.  The Waikato iwi has been using the name "Tainui" to describe itself for some time, through the establishment of the Tainui Māori Trust Board by the Waikato-Maniapoto Maori Claims Settlement Act 1946, with many people now referring to the Waikato iwi as "Tainui" or "Waikato-Tainui".  There have traditionally been strong links between Tainui and the University of Waikato, which has strengths in Māori language and modern local history. The university also holds documents and objects related to the tribe.

Hapū and marae.

Waikato Tainui is made up of several "iwi" (tribes) and "hapū (sub-tribes).  Each tribal group has "marae" (meeting grounds), which usually includes a "wharenui" (meeting house).

Ngāti Mahuta.

The iwi of Ngāti Mahuta is associated with 19 marae:

Ngāti Te Wehi.

The iwi of Ngāti Te Wehi is associated with 9 marae:

Ngāti Kuiaarangi, Ngāti Tai and Ngāti Whāwhākia.

The hapū of Ngāti Tai, Ngāti Kuiaarangi and Ngāti Whāwhākia are associated with 8 marae:

Tainui.

The hapū of Tainui is associated with 7 marae:

Ngāti Tāhinga.

The hapū of Ngāti Tāhinga is associated with 6 marae:

Ngāti Apakura.

The hapū of Ngāti Apakura is associated with 6 marae:

Ngāti Tiipa and Ngāti Āmaru.

The hāpu of Ngāti Tiipa and Ngāti Āmaru are associated with 6 marae:

Ngāti Hauā.

The hāpu of Ngāti Hauā is associated with 5 marae:

Ngāti Korokī and Ngāti Raukawa.

The hapū of Ngāti Korokī and Ngāti Raukawa are associated with 5 marae:

Ngāti Māhanga and Ngāti Tamainupo.

The hapū of Ngāti Māhanga and Ngāti Tamainupo are associated with 4 marae:

Ngāi Tai, Ngāti Koheriki, and Ngāti Tamaoho.

The hapū of Ngāi Tai, Ngāti Koheriki, and Ngāti Tamaoho are associated with 4 marae:

Ngāti Hine, Ngāti Naho and Ngāti Pou.

The hapū of Ngāti Hine, Ngāti Naho and Ngāti Pou are associated with 4 marae:

Ngāti Te Ata and Ngāti Paretaua.

The hapū of Ngāti Te Ata and Ngāti Paretaua are associated with 4 marae:

Ngāti Taratikitiki.

Ngāti Makirangi.

The hapū of Ngāti Makirangi has no marae of its own, but is associated with 4 marae:

Ngāti Wairere.

The hapū of Ngāti Wairere is associated with 2 marae:

Waikato Tainui, Waikato or Tainui is a group of Māori people "iwi" (tribal confederation) based in Waikato Region, in the western central region of New Zealand's North Island. It is part of the larger Tainui confederation of Polynesian settlers who arrived to New Zealand on the Tainui "waka" (migration canoe). The tribe is named after the Waikato River, which plays a large part in its history and culture.


Biography.

He lived in a town, identified by Wiesener with Tekrit. He was the principal pupil of Rav, under whom he acquired so much learning that one of Rava's three wishes was to possess Rav Huna's wisdom. He was also styled "one of the Babylonian Hasidim," on account of his great piety. The esteem in which he was held was so great that, though not of a priestly family, he read from the Torah on Shabbat and holy days the first passage, which is usually read by a Kohen (priest). Rav Ammi and Rav Assi, honored Israeli Kohanim, considered Huna as their superior.  Although Rav Huna was related to the family of the exilarch he was so poor at the beginning of his career that in order to buy wine to consecrate the Shabbat he had to pawn his girdle. But Rav blessed him with riches, and Rav Huna displayed great wealth at the wedding of his son Raba bar Rav Huna. He owned numerous flocks of sheep, which were under the special care of his wife, "Hobah", and he traveled in a gilded litter. Rav Huna was very generous. When the houses of the poor people were thrown down by storms he rebuilt them; at meal-times the doors of his house would be left open, while his servants would call out: "He who is hungry, let him come and eat".  After Rav's death, Huna lectured in his stead in the Academy of Sura, but he was not appointed head until after the death of Rav's companion, Samuel (c. 256). It was under Rav Huna that the Academy of Sura, which until then was called "sidra", acquired the designation of "mesivta" (yeshivah), with Rav Huna being the first "Resh Mesivta" (rosh yeshivah). Under Huna the academy increased considerably in importance, and students flocked to it from all directions; during his presidency their number reached 800, all supported by himself. Their instant lecturers ("amora'e") were occupied in teaching them. When his pupils, after the lesson, shook their garments they raised so great a cloud of dust that when the Palestinian sky was overcast it was said, "Huna's pupils in Babylon have risen from their lesson". Under Rav Huna, Palestine lost its ascendency over Babylonia; and on certain occasions he declared the schools of the two countries to be equal. In Babylonia, during his lifetime, the Sura academy held the supremacy. He presided over it for forty years, when he died suddenly, more than eighty years of age. His remains were brought to Israel and buried by the side of Hiyya the Great.  Rav Huna's principal pupil was Rav Chisda, who had previously been his companion under Rav. Other pupils of his whose names are given were: Abba bar Zavda, Rav Giddel, R. Helbo, R. Sheshet, and Huna's own son, Rabbah.

Character traits.

Rav Huna was known to be very tolerant as well as very modest. He was not ashamed, before he was rich, to cultivate his field himself, nor to return home in the evening with his spade on his shoulder. When two contending parties requested him to judge between them, he said to them: "Give me a man to cultivate my field and I will be your judge". He patiently bore Rav's hard words, because the latter was his teacher, but he showed on several occasions that a scholar must not humiliate himself in presence of an inferior.

Teachings.

Halacha.

