History.

Igor Matviyenko was a music producer and composer working at the Soviet music studio SPM Record when he came up with the idea to start Lyube in 1988. His goal was to put together a band with patriotic themed songs and a strong male vocal. After devoting time to finding the right frontman, Matvienko chose Nikolay Rastorguyev, with whom he had worked earlier in the band "Leysia, pesnia" ().  Rastorguyev came up with the band's name. "Lyube" has two simultaneous derivations. It is a nickname for the Moscow suburb of Lyubertsy, which is where Rastorguyev lived. It is also a slang word meaning "any" and signifies a diversity of choices or views.  Initially, the band had Aleksandr Nikolayev on bass, Vyacheslav Tereshenok on guitar, Rinat Bakhteev on drums, and Aleksandr Davydov on keyboard, with Rastorguyev as the lead vocalist. Over time, only Rastorguyev remained of the original group. Lyube's first tour took place in 1989, with the band giving concerts in the Russian cities of Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk. These initial concerts were poorly attended. The band's first real break took place in December 1989 when they were invited to perform in a series of concerts sponsored by Alla Pugacheva. Rastorguyev wore an old-style military uniform for the performance. After that, the uniform became a part of the singer's image for many years.

Early 1990s: Debut and Rise to Fame.

The band released its first compilation of songs in 1990, titled "We will now live a new way" (). The same year, the band's membership changed, with Yuriy Ripyakh taking over on drums and Vitaliy Loktev taking over on keyboard. Aleksandr Vaynberg came on board as second guitar. After the release of the compilation, Lyube gained national exposure in Russia, appearing in television programs and being nominated to take place in the prestigious "Song of the Year" () competition.  In 1991, Lyube released its first official LP. The debut album was titled "Atas" (), and included the title song, along with the songs "Pops Makhno" (), "Taganskaya station" (), "Don't destroy, you men" (), and "Lyubertsy" (). These songs were already well known to Lyube fans from the band's performances in concert, on the radio, and on television. The recording took place at recording studio "Sound" () and at a studio of the Moscow Palace of Youth. The album cover featured a photograph of the band members dressed like Red Army soldiers from the days of the Russian Civil War, further building on Rastorguyev's and the band's military styling. The same year, Lyube held a series of concerts at the Moscow sports mega-complex "Olympic" () where they unveiled a number of new songs, including "Stop fooling around, America" (), "Rabbit fur" (), and "Have mercy, Lord, upon us sinners and save us..." ().  Lyube filmed their first music video in 1991 in the Russian city of Sochi, using "Stop fooling around, America" as the song. The music video incorporated early CGI and animation elements. In 1994, the music video was submitted to the Midem festival in Cannes and received a special jury prize for "Comedic and visual quality". After its initial success, the band's membership changed again. Evgeniy Nasibulin and Oleg Zenin were added as back-up vocalists. Yuriy Ripyakh was replaced on drums by Aleksandr Erokhin, previously the drummer for the group "Gulyai Poleh" (). Aleksandr Nikolayev was replaced on bass by Sergey Bashlykov. By this time, the band had built a fan base and developed a large following in Russia.  In 1992, Lyube released its second album, titled "Who said that we lived badly...?" (). The songs for the album were recorded at the Moscow Palace of Youth and Stas Namin's Studio, and the mastering was completed at studio MSM in Munich, Germany. The album included such hits as "Come, let's play" (), "Stop fooling around, America", "Rabbit fur", "Tram five" (), and "Old noble" (). Around the release of the second album, Aleksandr Vaynberg and Oleg Zenin left the band in order to start their own group called "Nashe Delo" ().

Mid-1990s: Pinnacle of Success.

Lyube's follow-up to their sophomore effort took two years to complete. The new album was titled "Lyube Zone" (), which was a play on words as the term "zone" has a secondary meaning that refers to a camp for convicts. Some songs on the new album featured Russian folk instruments, including the balalaika, the domra, and the bayan. A number of songs were recorded using teams of back-up vocalists led by Anatoliy Kuleshov, who joined the group in 1994. The recording was done at studios at Mosfilm and the mastering was completed by the German company Audiorent. Upon completing the album, the group decided to combine the music videos based on the album's songs into a feature film. Directed by Dmitry Zolotukhin, the film was produced with the participation of studios Kontakt, Mosfilm, and Gorky. Marina Levtova took on the lead role, while secondary roles were played by a number of known film and stage actors. The film's story was based on seven songs from the new album. Levtova played a reporter who travels to a camp for convicts, where she interviews convicts, guards, and orphans from a nearby orphanage. Each person's story becomes one of the group's songs. The group delayed the release of their third album by more than a year while the film was being completed in order to ensure a simultaneous release of the album and the accompanying film.  With "Lyube Zone", the group diversified its musical output, adding softer songs and rock ballads. The album was a critical and commercial success and won the "Bronze spinner" () award as the best domestic release for 1994. As the album was being completed in 1993, band member Vyacheslav Tereshonok died from a drug overdose and was replaced by Sergey Pereguda who earlier was part of such Russian music groups as "Integral" () and "Veselye Rebyata" ().  In 1995, Lyube recorded the song "Kombat" (). The lyrics were written by Aleksandr Shaganov and the music was created by Igor Matvienko. The song has a military feel to it and chronicles episodes from World War II. The first live performance of Kombat took place in Moscow at a concert celebrating the 50 years anniversary of the Allied victory over Nazi Germany. Kombat became the title song and the first single for the group's next album and was recognized as the "best song of 1995" in Russia. The album Kombat was released in 1996 and, in addition to the title song, contained the songs "Moscow streets" (), "Demobilization soon" (), "AWOL" (), and "There served two friends" (), all of which featured war-related themes. Fittingly, the album cover depicted a red star atop a military uniform. Most of the songs included on Kombat combined elements of Russian folk music with modern rock, which became a distinctive feature of Lyube's sound.  In May 1996, Lyube played a live television concert as part of unveiling Kombat. Given the military action taking place in Chechnya and the Caucasus in 1996, the war themes of Kombat resonated with Russian audiences. The title song topped the charts and the album received the award for "best album of 1996". That same year, Rastorguyev fulfilled a long time dream by recording and producing an album of Beatles songs that was titled "Four nights in Moscow" (). By the end of 1996, Lyube was at the height of its popularity despite losing Aleksandr Nikolayev, their long-time bass player, to an auto accident. He was replaced by Pavel Usanov.

Late 1990s: Retrospectives, Covers, and Soundtracks.

In 1997, Rastorguyev became a "Recognized Artist of the Russian Federation" (), the second-highest honor for a singer in Russia, awarded by the country's President. In the spring of that year, Lyube released a greatest hits album called "Collected works 1989-1997" (). In addition to the band's hits, the album also had the new song "Guys from our neighborhood" (). At the end of 1997, Lyube released its new album, called "Songs about people" (). In addition to "Guys from our neighborhood", the most popular songs on the new album were "There, past the mists" (), "Years" (), and "Starlings" (). The new album featured more lyrical, slower tempo songs that spoke to human relationships and nostalgia for days gone by.  In early 1998, Lyube took part in a concert celebrating the famous Russian singer Vladimir Vysotsky, where they covered two of Vysotsky's hits: "On soldiers' mass graves" () and "Song about stars" (). Rastorguyev also lent his vocal talent to recording the song "Borders" () from the film "Hot spot" () and the song "There is only the moment" () from the film "The Sannikov Land" () for inclusion in the third collection of the series "Old songs about what matters" (). Lyube also recorded a number of songs for the soundtracks of the films "On a lively place" () and "Harness" ().  In 1999, Lyube celebrated its 10-year anniversary with a Ukraine tour titled "Lyube - 10 years!" (). That year, the group released a new song titled "Whistle-stops" (), which would appear on the group's next album.

2000s to the Present.

In May 2000, Lyube released their new album and held a major concert at the Sports Complex Olympic in Moscow showcasing both old and new songs and celebrating the band's 10-year anniversary. In addition to "Substations", the new album featured the hit "Soldier" (), for which Lyube won a Russian Grammy, and also the hit "We'll Bust Through" (), which became the theme song to the Russian television series "Deadly Force" ().  In 2001, Lyube played a live concert on Victory Day in Red Square. That same year, Russian president Vladimir Putin, an avowed fan of the band, appointed Rastorguyev to the position of Cultural Advisor to the Russian government. British producers of the documentary film "Russian Army" bought rights from Lyube to use their songs "Demobilization soon" and "Kombat" in the film. Toward the end of the year, Lyube released "Collected works. Volume 2" () that included old hits that did not make it into the original "Collected works", along with the new recordings "You carry me, river" () and "Song about stars".  In March 2002, Lyube released a new album, titled "Let's drink it for..." (). The album followed a retro style reflecting the sound of Russian "VIA" bands of the 1960s and 1970s. The band used vintage instruments during recording to approximate the sound of the sixties and seventies as close as possible. Songs on the album included "Birches" (), "Haymaking" (), "You carry me, river" (), "Two girlfriends" (), "Singing guitar" (), "It was, it was" (), and "Grandma" (). The album stayed near the top of the charts throughout 2002 and subsequently received the "Album of the Year" award from the Russian music recording industry in 2003. In the same period, Rastorguyev was elevated to "National Artist of the Russian Federation" and band members Anatoliy Kuleshov, Vitaliy Loktev, and Aleksandr Erokhin were all awarded the title "Recognized Artist of the Russian Federation".  In 2004, Lyube celebrated their 15-year anniversary by releasing a two-album set. The first album, titled "Guys from our regiment" (), was released in 2004 and featured the band's earlier hits and new recordings dealing with war-time themes. The second album, titled "Rasseya" (), featured all new songs, including the title hit "Rasseya" and the song "Don't watch the clock" (). The album also included a special version of "Through the tall grass" (), recorded together with members of the Russian special forces from the spetsnaz Alfa group and a rock rendition of the Hymn of the Russian Federation. From its title to its cover art to its song selection, Rasseya featured patriotic themes.  Toward the end of 2006, Lyube released a new single called "Moscow girls" () and began work on a new album, which would take them two years. In 2008, while still working on the new album, the band released "Collected works. Volume 3" that included songs from the albums "Atas", "Who said that we lived badly...?", "Lyube Zone", "Kombat", "Songs about people", "Let's do it for...", and "Rasseya". It also featured two new songs: "A hunter's hut" () and "My Admiral" (), recorded for the soundtrack of the Russian film "Admiral".  In 2009, Lyube released the new album they had been working on for the previous two years, titled "Our people" (). The album featured both previously released hits, such as "A hunter's hut", "If..." (), "My Admiral", "Moscow girls", and new songs, such as "Verka" (), "And sunrise" (), "Calendar" (), and the title song, "Our people". The new album moved away from war-time and patriotic themes, focusing more on love and relationships. It also featured duets with such popular Russian singers as Grigory Leps, Nikita Mihalkov, and Victoria Dayneko. That same year, Lyube celebrated their 20-year anniversary with a series of live concerts at the Kremlin and an international tour.  At present, the band has five members, still led by Rastorguyev. Lyube has only produced one original song in English, called "No More Barricades", which addresses the topic of democracy in Russia.  Nearly all songs were composed by Igor Matviyenko (music), Alexander Shaganov (lyrics), and Mikhail Andreyev (lyrics).

