Playing career.

During his youth career, Bellshill-born McPake played for Holytown Colts, Celtic South BC, Coatbridge Amateurs and Livingston pro youth. He began his professional career when he signed for then Scottish First Division team Livingston in August 2000 as a youth academy player. He did not make his debut for the club until almost four years later in April 2004, when Livingston were playing in the SPL. He agreed a new two-year contract with Livingston in 2005.  In January 2006, Scottish Second Division side Greenock Morton signed McPake on loan, after he had rejected proposed loan moves to Gretna and Partick Thistle. McPake made his debut for Morton against Gretna on 14 January and went on to make 10 appearances for the club, scoring two goals in the process. His two goals were both scored in the same game, against Alloa Athletic.  In October 2006, the Scottish media reported that McPake would be moving to English Football League Championship club Plymouth Argyle. It was confirmed that he was due to go to Plymouth for a week-long trial, but Livingston later changed their minds and the trial never materialized. In July 2007, two months after the appointment of manager Mark Proctor, McPake was appointed club captain. Scottish Premier League outfit St Mirren had a bid for McPake rejected by Livingston.  McPake signed a pre-contract in December 2008 to join Coventry City on a three-and-a-half-year deal in the summer of 2009, but Coventry and Livingston agreed a fee on 2 February 2009 to complete the transfer immediately. He scored his first goal for the club against Leicester City on 21 March 2010. He suffered a back injury that required surgery in May 2011. McPake signed a one-year contract extension with Coventry City in August 2011 extending his contract to July 2013.  McPake signed for Hibernian on an initial six-month loan deal from Coventry City on 23 January 2012. He made his debut for the club the following Saturday, and was sent off in a 4–0 defeat to Rangers. McPake was made team captain on his first appearance. He led the team to safety from relegation, and former Hibs defender Craig Paterson expressed his hope that McPake would sign a longer deal with Hibs. McPake scored Hibs' only goal in the 2012 Scottish Cup Final, a 5–1 defeat to Hearts.  McPake was selected in May 2012 by Northern Ireland, who he qualified to play for through a grandparent born in Coleraine. McPake made his international debut in a 6–0 defeat by Netherlands on 2 June 2012.  McPake signed a two-year contract with Hibs on 30 June 2012. On 3 January 2013, McPake suffered a bad tackle by Ryan Stevenson in an Edinburgh derby game. Stevenson was suspended for two matches. McPake had injury problems during 2013 that caused him to miss the 2013 Scottish Cup Final, which Pat Fenlon described as a "big blow". After missing out on the Scottish Cup Final, McPake also denied rumours that he had an operation on his back. McPake also played down talk that he would be forced into retirement because of his back injury and criticised internet trolls over this taunt. McPake's first team opportunities were limited during the 2013–14 season and after Hibs were relegated to the Scottish Championship, he was released by the club in May 2014. McPake said that he had been fit for ten weeks and was disappointed he didn't have the chance to help Hibs avoid relegation.  After being released by Hibernian, McPake was linked with newly promoted Scottish Premiership club Dundee, but this was denied by the Manager Paul Hartley. However, McPake signed for the club in May 2014. On 30 January 2015, he signed a contract extension, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2017.  On 2 January 2016, whilst playing in a Dundee derby, McPake suffered a serious knee injury which would end his season. McPake was appointed club captain for the 2016–2017 season, but suffered another setback on his injury, keeping him out until January 2017.

Coaching career.

Dundee.

McPake announced his retirement from playing in January 2018, and took up a coaching position in the Dundee academy system. After Dundee sacked manager Jim McIntyre, McPake was appointed caretaker manager for the final game of the season against St Mirren. A few weeks later, McPake was appointed Dundee manager on a permanent basis.

James McPake (born 24 June 1984) is a retired professional footballer. He is currently the manager of Dundee. McPake played for Livingston, Greenock Morton, Coventry City, Hibernian and Dundee. He mainly played as a defender, although he started his career as a forward. McPake played once for Northern Ireland, in 2012.


History.

1980s–1990s: Autistic-run organizations, newsletters, and conferences.

Jim Sinclair is credited as the first person to communicate the anti-cure or autism rights perspective in the late 1980s. In 1992, Sinclair co-founded the Autism Network International, an organization that publishes newsletters "written by and for autistic people." Other individuals involved in the creation of the ANI were Donna Williams and Kathy Grant, two autistic people who knew Sinclair through pen pal lists and autism conferences. The first issue of the ANI newsletter, "Our Voice", was distributed online in November 1992, to an audience of mostly neurotypical professionals and parents of young autistic children. The number of autistics in the organization slowly grew over the years, and ANI eventually became a communication network for like-minded autistics.  In 1996, ANI established a yearly retreat known

2000s–2010s: The rise of self-advocacy and autistic pride.

Aspies For Freedom (AFF) was founded in 2004, and established June 18 as Autistic Pride Day starting in 2005. AFF was also instrumental in initiating protests against the National Alliance for Autism Research, Cure Autism Now, and the Judge Rotenberg Center.  In 2004, Michelle Dawson challenged applied behavior analysis (ABA) on ethical grounds. She testified in "Auton v. British Columbia" against the required government funding of ABA. That same year "The New York Times" covered the autism rights perspective by publishing Amy Harmon's article, "How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading."  In 2006, the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board. The project affiliated with The Autistic Self Advocacy Network and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations

Advocacy controversy.

The neurodiversity paradigm falls in contrast with medical model of autism, which considers autism a pathology. Those who favour the pathology paradigm, which aligns with the medical model of disability, see autism as a disorder to be treated or cured. Proponents of the pathology paradigm argue that atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are detrimental and should therefore be reduced or eliminated through behavior modification. Their efforts focus primarily on medical research to identify genetic and environmental risk factors in autism. Those who favour the neurodiversity paradigm, which aligns with the social model of disability, see autism as a naturally-occurring variation in the brain. Neurodiversity advocates argue that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer, but instead to the antiquated notion of curing left-handedness. Their advocacy efforts focus primarily on acceptance, accommodation, and support for autistic people as "neuro-minorities" in society. Proponents of neurodiversity often argue that it is harmful to autistic people to pathologize their behavior.

Pathology paradigm.

The pathology paradigm is the traditional view of autism through a biomedical lens, in which it is seen as a disorder characterized by various impairments, mainly in communication and social interaction. Those taking this perspective believe that autism is generally a kind of harmful dysfunction. Ways of functioning which diverge from a typical brain are "incorrect" or "unhealthy" and must therefore be treated or cured. The atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are considered a detriment to social and professional success and should therefore be reduced or

Neurodiversity paradigm and autistic self-advocacy movement.

The neurodiversity paradigm is the understanding that humanity has a variety of neurotypes, and always has. The autistic self-advocacy group, A4A, describes it this way: "Neurodiversity means that –like biodiversity– all of us have a role to play in society...and we should be valued for who we are. Included in public life, such as school and employment. For nonverbal autistics, this also means equal and fair access to communication, such as AAC."  The neurodiversity movement views autism as a disability and a different way of being rather than

Perspectives.

Autism rights perspectives.

Autism is a disability, not a disease.

Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder. However, some fundraising organizations have referred to caring for autistic individuals as being comparable to treating a patient with cancer, though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan. Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder. Boyd Haley, an anti-vaccine activist and early promoter of the debunked claim that thimerosol causes autism, labeled the disease as "mad child disease" (akin to mad cow disease), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive. Margaret Somerville, founding director of the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law, said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists don't believe desperation justifies

Autism as a spectrum.

Some argue that while some autistic people, such as those with Asperger's syndrome, can function "normally", that any impairments not due to prejudice are insignificant or nonexistent and deserve to have their condition viewed as a difference (akin to being left handed), other autistic people are severely impaired and should be counted as having disabilities (akin to having a broken leg).  However, many autistic activists refute this perspective, saying that it is not easy to distinguish between high and low functioning and that these labels do more harm than good. A few autistic individuals remain supportive of the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as the medically abandoned distinction between autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe that functioning labels are important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.

Autism does not need to be cured.

"Curing" autism is a controversial and politicized issue. Doctors and scientists are not sure of the causes of autism yet many organizations like Autism Research Institute and Autism Speaks have advocated researching a cure. Members of the various autistic rights organizations view autism as a way of life rather than as a disease and thus advocate acceptance over a search for a cure. Some advocates believe that common therapies for the behavioral and language differences associated with autism, like applied behavior analysis, are not only misguided but also unethical.  The ""anti-cure perspective"" endorsed by the movement is a view that autism is not a disorder, but a normal occurrence—an alternate variation in brain wiring or a less common expression of the human genome. Advocates of this perspective believe that autism is a unique way of being that should be validated, supported and appreciated rather than shunned, discriminated against

Autistic people have their own culture.

Some autistic activists suggest that life with autism is very much like being born among people who speak a different language, have a religion or philosophy one does not share and live a lifestyle that feels alien. To put it differently, autistic people have an individual culture that's often very different from their environment. Social media, meetups and even specific professions are all spaces where autistic people connect and may share common language or a

Autistic people require inclusion in the autism debate.

A common theme expressed among autism rights activists and neurodiversity groups is that they are different from parent- and professional- led organizations and conferences that dominate the autism scene. Michelle Dawson criticizes the norm of allowing parents to speak on behalf of their autistic children at conferences to the exclusion of autistics. "With the happy and proud collaboration of governments, courts, researchers, service providers, and funding bodies," she says, "parents have succeeded in removing autistics from the vicinity of any important discussions or decisions." This exclusion results in policy and treatment decisions being made solely by individuals who do not directly

Autism therapy is often unethical.

Aspies For Freedom stated that the most common therapies for autism are unethical, since they focus on extinguishing harmless stimming, forcing eye contact and breaking routines. AFF argued that ABA therapy and restriction of stimming "and other autistic coping mechanisms" are mentally harmful, that aversion therapy and the use of restraints

Autism genes should not be eliminated.

