History.

Founded by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, the roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the Self-Respect Movement and Justice Party. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the Indian National Congress party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1917, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

Ideology.

Being completley opposed to Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance of Southern India, the primary purpose of the Dravida Kazhagam was to secure the complete independence of a Dravidian Republic (Dravida Nadu). The party at its inception retained similar values to the Justice Party which had the views of a traditional type of balance signifying the idea of equality. Also being heavily influenced by Periyar's Self-Respect Movement it also adopted many of its goals and objectives. A few of these similarities was to eliminate the cast, class and creed divide amongst people to foster a balanced society, working towards the elimination of inequality and ensuring that men and women have equal opportunities towards all aspects of life and pushing for the eradication of superstitious beliefs based on religion.

Controversies.

12 members belonging to Hindu Munnani were detained by the police for disrupting a public meeting organized by the Dravidar Kazhagam in Trichy on April 2019. Two members of the Dravidar Kazhagam were said to be injured as the Hindu Munnani members threw slippers and stones at the stage established for the public meeting.

Conflict years.

As the party gained prominence, many in the party wanted to contest in the elections including Annadurai. However, Periyar argued that politics will force ideology to the background. With a straining relationship in the organization and Periyar marrying Maniammai, who was more than 40 years younger than him, some members of the party broke up and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Periyar marrying a girl of younger age caused strains within organization and outside it. The organization was headed by Maniammai and later by K.Veeramani after her demise.

Later years.

Periyar's protests were largely symbolic and did not call for the destruction of private property or physically harming anyone. It based its interests on anti-Hindi and anti-brahmin agitations and never became a full-fledged political party.

Dravidar Kazhagam Flag.

The flag of Dravidar Kazhagam can trace its origins back to 1937. During that year, Hindi was made into a compulsory subject in South India. In reaction to this, Thanthai Periyar organised anti-hindi protests in which a plain black flag was flown. From these protests, Periyar gained a large amount of popularity and went onto be elected as the president of the Justice Party a year later. When the Justice Party was rebranded as the Dravida Kazhagam in 1944, the party adopted its official flag. The design features red circle with a black background with the color black representing "the deprivations and the indignities that the Dravidians had to face under the strict Hindu religion" while Red represented "the tireless efforts taken to eliminate the ignorance and blind faith among the people and to free them from any kind of mental and materialistic exploitation".

Activities.

The party often adopted a hard line approach and was often involved in mass attempts to change the system outright. One such incident involved bringing Adi Dravidas into the inner sanctum sanctorum of temples and threatening Brahmin priests to recite hymns in Tamil instead of Sanskrit. During Indian independence in 1947, the party did not accept the same as Periyar viewed Independence as the transfer of power from British to the Brahmin-Bania combine who occupied all important positions. With a firm belief that caste-based reservations are the only way to empower the under-represented, they supported reservations in education and employment right from 1919. Periyar was instrumental in introducing reservation in Tamil Nadu from 1921 even before independence.

Legacy.

The organization laid the foundation for further Tamil people involvement into politics. It enthused a new Tamil spirit that later on led to the formation of many parties that would eventually challenge the Indian National Congress stranglehold. Though it failed to achieve its grandiose idea of an independent Dravidian nation, it fostered a spirit of unity amongst the Dravidians, especially in opposing Hindi language in the seventies.  Dravida Kazhagam strongly rooted for the implementation of Mandal Commission report, which was later adopted by the V.P. Singh led government in 1990. It has also involved itself in the Srilankan Tamils issue and has been vocal in the support of LTTE.

Dravidar Kazhagam ("Dravidian Federation") is a social movement, that was founded by E. V. Ramasamy, also called Thanthai Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including untouchability and on a grander scale to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian nation) from the Madras Presidency. Dravidar Kazhagam would in turn give birth to many other political parties including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.


Fictional character biography.

"Saw".

Amanda's first appearance was as a minor character in the 2004 film "Saw". She was the only known survivor of the Jigsaw Killer (John Kramer), a man who abducts people he sees as unappreciative of their lives and forces them into death traps. Her trap is depicted in a flashback while it is described to police and Dr. Lawrence Gordon: she wakes up with a device attached to her head set to rip her jaws open. The key is in the stomach of her "dead cellmate", who has actually been heavily sedated; she nevertheless kills him and frees herself moments before the device springs open.  David Tapp comments that Amanda was targeted by Jigsaw for that game because she was a drug addict. At the end of the scene, she remarks that Jigsaw helped her.

"Saw II".

It is revealed in "Saw II" that Amanda started using heroin in jail. She was sentenced to prison after being framed by Detective Eric Matthews for a crime she did not commit. She appears in most of the film as one of the subjects John traps in the Nerve Gas House along with several other people who Eric had framed, as well as the detective's son, Daniel. As the last surviving female in the Nerve Gas House, it seems that her character is filling the role of a final girl of the film, yet this is a red herring. In a twist ending it is revealed that Amanda is working with John, seeing him as a father figure and agreeing to become his apprentice. Amanda claims that the test she experienced in the first film ultimately saved her life, and this is what caused her to join him. She survives the nerve gas house, saved from the violent victim Xavier by Daniel, and upon the arrival of Eric Matthews she abducts him as her first "test subject" and rescues John from his custody. Amanda expresses vengeful tendencies toward Eric as she tells him that the "tables have turned" and that she will make him experience what it is like to be imprisoned, as she traps him in a bathroom to rot. At the end of the film Amanda claims that she intends to carry on John's work after he dies.

"Saw III".

"Saw III" specified that Amanda had been working with John since the first film, that she kidnapped one of the film's protagonists, Adam Stanheight, and that she had killed Adam out of guilt shortly after said film. Flashbacks in "Saw III" also clarified that Eric had escaped from his trap, and engaged in a vicious fight with Amanda for the whereabouts of his son. Amanda succeeded in defeating him, and left Eric for dead.  By the third film, Amanda is depicted as ignoring John's modus operandi by creating inescapable traps that kill the subject regardless of whether or not they successfully complete their test. She also displays tendencies of cutting herself under stress. The dying John decides to put Amanda through a test to see if she is still stable enough to carry on his work by having her work with Dr. Lynn Denlon to keep him alive while she oversees the tests of Jeff Denlon. Amanda acts abusively toward Lynn, jealous of the attention John is giving her, even having a fight with her at one point. At one point, she goes into another room to find an envelope that John told her about before his surgery; she finds a letter inside it which causes her even more distress, and, upon reading its contents, she breaks down and cries. While John is being operated on, he becomes delirious and professes his love for his ex-wife, but which Amanda mistakes as an undeserved professed love for Lynn. Amanda becomes angry and refuses to remove the shotgun collar from Lynn, which will kill her if John flatlines. A heated argument about John's ethics and whether or not Lynn learned anything ensues, revealing that Amanda made her traps inescapable because she felt that the victims wouldn't have learned anything from the test they were put through, and ending with Amanda shooting Lynn in the abdomen just as Jeff walks in. Jeff witnesses this and shoots Amanda in the neck. As she dies, a saddened John explains the nature of her test - Lynn and Jeff are in fact husband and wife – and expresses disappointment at her effectively defeating the point of his actions by giving her victims no chance to learn from their tests.  A deleted scene in "Saw III" shows Amanda killing Eric, cutting his body several times while on top of him. Darren Lynn Bousman fought to keep this scene in, but the producers removed it because they thought it would be better to leave the door open for Eric's return in "Saw IV". Leigh Whannell confirms on the "Saw III" DVD commentary that Amanda murdering Eric was the first time she killed out of spite and that it was this incident which caused her to stray from John's intentions.  Two deleted scenes were included in the "Saw III" Director's Cut DVD. The first was a flashback which showed Amanda meeting Adam in his apartment building prior to abducting him for Jigsaw's game. Adam complimented Amanda's hair, gave her a flyer promoting a friend's concert, and flirtatiously took a photo of her. The second deleted scene took place between Amanda and Lynn in which they engaged in a fight that resulted in cuts on Amanda's arms.

"Saw IV".

During "Saw IV", Amanda's ability to pick up the much heavier Kerry's unconscious body is questioned by the FBI, leading them to believe another accomplice is helping John. It is discovered that the events of "Saw III" and "Saw IV" occurred at the same time, revealing that Amanda was alive during the events of the fourth film. Her blood-covered corpse is found by Agent Peter Strahm in the makeshift operating room just moments after her death. It is later revealed that Detective Mark Hoffman, John's other apprentice, wrote the upsetting letter to Amanda in the previous film.

"Saw V".

Amanda reappeared in "Saw V", though only through flashbacks and voice appearances. On August 7, 2008, Shawnee Smith confirmed in an interview with "Bloody-Disgusting" that she had heard she would indeed be featured in the fifth installment of "Saw". However, she claimed that she was never on set for the fifth film. Smith guessed that her reappearance will most likely be through the use of archive footage that had been previously filmed.  In the fifth film Mark Hoffman questioned, in a flashback, why Amanda would be needed to be involved in the nerve gas house trap (from the second film). Amanda is briefly seen in this flashback, lying unconscious on the ground as John and Hoffman set up that game. In another flashback, in the operating room seen in "Saw III", Hoffman questioned John as to why he was letting emotional attachment get in the way of his perception of Amanda. Hoffman also predicted that she would fail John. He then left the room through a secret exit shortly before Amanda entered the room with Lynn.