Lyube () is a Russian rock band from Lyubertsy, a city in Moscow Oblast. Lyube's music is a mixture of several genres, with influences from both Russian folk music, rock, Russian chanson, and Soviet military songs. The band was founded in 1989, and since then have released sixteen albums. Lyube's producer and main songwriter is Igor Matviyenko.


Plot.

It's 1987 in Bayonne, New Jersey and Debby Miller has just been diagnosed with a condition called hysterical blindness in which there are moments when her sight fades in and out. The doctor tells her to try to have fun with her friends. She and her best friend Beth go to their favorite pub, Ollie's, and try to find a man and have a drink. Beth flirts with the bartender and Debby gets angry with her and decides to go outside. There she meets Rick. He wants little to do with her but she convinces him to walk her to her car. As a 'thank you' she offers to buy him a drink and tells him that she will be at the same bar again tomorrow.  The next day they run into each other at the same bar and she asks him to go somewhere else and they end up at his house. It is clear that Rick has little interest in Debby, so to move things along she tells him that she 'gives a great blow job.' Afterwards, she thinks she has found love, but Rick was only looking for a one-night stand. Debby goes home, where her mother Virginia has also started dating an older man named Nick who wants her to move with him to Florida. Nick passes away suddenly from a heart attack, and Virginia realizes that until she met Nick, she had been living her life waiting for things to happen to her. In the end, Debby, Beth and Virginia struggle to find stability in their New Jersey town and agree that all they need is each other.

Hysterical Blindness is a 2002 American television film directed by Mira Nair and starring Gena Rowlands, Uma Thurman, Juliette Lewis and Ben Gazzara. The film premiered on HBO on August 21, 2002. In 2003, Uma Thurman won a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of Debby Miller. Ben Gazzara and Gena Rowlands also won Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards for their performances as Virginia Miller and Nick Piccolo at the 2003 Emmy Awards. The opening titles by Trollbäck + Company won a Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Design in 2003.


History.

Following the Battle of Austerlitz and the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, annexed parts of Austria and certain German states to France, and formed the German states into the Confederation of the Rhine. Napoleon was their "protector," but as the Confederation was above all a military alliance, their foreign policy was utterly dominated by France, and the states had to supply France with large numbers of military troops. Disquiet about mass-conscription (the "levée en masse") also trigged an uprising, known as the Peasants' War, in 1798 within modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg. In Germany, Napoleon formed two new states, the Grand Duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of Westphalia, which he gave to his brothers Joachim Murat and Jerome Bonaparte respectively. The Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric of Liège were annexed and became "départements" of France.  During the French occupation, the Napoleonic Code was introduced, during which the German people came into contact with the ideals of the French Revolution, including nationalism. In Prussia, which was not part of the French-dominated Confederation of the Rhine, but still occupied by France, this created a dynamic towards constitutional, political, social, and military reform which would prove critical during the Liberation War. In the Confederation itself, there were already riots against the French rule, and after the devastation of the French army during the French invasion of Russia, the commander of the Prussian Corps, Yorck, signed a ceasefire with Russia. This was to be the decisive trigger of the Liberation War.

Results.

The French period contributed significantly to the emergence of the idea of unity and national consciousness in Germany. The many regions with their various dialects found in the struggle against the French occupation "German" as a common definition of anti-French sentiment or freedom. At the Wartburg Festival in 1817 the first real movements among the students were formed - fraternities and student organizations emerged. The colors black, red and gold were symbolic of this. After the Vormärz period, the desire for freedom from the government was suppressed, until the March Revolution in 1848 and the formation of the first German parliament, though not all German-speaking territories were involved. In the Prussian War of Liberation conscription modeled after the levée en masse of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst was introduced and the Prussian army reforms introduced. The Prussian reforms (1807-1812) during the French period include not only the formal abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 but also the largest political and social upheavals between the Early Modern Period and the Modern Period in Germany. With the abandonment of Francis II from the Holy Roman Empire to the Austrian Empire, there was also created a political split between Prussia and Austria, which laid the ground for Austrian exclusion from the German Question.

In Northern European historiography, the term French period (,, ) refers to the period between 1794 and 1815 during which most of Northern Europe was controlled by Republican or Napoleonic France. The exact duration of the period varies by the location concerned.


Plot.

Leocadia ("Leo") Macías (Marisa Paredes) writes popular romance novels under a pen name, Amanda Gris. Unlike her romantic ("pink") novels, her love life is troubled. She has a difficult relationship with her husband Paco (Imanol Arias), a military officer stationed in Brussels and later in Bosnia, who is physically and emotionally distant. The film starts with Leo writing about the feeling of having lost her lover, a feeling that she compares to the pain of a tight pair of boots that she cannot take off. Almodovar took for this first part of the film strong plot elements from Dorothy Parker's short story, "The Lovely Leave"  Leo begins to change the direction of her writing, wanting to focus more on darker themes such as pain and loss, and can no longer write her romantic Amanda Gris novels. However, her publishers demand sentimental happy endings, at least until her contract is up. She begins to re-evaluate her life through her relationship with her publishers, her husband, her best friend Betty (Carme Elías), her "crab-faced" sister Rosa (Rossy de Palma) and her bickering elderly mother (Chus Lampreave). Only her maid (played by flamenco dancer Manuela Vargas) appears steadfast. She also meets Ángel (Juan Echanove), a prominent newspaper editor who quickly falls for Leo and her writing.  After signing a contract with the newspaper, "El País", Leo tells Ángel that she cannot write romances anymore, and that she has written a dark ("black") novel about a young mother whose daughter kills her husband because he tried to rape her. After that, the corpse of the dead man is hidden in a refrigerator. Although Leo throws this story out, she later learns that someone is turning it into a movie. (In fact, Almodóvar himself created a movie based on this same plot, "Volver", released eleven years later in 2006.)  After the inevitable disintegration of her marriage and then learning that her best friend was her husband's lover, Leo takes and survives an overdose, then goes with her mother to the village of Almagro to rest and recover. There she receives a call from her publishers, who are apparently delighted by the two manuscripts they have received from her — romances Leo never wrote or submitted. She returns to Madrid and learns that Ángel is her ghostwriter. More surprises unfold when she attends a brilliant dance performance featuring her maid, Manuela Vargas, and Joaquín Cortés, who plays the maid's son, Antonio. Antonio soon confesses that he is the one who took her manuscript now being made into a movie. A final surprise for Leo: after a false start, she finds love with the smitten Ángel, and the film ends with the tenuous promise of a "new year".

References forward to other Almodóvar films.

In "The Flower of my Secret", the plot of Leo's new, gritty, novel is stolen and used as the basis of a film screenplay "The Freezer". In a coup of life imitating art, a decade later it formed the basis of Almodóvar's own 2006 film "Volver".  Another sub-plot scene from "The Flower of my Secret", the student doctors being taught how to persuade a grieving mother to allow her son's organs to be used in transplant, was used as the starting point of Almodóvar's 1999 film "All About My Mother".  Leo tells Ángel that she earned money reading and writing letters for her illiterate neighbors as a child, a detail from Almodóvar's own life that appears in "Dolor y gloria" (the title of which bears a striking resemblance to Leo's "El País" column, titled "Dolor y Vida.")

The Flower of My Secret () is a 1995 film by Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.


Life and career.

Dayton was born in Alameda County, California, and grew up in Grass Valley, California. After graduating from Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, California, he attended the UCLA Film School, studying film and television in the late 1970s; while there, he met Valerie Faris, a dance student and native of Los Angeles County, California, who became his wife and his partner. They have three children together. Valerie is the daughter of Paula Forbes, a supervising painter, and Jim Faris, a film editor.  As a pair, Dayton and Faris have directed and produced music videos, documentaries, commercials and films. They have directed music videos for bands such as Oasis, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Beastie Boys, and R.E.M.. Their 1996 video for "Tonight, Tonight" by The Smashing Pumpkins won six MTV Video Music Awards. Another of their videos that found significant success was for the 1990 Extreme song "More Than Words".  They directed a number of sketches for the 1995-1998 HBO sketch comedy series "Mr. Show".  In 1998, they established a production company, Bob Industries. Through this company the pair directed commercials for companies such as Hewlett-Packard, Volkswagen, Sony, GAP, Target, IKEA, Apple Computer, and ESPN. The two directed a 1999 commercial for the Volkswagen Cabrio, titled "Milky Way", whose soundtrack consisted entirely of the 1972 Nick Drake song "Pink Moon", and which is credited with initiating a massive revival of interest in Nick Drake's music.  They began to be offered feature films to direct at around this time; among projects that they turned down were "The Mod Squad" (1999) and "Bad Boys II" (2003).  In 2001, they began to work on the film "Little Miss Sunshine"; it was released in 2006. The film won the Audience Award at the 2006 Sydney Film festival and an ovation at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. Their directing style for the film involved a high level of improvisation to allow the actors to create organic connections to the roles.  In 2006, the pair were announced as the directors of a planned screen adaptation of Tom Perrotta's novel "The Abstinence Teacher" for Warner Independent Pictures. In 2007 Perrotta wrote a screenplay with input from Dayton and Faris. However, by 2012 they had left the project, and it was taken over by director Lisa Cholodenko.  Their next film was "Ruby Sparks" in 2012. Dayton and Faris then directed "Battle of the Sexes", about the tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs, with Emma Stone as King and Steve Carell as Riggs. The film also stars Elisabeth Shue, Alan Cumming, and Sarah Silverman; it was released in 2017.