He transmitted many of Rav's halakhot, sometimes without mentioning Rav's name. His own halakhot are numerous in the Babylonian Talmud, and although some of his decisions were contrary to Rav's, he declared Rav to be the supreme authority in religious law. Rav Huna's deductions were sometimes casuistical; he interpreted the text verbatim even where the context seems to prohibit such an interpretation. According to Rav Huna, the halakhah transmitted in the Mishnah and Baraita is not always to be taken as decisive. He had some knowledge of medicine and natural history, and used his knowledge in many of his halakhic decisions. He also interpreted many of the difficult words met with in the Mishnah and Baraita.

Aggadah.

Rav Huna was equally distinguished as an aggadist, and his aggadot were known in the Land of Israel, to where they were carried by some of his pupils, Rav Zeira among them. His interpretation of Proverbs 14:23, transmitted by Rav Zeira, is styled "the pearl". Many of his aggadot, showing his skill in Biblical exegesis, are found in the Babylonian Talmud, some in the name of Rav, some in his own. He took special pains to reconcile apparently conflicting passages, as, for instance, II Samuel 7:10 and I Chronicles 17:10. He attempted to solve the problem of theodicy, inferring from Isaiah 53:10 that God chastens those whom He loves.

Rav Huna (Hebrew: רב הונא) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the second generation and head of the Academy of Sura; he was born about 216 (212 according to Gratz) and died in 296-297 (608 of the Seleucidan era) or in 290.


History.

newLISP design is influenced by the two main Lisp dialects, Common Lisp and Scheme, and by other languages like Pascal and C. newLISP originated in 1991 and was originally developed on a Sun-4 workstation. It later moved to Windows 3.0, where version 1.3 was released on CompuServe around 1993, then became available as a Windows graphical user interface (GUI) graphics-capable application and a DOS console application (both 16-bit). In 1995, with the release of Windows 95, newLISP moved to 32-bit.  In April 1999, newLISP was ported to Linux; some of its core algorithms were rewritten, and all Windows-specific code removed. newLISP was released as an open-source software project licensed under the GPL, and development on Windows stopped after version 6.0.25. During the first half of 2001, newLISP was ported back to Windows on the Cygwin platform without graphics abilities. In the second half of 2001, a cross-platform Tcl/Tk frontend named newLISP-tk was released around version 6.3.0. In 2006, 64-bit precision was introduced for integer arithmetic and for some operations on files in version 9.0.  Since the release of 6.5 in mid-2002, development has been very active, and many new features have been added.

Philosophy.

newLISP attempts to provide a fast, powerful, cross-platform, full-featured scripting version of the language Lisp while using only a modest system resources such as data storage (e.g., disk space) and memory.  It provides Lisp features such as lists, symbol processing, function mapping, anonymous functions (lambda expressions), s-expressions (excluding improper lists), and macros. It also provides the functions expected of a modern scripting language, including supporting regular expressions, XML, Unicode (UTF-8), networking via Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), matrix and array processing, advanced math, statistics and Bayesian statistical analysis, mathematical finance, and distributed computing.  newLISP runs on the operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), Linux, macOS, Solaris, and Windows. It supports MYSQL, SQLite and ODBC database access, Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol (POP) 3, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and XML remote procedure call (XML-RPC). It can run in server mode as a daemon.

Language features.

Contexts.

newLISP supports namespaces termed "contexts", which can be assigned to variables and passed to functions, but which are associated with globally unique symbols, limiting their use as first-class citizens (objects). A prototype-based object-oriented style of programming is possible in newLISP, using contexts as prototypes to construct objects. Variables inside contexts do not interfere with variables of the same name in other contexts, but inside a context, variables behave according to the rules of dynamic scoping.

Scoping.

newLISP uses dynamic scoping. When a function is called, that function can see all variables of its caller, its caller's caller, and so on, within the same context or namespace. It supports both explicitly and implicitly defined local dynamic variables that shadow variables with the same name from the outer environment, thus preventing accidental use or change of the variables from caller environment. Parameter variables of the called function automatically shadow the caller's variable environment. Globally, variables can be grouped in separate namespaces.

Memory management.

newLISP uses a method of automatic memory management different from traditional garbage collection schemes, termed one reference only (ORO) memory management. Each variable is referenced only by its context, and each context is referenced globally.  Sharing of subobjects among objects, cyclic structures, or multiple variables pointing to the same object are unsupported in newLISP. Objects are copied when stored in data structures or passed to functions, except for certain built-in functions. The exceptions are symbols and contexts, which are shared instead of copied, and thus can be used for indirection. Symbols and contexts are globally named and are deleted explicitly; deleting a symbol or context scans all other objects to replace references to it with codice_1.

GUI options.

newLISP graphical user interface (GUI) server (newLISP-GS) is a Java-based Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) server providing a graphical programming interface. A newLISP-GS based development environment is included in newLISP binary distributions, and GTK-server, OpenGL, and Tcl/Tk-based programming interfaces are available.

Standalone binaries.

Any newLISP version allows building executable files, portable applications, for deployment which are self-contained and need no installing.

Interaction with shared libraries.

newLISP has an import function, which allows importing functions from a dynamic-link library (DLL) on Windows API Win32, or from a shared library on Linux or Unix.

Frameworks.

Web frameworks available for newLISP include Dragonfly and Rockets.

newLISP is a scripting language which is a dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages. It was designed and developed by Lutz Mueller. newLISP is free and open-source software released under the GNU General Public License, version 3 or later.


Prelude.