Since those in the autism rights movement see autism as a natural human variation and not a disorder, they are opposed to attempts to eliminate autism. In particular, there is opposition to prenatal genetic testing of autism in fetuses, which some believe might be possible in the future (see Heritability of autism). Some worry that this can prevent autistic people from being born. On February 23, 2005 Joseph Buxbaum of the Autism Genome Project at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai said there

Opposition perspectives.

Opposition to Autism rights movements are often typecast as non-autistic people struggling to care for their children. This can legitimize people who seek to speak over autistic people, and gloss over the existence of autistic people who are critical of the Neurodiversity movement.  Critics of the movement argue that anyone on the autism spectrum who is able to express their desire not to be cured must be in a position where they benefit from being autistic or being openly known as autistic, a viewpoint characterized by the fact that many autism advocates wind up gaining a minor celebrity status that puts them in a higher social position than their peers, and the fact that well-known autistic public figures tend to be verbal; this can imply to some that they are more likely to be independently successful than autistic people with higher support needs.  This has led

Autism Speaks boycott.

Autism Speaks has faced criticism from autism rights advocates for failing to represent autistic people and for exploitative practices. Until he resigned in 2013, John Elder Robison was Autism Speaks' only board member openly recognized as being on the autism spectrum. His resignation came two days after the release of an op-ed by the group's co-founder Suzanne Wright which, according to Robison, "is simply not defensible for someone who feels as I do, and I cannot continue to stand up for the public actions of an organization that makes the same mistakes over and over again by failing to connect to the community it purports to represent." Simone Greggs, the mother of an autistic child, filed a lawsuit against Autism Speaks for disability discrimination after her job offer was rescinded. The suit alleges that she lost the job offer due to asking for an accommodation on behalf of her autistic son.  Autism Speaks has produced three major films, each met with strong opposition

Autism rights groups.

There are several organizations in the autism rights movement. Some like the Autistic Self Advocacy Network are led exclusively by Autistic people, while others such as Autism National Committee encourage cooperation between Autistic people and their non-autistic allies.  Societal and cultural aspects of autism come into play with recognition of autism, approaches to its support

Terminology.

Although some prefer to use the person-first terminology "person with autism", most members of the autistic community prefer "autistic person" or "autistic" in formal English, to stress that autism is a part of their identity rather than a disease they have. In addition, phrases

Overview.

Autistic adults.

Communication and social problems often cause difficulties in many areas of an autistic adult's life. A 2008 study found that adults with ASD commonly experience difficulty starting social interactions, longing for greater intimacy, a profound sense of isolation, and effort to develop greater social or self-awareness.  A much smaller proportion of adult autistics marry than the general population. It

Autistic savants.

An "autistic savant" is an autistic person with extreme talent in one or more areas of study. Although there is a common association between savant syndrome and autism (an association made popular by the 1988 film "Rain Man"), most autistic people are

Gender aspects.

Women on the autism spectrum.

Autism is thought of as a condition mostly affecting males, with males up to four times more likely than females to be diagnosed as autistic or Asperger syndrome. Autistic females are "research orphans" according to Yale's Ami Klin; some drugs used to treat anxiety or hyperactivity that may accompany autism are rarely tested on autistic females. Autism may express differently in the sexes. Females may be more concerned with how they are viewed by peers and the failure to connect with people outside of their immediate family could lead to severe anxiety or clinical depression. Autistic girls

Other issues related to gender.

In recent years, some people have suggested links between autism and transgender people. This issue has not been without controversy, as the issue is open to confusion; it is currently unclear whether this correlation exists due to an innate characteristic of autism that may also cause unusual discrepancies in sex or gender, or whether it is merely the result of exposing a group of people who experience difficulty in abiding by social norms, including those related to gender, to sexism and gender stereotypes.

Relationships with animals.

Temple Grandin, autistic designer of cattle handling systems, said that one reason she can easily figure out how a cow would react is because autistic people can easily "think the way that animals think." According to Grandin, animals do not have "complex emotions such as shame or guilt" and they do not think in language. She says that, although not everything about animals

Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships.

Individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) may develop problems in their abilities to engage successfully in interpersonal relationships.

Social impact.

Asperger syndrome may lead to problems in social interaction with peers. These problems can be severe or mild depending on the individual. People with AS are often the target of bullying behavior. Children with AS are often the target of bullying at school due to their idiosyncratic behavior, precise language, unusual interests, and impaired ability to perceive and respond in socially expected ways to nonverbal cues, particularly in interpersonal conflict, which results in them being sought out by classmates and rejected. People with AS may be overly literal and may have difficulty interpreting and responding to sarcasm, banter, or metaphorical speech. Difficulties with social interaction may also manifest in a lack of play with other children.  The above problems can even arise in the family; given an unfavorable family environment, the child may be subject to emotional abuse. A child, teen, or adult with AS is often puzzled by this mistreatment, unaware of what has been done incorrectly. Unlike with other pervasive development disorders, most persons with AS want

Difficulties in relationships.

Two traits sometimes found in AS individuals are mind-blindness (the inability to predict the beliefs and intentions of others) and alexithymia (the inability to identify and interpret emotional signals in oneself or others), which reduce the ability to be empathetically attuned to others. Alexithymia in AS functions as an independent variable relying on different neural networks than those implicated in theory of mind. In fact, lack of Theory of Mind in AS may be a result of a lack of information available to the mind due to the operation of the alexithymic deficit.  A second issue related to alexithymia involves the inability to identify and modulate strong emotions such as sadness or anger, which leaves the individual prone to "sudden affective outbursts such as crying or rage". According to Tony Attwood, the inability to express feelings using words may also predispose the individual to use physical acts to articulate the mood and release the emotional energy.  People with AS report

Autism rights movement.

The autism rights movement is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes the concept of neurodiversity, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a disorder to be cured. The ARM advocates a variety of goals, including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than imitating the behaviors of neurotypical peers; the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic people to socialize on their own terms; and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.  Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome. This perspective is distinct from two other likewise distinct views: the medical perspective, that autism is caused by a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the autism gene(s), and the fringe theory that autism is caused by environmental factors like vaccines and pollution and could be cured by addressing environmental causes.  The movement is controversial. There are a wide variety of both supportive and critical opinions about the movement among people who are autistic or associated with people with autism. A common criticism leveled against autistic activists is that the majority of them are "high-functioning" or have Asperger syndrome and do not represent the views of "low-functioning" autistic people.

Autistic pride.

Autistic pride refers to pride in autism and shifting views of autism from "disease" to "difference." Autistic pride emphasizes the innate potential in all human phenotypic expressions and celebrates the diversity various neurological types express.  Autistic pride asserts that autistic people are not impaired or damaged; rather, they have a unique set of

Autistic culture and community.

With the recent increases in autism recognition and new approaches to educating and socializing autistics, an autistic culture has begun to develop. Autistic culture is based on a belief that autism is a unique way of being and not a disorder to be cured. The "Aspie world", as it is sometimes called, contains people with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA), and can be linked to three historical trends: the emergence of AS and HFA as labels, the emergence of the disability rights movement, and the rise of the Internet. Autistic communities exist both online and offline; many people use these for support and communication with others like themselves, as the social

Globally.

Autistic people may be perceived differently from country to country. For example, many Africans have spiritual beliefs about psychiatric disorders, which

Events and public recognition.

World Autism Day.

World Autism Day, also called World Autism Awareness Day, is marked on 2 April. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly at the end of 2007. On 2 April 2009, activists left 150 strollers near Central Park in New York City to raise awareness that one in 150 children is estimated to be autistic. There are many celebration activities all

Light It Up Blue.

In 2010, Autism Speaks launched the Light It Up Blue initiative. Light It Up Blue sees prominent buildings across the world—including

Autism Sunday.

Autism Sunday is a global Christian event, observed on the second Sunday of February. It is supported by church leaders and organisations around the world. The event started

Autism Awareness Year.

The year 2002 was declared Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom—this idea was initiated by Ivan and Charika Corea, parents of an autistic child, Charin. Autism Awareness Year was led by the British Institute of Brain Injured Children, Disabilities Trust, The Shirley Foundation, National Autistic Society, Autism London and 800 organizations in the United Kingdom. It had the personal backing of British Prime Minister Tony Blair. This was the first ever occasion of partnership working on autism on such

Autistic Pride Day.

Autistic Pride Day is an Aspies For Freedom initiative celebrated on 18 June each year. It is a

Autistics Speaking Day.

Autistics Speaking Day (ASDay), 1 November, is a self-advocacy campaign run by people with autism to raise awareness and challenge negative stereotypes about autism by speaking for themselves and sharing their stories. The first one was held in 2010. According to one

Autism Acceptance Project.

In 2006 the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board. The project's mission statement is, "The Autism Acceptance Project is dedicated to promoting acceptance of and accommodations for autistic people in society." The project is primarily supported by autistic people and

Autism Acceptance Day.

In 2011, the first Autism Acceptance Day celebrations were organized by Paula Durbin Westby, as a response to traditional "Autism Awareness" campaigns which the Autistic community found harmful and insufficient. Autism Acceptance Day is now held every April. "Awareness" focuses on informing others of the existence

Autreat.

At Autreat—an annual autistic gathering—participants compared their movement to gay rights activists, or the Deaf culture, where

Twainbow.

Twainbow is an advocacy organization that provides awareness, education, and support for autistic people who identify as lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender (LGBT). According to its founder, "Twainbow is

Scholarship.

Autism spectrum disorders received increasing attention from social-science scholars in the early 2000s, with the goals of improving support services and therapies, arguing that autism

Media portrayals.

