Early years and education.

Sarah Katherine Stone was born January 8, 1841, in Mississippi Springs, Hinds County, Mississippi. In 1861, the year the war broke out, Stone was twenty years old and a fairly typical example of a Southern belle, seeking to meet the usual expectations of a debutante of Southern society. She was one of seven surviving children of the cotton planter William Patrick Stone, who moved the family to Stonington Plantation near Delta, Louisiana, and died in 1855. After her mother, Amanda Susan Ragan Stone, became widowed, she purchased and managed the plantation called "Brokenburn", and its 150 slaves; it was located in northeastern Louisiana, not far from the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.  She graduated from Stephen Elliott's academy in Nashville, Tennessee.

Career.

In May 1861, a month after the outbreak of the war, Stone began to keep a diary that, as an "ego document", provides insights into her own sensitivities and looks at her social environment, providing a revealing moral portrait of her time.  Stone supported the cause of the Southern States with a youthful-romantic enthusiasm, even though the picture of just war, in which "dashing young officers in magnificent uniforms are inspired by patriotic maidens to heroic exploits," gave way to cruel reality how the front approached their homeland. In 1862, after the Union's first gunboats took up position on the banks of the Mississippi River just a few miles from their plantation, the skirmishes in the area increased with the Vicksburg campaign, leaving the family in March 1863 for a daring escape through the swamps of Louisiana forced to look.  As refugees, the Stones reached Tyler, Texas, where they spent two and a half years - much to the disfavor of the spoiled Kate Stone, who disliked anything but refined Texan manners. In this "dark corner of the Confederacy," as Stone calls it, she received news of the deaths of her brothers William and Coleman on the battlefield, further eclipsing her mood. After the defeat of the Southern Confederation, Stone returned in 1865 to Louisiana and found the family mansion looted and the plantation devastated. With the difficult reconstruction, the entries become rarer; the diary ends in 1868.

Personal life.

She was affiliated with the Madison Infantry Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Madison Parish Book Club. In 1869, she married Lieutenant Henry Bry Holmes, at Walton Bend Plantation, near Yazoo City, Mississippi. They had four children, Emmet, William, and twins Katy Bry and Amanda Julia.  She died December 28, 1907, in Tallulah, Louisiana.

Sarah Katherine Holmes Stone, better known as Kate Stone (January 8, 1841 – December 28, 1907), was an American diarist and community leader. She was the daughter of a wealthy cotton farmer and slaveholder in the Southern United States. She is remembered in American history and literature for her diary, "Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861-1865", edited by John Q. Anderson, which she kept during the time of the American Civil War, printed in 1955, which she kept continuously from May 1861 to November 1865; shorter supplements date from 1867 and 1868. In addition to the diaries of two other ladies of the upper southern society, Mary Boykin Chesnut and Sarah Morgan, Stone's journal since its first publication has often been used by historians to illustrate the Southern world.


History.

In 1954 the Soviet Union began development of a naval gun which could be used against both air and sea targets. The gun was developed by the development office ZKB-7 (later "Arsenal" ) under the direction of S. Tjurin. The first tests began in 1956. From 1960, the guns were begun to be installed on ships and tested. The first gun was installed on the "Grozny" (Russian: Грозный), a Kynda class cruiser (project 58). A second was installed in 1962 on the "Komsomolets Ukrainy" (Russian: Комсомолец Украины), the first Kashin class destroyer (Project 61). The system was officially launched on June 24, 1964. The guns were exported to various Eastern Bloc states over time. Due to the small caliber and lack of effectiveness they were soon replaced by the AK-100.

Construction.

Description.

The gun has two 76.2 mm caliber barrels. The projectiles are hand-loaded into an elevator from the ammunition chamber to the gun. The weapon has an automatic charging system. Both barrels fire simultaneously. This would achieve a theoretical rate of fire of about 100 rounds per minute, but is unsustainable. The barrels must be cooled a few minutes after 40 to 45 rounds of continuous fire. The cooling system is connected to the vessel's main water line.  The fire control is carried out either automatically via a fire control radar type MR-105 Turel (Russian: Турель, NATO code: Screech Owl), semi-automatically with the Prisma optical sight, or manually. The gun can be used against air, sea or land targets. There are two different types of ammunition available; contact and non contact fuses.

The AK-726 (abbr. of артиллерийский комплекс) is a double-barreled naval gun of 76.2 mm caliber, which was developed in the Soviet Union and is still in service in various navies.


History.

The aim of all of Swisscontact's activities is to reduce poverty by private sector development.  Swisscontact was founded in 1959 under the name of Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation by leading figures from the Swiss business world, universities and politics. The first initiative came from Anne-Marie Im Hof-Piguet (1916-2010), who was of the opinion "that because of its wealth and as country without a colonial past, Switzerland should play an important role in development aid".  In the 1960s, Swisscontact set up vocational training colleges in Africa, Asia and Latin America and provided further training for the instructors at these colleges. This was followed in the 1980s by the launch of schemes aimed at promoting small and medium enterprises (SMEs), after graduates from the vocational training colleges had said that there was an urgent need for expert advice when setting up businesses. It was also evident that SMEs were experiencing considerable difficulty in obtaining commercial and investment credits. As a result, the organization introduced programmes favouring the creation of micro-finance institutions. After training car mechanics, Swisscontact also went on to develop integral solutions for preventing air pollution.  The organization was renamed in 1972, but retained its old title as a supplement.

Organisation.

Swisscontact has 60 employees in Switzerland and approximately 1,100 staff abroad. It carries out over 100 projects in 36 different countries to promote economic stability. The board of trustees consists of about 30 people from the business world, university and politics.  Swisscontact is specialized in project implementation, accepts assignments from public and private partners and carries out projects that have been put out to public tender. The organization also runs a programme of its own activities that are financed from donations and contributions from the state.  The foundation with headquarters in Zurich, Switzerland, is certified with the ZEWO seal of quality from the Swiss agency responsible for monitoring charitable organizations that raise donations in Switzerland. Two important partners of Swisscontact are the governmental organisations Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO).  Since 2019, Springfield Centre, Durham (GB), has been a subsidiary of Swisscontact. The Springfield Centre is a consulting, training and research company focused on market systems development.

Topical priorities.

Swisscontact is convinced that employment and income open up pathways out of poverty and can reduce economic disparities. An innovative private sector strengthens structurally weak regions and enables disadvantaged groups to become active market participators.  All activities of Swisscontact can be divided into four areas of operation:

Skills development.

Since 1959 Swisscontact has been committed to providing vocational training and further education, the assumption being that professional competence is the key to the economic and social development of a country. Swisscontact started off by setting up technical vocational training colleges (for mechanics, electricians, electronic technicians, etc.) based on the Swiss model in countries where infrastructure was lacking. Over the past 25 years the main focus in the promotion of vocational training has shifted to instructing vocational training college instructors and setting up national vocational training systems on the one hand and to holding shorter courses on the other, in particular for unemployed youngsters and disadvantaged sectors of the population (in development cooperation usually called «skills training»). In simple basic courses, they can acquire knowledge that will give them the chance to find a job or become self-employed. Emphasis is always placed on getting as many women as possible involved in the schemes. At present, around 45% of those who have benefited are women.  Swisscontact supports practical vocational training by:

Enterprise Promotion.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the largest employers in developing countries as well. Swisscontact aims at strengthening the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses. The organisation's market system development approach, referred to as Inclusive Markets addresses the constraints and opportunities of markets for disadvantaged people.  To make markets more inclusive, Swisscontact refers to three different approaches:  In practice, these approaches are often combined.

Inclusive Finance.

In development cooperation, all financial services provided for people on low incomes in developing countries are bracketed together under the collective term microfinance. Their aim is to give small and medium enterprises access to banking services that allow them to maintain or expand their companies. Swisscontact does not grant microcredits, but instead assists local microcredit banks, insurance companies and savings and credit associations with advice and further training.  Swisscontact's activities in financial services include:  Swisscontact especially promotes microleasing (leasing productive assets, e.g. agricultural tools, livestock).

Climate-smart Economy.

Swisscontact is working for an economically, socially and ecologically sustainable development and is considering the responsible use of natural resources a prerequisite to achieve this. The organisations believes that services related to climate protection and associated technologies represent a growth market and will in future be able to provide people with jobs and income in developing countries as well. An example of this is recycling of reusable materials.  Swisscontact lends its support by:

Senior Expert Corps.

Since 1979 Swisscontact has a pool of retired professionals called the Senior Expert Corps. Its members are supporting SMEs in developing and transition countries in solving technical and operational problems on a voluntary basis. If necessary they provide further training to the personnel and management of the company. One assignment lasts a maximum of three months. The pool contains experts in: marketing and management consulting, electrical, civil and mechanical engineering, hotel and tourism services, food engineering, education, medical and health care services, agronomy and forestry engineering, construction and other specialized fields.

Swisscontact – Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation is a Swiss non-profit-organisation, which carries out projects aiming at reducing poverty in developing and transition countries by private sector development. It has been founded in 1959 as a politically and denominationally neutral organisation and has 60 employees in Switzerland and approximately 1,400 staff abroad. The main fields of activity are fostering skills development, small and medium enterprises, financial services and resource efficiency.


History.