The fertile plain of Thyrea was a long-disputed territory that lay between the two city states of Sparta and Argos. During the Battle of the 300 Champions (546 BC) Sparta gained control over this region. Nearly two generations had since passed when Argos reclaimed Thyrea.  The events that occurred after this held significant religious undertones. Once the Oracle of Delphi had foretold the success of Sparta against Argos, Cleomenes lead  his armies to the Erasinos River on the border of the Arigold. Herodotus believes Cleomenes intended to camp his forces there, however when the king presented a sacrifice to the Erasinos River he received bad omens. Rather uncharacteristically, Cleomenes obeyed the signs of the River God proclaiming: "“I admire the God of the River for refusing to betray his countrymen. But the Argives will not get away that easily”" and left. Cleomenes then retreated South and marched his Spartan forces East of Thyrea to Sicyon.  In Thyrea, Cleomenes made another sacrifice to the sea to access the river via a different route. This time the omens appeared favourable. Consequently, Cleomenes made arrangements with the Aeginetans and Sicyonians, to transport the Spartan forces to the district of Tiryns and Nauplia (on the coast of the Argolid). The transportation route Cleomenes arranged was a challenging maritime task to fulfil, involving the transportation of the Spartan forces across the díolkos at Corinth.

Dating the Battle.

Whilst Herodotus has been used as the primary source for the Battle of Sepeia, other Historians have contested the date of this Battle. Herodotus fails to explicitly date the Battle, recording the event as part of the whole Spartan expedition against Argos. The only mentioning of a date occurs in his Book Pausnias III, where Herodotus suggests the Battle  occurred at the beginning of the reign of Cleomenes I i.e. 520 BC.  However, Modern Historians have attempted to calculate a date for the Battle based on other passages from Herodotus. When the Argives visited the Oracle of Delphi, two predictions were told; the demise of Argos and that of the Milesians, both of which are foretold to occur at the same time. The part of the prophecy concerning the Milesians was fulfilled at the end of the Ionian Revolt (494BC). Thus, the estimated date for the Battle of Sepeia is 494BC.

Strategic and Tactical Deliberations.

The strategic and tactical deliberations of the Battle of Sepeia begin with Spartan’s march to Argos. Initially, Cleomenes lead the Spartans to Erasinos River, on the border of the Arigold, before reporting that the omen’s were not favourable there to set up camp. Interpretations of Cleomenes retreat, suggests the Argives had gained the higher ground on the opposite side of the stream. Cleomenes reconvened his army on the coast of Tiryns. The Argive forces were caught off guard by the Agiad King’s repositioning ; rushing to set up camp in Sepeia at a close distance from the Lacedaemonians. The Argives had lost their high ground advantage.

The Battle.

Ultimately, Sparta won the Battle of Sepeia through deception. Reluctant to engage in battle, the Argives had been mimicking the Spartan Herald's call for meal time breaks. This ensured the Spartans did not attack the Argives when the hoplites were not prepared.  When Cleomenes became aware of this strategy, he was able to weaponize this against them. Cleomenes instructed his forces to ignore the Herald’s announcement and instead attack at this call. The Argive forces were caught off guard, and a slaughter ensued.  However, other historical accounts suggest a seven-day truce had been agreed upon by the two forces. Contrary to Herodotus’ account, Plutarch suggests the Spartan forces broke the truce on the third night and attacked the unsuspecting Argives. When Cleomenes was questioned for his breach of the truce; the King argued the truce was made for seven days and didn’t include nights.  Additionally, Cicero further contests the nature of the Battle in his treatise ‘De Offciss’. Cicero suggests a thirty-day truce was agreed upon between the Spartans and the Argives. However, similarly to Plutarch, Cicero describes a situation in which a general plunders the fields at night, because the truce had been made for days and not nights. Cicero does not mention a specific date of the attack nor explicitly mentions Cleomenes or the Argives. Consequently, due to the large differences between Cicero’s and Plutarch’s account, and Cicero’s inability to name Cleomenes I, it is improbable that Cicero’s recount would be used as evidence for the Battle.

The Aftermath.

After the initial onslaught, many Argive hoplites sought refuge in the ‘Sacred Grove of Apollo’. The Argive men hoped the religious value of the grove would prevent the Spartan forces pursuing further action. However, Cleomenes I was by reputation ruthless, and deceived the Argives to their death. Cleomenes announced that the hoplites who’d been ransomed for the standard fee were free to leave. The names of the men whose ‘ransom’ had been paid were called out individually. However, when an Argive hoplite stepped out of the Sacred Grove, they were executed by the Spartans. According to Herodotus, at least fifty Argive men were deceived by this strategy, until one of the men inside the grove climbed a tree and witnessed what was happening. Thus, when the Argives became aware of the double cross, they stopped responding to the ransom calls. Consequently, Cleomenes set fire to the grove, slaughtering any survivors who attempted to escape.  The Battle of Sepeia and the sacrilege that ensued resulted in six thousand Argive casualties. Whilst Pausanias records a loss of five thousand Argive men, modern historians widely accept Herodotus’ higher figure.  Due to the nature and ambiguity pertaining to historical sources and administration during the time period, an accurate estimation of the Argive population is improbable. However, Aristotle in his fifth book ‘Politics’, recorded a Spartan population of ten thousand. If the assumption was made that we could assume a similar Argive population during the Battle of Sepeia, the losses of six thousand would have compromised a large majority of young and middle-aged Argive men. Ultimately, the Battle of Sepeia was one of the most decisive battles during Ancient Greek history.

The Significance.

The Battle of Sepeia severely depleted Argos’ military power. The Argives were unable to engage in battle for a generation. The next time Sparta and Argos fought would be in the Peloponnesian wars.  Additionally, this Battle holds profound political consequences, provoking an upheaval of the Argive administrative system. Due to the high number of casualties during the Battle of Sepeia, Argos lost majority of their young and middle-aged men. Consequently, the city was in need of men to fulfil the political and administrative roles of recently deceased noblemen. Ultimately, due to the high number of widowed women and shortage of noble Argive men, many doûloι married into political and administrative  positions. Prior to the Battle of Sepeia, the doûloι were slaves and belonged in the bottom echelons of society. The Battle of Sepeia essentially allowed for a political revolution, elevating the status of the doûloι, until Argive born noble men reached maturity.  Furthermore, the Argives defeat at Sepeia anticipated the enhanced social status and role of Argive women. Herodotus glorifies the actions of the Argive women after the Battle of Sepeia. In the absence of Argive hoplite and men, a woman named Telesilla organised the city’s defence, rallying the young, the old men and the women to take up arms against the Cleomenes and his forces. Telesilla and her fellow Argive citizens have been recorded to have used the underlying attached to their households (known as oιkétaι) to wield as weapons.  Consequently, based on the Agrarian economy and serf labour, women of the Dorian ruling class enjoyed greater political, social and economic freedoms (compared to women from Sparta and Crete) during the classical period. Ultimately, the actions of Telesilla and the Argive women, underpinned the acceleration of Greek women’s autonomy during the classical period.