Jonathan Dayton (born July 7, 1957) and Valerie Faris (born October 20, 1958) are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut, "Little Miss Sunshine" (2006). Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama "Ruby Sparks" (2012), and the biographical sports drama "Battle of the Sexes" (2017). Their most recent directing project is the Netflix comedy series, "Living With Yourself", starring Paul Rudd, which premiered on October 17, 2019.


Binding (Drug Distribution).

A drug in blood exists in two forms: bound and unbound. Depending on a specific drug's affinity for plasma protein, a proportion of the drug may become bound to plasma proteins, with the remainder being unbound. If the protein binding is reversible, then a chemical equilibrium will exist between the bound and unbound states, such that:  Notably, it is the unbound fraction which exhibits pharmacologic effects. It is also the fraction that may be metabolized and/or excreted. For example, the "fraction bound" of the anticoagulant warfarin is 97%. This means that of the amount of warfarin in the blood, 97% is bound to plasma proteins. The remaining 3% (the fraction unbound) is the fraction that is actually active and may be excreted.  Protein binding can influence the drug's biological half-life. The bound portion may act as a reservoir or depot from which the drug is slowly released as the unbound form. Since the unbound form is being metabolized and/or excreted from the body, the bound fraction will be released in order to maintain equilibrium.  Since albumin is alkalotic, acidic and neutral drugs will primarily bind to albumin. If albumin becomes saturated, then these drugs will bind to lipoprotein. Basic drugs will bind to the acidic alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. This is significant because various medical conditions may affect the levels of albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins.

Impact of the altered protein binding.

Only the unbound fraction of the drug undergoes metabolism in the liver and other tissues. As the drug dissociates from the protein, more and more drug undergoes metabolism. Changes in the levels of free drug change the volume of distribution because free drug may distribute into the tissues leading to a decrease in plasma concentration profile. For the drugs which rapidly undergo metabolism, clearance is dependent on the hepatic blood flow. For drugs which slowly undergo metabolism, changes in the unbound fraction of the drug directly change the clearance of the drug.  The fraction unbound can be altered by a number of variables, such as the concentration of drug in the body, the amount and quality of plasma protein, and other drugs that bind to plasma proteins. Higher drug concentrations would lead to a higher fraction unbound, because the plasma protein would be saturated with drug and any excess drug would be unbound. If the amount of plasma protein is decreased (such as in catabolism, malnutrition, liver disease, renal disease), there would also be a higher fraction unbound. Additionally, the quality of the plasma protein may affect how many drug-binding sites there are on the protein.

Drug interactions.

Using 2 drugs at the same time can sometimes affect each other's fraction unbound. For example, assume that Drug A and Drug B are both protein-bound drugs. If Drug A is given, it will bind to the plasma proteins in the blood. If Drug B is also given, it can displace Drug A from the protein, thereby increasing Drug A's fraction unbound. This may increase the effects of Drug A, since only the unbound fraction may exhibit activity.  Note that for Drug A, the % increase in unbound fraction is 100% – hence, Drug A's pharmacological effect can potentially double (depending on whether the free molecules get to their target before they are eliminated by metabolism or excretion). This change in pharmacologic effect could have adverse consequences.  However, this effect is really only noticeable in closed systems where the pool of available proteins could potentially be exceeded by the number of drug molecules. Biological systems, such as humans and animals, are open systems where molecules can be gained, lost or redistributed and where the protein pool capacity is almost never exceeded by the number of drug molecules. A drug that is 99% bound means that 99% of the drug molecules are bound to blood proteins not that 99% of the blood proteins are bound with drug. When two, highly protein-bound drugs (A and B) are added into the same biological system it will lead to an initial small increase in the concentration of free drug A (as drug B ejects some of the drug A from its proteins). However, this free drug A is now more available for redistribution into the body tissues and/or for excretion. This means the total amount of drug in the system will decrease quite rapidly, keeping the free drug fraction (the concentration of free drug divided by the total drug concentration) constant and yielding almost no change in clinical effect.  The effects of drugs displacing each other and changing the clinical effect (though important in some examples) is vastly overestimated usually and a common example incorrectly used to display the importance of this effect is the anticoagulant Warfarin. Warfarin is highly protein-bound (>95%) and has a low therapeutic index. Since a low therapeutic index indicates that there is a high risk of toxicity when using the drug, any potential increases in warfarin concentration could be very dangerous and lead to hemorrhage. In horses, it is very true that if warfarin and phenylbutazone are administered concurrently, the horse can develop bleeding issues which can be fatal. This is often explained as being due to the effect of phenylbutazone ejecting warfarin from its plasma protein, thus increasing the concentration of free warfarin and increasing its anticoagulant effect. However, the real problem is that phenylbutazone interferes with the liver's ability to metabolize warfarin so free warfarin cannot be metabolized properly or excreted. This leads to an increase in free warfarin and the resulting bleeding issues.

Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to proteins within the blood. A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse. Common blood proteins that drugs bind to are human serum albumin, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, and α, β‚ and γ globulins.


Biography.

Otacilio is a youth product of Santa Cruz. In April 2006, he left for Série B club Remo and in January 2007 he joined 2. Bundesliga club Eintracht Braunschweig. The team was relegated at the end of season. Otacilio then left for São Caetano of Campeonato Brasileiro Série B in August 2007. He made his club debut on 7 September (round 24), replacing Gláucio in 72nd minute, winning Paulista FC 1–0.  In January 2008, he transferred to Náutico of Campeonato Pernambucano, but was released in May. In August he left for Gama of Série B. He just started once and collected three more substitute appearances for the club. Gama was relegated to 2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C at the end of season.  In February 2009, he was signed by Vila Nova on a one-year contract.  In February 2010, he was re-signed by Remo, agreeing a contract until the end of 2010 Campeonato Paraense or 15 June.  After being without a club for six months, he was signed by Mirassol on 7 December 2010. He was released prior the start of the 2011 Brazilian fourth division, for which the team qualified as São Paulo state championship second best team (seventh) that not played in any superior division above fourth division. The team also finished as the losing semi-finalists (first round) of 2011 Campeonato Paulista do Interior.  In July 2011, he joined the third division club Campinense but was released again in September, as the club failed to qualify to the stage two of the tournament.

Otacilio Jales da Silva Neto, known as Otacilio Jales or just Otacilio (born 2 January 1984) is a Brazilian footballer.


History of the American Tobacco Company.

Origins.

James Buchanan Duke's entrance into the cigarette industry came about in 1879 when he elected to enter a new business rather than face competition in the shredded pouched smoking tobacco business against the Bull Durham brand, also from Durham, North Carolina. In 1881, two years after W. Duke, Sons & Company entered into the cigarette business, James Bonsack invented a cigarette-rolling machine. It produced over 200 cigarettes per minute, the equivalent of what a skilled hand roller could produce in one hour, and reduced the cost of rolling cigarettes by 50%. It cut each cigarette with precision, creating uniformity in the cigarettes it rolled. Public stigma was attached to this machine-rolled uniformity, and Allen & Ginter rejected the machine almost immediately. Duke set a deal with the Bonsack Machine Company in 1884. Duke agreed to produce all cigarettes with his two rented Bonsack machines and in return, Bonsack reduced Duke’s royalties from $0.30 per thousand to $0.20 per thousand. Duke also hired one of Bonsack’s mechanics, resulting in fewer breakdowns of his machines than his competitors’. This secret contract resulted in a competitive advantage over Duke's competitors; he was able to lower his prices further than others could.  In the 1880s, while Duke was beginning to machine-roll all his cigarettes, he saw that growth rates in the cigarette industry were declining. His solution was to combine companies and found “one of the first great holding companies in American history.” Duke spent $800,000 on advertising in 1889 and lowered his prices, accepting net profits of less than $400,000, forcing his major competitors to lower their prices and, in 1890, join his consortium by the name of the American Tobacco Company. The five constituent companies of American Tobacco: W. Duke & Sons, Allen & Ginter, W.S. Kimball & Company, Kinney Tobacco, and Goodwin & Company – produced 90% of the cigarettes made in 1890, the first year the American Tobacco Company was listed on the NYSE. Within two decades of its founding, the American Tobacco company absorbed about 250 companies and produced 80% of the cigarettes, plug tobacco, smoking tobacco, and snuff produced in the United States. With Duke's market control, American Tobacco grew its equity from $25,000,000 to $316,000,000.

The "Tobacco Trust".