Much of the public perception of autism is based on its portrayals in biographies, movies, novels, and TV series. Many of these portrayals have been inaccurate, and have contributed to a divergence between public perception and the clinical reality of autism. For example, in the movie "Mozart and the Whale" (2005), the opening scene gives four clues that a leading character has Asperger syndrome, and two of these clues are extraordinary savant skills. The savant skills are not needed in the film, but in the movies savant skills have become a stereotype for the autism spectrum, because of the incorrect assertion that most autistic people are savants.  Some works from the 1970s have autistic characters, who are rarely labeled. In contrast, in the BBC2 television miniseries "The Politician's

Notable individuals.

Some notable figures such as Temple Grandin, a food animal handling systems designer and author, and Tim Page, a Pulitzer Prize-winning critic and author are autistic.  Notable individuals known to have Asperger syndrome include Craig Nicholls, lead singer, songwriter, guitarist and only constant member of the Australian rock band The Vines, who was diagnosed in 2004, Japanese video game developer and video game developer Satoshi Tajiri, creator of Pokémon, and actor Paddy Considine. Swedish environmentalist Greta Thunberg, who in August 2018 started the "School strike for climate" movement, has explained how the "gift" of living with Asperger syndrome helps her "see things from outside the box" when it comes to climate change. In an interview with presenter Nick Robinson on BBC Radio 4's "Today", the 16-year-old activist said that autism helps her see things in "black and white". She went on to say:  Additionally, media speculation of contemporary figures as being on the autism spectrum has become popular in recent times. "New York" magazine reported some examples, which included that "Time" magazine suggested that Bill Gates is autistic, and that a biographer of Warren Buffett wrote that his prodigious memory and "fascination with numbers" give him "a vaguely autistic aura." The magazine also reported that on "Celebrity Rehab", Dr. Drew Pinsky deemed basketball player Dennis Rodman a candidate for an Asperger's diagnosis, and the UCLA specialist consulted "seemed to concur". Nora Ephron criticized these conclusions, writing that popular speculative diagnoses suggest autism is "an epidemic, or else a wildly over-diagnosed thing that there used to be other words for." The practice of diagnosing autism in these cases is controversial.  Some historical personalities are also the subject of speculation about being autistic, e.g. Michelangelo.

The autism rights movement, also known as the autistic culture movement or the neurodiversity movement, is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes a neurodiversity paradigm, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a "disease" to be cured. The movement advocates for several goals, including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; services that focus on improving quality of life rather than on imitating the behaviors of neurotypical peers; and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.


Life.

Lekert, an illiterate shoemaker, was active in the Bund since his youth. On May 24, 1900 he led a group of people in an attack on a police station in Vilnius and released three arrested workers. He was caught and exiled to Yekaterinoslav. He escaped in 1902 and came to Vilnius.  On May 18, 1902 he carried out an unsuccessful assassination attempt of the governor of Vilnius, General Victor von Wahl. When von Wahl, who had previously been a mayor of St. Petersburg, was made governor of the city, the Bund had organized demonstrations against him. Later von Wahl was responsible for repressive measures directed at Vilnius's workers, and the Bund in particular. Von Wahl ordered the arrest and flogging of a number of Jewish and Polish workers who had taken part in the May Day parade in 1902. Because of the practices of his administration, plots for his assassination began to be formed soon after his arrival. Lekert, together with several other Bund members began watching von Wahl's movements, bought weapons and trained in forests outside of Vilna.  However, most of the formal plans fell through and Lekert's attempt was made without any preparation. Lekert, who was working as a shoemaker at the time, fired a pistol twice at the governor as von Wahl was exiting the circus show, wounding him in the leg and arm. Lekert was immediately arrested, beaten, then transferred to the city's prison.  Under pressure from the Minister of the Interior, Vyacheslav von Plehve, Hirsh Lekert was tried by a military court. He was convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. At his trial, Lekert, despite the advice of a local rabbi, refused to ask for forgiveness and gave an eloquent speech on the dignity of the Jewish worker.  The sentence was carried out on June 10, 1902. Subsequently, Hirsh Lekert became a folk hero to some in the workers' movement. Several dramas in Yiddish and many poems were written as a tribute to him. The most well known of these is the poem by Abraham Suckewer "די לערערען מיראַ" ("Di Lererin Mira" - The Teacher Mira).

Hirsh Lekert (born 1880 in Onuškis, in the Troksky Uyezd of Vilna Governorate died June 10, 1902 in Vilnius) was a Jewish socialist activist and member of the Bund.


Early life.

Moser began studying literature at the University of Lausanne. After completing his formal education, he began teaching and studying translation and interpretation. In 2001, he obtained a post-graduate degree in museology from the University of Geneva for his thesis "From the dwelling house to the exhibition space – example of the Villa "Le Lac" Le Corbusier".  Moser became a translator. His work is noted by Kenneth Branagh, for whom Moser translated an adaptation of Shakespeare's "Love's Labour's Lost" into French. Moser translated for Martin Scorsese’s film "Gangs of New York" and Tim Burton’s "Big Fish". He translated for the Swiss documentary "Im toten Winkel" (In the blind spot - Hitler’s secretary) by André Heller and Othmar Schmiderer.  In 2010, Moser created, according to Le Corbusier's wish in one of his last letters (1965), a museum at the Villa "Le Lac", in Corseaux, Switzerland. Photographers Erling Mandelmann and René Burri contributed to the creation of the museum by lending their works for the first two exhibitions in 2010 and 2011. In 2015, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the architect's death, Moser invited Daniel Libeskind, Mario Botta, Zaha Hadid, Toyo Ito, SANAA, Rudy Ricciotti, Bernard Tschumi, Gigon/Guyer, Alvaro Siza and Rafael Moneo to an extension project of the Villa "Le Lac" – a competition of ideas and imagination in honour of one of the 20th century's greatest architects.  In 2013, Moser was invited to the Chalmers Technical University in Gothenburg, Sweden to present his research on the links between architecture and literature. Several conferences followed, notably at Doctor Curutchet's Villa in La Plata, Argentina (2015), and at the Mies van der Rohe house of the Weissenhof Siedlung in Stuttgart (2016) as part of the Französische Wochen im Grossraum Stuttgart (Weissenhofwerkstatt im Haus Mies van der Rohe).  In 2017, the University of Lausanne entrusted him with curating the in situ exhibition "From BFSH 2 to Anthropole - 1987-2017" on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Building of the Faculties of Human Sciences II. He participated in the round table on 3 November at EPFL to mark the 75th anniversary of the Swiss Association of Interior Architects (VSI). ASAI with Jacques-Xavier Aymon (EAD interior designer, HEAD emeritus professor), Yves Corminboeuf (HES industrial designer, specialist in sustainable development), Thomas Juguin (SSA graduate acoustician), Bruno Marchand (Dr ès Sciences, EPFL architect, EPFL professor), Corinne Mosimann (interior architect) and Victor Vieillard (lighting designer).  In 2018, he collaborated with the Archives de la construction moderne and Archizoom (EPFL) on the exhibition "Habiter la modernité - Villas du style international sur la Riviera lémanique" at the Atelier de Grandi (6 Sept. - 29 Nov. 2018) and participated on 4 October 2018 in the round table "Habiter la modernité" with Joëlle Neuenschwander, Paola Tosolini, Salvatore Aprea, Christophe Flubacher and Cyril Veillon. In 2019, a plea in favour of towers and skyscrapers in Switzerland came with the exhibition "De Bel-Air à Babel" at the Villa "Le Lac" Le Corbusier for which Moser analysed five towers built or planned between 1930 and 1970 in Lausanne, Vevey, Montreux and Aminona, works by five major 20th century architects: Jean Tschumi, René Deléchat, Alphonse Laverrière, Hugo Buscaglia and Philippe Gaillard.  In 2019, Moser was invited to the AHA! Festival in Gothenburg to give a lecture at the Chalmers University of Technology on the Essence of Villa "Le Lac".

Publications.

Moser is the inventor of the nanotext - a literary genre between haiku and short story - short, dense, polysemic and cinematographic.  In 2002, after many adjustments, Moser published a collection of nanotexts, "La Saveur des Mots", a work of generic exploration, experimentation and discovery. In 2003 came his second nanotext opus, "Icare" followed by, "Tu ne voleras point" in 2005. This last collection was awarded the 2005 Jean Amaury Prize.  In 2010, Moser published "Epilogue", a play that became a comic strip thanks to a collaboration with David Delcloque, a French graphic designer and illustrator (Boulogne-sur-Mer). With "Epilogue", nanotextual writing found its first theatrical and comic application.  In 2010, Moser initiated a series of bibliophile publications on architecture, exhibition catalogues and specialized works. Although the titles are in French, the publications are bilingual (French–English) or trilingual (French-German-English).

Patrick Moser (born 25 May 1969) is a Swiss writer, translator, art historian, and museologist. He is the founder and curator of the Museum "Le Lac" Le Corbusier.


Plot.

Set on the coast of Newfoundland, a rivalry develops between Jed Nelson (Arthur Vinton), a seal hunter, and Luke Oarum (Charles Starrett), a local man considered a jinx. Worried that his rival may try to steal his girlfriend Mary Joe (Louise Huntington), calling him a coward, the seal hunter goads Luke into accompanying him on an Arctic sealing expedition on "Viking", commanded by Capt. Barker (Robert Bartlett).. They both end up in a hunting party on the ice floes and eventually find themselves stranded. Jed tries to kill Luke, but the snow blinds him and his gunshot misses.  Despite the attempt on his life, Luke helps walk the blinded Jed across the ice flows back to Newfoundland after they are unable to return to the ship. On recovering his sight at home, Jed gains new respect for his rival and vows that he will beat senseless any man who derides the character of his new friend.

Cast.

As listed in the credits:

Production.

