Biography.

Fleming was descended from a gentry family. His aunt, Cecily Fleming had married Robert Waterton, 'Henry IV's esquire and right-hand man'. His nephew, Robert Flemming, was likely an illegitimate son of Robert Flemming, esquire, of Wath, near Ripon (d.1459).  Fleming was educated at University College, Oxford. Having taken his degrees, he was made prebendary of York in 1406, and the next year was junior proctor of the university. In 1409 he was appointed to the committee of twelve censors who were commissioned to examine the writings of John Wyclif and determine the heretical ideas they contained. Later that year he was accused of supporting some of Wyclif's errors in a public disputation, for which he incurred the censure of Archbishop Arundel. Fleming must have either been exonerated or renounced his supposed heresy because he was still a member of the committee of censors when its list of Wycliffe's errors was published in 1411 (Nighman, 2003, pp.208-10).  Before 1415 Fleming was instituted to the rectory of Boston in Lincolnshire. He attended the Council of Constance from late 1416 to early 1418 where he delivered a number of sermons which survive, all of which reveal a strong concern for clerical reform (Nighman, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2008a, 2008b). He was nominated to the see of Lincoln by papal provision on 20 November 1419 and on 28 April 1420 he was consecrated as bishop of Lincoln by Martin V in Florence. He attended the Council of Pavia and Siena in 1428–1429 and, in the presence of the pope, reportedly made an eloquent speech in vindication of the rights of the English "nation" and in support of papal authority against the more radical proponents of conciliarism; this sermon apparently does not survive. It was probably on this occasion that he was named chamberlain to the pope.  In February 1424 the see of York being vacant, the pope conferred it on Fleming; but the regency council of the young king Henry VI refused to confirm the appointment, and Fleming resigned the appointment in July 1425. In 1427, Fleming obtained a royal licence empowering him to found a college at Oxford for the special purpose of training theologians to combat Wyclif's heresy. To Bishop Fleming was entrusted the execution of the decree of the Council of Constance for the exhumation and burning of Wycliffe's remains, though Fleming delayed fulfilling this duty for over a decade. He died at Sleaford, Lincolnshire, in January 1431. Although his foundation of Lincoln College, Oxford, was incomplete at the time of his death, the college's future was eventually secured and Fleming's manuscript books became the core collection of the collegiate library (de la Mare, 1962-3).

Richard Fleming (c. 1385 – 25 or 26 January 1431), Bishop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln College, Oxford, was born at Crofton in Yorkshire.


Buildings.

The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary has a flint and stone Norman tower and Tudor monuments. The tree-lined Village Road includes several old red brick houses with mature "Wisteria" on them, and has been used as a location in British films and television.  Southlands Manor is a Grade II listed building. Its entry on the English Heritage website states that it was built in the 16th century, with a variety of later changes including the addition of four chimney stacks in the early 17th-century. Analysis of a sample of timbers from the main building and its associated barn have found that they were felled in the winters of 1472/3 and 1473/4, indicating that the relevant parts of the building were erected in 1474 or soon after.  The Old Bakery, built in about C14, it is one of the earliest surviving buildings along the village High Street. It is located along, what would have been medieval burgage plots. The plots were for laying out a town. Built for the Abbot of Westminster, probably on instructions by Nicholas de Littlington, for his reeve. One survey suggests a very precise date of building of 1367 - 68, although no dendrochronology has been undertaken. The building phases and outlay are complex, with much alteration. Prior to the 1950s demolition of the former E wing the building formed three cottages/shops.  Denham Film Studios were near the village and where famous films, including "Brief Encounter" and "In Which We Serve" were produced. The buildings were demolished in 1980 and the site re-landscaped as a business park and later as a site for luxury homes.  InterContinental Hotels Group has its corporate headquarters and European head office in Denham. Bosch has its UK head office in Denham.

Transport.

Denham railway station has direct services to and and limited services to, and. Connecting services link to, and.  The 724 Green Line bus service links Harlow and Heathrow Airportpassing through St Albans, Watford, Rickmansworth, Denham and Uxbridgeand terminating at Heathrow Central bus station.  The 331 bus service between Uxbridge and Ruislip stations (operated by Metroline West for London Buses) calls at the Station Parade shops in Denham Green. The 581 circular bus service provides a link between the various areas of Denham and Uxbridge bus station. The Saturdays-only 582 service links the various Denhams with Iver, Slough and Windsor. The 101, 102, 105 and 580 run through the outskirts of Denham.  Denham Aerodrome is an operational general aviation aerodrome established in the early 1900s. Sited on higher land to the north of the village, it is the base of many private and executive aircraft and helicopters with several hangars and a hard runway. During the First World War in 1915, RAF Denham was established as a flying training school for Flight Cadets.

Schools.

Denham Village Infant School, in Cheapside Lane, is the original school for Denham, and has classes for Reception and Years 1 and 2. The school building dates from 1832 and is listed.  Denham Green E-ACT Primary Academy is located on Nightingale Way and opened in September 2013. Replacing the former Tilehouse Combined School, it is for children ages 4–11, and offers pre-school services. The school's current leadership team completed an Ofsted inspection shortly before converting to an Academy. Ofsted noted that the school was a Good school with Outstanding features. The academy accepts all children from the Denham area (including Denham Village, Denham Green, Maple Cross, Harefield and North Uxbridge) who wish to attend the school.

Twinning.

Twinned with Denham, Shark Bay, Western Australia

Denham is a village and civil parish in the Unitary Authority of Buckinghamshire, England, approximately from central London, northwest of Uxbridge and just north of junction 1 of the M40 motorway. The name is derived from the Old English for "homestead in a valley". It was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Deneham". Denham contains the Buckinghamshire Golf Club.


History.

The United States has had two main polar orbiting satellite programs which both began in the 1960s. NOAA's POES (Polar Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite) series and the USAF's DMSP (Defense Metrological Satellite Program). JPSS was created by the White House in February 2010 following the restructuring dissolution of the National Polar-orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program. The original satellite orbit concept from the NPOESS program was divided between two sponsor agencies: NOAA was given responsibility for the afternoon orbit, while environmental measurements from morning orbit were to be obtained from the Defense Weather Satellite System (DWSS). DWSS was cancelled in April 2012. The military will continue to rely on the Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) constellation of satellites until the Weather System Follow-on satellites are operational.  An independent review team (IRT) was assigned to provide an independent assessment of the total NOAA satellite enterprise, including JPSS. Its findings were published in 2012.

Purpose.

Data imagery obtained from the Joint Polar Satellite System will increase timeliness and accuracy of public warnings such as predictions of climate, weather, and natural hazards, thus reducing the potential loss of human life, property and advancing the national economy.  JPSS will replace the current Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), managed by NOAA and the ground processing component of both POES and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Operational environmental requirements from polar-orbit are also met by the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) (now called the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership or Suomi NPP or S-NPP), which launched October 28, 2011.  Data from the JPSS system shall be made freely available, by the United States Government, to domestic and international users, in support of U.S. commitments for the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS).

Instruments.

The JPSS satellites will carry a suite of sensors designed to collect meteorological, oceanographic, climatological, and solar-geophysical observations of the earth land, oceans, atmosphere, and near-earth space.  JPSS Sensors/Instruments:

Operations.

The ground communications and processing system for JPSS is known as the JPSS Common Ground System (JPSS CGS), and consists of a Command, Control, and Communications Segment (C3S) and the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS). Both are developed by Raytheon Intelligence and Information Systems (IIS). The IDPS will process JPSS satellite data to provide environmental data products (aka, Environmental Data Records or EDRs) to NOAA and DoD processing centers operated by the United States government. The IDPS has processed EDRs beginning with NPP and is slated to continue doing so through the lifetime of the JPSS and WSF-M systems.  The C3S is responsible for managing the overall JPSS (and potentially WSF-M) missions from control and status of the space and ground assets to ensuring delivery of timely, high-quality data from the Space Segments (SS) to IDPS for processing. In addition, the C3S provides the globally distributed ground assets necessary to collect and transport mission, telemetry, and command data between the satellites and the processing locations.  The JPSS Common Ground System (CGS) converges the NOAA-NASA civil polar environmental satellite program, NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP), and the Air Force's Defense Weather Satellite System (DWSS) ground systems into a single, common system that will satisfy both U.S. and partner international environmental monitoring satellite needs from polar orbit.

Satellites.

There is only one operating satellite, NOAA-20, that was designed as part of JPSS, but there are two other satellites that are associated with the program.  The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP), previously known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) and NPP-Bridge, has a nearly identical design as NOAA-20 and shares some ground systems with it but it was not designed as a part of JPSS. It was originally proposed as a proof-of-concept satellite, and now supports NOAA and DoD operations. Suomi NPP was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on 28 October 2011 at 09:48 GMT. It is the first in-flight use of the JPSS ground system and key sensors which are on NOAA-20 and it served as both risk-reduction and as an early-flight opportunity for the JPSS program.  In addition, the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Calibration Transfer Experiment, which was launched on the U.S. Air Force Space Test Program Satellite-3 (STPSat-3) on November 19, 2013, is an experimental payload under the JPSS system. It is an instrument that measures the sun's energy output and was launched as a ride-share opportunity as a way of maintaining the continuity of TSI observations.  NOAA-20 launched on November 18, 2017. NOAA-20 hosts the following instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) CERES.  JPSS-2 is scheduled for launch in 2022. The JPSS-2 spacecraft will host the following instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, and (4) OMPS-N.  JPSS-3 is scheduled for launch in 2026. JPSS-3 contains five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.  JPSS-4 is scheduled for launch in 2031. JPSS-4 will host five instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.

Major contractors.

Ball Aerospace.

Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. (BATC) of Boulder, CO is the spacecraft contractor for both the JPSS-1 satellite and the Ozone instrument (OMPS) on the JPSS program and NPP.

Northrop Grumman.

Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems of Dulles, VA, has been selected to build the JPSS-2 spacecraft.  Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS), of Azusa, CA is the developer and builder for the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), a legacy instrument previously flown on the NPP mission.  Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) of Redondo Beach, CA is the developer and builder for the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), a legacy instrument previously flown on the NASA Earth Observation System (EOS) satellites.

Raytheon Company.

Raytheon Intelligence and Information Systems (IIS) of Aurora, CO is the prime contractor for the JPSS Common Ground System (CGS), whose major components necessary for operation of the NPP spacecraft have been delivered. Interface Data Processing Systems (IDPS) have been installed at two U.S. government processing facilities, known as weather centrals.  Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems (SAS) of El Segundo, CA is the developer and builder for the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).

L3Harris.

L3Harris Technologies Fort Wayne, Indiana division, is the developer and builder for the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) instrument planned for flight on the first and second Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS-1 and JPSS-2).

The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites. JPSS will provide the global environmental data used in numerical weather prediction models for forecasts, and scientific data used for climate monitoring. JPSS will aid in fulfilling the mission of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency of the Department of Commerce. Data and imagery obtained from the JPSS will increase timeliness and accuracy of public warnings and forecasts of climate and weather events, thus reducing the potential loss of human life and property and advancing the national economy. The JPSS is developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), who is responsible for operation of JPSS. Three to five satellites are planned for the JPSS constellation of satellites. JPSS satellites will be flown, and the scientific data from JPSS will be processed, by the JPSS – Common Ground System (JPSS-CGS).


Munster.

Cronin made his debut for Munster A on 8 December 2012, starting against Rotherham Titans in the British and Irish Cup. Whilst in year two of the Munster Academy, he was promoted to a development contract with the senior Munster squad for the 2013–14 season. Cronin made his debut for the senior Munster team on 13 April 2013, coming on as a replacement against Leinster in a Pro12 fixture. He won the John McCarthy Award for Munster Academy Player of the Year for the 2012–13 season on 10 May 2013.  Cronin scored his first try for Munster against Edinburgh on 7 September 2013, in a game that was also his first start. He came off the bench in Munster's opening 2013–14 Heineken Cup fixture against Edinburgh on 12 October 2013. He was a replacement in the Round 2 win against Gloucester on 19 October 2013. Cronin was a replacement again in the Round 3 game against Perpignan on 8 December 2013. He made his first Heineken Cup start on 14 December 2013, against Perpignan in Round 4. Cronin signed a new two-year contract with Munster in January 2014. He came off the bench against Gloucester on 11 January 2014 during the 7–20 Munster win that secured quarter-final qualification. Cronin came off the bench against Edinburgh in the Round 6 38–6 win on 19 January 2014 that secured a home quarter-final. He came off the bench in Munster's 24–16 semi-final defeat to Toulon on 27 April 2014.  Cronin scored a try against Leinster in Munster's 23–34 win on 4 October 2014. Cronin came on in Munster's first European Rugby Champions Cup game against Sale Sharks on 18 October 2014. He started against Saracens in Round 2 of the Champions Cup on 24 October 2014. Cronin was ruled out for at least 6 weeks with an ankle injury sustained during the Saracens game. He came off the bench against Clermont Auvergne on 6 December 2014. Cronin started against Saracens on 17 January 2015. He started the final pool game against Sale Sharks on 25 January 2015.  He came off the bench in Munster's opening 2015–16 European Rugby Champions Cup pool game against Benetton on 14 November 2015. Cronin started against Leicester Tigers on 12 December 2015. In January 2016, Cronin signed a three-year contract extension with Munster, which will see him remain with the province until at least June 2019. In October 2016, Cronin was banned for 4 weeks after being found guilty of stamping on the head of an opponent during Munster's game against Leinster on 8 October. On 23 January 2017, Cronin was ruled out for 6–8 weeks following surgery on a thumb injury sustained in Munster's win against Racing 92 on 21 January. Cronin won his 100th cap for Munster during their 24–24 draw with Ulster in round 21 of the 2017–18 Pro14 season on 28 April 2018, a fixture in which he won the Man-of-the-Match award.  He signed a two-year contract extension with Munster in October 2018, a deal that will see him remain with the province until at least June 2021. Cronin made his return from injury for Munster in their opening 39–9 victory against Welsh side Dragons in the 2019–20 Pro14 on 28 September 2019, his first competitive appearance since November 2018.  Cronin was given a one-month ban in April 2020 due to an unintentional doping violation. He had been unwell in the buildup to Munster's 2019–20 Champions Cup round 2 match against Racing 92 on 23 November 2019, and had been prescribed antibiotics by Munster's team doctor. However, when Cronin collected the prescription, he was mistakenly given the prescription for a different person with the same name by the pharmacy. When selected for an in-competition anti-doping test following the match, Cronin tested positive for two banned substances: prednisolone and prednisone, neither of which Cronin had a therapeutic use exemption for. Though the independent judicial officer found that there "was no significant fault on behalf of the player, and that there were clear and compelling mitigating factors", it was determined that Cronin bore some responsibility for his failed test.

Ireland.

Cronin was named in the Ireland squad for their 2014 Tour to Argentina on 19 May 2014. He came off the bench in the second test against Argentina on 14 June 2014 to make his Ireland debut. Ireland won the game 23–17. He was named in the Ireland squad for the 2014 November Tests on 21 October 2014.  Cronin was named in the Ireland squad for the opening rounds of the 2015 Six Nations Championship on 1 February 2015. He came off the bench against Italy on 7 February 2015. Cronin suffered a knee injury during the game which required a minor surgical procedure. He was named in the Emerging Ireland squad for the 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup on 19 May 2015. Cronin started in the 33–7 win against Uruguay on 17 June 2015. He also started in the 45–12 win against Georgia on 21 June 2015, a win which secured the tournament for Emerging Ireland.  On 20 January 2016, Cronin was named in Ireland's 35-man squad for the 2016 Six Nations Championship. On 13 February 2016, Cronin came off the bench against France in Ireland's second game of the Six Nations.

James Cronin (born 23 November 1990) is an Irish rugby union player for Munster in the Pro14 and European Rugby Champions Cup. He plays as a prop and represents Dolphin in the All-Ireland League.


Brief overview.

Sports Club of the Army (Soviet Union).

The predecessor of CSK ZSU was the Sports Club of the Kiev Military District (SK KVO) which was established on April 1, 1957 by the district's administration of military training as a regional department of the Sports Society of Armed Forces of the USSR. The club was based on the Sports Club of the Kiev Military District Officers' Club (SKDO Kiev). The newly established club included following sports establishments:  The Palace of sports, stadium and the shooting range were all inherited from the Officers' Club. The swimming pool, initially uncovered, was part of the Officers' Club since 1951. However after its reconstruction in 1956, it was handed to the administration of military training and was transferred to the sports club only on April 1, 1958, a year later. The equestrian sports facilities were created on the base of a liquidated stables of the 114th Separate Rifle Company and were transferred to the sports club as well. In 1957 the football squad of military servicemen from the Soviet Class B (third tier) were added to the club. The football squad was completely sponsored by the Kiev Military District headquarters. In 1959 the team however was dissolved.  On May 10, 1960, a day after the Victory Day, the club was renamed into the Sports Club of Army (SKA Kiev). On July 4, 1962 the shooting sports facilities were transferred to the military unit #01626. Since May 20, 1971 the club was transferred to the staff of #48/105-A and on December 15 it adopted the number 14 becoming the 14th Sports Club of Army. On February 12, 1980 the club created two children and youth sports schools. One school was for fighting sports and team sports, while another - for other Olympic sports.

Central Sports Club of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Ukraine).

With fall of the Soviet Union all Soviet organization that were funded through the central government ceased to exist. In 1992 the Kiev Military District was dissolved, some of its components were moved to Russia, while others were transferred to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The former SKA Kiev was discontinued and all its assets were transferred into the newly formed the Central Sports Club which absorbed all the Soviet Army centers based in Ukraine such as Odessa, Lviv, and Sevastopol (every one corresponds to the administrative center of a Soviet military district).

Medal tables.

Medals by summer sport.

Updated for 2012 Olympics

Central Sports Club of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (, transliteration: "Tsentralnyi Sportyvnyi Klub Zbroinykh Syl Ukrayiny") or CSK ZSU () is a sports club that was created on December 15, 1992 based on the Soviet Sports Club of Army (SKA Kiev) in Kiev (regional center of CKA), which dissolved after the fall of the Soviet Union. CSK ZSU is subordinated to the Sport Administration of Ministry of Defense (created on April 29, 1992).


Background.