American Tobacco Company quickly became known as the “Tobacco Trust” upon its founding. Duke controlled the cigarette market, and his trust caught the attention of legislators in the United States, a country with historical aversion to monopolies.  American Tobacco Company focused solely on making and selling cigarettes, leaving growing of tobacco and retail distribution to independent entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, Duke aimed to eliminate inefficiencies and middlemen through vertical consolidation. The American Tobacco Company began to expand to Great Britain, China, and Japan. The company also maintained an interest in producing other tobacco products in case fads shifted; Duke wanted to be sure that he would be prepared with a multitude of tobacco styles. The Tobacco Trust's international expansion in conjunction with its consolidation of all types of tobacco “ultimately made the Trust so vulnerable to regulation and judicial dissolution”.  The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, and in 1907, the American Tobacco Company was indicted in violation of it. In 1908, when the Department of Justice filed suit against the company, 65 companies and 29 individuals were named in the suit. The Supreme Court ordered the company to dissolve in 1911 on the same day that it ordered the Standard Oil Trust to dissolve. The ruling in "United States v. American Tobacco Co." stated that the combination of the tobacco companies “in and of itself, as well as each and all of the elements composing it whether corporate or individual, whether considered collectively or separately [was] in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize, and a monopolization within the first and second sections of the Anti-Trust Act.”

Dissolution.

Dissolution proved complicated. The American Tobacco Company had combined many prior companies and processes. One department would manage a certain process for the entire organization, producing brands previously owned by other companies. “Plants had been assigned specific products without regard for previous ownership.” Over the course of eight months, a plan for the dissolution, meant to assure competition among the new companies, was negotiated.  The trust needed to dissolve in such a way that no manufacturer had a monopoly on any type of tobacco product. Investors, holding millions of dollars of securities, also needed to be considered. A large question was how to distribute trademarks and brands between the resulting companies.  The American Tobacco Company's assets were split off into: American Tobacco Company, the existing R. J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers, and Lorillard. The monopoly became an oligopoly. The main result of the dissolution of American Tobacco Trust and the creation of these companies was an increase in advertising and promotion in the industry as a form of competition.

Liggett & Myers.

Liggett & Myers kept control of these plants: Liggett and Myers, St. Louis; Spaulding and Merrick, Chicago; Allen and Ginter, Richmond; smoking tobacco factory in Chicago; Nall and Williams, Louisville; John Bollman Company, San Francisco; Pinkerton Company, Toledo; W. R. Irby, New Orleans; two cigar factories in Baltimore and Philadelphia, and the Duke-Durham branch of the American Tobacco Company.

P. Lorillard.

P. Lorillard retained the Lorillard properties in addition to S. Anargyos; the Luhrman and Wilburn Tobacco Company; plants in Philadelphia, Wilmington, Brooklyn, Baltimore, and Danville; and the Federal Cigar Company.

More recent history.

At the same time as the antitrust action in 1911, the company's share in British American Tobacco (BAT) was sold. In 1994, BAT acquired its former parent, American Tobacco Company (though reorganized after antitrust proceedings). This brought the Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands into BAT's portfolio as part of BAT's American arm, Brown & Williamson. B&W later merged with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 2004.  American Tobacco left Durham in the late 1980s. Brown & Williamson took over the Reidsville, North Carolina operation in 1995 and closed it, costing 1000 people their jobs, but Commonwealth Brands took it over in a deal completed in October 1996, when the plant had 311 employees, and kept 100 of them. ITG Brands announced November 1, 2018 that the plant would close in 2020.

Redevelopment.

In 2004, the previously abandoned American Tobacco Campus (ATC) in Durham was reopened as a complex of offices, shops, and restaurants. Developed by Capitol Broadcasting and reopened as the American Tobacco Historic District, phase 1 consisted of the Fowler, Crowe, Strickland, Reed, and Washington Buildings, and included the construction of two new parking garages and a waterfall feature through the center of the campus designed by Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart of Atlanta, Georgia and constructed by W. P. Law, Inc. based in Lexington, South Carolina. Phase 2, consisting of the remaining buildings and expansion of the water feature at the north end of the site, was under construction as of late 2006. Many office spaces in the ATC are now used by Duke University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as the American Tobacco Company Manufacturing Plant. The nearby Watts and Yuille Warehouses were listed in 1984 and the Smith Warehouse in 1985.  The American Tobacco Trail, named for the company, is a multi-use rail-trail that begins just south of the Durham complex and runs towards Chatham and Wake Counties. It follows the route of the railroad (Norfolk Southern Railway (former) Durham Branch) that once served the factories, but was later abandoned when these facilities were shut down.

Advertising.

Between 1875 and the 1940s, cigarette companies often included collectible trading cards with their packages of cigarettes. Cigarette card sets document popular culture from the turn of the century, often depicting the period's actresses, costumes, and sports, as well as offering insights into mainstream humor and cultural norms.  In the golden age of radio, as well as early television, American Tobacco was known for advertisements featuring a fast-talking tobacco auctioneer named L. A. "Speed" Riggs. His rapid-fire and song-like patter would always end with the exclamation, "SOLD, American!" Another famous tobacco auctioneer, F. E. Boone, was often heard in tandem with Riggs.

The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter and Goodwin & Company. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.


History.

The Ledenhof, located close to the Baroque Schloss Osnabrück (Osnabrück Castle) and the late Gothic Katharinenkirche (St. Catherine’s Church), was first mentioned in records in 1499. The wine merchant Johann Leden had established himself on the fringes of the Osnabrück Altstadt (old town) during the mid-14th century, where he had built a half-timbered residential house and a wine store. The third Heinrich von Leden, who in 1499 had been given extensive privileges by then-German King and later Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, built a great hall on the rests of this house.  The Ledenhof remained an enclosed area through to the late 18th century; the “Du Plat’sche Karte” map from 1787 displays it as a rectangular courtyard with a gatehouse. It is likely that the Ledenhof was once the location of a mint. The building complex was referred to as the “Alte Münze” up to the early 20th century; it was only after 1930, when Rudolf vom Bruch published “Die Rittersitze im Fürstentum Osnabrück” (Manor Houses of the Principality of Osnabrück”), when the name “Ledenhof” came back into fashion. During the 19th century the ownership of the Ledenhof changed multiple times. Parts of the premises belonged to manufacturer Heinrich Wilhelm Storck, others remained the property of the counts of Münster until 1781. In the late 19th century, Friedrich August Koch and Ernst Conrad Kromschröder used the Ledenhof for business purposes.  Since 1930 the Ledenhof has belonged to Osnabrück City Council. Throughout World War II and its aftermath, the remaining buildings of the Ledenhof were under serious threat of collapsing. Between 1964 and 1976 the stone structure and great hall underwent extensive renovation. In 1980 Osnabrück City Council received the Europa Nostra Award for its exemplary restoration of the Ledenhof. Before it became the head office of the Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung in 2002, the Musikbibliothek (music library) was located here.

Sections.

Stone structure.

The most prominent of the Ledenhof’s buildings is the Steinwerk made from quarried stone and featuring a saddle roof. It is one of Osnabrück’s most distinctive medieval buildings. The Steinwerk dates from the 14th century and has exterior dimensions of 9.15 by 9.13 m. Unlike other Steinwerk buildings it did not function as a castle tower as the construction style seems to suggest, rather as a warehouse. The entrance to the cellar – vaulted unlike usual castle towers – is situated at ground level and was therefore easier to access than the castle tower with its higher lying entrance, which was easier to defend. Originally the Steinwerk did not have a chimney. In the 15th century the Steinwerk became a keep with seven floors and hatchways on the south side. The third Heinrich von Leden, who had the great hall built, created an entry point between the two buildings and also had a lavatory added.

Great hall.

The great hall with two pediments was built in the 15th century by Heinrich von Leden – the third consecutive bearer of this name – as a prestigious residence. The ground floor consists of a four-metre high hallway whose other dimensions are 9.64 by 8.18 m; this used to serve as a combined kitchen and living room and had a parlour situated at the back measuring 3.84 by 8.18 m, which can be accessed by two doors next to the fireplace. The parlour was presumably the bedroom of Heinrich von Leden and his wife Margarete von Bar. A flight of stairs – replaced in the late 16th century with a polygonal spiral staircase tower made from oak – led to the upper floor, which includes a ballroom. This features much valuable ornamentation upon its beamed ceiling and used to be attached to a gallery room on its east side. This was removed when the stair tower was added. There was also an entrance to the Steinwerk building on this floor. The great hall was furnished with decorative paintings from diamond-shaped bands on plaster in white and gold; these were restored during the renovation works.

Other information.

During the time the building complex was referred to as the “Alte Münze”, the name “Ledenhof” was used to denote the area on which the Marienstätte monastery had once stood. The name “Ledenhof” is also used to refer to an underground garage right next to the Ledenhof itself. There is a street around the area of the Ledenhof which today bears the name “Alte Münze”.

The Ledenhof (formerly known also as the "Alte Münze") is a historic building in the city of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany. During the medieval period it was the city residence of the noble von Leden family. Having initially been an extensive courtly building complex, today only the seven-storey Steinwerk (stone structure) building and the great hall with stair tower remain. Since 2002 the Ledenhof has been the main office of the Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung (German Foundation for Peace Research).


Biography.

He was born in Paraná, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina on 31 March 1856 and baptised on 3 April 1856 as José Mariano Benjamín Zubiaur Pujato at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary. His parents were Mariano Zubiaur and Dolores Pujato. Zubiaur completed his secondary education at the Concepción del Uruguay College. In 1877 he was promoter and first president of the Educationist Association "The Fraternity", composed by students of the college.  In 1879, when he was 23 years old, one year after receipt of bachelor, he founded the "Benjamin Franklin" School in order to implement their innovative ideas in education.  He obtained the title of attorney at the Buenos Aires University. In 1886, he founded with other educators and students the magazine "La Educación".  In 1889 the Argentine government appointed him, along with Alejo Peyret, to represent his country at the Paris Exposition. He participated in the International Congress for the Propagation of Physical Exercise in Education, which organizer was the Baron Pierre de Coubertin, future inspirer of the modern Olympic Games. There, Zubiaur met Baron de Coubertin, who appointed him to integrate in 1894 the first International Olympic Committee, the unique representative of a Spanish-American country, a position in which he served until 1907.  Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games mentioned him in his "Olympic Memories": In 1892 he was appointed rector of the Concepción del Uruguay College, serving in that role until 1899. During his chancellorship, enabled the registration of women and created practical activities matters, such as cardboard, bookbinding and photography, which were a novelty in education in Argentina. In 1894 he obtained a doctorate degree in Law with a thesis entitled "The protection of children."  He also prompted the establishment of rural schools in the then territory of La Pampa and the Misiones Province. In 1913 he was the first vice president of the National League of Education.