The Veterans Committee can be traced back to 1939 when Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis formed the Old-Timers Committee to put players from the 19th century in the Hall of Fame. In 1939, the committee selected five players. In 1944, after Landis' death, they put him in the Hall. After Landis, they put 23 additional players in the Hall. In 1953, the Veterans Committee met for the first time under the name Committee on Baseball Veterans. With 11 members, they elected six players in their first vote in 1953. Starting in 1955, they would meet to elect up to two players in odd-numbered years.  In 1959, Lee Allen succeeded Ernest Lanigan as Hall of Fame historian. According to Bill James, Paul Kerr would generally convince the Veterans Committee to select those Lee Allen had suggested to him, until Allen's death in 1969.  In 1961, the Veterans Committee was expanded from 11 members to 12. In 1962, the Veterans Committee went back to annual elections to the Hall of Fame, with the continued mandate to elect up to two players a year.  In 1971, the Veterans Committee made seven selections, the largest class the Veterans Committee ever chose in its history since 1953. Partly in response to such a large class, the Veterans Committee was then limited to selecting two players and one non-player every year. Frankie Frisch was a major voice on the committee in the 1970s. The old Hall of Famer, backed by former teammate and fellow Hall of Famer Bill Terry and sportswriters J. Roy Stockton and Fred Lieb, who covered Frisch's teams, managed to get five of his teammates elected to the Hall by the committee. Additionally, in the three years after his death, two more teammates were elected. After Frisch died and Terry left the Committee, elections were normalized.  After the 1977 election, the Veterans Committee was limited to two selections overall per year.  In 1978, membership increased to 15 members; five Hall of Famers, five owners and executives, and five sportswriters. The members would meet in Florida during spring training to elect a player or two every year. The Veterans Committee mandate of up to two players was increased briefly from 1995 to 2001. In these years, the committee could elect one extra player from the Negro leagues and one from the 19th century in addition to the two regular players.  Starting in 1995, the Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to elect as many as two executives, managers, umpires, and older major league players—the categories considered in all its meetings since 1953. By a new arrangement it separately considered candidates from the Negro leagues and from the 19th century with authority to select one from each of those, via two special ballots. The older players eligible were those with ten major league seasons beginning 1946 or earlier; those who received at least 100 votes from the BBWAA in some election up to 1992; and those who received at least 60% support in some election beginning 1993. Players on Major League Baseball's ineligible list cannot be elected. The committee can elect up to four people each year. During much of its existence, the Veterans Committee consisted of 15 members selected by the Hall of Fame for defined terms. A six-man subcommittee of this group met as a screening committee to determine who would be on the ballot. The committee met annually to consider candidates in four separate categories: players, managers, umpires, and executives. The Veterans Committee met privately, and its ballots and voting results were generally not revealed prior to 2003. From the mid-1970s until 2001, the top candidate in each category was elected to the Hall of Fame if he earned at least 75% of the committee's votes.  The Board of Directors reformed the system radically with new rules enacted in August 2001. Formerly, 15 members were appointed to limited terms; the new Veterans Committee would comprise all living members of the Hall, plus recipients of the Spink and Frick awards to writers and broadcasters. In particular, the new members were 61 living Hall of Famers, 13 living recipients of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award, 13 living recipients of the Ford C. Frick Award, and three members of the previous committee with terms that had not yet expired. Elections for players retired more than 20 years would be held every other year and elections for (managers, umpires and executives) would be held every fourth year. The first cycle for both categories would be in 2002 and 2003 for induction in 2003.

Revisions to the voting process.

2001 revisions.

In 2001, the Hall of Fame radically changed the composition and election procedures for the Veterans Committee, which was revised to consist of:  All members of the former Veterans Committee remained active until the expiration of their terms. Only two were on the committee for the 2003 election, the first under the new election procedures. Only one of the former Veterans Committee members (John McHale) remained on the committee for the 2005 and 2007 elections, and his term expired immediately after the 2007 election.  The election procedures instituted in 2003 are listed below. The procedures were changed again in 2007. Rules, and portions thereof, that changed in 2007 are indicated in "italics".  Using these procedures, no one was elected to the Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 2003, 2005, or 2007.

2007 revisions.

Following the 2007 elections, the makeup of the committee was again changed, and several procedures were also modified:  The threshold for induction remained at 75% of all who voted on the appropriate ballot. In the first election held under the new rules, two managers and three executives were elected in December 2007 as part of the 2008 election process.

2010 revisions.

The Hall announced a new Veterans Committee voting process on June 26, 2010, effective with the 2011 election process that began late in 2010. The two biggest changes are:  Candidates will be classified by the time-periods that cover their greatest contributions:  Candidates from each era will be considered every third year, starting with the Expansion Era in the 2011 election (December 2010, 2013), followed by the Golden Era (December 2011, 2014) and then by the Pre-Integration Era (December 2012, 2015).  The existing Historical Overview Committee will formulate each ballot for release in the October or November before the next planned induction ceremony. The Expansion Era ballot will include 12 candidates, while the other two ballots will include ten each. The Hall's Board of Directors will select sixteen-member committees for each era, made up of Hall of Famers, executives, baseball historians, and media members. Each committee will convene at the Winter Meetings in December to consider and vote on candidates from its assigned era. As before, the threshold of induction will remain at 75% of those voting.

2016 revisions.

On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. Highlighting these changes is a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras. Additionally, those major league players, managers, umpires and executives who excelled before 1950, as well Negro Leagues stars, will still have an opportunity to have their careers reviewed, but with less frequency.  Separate 16-member subcommittees will continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being classified by the time-periods that cover their greatest contributions:  All committees' ballots will include ten candidates. Whilst there was previously a one-year waiting period after elimination from annual BBWAA consideration, there will now be no waiting period (for example, if a player was eliminated from BBWAA consideration, and some Hall of Fame members believe such player should be considered by the respective committee, they can be nominated on the next ballot of the era in question). The Today's Game and Modern Baseball committees will convene twice every 5 years, the Golden Days committee once every 5 years, and the Early Baseball committee once every 10 years.  Eras are considered on the following schedule, as part of the elections for the next calendar year (e.g. 2016 balloting is part of 2017 elections and induction):  The criteria for committee eligibility differ for players, managers, and executives.

Potential future candidates.

Today's Game (1988–present).

Players: Albert Belle (on 2017 & 2019 ballots), Will Clark (on 2017 & 2019 ballots), Orel Hershiser (on 2017 & 2019 ballots), Joe Carter (on 2019 ballot), Mark McGwire (on 2017 ballot), Rick Aguilera, Kevin Appier, Kevin Brown, David Cone, Chuck Finley, John Franco, Dwight Gooden, Pat Hentgen, Jimmy Key, Mark Langston, Al Leiter, Dennis Martinez, Randy Myers, Brad Radke, José Rijo, Bret Saberhagen, Dave Stieb, Fernando Valenzuela, David Wells, John Wetteland, Darren Daulton, Javy Lopez, Cecil Fielder, Andrés Galarraga, Mark Grace, Fred McGriff, John Olerud, Rafael Palmeiro, Mo Vaughn, Chuck Knoblauch, Tony Phillips, Edgardo Alfonzo, Robin Ventura, Matt Williams, Dante Bichette, Ellis Burks, Brett Butler, Jose Canseco, Juan González, Brian Jordan, Ray Lankford, Kenny Lofton, Willie McGee, Tim Salmon, Devon White & Bernie Williams; Managers: Davey Johnson (on 2008, 2017 & 2019 ballots), Charlie Manuel (on 2019 ballot), Lou Piniella (2017 w/ 7 votes & 2019 ballots w/ 11 ballots), Felipe Alou, Bruce Bochy, Roger Craig, Art Howe, Jim Leyland, Mike Hargrove, Johnny Oates, Buck Showalter, Bobby Valentine; General Managers: John Hart, Dan O'Dowd; Owners: George Steinbrenner (on 2011, 2014, 2017 & 2019 ballots), George W. Bush; Other Executives: Bill White (on 2007 w/ 24 votes & 2010 ballots); Umpires: Joe Brinkman, Derryl Cousins, Jerry Crawford, Bob Davidson, Tim McClelland, Ed Montague, Rich Garcia, Mike Reilly, & Tim Welke  Players Moises Alou, Luis Gonzalez, Carlos Delgado, Troy Percival, Jim Edmonds, Nomar Garciaparra, Jason Kendall, Jorge Posada, Magglio Ordóñez, Édgar Rentería, Johan Santana, Johnny Damon, Miguel Tejada, Lance Berkman, Michael Young, Roy Oswalt, Adam Dunn, Paul Konerko, Cliff Lee, Jason Giambi, Alfonso Soriano & Eric Chavez are ineligible for the 2022 Today's Game ballot as they have not been retired for 15 years. Manager Mike Scioscia is ineligible until after the 2022 Today's Game ballot, as he will not have been retired for 5 years nor turned 65 until after that election. Executives Dave Dombrowski and Stan Kasten are ineligible until after the 2022 Today's Game ballot, as they will not have been retired for 5 years nor turned 70 until after that election.

Modern Baseball (1970–1987).

Players: Steve Garvey (on 2011, 2014, 2018 & 2020 w/ 6 votes ballots), Tommy John (on 2011, 2014, 2018 & 2020 ballots), Dave Parker (on 2014, 2018 & 2020 w/ 7 votes ballots), Don Mattingly (on 2018 & 2020 ballots), Dale Murphy (on 2018 & 2020 ballots), Thurman Munson (on 2007 w/ 6 votes & 2020 ballots), Dwight Evans (on 2020 ballot w/ 8 votes), Lou Whitaker (on 2020 ballot w/ 6 votes), Luis Tiant (on 2007 w/ 15 votes, 2009 w/ 13 votes, 2012, 2015 & 2018 ballots), Jim Kaat (on 2007 ballot w/ 52 votes, 2009 w/ 38 votes, 2012 w/ 10 votes & 2015 ballot w/ 10 votes), Dave Concepcion (on 2011 w/ 8 votes & 2014 ballots), Dan Quisenberry (on 2014 ballot), Vida Blue (on 2011 ballot), Ron Guidry (on 2011 ballot), Al Oliver (on 2007 w/ 14 votes, 2009 w/ 9 votes & 2011 ballots), Rusty Staub (on 2011 ballot), Mickey Lolich (on 2007 ballot w/ 8 votes), Sparky Lyle (on 2007 ballot w/ 6 votes), Bobby Bonds (on 2007 ballot w/ 1 vote), John Hiller, Ken Holtzman, Burt Hooton, Jerry Koosman, Mike Marshall, Tug McGraw, Andy Messersmith, Jeff Reardon, Rick Reuschel, Steve Rogers, Paul Splittorff, Dave Stewart, Frank Tanana, Mike Torrez, Frank Viola, Wilbur Wood, Bob Boone, Lance Parrish, Jim Sundberg, Gene Tenace, Cecil Cooper, Keith Hernandez, Lee May, George Scott, Bobby Grich, Mark Belanger, Larry Bowa, Bert Campaneris, Bucky Dent, Don Kessinger, Rico Petrocelli, Willie Randolph, Sal Bando, Buddy Bell, Ron Cey, Darrell Evans, Toby Harrah, Richie Hebner, Graig Nettles, Jeff Burroughs, César Cedeño, Jack Clark, José Cruz, Brian Downing, George Foster, Oscar Gamble, Kirk Gibson, Willie Horton, Chet Lemon, Greg Luzinski, Fred Lynn, Rick Monday, Bobby Murcer, Amos Otis, Lou Piniella, Mickey Rivers, Ken Singleton, Reggie Smith, Bob Watson, & Frank White; Managers: Billy Martin (on 2007 w/ 12 votes, 2008, 2010 & 2014 ballots), Gene Mauch (on 2008 & 2010 ballots), Tom Kelly (on 2010 ballot), Jim Fregosi, Ralph Houk, Dick Howser, Jack McKeon, John McNamara, Chuck Tanner, Don Zimmer; General Managers: Bob Howsam (on 2008 w/ 3 votes, 2010, & 2015 ballots), Harry Dalton (on 2007 ballot w/ 8 votes), Frank Cashen, Al Campanis, Paul Owens, Cedric Tallis; Owners: Charlie O. Finley (on 2007 w/ 10 votes & 2012 ballots), Gene Autry (on 2010 ballot) Ewing Kauffman (on 2008 w/ 5 votes & 2010 ballots w/ 6 votes), John Fetzer (on 2008 ballot w/ 4 votes), Charles Bronfman, Peter O'Malley; Umpires: Larry Barnett, Jim Evans, Bruce Froemming, Larry McCoy, John McSherry, Steve Palermo, Dave Phillips, Harry Wendelstedt, Lee Weyer

Golden Days (1950–1969).