The term "iron man" as it pertains to sports longevity has origins from major league baseball pitcher Joe McGinnity, who was known for pitching in back to back doubleheaders and leading his league in innings pitched four times in five seasons from 1900 to 1904. He also played professionally until age 54. His nickname was "Iron Man" although he said the name came from his off season work for his family's foundry business.  In 1941, endurance by an athlete was recognized as an "iron man" by the press when Lou Gehrig had a streak of 2,130 consecutive games end when he had asked the manager to take him out of the line up due to his fading abilities. Gehrig had been a consistent performer on the field having attained a batting average of at least.300 throughout his career until the previous season when he had fallen to.295. A common characteristic of an iron man is the ability to play through injury. Gehrig displayed this trait in 1934 when his streak was in jeopardy of being snapped at 1,427 games. He had been injured during a game and was pulled from the lineup. The next day, after receiving heat treatments and massages for a stiff back, he was able to get a hit before leaving the contest. Gehrig's record stood for 56 years until surpassed by Cal Ripken Jr. in 1995. After Ripken's record-breaking streak garnered attention from the media, the NBA's A.C. Green received attention for his own streak of consecutive games played in 1997 as he was approaching Randy Smith's record. Then in 1999, Brett Favre set the record for consecutive starts by a quarterback when he started his 117th consecutive game surpassing the mark established by Ron Jaworski. In 2009, Favre would surpass Jim Marshall's starts streak at any position with his 271st consecutive start.  An iron man streak can also be ended due to disciplinary reasons. In 2015, Matt Kenseth was suspended after he caused a crash that ended Joey Logano's race. NASCAR issued a two-race suspension, effectively ending his streak at 571, leaving him ineligible for pursuing Jeff Gordon's 797-race streak.  In international cricket, players can be taken out of the squad due to injuries, discipline, poor form, or illegal bowling action or unfavourable conditions for certain bowlers, or simply as a healthy break when they are rested during long tours or in a calendar year with hectic schedules. In 2016, Brendon McCullum would finish his international career, having started in 101 consecutive tests from debut, which is remarkable not only because he has never been dropped due to poor form or poor health (though he has given up wicketkeeping due to back and knee issues), but because New Zealand has a far leaner schedule compared to Australia and England; even though he is nowhere near Allan Border's actual record of 153, they were not from debut. Also, since Test and limited-overs cricket would also feature different players, the consecutive starts streak would be counted separately. Brendon McCullum also started 122 consecutive One-Day Internationals from 2004-2010, the same as Mahela Jayawardene of Sri Lanka with 122 each, but the record is held by Sachin Tendulkar, when his streak was snapped due to injury.  In 2017, Eli Manning was benched in favor of Geno Smith after the Giants, snapping his active starts streak at 210, which was the longest streak amongst active players. Philip Rivers of the Indianapolis Colts now has the longest active streak.

An Iron man is an athlete of unusual physical endurance. This durability is generally measured by an athlete's ability to play without missing a game and/or start for an extended period of time, sometimes, even for an entire career. Some of the more notable athletes with significant streaks in sports history includes baseball's Lou Gehrig and Cal Ripken Jr., American football's Brett Favre and Joe Thomas, basketball's A. C. Green, ice hockey's Doug Jarvis, and stock car racing's Jeff Gordon.


Club career.

In New Zealand.

White first played rugby for the Te Awamutu Sports Club. In 2002, he joined the National Provincial Championship side, Waikato. White was brought in to play for Super 14 side the Chiefs in 2006. The 2006 Super 14 season saw the Chiefs finish in seventh overall and third from the New Zealand teams. Later that year, White won the 2006 Air New Zealand Cup with Waikato. The Air New Zealand Cup had replaced the National Provincial Championship that season. White started at tighthead prop in the final of the Cup, as Waikato beat Wellington 37–31. White served as the captain of Waikato for two years before leaving both Waikato and the Chiefs to move abroad.

Leinster.

White moved to Irish provincial side Leinster in 2011 on a one-year contract, joining ahead of the 2011–12 season. He played 17 times in the Pro12 that season, nine of these appearances coming from the bench. He scored one try in the competition, this coming against the Cardiff Blues on 2 December 2011. In the 2011–12 Heineken Cup, White made seven appearances, all coming from the bench, as Leinster won the competition.

Connacht.

After his year with Leinster was finished, White joined another Irish province, this time Connacht Rugby. He signed with the team on a three-year contract in February 2012 and joined them ahead of the 2012–13 season. In his first season with the club, White played 16 games in the 2012–13 Pro12, starting 14 of them and scoring one try. He also played five games in that season's Heineken Cup for the province.  In January 2015, Connacht and the IRFU announced that White had signed a two-year contract extension, which would see him play at the Sportsground until at least the summer of 2017. In September 2016, it was announced that White was retiring from rugby with immediate effect, due to ongoing issues from a concussion he sustained in a game against Leinster in March of that year. He had made 58 appearances for Connacht in his four seasons with the side.

International career.

In October 2014, White became qualified to play for through the three-year residency rule. White was named in the Irish squad for the end of year tests, but a bicep injury ruled him out until January. White was one of only two uncapped players included in Ireland's extended squad for the Six Nations. On 30 January 2015, at the age of 33, White made his first appearance for an Irish national team, featuring as a replacement for the Ireland Wolfhounds.  On 15 August 2015 White made his debut off the bench for Ireland in a 28–22 win over Scotland in the second of their 2015 Rugby World Cup warm up matches. A late arrival to international Rugby, in the space of seven months White accumulated 13 Irish caps with four starts, before he was forced to retire in September 2016.

Nathan White is a retired rugby union player from New Zealand, who played internationally for. He played as a prop, primarily at tighthead. White last played for Irish provincial side Connacht in the Pro12, and had previously played for Leinster, another province. Before moving to Ireland, he played Super Rugby for the Chiefs and provincial rugby for Waikato.


Theories.

The proposed phenomenon may be due to a number of factors. Research has identified geographic location, fear stigma against certain breed types, and the fact that large, black dogs are often portrayed as aggressive in film and on television as possible correlates. Initial research at one location identified a longer period experienced by black dogs before adoption, but subsequent studies considered to be more robust (as conducted in a larger number of geographically spread shelters) has shown that when shelter visitors video-recorded their walk through the adoption area, they spent equal amounts of time looking at every dog, regardless of coat color. Other studies have suggested brindle dogs may be more likely to experience longer delays before adoption than black dogs. Coat color bias seems evident, but may change depending on geographic location.  Some people believe that during the pet adoption process some potential owners associate the color black with evil or misfortune (similar to the common superstition surrounding black cats), and this bias transfers over to their choice of dog. Additionally, many shelters feature photo profiles of their dogs on the shelter website. Because black dogs do not photograph well, lighter-colored dogs have an advantage with potential adopters browsing the site. A study done by the Los Angeles Animal Services challenges some of these claims, saying that a full 28% of adopted dogs are black. However, the bias theory simply asserts that predominantly dark animals take longer to be adopted than their lighter counterparts, and that large dogs take longer to adopt than small ones.  However, appearance in general does play a role in potential adopters' selection of shelter dogs. In a 2011 study by the ASPCA, appearance was the most frequently cited reason for adopters of both puppies (29 percent) and adult dogs (26 percent).

History.

The issue has been gaining media attention since the mid-2000s. Tamara Delaney, an early activist against black dog syndrome, developed a website called Black Pearl Dogs in 2004 specifically to address the issue, both by educating the public about its existing, as well as showcasing individual dogs available for adoption.

Cats.

Black cats are similarly reported to be subject to the same phenomenon, with the added stigma of superstition and association with witchcraft.

Scientific studies.

While many shelter workers claim the phenomenon is real, its acceptance is disputed, and quantitative analyses are limited.

Shelter studies.

A 1992 article in the journal "Animal Welfare", found that color was not a major factor in adoptions at a Northern Ireland shelter; black-and-white coats were most prevalent among adopted dogs, followed by yellow, solid black, gold, and black-and-tan coats. However, this did not take into account what "percentage" of the shelter populations had those colors to begin with, and thus says nothing about the chances of an individual dog of a particular color being adopted, compared to a dog of another color.  A 1998 study of 1,468 relinquished dogs offered for adoption at a local humane society found having a primarily black coat color was a variable associated with euthanasia, while gold, gray, and white coats colors were significant predictors of successful adoption.  A 2002 study published in the "Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science" of dog and cat adoption in California animal shelters found pure-black coat colors to be negative factors in adoption rates for both dogs and cats.  In 2008 the general manager of the Los Angeles Animal Services department reported that twelve months of data on the intake of 30,046 dogs showed slightly more dogs that were predominantly or all black were adopted than dogs who were not predominantly or all black.  A 2010 PhD thesis analyzing multiple factors found a measurable variance contributing to dogs with primarily black coats being euthanized rather than adopted.  A 2013 study of dogs' length of stay (LOS) at two New York "no-kill" shelters determined that canine coat color had no effect. The study noted that coat color's effect on LOS may be localized, or may not generalize to traditional or other types of shelters.  A Masters thesis analysis of 16,800 dogs at two Pacific Northwest shelters found that black dogs were adopted more quickly than average at both shelters.  A 2013 study of cat adoption rates published in "The Open Veterinary Science Journal" concluded that "Results indicated that black cats, regardless of age or sex, require the longest time to adopt. They are followed by primarily black cats with other colors."

Studies based on images.

A 1992 article in the journal "Animal Welfare" was conducted on adoptable dog characteristics. Participants in South Belfast were presented with photographs of dogs similar except for one manipulated feature, resulting in a statistically reliable preference for a blond coat (65%) over a black coat.  A 2012 report in the journal "Society and Animals" on a pair of studies recording participant rankings of pictured dogs of varying attributes along eight different personality traits did not find a bias against black dogs. In the first study, using four types of poodles (large black, small black, large white, and small white), 795 participants ranked black poodles as more friendly than white poodles. A second study with eight different breeds, including a black lab, suggested that the personality ratings of participants was based more on stereotypes of breed than on color. It concluded that "in general, with the exception of the golden retriever, black labs were perceived as consistently less dominant and less hostile than other large breeds, contrary to the assumption that large, black dogs are viewed negatively. A 2013 study published in the journal "Anthrozoös" displayed photographs of dogs colored either yellow or black, and with floppy ears or pointy ears. It found that “participants rated the yellow dog significantly higher than the black dog on the personality dimensions of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability.” It also found significant difference in ratings based on ear size, indicating “that people attribute different personality characteristics to dogs based solely on physical characteristics of the dog.”  A study presented at the 2013 International Society for Anthrozoology conference that showed participants pictures of cats and dogs of varying colors found white cats were considered the friendliest, orange cats second friendliest, and black cats least friendly. Among dogs, yellow dogs were considered friendliest, brown dogs second friendliest, and black dogs least friendly. Darker pets were similarly judged less adoptable, and black dogs were considered the most aggressive.