José Benjamín Zubiaur (1856–1921) was an Argentine educator. Promoter of sport, physical education, and the modern Olympic movement. He was one of the thirteen original members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). He was the rector of the Concepción del Uruguay College and Director at the Escuelas de la provincia de Corrientes. After 1915 he was Director of Education, Ministry of Education. He was characterized by their innovative teaching ideas to expand education to all social sectors, including content such as physical education, industrial education, practical activities, etc. as well as methods like night school, rural schools, education both sexes combined, and so on.


The Termination of Honda joint venture and the renaming.

The termination of Honda Joint venture  By December 2010, the board of directors of the Hero Honda Group had decided to terminate the joint venture between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner. The Hero Group would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda. Under the joint venture Hero Group could not export to international markets (except Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) and the termination would mean that Hero Group could now export. From the beginning, the Hero Group relied on their Japanese partner Honda for the technology in their bikes.  The Japanese auto maker exited the joint venture through a series of offmarket transactions by giving the Munjal family—which held a 26% stake in the company—an additional 26%. Honda, wanting to focus only on its independent fully owned two-wheeler subsidiary—Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India (HMSI)—, exited Hero Honda at a discount and get over for its stake. The discount was between 30% and 50% to the current value of Honda's stake as per the price of the stock after the market closed on 16 December 2010.  The rising differences between the two partners gradually emerged as an irritant. Differences had been brewing for a few years before the split over a variety of issues, ranging from Honda's reluctance to fully and freely share technology with Hero (despite a 10-year technology tie-up that expired in 2014) as well as Indian partner's uneasiness over high royalty payouts to the Japanese company. Another major irritant for Honda was the refusal of Hero Honda (mainly managed by the Munjal family) to merge the company's spare parts business with Honda's new fully owned subsidiary, HMSI.  As per the arrangement, it was a two-leg deal. In the first part, the Munjal family, led by Brijmohan Lal Munjal group, formed an overseas-incorporated special purpose vehicle (SPV) to buy out Honda's entire stake, which was backed by bridge loans. This SPV was eventually thrown open for private equity participation, and those in the fray included Warburg Pincus, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), TPG, Bain Capital, and Carlyle Group.  Formation of the new company  The name of the company was changed from Hero Honda Motors Limited to Hero MotoCorp Limited on 29 July 2011. The new brand identity and logo of Hero MotoCorp were developed by the British firm Wolff Olins. The logo was revealed on 9 August 2011 in London, to coincide with the third test match between England and India.  Hero MotoCorp can now export to Latin America, Africa and West Asia. Hero is free to use any vendor for its components instead of just Honda-approved vendors.  On 21 April 2014, Hero MotoCorp announced their plan on a joint venture with Bangladesh's Nitol-Niloy Group in the next five years to set up manufacturing plant in Bangladesh. The plant started production in 2017 under the name "HMCL Niloy Bangladesh Limited". Hero MotoCorp owns the 55% of the manufacturing company and rest 45% is owned by Niloy Motors (A subsidiary of Nitol-Niloy Group). Hero also updated its 100cc engine range in 2014 for 110cc bikes except Hero Dawn.

Equity Investments.

In July 2013, HMC acquired 49.2% shareholding in Erik Buell Racing, a motorcycle sport company which produced street and racing motorcycles based in East Troy, Wisconsin, United States. EBR filed for bankruptcy in 2015 and Hero Motocorp proceed to acquire certain assets for.  HMC invested US$30.5 million (2.05 billion) as Series B round of funding in October 2016 and gained a 32.31% stake in Ather Energy, a startup company manufacturing electric scooters. It invested a further US$19 million (1.3 billion) in 2018.

Operations.

Hero MotoCorp has five manufacturing facilities based at Dharuhera, Gurgaon, Neemrana, Haridwar and Halol under Green Field stage. These plants together have a production capacity of over 7.6 million 2-wheelers per year. Hero MotoCorp has a sales and service network with over 6,000 dealerships and service points across India. It has a customer loyalty program since 2000, called the Hero Honda Passport Program which is now known as Hero GoodLife Program.  It is reported that Hero MotoCorp has five joint ventures or associate companies, Munjal Showa, AG Industries, Sunbeam Auto, Rockman Industries and Satyam Auto Components, that supply a majority of its components.  The company has a stated aim of achieving revenues of and volumes of 1 million two-wheelers by 2016–17. This in conjunction with new countries where they can now market their two-wheelers following the disengagement from Honda. Hero MotoCorp hopes to achieve 10 per cent of their revenues from international markets, and they expected to launch sales in Nigeria by end-2011 or early-2012. Hero motocorp launched XPulse 200 adventure motorcycle in India on May 1, 2019 along with the XPulse 200T touring motorcycle.

Company performance.

The company has sold over 70 million 2-wheelers since its inception in 1984 till March 2013. It sold 6.07 million 2-wheelers in 2012, out of which 5.5 million were motorcycles. Hero Motocorp sells more two wheelers than the second, third and fourth placed two-wheeler companies put together. Its most popular bike Hero Honda Splendor sells more than one million units per year.  In 2013, Hero MotoCorp registered best ever calendar year performance of more than 6.1 million unit sales. By selling 625,000 units in the month of October, it became the first-ever manufacturer to cross landmark 600,000 unit sales in a month. In the last quarter of the year (in the festive season), the company sold more than 1.6 million units, while in non festive time in April–May 2013, it managed to sell 1.1 million units.

Listings and shareholding.

The equity shares of Hero Motocorp are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.  As on 31 December 2013, the promoters Munjal Family held around 40% equity shares in Hero Motocorp. Over 61,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 7.44% of its shares. Foreign Institutional Investors hold approx. 30% shares in the company.

Employees.

As on 31 March 2014, the company had 6,782 employees, out of which 66 were women (1.1%). It also had approx. 13,800 temporary employees on that date. The company had an attrition rate of 5.1% in the FY 2012–13. The company spent on employee benefits during the FY 2012–13.

Initiatives.

The company started Raman Kant Munjal Foundation (RKMF), in 1992 when it was known as Hero Honda Motors Ltd., that looks after:  During the financial year, the company spent ₹1.4 crore on corporate social responsibility.

Sponsorship.

Currently a Sponsor of the Caribbean Premier League Twenty-20 Cricket Franchise 2018, Hero also sponsors both of India's top-tier men's football leagues, the I-League and the Indian Super League, men's second-tier league I-League 2nd division, women's top-tier league Indian Women's League and also the domestic football tournament Super Cup. They are also the principal sponsors of Indian football team's training kit and the developmental team Indian Arrows. Since 2014, Hero has sponsored the Hero World Challenge golf tournament.

Hero Motocorp Ltd., formerly Hero Honda, is an Indian motorcycle and scooter manufacturer based in New Delhi, India. The company is the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in the world, and also in India, where it has a market share of about 46% in the two-wheeler category. The 2006 Forbes list of the 200 World's Most Respected Companies has Hero Honda Motors ranked at #108. On 31 March 2013, the market capitalisation of the company was.


Life.

Otto Hermann Richard Oehring was born in Düsseldorf. His father was a senior official with the post office. While he was growing up he attended schools successively in Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Berlin. He successfully completed his schooling in 1909 in Berlin. By this time he was a member of the circle of youthful left wing intellectuals surrounding the poet Henriette Hardenberg and her brother Hans. A period of study in Munich followed and Richard Oehring, along with his brother Fritz joined the informal so-called "Tat" (""Deed[s]"") group of left-leaning politically aware liberal writers and artists: fellow members included Oskar Maria Graf, Franz Jung and Georg Schrimpf. Following his return to Berlin, Richard Oehring took to contributing as a business and economics journalist to the "Buchwald Börsenberichte" newspaper. From 1912 he was providing pieces for "Die Aktion", a newly launched magazine with its focus on literature and left-wing politics in which he also published some of his poetic and lyrical creations. One of these was his essay "Der Käfig" which appeared in 1913/1914. During 1913/1914 he actively promoted "Die Aktion Authors' Evenings" at the magazine, together with the likes of Gottfried Benn, Paul Boldt, Alfred Lichtenstein and Franz Pfemfert.  His brother Fritz was an early victim of the war which broke out in July 1914. Richard Oehring took part in the war, being stationed in Brussels where he undertook medical work. Falling ill, he returned home to Berlin, but was re-assessed and declared fit for military service. He was reconscripted and deserted, eventually achieving his dismissal by refusing to accept either food or wages. In March 1915 he married Cläre Otto, later described by as "the soul and muse of their little [Berlin based artists' and writers'] circle". Starting in 1915 they produced "" "(The Free Street)", an Anarchist-Dadaist journal appearing at irregular intervals and of which, by the end of 1917, six editions had been produced. Other members of the production team were Franz Jung, Otto Gross and Georg Schrimpf. A feature of "Die freie Straße" was that the team took turns to take responsibility for production. Richard Oehring was the producer for editions 3 and 4.  Oehring's marriage to Cläre Otto ended in divorce in 1917, and by 1918 she was living with Franz Jung, although it was only in 1924 that the two of them married. The affair put an end to the friendship between Richard Oehring and Franz Jung. Following the divorce Oehring traveled to Vienna to visit Otto Gross. In Vienna he met Margarethe Kuh, a sister of Gross's friend, the writer Anton Kuh: Margarethe became Oehring's second wife. Their daughter, Aurora Miriam "Mimi" Oehring, was born in Berlin in March 1918. Richard Oehring now took work with Alfons Goldschmidt on the Berlin-based "Räte-Zeitung" (newspaper). During the period of acute austerity and turbulence on the streets that followed the end of the First World War Oehring also belonged, with his comrades Ernst Jacobi und Friedrich M. Minck, to the so-called "Co-operative Council for Economic Reconstruction" (""Rätegenossenschaft für wirtschaftlichen Aufbau"").  In 1922 Oehring moved to the Soviet Union. By May 1923 he was back in Berlin, possibly on account of his wife's health. That month he wrote in a letter to "Comrade", then in Konstanz, describing Margarethe's illness which he believed would be cured by plenty of rest and good food. In Berlin he worked as a trade representative for the Soviet Union, also participating in the film production unit of the Soviet sponsored Workers' International Relief ("IAH – Internationale Arbeiter-Hilfe / Международная рабочая помощь") organisation in Berlin. In 1931 he became a member of the "Arplan". Fellow members included Arvid Harnack, Georg Lukács, and Karl August Wittfogel. The commentator believes that Oehring probably accompanied the "Arplan" delegation that travelled to the Soviet Union in 1932, although his name is not included in the official list of delegates.  January 1933 brought régime change to Germany. Richard Oehrling and his family left the country the same year, relocating to the Netherlands where he worked for "Exportchleb", the Soviet trade organisation in the Netherlands, and at the same time undertaking work for the Soviet security services. While in the Netherlands he was in close contact with Ignace Reiss, a Soviet spy who fell foul of Moscow's shifting power structures and was shot by an NKVD assassin in Lausanne a few weeks after sending a letter to Party general secretary Stalin in which he announced his "defection", and support for Trotsky (who by this time had become a high-profile opponent of the Soviet dictator). While in the Netherlands Oehring recruited, the foreign correspondent of the "Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant (NRC)" (newspaper), to work for Soviet intelligence. It is not clear whether Oehring's resignation from "Exportchleb" in 1939 was connected with the killing of Reiss. As an Economics advisor for the NRC, he provided the Rotterdam newspaper with Economics reports from the Soviet Union that were published in its business section. Huijts later recalled that Oehring was much troubled by his failure to obtain Soviet citizenship during the count-down to the Second World War.  In May 1940 the German army invaded the Netherlands and Richard Oehrling responded by committing suicide on 14 May, the day on which the Netherlands formally surrendered. During the German occupation Margarethe Oehrling was arrested and imprisoned, but both she and their daughter survived the war. Margarethe was still alive in 1977.