American-born producer Varick Frissell's previous short films, "The Lure of Labrador" and "The Swilin' Racket" (also known as "The Great Arctic Seal Hunt"), prompted him to make a full-length feature entitled "Vikings of the Ice Field". Paramount Pictures put up $100,000 to finance the production, while insisting that Hollywood personnel be used. Frissell hired director George Melford, who had attended McGill University in Montreal and had experience in filming Canadian subjects previously.  By 1930, Frissell had completed most of the principal photography on location in Quidi Vidi. For realistic footage, Frissell then took his crew to the Grand Banks and Labrador to film action sequences. The film was privately shown at the Nickel Theatre at St. John's on March 5, 1931. After this screening, Frissell decided that his film needed more real scenes from the Labrador ice floes. Within days, Frissell and his crew had joined the SS "Viking" for its annual seal hunt. The ship got trapped in ice near the Horse Islands.  On March 15, 1931, while trying to film an iceberg, Frissell, Alexander Penrod, 25 crew members and a stowaway were killed in an explosion. Some of the survivors made the over-ice trek to the Horse Islands, while others were rescued by vessels dispatched to the area.  Despite the fatal accident, the film was completed and released in June 1931. The title was changed from "White Thunder" to "The Viking". A French-language version "Ceux du Viking" was released in 1932.

Reception.

Reviews for "The Viking" varied, while the story was generally panned. "The New York Times" review referred to the film's story as "sketchy". The reviewer, however, noted: "'The Viking', like Mr Varick's silent work, 'The Swilin' Racket', has many marvelous scenes of the ice fields and of the adventures of men on a seal hunt off Labrador. It is enhanced by being made with sound effects, but the dialogue, like the story, is merely incidental."  The "Theater Guild Magazine" found the story "melodramatic" and the screenplay uninteresting in comparison to the cinematography. "The Film Daily" gave a negative review, noting the "weakness" of the story.  "White Thunder", a National Film Board documentary on Varick Frissell's life, directed by Newfoundlander Victoria King, was released in 2002.

The Viking (), also known as White Thunder and Vikings of the Ice Field, is a 1931 Newfoundland/American adventure film about sealing directed by George Melford. This was "the first film to record sound and dialogue on location". It is best known for the explosion aboard the ship SS "Viking" (an actual sealing ship) during filming, in which many members of the crew, including producer Varick Frissell, were killed. It remains the incident with the largest loss of life in film history.


High school and college.

Carpenter attended East Fairmont High School in Fairmont, West Virginia and then West Virginia University, where he played college baseball for the West Virginia Mountaineers baseball team from 2004 to 2006. While at West Virginia University, Carpenter was a catcher. In 2004, he batted.235 in 81 at-bats, in 2005 he batted.282 in 110 at-bats and in 2006 he batted.316 with 38 RBI in 187 at-bats.

Professional career.

St. Louis Cardinals.

The St. Louis Cardinals selected Carpenter in the 12th round of the 2006 MLB Draft. Carpenter played for the State College Spikes in 2006, hitting.189 in 37 games. In 2007, he hit.220 for the GCL Cardinals and Batavia Muckdogs. He both caught and pitched in 2008 – he caught for the Quad Cities River Bandits and Palm Beach Cardinals (hitting.215 in 65 at-bats) and he pitched for the GCL Cardinals and Johnson City Cardinals (posting a 1.84 ERA in 15 relief appearances while striking out 17 batters in 14 2/3 innings). For the 2009 season, he converted to pitching full-time and went 5–3 with a 4.28 ERA in 52 relief appearances for the River Bandits, striking out 77 batters in 67 1/3 innings. In 2010, he began the season with the Palm Beach Cardinals.

Houston Astros.

On August 19, 2010, he was traded to the Houston Astros for Pedro Feliz. He finished the season with the Lancaster JetHawks and went a combined 6–4 with a 2.51 ERA in 55 games, finishing 49 and saving 20. Carpenter split the 2011 season between the major and minor leagues. At the minor league level, he went 0–1 with 14 saves and a 1.91 ERA in 33 games for the Corpus Christi Hooks and Oklahoma City RedHawks, while striking out 38 batters in 33 innings. He made his major league debut with the Astros on June 30 of that year, going 1–3 with a 2.93 ERA in 34 games. In 27.2 innings, he had 29 strikeouts.

Toronto Blue Jays.

Carpenter was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays on July 20, 2012, along with Brandon Lyon, and J. A. Happ, for Francisco Cordero, Ben Francisco, Asher Wojciechowski, David Rollins, Joe Musgrove, Carlos Pérez, and a player to be named later (Kevin Comer). Carpenter was assigned to the Las Vegas 51s. Carpenter was called up to the Jays on August 10 after Brett Lawrie was placed on the disabled list. On the same day, Carpenter appeared in a game, becoming the 32nd pitcher used by the Jays in the 2012 season (a club record at the time), but was optioned back to Las Vegas after the game to make room for Mike McCoy. Carpenter was recalled to the Blue Jays active roster on September 7 after the Las Vegas 51s season ended.

Boston Red Sox.

On October 21, 2012, he was traded to the Red Sox for infielder Mike Avilés, after Avilés had been the agreed-upon compensation for the Red Sox signing incumbent Blue Jays manager John Farrell to fill that role for them. A player cannot in actuality be traded directly for a manager – he must be traded for another player – so this is why the Blue Jays sent Carpenter to Boston. On November 20, Carpenter was designated for assignment with four others.

Atlanta Braves.

The Atlanta Braves claimed Carpenter on waivers on November 30, 2012. He was optioned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves on March 26. He was recalled on April 20, then optioned back to Gwinnett on April 22. He was recalled again on April 30. Carpenter ended up making his Braves debut on May 10, giving up 2 runs in 2.1 innings against the Giants. Carpenter spent the rest of the year in the Braves bullpen, where in 56 appearances, he was 4–1 with a 1.78 ERA and 12 holds, striking out 74 in 65.2 innings. Carpenter was the losing pitcher in Game 4 of the 2013 NLDS, during which he gave up a two run homer to Juan Uribe that would win the game for the Los Angeles Dodgers, ending the Braves' postseason run.  Carpenter began 2014 with Atlanta as their setup man. On June 17, Carpenter was fined an undisclosed amount for throwing at Corey Dickerson on June 12. The incident started after Dickerson hit catcher Gerald Laird twice in one at-bat, once on a foul tip and once with on the backswing of the bat. Carpenter then hit Dickerson on the hip with a fastball. He was also placed on the disabled list that day, and was replaced by Pedro Beato. In 34 appearances before the stint on the disabled list, Carpenter was 4–1 with a 4.23 ERA and 10 holds and 35 strikeouts.

New York Yankees.

The Braves traded Carpenter and Chasen Shreve to the New York Yankees for Manny Banuelos on January 1, 2015. On June 3, Carpenter was designated for assignment by the Yankees. He appeared in 22 games for the Yankees with a 4.82 ERA.

Washington Nationals.

On June 11, 2015, Carpenter was traded to the Washington Nationals in exchange for Tony Renda. He pitched in eight games for Washington, then missed the rest of the season due to right shoulder inflammation. He became a free agent after the season.

Atlanta Braves (Second Stint).

On November 24, 2015, Carpenter signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves. He was invited to spring training, and released on March 5, 2016.

Tampa Bay Rays.

On March 11, 2016, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays. He was released on March 30.

Bridgeport Bluefish.

On April 7, 2016, Carpenter signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Los Angeles Angels.

On May 13, 2016, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He was released on June 28, 2016.

Bridgeport Bluefish (Second Stint).

Carpenter returned to Bridgeport to finish out the 2016 season.

Tampa Bay Rays (Second Stint).

Carpenter signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays on January 30, 2017. He was released on April 4, 2017.

Arizona Diamondbacks.

On July 21, 2017, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He became a free agent after the season.

Texas Rangers.

On February 5, 2019, Carpenter signed a minor-league contract with the Texas Rangers. He was assigned to the Nashville Sounds on April 12. On May 31, his contract was selected and he was called up to the major league roster. On June 8, he was designated for assignment. He cleared waivers and was outrighted to Nashville on June 10. On August 13, the Rangers selected Carpenter's contract. On August 19, Carpenter was again designated for assignment. On August 21, Carpenter was outrighted to Nashville. He elected free agency after the season.

Cincinnati Reds.

On December 19, 2019, Carpenter signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds.

Darrell David Carpenter (born July 15, 1985) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a pitcher in the Cincinnati Reds organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, New York Yankees, Washington Nationals, and Texas Rangers.


Early life.

Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien was born in Limerick on 3 November 1880. His grandfather was William O'Brien who was a member of Young Ireland; his grandfather and his aunt Charlotte Grace O'Brien both played roles in social reform. Robert Donough, his uncle, was an architect, and the painter Dermod O'Brien was his brother. O'Brien was educated in England at Winchester College and Oxford, and in Ireland in Trinity College. After his education he came back to Ireland and started practicing as an architect in 1903. According to the 1911 census he lived at 58 Mount Street, south County Dublin.

Architect.

O'Brien was credited with two buildings in his lifetime: the Co-operative Hall in Co. Donegal and the People's Hall in Co. Limerick. He was also known as a naval architect, having designed two ships, the "Saoirse" and the "llen". He would later captain both of these ships himself.

"Across Three Oceans".

O'Brien's boat "Saoirse" was reputedly the first small boat (42-foot, 13 metres long) to sail around the world, a journey that he documented in his book "Across Three Oceans". O’Briens voyage began and ended at the Port of Foynes, County Limerick, Ireland, where he lived.  "Saoirse", under O'Brien's command and with three crew, was the first yacht to circumnavigate the world by way of the three great capes: Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin; and was the first boat flying the Irish tri-colour to enter many of the world's ports and harbours. He ran down his easting in the Roaring Forties and Furious Fifties between the years 1923 to 1925. Up until O'Brien's circumnavigation this route was the preserve of square-rigged grain ships taking part in the grain race from Australia to England via Cape Horn (also known as the clipper route).  O'Brien's priority claim is contentious: Joshua Slocum, a Bostonian, was a single-handed yachtsman took that route, in 1895. Extreme weather forced Slocum to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands of Cape Horn and it is believed he may not have actually passed outside the Horn proper.