Black dog syndrome or big black dog syndrome is a phenomenon in which black dogs are passed over for adoption in favor of lighter-colored animals. Animal shelters often use the term BBD, or big black dog, to describe the type of larger dark-colored mixed-breed said to be typically passed over by adopters.


Synopsis.

The Crossing.

Buck (Bill Oberst Jr.) and his friends have made a pastime of trolling the Mexico–United States border in search of anyone they believe to be an illegal immigrant. Upon catching someone, the group murders them and buries the body in the hopes of sending out a personal message to anyone else that wants to enter. However what they couldn't predict is that their victims might rise from the grave to take their revenge.

TaeJung's Lament.

A lonely widower finds himself unable to cope with the loss of his wife and begins to follow around various women that resemble her. On one such occasion he ends up becoming a witness to a woman's kidnapping. The man rescues her and in gratitude, the woman urges him to meet her one night. Unknown to him, the woman and her friends are all vampires who are being hunted by Van Helsing himself.

Re-Membered.

A dirty cop (Christopher Darga) has been asked to serve as a hitman for a man's murder, which he does. He dismembers the body and stows it in his trunk for later disposal, but is shocked when he begins to find evidence that his victim is somehow still alive.

Clowned.

When Emmett (Corbin Bleu), a wayward drug dealer, gets bitten by Fucko (Domiziano Arcangeli), a flesh-eating clown at a family member's birthday party, the last thing he expects is for that bite to begin a horrifying transformation. As his transformation proceeds, Emmett is horrified to find that he has a newly acquired taste for human flesh.

Lover Come Back.

A woman returns from the grave in order to seek revenge on the cheating husband who caused her death. As she moves towards her final task, she begins to recollect their relationship and how everything went wrong.

Reception.

"Ain't It Cool News" gave "Scary or Die" a positive review, stating that "Reminiscent of old school films like "Creepshow" with its practical effects and unflinchingly wicked tales, this is one indie film worth seeing by as many folks as possible." "Dread Central" gave a more mixed review and remarked that while they enjoyed the segments "Clowned" and "Re-Membered", they found most of the segments disappointing and could really only recommend it for "Clowned". "HorrorNews.net" criticized the film's segments, commenting that some would serve well as excellent student films but that "this is a commercial release, and the bar is higher."

Scary or Die is a 2012 American anthology horror film directed by Bob Badway, Michael Emanuel, and Igor Meglic. The film was released on video on demand on May 1, 2012 and on DVD on September 11, 2012. Initially titled "Terror Bytes", the film's name was later changed to coincide with a horror website by the same name that Emanuel ran with his co-director Igor Meglic and two other filmmakers.


Service outline.

, 14 return "Hakutaka" services operate daily between and, with one additional return working daily between and Kanazawa. Trains operate at a maximum speed of.  "Hakutaka" services stop at the following stations. Not all trains stop at stations marked with an asterisk.

Rolling stock.

"Hakutaka" services are operated using JR East E7 series and JR West W7 series 12-car train sets based at Nagano and Hakusan depots respectively.

Pre-shinkansen.

Limited express services from March 1997 until March 2015 were operated with 6- or 9-car (6+3-car) 681 series or 683-8000 series EMU trains owned by JR West or Hokuetsu Express. Green (first class) car accommodation was provided in car 1.

Formations.

"Hakutaka" shinkansen services use 12-car JR East E7 series and JR West W7 series trainsets, formed as follows, with car 1 at the Tokyo (southern) end. Cars 1 to 10 are ordinary-class cars with 2+3 seating, car 11 is a "Green" car with 2+2 seating, and car 12 is a "Gran Class" car with 2+1 seating. All cars are no-smoking.

History.

October 1965 – November 1982.

The "Hakutaka" service was first introduced on 1 October 1965 as a limited express service operating between in Tokyo and via. This was discontinued from 15 November 1982.

March 1997 – March 2015.

The "Hakutaka" name was reinstated from 23 March 1997 for use on new limited express services jointly operated by JR West and Hokuetsu Express connecting Kanazawa with on the Joetsu Shinkansen via the newly built Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line, operating at a maximum speed of. "Hakutaka" services operated at approximately hourly intervals between Kanazawa and Echigo-Yuzawa, with one return service daily starting and terminating at Fukui. One return working daily operated between and Echigo-Yuzawa. Services stopped at the following stations.  The last "Hakutaka" limited express service ran on 13 March 2015, replaced by new high-speed shinkansen services from the start of the revised timetable introduced the following day.

Shinkansen "Hakutaka", (March 2015 – ).

From 14 March 2015, the name "Hakutaka" was transferred to new shinkansen services operating between Tokyo and Kanazawa following the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen beyond Nagano.

The is a high-speed "shinkansen" train service jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West) between and on the Hokuriku Shinkansen line in Japan. The shinkansen service was introduced on 14 March 2015, but the name was first used for a limited express service operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1965 until 1982, and later by JR West and Hokuetsu Express between 1997 and March 2015.


Biography.

Lowe began his career at DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland. He played collegiate basketball at North Carolina State University. He was the point guard for the Wolfpack's 1983 NCAA National Championship team that was heralded for its Cinderella run under legendary head coach Jim Valvano. Lowe was selected by the Chicago Bulls with the 1st pick of the second round in the 1983 NBA Draft. He played a total of four seasons in the NBA, for five different teams.  After retiring from basketball in 1991, Lowe took a job as an assistant coach with the Minnesota Timberwolves. Halfway through the 1992–93 season he took over as head coach of the struggling Timberwolves and remained in that position until the end of the 1993–94 season. From 1994 to 1999, Lowe served as an assistant coach to Mike Fratello with the Cleveland Cavaliers. Lowe returned to the Timberwolves organization in 1999 for one season as assistant coach.  The 2000–01 NBA season became Lowe's second stint as a head coach when he assumed the role for the Vancouver Grizzlies. He was the fifth head coach in the team's short history and led them to a franchise-best record of 23–59 in his first season and again the following season in 2001-02, when the Grizzlies relocated to Memphis. Sidney Lowe resigned from his coaching duties early in the 2002-03 season after starting 0–8, leaving his head coaching record at 79 wins against 228 losses (.257 winning percentage). In 2003, he returned to Minnesota once again to take an assistant position under then head coach Flip Saunders. Lowe followed Saunders to the Detroit Pistons in 2005 and remained an assistant coach there through the 2006 season.  On May 6, 2006, Lowe was named the new head basketball coach of North Carolina State University, replacing Herb Sendek. Lowe was the first African American named head coach of the Wolfpack. One of Lowe's trademarks as a coach was a red blazer he wore to significant games in honor of his former NC State coach, Jim Valvano.  In his first season at the helm of the NC State program, Lowe became just the third Wolfpack coach, after Everett Case and Press Maravich, to win 20 games and defeat the other three North Carolina institutions in the ACC (Duke, North Carolina and Wake Forest). He is one of only four NC State coaches to have coached in the ACC Championship game in their first year.  In spite of the early success, Lowe failed to lead NC State to the NCAA tournament, and his teams only made two appearances in the NIT. He had an overall winning record (86–78) after five years but only a 25–55 conference record. Lowe resigned as head coach of NC State, accepting a buyout of the last two years of his contract, on March 15, 2011. Later that year, he joined the Utah Jazz as an assistant.  At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, Lowe rejoined the Minnesota Timberwolves as an assistant for the next two years, being fired at the end of the 2015–16 season. On July 5, 2016, the Washington Wizards announced that Lowe had been hired as an assistant coach. Lowe was hired by the Detroit Pistons beginning the 2018-19 season. Lowe is married to Cass (Finley) Lowe.

Sidney Rochell Lowe (born January 21, 1960) is an American basketball former player and coach. He is currently an assistant coach for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Lowe played college basketball and served as the head coach at North Carolina State University.


Background.

Strategy.

In February 1943, General MacArthur had presented the US Joint Chiefs of Staff with his Elkton Plan for an advance on the Japanese stronghold of Rabaul. In this "scheme of manoeuvre" the penultimate stage was the capture of Kavieng, an important staging post for aircraft moving from Truk to Rabaul. The Allied occupation of Kavieng would cut this route and isolate Rabaul. The Allied victory in the Admiralty Islands campaign in March 1944 prompted the Joint Chiefs of Staff to consider accelerating the tempo of operations in the Pacific. They solicited opinions on the matter from the theatre commanders. On 5 March 1944, armed with detailed information about Japanese deployments and intentions as a result of the capture of Japanese cryptographic materials in the Battle of Sio, MacArthur recommended omitting the proposed attack on Hansa Bay in favor of moving further up the coast of New Guinea to Hollandia. As this would be out of range of his land-based aircraft, he proposed that aircraft carriers of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz' United States Pacific Fleet, which were to cover the Manus and Kavieng operations could provide air cover until land-based aircraft could be established ashore. Admiral Nimitz, in Washington DC for consultation, objected to this proposal to retain forces in the South West Pacific theatre after the capture of Kavieng, as it would disrupt his plans for upcoming operations in the Pacific Ocean theatre. The Joint War Plans Committee discussed these alternatives, and recommended to the Joint Chiefs that Hollandia be seized on 15 April, but that the Kavieng operation be canceled.  MacArthur's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland, representing his commander before the Joint Chiefs, strenuously objected to the omission of Kavieng, which he believed could be captured on 1 April without delaying other operations. There was debate over how much of a threat the Japanese base at Kavieng was. Nimitz felt that as a result of the Battle of Eniwetok, Truk itself would soon be under constant attack and the flow of aircraft to Rabaul would be cut off. On 12 March, orders went out to MacArthur and Nimitz canceling Operation [Kavieng] and ordering them to "complete the isolation of the Rabaul-Kavieng area with the minimum commitment of forces". In the opinion of the commander of the South Pacific Area, Admiral William Halsey, Jr., "the geography of the area begged for another bypass". On receipt of orders from MacArthur revoking plans for Kavieng and ordering him to occupy Emirau, Halsey ordered the commander of the III Amphibious Force, Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, to occupy Emirau on 20 March.