Richard Oehring (16 June 1891 – 14 May 1940) was a German economist, writer and poet who became a political activist.


History.

Banca Popolare di Lodi was found in 1864. In the 1990s it became Banca Popolare di Lodi S.c.r.l., also known as Bipielle Group (sound likes BPL).

Alliances.

The bank was a member of an alliance ARCA, which consist of Banca Antoniana, Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria, Banca Popolare di Crema, Banca Popolare di Cremona, Banca Popolare di Lodi and Banca Popolare Veneta. ARCA joined with "North East Group", which consist of Banca Agricola Mantovana, Banca Popolare di Bergamo, Banca Popolare dell'Emilia, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Verona and Banca Popolare Vicentina in 1989.  BPL eventually acquired two of the banks of ARCA: BP Crema and Cremona; while Banca Popolare Veneta and Banca Antoniana merged to form Banca Antonveneta.

Acquisitions.

The bank acquired bank as its subsidiaries, such as Credito Molisano in 1998, Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in 1999, Imola in 2000, Banco di Chiavari e della Riviera Ligure in 2003 and Istituto di Credito delle Casse di Risparmio Italiane. BPL owned 19.99% of Südtiroler Sparkasse – Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano until 2006–07. BPL was the major shareholders of Banca Caripe from 2003 to 2011. From 2003 to 2006 the sub-holding Reti Bancarie was a list company, which also held the shares of Banca Popolare di Crema (95.01%), Banca Popolare di Cremona (94.81%), Banca Popolare di Mantova (56.35%), Banca Valori (77.70%), Bipielle Società di Gestione del Credito (70% directly; 30% held by CR Lucca), Bipielle International Holding (90%; including Bipielle Bank (Suisse), Bipielle International UK and Bipielle Servizi) in 2003. In 2005 the company was named as Banca Popolare Italiana.  Reti Bancarie formed a 5-year partnership with Aurora Assicurazioni of Unipol Group in May 2004, as well as the insurance company bought minority ownership in Reti Bancarie.  The bank also involved in the Bancopoli scandal, which the bank sold all the shares of Banca Antonveneta in 2006.  On 31 December 2006 the bank had a shareholders equity of €3.956 billion (in consolidated balance sheets, increased from €2.786 billion), issued 682,360,539 number of shares, as well as Tier 1 capitals ratio of 22.32% (increased from 5.55%; Basel II required 4%).  In September 2006 BPL also absorbed sub-holding companies Reti Bancarie and Bipielle Investimenti, by issuing new shares of BPL and delisting them. Aurora Assicurazioni received 14,080,000 shares (about 2% of BPL); Unipol formed an agreement to sell the shares to Mediobanca.

As a subsidiary of Banco Popolare.

In 2007 Banca Popolare Italiana merged with Banco Popolare di Verona e Novara to form Banco Popolare S.C. The bank was retained as a sub-holding company as Banca Popolare di Lodi S.p.A.. The bank also swapped branches with sister companies Banca Popolare di Novara and Banca Popolare di Verona – S.Geminiano e S.Prospero, in order to specialize in Lombardy (part), Romagna and Sicily. CR Lucca also sold to the parent company, with BP Crema, BP Cremona and Liberty S.r.l. retained as BPL subsidiaries only. While BP Mantova was sold in 2008 and Banca Caripe on 1 January 2011.  In 2008, the BPL relaunched CR Imola and Banco di Chiavari e della Riviera Ligure as their brands.  On 31 December 2010 BPL had a shareholders equity (in separate balance sheets?) of €1.439 billion (increased from €1.432 billion).

As a brand of Banco Popolare.

In 2011 the company was absorbed into Banco Popolare. However it retained as a division of the bank, which included the CR Lucca sub-division, covers Lodi and former area belongs to Banco di Chiavari e della Riviera Ligure, Banca Popolare di Cremona and Banca Popolare di Crema. However, former branches in Sicily was managed by Banco Popolare Siciliano, a department of bank division BPN instead.

Banca Popolare di Lodi was an Italian cooperative bank based in Lodi, Lombardy. The bank was absorbed into parent company Banco Popolare in 2011. However, the bank still operates as a division and a brand of the group.


Manufacturer.

The Class GEA 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type Garratt locomotive was the first new post-Second World War locomotive class to be introduced on the South African Railways (SAR). It was designed by Dr. M.M. Loubser, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the SAR from 1939 to 1949, and although it was a development of the Class GE 2-8-2+2-8-2 locomotive, it bore little resemblance to the older locomotive. It had a boiler which was designed to be interchangeable with that of the earlier Garratt model regarding external dimensions, but it had a bar frame and a round-topped firebox instead of the plate frame and Belpaire firebox of the earlier locomotive. The Class GEA was the first South African Garratt to have streamlined water tanks and coal bunkers and its engine units were radically different from those of the Class GE, with an expanded wheel arrangement in the form of a leading four-wheeled bogie instead of a two-wheeled Bissel truck.  An order for fifty locomotives was placed with Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1945, the largest single Garratt order ever placed with them. When they were delivered during 1946 and 1947, they were erected at the Uitenhage shops and numbered in the range from 4001 to 4050.

Characteristics.

The locomotives were superheated and had Walschaerts valve gear. They were the only post-war Garratts on the SAR to be without mechanical stokers and also one of the largest designs of Garratt to be manually stoked.  Its round-topped firebox was fitted with eight flexible cross-stays at the front end. The inner firebox was of steel instead of copper and it had a hopper type ashpan, fitted with an efficient arrangement of drench pipes. The ashpan doors were steam-operated with provision for hand operation when required. The finger bar fire grate was operated by two steam shaker cylinders and had two drop grates. The boiler pressure was higher than that of the Class GE and it had a larger superheater area with 36 elements and incorporating a multiple valve regulator. The locomotive had a self-cleaning smokebox and was fitted with a spark arrester. Instead of plate frames, it was built on bar frames of thick rolled steel bar with a tensile strength of. The pivots were of the adjustable type and were oil lubricated. The wheel arrangement was extended from a Double Mikado to a Double Mountain configuration, which permitted increased coal and water capacities. It had larger diameter coupled wheels, all flanged. The locomotive was designed to negotiate a minimum curve of radius, with superelevation and gauge widening not exceeding.  The outer bogies had two-pin swing links and laminated side control springs which provided for a total side-play of. The outer pairs of bogie wheels were arranged with tyre flange watering gear. The inner bissel trucks were of the radial-arm type with helical spring side control and a total side-play of. The bogies and bissels both had Timken roller bearing axle boxes. The front engine unit had two diameter vacuum brake cylinders, while the hind engine units were provided with steam and hand brakes. The cab arrangement was made especially convenient for the crew. The double roof was lined with teak while side louvre ventilators with roller slides were fitted. The cab front and sides had ventilating doors. Sliding louvres in the cab sides provided adequate weather protection while the lookout had hinged adjustable glass windscreens. The cab was completely enclosed with sliding side doors and the crew had upholstered hinged seats with armrests.  At least one locomotive was named. No. 4023 bore the name "Peacock" on a plate mounted above its cabside number plates.

Modifications.