"Saw VI".

In "Saw VI", a flashback showed that Amanda, desperate for drugs, sent Cecil into Jill's clinic to steal some for her, making her an accessory in the miscarriage of Gideon in "Saw IV".  It was also shown that following Amanda's survival of her test in the first film, John also showed Amanda to Jill to prove that his method of rehabilitation was the only one that worked. It is hinted that Amanda was a patient at Jill's clinic once and that Jill had given up on her. Amanda told Jill that John's method helped her.  Amanda appeared in a flashback with John and Mark Hoffman as they put Timothy Young into his trap. It was shown that Amanda and Hoffman, although both apprentices to John, had a very competitive and tense rivalry with each other. Amanda openly expressed doubt in Hoffman's abilities to set up the mechanics of their devices properly, remarking that she thought he was only useful for "heavy lifting". Hoffman in turn openly expressed his dislike for her, saying he was the one who truly cherishes his life. Amanda also questioned whether Hoffman should be tested, reflecting upon the fact that she had already passed a test. Amanda's close emotional attachment and care for John was also further displayed. Amanda appeared awkward and uncomfortable when she and John later ran into Jill as they exited the room. It was also revealed that the masked figure that kidnapped Lynn in "Saw III" was Amanda. Another flashback showed Hoffman had plotted to sabotage Amanda's final test in "Saw III". Hoffman, knowing of Amanda's involvement in Jill's miscarriage, blackmailed Amanda into killing Lynn Denlon through the letter he left for her in "Saw IV" (read by her in "Saw III"). In the letter, Hoffman told Amanda he would inform John of Amanda's indirect role in the incident. Feeling the pressure not to disappoint her mentor, Amanda complied with Hoffman's threats and shot Lynn. This resulted in Amanda's failure to pass the final test John had set for her and thus her death.  In the Director's Cut of "Saw VI", one of the reinserted scenes presents a dialogue between Amanda and Cecil, in which she persuades him to rob the clinic by claiming, "I've been good to you." Also in the Director's Cut a scene was added after the end credits in which she approaches the room Corbett Denlon is locked in (during the events of "Saw III") and frantically tells her, "Don't trust the one who saves you."

"Saw 3D".

Amanda appears in a quick flashback of the bathroom at the end of "Saw 3D".

"Jigsaw".

Although Amanda does not appear in the eighth film, "Jigsaw", it is revealed that John was assisted by Logan Nelson in preparing the "Reverse Bear Trap" for the game of which she survived in the first film.

In other media.

"Saw: Rebirth".

The character of Amanda Young is also featured in the comic book, "", which is set prior to the events of the first movie. It is revealed that while receiving treatment in hospital for his illness, John Kramer first notices Amanda. She is portrayed as a fellow patient at the hospital who was being treated for an overdose that she had suffered, due to her drug addiction. John expressed frustration that Amanda did not learn anything from her overdose. This motivates John to design her test which was featured in the first film.

"Scott Tibbs' Documentary".

Amanda has a brief appearance in the short film "Scott Tibbs' Documentary" which is available on the Special Edition DVD of "Saw II". In the short film she is being harassed by a news reporter who wants information on her experience when she was captured by Jigsaw. In response, Amanda punches the reporter in the face and storms off.

"Saw: The Video Game".

Amanda also appeared in the video game, "Saw", as the first victim that protagonist David Tapp had to save. Upon being placed in the asylum, she was held in a poison/antidote injection trap to reflect her intravenous drug use habits. Tapp rushes to save her and she proceeds to follow him around the asylum. However, she is soon abducted by Pighead, a minion wearing Jigsaw's robes, to cover up Amanda's identity as Jigsaw's apprentice.

"Dead By Daylight - The SAW Chapter".

Amanda is a playable character featured in the asymmetrical game "Dead By Daylight" as part of the downloadable Saw Chapter. The chapter includes Amanda Young as the killer called "The Pig", alongside David Tapp as the survivor and Gideon Meat Plant, in downloadable content for "Dead by Daylight" released on January 23, 2018.

Characterization.

Several of the film crew behind the "Saw" film series have commented on the extent to which Amanda's character had been written to be one of the most important in the franchise. Marcus Dunstan, writer of "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", and "Saw 3D" stated that "Shawnee Smith's character [Amanda] represents a tremendous viable, emotional thread throughout the narratives." Fellow writer of "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", and "Saw 3D" Patrick Melton, further stated that "I don't think we could have effectively told the story of Hoffman and John Kramer without including Amanda." Kevin Greutert, the editor of "Saw", "Saw II", "Saw III", and "Saw IV", and director of "Saw VI" and "Saw 3D", further stated that "[Smith] did a great job, and [Amanda's] such a peculiar aspect of the Jigsaw character, with the fact that he had these tender feelings for this weirdo."  Speaking about her character, actress Shawnee Smith said that while she was not able to completely identify Amanda Young with that of herself, she was however, able to perceive several of Amanda's characteristics to be admirable nevertheless. Smith stated that: "When you first meet [Amanda], she's at the bottom, she can't go any lower and it's the combination of that and having nothing left to lose and finding someone to love and to sacrifice for. Obviously she's tragic, but 95% of her was capable of growing the strength to serve and sacrifice for another human being. Now that's rare and it takes strength, courage, practice, diligence, and a fearlessness to build that."  Smith also stated that she attempted to find the human being in Amanda, and tried not to merely turn her into a "super killer". Smith remarked of Amanda's relationship with Jigsaw that it was not so much an apprentice relationship, but that she perceived it as "a true friendship and a real partnership".  Through interviews with Shawnee Smith, it was revealed that Amanda's evolution into the killer she was at the end of "Saw III" was in part due to a horrible childhood. Smith stated on numerous occasions that Amanda was severely abused and neglected when she was a child. This had been confirmed by "Saw" series writer and co-creator Leigh Whannell, who also commented on Amanda's past in a commentary for "Saw III". In the original script of "Saw III", dialogue between John and Amanda made references to her past; in a scene she explains to John that "When I was a little girl, my father would lock me under the stairs. I was terrified of the dark, and he would leave me in there alone. For hours." The scene had explained Amanda's emotional turmoil with the Bathroom Trap.  Because of her childhood, Amanda had never properly learned to deal with stress and emotional pain, and thus turned to self-harm as a way of dealing with her problems. While in prison, her abusive tendencies were replaced with heroin use. However, after surviving the "Reverse Bear Trap", she no longer used heroin and returned to cutting, burning, and other forms of self-injury. Her frail emotional state and somewhat mental instability made her quick to anger, and she would often act purely on impulse or emotion (such as trying to kill Eric Matthews, and her emotionally and physically abusive behaviour towards Lynn Denlon).  A scene in "Saw III" explores Amanda's self-injuring tendencies, and shows her cutting the inside of her thigh. The scene was not in the original script, and instead there was a brief scene in which Amanda is shown squeezing a razor blade (which was later replaced by a scene of Amanda squeezing a leather cutter), only hinting at Amanda self-injuring. Prior to filming, Smith had been reading "A Bright Red Scream", a book that explains the reasons one would turn to self-injury. It was Smith who insisted that a self-injury scene be filmed and put into the film, believing it was necessary to show Amanda's tendencies for character depth.  Amanda displayed indications of guilt and remorse in her actions, as she had a nightmare of one of her victims in a deleted scene in the director's cut of "Saw III". In her dream she was confronted by Adam for what she had done to him, thus further revealing the emotional turmoil that her character exhibited.  Jake Huntley wrote of the complexity of Amanda's character in the "Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies". Huntley noted that although Amanda sets herself as notably different from the Jigsaw killer, her attachment toward him and her desire to be like him are central to her character's state of mind. Huntley stated that:  Huntley further points out that the biggest dilemma that Amanda's character faced is that she lost her sense of "self" following her "Reverse Bear Trap" in the first film. This is characterised by her claim to have been "reborn", symbolising her neurotic desire to be somebody else other than herself. The viewer is confronted with a character who grapples with trying to understand her own identity as she simultaneously attempts to emulate Jigsaw's characteristics, while also setting herself apart as different from him. It is claimed by Huntley that it was this predicament that caused Amanda's gradual emotional breakdown. Huntley stated that:  To add to this, some film critics have interpreted Amanda's character to have suffered from Stockholm syndrome in regards to her complex relationship with John.

Symbolic representations.

Emulation of Jigsaw's icons.