Players: Dick Allen (on 2007 w/ 9 votes, 2009 w/ 7 votes, 2015 ballot w/ 11 votes), Tony Oliva (on 2007 w/ 47 votes, 2009 w/ 33 votes, 2012 w/ 8 votes & 2015 ballot w/ 11 votes), Maury Wills (on 2007 w/ 33 votes, 2009 w/ 15 votes, 2015 ballot w/ 9 votes), Minnie Miñoso (on 2006 (Negro League), 2007 w/ 12 votes, 2012 w/ 9 votes & 2015 ballots w/ 8 votes), Ken Boyer (on 2007 w/ 9 votes, 2012 & 2015 ballots), Gil Hodges (on 2007 w/ 50 votes, 2009 w/ 28 votes, 2012 w/ 9 votes & 2015 ballots), Billy Pierce (on 2015 ballot), Vada Pinson (on 2007 w/ 16 votes & 2009 ballots), Don Newcombe (on 2007 ballot w/ 17 votes), Roger Maris (on 2007 ballot w/ 15 votes), Curt Flood (on 2007 ballot w/ 14 votes), Mickey Vernon (on 2007 ballot w/ 14 votes), Rocky Colavito (on 2007 ballot w/ 5 votes), Steve Barber, Lew Burdette, Mike Cuellar, Murry Dickson, Carl Erskine, Roy Face, Mike Garcia, Ned Garver, Larry Jackson, Vern Law, Eddie Lopat, Sal Maglie, Jim Maloney, Lindy McDaniel, Sam McDowell, Denny McLain, Dave McNally, Stu Miller, Claude Osteen, Milt Pappas, Ron Perranoski, Camilo Pascual, Jim Perry, Johnny Podres, Vic Raschi, Curt Simmons, Mel Stottlemyre, Del Crandall, Bill Freehan, Elston Howard, Sherm Lollar, Tim McCarver, Joe Adcock, Norm Cash, Boog Powell, Ted Kluszewski, Gil McDougald, Roy Sievers, Alvin Dark, Jim Fregosi, Jim Gilliam, Dick Groat, Harvey Kuenn, Roy McMillan, Al Rosen, Felipe Alou, Tommy Davis, Willie Davis, Del Ennis, Carl Furillo, Frank Howard, Jackie Jensen, Andy Pafko, Bobby Thomson, & Jimmy Wynn; Managers: Danny Murtaugh (on 2008 w/ 6 votes & 2010 ballots w/ 8 votes), Paul Richards (on 2007 ballot w/ 10 votes), Fred Hutchinson, Bill Rigney, Birdie Tebbetts; General Managers: Buzzie Bavasi (on 2007 w/ 30 votes, 2008 & 2012 ballots), John McHale (on 2008 & 2010 ballots), Gabe Paul (on 2007 w/ 10 votes, 2008 & 2010 ballots), Bing Devine, Frank Lane; Owners: August Busch, Jr. (on 2007 ballot w/ 13 votes), Phil Wrigley (on 2007 ballot w/ 9 votes), Calvin Griffith

Early Baseball (1871–1949).

Players: Bill Dahlen (on 2009, 2013 w/ 10 votes & 2016 ballots w/ 8 votes), Wes Ferrell (on 2007 w/ 7 votes, 2009 w/ 6 votes, 2013 & 2016 ballots), Marty Marion (on 2007 w/ 11 votes, 2013 & 2016 ballots), Bucky Walters (on 2009 w/ 4 votes, 2013 & 2016 ballots), Harry Stovey (on 2016 ballot w/ 8 votes), Frank McCormick (on 2016 ballot), Tony Mullane (on 2013 ballot), Allie Reynolds (on 2009 w/ 8 votes & 2012 ballots), Mickey Vernon (on 2009 ballot w/ 5 votes), Sherry Magee (on 2009 ballot w/ 3 votes), Carl Mays (on 2007 w/ 6 votes & 2009 ballots), Vern Stephens (on 2009 ballot), Lefty O'Doul (on 2007 ballot w/ 15 votes), Cecil Travis (on 2007 ballot w/ 12 votes), Newt Allen (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), John Beckwith (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), William Bell (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Chet Brewer (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Bill Byrd (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Rap Dixon (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), John Donaldson (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Sammy T. Hughes (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Fats Jenkins (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Dick Lundy (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Oliver Marcell (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Dobie Moore (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Alejandro Oms (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Buck O'Neil (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Red Parnell (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), George Scales (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Candy Jim Taylor (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), C.I. Taylor (on 2006 Negro League Ballot), Home Run Johnson (on 2006 Pre-Negro League Ballot), Spot Poles (on 2006 Pre-Negro League Ballot), Dick Redding (on 2006 Pre-Negro League Ballot), Babe Adams, Tommy Bond, Harry Brecheen, Ted Breitenstein, Tommy Bridges, Charlie Buffinton, Bob Caruthers, Spud Chandler, Jack Coombs, Mort Cooper, Wilbur Cooper, Paul Derringer, Bill Donovan, Freddie Fitzsimmons, Mel Harder, Silver King, Ray Kremer, Sam Leever, Dutch Leonard, Dolph Luque, Firpo Marberry, Bobby Mathews, Jim McCormick, Johnny Murphy, Art Nehf, Bobo Newsom, Al Orth, Deacon Phillippe, Jack Powell, Jack Quinn, Ed Reulbach, Eddie Rommel, Charlie Root, Schoolboy Rowe, Nap Rucker, Johnny Sain, Slim Sallee, Bob Shawkey, Urban Shocker, Jesse Tannehill, Dizzy Trout, Virgil Trucks, George Uhle, Johnny Vander Meer, Hippo Vaughn, Lon Warneke, Will White, Jim Whitney, Charlie Bennett, Walker Cooper, Johnny Kling, Deacon McGuire, Wally Schang, George H. Burns, Dolph Camilli, Phil Cavarretta, Jake Daubert, Joe Judge, Stuffy McInnis, Cal McVey, Joe Start, Fred Tenney, Hal Trosky, Rudy York, Ross Barnes, Cupid Childs, Larry Doyle, Bobby Lowe, Fred Pfeffer, Hardy Richardson, Dick Bartell, Art Fletcher, Jack Glasscock, Lave Cross, Jimmy Dykes, Bob Elliott, Heinie Groh, Stan Hack, Ken Keltner, Arlie Latham, Pepper Martin, Buddy Myer, Johnny Pesky, Ezra Sutton, Ginger Beaumont, Wally Berger, Pete Browning, George J. Burns, George Case, Ben Chapman, Doc Cramer, Gavvy Cravath, Dom DiMaggio, Patsy Donovan, George Gore, Jeff Heath, Tommy Henrich, Babe Herman, Paul Hines, Dummy Hoy, Sam Jethroe, Bob Johnson, Charley Jones, Charlie Keller, Bob Meusel, Irish Meusel, Clyde Milan, Bing Miller, Terry Moore, Jimmy Ryan, Rip Sewell, Jimmy Sheckard, Riggs Stephenson, Mike Tiernan, George Van Haltren, Bobby Veach, Dixie Walker, Cy Williams, Ken Williams, & Smoky Joe Wood; Managers: Charlie Grimm (on 2010 ballot), Steve O'Neill (on 2010 ballot), Chuck Dressen, Jimmy Dykes; Executives: Sam Breadon (on 2010, 2013 & 2016 ballots), August Herrmann (on 2016 ballot), Chris von der Ahe (on 2016 ballot), Al Reach (on 2013 ballot); Chub Feeney, John Heydler, Bob Quinn, Ben Shibe, Charles Somers; Umpires: Cy Rigler (on 2008 ballot), Bill Dinneen, Bob Emslie, Babe Pinelli, Beans Reardon, Bill Summers; Pioneers: Doc Adams (on 2016 ballot w/ 10 votes)

Committee members.

1953–2001.

The following is a list of members of the Veterans Committee from its establishment in 1953 to its radical reformation in 2001, along with the dates of their membership.

2008.

As of December 2008, for 2009 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, members of the Veterans Committee were:

2010.

As of November 2010, for 2011 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, the only committee members announced were those voting for the post-1972 Expansion Era candidates:

2011.

As of November 2011, for 2012 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, the 16-member Golden Era Committee was announced:

2012.

As of November 2012, for 2013 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, the 16-member Pre-Integration Era Committee was announced:

The Veterans Committee is the popular name of various committees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum that elect participants other than recently retired players.


History.