Geography.

Emirau (or Emira) is an island in the Bismarck Archipelago in the south eastern portion of the St. Matthias Islands, located from Mussau Island, the other principal island in the St. Matthias group, and from Kavieng. Emirau is about long and wide, hilly, and heavily wooded. Inland is a plateau. The climate is tropical, with high humidity and heavy rainfall. There is a small harbor, Hamburg Bay, on the north west coast. About 300 natives lived on the island; but all available intelligence indicated that the Japanese had not occupied the islands in any appreciable strength. Emirau was considered suitable for development as an airbase and base for PT boats. A photo reconnaissance mission on 16 March revealed no indication whatsoever of enemy activity or installations.

Preparations.

Halsey's message reached Wilkinson on Guadalcanal on 15 March, by which time ships were already loading for the Kavieng operation, which had originally been scheduled for 18 March. This operation was to have been carried out by Major General Roy S. Geiger's I Amphibious Corps, with the 40th Infantry Division and 3rd Marine Division, reinforced by the 4th Marines. For Emirau, Lieutenant Colonel Alan Shapley's 4th Marines would be sufficient, reinforced by Company C, 3rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion; Company A (Medium), 3rd Tank Battalion, equipped with M4 Sherman tanks; a company of pioneers from the 2nd Battalion, 19th Marines; signals, ordnance and motor transport detachments; and a composite anti-aircraft battery of the 14th Defense Battalion. This would be the first operation for the 4th Marines, which had been reformed on 1 February 1944 from four battalions of Marine Raiders, the original 4th Marines having been destroyed in the Battle of Corregidor. Commodore Lawrence F. Reifsnider was appointed to command the amphibious operation. Brigadier General Alfred H. Noble, the Assistant Division Commander of the 3d Marine Division would command the expeditionary troops. Noble, who was also slated to become island commander, was given a small staff created from I Amphibious Corps and 3rd Marine Division personnel. An air command was organized for Emirau under Colonel William L. McKittrick from the larger one intended for the Kavieng operation.  No opposition was expected on Emirau, but strong naval and air support was provided. A covering force under Rear Admiral Robert M. Griffin, consisting of the battleships,, and, accompanied by the escort carriers and, and 15 destroyers, carried out part of the original Kavieng plan—the bombardment of Kavieng and the surrounding area. In all, some 1,079 rounds of 14-inch and 12,281 rounds of 5-inch ammunition were fired. Unfortunately, the bombardment gave Rear Admiral Ryukichi Tamura the impression that the expected invasion by Allied forces was imminent and he gave the order to kill all the European prisoners in Kavieng. At least 25 of them were executed in the Kavieng Wharf Massacre, which later led to six of the perpetrators being sentenced for war crimes in 1947. Sentenced to death by hanging, Tamura was executed at Stanley Prison on 16 March 1948.

Operations.

The assault force left in two echelons. The Marines of the two assault battalions, the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 4th Marines, traveled on nine high speed transports (APDs) while the remainder of the force were on the dock landing ships (LSDs), and, and the attack transport (APA). One LSD carried the 66 LVTs for crossing Emirau's fringing reef, one carried three LCTs, two of them loaded with tanks, and the third carried three LCTs with radar sets and anti-aircraft guns. The attack group arrived in the transport area at 06:05 on 20 March. The LVTs were launched, and the assault troops transferred to the amphibious tractors using the APDs' boats, supplemented by those from "Callaway " while Vought F4U Corsairs of VMF-218 flew overhead to make a last-minute check of the island for any signs of the Japanese. The assault waves touched down on schedule. The reserve 3rd Battalion's boats grounded on the reef soon afterwards, and its marines waded ashore through knee deep water. The only problem encountered was with launching the LCTs carrying the tanks. The LSD's flooding mechanism failed and the LCTs had to be dragged out by a fleet tug. While the detachment sent to occupy Elomusao Island was approaching the beach, some supposed opposition caused the amphibious tractors and then a destroyer to open fire, and a man was wounded by a shell fragment. However, the natives informed the marines that the Japanese had left Emirau two months before and only a small detachment remained on Mussau Island. Supplies began landing at around 1100, first from the APDs and then from "Callaway". Some 3,727 troops and 844 tons of cargo were ashore were by nightfall, when the ships sailed. Within a month, some 18,000 men and 44,000 tons of supplies had been landed.  Intelligence reports indicated that there were Japanese fuel and ration dumps on Mussau, and a radio station on a nearby island, so on 23 March these areas were shelled by destroyers. On the 27th, a destroyer intercepted a large canoe carrying Japanese troops about south of Mussau. The Japanese soldiers replied with their rifles and machine guns, and the destroyer returned fire, destroying the canoe and killing the occupants. Thus ended the only fighting in the St. Matthias Group.

Base development.

Construction activities were taken in hand by the US Navy Seabees of the 18th Construction Regiment, which consisted of the 27th, 61st and 63rd Construction Battalions and the 17th Special Battalion, which arrived between 25 and 30 March, and the 77th Construction Battalion which arrived on 14 April. The 27th built a PT boat base, an LCT floating drydock and slipway, and roads. The 61st constructed housing, ammunition storage facilities, a runway, and some of the buildings at the PT boat base. It also handled sawmill operations. The 63rd assisted at the sawmill and worked on the roads, camps, harbor facilities, warehouses, magazines and avgas dumps. The 77th built taxiways, hardstands, aviation workshops and the avgas tank farm. The 88th worked on runways, roads, radar stations and a causeway at the eastern end of the island.  Two airfields were constructed, Inshore and North Cape. These were heavy bomber strips, long and wide. The former had parking for 210 fighters or light bombers; the latter for 84 heavy bombers. Both were fully equipped with towers, lighting, and a dispensary. The aviation tank farm consisted of three storage tanks and nineteen storage tanks, together with the appropriate filling and distribution points. A reserve of was stored in drums. Three hospitals were established, a 100-bed naval base hospital, the 160-bed 24th Army Field Hospital, and the 150-bed Acorn 7 Hospital. The anchorage at Hamburg Bay could accommodate up to five capital ships. Port facilities included eight cranes, of refrigerated space, and of covered storage. The port could handle of cargo per day. Connecting the various facilities was of coral-surfaced all-weather road. All this work was completed by August and Construction Battalion Maintenance Unit (CBMU) 502 assumed responsibility for maintenance work. All the construction battalions departed by December.

Garrison.

The 4th Marines were relieved as the garrison of Emirau by the 147th Infantry on 11 April 1944. The next day, Noble was replaced as island commander by a marine aviator, Major General James T. Moore, the Commanding General of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. In turn, the 147th Infantry was relieved as garrison by the 369th Infantry in June. In August, General MacArthur directed that responsibility for garrisoning Emirau would be transferred to the Australian Army. The Australian 8th Infantry Battalion arrived to take over the garrison role on Emirau on 30 September. They were met by a small ANGAU detachment that had been on the island since May. Marine Aircraft Group 12 operated from Emirau until December, when it moved to Leyte; its place was taken by squadrons of the RNZAF. On 20 March 1945, General MacArthur authorized a reduction in the garrison size to one company of the 8th Infantry Battalion. In June 1945, it too was withdrawn. CBMU 502 departed for Manus that month. The RNZAF maintained a bomber-reconnaissance squadron at Emirau until July 1945, and a fighter squadron until August, when all forces were withdrawn from the island.

The Landing on Emirau was the last of the series of operations that made up Operation Cartwheel, General Douglas MacArthur's strategy for the encirclement of the major Japanese base at Rabaul. A force of nearly 4,000 United States Marines landed on the island of Emirau on 20 March 1944. The island was not occupied by the Japanese and there was no fighting. It was developed into an airbase which formed the final link in the chain of bases surrounding Rabaul. The isolation of Rabaul permitted MacArthur to turn his attention westward and commence his drive along the north coast of New Guinea toward the Philippines.


Biography.

Born François-Louis Croisnu, he was the son of Louis Croisnu, who adopted the name Crosnier, and Marie-Barbe Constantin, concierges of the Opera, who kept the post for over 35 years. François-Louis first married Françoise-Charlotte-Félix Berville Vallouy and in second nuptials, Marie-Joséphine Alcasar, who was the widow of Casimir-Anne-Marie Broussais, the son of François Broussais.  Early in life he became a playwright, whose plays were performed on the most important Parisian stages of the 19th century, including the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, the Théâtre de la Gaîté, the Théâtre de l'Odéon, and the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. However, failing to achieve great success and acquiring a large fortune through marriage, he abandoned playwriting for other endeavours.  Chef de bataillon in the Garde nationale at Pantin, he became managing director of the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (1830-1832), the Opéra-Comique (1834-1845) and the Opéra de Paris (1854-1856), and a politician, as conseiller général of the (1845-1867), président of the Conseil général (1849-1866), and député for the Loir-et-Cher in the Corps législatif (1852–1867).  He was very successful managing the Opéra-Comique, a theatre in full-blown financial crisis when he took over in 1834. He brought the theatre back to prosperity by staging a large number of successful works, among the most remarkable being "Lestocq" and "Le cheval de bronze" by Daniel Auber, "L'éclair" by Fromental Halévy, "Les chaperons blancs" by Auber, "Sarah" by Albert Grisar, the "Le postillon de Lonjumeau" by Adolphe Adam, "L'ambassadrice" and "Le domino noir" by Auber, "Le brasseur de Preston" by Adam, "La fille du régiment" by Gaetano Donizetti, and "Zanetta", "Les diamants de la couronne", "Le duc d'Olonne", and "La sirène" by Auber.  He died at Lisle, in the château de l'Épau, near Vendôme, the town where he was mayor, on 1 September 1867 (acte n° 4, vue 442/469 du registre) and is buried in the Montmartre Cemetery in a chapel of the 15th division, where he lies alongside his father and his two spouses.