Restoration of the "Ilen".

O'Brien's seagoing experiences were put to use in his design of the "A K Ilen" which was built for the Falkland Islands as a service boat. In 1998 the "Ilen" returned to the site where it was first built, on the river Ilen near Baltimore in south-west Ireland, where it is currently undergoing a full restoration (expected to be completed by 2017). This task provided work-based learning for the students of the Ilen School.

Gun running.

O'Brien had some involvement with gun running in 1914 on behalf of the Irish Volunteers, for political reasons (he was a home ruler) and because he had experience in sailing. He joined the Irish Volunteers on the boat the "Kelpie", with George Mallory and Geoffrey Winthrop Young. On 26 July 1914, 900 guns were brought to Howth harbour. He was also involved in bringing guns to Kilcoole beach on the Wicklow coast. After the gun running incidents, O'Brien served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.

Publications.

O'Brien authored a number of books which document his experiences of sailing, from which he distilled advice for other boat designers, builders and sailors. He also wrote novels on the nautical theme.

Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien (3 November 1880 – 18 April 1952) was an Irish aristocrat and intellectual. His views were republican and nationalist. He was also owner and captain of one of the first boats to sail under the tri-colour of the Irish Free State.


Background.

Carthage.

Carthage was founded in 814 BC by Phoenician colonists from Tyre, and by the 6th century BC the sailors and merchants of Carthage were known throughout the western Mediterranean. In the 4th century BC, following a series of military conquests, Carthage controlled many territories west of the gulf of Sirte in present-day Libya, and much of the coasts of Numidia and Iberia. The coasts of Sardinia and Corsica were already under Carthaginian control when the city-state attempted, in three wars between 480 and 307 BC, to conquer Sicily. These attempts were stopped by the Greeks, who had, by then, heavily colonized the island. Primarily interested in commerce, Carthage had no standing army, and mostly used mercenary forces composed of Numidian cavalry, Libyans, and Iberians.

Rome.

Rome was founded only seventy years after Carthage (in 753 BC, following Varronian chronology). For the first several centuries of its history, Rome was involved in a lengthy series of wars with its neighbours, which resulted in the Roman army's specialization in land warfare. The Roman economy and social structure began to incorporate the results of these wars: taking loot or tribute, redistributing conquered land, and in all cases, requiring the subjugated peoples to supply troops in support of Rome (becoming "socii", or allies). With respect to maritime commerce, the Romans simply entrusted themselves to the Etruscan and Greek fleets.

Commercial control.

In the 2nd century BC, a great line divided the commerce of the Mediterranean: the Aegean, Adriatic and Ionian seas were largely controlled by the maritime cities of the Greeks (in Greece, Asia Minor, and, after Alexander the Great, Egypt), while the western Mediterranean was the commercial zone of the Carthaginians, with the exception of the Tyrrhenian Sea, which Carthage shared with the Etruscans and the Greek colonies of southern Italy.

First treaty 509 BC.

Background.

The first treaty between the two city-states was signed the year the Roman Republic was founded, in 509 BC as dated by the Varronian method. The calculations of Polybius, a Greek historian whose calculations are based on the years of the Persian expedition against the Greek free cities, produced a slightly different date; he wrote that the events of the treaty took place "twenty-eight years before the passage of Xerxes into Greece". Xerxes, the king of Persia, crossed the Hellespont with his armies in June, 480 BC.  During the war with Ardea, following the overthrow of Tarquin the Proud, Rome found that it needed to secure itself and its supplies, which were controlled for the most part by Greek and Etruscan merchants, since the Etruscan Cerveteri and its port of Pyrgi supplied Rome. Rome therefore tried to gain the support of the Carthaginians who by that time were already operating in Cerveteri, as evidenced by votive writings found in Etruscan and Phoenician.  At the same time, Carthage was engaged in fighting the Greek colonies that had spread from Greece across the western Mediterranean. The presence of Greek cities along the coasts of southern Italy and the eastern part of Sicily limited Phoenician commerce to the region's interior. In Spain and Provence, Carthage fought to compete with Phocaean colonies, and in Sardinia and Corsica, Carthage was joined by the Etruscans in their competition with the Phocaeans, resulting, subsequently, in the Phocaeans being driven out, Corsica and the Tyrrhenian becoming Etruscan, and Sardinia and the western half of Sicily becoming Carthaginian (eastern Sicily would remain Greek for centuries). Additionally, in 510 BC, Carthage had to fight to hold off Spartan incursions into western Sicily.

Terms of the treaty.

This treaty was signed between Rome and Carthage twenty-eight years before the invasion of Greece by Xerxes, according to Polybius. The treaty stated that there "shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies, and the Carthaginians and their allies" on the conditions listed below.

Conditions on Rome and her allies.

The conditions imposed by the treaty on Rome and her allies were that

Conditions on Carthage and her allies.

The conditions imposed by the treaty on Carthage and her allies were that

Implications.

Per the treaty, Carthage did not renounce any military action except against a small territory, Latium, and maintained a free hand for action against the Greeks and Etruscans, both of whom were militarily and economically more powerful and dangerous than Rome.  In the graphic at right, the following areas are highlighted and labeled:  Roman expansion, before the fall of Tarquin the Proud, was directed towards the Tyrrhenian coast to the southwest, and the Roman Republic was proclaimed while Tarquin's army was fighting Ardea. It can be supposed that Rome, with its small size, wanted to formalize the exclusion of competition from Carthage while it began pressuring the Greeks. Otherwise, the contrast of this diplomacy with the war against Ardea would not be so pronounced, nor would it make sense to specifically exclude Carthaginian fortresses.

Second treaty 348 BC.

Background.

After 150 years of campaigning, Rome had conquered a good portion of Etruria, destroyed Veii, and repelled the Gallic invasion of 390 BC, although it felt threatened by the second Gallic invasion of 360 BC. Rome had been and still was shaken by internal strife, especially between the patricians and the plebeians for access to public office and therefore to political activity and the management of land and spoils of the incessant wars. Rome was also fighting the Ernici, the Volsci, the Tiburtini, and the Etruscans, and was preparing for battle with the Samnites, who were coming down from the mountains to raid rich Campania, which Rome also desired.  In Sicily and in southern Italy, where Dionysis the Great had created the beginnings of a unified state, Dionysius the Younger, his son, tried to enlarge his inheritance, but met with resistance from other Greek forces. A flurry of alliances, including some with the Carthaginians, led to the disintegration of Dionysius' power, and his deposition in 345 BC. Taranto, which had been left out of the fighting, grew in power, and other forces arrived from Greece. Rome was beginning to assert its influence in these struggles.  Carthage, after having closed the war with the Cyrenaica, thus stabilizing the eastern boundary of the Phoenician territory, had been always at war with the Greeks and in particular with Syracuse, for control of Sicily. It was also in conflict with the Etruscans, who, blocked by the Gauls from northern Italy, and by the Romans from Latium, applied themselves aggressively to the Tyrrhenian Sea to control traffic there.

Terms of the treaty.

This second treaty was an attempt to copy the first treaty, with the addition of some cities. The Carthaginians added Tyre and Utica, while promising not to attack the coastal cities of Latium that had allied themselves with Rome. Similar to the first treaty, it stated that there "shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies, and the Carthaginians, Tyrians, and [the] township of Utica" on the conditions listed, and that Romans were allowed to trade and do business in the Carthaginian province of Sicily and in Carthage, and Carthaginians were allowed to trade and do business in Rome.

Implications.

Carthage saw Rome as a possible adversary that had resisted invasion and in war was proving itself potentially dangerous. Rome also controlled a large amount of territory, larger—if not richer—than its perennial rival Syracuse. Moreover, the fact that Carthage allowed Phoenician merchants to operate in Rome shows that the former did not fear commercial competition from Rome and that it could operate its own territories, while treating Rome as an upcoming potential client that should be put under its political control.  It is therefore to the credit of Carthaginian diplomacy that the revision to the 509 BC treaty imposed additional restrictions on Rome, written at a time when it was heavily engaged in military (and therefore financial) obligations. Additionally, the prohibition against Rome's founding of cities did not appear in the first treaty, and shows that Carthage may have caught on to the method of Roman expansion; commerce did not interest Rome as much as the control and exploitation of its territory. To the Romans, if an area was deserted it would be substantially occupied; if the area was inhabited, it would be conquered and forced to pay in assets and troops, and eventually to accept Roman or Latin colonies. This was probably foreign to the commercial mentality of the Carthaginians in 509 BC, who founded colonies almost exclusively to support warehouses.

Third treaty 306 BC.

Background.

During this period, Rome was in control of most of southern Etruria and the territory of Campania, and was in the middle of its wars with the Samnites. Begun in 343 BC, these would not be concluded until 290 BC, and had become a regional revolt, with the populations of Latium and Etruria trying to free themselves from Roman rule.  There were other incidents causing unrest, in other parts of the region. Alexander the Great died in June, 323 BC, and the territory he had conquered was being fought over by the Diadochi, the generals of the Macedonian army; Egypt, Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, and Syria were involved in incessant wars that threatened peaceful trade; and Agathocles ascended the throne of Syracuse in 316 BC and began a campaign to rid Sicily of the Carthaginians, and in 311 BC, having been defeated in Sicily, carried the war to Africa before allying himself with Cyrenaica the following year.  In 303 BC, Rome and Taranto concluded a treaty that fixed the limits of Roman navigation at the Lacine promontory (see Capo Colonna) and by 306 BC Rome had come to an agreement with Rhodes, another city undergoing strong commercial expansion.

Existence and terms of the treaty.