Pennsylvania Power & Light was founded in 1920 out of a merger of eight smaller Pennsylvania utilities. It gradually extended its service territory to a crescent-shaped region of central and northeastern Pennsylvania stretching from Lancaster, through the Lehigh Valley into Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. In 1995, it reorganized as a holding company, PP&L Resources, which changed its name to the current PPL Corporation in 2000.  The company limited its activities to Pennsylvania until deregulation of electrical utilities in the 1990s encouraged PPL to purchase assets in other states. The largest of these transactions was PPL's 1998 purchase of 13 plants from Montana Power (leaving NorthWestern Energy - the buyer of the former Montana Power transmission and distribution systems - vulnerable to high "spot" prices on the energy market). This added over 2,500 MW of capacity and was the largest expansion in PPL's history. In 2014, those hydroelectric facilities were sold to NorthWestern.  In May 2002, PPL announced that Robert G. Byram, PPL's chief nuclear officer since 1997, was retiring from the company. Bryce L. Shriver, who had served as vice president-Nuclear Site Operations at PPL's Susquehanna plant since 2000, became senior vice president and chief nuclear officer.  PPL's 2008 revenue was $8.2 billion, with a net profit of $930 million, making it number 314 on the 2009 Fortune 500 list. After acquiring Central Networks and LG&E, PPL's 2011 profit rose to $1.495 billion, on $12.7 billion in revenue, ranking it number 212 on Fortune's 2012 list.  In March 2011, PPL acquired from E.ON the British distribution company Central Networks for £3.5 billion.  On June 6, 2014, PPL announced it will be divesting its electrical generation facilities to a newly formed company, Talen Energy. On June 1, 2015, the Talen spinoff was completed, allowing PPL to concentrate on the transmission and distribution aspects of the electric utility business.  On July 1, 2016, PPL Solutions, LLC was sold to Hansen Technologies Limited. PPL Solutions provides billing, business process outsourcing, call center, and information technology services to regulated utilities in the United States.

Controversy in foreign subsidiary.

After the takeover in 2000 of Wales' largest company, Hyder, to form half of Western Power Distribution (a UK-based energy distribution company and subsidiary of PPL), a local beauty spot and part Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Welsh capital city of Cardiff, called Llanishen Reservoir, was acquired as an asset.

Customer satisfaction.

PPL Electric Utilities, which serves 1.4 million customers in 29 counties of Pennsylvania in the United States, has received 15 J.D. Power and Associates awards for customer satisfaction — more than any other utility in the United States.  In June, 2013, J.D. Power announced that PPL EnergyPlus ranked highest in the state for residential customer satisfaction in J.D. Power's first study of competitive electricity suppliers in Pennsylvania.

Headquarters.

PPL Building.

The PPL Building is now the tallest building in not just Allentown, but in the greater Lehigh Valley, after the demolition of the Martin Tower on May 19, 2019. The building has 23 stories and is tall. It is located at the intersection of Hamilton and Ninth Streets in the downtown area of the city.

The Plaza at PPL Center.

In June 2003, PPL Corporation dedicated The Plaza at PPL Center, a new office building for continued growth in the company's non-regulated energy businesses.  The Plaza at PPL Center, PPL's new office building in downtown Allentown, Pennsylvania, boasts a long list of environmental features, including a vegetative roof and innovative energy and water-saving devices.  It has been awarded the Gold rating from the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program for making use of sustainable development principles.

Investments.

In a speech before the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) Financial Conference in November 2019, William Spence, PPL’s chairman and chief executive officer, said that the company is focusing on building more advanced cleaner energy technologies and is also increasing its effort on a strategy known as "Energy Forward." The company is investing around $15 billion through 2022 to improve infrastructure and technology in order to "create a smarter, more reliable and resilient energy grid," according to Spence. In the third quarter of 2019, PPL completed a $470 million investment in replacing meters with "advanced" meters in Pennsylvania.

Marketing.

In February 2010, the PPL Corporation purchased the naming rights to the venue originally known as PPL Park in Chester, Pennsylvania (which is outside of PPL's service territory), the home stadium of Major League Soccer's Philadelphia Union. As part of the $25 million, 11-year deal, PPL EnergyPlus provides sustainable energy to PPL Park derived from other sources in Pennsylvania. After PPL spun off its generation business into the separate Talen Energy, the stadium naming rights were assumed by the spinoff company, and the venue is now known as Talen Energy Stadium.  PPL also owns the naming rights to the PPL Center in Allentown, which hosts the Lehigh Valley Phantoms of the American Hockey League starting with the 2014 season. PPL paid an undisclosed sum over ten years.

The PPL Corporation is an energy company headquartered in Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States. It currently controls about 8,000 megawatts of regulated electric generating capacity in the United States and delivers electricity to 10.5 million customers in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Great Britain. PPL is the parent to seven regulated utility companies in the U.S., and it also provides natural gas delivery service to 321,000 customers in Kentucky. PPL Electric Utilities (formerly known as PP&L and Pennsylvania Power and Light) is the PPL Corporation's primary subsidiary.


Early career.

Born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, Garvey graduated from St. Aloysius High School and worked for the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1909, he moved to the Arizona Territory to work as a railroad accountant for Randolph Railroad Co., a company later absorbed by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Later, he entered the automobile business, but it failed during the Great Depression.

Political career.

Garvey was hired by the Pima County treasurer's office in 1931. He became Pima County treasurer in 1935 and Tucson city treasurer in 1938. Garvey became known throughout Arizona during the next two decades as a dedicated public servant. He moved to Phoenix in 1940 when he was hired as assistant to Secretary of State Harry M. Moore. Upon Moore's death in 1942, Garvey was appointed to succeed him by Governor Sidney P. Osborn, himself the first Secretary of State during most of the 1910s. Garvey was elected to the office twice, in 1944 and 1946.  Garvey assumed the governorship, in accordance with Arizona law, when Osborn died on May 25, 1948. That fall, Garvey won a full term on the Democratic ticket by a fair margin, despite winning only about 28.04% of the vote in a heavily splintered Democratic primary. He presided over one of the largest growth periods in Arizona history between 1948–1951.  A large majority of Arizona newcomers were Republicans and Arizona became a bona fide two-party state for the first time. Garvey was defeated in the Democratic primary in 1950 by State Auditor Ana Frohmiller in another cluttered primary: Garvey won only 22.55% of the vote compared to her 29.24%.  At the end of his elected term as governor, Garvey was appointed Arizona administrator for the federal Reconstruction Finance Corporation. In 1955, Governor Ernest W. McFarland appointed him state examiner, a position mandated by the state constitution which was responsible for reviewing and certifying the annual financial reports of the state government's agencies and offices. The position was eliminated by a statewide referendum in 1968, and Garvey retired in 1969.

Dan Edward Garvey (June 19, 1886 – February 5, 1974) was the ninth secretary of state of Arizona and the eighth governor of Arizona from 1948 to 1951. He was the first of many people to ascend to the office of Governor from the Secretaryship.


Business Units.

Sumitomo Electric and its global subsidiaries and affiliates undertake product development, manufacturing and marketing, as well as service provision in the five business divisions: “Automotive,” “Infocommunications,” “Electronics,” “Environment and Energy,” and “Industrial Materials & Others.”

Automotive.

The automotive segment accounts for 50% of Sumitomo Electric's annual sales. With the aim of realizing an automotive society characterized by safety, comfort, and environmental responsibility, Sumitomo Electric supplies the global market with a broad range of products, including wiring harnesses for in-vehicle data and energy transmission, and anti-vibration rubber.  The automotive wiring harness business commenced in 1949 with supplies to the Occupation Forces for their jeeps. In 1961, for the first time, the company supplied wiring harnesses for four-wheel-drive vehicles. At present, Sumitomo Electric promotes the automotive wiring harness business in a tripartite system, in which Sumitomo Electric takes charge of sales and business planning, Sumitomo Wiring Systems handles design and manufacturing, and AutoNetworks Technologies conduct research and development. As a result, Sumitomo Electric's electrical wiring harness systems, which are used to send information and energy to automobiles, have garnered the second largest market share in the world.

Infocommunications.

This segment provides key products and devices that support optical communications, such as optical fibers, cables, connectors, fusion splicers, GE-PON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) devices, various network access equipment, as well as electronic devices and antenna products for wireless communications. The division also provides various products for supporting the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) society such as traffic control systems and other intelligent transportation system (ITS) devices.  Sumitomo Electric produced optical fiber well ahead of other manufacturers, taking note of the product's great capacity for voluminous, speedy, and assured data transmission, ideal for the advanced information age that was to come. In 1986, Sumitomo Electric developed Z-fiber, pure silica core fiber with the world's lowest transmission loss. This has supported the construction of optical communication networks, such as its wide use in many submarine cables. Sumitomo Electric's optical fibers ranks among the best in optical transmission networks and optical communication devices.

Electronics.

The Sumitomo Electric Group's electronics division supplies various products to manufacturers of smartphones, flat-screen televisions, and other highly advanced electronic goods. Products include base material, wiring, and components for compact and lightweight devices with high functionality, such as flexible printed circuits (FPCs), electronic wires, heat-shrinkable tubing, fine polymer products, and compound semiconductors. Capitalizing on compound semiconductor development and manufacturing-knowledge accumulated over many years, Sumitomo Electric succeeded in developing and mass-producing the world's first gallium nitride substances. Sumitomo Electric also continues to be the leading manufacturer of composite semiconductors (GaAs, GaN, InP), which are widely used in semiconductor lasers, LEDs, and mobile telecommunications devices.

Environment and Energy.

This division provides electric wire and cable products that underpin stable energy supply. They include copper wire rods from which various types of electric wires and cables are made, power cables that are indispensable for the supply of high-voltage electricity, and trolley wires for railways. This business segment also supplies magnet wires used in household appliances, automotive electric components, and industrial motors- including hybrid products of rubber, plastic, and ceramics resulting from our development of wire coating technologies- to many different branches of industry.

Industrial Materials.

Hard metal products, such as cutting tools, are essential for high-speed, high-performance, and high-precision mechanical processing. This division manufactures products used in many industries, including special metal wires for prestressed concrete used in civil engineering and construction projects; special steel wires such as steel cords used as tire-reinforcement materials in the automobile industry; and oil-tempered wires for valve springs. This division also makes sintered parts that are used as structural components in automobiles and home electric appliances, ranking among the top 3 in the world.  Starting in 2013, Sumitomo Electric will expand into two more divisions, “Life Sciences” and “Resources” by making full use of the Group's wide-ranging technological capabilities.