After becoming one of John's apprentices, Amanda often took on many of John's iconic symbols. For instance, she often wore a pig mask when capturing her victims. Also, in "Saw III", she appeared wearing John's iconic red and black theatrical robe. Huntley analysed this as an attempt by Amanda to be "dressed as Jigsaw".  Huntley further stated that: "For Amanda, Jigsaw as signifier can only ever stand in the place of a vexatious and frustrating lack and it is this which locates Amanda in such a conflicted position – having given "every cell" of herself to Jigsaw she is only able to act in an imitative and repetitive way, a second, or understudy, in danger of being only slightly more useful than the Billy doll, waiting both for and against Jigsaw's inevitable and impending death."

Inescapable traps.

Amanda eventually developed her own unique modus operandi, in which the traps she set were inescapable, and would kill the test subjects even when the victims had achieved the goals of their games. While John always refused to acknowledge his traps as murder, Amanda openly admitted that her actions did define her as a murderer. She chose to execute her subjects because she did not believe anyone would change, including herself.  Huntley pointed out that Amanda's traps are used as a creative tool of juxtaposition with that of Jigsaw's, to effectively point out what the Jigsaw killer was not. Huntley outlined this, stating that: "If Jigsaw's games are encounters with Deleuzian affect, Amanda's games are anti-deleuzian, operating more as encounters with Lacanian notions of the signification of death within the symbolic order and the death drive. This is because Amanda, as a Lacanian subject, becomes caught between her own subjectivity and the object of her desire. In purely cinematic terms, Jigsaw directs his games while Amanda acts in hers... The subject's of Amanda's games, undertaken for Jigsaw, constitute only the throwing away, the discarding... At the most basic level, Amanda does not allow chance or potential to interfere, only ever seeing Jigsaw's games as constitutive of the symbolic order, as an elaborate cover for staging the death of those who lack the survival instinct and thus do not deserve life."

Reception.

A film review of "Saw III" claimed: "I found Amanda the scariest part of the movie, not because Shawnee Smith can match the creepy gravitas of Tobin Bell... but the sheer notion of her transformation. Jigsaw, while not physically powerful has the ability to reproduce his twisted world view in formerly sane people, including the ones he's 'tested.'"  Don Summer, a writer for "Best-Horror-Movies.com", commented that Shawnee Smith did a "fantastic job" in her recurring role as Jigsaw's "trusty sidekick", Amanda.  A film critic for the website "Angel Fire" concurred that Tobin Bell and Shawnee Smith performed very well in their roles. Particularly commenting on the third film, he went on to claim that "while Bell's Jigsaw played a major role in "Saw III", most of the film is carried along by Shawnee Smith as Amanda" who he believed presented an "interesting and intriguing character". He also expressed admiration for the manner in which Amanda began as a minor character in the original movie, only to have her character's prominence surely yet gradually increase in the sequels. He claimed that "You've gotta love the way her character has been expanded in the series from a victim in the first "Saw" movie, to a trojan horse in the second film, and to a major player in the third film."  Tobin Bell and Shawnee Smith were nominated for the Spike Scream Award in the category of "Most Vile Villain" for their portrayals of John and Amanda respectively in "Saw III".  Following the release of "Saw III", film critic David Medsker acknowledged the iconic status that the character had attained, by labelling her as the "poster child for Stockholm syndrome". It has therefore been suggested that she has become a fictional icon of the condition.  In a list compiled by Scott Collura for IGN of the top fifty villainesses in modern popular culture, entitled "Top 50 Chicks Behaving Badly", Amanda Young was ranked as number 42. Collura remarked that Amanda was so villainous that she made "a killer like Jigsaw look like the good guy..."  On Tom Cullen's list of the top five most noteworthy fictional female serial killers, as featured on "Asylum", Amanda Young was ranked as number four. In a list that included Sharon Stone's iconic Catherine Tramell, Cullen remarked that of all those featured on his list, Smith's Amanda would be the "most in need of psychiatric help".  Shawnee Smith has been acknowledged as a "scream queen" due to the roles she has played in horror films, which includes her role as Amanda in the "Saw" films. This culminated in the selection of Smith as a judge and host for the reality series "Scream Queens", in which contestants competed for a role in "Saw VI".  Smith's depiction of Amanda in the Reverse Bear Trap was used in promotional posters for the first film. The same image also appears on the soundtrack for the first film. A depiction of Amanda in this device was released as a collectable statue by Hollywood Collectables, indicating the iconic status that the character has obtained.

Amanda Young is a fictional character in the "Saw" franchise. She is portrayed by Shawnee Smith. At first a minor character in the original film, her role expanded in the sequels until she became one of the most important characters in the series.


Background.

Rabinowitz was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Rose (née Netter) and Louis M. Rabinowitz, a factory owner who had emigrated from Lithuania. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a BA in 1931 and University of Michigan Law School with a JD in 1934.

Career.

Rabinowitz, Boudin.

Rabinowitz was hired right out of law school by the progressive law firm Hays, Podell and Shulmman. Rabinowitz was a law clerk at Hays, Podell until mid-1938, when Rabinowitz followed Hays, Podell junior partner, the leftist Ben Algase, into the firm of Louis B. Boudin, a labor lawyer, active in "radical politics."  In 1944, he formed a new firm with Boudin's nephew Leonard Boudin: Rabinowitz and Boudin, currently Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky & Lieberman, in New York City. Rabinowitz and Boudin were the senior partners, joined by Michael Standard, Michael Krinsky, and Eric Lieberman. (Krinsky and Lieberman remain senior attorneys to the present.) The firm's papers, held by the Tamiment Library of New York University, describes it as follows: The firm represented numerous labor unions, most notably the American Communications Association, and assisted clients in passport cases, loss of employment and other legal matters arising from the targeting of individuals in government security investigations. The firm has been deeply involved in civil rights work and, during the Vietnam War, successfully defended, on First Amendment grounds, some of the leading opponents of the war, as well as draft resisters and conscientious objectors. Clients included: Julian Bond, Paul Robeson, Alger Hiss, Benjamin Spock, Daniel Ellsberg, Dashiell Hammett, the Church of Scientology, and Jimmy Hoffa. It has also represented the government of Chile under Salvador Allende, and the Cuban government since June 1960 and has been Cuba's only U.S. legal counsel in all U.S.-related matters. Other clients included: Rockwell Kent, other unions, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and other non-union organizations.  In November 1947, Rabinowitz ran as American Labor Party candidate against Republican candidate Jacob P. Lefkowitz and Democratic/Liberal Party of New York candidate Abraham J. Multer for the Fourteenth Congressional District of New York, caused by the resignation of Leo F. Rayfiel (appointed as a United States district judge). In 1951, Rabinowitz joined more than half a dozen other lawyers in defending 17 Communist Party members, including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. The communists were accused of charged conspiring to "teach and advocate violent overthrow" of the government. The other lawyers were: Abraham L. Pomerantz, Carol Weiss King, Michael Begun, Harold I. Cammer, Mary Kaufman, Leonard Boudin, and Abraham Unger. Later, they were relieved by O. John Rogge, gangster Frank Costello's lawyer George Wolf, William W. Kleinman, Joseph L. Delaney, Frank Serri, Osmond K. Fraenkel, Henry G. Singer, Abraham J. Gellinoff, Raphael P. Koenig, and Nicholas Atlas.  Rabinowitz argued many cases before the United States Supreme Court.  In 1963, when daughter Joni Rabinowitz was convicted of perjury regarding work for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, he won her release on the grounds that the jury under-represented a local black population.  In 1984, he played an "important role in anchoring the defense" when Kathy Boudin, Weather Underground member and Leonard Boudin's daughter, pled guilty to murder as part of armored truck robbery.

Associations.

Rabinowitz helped found the National Lawyers Guild in 1937 and served as its national president from 1967 to 1970.  From 1942 until the early 1960s, he was a member of the American Communist Party (CPUSA).  During the 1940s, he was active in the American Labor Party (ALP) and ran for office on their ticket.

Personal life and death.

Rabinowitz was married twice, first to the former Marcia Goldberg of Brooklyn, New York, and following their divorce in 1967, he married filmmaker, journalist and author Joanne Grant Rabinowitz (1930–2005).  He died at his Manhattan home on November 16, 2007.

Legacy.

Rabinowitz was a prominent figure in the civil rights and civil liberties eras.  He chaired the Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation for his father. A 1967 file from the Federal Bureau of Investigation showed that it supported Civil Rights leader Floyd McKissick.

See also.

Family:  Associates:  Clients:

External Links.

Victor Rabinowitz Papers at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections.

Victor Rabinowitz (July 2, 1911 – November 16, 2007) was a 20th-Century American lawyer known for representing high-profile dissidents and causes.


Early life, education and career.

Born in Sydney in 1953, Fleming attended high school at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, where he was taught english literature by Joseph Castley and Charles MacDonald, S.J., and the classics by Charles Fraser, S.J. Near contemporaries at the college included writers Gerard Windsor and Nick Enright and composer Stewart D'Arrietta. He was taught music by Lorraine Henderson, Julienne Horn and Tessa Birnie. Fleming later studied at the Ensemble Theatre under Hayes Gordon and Zika Nester and has degrees in law from Dublin University and Sydney University, and a Master of Laws from University College London. He was associate to District Court Judge John Lincoln from 1974 until 1979 and for some years a barrister in Dublin and Sydney, before devoting himself full-time to writing. He is married to author and academic, Fae Brauer.