Soon after they entered service, the front tanks of some of the locomotives were modified. While the tank capacity apparently remained the same, the all-up weight of the modified locomotives and their adhesive weight were less and their individual axle loads were different, although their maximum axle loads remained at.  Two locomotives, numbers 4036 and 4049, were modified in 1952 by having their coal capacity increased by means of extensions to the upper sides of their coal bunkers. Photographs show that more locomotives were later similarly modified. It does not appear as if these locomotives were ever officially reclassified to identify them as mainline locomotives, although they are referred to as Class GEAM in an annotation in the South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book. The post-modification coal capacity is not specified in the documentation.  In the Western Cape, wheatland fires caused by locomotives were a huge problem for farmers as well as for the SAR who had to pay out the claims. In the late 1960s Johannes Barnard, the assistant locomotive superintendent at Cape Town, used two locomotives to experiment with spark-extinguishing equipment, a Class GEA and a Class 19C. The spark extinguishers were mounted on the chimneys and consisted of two long tubes to extend the exhaust horizontally. The tubes had spray pipes around the vertical outlet at the end to drench any sparks that may have survived the journey along the tubes. In the case of Class GEA no. 4009 the tubes fed the exhaust forward to the outlet above the front end of the Garratt’s water bunker, which led to the engine being nicknamed "Renoster" (rhinoceros). The experiments were not successful.

Service.

South African Railways.

The locomotives were designed for goods traffic on light rail on branch lines. Some teething troubles were experienced when they were first placed in service, but these were solved and they proved themselves as fine performers. They started their service lives working goods traffic on the lines from Johannesburg to Zeerust in the Western Transvaal.  In the Cape Province, they worked from Voorbaai to Oudtshoorn across the Montagu Pass and in the opposite direction to Riversdale. Some were later transferred to Natal to work on the North Coast line, based at Stanger and Empangeni, and on the Eshowe and Nkwalini branches. They also worked on the Franklin branch and the Overberg line from Cape Town across Sir Lowry's Pass to Caledon. The Class GEA was withdrawn from service by 1976.

Royal visit, 1947.

During 1947, King George VI, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth and the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, visited the British territories in Southern Africa. The Royal Visit began in South Africa in February. Transport during the Royal Visit was aboard the Royal Train of the SAR, most of which later became the White Train for use by the Governor General of South Africa during the remaining years of the Union era and until the mid-1970s by the State President in the Republican era. During the Royal Visit, only selected British-built locomotives were used as motive power for the Royal Train. One of these was Class GEA no. 4024.

Industrial.

Six Class GEA locomotives were sold into industrial service.

Preservation.

Of the Class Gea, several survived into preservation. By 2018

The South African Railways Class GEA 4-8-2+2-8-4 of 1946 was an articulated steam locomotive. During 1946 and 1947, the South African Railways placed fifty Class GEA Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type wheel arrangement in service.


Education and early career.

Shire was born in Buffalo, New York, to Esther Miriam (née Sheinberg) and Buffalo society band leader and piano teacher Irving Daniel Shire. His family was Jewish. His secondary education was at the Nichols School. He met his long-time theater collaborator lyricist/director Richard Maltby, Jr. at Yale University, where they wrote two musicals, "Cyrano" and "Grand Tour", which were produced by the Yale Dramatic Association. Shire also co-fronted a jazz group at school, the Shire-Fogg Quintet, and was a Phi Beta Kappa honors student, with a double major in English and music. He was a member of the Pundits and Elihu and he graduated "magna cum laude" in 1959.  After a semester of graduate work at Brandeis University (where he was the first Eddie Fisher Fellow) and six months in the National Guard infantry, Shire took up residence in New York City, working as a dance class pianist, theater rehearsal and pit pianist, and society band musician while constantly working with Maltby on musicals. Their first off-Broadway show, "The Sap of Life", was produced in 1961 at One Sheridan Square Theater in Greenwich Village. He co-wrote The Village Stompers' "Washington Square" with Bob Goldstein in 1963.

Film and television scoring.

Shire began scoring for television in the 1960s and made the leap to scoring feature films in the early 1970s. He was then married to actress Talia Shire, for whose brother Francis Ford Coppola he scored "The Conversation", perhaps his best known score, in 1974. Additional screen credits include "Two People", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three", "The Hindenburg", "Farewell, My Lovely", "All The President's Men", "The Big Bus", "2010", "Return to Oz", "Short Circuit", "Max Dugan Returns", and "Zodiac". He composed for "Saturday Night Fever" (for which he received two Grammy Award nominations), and also worked on several disco adaptations including "Night on Disco Mountain." He won the Academy Award for Best Song in 1979 for his and Norman Gimbel's theme song for "Norma Rae," "It Goes Like It Goes." He was also nominated the same year in the same category for "I'll Never Say Goodbye," from the motion picture "The Promise," with lyrics jointly written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. In 1979 his song "With You I'm Born Again," recorded by Billy Preston and Syreeta, was a top five international hit and stayed on the pop charts for 26 weeks.  "The Conversation" featured a score for piano. On some cues, Shire took the taped sounds of the piano and distorted them in different ways to create alternative sonic textures to round out the score. The music is intended to capture the isolation and paranoia of protagonist Harry Caul (Gene Hackman). The score was released on CD by Intrada Records.  For the "Main Title" of "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three," Shire set a jazz-funk groove in B-flat minor, and made the lead melodies and chords out of atonal twelve-tone rows in short bursts of variously shaped motives. The soundtrack album was the first-ever CD release by "Film Score Monthly." The end titles contain a more expansive arrangement of the theme.  Shire's television scores have earned five Emmy nominations. His hundreds of scores for television include: "Killer Bees"; "Raid on Entebbe"; "The Kennedys of Massachusetts;" "Serving In Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story;" Christopher Reeve's "Rear Window"; Oprah Winfrey's "The Women of Brewster Place;" and "The Heidi Chronicles." He also composed themes for the television series "Alice" and "McCloud" and the 1976-1977 Danny Thomas situation comedy "The Practice".  Shire's film and television scoring style is often compared to his late counterpart and contemporary Jerry Fielding.

Musical theatre.

As a pit pianist, Shire played for the original productions of both "The Fantasticks" and "Funny Girl", eventually serving as Barbra Streisand’s accompanist for several years. He also intermittently conducted and arranged for her (most notably for her television specials "Color Me Barbra" and "The Belle of Fourteenth Street"), and over a period of several years she recorded five of his songs.  Shire's musical theatre work, always in collaboration with lyricist Richard Maltby, Jr. includes the two off-Broadway revues "Starting Here, Starting Now" (Grammy nomination for Best Cast Album) and "Closer Than Ever" (Outer Critic's Circle Award for Best Musical) and the two Broadway shows "Baby" (Tony nominations for Best Musical and Best Score) and "Big" (Tony nomination for Best Score). All of these shows have had hundreds of regional and stock productions worldwide. A new musical entitled "Take Flight" premiered in London at the Menier Chocolate Factory in July 2007, with a separate production in Tokyo in November 2007. Previously concert versions were performed in Australia and Russia.  "A Stream of Voices", a one-act opera, with libretto by Gene Scheer, for the Colorado Children's Chorale, premiered in June 2008 in Denver.  On October 27, 2012, the Broadway-style musical "Loving the Silent Tears" premiered in Los Angeles, including some songs composed by Shire.

Miscellaneous.

Shire has conducted many orchestras, either for film scores or for pop concerts, including the London Symphony Orchestra, The Los Angeles Philharmonic, the San Francisco Opera Orchestra, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the Munich Symphony.  Shire wrote and composed many songs for the hit PBS children's TV series "Shining Time Station", which starred his wife Didi Conn along with comedian George Carlin.  Shire serves on the council of the Dramatists Guild of America and is a trustee of the Rockland Conservatory of Music and the Palisades (New York) Library. He was inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2006.

Personal life.

Shire has been married to actress Didi Conn since 1982. They have an adopted son, Daniel (born July 1992), who was diagnosed with autism. He has another son, screenwriter Matthew Shire, by ex-wife Talia Shire.

David Lee Shire (born July 3, 1937) is an American songwriter and composer of stage musicals, film and television scores. The soundtracks to the 1976 film "The Big Bus", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three", "The Conversation" and "All the President's Men", and parts of the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack such as "Manhattan Skyline", are some of his best-known works. His other work includes the score of the 1985 film "Return to Oz" (the "sequel-in-part" of "The Wizard of Oz"), and the stage musical scores of "Baby", "", "Closer Than Ever", and "Starting Here, Starting Now". Shire is married to actress Didi Conn.


Concept.

In the 1930s Škoda introduced a new range of cars built on a backbone chassis. First came the Popular compact car in 1934, followed by the Superb full-size car. The mid-range Rapid was added in 1935. The Favorit was the last to be launched, entering production in 1936. It is a mid-range model, larger and more powerful than the Rapid but smaller and more economical than the Superb.

Type 904.

The Favorit Type 904 has a four-cylinder 1,802 cc sidevalve engine that produces and gives it a top speed of. At a steady its fuel consumption is 14 or 15 litres per 100 km. The choice of bodies offered included a two-door saloon and a four-door "six-light" saloon. There was also an ambulance version. Sales were disappointing. Škoda persisted with the 904 for three years, but when it ceased production in 1939 only 169 had been built.

Type 923.

Škoda revised the engine and in 1938 launched the Type 923, which it marketed as the Favorit 2000 OHV. Škoda had enlarged the engine to 2,091 cc and given it overhead valves, which increased output to and its top speed to. Increased performance did not increase sales. Škoda had built only 54 of the 2000 OHV type when it ceased production in 1941.  From 1939 Škoda used the 2,091 cc OHV engine in a new 1.5 tonne truck, the Škoda 150. After the Second World War the truck continued in production, first as the Aero 150 and then as the Praga A150, until 1951.

The Škoda Favorit is a mid-size car that was made in Czechoslovakia by Škoda from 1936 to 1941. The original Favorit Type 904 has an 1,802 cc sidevalve engine and was built 1936–39. It was succeeded by the Favorit 2000 OHV which has a 2,091 cc overhead valve engine and was built 1938–41.


History.