At the Battle of Sepeia () (c. 494 BC), the Spartan forces of Cleomenes I defeated the Argives, fully establishing Spartan dominance in the Peloponnese. The Battle of Sepeia is infamous for holding the highest number of casualties within a battle during the classical Greek period


Early life.

Margaret Mary Rizer was born to Maureen and Kevin Rizer in Staten Island, New York. Her parents divorced before she was a year old when her father announced he was gay. A decade later her mother remarried, to John Breen, and she was raised in Watertown, New York. Her extended family includes four siblings: Julia, Patricia, Katie, and Jake. The family, who lives in upstate New York, appeared in a 2001 "Teen Vogue" layout. Rizer was fourteen when her openly gay father died of AIDS, and she has since become involved in AIDS awareness.

Modeling career.

Rise to Fame.

Her high school graduation portrait was hung in Burns Photography studio and in the local mall. Neighbors saw the photo and encouraged the girl's mother to send the photo to the Ford Modeling Agency in New York City. Rizer's pale skin, covered in freckles, and her bright blue eyes caught the modeling world's attention.  She initially turned down modeling offers to continue her studies at the State University of New York at Geneseo and the Rochester Institute of Technology. Her hair is naturally strawberry blonde, which she dyed red to attract the attention of "Italian Vogue" and photographer Steven Meisel. They booked her for her first cover and 20-page couture layout in September 1997. She was also featured on the April 1999 cover of American "Vogue" with Kate Moss. Her second American "Vogue" cover was in November 2000 with models Carmen Kass, Angela Lindvall, and Frankie Rayder. The same year she was up for the 2000 VH1/Vogue "Model of the Year" award. Carmen Kass was the eventual winner. She has appeared in many fashion spreads and on the covers of dozens of fashion magazines including "Elle, Lucky, Vogue", and "Flare".  She has walked the runway for Fendi, Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, Chanel, Marc Jacobs, Oscar De La Renta, Miu Miu, Michael Kors, Prada, Jean Paul Gaultier, Dolce & Gabbana, Max Mara, Jil Sander, Blumarine, Céline, Givenchy, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Alexander McQueen, Ralph Lauren, Valentino, Missoni, Yves Saint Laurent, Versace, Balenciaga, Carolina Herrera, Alberta Ferretti, and Viktor & Rolf. Rizer has appeared in fashion campaigns for Versace, Prada, Calvin Klein, Valentino SpA, Céline, Louis Vuitton, Balenciaga, Escada, Lanvin, Clinique, Tommy Hilfiger, Ann Taylor, Fendi, Max Mara, Gap, Dooney & Bourke, and Neiman Marcus.  She was at the peak of her modeling career in the late 1990s and early 2000s. She has done limited film and television work, appearing briefly in "Sex and the City" Season 6 episode ("Let There Be Light"); also briefly on "America's Next Top Model" Cycle 2 Episode 2 ("The Girl Who Floats Like a Butterfly and Stings Like a Bee") while demonstrating proper runway walk to the contestants. She had a more prominent appearance on the CW show "Stylista" Episode 6 ("Model Behavior") while giving the contestants an idea what it's like to cater to the demands of a top model client. She appeared in a scene (later deleted) in the film "Zoolander", asking Ben Stiller's title character (Derek Zoolander) to "come and join our sex party!" with a group of models in a limousine.

Comeback.

After a hiatus, Rizer returned to the industry and graced the cover of Singaporean "L'Officiel" in October 2008, lensed by Leslie Kee. "People", in its December issue, ran a story about Rizer's attempts at a modeling comeback. In late 2009, she began appearing in advertisements for Dooney and Bourke. In 2010, she featured prominently on the website for the L.L.Bean SIGNATURE line and in the print catalog.  In March 2014, Rizer returned to the runway, walking for Louis Vuitton at autumn/winter Paris Fashion Week, and in May at the house's 2015 cruise show in Monaco. In September, Rizer opened for Michael Kors at Spring 2015 New York Fashion Week. Rizer appeared among other "Icons" on the cover of the September 2014 issue of "Vogue" Japan. Rizer was featured on the cover of the November issue of "Numéro" Tokyo. In 2015, Rizer walked for Prabal Gurung at Spring 2016 New York Fashion Week and in August, was shot by Inez and Vinoodh for American "Vogue". In 2016, Rizer appeared in a holiday campaign for Banana Republic.

Personal life.

Marriage.

Rizer married American businessman Alex Mehran on September 18, 2010 in Lake Placid, New York. She has four children : three sons and one girl.

Loss of modeling fortune.

Maggie earned around $20,000 per fashion show and her day-rate started at $30,000. She reportedly amassed a fortune of $7 million in only five years. At age 20, Rizer and her mother hired a New York City financial manager to handle her money in exchange for five percent of her earnings. Weeks later, her stepfather John Breen, who was in the insurance industry, told her that this was a waste of money and that he wanted to handle all of her finances. Breen had a serious drinking problem, however. The family would assume he was at work as he worked for himself at a small local insurance agency. According to him, after he lost his savings, he turned to Rizer's money and sometimes lost over $60,000 of it per day. No one but John was aware of these losses.  Maureen Brennan forced her husband into alcohol rehab and while he was gone, she came across receipts, documents, and forged checks in his trashcan at his office. She slowly unraveled the details of his addiction and discovered that Breen had gambled away all of Maggie's modeling income and the money Maggie had inherited upon the death of her biological father, Kevin, from AIDS in 1992. In 2004, her stepfather was convicted of grand larceny and conspiracy to defraud and was sentenced to sixteen to forty-eight months in prison. The family was left with no money. Ford, and then her new modeling agency, IMG, encouraged Rizer to seek therapy. Rizer mostly dropped out of modeling for the next five years. In consequence, Maureen Brennan briefly went on public assistance to support her family. An article about Rizer appeared in "New York Magazine" (April/May 2005) and online.