Career as playwright.

Fleming's first play, "Hammer", was staged at the Festival of Sydney in 1981 and was followed by "Indian Summer" in 1982. In 1983, in the Sydney Opera House, Sir Robert Helpmann starred for the Sydney Theatre Company in the world premiere of Fleming's play "The Cobra". Helpmann portrayed the elderly Lord Alfred Douglas, reflecting bitterly on his notorious youthful relationship with Oscar Wilde.  In 1989, the Sydney Theatre Company produced "Harold in Italy" at the Sydney Opera House; it was later staged by the Teatr Studyjny in Lodz Poland. "The Deep Blue" was staged at The Bush, London, in 1991 and the following year the Ensemble Rep Studios produced "The Nonsense Boy". Fleming has twice been awarded the Nancy Keesing Writer's Fellowship to the Cité internationale des arts in Paris (1993, 1998), where he wrote "The Starry Messenger" and "Burnt Piano" (in French "Le piano brulé"). The latter was staged around Australia and went on to win the New York New Dramatists' Award in the year 2000 and opened in New York City in March 2001. It was short-listed for various awards including the NSW Premier's Literary Awards and won the Banff PlayRites Residency, Canada. The playwright Harold Pinter was an admirer of Fleming's work, particularly the portrait of Samuel Beckett in "Burnt Piano". Pinter described Fleming as a writer "of authority and distinction".  Other plays include adaptations of Émile Zola's "Au Bonheur des Dames" ("The Department Store") and D. H. Lawrence's "Kangaroo" at the Illawarra Performing Arts Centre, 27 August 2003.  Fleming has been librettist and lyricist on "Crystal Balls" (Compact Opera/Sadler's Wells, London), "The Ninth Wonder" (Sydney Theatre Company), "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" (Savoy Theatre, London and UK tour), "Accidental Miracles" (WAAPA/Sydney Theatre Company/Cameron Macintosh), "Satango" (Griffin Theatre Company/Riverside Theatres/Vegas Theater Company), "Ripper" (Ensemble Theatre), "Laid in Earth" (Queensland Music Festival) and "The Merry Widow" for Opera Australia, West Australian Opera, Opera Queensland, State Opera of South Australia, and "Whiteley" for Opera Australia.  In 2006, Fleming was made Writer-in-Residence by the Dr Robert and Lina Thyll-Dur Foundation at La Casa Zia Lina, Elba in Italy, where he translated Molière's "Tartuffe" (titled as "The Hypocrite") from the original French into English. In 2007 he was awarded the Writer's Residency at Arthur Boyd's Bundanon, where he wrote "Origin", a play on the subject of Charles Darwin, commissioned by the Melbourne Theatre Company. He was also awarded the Tasmanian Writers' Centre Residency in 2008, where he wrote "His Mother's Voice". In 2011, Fleming was commissioned by the Bell Shakespeare Company to translate Molière's "The School for Wives" and by Ensemble Studio Theatre and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, to write "Soldier of the Mind", a play about Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the Spanish neuroscientist.  In 2015, Riverside Theatres produced "Shellshock" and in 2016 Griffin Theatre Company and Bell Shakespeare Company co-produced "The Literati", Fleming's adaptation of Molière's "Les Femmes Savantes". 2018 saw "Dresden" at KXT in Sydney, and "The Misanthrope" in Bell Shakespeare Company's co-production with Griffin Theatre Company; and in 2019, Bell Shakespeare Company toured his translation of "The Miser".  Fleming has been vice president of the Australian Writers' Guild and served on the board of the Australian National Playwrights' Centre. His plays have been produced and published widely, including the UK, US, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium and Poland.

Other works.

Among his works for television, Fleming wrote Part One of the history of Australian cinema, "The Celluloid Heroes" for ABC TV. Fleming's history of the Common Law, "Barbarism to Verdict", was written for ABC/BBC television, and published internationally by HarperCollins with a foreword by John Mortimer QC. Other publications include Fleming's histories: "The Crest of the Wave" (Allen & Unwin), "The Vision Splendid" and "All that Brothers Should Be" (Beaver Press). His Paris journal was published by Halstead Press in "Paris Studio". He is the author of "Stage Lines – Writing Scripts for the Theatre" (Phoenix Education) and "A Molière Anthology" (Five Senses Education).

Justin Fleming (born 3 January 1953) is an Australian playwright and author. He has written for theatre, music theatre, opera, television and cinema and his works have been produced and published in Australia, the US, Canada, the UK, Belgium, Poland and France. Fleming has been a barrister and vice president of the Australian Writers' Guild and a board member of the Australian National Playwrights' Centre.


Name.

The chapel acquired the "Sancta Sanctorum" sometime in the ninth century. The spelling is "Sancta", the neuter plural form of the Latin adjective "holy": this is a reference to the multiple relics preserved there (i.e. "the most holy things") and to the Holy of Holies in Jerusalem, traditionally called in Latin both "sanctum sanctorum" (the singular form) or "sancta sanctorum".

History.

The founder of the chapel is unknown. It was originally dedicated to Saint Lawrence, and served as the pope's private oratory until the Renaissance. It is located at the top of the Scala Sancta, ("Holy Stairs"). The first mention of the chapel is found in the "Liber Pontificalis", during the tenure of Pope Stephen III (†772).  It formed part of the Lateran Palace, headquarters of the public offices of the papal court throughout the Middle Ages. Gregory IV (†844) had a private apartment built near the chapel to allow him to pray there. It later became part of the Palace and Holy Steps complex commissioned by Sixtus V in 1586.

Artwork.

The chapel contains a cypress wood reliquary box, placed under the altar by Pope Leo III (†816). It supposedly houses the bones of at least 13 saints (whereof the chapel derives the name "holy of holies"). The reliquary box itself is taken to represent the Ark of the Covenant in Solomon's Temple.  Over the course of time, other relics were added, including the cloisonné enameled cross commissioned by Paschal I (†824).  The "opus sectile" floor dates from 1278. This style of intarsiated pavement was created in the 12th century by the Cosmati family of stonecutters and widely copied throughout Rome in the 13th century.  The chapel also houses an icon of Christ Pantocrator, known as the "Veronica", that was supposedly begun by Saint Luke and finished by an angel. It belongs to a class of icons known as "acheiropoieta", or images not made by human hands, the most famous of which is the image of Christ’s face that miraculously imprinted itself on the "sudarium" of Veronica.

The Sancta Sanctorum () is a Roman Catholic chapel entered via the "Scala Sancta" (Holy Staircase) of the Lateran Palace in Rome. It was the original private chapel of the papacy before it moved to Avignon, and later to the Vatican Palace. The chapel is the only building from the old Lateran Palace that was not destroyed during its reconstruction.


Origin.

The Borophaginae descended from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The earliest and most primitive borophagine is the genus "Archaeocyon", which is a small fox-sized animal mostly found in the fossil beds in western North America. The borophagines soon diversified into several major groups. They evolved to become considerably larger than their predecessors, and filled a wide range of niches in late Cenozoic North America, from small omnivores to powerful, bear-sized carnivores, such as "Epicyon".

Species.

There are 66 identified borophagine species, including 18 new ones that range from the Orellan to Blancan ages. A phylogenetic analysis of the species was conducted using cladistic methods, with Hesperocyoninae as an archaic group of canids, as the outgroup. Aside from some transitional forms, Borophaginae can be organized into four major clades: Phlaocyonini, Cynarctina, Aelurodontina, and Borophagina (all erected as new tribes or subtribes). The Borophaginae begins with a group of small fox-sized genera, such as "Archaeocyon", "Oxetocyon", "Otarocyon", and "Rhizocyon", in the Orellan through early Arikareean stages. These canids reached their maximum diversity of species around 28 million years ago.  Often generically referred to as "bone-crushing dogs" for their powerful teeth and jaws, and hyena-like features (although their dentition was more primitive than that of hyenas), their fossils are abundant and widespread; in all likelihood, they were probably one of the top predators of their ecosystems. Their good fossil record has also allowed a detailed reconstruction of their phylogeny, showing that the group was highly diverse in its heyday. All Borophaginae had a small fifth toe on their rear feet (similar to the toes that bear dew claws on the front feet), where as all modern Caninae have only four toes normally.  Noteworthy genera in this group are "Aelurodon", "Epicyon", and "Borophagus" (="Osteoborus"). According to Xiaoming Wang, the Borophaginae played broad ecological roles that are performed by at least three living carnivoran families, Canidae (which they were a part of), Hyaenidae, and Procyonidae.

Classification.

Borophagine taxonomy, following Wang et al. (million years=in existence)  Cladogram showing borophagine interrelationships, following Wang et al., figure 141:

Extinction.