While Polybius claimed that this treaty never existed but was a forgery of the pro-carthaginian historian Philinus, recent research suggests that such a treaty did in fact exist. Philinus claimed that the treaty included Rome's agreement not to enter Sicily and Carthage's agreement not to set foot on the peninsula, i.e. the stipulations on Carthage did not change while Rome now found itself shut out of the Sicilian market.

Fourth treaty 279 BC.

Background.

The Samnite Wars officially ended in 290 BC, and the subsequent actions of Rome within its territory had reduced the pressure of the Italian populace on the Greek cities in southern Italy, and in particular Taranto; the Italians themselves were being attacked by the Roman army. Taranto was experiencing a period of wealth and expansion, to the point of securing a treaty that limited Roman navigation (see above). In 282 BC, ten Roman ships appeared in Tarantine waters, violating the treaty, but they were either destroyed or forced to escape. When a Roman delegation was sent to request restitution for the ships and the captured prisoners, it was insulted, and war between the two states began in 281 BC. The Tarantines at first tried to form an anti-Roman league with the Italic populace, but it was considered to be insufficient, and thus, in 280 BC, they requested the assistance of Pyrrhus to lead the war against the Romans.  Pyrrhus arrived with an army of 25,000 men and 20 elephants in Taranto, when it was succumbing to the Roman army, and presented himself as the champion of Greece against the advance of the Italic barbarians. Pyrrhus' attack on Rome was heralded as a success: the Battle of Heraclea in Lucania against the legions under Publius Valerius Laevinus was won thanks to the use of elephants (which the Romans had never seen and called them Lucanian bulls ). In 279 BC, a second great battle, the Battle of Asculum, at Ascoli Satriano, was seen as a victory by Pyrrhus over the forces of the consuls Publius Sulpicius Saverrio and Publius Decius Mus. This battle, however, exacted heavy losses on the victor, so great that it inspired the term "Pyrrhic victory". Pyrrhus subsequently returned to Taranto.  Syracuse remained at war with Carthage and, after the death of Agathocles, was further embroiled in a civil war. The former, trying to change its lot and taking advantage of the fact that Pyrrhus had married Agathocles' daughter, offered him the crown of Sicily in exchange for helping them throw off the Carthaginians. Pyrrhus accepted, partly to leave the peninsula and avoid the Romans. Pyrrhus landed in Sicily, and was successful in pushing the Carthaginians to the Lilybaeum on western coast. These manoeuvres by Syracuse and Pyrrhus prompted Carthage to sign the fourth treaty with Rome.

Terms of the treaty.

The treaty contained the same provisions as the two earlier treaty, with the addition of the following.

Implications and aftermath.

While each party to the treaty was not obliged to come to the aid of the other, it was an attempt by Carthage, which felt itself less able to carry out land warfare, to drag Rome into a land war in Sicily. The Carthaginians would supply ships for the transport of troops, and would pay the cost of supplies and cargo. The treaty also implied that Carthage was offering Rome the help of its navy against Pyrrhus, since Roman generals, such as Publius Cornelius Scipio, commonly used the sailors of its transport ships alongside the soldiers in battle.  An improvement in Rome's condition followed soon after the treaty was put in place, which acknowledged Rome's increased military and economic powers. The treaty, on the other hand, betrayed Carthage's relative weakness in conceding that Rome was an equal, which was probably a result of its difficulties in Sicily. It may also have been this treaty that led the Romans to appreciate the growing importance and power of their Republic and the limits of the power of Carthage. Rome would subsequently defeat Pyrrhus, who by then had defeated the Carthaginians, and needed only to extend its reach to conquer rich Sicily, with its grain reserves.  In 275 BC, after the defeat of Maleventum (Beneventum), Pyrrhus returned to Epirus and Rome was left master of the entire Italian peninsula south of the Tusco-Emilian Apennines. The First Punic war began eleven years later, in 264 BC.

The treaties between Rome and Carthage are the four treaties between the two states that were signed between 509 BC and 279 BC. The treaties influenced the course of history in the Mediterranean, and are important for understanding the relationship between the two most important cities of the region during that era. They reveal changes in how Rome perceived itself and how Carthage perceived Rome, and the differences between the perception of the cities and their actual characteristics.


Plot.

Background.

The events of the book seem to take place around 1825. In Chapter 29, Miss Monflathers refers to the death of Lord Byron, who died on 19 April 1824. When the inquest rules (incorrectly) that Quilp committed suicide, his corpse is ordered to be buried at a crossroads with a stake through the heart, a practice banned in 1823. Nell's grandfather, after his breakdown, fears that he shall be sent to a madhouse, and there chained to a wall and whipped; these practices went out of use after about 1830. In Chapter 13, the lawyer Mr. Brass is described as "one of Her Majesty's attornies", putting him in the reign of Queen Victoria, which began in 1837, but given all the other evidence, and the fact that Kit, at his trial, is charged with acting "against the peace of our Sovereign Lord the King" (referring to George IV), this must be a slip of the pen.

Synopsis.

"The Old Curiosity Shop" tells the story of Nell Trent, a beautiful and virtuous young girl of "not quite fourteen". An orphan, she lives with her maternal grandfather (whose name is never revealed) in his shop of odds and ends. Her grandfather loves her dearly, and Nell does not complain, but she lives a lonely existence with almost no friends her own age. Her only friend is Kit, an honest boy employed at the shop, whom she is teaching to write. Secretly obsessed with ensuring that Nell does not die in poverty as her parents did, her grandfather attempts to provide Nell with a good inheritance through gambling at cards. He keeps his nocturnal games a secret, but borrows heavily from the evil Daniel Quilp, a malicious, grotesquely deformed, hunchbacked dwarf moneylender. In the end, he gambles away what little money they have, and Quilp seizes the opportunity to take possession of the shop and evict Nell and her grandfather. Her grandfather suffers a breakdown that leaves him bereft of his wits, and Nell takes him away to the Midlands of England, to live as beggars.  Convinced that the old man has stored up a large and prosperous fortune for Nell, her wastrel older brother, Frederick, convinces the good-natured but easily led Dick Swiveller to help him track Nell down, so that Swiveller can marry Nell and share her supposed inheritance with Frederick. To this end, they join forces with Quilp, who knows full well that there is no fortune, but sadistically chooses to 'help' them to enjoy the misery it will inflict on all concerned. Quilp begins to try to track Nell down, but the fugitives are not easily discovered. To keep Dick Swiveller under his eye, Quilp arranges for him to be taken as a clerk by Quilp's lawyer, Mr. Brass. At the Brass firm, Dick befriends the mistreated maidservant and nicknames her 'the Marchioness'. Nell, having fallen in with a number of characters, some villainous and some kind, succeeds in leading her grandfather to safety in a far-off village (identified by Dickens as Tong, Shropshire), but this comes at a considerable cost to Nell's health.  Meanwhile, Kit, having lost his job at the curiosity shop, has found new employment with the kind Mr and Mrs Garland. Here he is contacted by a mysterious'single gentleman' who is looking for news of Nell and her grandfather. The'single gentleman' and Kit's mother go after them unsuccessfully, and encounter Quilp, who is also hunting for the runaways. Quilp forms a grudge against Kit and has him framed as a thief. Kit is sentenced to transportation. However, Dick Swiveller proves Kit's innocence with the help of his friend the Marchioness. Quilp is hunted down and dies trying to escape his pursuers. At the same time, a coincidence leads Mr Garland to knowledge of Nell's whereabouts, and he, Kit, and the single gentleman (who turns out to be the younger brother of Nell's grandfather) go to find her. Sadly, by the time they arrive, Nell has died as a result of her arduous journey. Her grandfather, already mentally infirm, refuses to admit she is dead and sits every day by her grave waiting for her to come back until, a few months later, he dies himself.

Framing device.

"Master Humphrey's Clock" was a weekly serial that contained both short stories and two novels ("The Old Curiosity Shop" and "Barnaby Rudge"). Some of the short stories act as frame stories to the novels.  Originally the conceit of the story was that Master Humphrey was reading it aloud to a group of his friends, gathered at his house around the grandfather clock in which he eccentrically kept his manuscripts. Consequently, when the novel begins, it is told in the first person, with Master Humphrey as the narrator. However, Dickens soon changed his mind about how best to tell the story, and abandoned the first-person narrator after chapter three. Once the novel was ended, "Master Humphrey's Clock" added a concluding scene, where Master Humphrey's friends (after he has finished reading the novel to them) complain that the'single gentleman' is never given a name; Master Humphrey tells them that the novel was a true story, that the'single gentleman' was in fact Master Humphrey himself, and that the events of the first three chapters were fictitious, intended only to introduce the characters. This was Dickens' after-the-fact explanation of why the narrator disappeared and why (if he was their near relation) he gave no sign in the first three chapters of knowing who they were. At least one editor thinks this device "need not be taken seriously."  Dickens's original artistic intent was to keep the short stories and the novels together, and the short stories and the novels were published in 1840 in three bound volumes under the title "Master Humphrey's Clock", which retains the original full and correct ordering of texts. However, Dickens himself cancelled "Master Humphrey's Clock" before 1848, and describes in a preface to "The Old Curiosity Shop" that he wishes the story to not be tied down to the miscellany within which it began. Most later anthologies published the short stories and the novels separately.

Literary significance and criticism.

Probably the most widely repeated criticism of Dickens is the remark reputedly made by Oscar Wilde that "One would have to have a heart of stone to read the death of little Nell without dissolving into tears...of laughter." Nell's deathbed is not actually described, however. Of a similar opinion was the poet Algernon Swinburne, who called Nell "a monster as inhuman as a baby with two heads".  The Irish leader Daniel O'Connell famously burst into tears at the finale, and threw the book out of the window of the train in which he was travelling.  The hype surrounding the conclusion of the series was unprecedented; Dickens fans were reported to have stormed the piers in New York City, shouting to arriving sailors (who might have already read the final chapters in the United Kingdom), "Is Little Nell alive?" In 2007, many newspapers claimed that the excitement at the release of the last instalment of "The Old Curiosity Shop" was the only historical comparison that could be made to the excitement at the release of the last Harry Potter novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows".  The Norwegian author Ingeborg Refling Hagen is said to have buried a copy of the book in her youth, stating that nobody deserved to read about Nell, because nobody would ever understand her pain. She compared herself to Nell, because of her own miserable situation at the time.