The company was founded in 1897 to produce copper wire for electrical uses. Sumitomo operates in five business fields: Automotive, Information & Communications, Electronics, Environment & Energy, and Industrial materials and is developing in two others: Life Sciences and Materials & Resources. It has more than 350 subsidiaries and over 270,000 employees in more than 30 countries.


Early years and education.

Lewis was born on February 1, 1801, in Spartanburg County, South Carolina. He lost his father at an early age, but his mother arranged for the child to receive a proper education. He attended Cedar Springs Academy, and then studied medicine under Richard Harris of Greenville.He subsequently established a medical practice in Spartanburg.

Politics and religious conversion.

At the age of 29, Lewis was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives, and served one term 1830-1831. It was shortly thereafter that Lewis became caught up in a wave of religious fervor that was said to be sweeping through South Carolina at that time. In 1832, Lewis became an ordained Baptist minister and preached near Greenville for a number of years. It was during this time (1835) that Lewis married Maria Earle. Over the course of their marriage, the couple had seven children. Around 1840, Lewis moved to Canton, Georgia, then nothing more than a wilderness community, to preach in an established church, while organizing several more. The First Baptist Church of Canton, Georgia records his tenure there as a period of "twelve years", although the dates given are 1841-1855.

Business ventures and association with Governor Brown.

Lewis began buying land, building iron furnaces, and improving roads leading to or crossing his property. Having established himself as a successful businessman, Lewis was elected as a Democrat to the Georgia State Senate in 1845 and served one term. Shortly after that, the prosperous Lewis family took in a boarder who was studying law. The boarder reciprocated by tutoring the Lewis children, before borrowing money from Lewis so that he could finish his education at Yale Law School. The law student was Joseph E. Brown who later became Governor of Georgia. In 1858, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to the position of Superintendent of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. The railroad was in financial straits, requiring the same strict economic controls Lewis had practiced in his private businesses. In the three years that Lewis ran the railroad, he was able to turn the business into a money making enterprise, paying $400,000 per year into the state treasury. But in 1861 Lewis decided to resign from the railroad. The timing could not have been worse, coming at a time when Governor Brown was seeking reelection. Fearing that Lewis' resignation would be interpreted negatively, the governor requested that Lewis keep the resignation a secret. But the resignation letter was leaked to the press, causing a rift between the two old friends. Brown wrote to Lewis saying "I did not deserve this at your hands, and I confess I felt it keenly...I do not attribute improper motives, but only say the coincidence was an unfortunate one for me". The two friends eventually smoothed over the incident, and Govern Brown was subsequently re-elected. On April 7, 1862, months after Lewis left the railroad, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to a vacant seat in the Confederate Senate from Georgia in the 1st Confederate States Congress, 1862-1863. Robert Toombs, former Confederate States Secretary of State, had created the vacancy when he declined his election at the Congress's opening session on February 18.

Death.

John Wood Lewis Sr. died on July 11, 1865, in Canton, Georgia, and was buried in Riverview Cemetery.

John Wood Lewis Sr. (February 1, 1801 – July 11, 1865) was an American politician and physician who represented Georgia in the Confederate States Senate from 1862 to 1863.


Season summary.

Singles.

Serena Williams started the season by unexpectedly winning her eighth singles Grand Slam title at the Australian Open. Many critics and commentators had already written her off, questioning her desire and fitness, especially after an early loss in her only warm-up tournament the week before. Williams won the title in emphatic fashion, thrashing Maria Sharapova in the final in a performance that BBC Sport called "arguably the most powerful display ever seen in women's tennis." In her earlier matches she was pushed by Nadia Petrova in round three and then by Shahar Pe'er in the quarterfinals. Defending champion Amélie Mauresmo suffered an early loss to Lucie Šafářová, allowing Nicole Vaidišová to reach her second Grand Slam semifinal. Despite losing in the final, Sharapova managed to return to the No. 1 ranking for the second time. After withdrawing from the Australian Open due to marital problems, Justine Henin returned for Paris in February. She later won titles in Dubai and Doha that month. Kim Clijsters bade a tearful farewell to her home crowd in Belgium, playing Antwerp for the final time due to her planned retirement in October. She lost the final to Amélie Mauresmo, who won the unique diamond racket for winning the event three times. Martina Hingis won the title in Tokyo for her fifth win at that tournament, more than any other player. Venus Williams returned from missing the Australian Open with a wrist injury by winning a smaller tournament in Memphis.  In March, Daniela Hantuchová overcame a five-year hiatus between tour titles to win Indian Wells, the same event where she won her first title at in 2002. Sharapova lost to Vera Zvonareva in the fourth round and thus surrendered her No. 1 position back to Henin. Elsewhere Serena Williams backed up her Australian Open triumph with a win in Miami, saving match points against Henin in the final.  Serbians Jelena Janković and Ana Ivanovic dominated the clay season leading up to the French Open, winning the three biggest warm-up tournaments. Janković took the titles at Charleston and Rome, while Ivanovic won in Berlin. Svetlana Kuznetsova was the runner-up in the latter two events. Also during the clay court season Kim Clijsters announced her retirement, months earlier than anticipated, following an early loss in Warsaw. The finish to the clay season saw Henin pick up her fourth French Open title, and sixth Slam overall. She defeated a nervous Ana Ivanovic, in her maiden Grand Slam final, in only an hour and five minutes.  Wimbledon saw an unexpected final between Venus Williams and Marion Bartoli, the two lowest seeds to ever play in the final. Bartoli beat Janković in the fourth round and Henin in the semifinals, a win that was seen as "one of the biggest upsets ever". Williams was on the brink of losing in two of her early round matches, before beating Sharapova, Kuznetsova and Ivanovic back-to-back. In the final, Williams triumphed for her fourth Wimbledon title and sixth Slam overall. Other upsets included Vaidišová's win over the defending champion Mauresmo, who continued to struggle for form throughout the season aside from a run to the final in Eastbourne.  On the summer hardcourts Anna Chakvetadze produced some strong results, winning back-to-back titles in Cincinnati and Stanford, and then reaching the semifinals in San Diego, being stopped by eventual champion Sharapova. Ivanovic won the event in Los Angeles. Henin won her only warm-up tournament in Toronto, beating Janković in the final. Henin then won her seventh Grand Slam trophy at the U.S. Open and second of the year. She beat both Serena and Venus Williams in the quarterfinal and semifinal respectively, becoming one of the few women to beat them back-to-back, and then Kuznetsova in the final. Venus Williams made it to the semifinals with wins over both Ivanovic and Janković. Chakvetadze backed up her successful results in the warm-ups by reaching her first Grand Slam semifinal, advancing from a quarter that saw defending champion Sharapova knocked out by Agnieszka Radwańska in the third round.  Lindsay Davenport made a return from her pregnancy in Bali, where she ended up winning the title. She followed that up by winning in Quebec. Henin won titles in Stuttgart and Zürich during the fall season, beating Tatiana Golovin in both finals. Elena Dementieva recorded her first ever win over Serena Williams to win her home event in Moscow. In November, Martina Hingis announced that she had tested positive for cocaine in a drugs test, and was hereby retiring from professional tennis.  The climax of the season was, as ever, the WTA Tour Championships. The eight qualifiers were Henin, Janković, Kuznetsova, Ivanovic, Serena Williams, Chakvetadze, Venus Williams and Hantuchová. Venus Williams later withdrew and Maria Sharapova replaced her. Also during round robin play Serena Williams withdrew, and Marion Bartoli was brought in as the alternate. The final saw Henin beat Sharapova to finish her career best year on a high note. She ended the season with a 63–4 win-loss record—the most impressive record in a single season since Steffi Graf in 1989, and won her last 25 matches of the year. She also became the first woman to earn over $5 million in a season.

Schedule.

The table below shows the 2007 WTA Tour schedule.

Statistics.

Titles information.

List of players and titles won, last name alphabetically:  The following players won their first title:  Titles won by nation:

The 2007 Sony Ericsson WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2007 tennis season. The calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA Tier I-IV Events, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF) and the year-end championships.


Biography.

Early years.

Marta Löffler was born and grew up in Munich. Her parents were Leopold Löffler, a successful textiles merchant, and his wife, born Johanna Reitlinger. The family adhered to Liberal Judaism: they did not flaunt their Jewish faith or insist on rigid adherence to Jewish dietary rules. Her upbringing was comfortable and the ambiance was culturally rich. She came into contact with the works of Ibsen and Nietsche at an early age. A keen gymnast, by the time she was fourteen Marta was the leader of a gymnastics group. She met Lion Feuchtwanger through his sister Franziska Feuchtwanger in 1909. When they discovered Marta was pregnant Lion Feuchtwanger proposed marriage. Although they both rejected marriage as a "bourgeois convention", they traveled to a Überlingen on the north shore of Lake Constance and went through a quiet marriage ceremony on 10 May 1912. One source describes their decision to marry as "spontaneous". Lion Feuchtwanger's family opposed the marriage. Once married, the Feuchtwangers undertook a two-year tour together that included Switzerland, southern France, Italy and Tunisia.

Extended honeymoon.

While still in Switzerland the couple undertook a strenuous hike which nearly ended in a miscarriage for Marta. Instead Elisabeth Marianne, their daughter, was born in Lausanne on 11 September 1912. The child was weak and the mother was diagnosed with childbed fever. The doctor recommended a warmer climate and the young family moved on to Pietra Ligure, along the coast from Genoa. It was here that the Feuchtwangers' only child died of Typhus, aged approximately ten weeks. The baby was buried in the local cemetery while her parents stayed on in the resort for another five months to grieve and to recover. Aspects of the experience would later find their way into several of Lion Feuchtwanger's novels. During the first part of 1913 they moved on to Monte Carlo and exhausted their savings in the casinos. They therefore hastened back to Italy and Lion Feuchtwanger started sending pieces of written work for publication to the Frankfurter Zeitung. That funded a trip that included Florence, Rome, Ischia, Capri, Naples and Syracuse. As they traveled they lived a hand to mouth existence, interacting with the poor. They contracted Typhus but survived. In July 1914 they took a boat to Tunisia, where they visited Arab bazaars and ancient Jewish streets in Tunis, before moving on to Carthage and Hammamet, where they were able to lodge with the French consul. They were not following the news from Europe, so were taken by surprise when their host announced that war had broken out between France and Germany: he would need to arrest them.