According to an analysis of the fossil record of North American fossil carnivorans, the decline of borophagines from a diversity of about 30 species 15 million years ago to extinction was largely driven by competition with felids and canines. Felids invaded the continent from Eurasia about 20 million years ago and were better ambush predators, in part due to their retractable claws. Climate change, which led to the replacement of North American forests with grasslands, may also have been a factor; borophagines were less suited to running down prey than canines.

The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 36—2.5 million years ago, existing for about.


Early life and education.

Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.  In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.

Career.

Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.  At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.  His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.

In the United States.

In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture.  "Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.  Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series, "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.  In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.  Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.  It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.  Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works, as shown by relative rankings by amazon.com.  Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.  Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.

BBC.

In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name. Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain".  Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.  In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.  In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's, Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's, J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's "Seagram Murals". It was also shown on PBS in the United States.  In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.  In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":  In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."  In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.

Personal life.

Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.

Israel.

Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in a 2006 article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."  In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."  In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns.

United States.

Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.

Sir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.


Dynamical system as a set of signals.

In the behavioral setting, a dynamical system is a triple where formula_8 means that formula_9 is a trajectory of the system, while formula_10 means that the laws of the system forbid the trajectory formula_9 to happen. Before the phenomenon is modeled, every signal in formula_5 is deemed possible, while after modeling, only the outcomes in formula_13 remain as possibilities.  Special cases:

Linear time-invariant differential systems.

System properties are defined in terms of the behavior. The system formula_1 is said to be where formula_24 denotes the formula_25-shift, defined by In these definitions linearity articulates the superposition law, while time-invariance articulates that the time-shift of a legal trajectory is in its turn a legal trajectory.  A "linear time-invariant differential system" is a dynamical system formula_27 whose behavior formula_13 is the solution set of a system of constant coefficient linear ordinary differential equations formula_29, where formula_30 is a matrix of polynomials with real coefficients. The coefficients of formula_30 are the parameters of the model. In order to define the corresponding behavior, we need to specify when we consider a signal formula_32 to be a solution of formula_29. For ease of exposition, often infinite differentiable solutions are considered. There are other possibilities, as taking distributional solutions, or solutions in formula_34, and with the ordinary differential equations interpreted in the sense of distributions. The behavior defined is This particular way of representing the system is called "kernel representation" of the corresponding dynamical system. There are many other useful representations of the same behavior, including transfer function, state space, and convolution.  For accessible sources regarding the behavioral approach, see

Observability of latent variables.

A key question of the behavioral approach is whether a quantity w1 can be deduced given an observed quantity w2 and a model. If w1 can be deduced given w2 and the model, w2 is said to be observable. In terms of mathematical modeling, the to-be-deduced quantity or variable is often referred to as the latent variable and the observed variable is the manifest variable. Such a system is then called an observable (latent variable) system.

The behavioral approach to systems theory and control theory was initiated in the late-1970s by J. C. Willems as a result of resolving inconsistencies present in classical approaches based on state-space, transfer function, and convolution representations. This approach is also motivated by the aim of obtaining a general framework for system analysis and control that respects the underlying physics.


Plot synopsis.

When young Steven's mother Selma is diagnosed with ovarian cancer and becomes increasingly ill, his eccentric and emotionally distant inventor father Sid — despite deep reservations — allows him to live with his dysfunctional uncles, pack rat Arthur and delusional paranoid Danny, in their cluttered apartment in the rundown King Edward Hotel. The two, who live in a setting worthy of the Collyer brothers, rechristen the boy with the more colorful name Franz and help him cope with his emotions by teaching him to value his own uniqueness. Learning from the odd pair that even though hope and science may fail us, art always survives, Franz secretly begins to create a memorial to his mother before she dies, filling a box with personal mementos — a tube of lipstick, an empty Chanel bottle, a cigarette lighter, and the like.

Production notes.

The film shifted the original story's setting of New York City to Southern California, and the four uncles from the memoir were condensed into two.  Keaton's previous directing credits were the 1987 documentary "Heaven" and the 1991 television movie "Wildflower".  The film debuted at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival in May. Prior to its release, it was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival and the Boston Film Festival, both held in September 1995.  During its widest release in the US, the film played at only 576 theaters. It grossed $7,929,000.

Critical reception.

The film earned positive reviews from critics, holding a 74% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.  In a "New York" profile that ran before the film's release, Franz Lidz confessed, "My initial fear was that Disney would turn my uncles into Grumpy and Dopey. I never imagined that my life could be turned into Old Yeller." Later, in an essay for the New York Times, he cracked that the cinematic Selma had died not of cancer, but of Old Movie Disease: "The way Disney killed off my mother -- after fixing pancakes, she praises her kids, plants a perversely passionate kiss on her husband's lips and, to soulful strains of "You Are My Sunshine", drifts off to die in a comfy armchair -- reminded me of Mad magazine's send-up of "Love Story"." He added, "Someday somebody may find a cure for cancer, but the terminal sappiness of cancer movies is probably beyond remedy."  Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote: "A coming-of-age piece that is slight to the point of anemia, "Unstrung Heroes" sports a willful eccentricity that almost immediately becomes annoying. Diane Keaton's debut dramatic feature aims for a distinctively offbeat tone that never really gels and the movie's emotional power, stemming from personal growth through family tragedy, falls short of the goal as well."  In her review in "The New York Times", Janet Maslin called "Unstrung Heroes" "a warm, surprising, gently incandescent film... [that] becomes a celebration of quirky independence and the sustaining powers of art and memory... [it] also succeeds in becoming very moving without being maudlin... [the] screenplay runs the risk of being generically uplifting, even bland; instead, it has a sharply distinctive flavor, honest pathos and a hint of delightful household magic. Thomas Newman's sparkling musical score echoes that buoyant tone."  Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that the film "has been directed by Diane Keaton with an unusual combination of sentiment and quirky eccentricity. There are moments so touching that the heart almost stops."  In the "San Francisco Chronicle", Edward Guthmann called the film "a picture that bears comparison to "To Kill a Mockingbird"... [it] is that rare mainstream film that doesn't shout in our ear to make its points. It draws us in, subtly and gracefully, and casts a lingering charm."  Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" described the film as "a sensitive coming-of-age story in the sublime tradition of "My Life as a Dog"."  In "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers opined, "Steven Lidz, a 12-year-old growing up in New York during the '60s with a dying mother and a distracted father, turns to his loony but life-affirming uncles. Sugar shock? Wait. Jump ahead to 1991. Steven, now Franz Lidz and a writer for Sports Illustrated, wins acclaim for a childhood memoir that doesn't choke on whimsy or schmaltz. Wait again. The film version, directed by Diane Keaton from a script by Richard LaGravenese (The Bridges of Madison County), isn't above a little tear-jerking. There's also the matters of reducing Steven's four unstrung uncles to two, Danny (Michael Richards) and Arthur (Maury Chaykin); casting Andie MacDowell as Selma, Steven's Jewish mother; and shooting this Lower East Side story in Pasadena, Calif. Guess what? The movie works like a charm."

Box office.

The film performed well at the box office.

Awards and nominations.

Thomas Newman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score as well as the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television. Michael Richards was nominated for the American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture.

Unstrung Heroes is a 1995 American comedy-drama film directed by Diane Keaton and starring Andie MacDowell, John Turturro, Michael Richards, and Maury Chaykin. The screenplay by Richard LaGravenese is based on the memoir of the same name by journalist Franz Lidz.


Saltville Massacre.

The battle was a Confederate victory. It has become known primarily for the Confederate massacre afterward of both white and black wounded Union troops. Both Confederate soldiers and irregular guerrilla forces under the notorious Champ Ferguson murdered white and black Union soldiers, on the battlefield and later some wounded who were being treated at the field hospital set up at nearby Emory and Henry College. A Union surgeon reported that 5-7 black soldiers and Elza Smith, a white lieutenant, were murdered at the hospital. Ferguson was tried after the war in Nashville, Tennessee, for these and other non-military killings. He was found guilty and executed on October 29, 1865.  Confederate Brig. Gen. Felix Huston Robertson had bragged to another officer that "he had killed nearly all the Negroes." William C. Davis, in his book "An Honorable Defeat. The Last Days of the Confederate Government" (2001), says that Robertson personally "join(ed) in the act of villainy", although he escaped prosecution. When General Robert E. Lee learned of Robertson's conduct, he communicated to General John C. Breckinridge, Commander of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia, his dismay "that a general officer should have been guilty of the crime you mention" and instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial."  Estimates of the number of men massacred at Saltville vary. Thomas Mays, in his book "The Saltville Massacre" (1995), argued that 46 Union soldiers were killed. An analysis of the National Archives records by Bryce Suderow, Phyllis Brown, and David Brown concluded that 45-50 members of the black regiment were murdered by Confederates. William Marvel had earlier analyzed the same records and concluded in 1991 that "Five black soldiers, wounded and helpless were definitely murdered at Saltville on October 3, and as many as seven more may have suffered the same fate there that day." He said as many as two dozen Union men may have been murdered.

Second battle.

The Second Battle of Saltville took place two months later at Saltville.

Battlefield preservation.

The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved of the Saltville battlefields.