Allusions to actual history, geography.

A shop named 'The Old Curiosity Shop' can be found at 13–14 Portsmouth Street, Holborn, London, WC2A 2ES, and is now owned by the London School of Economics. The building dates back to the sixteenth century in an area known as Clare Market, but the shop name was added after the novel was released, as it was thought to be the inspiration for Dickens's description of the antique shop. At one time it functioned as a dairy on an estate given by King Charles II to one of his many mistresses. It was built using timber from old ships, and survived the bombs of the Second World War.  Nell and her grandfather meet Codlin and Short in a churchyard in Aylesbury. The horse races where Nell and her grandfather go with the show people are at Banbury. The village where they first meet the schoolmaster is Warmington, Warwickshire. They meet Mrs. Jarley near the village of Gaydon, Warwickshire. The town where they work at Jarley's Waxworks is Warwick. The heavily industrialised town where Nell spends the night by the furnace is Birmingham (after they have travelled on the Warwick and Birmingham Canal). The town in which Nell faints and is rescued by the school master is Wolverhampton in the Black Country. The village where they finally find peace and rest and where Nell dies is Tong, Shropshire.  Other real locations used in the novel include London Bridge, Bevis Marks, Finchley, and Minster-on-Sea.

External links.

Online editions  Other sites

The Old Curiosity Shop is one of two novels (the other being "Barnaby Rudge") which Charles Dickens published along with short stories in his weekly serial "Master Humphrey's Clock", from 1840 to 1841. It was so popular that New York readers stormed the wharf when the ship bearing the final instalment arrived in 1841. "The Old Curiosity Shop" was printed in book form in 1841.


Club career.

Youth.

Ćetković began his career with Crvena Stijena and Mladost Podgorica. When he left Mladost, he played in the Montenegrin Second League, at the time one of two third-tier leagues in Serbia and Montenegro's football pyramid.

Zeta.

Ćetković made his top-flight debut with Zeta in the 2006-07 season, the first season after Montenegro split from Serbia. After Zeta won the league, he left a strong impression in the qualifying rounds of the Champions League that season. He scored a goal against FBK Kaunas, after which he played both legs against Rangers. Although Zeta was eliminated, the Rangers' website published a post-match report recognizing Ćetković as "by far and away the stand out player" of his team.

Partizan.

On 31 August 2007, Ćetković signed a four-year contract with Serbian team Partizan. On 5 December 2007, he played in the final of the "Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu" in a 2-0 loss against Real Madrid, coming on as a substitute for Zoran Tošić in the 58th minute.  Initially, Ćetković saw more playing time under coach Miroslav Đukić, but fell out of favor with the subsequent coach, Slaviša Jokanović. After leaving Partizan in July 2008, he told a journalist that the move to Partizan was a mistake in his career.

Mogren.

In August 2008, Ćetković signed for Mogren. At the time of Ćetković's transfer, Mogren was coached by Branislav "Brano" Milačić and had a respected generation of players from the Montenegrin national team involving the likes of Radoslav Batak, Ivan Janjušević, Petar Grbić, Janko Simović, and Draško Božović. Ćetković played regularly for Mogren when they won the Montenegrin First League in 2009, and also scored the winning goal against Budućnost, the previous season's champion.

Jagiellonia.

In July 2011, he joined Polish team Jagiellonia Białystok on a three-year contract. He spent two half-seasons out on loan; first in Thailand with Buriram United F.C. and then with Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała. Overall, Ćetković played a total of 19 league games for Jagiellonia.

Budućnost.

After spending two seasons in Poland, Ćetković returned to his homeland and signed for Budućnost in July 2013. He started his 2013–14 season by scoring three goals in 13 games for Budućnost. At the end of the 2014 season, Ćetković was recognized as one of the three best midfielders of Montenegrin First League that season by the Trade Union of Professional Football Players of Montenegro.

Laçi.

On 16 August 2014, Ćetković officially signed with Albanian Superliga side Laçi on a one-year deal, taking the vacant number 20 for the upcoming 2014–15 season. It was also reported that the team's goalkeeper Miroslav Vujadinović had his part on Ćetković's transfer, convincing the player to join the team.  He made his official debut with the club on 24 August in team's opening league match of the season against Partizani Tirana at home, coming on as a second-half substitute. Ćetković scored his first goal of the season in the matchday 5 against Tirana, netting the opening goal of the 2–0 home win, and was selected Man of the Match. Two week later, Ćetković was again in the scoresheet where he converted a penalty-kick to help Laçi conquer Vllaznia Shkodër 3–0 at home.  On 21 July 2015, during the preparations for the new season, Ćetković underwent surgery in his right knee in a hospital in Zagreb that kept him out until November 2015. The constant pain in his leg had concerned him for months, and the surgery was unavoidable. Due to the surgery, Ćetković missed the European campaign and the start of the season.  After an impressive first season in Albanian football he was subject to interest and formal offers from Skënderbeu Korçë, Kukësi, Partizani Tirana and Tirana, but he extended his contract with KF Laçi for another year.  In April 2016, Ćetković scored his team's both goals in the 2015–16 Albanian Cup semi-final tie against Skënderbeu Korçë, as Laçi progressed to the final thanks to the away goal rule. However, in the final, Laçi was defeated 5–3 on penalties after the regular and extra time finished in a 1–1; Ćetković himself scored his team's second penalty shootout attempt. He left the team in June.

Sarajevo.

On 14 June 2016, Ćetković signed with Sarajevo from Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 6 August 2016 he scored a goal in a 1-1 tie against Čelik Zenica. On 10 January 2017, it was announced that he terminated his contract with Sarajevo.

Partizani Tirana.

On 12 January 2017, Ćetković returned in Albanian Superliga by signing a six-month contract with Partizani Tirana, taking squad number 21 for the second part of 2016–17 season.  He made his first appearance for the club came on 28 January in the matchday 19, starting in a 2–0 defeat at Luftëtari Gjirokastër. His first and only goal of the season would come on penultimate week of the season where Partizani defeated Korabi Peshkopi 3–0. He played 16 league matches until the end of the season as Partizani were runner-up in the Albanian Superliga, losing the championship to Kukësi for only three points.  On 12 June 2017, Ćetković left Partizani after deciding not to extend his contract, returning in Montenegro after 10 years.

Return to Mladost Podgorica.

Only one day later, Ćetković returned to his birth country to sign with Mladost Podgorica, returning to the club after 12 years.

Sutjeska Nikšić.

On 13 June 2018 Ćetković signed a one-year contract with Sutjeska Nikšić. At the end of the 2018-19 season, he was nominated as one of the three best midfielders in the league by the Trade Union of Professional Football Players of Montenegro.

International career.

Youth.

Ćetković's first international appearance was for Serbia and Montenegro U17; he debuted on 24 March 2003 against Finland for the second qualifying round of the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, which finished in a 1–1 draw. Following that, Ćetković made another two appearances, scoring once in the process. Ćetković continued to play for Montenegro U21, making nine appearances from when Montenegro declared independence from Serbia.

Senior.

On 17 November 2010, Ćetković made his debut with the senior side during the friendly match against Azerbaijan, appearing in the last 15 minutes of the 2–0 home win.  He made his competitive debut for Montenegro on 11 October 2011 in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match against Switzerland, playing full-90 minutes in a 2–0 away loss.  Ćetković was called up again in the senior side by its new coach Branko Brnović for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-off tie against Czech Republic. In the first leg at Generali Arena on 11 November 2011, Ćetković was even in the bench with the match finishing in a 2–0 loss for Ćetković's side. In the returning leg four days later, he was on the bench but still unable to make his debut with Montenegro who was defeated 1–0 at home and was kicked out with the aggregate 3–0.  On 17 November 2013, he scored his first goal for the Montenegrin national team in a friendly against Luxembourg.

Personal life.

His brother Đorđije is also a Montenegro international who has been capped 7 times by the national team, and his uncle is former Yugoslavia international footballer Predrag Mijatović. He once stated that he loved basketball and that he would have loved to play basketball if he were taller.

Marko Ćetković (Cyrillic; Марко Ћeткoвић, born 10 July 1986 in Podgorica) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Montenegrin club Sutjeska Nikšić. He also played for the Montenegrin national team.


Rugby career.

Griffiths first came to note as a rugby player when he represented first-class Welsh team Newport. He joined the club in 1902 as a threequarter and continued to represent the club until 1908. As a Newport player Griffiths faced the touring Barbarians at least once in his career; when in the 1905 Winter tour he scored with a conversion in Charlie Pritchard's win over the Baa-Baas. In 1906 he was selected as part of the Newport team to face The Original All Blacks in their first tour of Britain. Again under the captaincy of Pritchard, Griffiths was put into the fullback position by his club. Griffiths did not have a good game; in the first half Canterbury wing Eric Harper easily beat Griffiths to score a try. The tourists furthered their lead with a penalty goal, before Griffiths gave Newport hope with a penalty goal of his own, but despite heroic efforts by scrum-half Tommy Vile, the tourists won the game. Despite becoming the first Newport player to score against the All Blacks, Vile stated after the match that he believed that Newport lost because Griffiths had been positioned at fullback, and Griffiths "was never a fullback".  Although Griffiths was never selected for the Wales team; in 1908 Griffiths was part of Arthur Harding's Anglo-Welsh team that toured Australia and New Zealand. Griffiths played a part in the games against the regional sides but was never selected for the Test Matches, and thus never capped.  Griffiths later moved to France, where he played for Stade Nantais Université Club (Nantes) with Percy Bush (1910–11) and for Racing Club de France (Paris) where he played on the losing side of the final of the 1912 French Championship. In 1912-13, he coached US Perpignanaise (Perpignan, later called "USAP") before settling in Marseilles where he died of typhoid on 4 May 1914 at the age of 29.