War years.

In the event they were able to board a train back to nearby Tunis, where Lion Feuchtwanger was placed in prison. By the time he was released twelve hours later Marta Feuchtwanger had managed to book them space on a steamer back to Palermo. Lion Feuchtwanger made the voyage hidden under a lot of coal sacks because, as a German military reservist, he was obliged to travel with a German military identity document. Two other Germans on the crossing with military obligations to the German army were indeed tracked down by a French patrol and taken away, but the Feuchtwangers successfully landed on Italian soil and, penniless, sought out the German consul who was able to provide the train tickets and stamps in their identity documents that were necessary to enable them to return to Germany. They reached Munich in the middle of September 1914. Three of Lion Feuchtwanger's brothers were already fighting on the frontline. Lion launched his career as an author by presenting a translation into German of The Persians by Aeschylus. Widely seen in the context of those times as a statement of opposition to war, the play was staged in Munich and ran for three months between October and December 1914. Feuchtwanger was conscripted into the army in October 1914. Five months later he suddenly started coughing up blood and was rushed to hospital. He was therefore not with his regiment on the train journey to the frontline which set off the next morning and which ended unexpectedly when the train was blown up and his fellow conscripts were killed. Shortly after this a military doctor declared him physically unfit to served in the army, but he nevertheless spent the rest of the war in a fluctuating state of poor health, depression and anxiety, concerned that he could at any moment be reconscripted. Meanwhile, he tried to pursued his literary career while Marta concentrated on the organising the necessities of their life together. She would always be the practical partner in a spectacularly unequal marriage: Lion Feuchtwanger was becoming a world-renowned novelist but he would never become a practical man. After the war, if they were out in a car together and experienced a puncture, it would be the fitness fanatic Marta who would change the wheel while Lion held the torch. Throughout their life together she would see herself as her husband's devoted servant. In Munich there was also scope for networking. During this time the still little known Bertolt Brecht approached Lion Feuchtwanger for help in establishing himself in the world of theatre: lifelong friendship ensued. It was Marta Feuchtwanger who recommended Brecht to change the name of the subsequently successful play on which he was working from "Spartakus" to the more politically innocuous "Trommeln in der Nacht" (""Drums in the Night"").

Berlin.

In 1925 Lion and Marta Feuchtwanger moved to Berlin which at this time was the vibrant cultural centre of the country. Life in Munich was becoming more threatening with the rise of the populist National Socialist movement. In 1922 there were reports of antisemitic graffiti being scrawled on the walls of the homes of Jewish writers. There were reports that if the 1923 Hitler Putsch in Munich had not been a fiasco, it would have been followed by arrest for Lion Feuchtwanger and Bertolt Brecht (who up to this point was also based in Munich). Nevertheless, it would probably be overstating the case to assert that the Fewuchtwanger's move to Berlin was a political decision driven primarily by antisemitism in Munich. The lure of Berlin as a cultural metropolis, which by 1925 had already drawn in Brecht and the writer Arnold Zweig, was powerful. Leon was by now enjoying significant commercial success with his books and in 1931 the couple had a house of their own built in the fashionable district of Berlin-Grunewald. In Autumn 1932, with the political situation in Germany ever more polarised and deadlocked, Marta Feuchtwanger accompanied her husband on a "reading trip" to London where an English-language translation of the first volume of Feuchtwanger's Josephus trilogy was being issued. It appears that Lion continued on to North America for an extended lecture tour while Marta returned to Berlin. At the end of the year she departed for her annual skiing holiday in St Anton. While she was away, on 30 January 1933, the Hitler government took power. The situation for Jews with a high public profile deteriorated very rapidly, and the Feuchtwangers were known to be fiercely critical of the National Socialists. Marta and Lion Feuchtwanger now stayed out of Germany. Their empty new home in Berlin-Grunewald was soon ransacked by Nazi paramilitaries.

Marseille.

When he returned from North America in March 1933 Lion Feuchtwanger rejoined his wife who was still in St Anton. From here they now travelled together directly to Marseille and took a taxi towards he coast in order to find somewhere to live. On 21 April 1933 they set up a base in the Réserve Palace Hotel on the corniche along the coast at Bandol. They confided to their friend Arnold Zweig that what they missed more than the money they had been forced to leave behind (and forfeit) in Germany was, for Lion, their lost house and his books, while Marta missed most intensely the garden. They had difficulty finding a more permanent home and remained in the hotel, living out of suitcases, for some months, but Marseille was by now home to a growing colony of German exiled intellectuals and they were at this stage determined not to move away from the city. Feuchtwanger's Berlin publisher sold on literary rights to a publisher in Basel, so he was still able to publish his novels. His work was also accepted for publication in the United States and in England, but Marta nevertheless noticed that funds were running low. The need to move on from their hotel based existence became financially pressing, especially after they were joined in the hotel by, Lion Feuchtwanger's longstanding secretary.  Fellow exiles included Thomas Mann who rented a villa in nearby Sanary-sur-Mer for the summer, and later recalled in his diary having met Marta at the Réserve Palace Hotel, describing her as an "Egypian-like woman" ("als eine "ägyptisch aussehende Frau""). His older brother, the novelist Heinrich Mann, also spoke of Marta's endlessly elegant and stylish deportment. During the summer of 1933, and then for the rest of the decade, the Feuchtwangers found themselves at the heart of a group of literary celebrities. In Sanary they came into contact with René Schickele and Aldous Huxley. After a time Marta found the Villa Lazare along the coast between Bandol and Sanary, which was available for rent. It had is own little private beach and a view across the bay from the Gorguette peninsular. In June 1933, after overcoming various bureaucratic challenges, the Feutchtwangers moved in. The house was not fully furnished and initially they slept on mattresses on the floor. There was no telephone. There was no separate kitchen, but at one end of the large main room was a fireplace that incorporated a cooking-grill. The Villa Lazare became a social centre for the German emigrant-writers' colony. Marta organised reading groups and extended tea parties that often included more than sixty guests. Lion Feuchtwanger was working night and day on the second novel in his ; he is rarely mentioned in connection with his wife's heroic socialising during this period. One of the first people Marta invited to stay after they moved into the Villa Lazare was their friend Bertolt Brecht. She sometimes teamed up with Brecht, Heinrich Mann and / or others to undertake exploratory excursions in the area. In addition to the many visitors, there was by now a permanent third resident at the Villa Lazarre. Lola Sernau had worked as Lion Feuchtwanger's secretary since 1925, and during the first part of 1933 she had managed to rescue several manuscripts from their former home in Berlin-Grunewald, before the Nazis ransacked the place. Because of the nature of the relationship between Lion and Lola, there were frequent tensions between the wife and the secretary.  During their time in Sanary the Feuchtwangers learned that back in Berlin their German citizenship had been taken away. In March 1934 the two of them moved to a more substantial house, the Villa Valmer in Sanary, which remained their home till 1939/40. As before their home was a meeting point for the exiled German community. Along with her focus on domestic hospitality and her regular skiing holidays, Marta also worked on the garden while Lion remained focused on his writing, also undertaking a number of lengthy foreign trips. After the outbreak of war in September 1939 Lion and Marta Feuchtanger, like many German refugees from the Nazis, were interned several times. Dangers intensified after the German invasion of May/June 1940 and the establishment of a pro-Nazi puppet state in southern France. Helped by Marta, and with active support from the US vice-consul in Marseille, Hiram Bingham (who at one stage sheltered him in his own villa in breach of US and French laws) and by the remarkable journalist Varian Fry, the Feuchtwangers were part of a little group that managed to escape to Portbou on the other side of the Spanish frontier, in September 1940. They made the final part of the French journey dressed and equipped as a band of recreational hikers. The price extracted by the Spanish border guards was paid in the time-honoured currency of Camel cigarettes.  After the outbreak of war Marta Feuchtwanger was detained for some time at the women's internment camp at Gurs. Conditions were poor: then, during the summer of 1940 she became increasingly alarmed by the appearance at the camp of German soldiers. The camp had been constructed a few years earlier to accommodate defeated antifascist fighters returning from the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, following the outbreak of war with Germany, it was reassigned, now used to hold "enemy aliens" - mostly Jewish and/or political refugees whose "enemy alien" status had been rapidly conferred when the war broke out - but at this stage the security at Camp Gurs was still low-level. Marta Feuchtwanger obtained a forged form authorizing her release on grounds of being over 70 (she was not quite 50), but when the time camp to escape, according to her own recollections, she crawled out under the fence. (Camp records state simply that she was permitted to leave.) She showed the release authorization form at the local railway station when she purchased a train ticket. She knew, from a letter received from their house maid who was still in Sanary, that her husband was being held in a camp near Nimes. Her next stop was at the American consulate back in Marseilles where supported by a combination of her own chutzpah and her husband's international fame she made her way to the front of a long frightened queue, winding around several streets, of people desperate to escape. She was able to inform the consular staff that Lion was being held at Camp des Milles, a detention facility near Nimes. A vice-consular official called Miles Standish drove to the camp and somehow extracted Lion Feuchtwanger, disguised as a woman. The escape seems to have involved the world-famous novelist swimming across a little river while wearing a dress. Stopped and challenged at a road block on the way back to Marseille, Standish was able to persuade the officials that the bedraggled figure on the back seat was his mother-in-law. Having arrived in Spain, the Feuchtwangers traveled across to Portugal by train. They travelled separately in order to try and avoid being spotted, although they were actually on the same train.

California.