The First Battle of Saltville (October 2, 1864) was fought near the town of Saltville, Virginia, during the American Civil War. The battle over an important saltworks in town was fought by both regular and Home Guard Confederate units against regular Union troops, which included one of the few black cavalry units of the United States Colored Troops. The Union troops were led by Brig. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge, then commander of US forces in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.


FENARE.

Employer's fair holy cross or Feria Nacional de El Remolino FENARE (National Fair of The Remolino NAFARE) takes place from mid-nineteenth century, in honor of the Holy Cross will be held on 3 May, this holiday began with processions and dances the third day of May, but over the years, things were being added like the peoples theater, amusement rides, among others, which has become one of the most important events in the municipality of Juchipila. These are organized by a committee that is elected by the previous committee, this raises funds for the traditional lottery on Sundays after Mass, with the sale of gorditas on Saturdays and Sundays, and some dinners, etc..  This festival had brought every year without fail until 2009, when he declared influenza pandemic AH1N1 when Zacatecas state authorities prohibit the making of any party bosses. What provoked the discontent of the people, for various reasons such as the arrival of American tourists to this event and especially not performed these tradition, this event was re-organized for late October 2009.

Main features El Remolino.

One of the major tourist attractions in El Remolinois the hill of the windows, there was a refuge for groups after the war Caxcanes Mixton, they left many traces, including a cave is a wall with windows, which give its name to the hill.  The main tributaries are El Remolino: The river Juchipila Brook neighborhood above the creek Sanjon, among others.  In El Remolino now part of the population of El Remolino live in the U.S., especially in Los Angeles, California.  With regard to education in the eddy are kindergarten, primary and extramural. The installation of the Polytechnic University of the South of Zacatecas, which benefits the people of El Remolino and so avoid partly emigration to the United States.  With regard to trade, there are several grocery stores, a convenience store, cyber Remolomania, among others.

External links.

Their web site is http://elremolino.com.mx and your blog is http://cerrodelasventanas.blogspot.com

El Remolino is a community that is located in the municipality of Juchipila in the state of Zacatecas in Mexico. The population of "El Remolino" is 737 people and is 1220 meters above sea level.


Family.

King Tūheitia (born Tuheitia Paki) is the son of Whatumoana Paki and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, who married in 1952. He was educated at Rakaumanga School in Huntly, Southwell School in Hamilton and St Stephen's College (Te Kura o Tipene) in Bombay, south of Auckland. He has five sisters and one brother: Heeni Katipa ( Paki); Tomairangi Paki; Mihi ki te ao Paki; Kiki Solomon ( Paki); Manawa Clarkson ( Paki), and brother Maharaia Paki.  He is married to Makau Ariki (Royal Consort) Atawhai and they have three children: Whatumoana, Korotangi, and Ngawai Hono I Te Po.  Following his ascent to the throne, the Makau Ariki was appointed patroness of the Māori Women's Welfare League in 2007 and Te Kohao Health, a Māori public health organisation.

Duties and background.

The King generally speaks publicly only once a year, at the annual celebrations in Ngāruawāhia of his coronation. Since ascending to the throne his official duties have included attending the following events:  In May 2019, King Tuheitia and members of the Whare Ariki traveled to Italy where the King met Pope Francis in a Private Audience at the Vatican. The two met and discussed issues pertaining to Te Iwi Maori and indigenous peoples around the world. King Tuheitia also issued a formal invitation for the Pope to visit Turangawaewae Marae and Aotearoa.  In 2018, to honour King Tuheitia and his leadership of the Kiingitanga, the General Synod of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, journeyed to Turangawaewae Marae to join with the multitudes in honouring the 160 years of this Monarchy.  King Tuheitia attends hundreds of events every year both nationally and internationally. He is the Patron to several key organisations; including Te Matatini, the largest Māori Cultural Festival in the world, Kirikiriroa Marae a large urban Marae in Hamilton.  He frequently receives International dignitaries, foreign Diplomats, members of other Royal families and members of Governments. In 2014 the King notably received 26 Diplomats to discuss international and trade interests for the Kiingitanga. In 2009 King Tuheitia visited the New Zealand Parliament and was acknowledged in the valedictory speech of the former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark. In the same year, the King accompanied Helen Clark to the United Nations upon her appointment as the United Nations Development Programme administrator.  The King regularly attends significant events of Māoridom up and down the country. In July 2018, the King and Royal family attended the 150th Celebrations of the Ringatu Church; to which the King's eldest grandson, Hikairo, has been baptised. The King also frequently attends the annual 25 January celebrations of the Ratana Church expressing his continued support for all denominations and his deep desire to unify the people.

Poukai.

The Poukai is an annual series of visits by the Māori King to Marae around and beyond the Tainui region, a tradition that dates back to the 19th century. Poukai were established by the second Māori King, Tāwhiao, who said “Kua whakatūria e ahau tēnei kaupapa hei whāngai i te pouaru, te pani me te rawakore, he kuaha whānui kua puare ki te puna tangata me te puna kai.” (I have instituted this gathering to feed the widowed, the bereaved and the destitute, it is a doorway that has been opened to the multitudes of people and the bounty of food.)  There are 29 Poukai every year and King Tuheitia attends each one. Poukai are a critical event in the Kiingitanga calendar. A unique element of Poukai is their focus on: te pani (the bereaved), te pouaru (the widowed) and te rawakore (the destitute). These events, lead by the King and his predecessors before him, are put in place to assist and help ease the burdens and challenges faced by people.  Poukai are also occasions of great celebration where entire iwi (tribes) and hapū (sub-tribe) come together to prepare a great hākari (feast) in honour of the King and the Royal family. The Poukai Marae are:  Horahora | Kokohinau | Taniwha | Hukanui | Maurea | Poutu | Parawera | Aotearoa / Rawhitiroa | Rakaunui | Waipapa | Maketu | Okapu | Turangawaewae | Mirumiru | Te Kuiti Pa | Huria | Te Papaorotu | Nga Taierua | Tainui-a-whiro | Ngati Pikiao | Pohara | Whatapaka | Tauranganui | Wahi Pa | Mangatangi | Ngatira / Pikitu | Te Awamarahi | Waikare | Reretewhioi

Political advancements.

King Tuheitia has been at the forefront of many political issues, particularly pertaining to Māori. In 2018 the King launched, in collaboration with the New Zealand Police and Ministry of Justice, the Iwi Justice Panel. This approach to restorative justice aims to reduce incarceration rates among Māori, which are among the highest for an indigenous people in the world.  In 2017, King Tuheitia led a groundbreaking moment for the Kiingitanga by signing a formal Accord with the Ministry of Corrections, on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. This award-winning Accord led to the development of the Iwi Justice Panel's and also a further partnership venture with Corrections to build a reintegration Center for incarcerated women who gave birth to a child while in prison. In an exclusive visit to a women's prison in Auckland, the King personally visited mother's and their children and pledge is strength to do more for all incarcerated people.  In 2014 the King received a group from White Ribbon NZ who were travelling New Zealand promoting an anti-violence campaign.

Tekau-ma-Rua and Te Kahui Wairua.

During his reign King Tāwhiao established an advisory council “Tekau-mā-Rua” (the twelve). Each successive Monarch has had a Tekau-mā-Rua to offer advice and act as a senior council within the Kiingitanga.  In 2012 King Tuheitia formally established his Tekau-mā-Rua and he also added a spiritual council, called Te Kāhui Wairua. These two councils work together in providing advice, guidance and a strategic platform for the King and the Kiingitanga. A unique aspect of King Tuheitia's Tekau-mā-Rua, and a first for the Kiingitanga, is a council made up of members from outside of the Waikato tribal region (the direct tribe of the King).

Te Kāhui Wairua.

"*Archdeacon Simmonds is the Chaplain to the Kiingitanga and Private Chaplain to the King."

Honours.

On 27 November 2007, King Tuheitia was appointed an Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John and upgraded to a Knight in 2016. He was appointed to Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Tonga during the coronation ceremonies of King George Tupou V of Tonga. In 2010 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Lazarus.  In 2016, in celebration of the King's 10th Coronation Anniversary, the mayor of Hamilton awarded King Tuheitia the city's highest honour, the Freedom of the City. In the same year the King also received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Waikato.

Tūheitia Potatau Te Wherowhero VII (born Tūheitia Paki; 21 April 1955), crowned as Kiingi Tūheitia, is the current Māori King in New Zealand. He is the eldest son of the previous Māori monarch, Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, and was announced as her successor and crowned on 21 August 2006, the same day her tangihanga (funeral rites) took place.


Personal life.