Maggie Rizer (born January 9, 1978 in Staten Island, New York) is an American model, and an activist for AIDS-related causes as well as for Operation Smile.


Status.

The University College of Teacher Education Styria is an Austrian educational and research institution in the tertiary sector. It specialises in teacher education degrees and programs, and research into development and improvement of the education system. It trains primary and secondary teachers, and vocational teachers. There are also continuing courses for practicing teachers.

Background.

The oldest component college was the former Teachers' Educational Institute dating from 1870, and was located at Burggasse 13 in Graz. It relocated to the current main building on Hasnerplatz in Graz-Geidorf and was reopened in 1909 by the governor of Styria, Manfred von Clary and Aldringen (1852-1928), in the presence of Governor Edmund von Attems-Heiligenkreuz (1847-1929) and the mayor of the city of Graz, Franz Count (1837-1921).  The Teacher Education Act (Hochschulgesetz, HG) of 2005 established 9 public university colleges of teacher education (Pädagogische Hochschule) in place of the post-secondary colleges for teacher training (Akademien für Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung). University colleges of teacher education operate teacher training programmes (Lehramtsstudien) as bachelor's and master's degree programmes as well as further-education programmes (weiterbildende Lehrgänge). The University College was founded on 1 October 2007 from a merger of the Federal Education Academy in Styria, the Graz Vocational Education Academy and the Pedagogical Institute Styria, giving it several buildings in Graz.  Activities are managed by a Rector, a Hochshule Council (Hochschulrat), and curriculum committees (Studienkommission). All matters regarding the university colleges of teacher education come under the competence of the Federal Minister of Education and Women's Affairs (Bundesministerin bzw. Bundesminister für Bildung und Frauen), and not the Federal Minister of Science, Research and Economy (Bundesministerin bzw. Bundesminister für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft) as for the PhD-awarding public universities.

Core mission.

The aims of the University College are:

Teaching.

Teacher training courses consist of four-year Bachelors and one to two-year Masters courses, and some summer and continuing education courses. Applicants for teaching courses in Austria must be fluent in German, among other criteria. Fees are set federally, and are free or no more than 400 euro per semester (more for students coming from outside the EU). Courses include:  Secondary teacher education takes place in cooperation with colleges and universities in Styria, Carinthia and Burgenland, particularly the University of Graz, which is situated on the same street and where students obtain some disciplinary instruction.

Research.

The main focus is on the analysis of teaching and learning processes in school and extracurricular areas. Ongoing research at the University College involves a wide range of cooperating institutions and schools. There are eight research centres, and two Federal research centres; the Federal Center for Interculturality, Migration and Multilingualism (BIMM) and the Federal Center for Professionalization in Educational Research (BZBF).  A number of qualified academic staff attain the title of Professor with a permanent contract, and complete a mid-career Habilitation degree. However this is an individual title - they do not chair university-funded research groups of junior staff and PhD students, as in the larger Austrian universities or in Germany. Their time for research may be more constrained than in the public universities.

The University College of Teacher Education Styria () is a teacher training university in Graz, Austria awarding undergraduate and master's degrees. It also operates continuing education programs.


Armament.

The BTR-3U is fitted with the one-person KBA-105 "Shkval" unified fighting module which can accommodate 30mm gun, 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, 30mm automatic grenade launcher and anti-tank guided weapons. This module was developed by the State Scientific Technical Centre of Artillery & Rifle Arms of Ukraine. The Shkval fighting module design is versatile, but can also with another turret.  BTR-3DA has BM-3M Shturm-M weapon station armed with ZTM-1 30mm autocannon, KT-7,62 machine gun, KBA-117 30mm grenade launcher, six smoke grenade launchers 902B Tucha, and ATGM system, Barrier.

Equipment design.

The standard equipment of the BTR-3U also includes hydraulically amplified powered steering on the front four road wheels and a central tire-pressure regulation system that allows the driver to adjust the tire-pressure to suit the terrain being crossed. The BTR-3U is fitted with French Michelin tires.  The BTR-3U engine compartment consists of a Deutz BF6M1015 diesel developing 326 hp coupled to an Allison MD3066 fully automatic transmission. The power pack and transmission are fitted by the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau with the technical assistance of the Deutz AG and the Allison Transmission companies. The engine compartment is fitted with an automatic double-action fire extinguishing system.  The vehicle is fully amphibious, propelled when afloat by a single water jet mounted at the rear of the hull. To prepare the vehicle for water, the driver erects a trim vane and switches on the bilge pumps from within the vehicle.  The troop compartment accommodates six soldiers who enter and leave the vehicle by a door in either side of the hull. The lower part of the door folds downward to form a step, with the upper part opening forwards. There are also hatches in the roof and firing ports with associated vision devices provided in the sides and front of the vehicle. An air conditioning system is fitted as standard to ensure crew comfort in hot conditions.

Operators.

Current operators.

Indonesia signed a deal to order 21 BTR-3s

The BTR-3 is an Eight-wheel drive armored personnel carrier developed in 2000-2001 by an international consortium. The companies involved in the project include the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau of Ukraine, the ADCOM MANUFACTURING Company of Abu-Dhabi, UAE, and the State Scientific Technical Centre of Artillery & Rifle Arms of Ukraine. Although somewhat similar in appearance to the Russian BTR-80, the BTR-3U is an all-new production vehicle rather than an update of the existing in-service vehicle.


Early life and education.