The couple crossed the Atlantic on separate ships, and when Marta arrived in the late Autumn/Fall of 1940 at New York she was greeted both by her husband and by her husband's New York publisher, their friend Ben Huebsch. It was Huebsch who had arranged for friends to show the president's wife a photograph of the great writer, Lion Feuchtwanger, looking through a barbed wire fence from inside the Camp des Milles: that had led to an unofficial (but evidently effective) presidential instruction that the couple should be issued with emergency US visas. The Feuchtwangers then took the train from New York to Los Angeles where initially they stayed with the artist-caricaturist, already one of Lion's intimates.  Over the next couple of years the Feuchtwangers were obliged to move house five times. Then, at the start of 1943, they settled at Pacific Palisades, directly to the north of Los Angeles, and already a destination of choice for German race-refugee celebrities. The Villa Aurora (as it was subsequently named), built in 1927/28, was a substantial twenty room house with a massive garden that gave direct access to the beach. It had been empty for several years (following the bankruptcy of a builder believed to have been involved in an earlier attempt at restoration) and was in a terrible condition. Marta was nevertheless captivated by the view from the garden over the Bay of Santa Monica. Fuel rationing made the out-of-town location relatively unattractive and the price was correspondingly low. Lion appreciated the solitude and had just sold his novel "The Brothers Lautensack" for $9,000 to "Collier's" Magazine. They purchased the house outright, without needing a loan. A neighbor who hugely admired Lion's writings arranged for a handyman to join them and Marta meticulously masterminded a major rebuild while the house was filled, little by little, with furniture most of which was purchased second hand. The Feuchtwangers had lost one greatly treasured private library when they lost their home in Berlin-Grunewald, and just as Lion had been able to amass a replacement book collection at their home in Sanary they had been forced by political developments to move again, leaving virtually all the books behind. Once settled in Pacific Palisades, whenever they found themselves with money to spare, the priority was to rebuild the collection which, this time, would outlast them both. Meanwhile, the Californian coastal climate was not so different from that of the French Mediterranean coast and Marta again threw herself into making something of the garden. Once again the home became a focus for exiled artists. Regular guests at the reading groups, musical evenings, parties and intense political discussions included Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Franz and Alma Mahler-Werfel, Alfred Döblin, Ludwig Marcuse, Bruno Frank, Albert Einstein, Arnold Schönberg, Kurt Weill, Hanns Eisler, Fritz Lang und Charlie Chaplin. Marta Feuchtwanger welcomed them all with Russian salad, sherry, and her homemade Apple strudel.  Over the next few years the Feuchtwangers repeatedly applied for US citizenship. However, during 1936/37 Lion Feuchtwanger had visited the Soviet Union. That, and the fact that some of his literary friends had had known Communist connections, seems to have been the reason that in the McCarthy era United States decisions over their applications were always postponed by the authorities. According to at least one source, during Lion Feuchtwanger's lifetime the Feuchtwanger's home at Pacific Palisades was kept under FBI surveillance. It was only shortly after Lion Feuchtwanger's death at the end of 1958 that Marta was informed that her application for citizenship had been accepted. Her initial reaction under the circumstances was to reject the status, but she thought better of it: on 10 January 1959 Marta Feuchtwanger became a US citizen. There were practical advantages. During her first fourteen years in America she had not dared to travel abroad because of the constant awareness that, as a non-citizen, there could be no guarantee that the US border guards would let her back in.

Widowhood.

After Lion Feuchtwanger's death it fell to Marta Feuchtwanger, as his sole named heir, to decide how best to preserve his legacy. Hilde Waldo, her husband's secretary at the time of his death, worked with her on administering Lion's estate. Over the next year, with the help of the Germanistics scholar Harold von Hofe, she transferred the house, together with the 30,000 volumes by now contained in Lion Feuchtwanger's (third) personal library, to the University of Southern California. Marta received in return the right to occupy the house for the rest of her life. She was also employed as curator, receiving a small salary in recognition of her curatorial duties. But the university took over responsibility the costs of insurance and maintenance.  During nearly thirty years as a widow, Marta Feuchtwanger nurtured her husband's memory, becoming a significant figure in public life in the process. She provided guided tours round he house the Feuchtwangers had shared and became a regular guest at parties and official functions in the Los Angeles area. As a high-profile escapee from the Nazi nightmare, well connected to many literary and scholarly celebrities whose moves to Los Angeles had mirrored her own, she became an influential part of the Los Angeles cultural scene. In 1964 or 1966 she was honoured by the West German president with the National Order of Merit (""Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz"").  When, in January or April 1969, Marta Feuchtwanger visited West Germany for the first time it was at the invitation of Chancellor Brandt himself. She had first come across Willy Brandt when he was an exiled German leftwing activist in Paris during the 1930s. It was indeed the third time that Brandt had invited her, his first invitation having been sent when he was the Mayor of West Berlin. But she had turned down the first two invitations. She attended "official functions" and was, she later reported, received with great honour (""ehrenvoll"") both in West Germany and in East Germany (the two were separate states between 1949 and 1990). She was therefore in Berlin for the opening of the Feuchtwanger Archive at the.  In 1980 Marta Feuchtwanger received an honorary doctorate from the University of Southern California. In 1987 she died, aged 96, in Santa Monica. The physical remains of Marta and Lion Feuchtwanger are buried at Santa Monica's Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery.

Feuchtwanger Memorial Library and Villa Aurora.

The Feuchtwanger Memorial Library was inaugurated at the University of Southern California in 1995. Approximately a further 20,000 volumes from Lion Feuchtwanger's collection are held "on long-term loan" at the Feuchtwangers' former home, the Villa Aurora along the nearby coast. Alongside Lion Feuchtwanger's personal library and the literary legacies of Marta and Lion Feuchtwanger, other German emigrants from the period are also represented in the Memorial Library collection.  Following Marta Feuchtwanger's death, thanks to an initiative by the journalist-biographer the Feuchtwangers' former home, the Villa Aurora, has been redesignated as an "Artists' Residence" in which German artists from various disciplines are able to live and work for three month terms.

Marta Feuchtwanger ("née" Löffler; 21 January 1891 – 25 October 1987) was the irrepressible and somewhat eccentric third child of a prosperous Munich businessman who in 1912 married the author Lion Feuchtwanger. Although they married only after Marta became pregnant with Feuchtwanger's child, the marriage lasted forty-six years and she became both a devoted wife and a huge influence on his work. The Jewish couple were forced to emigrate during the Hitler period. After her husband died in 1958 Marta Feuchtwanger spent nearly three decades as a high-profile widow in Los Angeles.


Features.

Home to an ivy-clad ruinous 13th-century Kennedy tower house, public harbour and other facilities, it is a destination for some tourists, including those interested in boating on the lake. The name Dromineer in Irish is "Drom Inbhir", meaning the back or the ford of the river.  Amenities in Dromineer include a pub with restaurant, holiday accommodation, a café, a children's playground, public marina, private marina and boating clubs.  Dromineer is home to the Lough Derg Lifeboat, which is the RNLI's third inland lifeboat station and was the first inland station in the Republic of Ireland. During 2013 the Lough Derg Lifeboat launched 20 times and rescued 33 people.

Buildings of note.

In addition to the O'Kennedy towerhouse (ruined), structures listed as being protected by Tipperary County Council in the area include Dromineer Quay and Canal store. Both of these date from around 1845 (RPS Refs S568 and S569).  Two corrugated iron roofed houses summer houses from the 1920s overlook the lake (RPS Refs S571 and S572).

Dromineer Castle (tower house).

This castle/towerhouse began as a 13th-century hall house, and was later converted into a tower house in the 15th/16th century. It was built by followers of Thomas Butler Esq. in the 13th century. The hall house was originally only two storeys high, but two additional storeys were later added, and vaults added to the ground floor. A base batter is present, and can be attributed to the earlier structure. The conversion to a castle/towerhouse has resulted in a rectangular shape to the castle which is 11×15 metres. By 1299, the Cantwell family were tenants, with Thomas Cantwell paying taxes on the castle.  The building then fell into Gaelic hands, and the Ormond O’Kennedys were responsible for the remodelling of the building into a tower house. Many of the windows were modified during the conversion from hall to tower house.  In 1582 the Butler Earls of Ormond re-captured the castle/towerhouse, and the Cantwells returned as tenants until c. 1640.  In the Civil Survey of 1654–56 the castle was described as the "Mannor of Dromineer &c appertaineth a Courte Leete & Courte Barron with all the Rights privileges & immunities belonging to a mannor. Uppon the sd lands stands an old castle, six thatch houses, and fowerteene cottages." The proprietor of the castle in 1640 was John Cantwell, of Cantwells Court, in Kilkenny.  In 1650, the castle was seized by Cromwellian forces and garrisoned. It was returned the Earl of Ormond following the occupation by Cromwell. It was occupied until 1688. The castle/towerhouse fell into ruin in the late 17th century and was sold by the Earl of Ormond in the late 19th century.  A bawn wall also surrounds the castle in places. Many of the large quadrangular windows are 17th-century features.

Dromineer Church.

This church may have been built in 10th century. The tradition states that the monks from Holy Island built it.  It is located in the parish of Puckane & Carrig, which consists of a total of 71 townlands and is 18,310 statute acres or approximately 28.6 square miles in extent. The parish has a number of sites which have Early Christian religious associations, including Dromineer. Folklore recalls four places in the parish where Mass was secretly celebrated during the Penal Days.  The parish was traditionally known as ‘Monsea’, ‘Monsea & Kilodiernan’ or ‘Monsea & Cloughprior’. These names reflect its origins because the present parish is an amalgamation of five medieval parishes, Cloughprior, Dromineer, Kilodiernan, Knigh and Monsea. The ruined churches at Dromineer was built in the Romanesque style, while those at Cloughprior, Knigh and Monsea were built in the Gothic style of the fifteenth century. The graveyards surrounding those churches are still used for burials and Mass is celebrated in each annually.  Church construction employed exceptionally large blocks of stone. It was extended in 12th century in the Celtic romanesque style. The west doorway was still standing in the 1830s when John O'Donovan was here. Carvings include dogs' heads with bulging eyes. The church is located in the graveyard adjoining the public house.

Sport and recreation.

The local GAA club is Kildangan GAA. Fishing is also a popular activity in the area, both on the lake and the nearby Nenagh River.  Boating in Dromineer is served by both public and private marinas. The area is home to Nenagh Boat Club, Shannon Sailing Club and the Lough Derg Yacht Club which is the twenty third-oldest yacht club in the world, and seventh oldest in Ireland having been founded in 1835 and one of two remaining yacht clubs with a fleet of Shannon-One-Design sailing dinghies, The North Shannon Yacht Club having folded.  Dromineer is on one of the North Tipperary Cycle Routes. The 65 km route starts at Banba Square, Nenagh and is listed as a half day cycle.  The Lough Derg Way is a long-distance walking trail between Limerick City and Dromineer. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by Shannon Development, Tipperary County Council and Tipperary Integrated Development Company. The trail was reconfigured and relaunched in 2011 with many sections taken off road aided by an investment of €115,000 under the Comhairle na Tuaithe Walks Scheme, which supports landowners to maintain trails that cross their land. The trail connects with the East Clare Way at Killaoe. "Sli Eala" ("The Way of the Swan" in Irish) is a public walkway between Nenagh and Dromineer. For much of its length it follows the Nenagh River where mute swans can be seen. The route passes Annaghbeg bridge and Ballyartella Mills on its way upstream, a spur off the main route leads to Ballycommon.