François-Louis Crosnier (12 May 1792 - 1 September 1867) was a French theatre manager, politician, and playwright, who used the pen name Edmond Crosnier.


What does it offer?

Active networking allows the possibility of highly tailored and rapid "real-time" changes to the underlying network operation. This enables such ideas as sending code along with packets of information allowing the data to change its form (code) to match the channel characteristics. The smallest program that can generate a sequence of data can be found in the definition of Kolmogorov complexity. The use of real-time genetic algorithms within the network to compose network services is also enabled by active networking.

How it relates to other networking paradigms.

Active networking relates to other networking paradigms primarily based upon how computing and communication are partitioned in the architecture.

Active networking and software-defined networking.

Active networking is an approach to network architecture with in-network programmability. The name derives from a comparison with network approaches advocating minimization of in-network processing, based on design advice such as the "end-to-end argument". Two major approaches were conceived: programmable network elements ("switches") and capsules, a programmability approach that places computation within packets traveling through the network. Treating packets as programs later became known as "active packets". Software-defined networking decouples the system that makes decisions about where traffic is sent (the control plane) from the underlying systems that forward traffic to the selected destination (the data plane). The concept of a programmable control plane originated at the University of Cambridge in the Systems Research Group, where (using virtual circuit identifiers available in Asynchronous Transfer Mode switches) multiple virtual control planes were made available on a single physical switch. Control Plane Technologies (CPT) was founded to commercialize this concept.

Fundamental challenges.

Active network research addresses the nature of how best to incorporate extremely dynamic capability within networks.  In order to do this, active network research must address the problem of optimally allocating computation versus communication within communication networks. A similar problem related to the compression of code as a measure of complexity is addressed via algorithmic information theory.  One of the challenges of active networking has been the inability of information theory to mathematically model the active network paradigm and enable active network engineering. This is due to the active nature of the network in which communication packets contain code that dynamically change the operation of the network. Fundamental advances in information theory are required in order to understand such networks.

Nanoscale active networks.

As the limit in reduction of transistor size is reached with current technology, active networking concepts are being explored as a more efficient means accomplishing computation and communication. More on this can be found in nanoscale networking.

Active networking is a communication pattern that allows packets flowing through a telecommunications network to dynamically modify the operation of the network.


Classification and orbit.

"Chelyabinsk" orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.3–2.1 AU once every 2 years and 3 months (814 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 38° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken during the Digitized Sky Survey at the Australia Siding Spring Observatory in January 1990, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery at La Silla.

Close approaches.

As a near-Earth object, "Chelyabinsk" has a low Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of, which translates into 120.1 lunar distances (LD). This is, however, far too large to make it a potentially hazardous asteroid, which have intersection distances of less than 20 LD. It also crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU which makes it a Mars-crossing asteroid. In August 2142, it will approach the Red Planet at.

Physical characteristics.

"Chelyabinsk" has been characterized as both a Q-type and L-type asteroid. It is also a generically assumed S-type asteroid.

Lightcurves.

Two rotational light-curves of "Chelyabinsk" were obtained by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in December 2002 and September 2004, respectively. They gave a rotation period of 22.490 and hours, each with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), "Chelyabinsk" measures between 2.79 and 4.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.21 and 0.37, while observations by the Japanese Akari satellite gave an albedo of 0.26 and a diameter of 3.5 kilometers. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, a diameter of 4.23 kilometers and an albedo of 0.179 based on an absolute magnitude of 14.35.

Naming.

This minor planet is named after the Russian city Chelyabinsk, located in the Urals, Siberia. The city is well known for the Chelyabinsk meteor, a 20-meter sized, extremely bright fireball that exploded to the south of the city at an altitude of 30 kilometers on 15 February 2013. The indirect effects of the explosion injured more than 1,500 people. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) on 21 August 2013 ().

Erratum.

Originally, the name "Chelyabinsk" was erroneously given by the MPC to the numerically similar asteroid on 22 July (). The wrong designation was deleted in the subsequent publication of the Minor Planet Circulars on 21 August 2013 ()

21088 Chelyabinsk, provisional designation, is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 January 1992, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The asteroid was named after the Russian city of Chelyabinsk and for its spectacular Chelyabinsk meteor event in 2013.


History.

Seven Devils was named around 1965 when its founders wanted a unique name to attract visitors. "Seven Devils" was decided upon based on a combination of seven rocky peaks and local history of seven brothers, who in the 19th century were so cantankerous and willing to fight that they were jokingly referred to as the seven devils.

Geography.

Seven Devils is located at (36.151961, -81.807305).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.3 km2), of which 2.0 square miles (5.3 km2) is land and 0.49% is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 129 people, 62 households, and 40 families residing in the town. The population density was 63.0 people per square mile (24.3/km2). There were 345 housing units at an average density of 168.6 per square mile (65.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.45% White, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.  There were 62 households out of which 21.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 1.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.46.  In the town, the population was spread out with 14.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $62,813. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $38,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,801. There were 21.6% of families and 20.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under eighteen and none of those over 64.

Seven Devils is a town in Avery and Watauga counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 192 at the 2010 census. The town, which is located in the Appalachian Mountains, is best known as the site of a popular wintertime tubing resort known as Hawksnest, which claims it has the largest tubing facility on the East Coast, and some of the town's year round residents earn their living at the resort. Many others are retirees. Developed in the 1970s as a vacation home community, Seven Devils is home mostly to seasonal residents.


Biography.

He was born in Orleans around 1590. He studied law in the same city and became a lawyer at the Bar of Orleans, before giving up to become a dramatist. He asked Corneille, also a lawyer, recommendations and opinions. He created nine plays between 1629 and 1666, however, contemporary criticism has always been bad. He is described as mediocre by several contemporary playwrights, including Scudéry.  He took part in the famous querelle du Cid, a literary war surrounding the creation of the famous play by Corneille. Claveret was accused by Corneille of being the author of the anonymous pamphlet "Le Vray Cid espagnol" for which he used the pseudonym Balthazar La Verdad, and to have it circulated throughout Paris, which ended their friendship.  He was closed to Mairet and Scudéry, who constantly attacked Corneille. The latter wrote his "Lettre apologétique" in reply to the attacks of "Observations" by Scudéry, and about Claveret, he wrote: "Il n'a pas tenu à vous que du premier lieu où beaucoup d'honnêtes gens me placent, je ne sois descendu dans toute estime au-dessous de Claveret" ("It has not given to you that the first place where many honest people place me, I've stayed in all esteem below Claveret"). Furious, Claveret then published a violent text, "Lettre du Sieur Claveret au sieur Corneille".  He died in 1666. His work then gradually fell into oblivion.

Literary originality.

In the preface of the "Ravissement de Proserpine", the author claimed not to have followed the Aristotelian rule of unity of place, essential to the likelihood, and very popular in the seventeenth century. For Claveret, the subject of his tragedy could not comply with this rule. However, he used a clever ploy by claiming that the unity of place was respected in a vertical line between heaven, Sicily and hell. He then constructed a decoration in three decks for the mise en scene of his play.

Jean Claveret (1590 – 1666) was a 17th-century French playwright, lawyer and translator of Cicero, Cornelius Nepos and Valerius Maximus.


Plot summary.

The story is set in the future on Earth in which a utopian government has the ability to psychologically "cure" criminals of violent personality traits. The protagonist, David MacKinnon, is a romantic idealist on trial for assault. Since the court determines he is a substantial risk to cause violence in the future, he is given a choice: either allow trained psychologists to fix him, or be exiled to a confinement area for other unregenerate people known as Coventry. MacKinnon chooses to emigrate to escape what he sees as the boredom of a too-civilized society. He is sent to the rugged outland beyond the Barrier that separates Coventry from the rest of the world, where people who refuse to abide by social norms and refuse psychotherapy are exiled. MacKinnon discovers that the peaceful anarchy he envisioned is in reality a bleak dystopia split into three separate "countries:"  He is jailed on arrival in New America, losing everything he had brought through the Barrier with him. Befriended by a man David knows only as "Fader" Magee, he breaks out of jail. He learns that New America and the Free State are combining forces to attack the outside civilization. He and Fader break out of Coventry separately to warn the country from which he had emigrated of the imminent attack. Back in the world he had left, MacKinnon learns that Fader is actually an agent of the United States Army, and that by risking his life to warn the rest of the country, he has redeemed himself and no longer needs therapy.

Influence on Dianetics.

On March 8, 1949, fellow science-fiction author L. Ron Hubbard wrote to Heinlein referencing Coventry as an influence on what would become Dianetics:

"Coventry" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, part of his Future History series. It was first published in 1940 in "Astounding Science Fiction", and later collected into the book "Revolt in 2100" in 1953. The title is inspired by the British idiom "to send someone to Coventry". In 2017, the story won the Prometheus Hall of Fame award.