John Lawson was born in England. Little is known definitively about his early life. His education seems evidenced by his book. His freedom to explore and take charge suggest he was well-placed in society. After an acquaintance in London assured him that "Carolina was the best country", Lawson as a young man sailed for the North American colonies, arriving in Charleston, South Carolina on August 15, 1700.

Exploration.

Beginning December 28, 1700, Lawson participated in a small expedition out of Charleston in the Carolina Colony to the interior. They traveled up the Santee River by canoe, and then on foot, to explore the Carolina backcountry. Along the way he was guided by American Indians; he took careful note of the vegetation, wildlife and, in particular, the many Indian tribes he encountered. He traveled nearly 600 miles through the wilderness, ending his journey near the mouth of the Pamlico River in what was later designated as North Carolina.  After his expedition, Lawson settled near the Pamlico River, where he earned a living as a private land surveyor. In 1705, he was appointed deputy surveyor for the Lords Proprietor of Carolina. In 1708, he succeeded Edward Moseley to become surveyor-general of the colony, a lucrative position.  Lawson played a major role in the founding of two of North Carolina's earliest permanent European settlements: Bath and New Bern. On March 8, 1705, Bath was the first town incorporated in what was to become North Carolina. Part of the incorporated land was owned by Lawson. He became one of the first town commissioners. Later he became clerk of the court and public register for Bath County.  In 1709, Lawson returned to London to oversee the publication of his book, "A New Voyage to Carolina", in which he described the native inhabitants and the natural environment of the region. The book was an instant success. Several editions were published, including translations into German and French. The resulting publicity attracted many immigrant settlers to the colony of North Carolina.  While in London, Lawson represented the colony before the government in a boundary dispute with Virginia. He also organized a group of Germans from the Electorate of the Palatinate to settle in Carolina, returning with them in 1710 to found New Bern on the Neuse River. The government of Queen Anne had invited the Protestant refugees to England for passage to the colonies. They were fleeing extended hardship in their homeland, due to a record cold, and French invasions. Nearly 3000 Palatine Germans were settled in the New York Colony in 1710 as well, and worked in naval stores camps on the Hudson River to pay off their transportation.  In September 1711, Lawson and his associate Christopher von Graffenried were captured by Tuscarora Indians while ascending the Neuse River. The Tuscarora released von Graffenried, but they subjected Lawson to ritual torture, typical of warriors, and killed him. Shortly thereafter, tensions between the Tuscarora and their allies and settlers erupted into a bloody conflict known as the Tuscarora War, lasting until the defeat of the Tuscarora in 1715. The colonists gathered their own American Indian allies, especially from among the Yamasee and Cherokee, traditional enemies and competitors of the Tuscarora.

Bibliography.

Online versions of this work:

John Lawson (1674? – 1711) was an English explorer, naturalist and writer. He played an important role in exploring the interior of colonial North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, publicizing his expeditions in a book. He founded two settlements in North Carolina: Bath and New Bern, both located on rivers in the coastal plain. He was killed by Tuscarora people, who were beginning to resist European encroachment.


Early life.

Alison Lapper was born on 7 April 1965 in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire. She was born without arms and with shortened legs, a condition called phocomelia. She was institutionalized in her infancy, and is still distant from her relatives. When she was fitted with artificial limbs, she felt that their aim was not to help her, but merely to make her look less disconcerting to others: she therefore abandoned them, and learned to live without external aids.  She left Chailey Heritage School at the age of 17 with a CSE in Art, and moved to London. She then attended the Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People, in Banstead, Surrey until the age of 19, where she learned to drive. She completed both 'O' and 'A'-levels in art at Sutton College of Learning for Adults, before pre-foundation and foundation courses at Heatherley School of Fine Art.  Lapper then moved to Brighton and studied in the Faculty of Art and Architecture at the University of Brighton, graduating with a first class honours degree in Fine Art in 1994.

Career.

Lapper uses photography, digital imaging, and painting to, as she says, question physical normality and beauty, using herself as a subject. She is a member of the Association of Mouth and Foot Painting Artists of the World (AMFPA), having joined as a student member and receiving a full membership after her college graduation. One particular influence is the sculpture Venus de Milo, due to the physical similarities between the idealised classical female statue and Lapper's own body. She has taken part in various British exhibitions, including in the Royal Festival Hall. In May 2003, Lapper was awarded an MBE for her services for art.  After she had given birth to her son Parys in 2000, she created an installation of photographs of herself with him. Lapper and her son featured on the BBC television documentary "Child of Our Time". In 2006, she published her book "My Life in My Hands".

Marc Quinn sculpture.

Lapper was the subject of Marc Quinn's sculpture, "Alison Lapper Pregnant". Initially she refused to pose for him, unsure of the manner in which he intended to depict disability. She wanted to be sure his perspective was not one of pity.  Quinn observed that ancient statues whose limbs had fallen off were now often highly regarded. His aim was to create equally beautiful representations of bodies born naturally in that way. When he phoned again a few months later, Lapper informed him she was now seven months pregnant. His reply was, "That's even better!" In November 1999, Lapper went to Quinn's studio to have a cast made.  The sculpture is made of Carrara marble. It occupied the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square between September 2005 and late 2007. A large replica featured in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony.

Honours.

In May 2003, Lapper was awarded an MBE for services to art.  In July 2014, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Brighton.

Personal life.

Lapper had a son, Parys, with whom she was pregnant when posing for the Marc Quinn sculpture. He died suddenly from a suspected accidental drug overdose in August 2019, aged 19. His mother afterwards said that he had been bullied at school over her disability, which led to his being sectioned for mental health problems at the age of 17.

Alison Lapper MBE (born 7 April 1965) is an English artist. She is the subject of the sculpture Alison Lapper Pregnant, which was displayed on the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square from September 2005 until late 2007. She and her son Parys featured in the BBC docuseries "Child of Our Time.


Early life.