Formed in 1978 in Long Beach, T.S.O.L. originated as a punk band, developing from earlier bands SS Cult and Johnny Koathanger and the Abortions. The original lineup consisted of vocalist Jack Grisham (who has been credited as Jack Greggors, Alex Morgon, Jack Ladoga, Jack Delauge and Jack Loyd, among pseudonyms), guitarist Ron Emory, bassist Mike Roche and drummer Todd Barnes. According to legend, the band acquired their instruments by casing a local music shop, waiting until closing, and then performing a smash-and-grab robbery.  Later in 1978, Grisham and Barnes formed Vicious Circle, and T.S.O.L. took a brief hiatus (in 2013, TKO Records released an eponymous Vicious Circle EP, composed of circa-1979 rehearsal tapes).  T.S.O.L.'s debut five-song EP, "T.S.O.L.", was released in spring 1981 by Posh Boy Records, featuring the reconvened original lineup. This first release was harshly political, featuring tracks such as "Superficial Love," "World War III" and "Abolish Government."  Their first full-length album, "Dance with Me", was released later in 1981 on Frontier Records, and showcased a more gothic/deathrock sound. They then signed to independent label Alternative Tentacles, releasing the "Weathered Statues" EP early in 1982, and the melodic "Beneath the Shadows" album later that year; the latter featured a new member, keyboardist Greg Kuehn.  Amid personal turmoil, Grisham, Barnes and Kuehn all left the band in 1983.  After his exit, Grisham formed Cathedral of Tears, who released a 1984 EP on Enigma Records, followed by Tender Fury, who issued three albums: "Tender Fury" (1988), "Garden of Evil" (1989) and "If Anger Were Soul, Id Be James Brown" (1991).  T.S.O.L., however, chose to reconfigure. Bad Religion bassist Jay Bentley briefly joined in 1983 before Roche returned. Joe Wood (formerly of Der Stab, and Grisham's then-brother-in-law) and Mitch Dean joined on vocals and drums, respectively. This new lineup released three albums on Enigma: "Change Today?" (1984), "Revenge" (1986) and "Hit and Run" (1987). All three albums featured a more polished production style, with "Hit and Run" reaching No. 184 on the "Billboard" 200 charts, and the band toured globally to support the releases. The band's first live album, "Live", was issued by Enigma in 1988.  The band became friends with Guns N' Roses, and T.S.O.L. T-shirts were seen in the video for that band's "Sweet Child o' Mine", most notably on drummer Steven Adler.  Emory left the band in 1988, during the recording of demos for "Strange Love", leaving Roche as the sole remaining original member. though Emory was given a writing credit on the track "Blow by Blow". T.S.O.L. were joined briefly by guitarist Scotty Phillips, who quit before the band started recording the follow-up to "Hit and Run". They eventually hired former Dino's Revenge guitarist and actor Marshall Rohner. They released a blues-metal album, "Strange Love", in 1990. Roche quit shortly before the album release, leaving the band with no original members. A compilation album titled "Hell and Back Together 1984–1990" was issued in 1992 with an emphasis on their metal era. Murphy Karges (later of Sugar Ray) replaced Roche on bass; he was then replaced by touring bassist Josh Also.  This late-'80s lineup was popular enough to garner bookings in Brazil and Argentina, where the Grisham-led band held no legal rights to prevent Wood from gigging as T.S.O.L. In 1996, Wood and Dean were joined by guitarists Mike Martt and Drac Conley, and bassist Dave Mello (from Uniform Choice), with Dean subsequently replaced by Steve "Sully" O'Sullivan. Also in 1996, Wood formed ongoing blues band Joe Wood & the Lonely Ones (also including O'Sullivan). Wood recorded as Orange Wedge in 1993 (with Dean Chamberlain of the Motels and Christopher Scott "Wag" Wagner of Mary's Danish) and Cisco Poison in 1995 (issuing the "It's a Long Way to Heaven..." album); he later fronted Joe Wood and the Killing Floor (also including O’Sullivan, longtime T.S.O.L. roadie Eric VonArab and professional skateboarder Ray "Bones" Rodriguez).  Meanwhile, the original members began playing shows under the name T.S.O.L, featuring the band's early material. They often played the same cities, on the same nights, as the other T.S.O.L. Since Wood and Dean now owned the rights to the name T.S.O.L., they threatened to sue the original members, who released the "Live '91" (Triple X Records) live album of their early material, under the name "Grisham, Roche, Emory and Barnes" but stopped playing together soon after its release. They also did some gigs during this time as "LOST" (T.S.O.L. backwards).  Grisham and Emory formed the Joykiller in 1995, releasing three albums prior to disbanding in 1998.  In 1999, the original members fought with Wood for rights to the name and won. They joined the Vans Warped Tour, playing for the first time in years under the name T.S.O.L.  Barnes died of a brain aneurysm on December 6, 1999, at the age of 34. The remaining members recruited drummer Jay O'Brien (formerly of All Day, later of American Jihad) and released the "Anticop" single (2001) and the albums "Disappear" (2001) and "Divided We Stand" (2003), all on Nitro Records, the latter of which featured Kuehn back on keyboards as well as Billy Blaze replacing O'Brien. Anthony "Tiny" Biuso (formerly of Rude Awakening, Bad Xample, Full Metal Racket and the Dickies; also later of Hed (pe) and Doyle) joined the band on drums in December 2003 and remained until 2014, serving as the longest standing drummer in the band's three-decade history. He first recorded with the band on 2005's "Who's Screwin' Who?" (Anarchy Music), a revamping and rerecording of 18 of T.S.O.L.'s greatest hits (it was later reissued under the titles "F#*k You Tough Guy: The Collection", by Cleopatra Records, and "Code Blue", by Anarchy).  In November 2006, the band announced they were breaking up, with final performances having taken place earlier in the month. In September 2007, Cider City Records released the seemingly posthumous live album "Live from Long Beach", recorded in November 2006 on the weekend of the band's two announced "farewell" performances. Their hiatus was short-lived, however, as they returned to perform local shows in late 2007. They also headlined the "Fuck the Whales, Save a Chckn" benefit in February 2008, held to help with cancer treatment bills for guitarist Craig "Chckn" Jewett of D.I.  In December 2008, the band entered the studio to record "Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Free Downloads", which was made available as a free download through sponsor Hurley International's website on January 8, 2009. It was also released on vinyl by DC-Jam Records on November 1, 2009.  Grisham launched another project, Jack Grisham and the Manic Low, in 2011; a debut album, "Songs for an Up Day", was released in June 2012. He also formed Jack Grisham's LOST Soul in 2012, a gigging ensemble featuring Kuehn and Biuso, with the intent of performing T.S.O.L. and the Joykiller material.  On April 20, 2013, T.S.O.L. released a 7" EP, "You Don't Have to Die" (TKO Records), for Record Store Day, composed of the title track (an unreleased 1980 demo) and two 1981 live tracks. That same year, the band toured Europe and South America; they also completed a US tour with Flag.  In 2014, Biuso left the band. He was replaced first by touring member Sean Antillon (a member of numerous bands including Corrupted Ideals, the Gears, Stains, the Skulls, the Weirdos and the Duane Peters Gunfight), then officially by Matt Rainwater (of the Joykiller)., and in 2016 by Chip Hanna.  On January 27, 2017, the band released "The Trigger Complex" album on Rise Records. In August 2017, Antonio Val Hernandez joined the band as drummer, replacing Hanna.

Film and television appearances.

In 1981, director Paul Young made "Urban Struggle: The Battle of The Cuckoo's Nest", a film which featured live performances by T.S.O.L. as well as several Orange County punk and hardcore bands. Dave Markey's 1982 film "The Slog Movie" also featured live T.S.O.L. performances, as did the 1989 movie "The Runnin' Kind". Their music was also featured in the 1984 movie "Suburbia", the popular 1985 horror movie "The Return of the Living Dead" and 1986 film "Dangerously Close". They were also mentioned in the 2007 documentary "Punk's Not Dead".  T.S.O.L. songs "Just Like Me" and "Flowers by the Door" were featured in the 1985 "CBS Schoolbreak Special": "Hear Me Cry", a program about teen suicide.

Members.

Current members  Former members  Touring musicians  Timeline

T.S.O.L. (True Sounds of Liberty) is an American punk rock band formed in 1978 in Long Beach, California. Although most commonly associated with hardcore punk, T.S.O.L.'s music has varied on each release, including such styles as deathrock, art punk, horror punk and other varieties of punk music.


Early life.

Peter Ala Adjetey was born on 11 August 1931 at Accra, the capital of Ghana. He obtained his basic education at St. Paul's School at La, a suburb of Accra, and at Accra Bishop Boys' School. His secondary education was at Accra Academy. He proceeded to the University College of the Gold Coast (now the University of Ghana), where he obtained the University of London intermediate Bachelor of Arts degree in 1954. He then proceeded to the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree from University of Nottingham in 1958. Adjetey was called to the Bar at Middle Temple in London in 1959. He returned to Ghana in the same year where he was also called to the bar.

Career.

From 1959 to 1962, Adjetey worked as a Law Officer with the Attorney General's department. He was a part-time lecturer at the Institute of Adult Education, University of Ghana between 1960 and 1962. He was also a part-time lecturer at the Ghana School of Law between 1964 and 1968. He also served on numerous boards at various times including membership of the Judicial Council of Ghana from 1984 to 1989. He was the President of the Ghana Bar Association between 1985 and 1989. He was appointed the President of the African Bar Association in 2000.

Politics.

Adjetey was the Member of Parliament for Kpeshie in the Third Republic of Ghana. He was also the leader of the United National Convention Parliamentary group during the same period. In 1995, he became Chairman of the New Patriotic Party (NPP), a position he held until 1998.

Awards.

Adjetey was awarded the national honour of the Order of the Volta in 2008. In that same year, he received an LL.D from the University of Ghana

Death.

Peter Ala Adjetey died on 15 July 2008 after a short illness.

Peter Ala Adjetey (11 August 1931 – 15 July 2008) was the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana from 2001 to 2005.