Plot summary.

Jack Mann finds Beebo Brinker (real name Betty Jean — she was unable to pronounce it as a child) wandering the streets of New York City's Greenwich Village. Beebo is 18 years old, tall and handsome, vacillating between overconfidence and vulnerability after leaving her family's farm in Wisconsin. Beebo is clearly welling up with a terrible secret that forced her to move east, and guilt that comes with leaving her father alone.  Jack helps Beebo get a job delivering pizzas (one of the advantages is that she can wear pants) for Pete, who is a little creepy, and his wife who cooks. Jack also allows Beebo to live with him until she gets on her feet, and allows her the time and space to ask the questions he knows she needs to ask. When she admits her frank admiration for a woman she sees, Jack tells her about lesbians, and she reacts with obvious fascination. He escorts her to several gay bars in the Village where she is astonished and touched by what she recognizes in herself.  After being treated cruelly by a vindictive woman playing a game with Pete, Beebo happens upon Paula one evening at her apartment, and it is Paula who verifies Beebo's sexuality. She is roused a couple days later to make a delivery to the apartment of an outrageous movie star, Venus Bogardus, who lives with her lonely teenaged son whom Beebo befriends. Beebo is infatuated and unnerved by Venus, who proposes that Beebo join them to return to California as company for her son — and to bridge the gap between them. Venus, in turn, divulges her past loves with men and women and seduces Beebo.  As Venus rehearses for a television show, Beebo learns her new precarious place at her ranch in California negotiating around Venus' business-minded husband, her public persona, and her vulnerable son. She is essentially kept in secret. A dissatisfies Beebo begins to miss Paula. Being briefly seen with Venus in public causes gossip columnists to start asking questions, and Venus' husband warns Beebo to stay away from Venus. But on the night of the show, Venus' son has an epileptic seizure and cuts his head open. Beebo must find Venus at a wrap party, but is intercepted and beaten by Venus' husband before Beebo can tell her what has happened.  The morning papers unleash rumors of Venus being a lesbian. Unwilling to live in secret with Venus, Beebo returns to New York to recover while Venus and her husband appear happily in public. After a while, Beebo goes to find Paula again, who is thrilled to see her once more. Paula assures her that love can be better and they decide to see for themselves how.

Beebo Brinker.

Arguably the most popular of Bannon's characters throughout the series, Beebo Brinker is remarkable in literature — especially in the 1950s and 1960s. She refuses to dress femininely, and readers only once read about her wearing a skirt. In fact, she takes jobs that are clearly below her abilities (elevator operator and delivery boy) and declines a higher education because she knows these vocations would limit her to wearing feminine clothing. A writer who adapted three of the books into a play explained Beebo's draw: "She’s a brave person who tried to pass as a guy at a time when most lesbians were totally under cover. Those women of that era who lived openly like that were heroic. They didn’t live in regular society, they really lived on the edge, they lived on some fringe."  She is described as striking in appearance, tall, muscular, with an unmistakably handsome boyish face. She is intelligent, funny, vulnerable, all at once and she does not apologize for being who she is: a three-dimensional character who is a butch lesbian, when lesbians in literature were rarely mentioned (if only in pulp fiction), and butch ones only as one-dimensional villains. Bannon's characters became archetypes in the lesbian community when there were no role models. As displayed in "", images of butch women were slightly less feminine than other women on pulp fiction covers. Indeed, the image on the 1962 Gold Medal Books cover of "Beebo Brinker", which Bannon describes as "god-awful," illustrates how the titillating cover art was designed more for men, and with no design for accuracy.  Ann Bannon has said that Beebo was modeled physically on a sorority sister of hers.  Beebo appears first in "I Am A Woman" much more confident, in an undetermined number of years after what takes place in "Beebo Brinker". She is also in "Women In The Shadows" less confident and much more flawed, and in "Journey To A Woman" older and wiser.

Reception.

Pulp fiction novels were never reviewed in serious literary journals, but it was reviewed by "The Ladder", who called it, "a disappointment" upon initial review in 1962.  Again in 1969 in a retrospective of lesbian paperbacks, "The Ladder" claimed Beebo Brinker, "a sad failure" and that Beebo's real story lay in the years between arriving in New York and meeting Laura Landon. Although Gene Damon was a pseudonym for Barbara Grier, who started Naiad Press — the publishing company that re-released all of Bannon's books in 1983.  However, author-editor Katherine V. Forrest included chapter 4 of "Beebo Brinker" in a compilation of excerpts from what Forrest considered the best examples of lesbian pulp fiction books, aptly named "Lesbian Pulp Fiction", in 2005, and called Beebo Brinker the character, "arguably still the most iconic figure in all of lesbian fiction."  Upon its release by Cleis Press in 2001, the "Lambda Book Report" claimed Beebo Brinker, "Though four decades old, (it) remains a delightful — and now instructive read."

Beebo Brinker is a lesbian pulp fiction novel written in 1962 by Ann Bannon (pseudonym of Ann Weldy). It is the last in a series of pulp fiction novels that eventually came to be known as "The Beebo Brinker Chronicles". It was originally published in 1962 by Gold Medal Books, again in 1983 by Naiad Press, and again in 2001 by Cleis Press. Each edition was adorned with a different cover. Although this is the last in the series, it is set first — a prequel to the others. In the order of the series, it follows "Journey to a Woman". However, in the order of the events and characters in the series, "Beebo Brinker" takes place several years before "Odd Girl Out" does.


Origin and design.

Various concept sketches came from producer George Lucas' call for a "rocket-powered scooter" in "Return of the Jedi". While Industrial Light & Magic's (ILM) Nilo Rodis-Jamero designed a blocky vehicle with a large engine, Ralph McQuarrie's designs were more fanciful but with less of a sense of the vehicle's power source. The final designs resulted in full-scale Imperial speeder bikes used by the actors for film against a bluescreen, along with miniatures mounted by articulated puppets. ILM used a steadicam recording at 1 frame per second to record the speeder bikes' path through the forest moon of Endor—in reality, a California forest. Playing the footage at the standard rate of 24 frames per second caused a blurring effect, which ILM used to simulate the vehicles' high speed; what was shot at looked like.  The BARC speeder in "Revenge of the Sith" was designed to appear like a predecessor to the speeder bikes in "Return of the Jedi". ILM's Doug Chiang designed Darth Maul's (Ray Park) speeder in "The Phantom Menace" to resemble a scythe, and Chiang's initial designs for the droid army's STAP vehicle resembled the speeder bikes from "Return of the Jedi". An all-CGI swoop appearing in "A New Hope" stems from a design created for "", and the swoop also appears briefly in "The Phantom Menace".

Depiction.

"Return of the Jedi" features a speeder bike chase in which Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) and Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher) pilot a pair of Imperial speeders to chase down scout troopers who might reveal the Rebel Alliance's presence on Endor. Darth Maul uses his speeder to chase down Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) and Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) in "The Phantom Menace". A pair of speeder-mounted clone troopers shoot down a speeder-riding Stass Allie when Emperor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) initiates Order 66 in "Revenge of the Sith". In the video game,, Swoop racing is a main part of the story with your player having to work for The Hidden Beks, a swoop gang, by infiltrating rival swoop gang, The Black Vulkars, and competing against them in a swoop race in order to rescue Bastila. Film and Expanded Universe depictions of speeder bikes and swoops consistently portray the vehicles as fast and maneuverable: Expanded Universe material describes the speeder bikes in "Return of the Jedi" as being able to travel. Speeders and swoops achieve high speed and maneuverability, however, at the expense of size and protection for their riders. "Swoop racing" is described in the Expanded Universe texts and portrayed in LucasArts games as a dangerous, fast-paced competition between skilled pilots.

Merchandise.

Since their inception, speeder bikes have been included in several "Star Wars" product lines, including Lego models and Hasbro miniatures.

Speeder bikes (also known as "jumpspeeders" or "hover bikes") and swoop bikes (or just "swoops") are small, fast transports that use repulsorlift engines in the fictional "Star Wars" universe. "Return of the Jedi" includes a prominent speeder bike chase; speeders and swoops also appear in "", "", "", "Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope" (added in the 1997 Special Edition, but absent on every earlier print), the animated "Star Wars Rebels" TV series, and the "Star Wars" expanded universe's books, comics, and games.


History.

Tarqumiyah is an ancient town situated on a rocky hill. Cisterns have been found here. According to the PEF's "Survey of Western Palestine" (SWP), this place is the early Christian Tricomias, an episcopal see.

Ottoman era.

Tarqumiya, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 the village appeared to be in the "Nahiya" of Halil of the "Liwa" of Quds. It had a population of 17 families, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,33% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 6,500 akçe.  In 1838 Edward Robinson passed by and noted that Tarqumiya was on the most common path from Gaza, via Bayt Jibrin to Hebron. While resting at Tarqumiya, he was visited by the local Sheikh and other dignitaries, who “demeaned themselves kindly and courteously." He further noted it as a Muslim village, between the mountains and Gaza, but subject to the government of el-Khulil.  In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to have 400 inhabitants, while an Ottoman village list from about 1870 counted 45 houses and a population of 108, though the population count included men, only.  In 1883 SWP described Tarqumiyah as “A small village on a rocky hill near the low lands. On the east, about a mile distant, is a spring; on the south are olives.”

British Mandate era.

According to the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tarqumiyah had a population of 976 inhabitants, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1,173, still entirely Muslim, in 225 inhabited houses.  In the 1945 statistics the population of Tarqumiya was 1,550 Muslims, and the total land area was 21,188 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 1,029 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,614 were used for cereals, while 152 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

Jordanian era.