Doughty grew up on army bases throughout the United States, including Fort Knox, Fort Hood, and Fort Leavenworth, and spent his teenage years living on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He came to New York City at age 19 to study poetry at The New School, where singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco was one of his classmates in Sekou Sundiata's poetry course, "The Shape and Nature of Things to Come".

Career.

Soul Coughing.

While a doorman at the New York club The Knitting Factory (in that era, a hotbed of avant-garde jazz), Doughty founded Soul Coughing. The band released three critically and commercially successful albums, "Ruby Vroom" (1994), "Irresistible Bliss" (1996) and "El Oso" (1998). The greatest hits album "Lust in Phaze" was released in 2002.

Solo career.

Doughty broke up Soul Coughing in 2000 due to personal problems: He was wearying of the band, and he was addicted to opiate painkillers, heroin, and alcohol. He was promptly dropped by Warner Brothers, and began traveling in a rental car (covering 9,000 miles on his first tour) playing acoustic shows. After shows he would sit at the front of the stage and sell copies of his acoustic album "Skittish" — then on CD-Rs in plain white sleeves. Warner Brothers had rejected the record in 1996. During his three-year tour, Doughty sold 20,000 copies of "Skittish" and gradually developed a following independent of Soul Coughing. Doughty collaborated with BT on "Never Gonna Come Back Down" providing lyrics and vocals. "Never Gonna Come Back Down" was contained on BT's album "Movements in Still Life" and released in 1999.  He remained without a label until, when playing the Bonnaroo music festival in 2004, Doughty bumped into Dave Matthews, a longtime Soul Coughing fan who had the band open for him on two US tours, including shows at Madison Square Garden. When Matthews professed to be a fan of Doughty's solo record "Rockity Roll" and the song "27 Jennifers", Doughty gave him a CD with rough mixes of an album he had been working on in Minneapolis with singer-songwriter and producer Dan Wilson. Matthews eventually released the album on his ATO label as "Haughty Melodic" (an anagram for 'Michael Doughty'.) "Haughty Melodic"s singles "Looking at the World from the Bottom of a Well" and "I Hear the Bells" were each featured on episodes of "Grey's Anatomy" and "Veronica Mars", and Doughty appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman", marking a return to the musical mainstream. He has since released a number of follow-up albums. Some of Doughty's more recent albums, including "Circles, Super Bon Bon and The Very Best of Soul Coughing", "Live at Ken’s", and "Stellar Motel", have used crowdfunding to finance their creation. He has also used Patreon to release a song every week for those paying $5 a month.  In 2012, Doughty published a memoir called "The Book of Drugs", covering his formative years as a musician, what he called the "dark, abusive marriage" that was Soul Coughing, and his experiences with addiction and recovery.  In 2014, Mike Doughty created a rock opera based on the Book of Revelation called "Revelation".  In 2015, he moved to Memphis, TN.  In 2019, Doughty mounted a U.S. tour in honor of the 25th anniversary of Ruby Vroom in which he played the album in its entirety.

Michael Ross Doughty ( ; born June 10, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and author. He founded the band Soul Coughing in 1992, and as of "The Heart Watches While the Brain Burns" (2016), has released 18 studio albums, live albums, and EPs, all since 2000.


Geography.

Location.

Eckfeld lies in the middle of the Vulkaneifel with its low-mountain landscape right near the Eifelmaare (sunken volcanoes). Nearby is the Eckfelder Trockenmaar (a dry maar) with its many palaeontological finds. Especially well known are small ancient horses and the world's oldest honeybee.  Eckfeld belongs to the "Verbandsgemeinde" Wittlich-Land.

History.

The municipality had its first documentary mention in 973 in a donation document from Emperor Otto I at the Abbey of Echternach. Beginning in 1794, Eckfeld lay under French rule. In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1947, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Politics.

Municipal council.

The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

Culture and sightseeing.

Fossil finds at the 44.3-million-year-old Eckfelder Maar (for example the “Eckfeld Ancient Horse” and the “World’s Oldest Honeybee”) have been made available to the Maar Museum in Manderscheid by the Rhineland-Palatinate State Assembly for Natural History ("Landessammlung für Naturkunde Rheinland-Pfalz").

Church and monastery.

The tower at Saint Catherine's Church ("Kirche St. Katharina") in Eckfeld was built in 1450 and expanded into a defensive tower. Built onto the tower in 1882 was a new nave.  To Eckfeld belongs the former Buchholz Monastery with the Church of the Visitation of Mary ("Kirche Mariä Heimsuchung"). Saint Catherine's Church in Eckfeld is, like the church in Pantenburg, a branch church of the Buchholz church.

Eckfeld is an "Ortsgemeinde" – a municipality belonging to a "Verbandsgemeinde", a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.


Biography.

Brigitte D'Ortschy grew up in Berlin. As a teenager she became intrigued by the reading of Angelus Silesius, Meister Eckhart, Teresa of Avila and Chuang-tzu. She completed her education by studying architecture and engineering in Berlin and Graz. The sociological and psychological aspects of architecture were one of the main fields of her studies. In 1945 she received her diploma in architecture.  From 1947 to 1950 Brigitte D'Ortschy worked as a research assistant at the Technical University of Munich in the field of the building history and archaeology. 1950 she accepted an invitation by the Washington State Department and went to the US to gain experiences in urban and regional planning for the rebuilding of postwar Germany. She concluded her graduate studies at the University of North Carolina and worked for the Planning Commission of Philadelphia. During this time she met Frank Lloyd Wright.  In 1951 Brigitte D'Ortschy became a founding member of the Bavarian Committee for Urban and Regional Planning. In 1952 she took the initiative to bring the exhibition "60 years of Living Architecture" on the work of Frank Lloyd Wright to Munich. In 1953 Frank Lloyd Wright invited her to work for him in his architectural atelier in Taliesin West (Arizona). Frank Lloyd Wright's concept of "organic architecture" resonated with Brigitte D’Ortschy. It also sharpened her awareness of physical form as "cultural language" and helped her later to grasp the characteristic features of Japanese culture.  In 1954, on her return to Europe, she became the coordinator of the German section of the international "Triennale" exhibition in Milano. In the following years she organized exhibitions in Helsingborg (Sweden), Milano, Israel, Berlin and Munich. In addition she did design work (i.e. she furnished dwellings of the house of Finnish architect Alvar Aalto), gave lectures and wrote articles for the trade press.  In 1960 she traveled to Israel to prepare the first exhibition about the Art and Craft of Israel in postwar Germany, setting it up in Munich and Berlin. Besides her professional life she engaged in intense discussions and exchange of letters with leading thinkers of her time on the many aspects of science and religious philosophy. During these years she read the book "Zen and the Art of Archery" by Eugen Herrigel. "This book about Zen...awakened in me the feeling that Japan was holding sth. extremely important for me" she later writes. Up to 1963 she worked both as a freelance architect and for the Bavaria Film Company while continuing to publish articles and a series of books about architectural design. In 1963 she decided to move to Japan.