Locke (full name Gerald Timothy Harvey Locke) was born in 1959 to Ralphine Locke (née Harvey) and Dr. Gerald Lorne Locke, in Calgary, Alberta. His family counts among Southern Alberta's earliest European settlers and has been in the Bow Valley since the early 1870s. He grew up in southern Alberta where he attended Earl Grey Elementary School and Strathcona School for Boys in Calgary and in 1975 graduated from Strathcona-Tweedsmuir School, (Nil Nisi Optimum Notable Alumnus), in Dewinton, Alberta. In 1976, he spent a year in College Wildhorn, in Anzere, Switzerland. Back in Calgary, he first obtained a Bachelor of Arts in French and later a Bachelor of Laws in 1984 (with silver medal) from the University of Calgary. He was a lawyer and partner at MacKimmie Matthews law firm in downtown Calgary for 14 years and served as volunteer president of both Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) and the Alberta Liberal Party. In 1999, Harvey became a full-time conservationist dedicated to national parks, wilderness, large landscape and connectivity conservation and climate change. He is married to Marie-Eve Marchand and has two sons by a previous marriage.

Professional activities.

Locke served as president or vice president of the CPAWS for many years, and he is now its senior advisor on conservation. He is a founder and senior advisor for Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, and was the Vice President for Conservation Strategy at the WILD Foundation in Boulder, Colorado from 2009 through 2011. Locke's writing and photography have been published in newspapers, magazines and peer reviewed journals in nine countries. He has lectured at many universities and spoken on national parks, wilderness and large landscape conservation at conferences around the world. He has testified on national parks legislation before Parliamentary committees, and led conservation campaigns. In 1999, Locke was named one of Time Magazine Canada's leaders for the 21st century. In 2013, he received the J.B. Harkin Medal for Conservation and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.  In October 2009, Locke was invited as the keynote speaker for the inaugural Thomas Foundation Oration in conjunction with The Nature Conservancy and the Thomas Foundation Oration in Australia during that country's first Linking Landscape Summit and spoke in Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne. In 2013, he was invited to Darwin and Sydney to speak about large landscape from Kimberly to Cape and Great Eastern Ranges.  During the opening ceremony of the Ninth World Wilderness Congress (WILD9) in Mérida, Mexico on November 6, 2009, Locke addressed Mexican President Felipe Calderon on behalf of the delegates. At WILD9, the first series of stamps on wilderness was initiated by the Mexican Postal Service and cancelled by the President Calderon to celebrate Tierras Sylvestres. The series celebrates five wilderness areas in Mexico, the United States, Canada, Russia and South Africa and a picture taken by Locke of Canada's Nahanni National Park. He gave the closing plenary at WILD 9 which launched the global Nature Needs Half movement.  Locke has been invited to engage on parks and wilderness in Europe. He spoke at the Czech EC Presidency Conference on Wilderness in Prague, Czech Republic in 2009, gave a keynote speech on Europe's National Parks in a global context for Europarc Federation in Abruzzo, Italy in October 2010, spoke at the Belgian EC Presidency Conference on Wilderness Restoration in Brussels in November 2010, and at the launch of the Rewilding Europe initiative in Brussels, November 2010. In 2013, he chaired the plenary session on Nature Needs Half and spoke at WILD 10 in Salamanca, Spain.  In 2013, Locke spoke in Ootacamund and in Mumbai, India about large landscape conservation and Nature Needs Half and wrote a feature story on those ideas for Sanctuary Asia.  Locke is a frequent keynote speaker at major conservation conferences and universities throughout North America. In 2013, he was the distinguished visiting lecturer at the University of Montana and Montana State University Institute on Ecosystems. He gave keynote speeches in Banff, Canada on International Leadership, Parks Canada's Contribution to the world at the official 125th anniversary celebration of Canada's National Park System on November 2010 and at the Sixteenth Annual Symposium of the Stegner Center, Wildlife Conservation in the 21st Century on Large Landscape Conservation in March 2011.  Locke conceived and co-curated the 2011 art show, Yellowstone to Yukon: the Journey of Wildlife and Art, a collaboration of the National Museum of Wildlife Art, Jackson, WY, the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff, Canada, artist Dwayne Harty, and the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative  He is a past board member of the Nature Conservancy of Montana, as well as past president and director emeritus of the Wildlands Project (now the Wildlands Network). He also served as program advisor to Tides Canada Foundation and to the Canadian Boreal Initiative. He was also senior program officer for the environment at the Henry P. Kendall Foundation in Boston, Massachusetts. He serves on the World Commission on Protected Areas; and served on the executive committees of the Eighth World Wilderness Congress and Ninth World Wilderness Congress (WILD9); a board member of the Freedom to Roam initiative; and trustee of the Eleanor Luxton Historical Foundation in Banff. Locke is also a fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society.

Photography and media.

Locke's photography has been published in numerous books, magazines, websites and newspapers including New York Times, Wildlife Conservation, Canadian Geographic, Backpacker, Globe and Mail, Vancouver Sun, Agence France Press, AeroMexico in flight magazine Escala, and Sanctuary Asia  Locke has done interviews with all varieties of media including Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, National Public Radio, Nippon Television, National Geographic, Nature of Things, La Presse, Globe and Mail, National Post, Geo Plein Air, Backpacker Magazine and several documentary films, including a 10-minute feature on CBC National News, September 2008 and on Découverte à Radio-Canada, and Star Alliance and National Geographic partnership (Biosphere Connections), and Der Spiegel TV ZDF in Germany  His photographs are used extensively by conservation groups around the world and were shown at the American Museum of Natural History for the Yellowstone to Yukon exhibit in 2006. They were also featured in the iPad portion of the 2011 exhibit: Yellowstone to Yukon: the Journey of Wildlife and Art at the National Museum of Wildlife Art and a companion photo exhibit the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

Politics.

Locke was the Liberal candidate in the provincial district of Calgary-Foothills in the 1989 Alberta provincial election, narrowly losing to Progressive Conservative Pat Black. He went on to serve as President of the Alberta Liberal Party from 1995 to 1997, and chaired the party's 1997 election campaign. In the Summer of 2012 Locke announced he would seek the Liberal Party of Canada nomination in the riding of Calgary Centre, which had been left vacant after the resignation of Conservative Lee Richardson. On September 22, 2012, he won 213 of 342 ballots cast in the party's nomination contest, defeating three other candidates.

Harvey Locke is a conservationist, writer, and photographer. He is a recognized global leader in the field of parks, wilderness, wildlife and large landscape conservation. He is a founder of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, with the goal to create a continuous corridor for wildlife from Yellowstone National Park in the United States to the Yukon in Northern Canada. In 2017, Locke was appointed chair of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Beyond the Aichi Targets Task Force, with the goal of ensuring the new global conservation targets set at the next Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2020 are meaningful for achieving the conservation of nature and halting of biodiversity loss.


Early and personal life.

King was born in Philadelphia on October 19, 1873. Early in his life, he worked in a linen trade. Although this was the family business, his father later allowed him to leave to enter the insurance industry. King was not a member of the aristocratic and wealthy families of Philadelphia that produced many of the era's top cricketers. King's obituary in "Cricket Quarterly" suggests that his career in insurance was set up for him by those families to allow him to continue playing the game. In 1913 (or 1911), King married Fannie Lockhart; the marriage lasted for fifty years. King's wife died in 1963, and he died in 1965 in his native Philadelphia two days before his 92nd birthday.  Bart King was regarded by many of his contemporaries as an affable person. Ralph Barker called him the Bob Hope of cricket thanks to his quips and stories. King was also noted for making jabs at opponents, but leaving them laughing at themselves. The same held true when he would question umpires that turned down his appeals. He is said to have spoken for ninety minutes at a dinner during his last tour to England, punctuated every few seconds with laughs. The dinner guests were kept laughing even while King spoke with a dead-pan expression. One man who attended the dinner noted that King "told his impossible tales with such an air of conviction... that his audiences were always in doubt when to take him seriously. He made their task doubly difficult by sprinkling in a fair mixture of truth with his fiction."

Cricketing career.

Like most young American men of this era, Bart King came to cricket only after first playing baseball. He began to play club cricket at Tioga Cricket Club in 1888, aged 15, starting out as a batsman. Tioga was one of the lesser Philadelphian cricket clubs. King played his first recorded match for the club in 1889, when he was tried as a bowler due to his physique. He took 37 wickets for 99 runs for the club in the 1889 cricket season.  King played for Tioga until 1896, when he joined Belmont Cricket Club. King joined the Philadelphian cricket team for three tours of England while playing at Belmont. King's most dominating matches came during these tours, playing with the premier American team of the era.

Australia in Philadelphia.

In 1893, the Australian team stopped by Philadelphia on its way home from a tour of England. Australia fielded a strong side, but the team was tired after a long tour and trip. In spite of this fatigue, the Australians chose to face the full strength of the Gentlemen of Philadelphia in a three-day match starting September 29.  On a small ground at Belmont, the September grass was coarse. It had been rolled so that the ball moved very quickly across the ground. The Australian side, fielding first, dropped many catches and could not cope with the short boundary, allowing the Philadelphians to reach a huge total of 525 runs. King came in to bat last, at number 11, making 36 runs. The leading Australian bowlers, Hugh Trumble and George Giffen, took 2 for 104 and 0 for 114 respectively. When the Australians came to bat, they hoped that they would, by now, have recovered from their tiring journey, but ran into problems when dealing with Bart King's developing swing bowling. The side was all out for 199, with King taking 5 wickets for 78 runs. The Australians followed on and were all out again for 268, allowing the Gentlemen of Philadelphia to win by an innings and 68 runs.  The cricket world was stunned that a single American city could turn out a side capable of beating the full strength of Australia. The Australians won the return match on October 6 by six wickets, but the Australian captain, Jack Blackham, said to the Americans, "You have better players here than we have been led to believe. They class with England's best."