Rowland Griffiths (4 March 1886 – 4 May 1914) was a international rugby union player. He was selected for the 1908 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia. Griffiths played club rugby for Newport RFC.


Background on Laisrén and Devenish.

Laisrén is chiefly known as the founder of a monastery at Devenish, Irish "Daim-inis "(lit. 'Ox-island'), which was also home to his cult soon after his death.  The "Lives" make clear that the area of Devenish was ruled by the Síl nDaiméni branch of the Uí Chremthainn. To the Irish life is appended a tale of the exile of the Dartraige or Dartrige, presumably because in the 9th century, political control over Devenish and the rest of the region known as Fernmag had changed hands from the Uí Nad Sluaig (a branch of the Uí Chremthann) to the Dartraige.  According to the Irish genealogies of saints, Laisrén belonged to the Uí Chóelbad, who were based in Mag Line (Co Antrim) and formed the leading branch of the Cruithni. The Irish "Life" makes him a member of the Éoganachta of Munster and likewise, borrows a birth-tale from an Éoganacht origin legend, but this appears to be an innovation intended to link the saint with the new rulers based on the idea that the Dartraige were a people exiled from Munster.

Career.

The Latin and Irish "Lives" are the main sources for historical and legendary details of Laisrén's career. One story which links him to famous contemporaries claims that he studied the Gospels under the mentorship of St Finnián of Clonard ("d." 549/51).  Among the more action-packed anecdotes, there is one which relates how Laisrén ran into conflict with a local pagan king, Conall Derg (father of Énna of Aran), who is identified as king of the Síl nDaiméni in the Irish "Life". Utilizing his miraculous powers, the saint is said to have subdued the king, who ceded the island to Laisrén. The last significant events narrated in his "Lives" include a pilgrimage to Rome.  One of his stopping places was at Ferns, where he visited his foster-brother St Máedóc and promised him to do good on his behalf. After his visit to Rome, he is said to have returned to Devenish with relics of Peter and Paul, Laurence and Clement, which were buried with him in the cemetery, so that Devenish could become an Irish Rome.

Death and veneration.

The Irish annals record his death in 564. According to early Irish martyrologies, his festival was observed on 12 September.  A piece of metalwork which bears testimony to his cult is the book reliquary, probably from Devenish, known as "Soiscél Molaise" ('Gospel-book of Molaise'). The original part appears to have been an 8/9th-century portable chasse, but in the early 11th century, it was converted for use as a book shrine at the behest of Cennfaelad ("d". 1025), abbot of Devenish, whose name appears in the inscription. Further decorations were added in a later age. It is currently kept in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin.

Saint Laisrén mac Nad Froích (died 564), or Laisrén of Devenish and Lasserian, also known by his petname Mo Laisse, was the patron saint of Devenish Island in Lough Erne, near Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, in the present diocese of Clogher. Laisrén is the subject of both a Latin and an Irish "Life", which offer loose narratives in which a number of miscellaneous anecdotes and miracles have been grouped together.


Background.

Maighread was brought up in Kells, County Meath. (In the 1930s some Irish-speaking families were relocated to Meath as part of a government scheme to create a new Gaeltacht area near Dublin). Her father's family were native Irish-speakers from Rann na Feirste, County Donegal and Maighread was therefore brought up speaking the language, along with her sister Tríona and brothers Éamonn, Mícheál and Conall.  Maighread comes from one of Ireland's best-known musical families. Her father was a well-known song collector and songwriter and her aunt, Néillí Ní Dhomhnaill, was a collector of traditional songs.

Musical career.

Maighread first came to prominence as a member of the group Skara Brae. The other members of the group were Mícheál Ó Domhnaill (her brother), Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill (her sister) and Derry's Dáithí Sproule. The only recording that the group made still remains a classic. " They were the first traditional songs done to guitars – it was the first time the pop music thing was brought to the Irish language. It would be lovely if people knew where it all started. I pressurised Gael Linn to reissue the album. I was on a mission." The songs on her solo albums are mostly sung in Irish. Mícheál and Triona accompanied her on the albums "No Dowry", and on 'Idir an da Sholas'.  Her 1976 debut album was issued under the name "Mairéad Ní Dhomhnaill", but since then she has reverted to the original spelling of her first name to "Maighread". She has also previously used the spelling "Maighréad", but has since removed the accented "e".

Personal life.

Maighread studied nursing and raised a family, giving up music for a while Maighréad was looking after her two children in Dublin, and working part-time on nights as a theatre nurse in Mount Carmel hospital in Dublin: "I loved theatre," she says, with passion.  Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill is married to Cathal Goan, former Director-General of Raidió Teilifís Éireann.

Discography.

Solo albums

Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill (; born 1955) is an Irish traditional singer from Kells, County Meath. Known for her work with the short-lived, but very highly regarded Skara Brae and her collaborations with sister Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill, as well as other traditional musicians. Most recently she has recorded and performed with the West Ocean String Quartet (WOSQ).


In New Zealand.

Provinces.

Waldrom made his Wellington Lions provincial debut in 2001 against Otago. He went on to play 80 games for Wellington at provincial level before moving to the Hawke's Bay for the 2009 season. Waldrom had become something of a fan favourite at McLean Park with his high work rate and powerful runs with the ball. In 2009 he helped the Magpies to a semi final, scoring 4 tries along the way.

Super Rugby.

Waldrom made his Super Rugby debut in 2004 for the Hurricanes against the Stormers. He went on to play 30 caps for the Hurricanes before signing with the Crusaders for the 2009 season, where he would be a regular for one season.

Move to England.

Leicester Tigers.

On 23 February 2010 English Champions Leicester Tigers announced the signing of Waldrom and that he would join the team at the conclusion of the 2010 Super Rugby season. Waldrom instantly became a firm favourite at Welford Road and was given the nickname "Thomas the tank engine", due to his size and rampaging runs to which he has taken to giving an arm gesture as if blowing a train engines horn when scoring a try.  Throughout his time at the Tigers, he played 103 matches and scored 17 tries. Having won his first Premiership title with the team in 2013, he was not offered a new contract past 2014.

Exeter Chiefs.

2014-15.

On 20 January 2014 Exeter Chiefs confirmed the signing of Waldrom to a 3-year contract. Waldrom marked his first Aviva Premiership appearance for Exeter with 2 tries in an Exeter Chiefs record Premiership winning margin. Waldrom scored a remarkable 16 tries during the 2014-15 season to end as the League's top try scorer as Exeter narrowly missed out on a play-off spot. This made him the first forward since Neil Back in the 1998-99 season to achieve this feat. He also helped Exeter's charge to the Challenge Cup Semi-Final that year.

2015-16.

In December, Waldrom scored his first Premiership hat-trick in Exeter's 27-41 away win at Wasps. He would score another hat-trick against Worcester as he finished as top try scorer for a second year in a row in the Premiership. Exeter. Waldrom missed Exeter's first Premiership Final, a 28-20 loss to Saracens, due to a knee injury sustained against Wasps in the Semi-Final.  Waldrom scored two tries in Exeter's first Champions Cup Quarter-Final against Wasps. However, this was not enough to prevent Wasps securing a last-minute win. Despite his good form, Waldrom missed out on selection for Eddie Jones' first England squad.

2016-17.

In the 2016-17 season Waldrom scored 9 tries in 20 appearances as Exeter finished in second position in the Aviva Premiership regular season. In the play-offs, Waldrom helped Exeter beat Saracens 18-16 to reach the final for a second year in a row, this time playing League toppers and 5 time Premiership champions Wasps. Exeter won 20-23 aet to be crowned champions of England for the first time.

2017-18.

Due to the emergence of Sam Simmonds, Waldron's playing time has been limited in the 2017-18 season. This has not stopped Waldrom scoring 2 tries to bring his total to 40 Exeter Premiership tries.  On 4 February 2018, Waldrom confirmed that he would be returning to his native New Zealand at the end of the 2017-18 season, after four seasons at the Chiefs. He will rejoin his old province Wellington for the 2018 Mitre 10 Cup.

England.

Having discovered he was eligible to play for England in March 2011, Waldrom was named in the 45-man England training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. Waldrom was initially cut from the 30-man squad, but an injury to prop Andrew Sheridan meant he was called in as an injury replacement during the World Cup final pool stages.  Waldrom did not make an appearance for England until the next year. He was selected as part of England's squad for their 2012 tour of South Africa. Having scored two tries in a mid-week match against SA Barbarians South, he was selected on the bench for the second test, coming on to replace Ben Morgan in the second-half. His first Test start came the next week in England's 14-14 third test draw. Waldrom's first Six Nations Championship appearance came in England's away win against Ireland in 2013.  Since Eddie Jones became England's coach in 2015, Waldrom has not been selected for the international squad.

Personal life.

Born in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Thomas the younger brother of former All Black Scott Waldrom.  As a teenager, Waldrom specialised in shot put, discus and hammer throwing, setting several school and club records in these sports.  The younger brother of former All Black Scott Waldrom, he was overlooked by the All Blacks selectors while playing in New Zealand, and after making his move to England, had aspirations of eventually playing for the England national team. Under International Rugby Board (IRB) regulations, he would not be eligible for England until being resident in the country for three years. In March 2011 Waldrom discovered his maternal grandmother was born in England, immediately making him eligible for selection to the National Team.

Thomas Waldrom (born 28 April 1983) is a former rugby union player who played for Exeter Chiefs in the English Premiership and represented England from 2012 to 2013. Born in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, he qualified for England through his grandmother, winning four caps.