Zen-training and teaching.

Shortly after her arrival in Japan Brigitte D'Ortschy met Zen-Master Ryoko Roshi (1885–1973) and in April 1964 she began her rigorous Zen-training under him in the Fukusho-ji in Tokio and in the Mokuso-in in Kamakura. She earned a living as lecturer at the Waseda, Yokohama and Tokio universities, and being an articulate writer, she wrote many articles about traditional Japanese culture and its Zen schools of art. Brigitte D'Ortschy underwent the entire Koan-training which she completed in 1972 when she received Inka Shomei. Yasutani Haku'un Roshi bestowed on her the Dharma name Doru Chiko Daishi and she became his Dharma heir. In 1973 Yamada Koun Ken Enko Zenshin Roshi (1907–1989) held the Hasan-Sai ceremony for her and she inherited his Dharma too. Yamada Koun gave her the name Koun An Roshi. From then on she was called Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi (=Daishi). In 1983 Yamada Roshi confirmed her as an authentic Zen-Master in her own right (Shoshike) of the Sanbo Kyodan lineage. Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi is the 85th generation after Shakyamuni Buddha and the 35th generation after Dogen Zenji.  In the San'un zendo in Kamakura she befriended her Zen companion Philip Kapleau who was then writing his zen classic "The Three Pillars of Zen". She designed the cover of this book and translated it into German. Those parts of Phillip Kapleau's book which were originally written in Kanbun she translated anew into English to keep her German translation as faithful as possible. The German edition ("Die Drei Pfeiler des Zen") was eventually published in 1969. During these years Hugo Makibi Enomiya Lassalle SJ became her Zen companion, as well as the Californian Jesuit Father Thomas Hand, one of the first Catholic priests in the San'un zendo and pioneer of the Christian/Buddhist dialogue. Her long friendship with Father Hand is documented in an exchange of letters spanning 20 years.  From 1973 onwards, together with Yamada Koun Roshi she held the first Sesshin in Germany. In 1975 she established her own zendo in Munich. This zendo grew into a community of zen disciples from all over the world. Koun An pursued her teaching during intense summer training periods. During winter time she continued her zen training in Japan and kept working on her translations and writings. She shielded her Munich zendo and her students from public limelight in order to guarantee an intense and authentic zen-training and did so in line with her view that "spiritual training is always for free".  Under the pseudonym of Michael Mueller, Brigitte D'Ortschy published a teisho (dharma talk) about the koan "MU". With the title "ZEN" (photos by Eberhard Grames) it was published in 1984 for the first time.  Until her death in 1990 she spent the winter months in her garden hut (Jap. "hanare") in Kita-Kamakura, Yama-no-uchi, and continued her own Zen training. With the support of Yamada Koun Roshi in the San'un Zendo in Kamakura she translated the classic texts of Zen-Buddhism from the Chinese and Japanese originals into English and/or German: "Hui-Neng" (Eno) (638-713) "The Dharma-Treasure Rostrum Sutra of the Great Master, the Sixth Patriarch", "Sosan no hanashi", and complete classic koan collections, like "Mumon Ekai: Mumon-kan" (The Gateless Gate), "Setcho/Engo: Hekigan Roku" (The Blue Cliff Record), "Keizan Jokin: Denko-Roku" (Transmission of Light), "Wanshi Shogaku: Shoyu Roku" (The Book of Equanimity), etc. and wrote her own teisho (Dharma talks) about all of the respective koan. Her contribution in the context of Christian/Buddhist dialogue is most comprehensively documented in her exchange of letters over 15 years with a Carthusian monk who was her disciple.  While Yasutani Haku'un Roshi is regarded as the pioneer of Zen in the US, Koun-An Doru Chiko Roshi is regarded as the first German Zen-Master with students from all over the world.

Bibliography.

Wolkenverlag Munich (www.wolkenverlag.de) now offers free downloads of its publications to date (see list below), all of which are translations, books or essays and articles by Brigitte D'Ortschy, plus already some as yet unpublished original manuscripts, i.e. "The 6th Patriarch's Rostrum (Platform) Sutra" (Hui-Neng) translated from Japanese into English and German, by Brigitte D'Ortschy. The Wolkenverlag library of free downloads will grow continuously as more essays, articles, teisho, notes and translations are being prepared for upload. Original manuscripts, written in German only, will be translated into English in due time.  www.wolkenverlag.de: "Denko-Roku" Koan collection, "Shoyo-Roku" Koan collection. Translated from Chinese and Japanese into English, by Brigitte D'Ortschy, Koun-An Roshi. www.wolkenverlag.de: "The Sixth Patriarch's Rostrum Sutra". Translated from Chinese and Japanese manuscripts into English, by Brigitte D'Ortschy, Koun-An Roshi.

Brigitte D'Ortschy (May 31, 1921 – July 9, 1990), or Koun-An Doru Chiko, was an architect, journalist, translator, author, and the first Zen master from Germany in the Sanbo Kyodan school of Japan.