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Tarqumiyah came under Jordanian rule.  In 1961, the population of Tarqumiyah was 2,651.

Post-1967.

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Tarqumiyah has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 2,412.  Israel has confiscated land from Tarqumiyah in order to construct two Israeli settlements: Telem and Adora.  According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 14,357 in 2007.

Tarqumiyah () is a Palestinian town located twelve kilometers northwest of Hebron. The town is in the Hebron Governorate Southern West Bank.


Production Trends.

1980s.

Coffee continued to be Uganda's most important cash crop throughout the 1980s. The government estimated that farmers planted approximately 191,700 hectares of "robusta" coffee, most of this in south-eastern Uganda, and about 33,000 hectares of "arabica" coffee in high-altitude areas of south-eastern and south western Uganda. These figures remained almost constant throughout the decade, although a substantial portion of the nation's coffee output was smuggled into neighbouring countries to sell at higher prices. Between 1984 and 1986, the European Economic Community (EEC) financed a coffee rehabilitation program that gave improved coffee production a high priority. This program also supported research, extension work, and training programs to upgrade coffee farmers' skills and understanding of their role in the economy. Some funds were also used to rehabilitate coffee factories.  When the National Resistance Movement seized power in 1986, Museveni set high priorities on improving coffee production, reducing the amount of coffee smuggled into neighbouring countries, and diversifying export crops to reduce Uganda's dependence on world coffee prices. To accomplish these goals, in keeping with the second phase of the coffee rehabilitation program, the government raised coffee prices paid to producers in May 1986 and February 1987, claiming that the new prices more accurately reflected world market prices and local factors, such as inflation. The 1987 increase came after the Coffee Marketing Board launched an aggressive program to increase export volumes. Parchment (dried but unhulled) "robusta" producer prices rose from USh24 to USh29 per kilogram. Clean (hulled)" robusta" prices rose from USh44.40 to USh53.70 per kilogram. Prices for parchment "arabica", grown primarily in the Bugisu district of south-eastern Uganda, reached USh62.50 a kilogram, up from USh50. Then in July 1988, the government again raised coffee prices from USh50 per kilogram to USh111 per kilogram for "robusta", and from USh62 to USh125 per kilogram for "arabica".  By December 1988, the Coffee Marketing Board was unable to pay farmers for new deliveries of coffee or to repay loans for previous purchases. The board owed USh1,000 million to its suppliers and USh2,500 million to the commercial banks, and although the government agreed to provide the funds to meet these obligations, some of them remained unpaid for another year.  Uganda was a member of the International Coffee Organization (ICO), a consortium of coffee-producing nations that set international production quotas and prices. The ICO set Uganda's annual export quota at only 4 percent of worldwide coffee exports. During December 1988, a wave of coffee buying pushed the ICO price up and triggered two increases of 1 million (60- kilogram) bags each in worldwide coffee production limits. The rising demand and rising price resulted in a 1989 global quota increase to 58 million bags. Uganda's export quota rose only by about 3,013 bags, however, bringing it to just over 2.3 million bags. Moreover, Uganda's entire quota increase was allocated to "arabica" coffee, which was grown primarily in the small southeastern region of Bugisu. In revenue terms, Uganda's overall benefit from the world price increase was small, as prices for "robust"a coffee—the major export—remained depressed.  In 1989 Uganda's coffee production capacity exceeded its quota of 2.3 million bags, but export volumes were still diminished by economic and security problems, and large amounts of coffee were still being smuggled out of Uganda for sale in neighbouring countries. Then in July 1989, the ICO agreement collapsed, as its members failed to agree on production quotas and prices, and they decided to allow market conditions to determine world coffee prices for two years. Coffee prices plummeted, and Uganda was unable to make up the lost revenues by increasing export volumes. In October 1989, the government devalued the shilling, making Uganda's coffee exports more competitive worldwide, but Ugandan officials still viewed the collapse of the ICO agreement as a devastating blow to the local economy. Fears that 1989 earnings for coffee exports would be substantially less than the US$264 million earned the previous year proved unfounded. Production in 1990, however, declined more than 20 percent to an estimated 133,000 tons valued at US$142 million because of drought, management problems, low prices, and a shift from coffee production to crops for local consumption.  Some coffee farmers cultivated cocoa plants on land already producing "robusta" coffee. Cocoa production declined in the 1970s and 1980s, however, and market conditions discouraged international investors from viewing it as a potential counterweight to Uganda's reliance on coffee exports. Locally produced cocoa was of high quality, however, and the government continued to seek ways to rehabilitate the industry. Production remained low during the late 1980s, rising from 1,000 tons in 1986 to only 5,000 tons in 1989.

1990s.

After exiting the International Coffee Organization, the Ugandan government continued its efforts to vitalize its international coffee export economy. In 1991, the Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA) was formed by government decree, in line with the liberalization of the coffee industry. The UCDA is administered by the Ugandan Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries. During its tenure in the 1990s, the UCDA oversaw an exponential increase in coffee exports. In part due to the high price of the commodity on the international market that compensated the low production rates coming out of the 1980s. During the period between 1993 and 1997, international sales of "robusta" coffee increased to 110,000 tons per year.

2000s-today.

Coffee production in Uganda eventually encountered another slow down at the turn of the century. One of the primary reasons for this export drop resulted from the decreased demand for coffee, and consequently, a lower market price for the commodity. Additionally, Uganda's capacity to produce coffee was hindered by the onset of a widespread case of coffee-wilt disease, a fungus-induced wilt that results in complete death of coffee plants. Trees that suffer from coffee-wilt disease are not salvageable, and must be completely rooted out before it can spread to other trees or the soil. By 2003, as many as 45% of the nation's "robusta" coffee trees died from coffee-wilt disease. As a result, exports dropped dramatically, falling from 143,441 tons in 2000 to 122,369 tons in 2004.

Arabica Coffee Production.

Arabica coffee is usually grown in mixed farms with food crops for home consumption like beans, peanuts and bananas. It is mainly grown under shade trees that ensure sustainable coffee production. The leaves that fall from the shade trees provide manure for the coffee plants.  In Mbale the planting season for Arabica coffee is between March and April and harvesting is between August and November. The coffee trees are pruned from December to February before the planting season. The trees flower during the dry season.

Post harvesting.

Arabica coffee initially goes through wet processing, which involves pulping (removal of pulp and mucilage) and washing the coffee beans. Pulping is the removal of the outer skin of the harvested red coffee berries. After pulping the mucilage around the bean is removed by use of water. The coffee beans are washed in a sisal made basket known as a washing basket.  The farmer then has two options for drying their coffee beans. Either they dry them under the sun until they reach the required moisture content or pays to have them dried at a coffee factory. The remaining process involves removing the coffee husks, sorting of the different coffee bean sizes, roasting, grinding and packaging.

Robusta Coffee Production.

Robusta coffee, which is made from the plant "coffea canephora," mainly grows in the Lake Victoria Basin. It is known for low acidity and high bitterness in relation to coffee made from "coffea arabica." Robusta beans tend to grow in lower altitudes than those of Arabica beans, ranging between 200–800 meters above sea level. It is also a more robust crop in terms of production because it generates more obtainable product per area than arabica does and the costs of harvesting its coffee beans is substantially lower than arabica. Another unique advantage of the robusta strain of the plant is its relative resilience to wilts and plant diseases, making it a less risky crop to rely on. However because of its high bitterness, it is considered to be a less popular on the global market in relation to arabica.  However despite being a more plentiful crop that is resilient to disease, robusta coffee is particularly susceptible to climate change. Studies project that a 2 degree Celsius increase in temperature can severely reduce the amount of "coffea canephora" that can grow in Uganda.

Kibale Wild Coffee Project.

Purpose.

Robusta coffee grows natively in the Kibale forest area. From 1999 to 2002 an effort was made to commercialize this coffee as a premium consumer brand, emulating and extending the success of shade grown in Central America. Revenue from the coffee production was intended to finance conservation management activities.  Initial funding for project development came from USAID. The project was implemented with funding from the Ford Foundation and $750,000 from the World Bank Global Environment Facility. The project had initial success in setting up local production standards, procedures, and control infrastructure. Initially it was led by the Uganda Coffee Trade Federation, until the independent US-based non-profit Kibale Forest Foundation was created to take over the project. The Kibale Forest Foundation, which was fully acknowledged and officiated by Uganda's government, was primarily tasked with inspecting the processes of wild coffee harvest and ensuring that the workers involved in this production were compensated. Compensation included both direct payment via wages as well as predetermined public projects, which were planned in accordance with community preferences. Sustainable annual yield was estimated at.  Reducing gender inequality was another objective of the project. Women at the time were the bulk of the agricultural workforce, responsible for 50% of cash crop production, which includes coffee. Part of enforcing quality standards of coffee production chains in Uganda was to ensure that there were no more wage disparities between men and women.  Organic certification was delivered by the Swedish KRAV labeling firm ever since 1994. One method of organic certification was through the implementation of the Export Promotion of Organic Production Program (EPOPA), which provides assistance for achieving certification and establishing internal control systems (ICSs) for project marketing.

Dissolution.

It was subsequently discovered that there was no demand for the product, as the robusta variety is perceived as inferior to arabica coffee typically demanded by the premium market. Various blending schemes were turned down by coffee distributors. Project leaders estimated that $800,000 in marketing expenditure would be required to create demand.

Coffee is Uganda's top-earning export crop. In 1989 Uganda's coffee production capacity exceeded its quota of 2.3 million bags, but export volumes were still diminished by economic and security problems, and large amounts of coffee beans were still being smuggled out of Uganda for sale in neighbouring countries.