Tour of England in 1897.

King won the Child's Bowling Cup, the premier award for bowling in American cricket, for the first time in 1896, and joined the Philadelphian cricket team's tour of England in 1897. The tour was very ambitious, and was arranged mainly for educational purposes: few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. Previous tours had tended to involve amateur English sides with a low level of competition. In 1897, the tour started on June 7 at Oxford, ending in late July at The Oval almost 2 months later. The schedule included fifteen matches against all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worthwhile to put their best elevens onto the field.  While the tour initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until Bart King and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on June 17. King demonstrated his batting ability in the first innings with a fourth-wicket stand of 107 with John Lester. He then took 7 wickets for 13 runs, and Philadelphia dismissed Sussex for 46 in less than an hour. King took 6 for 102 in Sussex's second innings, helping the Philadelphians to victory by 8 wickets.  Despite the excitement surrounding King's performance, the Americans did not fare well overall, and the results may have been worse than hoped for by the tour's promoters. Philadelphia won only two of their fifteen matches, losing nine and earning a draw in the remaining four. After their win against Sussex, the only other win of the tour came against Warwickshire. During this match, King took 5 for 95 and 7 for 72 and scored 46 runs. According to "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack", King proved himself to be the best bowler on the American side and had to do much of the work. He bowled three hundred overs, more than anyone else in the team, taking 72 wickets with a bowling average of a little over 24 runs. In addition to his bowling, King scored 441 runs as a batsman at a batting average of just over 20.  Following the 1897 tour, many English counties were interested in securing King's services. It was thought that he would not play as a professional, so alternative means of remuneration had to be found: one county reportedly offered to arrange a marriage with a widow who had an income of £7000 per year. In the end, King returned to the United States, where he continued to perform very well in club cricket.

Tour of England in 1903.

The Philadelphian team returned to England in 1903. This proved to be King's most successful tour, particularly his performances in the matches against Lancashire and Surrey. King played in 13 of the 15 matches on the tour, missing two with a strained side. In his first match, against Cambridge University, he took 5 for 136 and 4 for 28. He followed that with 8 for 39 in the first innings against Oxford University, though the match was eventually abandoned as a draw due to rain. In his next match, against Gloucestershire, he took 2 for 26 in the first innings but did not bowl in the second. He also took 7 for 51 and 2 for 28 against a strong MCC side at Lord's. Then came the Lancashire match at Old Trafford Cricket Ground.  In Lancashire's first innings, King bowled 27 overs and took 5 wickets for 46 runs. The Philadelphians passed Lancashire's first innings score, but their lead was quickly overtaken in Lancashire's second innings. With the wind strong over King's left shoulder, the scene was set for him to dominate the opposition. In his first over after the lunch break on day two of the match, he yorked one of Lancashire's opening batsmen and his replacement with successive balls. He clean bowled two more batsmen in his second over, and bowled a stump out of the ground in the third. In 3 overs, he had taken 5 wickets for 7 runs. After this performance, King had to be rested in the field. One batsman was run out before King returned to take 4 more wickets, ending the innings with 9 for 62. The Philadelphians won next morning by nine wickets.  Against Surrey on August 6, King was overpowering again. It was in this match that King gave what Barker called his finest first-class performance ever. Batting first, he scored 98 runs in the Philadelphian's first innings before being run out, and he then took 3 for 89 in Surrey's reply. In the second innings, he made 113 not out and then took 3 for 98. Surrey lost the match by 110 runs. Apparently, King was so exhausted after his performance that he fell asleep during a speech by the Lord Chief Justice Lord Alverstone at a banquet after the match.

Tour of England in 1908.

King toured England with the Philadelphians a third time in 1908. This tour included both first-class matches and more minor ones. The first match that was played was against South Wales in Cardiff. The Philadelphians won by 36 behind the bowling of King and Ranji Hordern. The pair took all 20 wickets of the Welsh side. After this, the first-class matches began with Worcestershire on July 9. Again the Philadelphians won and again Hordern and King took most of the wickets. This trend continued throughout the tour. In the first-class matches that King played, the Philadelphians recorded four wins and six losses. Although he was already 35 years old, King had posted extraordinary numbers in his bowling. He topped the bowling averages for the entire 1908 English cricket season at 11.01. This mark was not bettered until 1958, when Les Jackson of Derbyshire posted an average of 10.99.

Later career.

King's cricketing career did not end with his last first-class match. He continued to play club matches in Philadelphia and participated in non-first-class fixtures around the continent. King is noted for holding the bowling record against Canada. On a rainy afternoon at Philadelphia in 1906, King bowled into a slight breeze to capture 8 wickets for 17 runs. This record came in a four-year period during which King focused on club cricket in Philadelphia, when he won the city's batting award three times and the bowling award four times.  King played in his last two international matches in 1912, against Australia. His performances were of the highest quality, given that he was nearing his fortieth year. In the first match, he took 9 wickets for 78 runs to help Philadelphia win by 2 runs; in the second, Australia won by 45 runs despite him taking 8 for 74.  King joined the Philadelphia Cricket Club after the 1912 season. Despite being well past his 40th year, he continued to play competitive cricket for another 4 years. His 27-year career ended with his last game for the Philadelphia Cricket Club against Frankford, on July 20, 1916. On this occasion, his bowling and batting skills had declined, but he maintained a batting average of 43.33 for that final season.

Death.

King died at a nursing home in his native Philadelphia in 1965, two days short of his 92nd birthday. "The Times" newspaper in the UK ran an obituary for him, which quoted Plum Warner as saying that: "Had he been an Englishman or an Australian, he would have been even more famous than he was."

Achievements and legacy.

Though King focused on bowling throughout his career, he was also a very fine batsman. In 1905, he established a North American record batting record by scoring 315 at the Germantown Cricket Club. The following year, he scored 344 not out for Belmont against the Merion Cricket Club, setting a North American batting record which still stands. He scored 39 centuries in his North American career, and he topped 1,000 runs in six seasons. He took over 100 wickets in eight seasons, including a double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in four seasons. In his whole career, he scored 19,808 runs at an average of 36.47, and took 2,088 wickets at an average of 10.47. He took all 10 wickets in an innings on three occasions, and took 9 wickets in an innings five times. One of these occasions, in the Gentlemen of Ireland's first innings in 1909, was followed by a hat-trick in the second innings.  There is an apocryphal story of King emulating a famous baseball pitcher of the day, Rube Waddell, by sending all his fielders back into the pavilion and finishing off the opponent's innings on his own. King and Belmont were playing Trenton in the Halifax Cup at Elmwood Cricket Ground. Some versions of the story have him banishing the fielders and then calling one of them to a position back and to the leg side. This fielder was stationed there to pick up the bails which landed at his feet after King bowled his trademark "angler". This story was disputed some years later by the captain of Trenton, who claimed that when he "went in to bat that afternoon, King had four balls left in his over." He claimed to have "hit the first delivery to cover point but of course there was no one there. The ball stopped within three feet of the boundary, and King had to chase it. By the time he got back we had run six." The captain claimed to be the only batsmen to have hit four consecutive sixes off King, but commended the bowler on his ability to spin a tale.  Thanks to his dominant performance over his career and his renown in the world of cricket, King was elected an honorary member of the Incogniti Cricket Club in 1908 and an honorary life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1962. When Plum Warner was asked to name the greatest bowler who ever lived, he said that John Barton King, "at the top of his power and speed, was at least the equal of the greatest of them all."  King is credited as one of the first bowlers to utilise swing bowling deliberately. Other bowlers in his time could sometimes get the ball to swing, but King was one of the first to do so at will with an old or new ball. He made use of a lethal delivery which he called the "angler", a product of his experience as a baseball pitcher, to confuse the English batsmen. He would come in with the ball clasped above his head in both hands as would a baseball pitcher. He was famous for his late swing—in and out—and would produce the in-swinger with his right hand coming down from a point over his left shoulder. He described it as an in-swinger which, if properly bowled, would change direction sharply in the last 10 or of flight. King used this ball only sparingly and only against good batsmen. After a tour to Philadelphia by an Australian side in 1896, George Giffen said "the Philadelphians really have some high-class players, but it was the fact of their bowlers playing us with baseball curves that upset our batsmen."

John Barton "Bart" King (October 19, 1873 – October 17, 1965) was an American cricketer, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. King was part of the Philadelphia team that played from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I. This period of cricket in the United States was dominated by "gentlemen cricketers"—men of independent wealth who did not need to work. King, an amateur from a middle-class family, was able to devote time to cricket thanks to a job set up by his teammates.