Dromineer () is a small village and townland in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is situated on the shores of Lough Derg on the River Shannon. The village is located 10 km north of Nenagh on the R495 road. It is a civil parish in the historical barony of Ormond Lower. Historic documents describe the places as "Dromynnyre".


Biography.

Bigelow was born in Sudbury, Massachusetts on February 27, 1787 (other sources claim 1786). Bigelow graduated from Harvard College in 1806 and then studied under John Gorham. He then graduated from the University of Pennsylvania medical school in 1810. He also studied under botanist Benjamin Barton. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1812.  Bigelow taught medicine and botany at Harvard and published numerous books, including one of America's first botanical books, "American Medical Botany". His interest in mechanics led to his appointment as Rumford Professor, a position endowed at Harvard for the purpose of teaching the application of science to the useful arts, which he held from 1816 to 1827. His interest in mechanics and non-biological sciences was also illustrated by the publication of his "Elements of Technology" in 1829.  Bigelow came up with the idea for Mount Auburn Cemetery as early as 1825, though a site was not acquired until five years later. Bigelow was concerned about the unhealthiness of burials under churches as well as the possibility of running out of space. With help from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Mount Auburn Cemetery was founded on of land authorized by the Massachusetts Legislature for use as a garden or rural cemetery. It was dedicated in 1831 by Joseph Story, first president of the Mount Auburn Association.  Bigelow died on January 10, 1879 and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Critique of Benjamin Rush and Heroic Medicine.

Bigelow came to prominence also by challenging the effectiveness of the therapeutics of the day. His "Discourse on Self-Limited Diseases" in which he attacked physicians' blind allegiance to drugs and medical intervention that were embodied in [heroic medicine] practice. To establish support, Bigelow wrote on how the outcomes among treated and untreated patients were similar, regarding the use of heroic therapies. Interventions had little effect. Bigelow's deprecations helped form a new conceptual nucleus around which medical orthodoxy could begin to redefine itself. (Paul Starr: "Transformations in American Medicine")

Jacob Bigelow (February 27, 1787January 10, 1879) was an American physician, botanist and botanical illustrator. He was architect of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the father of physician Henry Jacob Bigelow.


Membership and governance.

Membership.

IPC members represent postal operators from Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific region. IPC Shareholding Members are allocated a minimum number of shares based on their total addressed mail volumes (i.e. total letter mail handled and delivered inside and outside the organisation’s home country, excluding unaddressed mail and newspapers but including magazines). All IPC members should have a universal service obligation for the provision of mail services although the Board is authorised to admit members without such an obligation. IPC’s current members are:

Governance.

IPC is a cooperative company governed by a Board, composed of the chief executive officers from eleven IPC members plus IPC's president and chief executive. The board is chaired by Dag Medjell. IPC’s current CEO is Holger Winklbauer.

Mission and activities.

International Post Corporation was founded in 1989 and is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. IPC was founded with a double role: provide a platform to exchange intelligence between its member posts, and develop and support systems to improve international mail services through quality of service and interoperability.  IPC’s main activities include:

Mail quality.

IPC’s core activity is to develop and provide technological solutions to support member postal operators in achieving quality of service performance requirements. These services focus on upgrading and maintaining member posts’ end-to-end performance for cross-border mail through monitoring and streamlining international mail processes.  IPC deploys a number of technology infrastructures and systems such as radio frequency identification (RFID), item monitoring and a harmonised customer service system (CSS), which provide transparency in international mail movements, provision of full operational information and data for calculating intercompany payments, detailed enquiry processing and quality of service performance results.  IPC also focuses on key areas for the postal sector like, e-commerce, intercompany pricing and sustainability. In 2009, the company launched its sector-wide sustainability programme, which aimed at reducing the carbon emissions of its participants by 20% by 2020 - a target which was attained in 2018. The company is also a signatory to the UN Global Compact.

Market research.

IPC’s marketing function focuses on creating intelligence on market developments and sharing best practice between posts. Through the close relation with the postal industry, IPC carries out research and gathers intelligence within the postal industry. Some the areas analysed are direct marketing, e-commerce, digital business and environmental sustainability.

Collaboration.

IPC is a cooperative member organisation and as such one of its goals is to provide a framework for networking and knowledge sharing by establishing platforms. These platforms bring together senior postal executives across a range of functions and facilitate further postal operator cooperation by leading groups dedicated to developing solutions to specific cross-border market requirements.

International Post Corporation (IPC) is a cooperative association of 25 national postal services from major countries in Europe, Asia Pacific and North America. IPC's main activities are providing assistance to its postal members, whose businesses activities include mail, parcels, express, logistics, retail and banking services.


Description.

A hairless, slim climber with bulbous roots and lignescented base, its leaves are stalked with 2 to 6 cm long petioles. The leaf blade is ovate to circular in outline, 3 to 10 cm long and 6 to 9 cm wide. It is divided into five to seven segments, these are lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, entire and pointed at the tip and base. Often pseudo side-leaves are formed.  The lavender-coloured inflorescences are one to a little bloody cymes. The flower stalks are 12 to 20 mm long, the sepals are 6 to 8 mm long, ovate and sting-pointed. The crown is funnel-shaped, 4 to 6 cm long and violet colored. The stamens and the stylus do not protrude beyond the crown. The ovary is hairless. The fruits are spherical capsules approximately 1 cm in diameter containing one or two hairy seeds. Each fruit matures at about 1 cm across and contains hairy seeds.

Range.

Its native range is uncertain, though it is believed to originate from a rather wide area, ranging from Cape Verde to the Arabian Peninsula, including northern Africa, the Mediterranean and the tropics. It covers walls, fences or trees, with stems that can measure more than 10 m in length. The altitude at which it has been recorded ranges from 250 to 2250 m. It blooms throughout the year, especially when it is well cared for.

Invasive species.

Because of human dispersal, it occurs today on most continents as an introduced species and is sometimes a noxious weed and an invasive species, such as along the coast of New South Wales. As well as in the United States, where it occurs in Hawaii, California, all the gulf coast states, as well as Arkansas and Missouri.

Cultivation.

Some plant nurseries sell this plant as an ornamental plant thanks to its showy purple flowers and as well for its fast growth to quickly cover unsightly fences or walls. It can grow as a separate plant if snapped during attempted removal process. The plant causes respiratory symptoms if ingested.

Ipomoea cairica is a vining, herbaceous, perennial plant with palmate leaves and large, showy white to lavender flowers. A species of morning glory, it has many common names, including mile-a-minute vine, Messina creeper, Cairo morning glory, coast morning glory and railroad creeper.


Gameplay.

Aside from being a basic drawing utility, "Mario Paint" allows the creation of custom stamps pixel-by-pixel. Several publications, such as "Nintendo Power", released guides on how to create iconic Nintendo related stamps for use within "Mario Paint". In addition to just creating static pictures, simple looping animations can then be set to music created in the music generator. These custom animations can only be viewed on a television screen, and can only be recorded to a video cassette recorder.  In addition, the standard features include 60 different textures and patterns, 75 different stamps, 15 customizable stamps, and 9 different special eraser transition effects between scenes.  "Mario Paint" contains a fly-swatting mini-game, "Gnat Attack", which is a fast-paced action game that takes full advantage of the mouse peripheral. The player controls a gloved hand similar to the one seen on the title screen, holding a flyswatter. It must swat flying insects on the screen, before the insect stings the player's hand in one way or another. There are three levels, each with 100 insects and a boss. When the final boss is defeated, the game returns to level one and adds a small icon in the top left corner of the screen. There is no final level or reward, as the game will loop endlessly.  The title screen for "Mario Paint" is an Easter egg mini-game. Each letter in the title can be clicked to trigger a certain action. Certain letters cause the music to change, have Yoshi run across the screen, make Mario shrink and grow, allow the player to temporarily paint the background, and other features.

Successors.

A downloadable version was released in Japan via the Satellaview broadcast service in 1997. Titled, this version was modified to use a standard controller without the need of a mouse device.  A sequel to "Mario Paint" was titled "Mario Paint 64" in development, and then released in 1999 as the Japan-exclusive "" launch title for the 64DD. Nintendo had commissioned the joint developer Software Creations, who described the game's original 1995 design idea as "a sequel to "Mario Paint" in 3D for the N64". "Paint Studio" has been described by IGN and Nintendo World Report respectively, as being "Mario Paint" "direct follow-up" and "spiritual successor". Likewise bundled with its system's mouse, "Paint Studio" includes minigames such as a fly swatting game reminiscent of that in "Mario Paint".

Reception.

Calling "Mario Paint" "perhaps the most ingenious and inspired idea Nintendo ever came up with for a product", AllGame rated it 5 out of 5 stars. In 2006, it was rated the 162nd best game made on a Nintendo system in "Nintendo Power"'s Top 200 Games list. In 2014, IGN ranked it as the 105th best Nintendo game in its list of "The Top 125 Nintendo Games of All Time". IGN editor Peer Schneider cited the game's "smart and playful interface" as a "game changer" and commented that "It effectively erased the barriers between creating and playing, making it one of the most memorable and unique games to ever be released on a console."  "US Gamer" calls "Mario Paint" "an era-appropriate solution to graphics programs on expensive PCs" which is "at least somewhat responsible for our modern era of 2D indie throwback games". It says, "Every single element... is engineered to make the act of creation fun in and of itself, even if you're just aimlessly doodling."

Legacy.

In video games.

Prominent video game developers have cited "Mario Paint" as an inspiration. Masahito Hatakeyama, one of the designers of 2009's "WarioWare D.I.Y." for Nintendo DS, cites "Mario Paint"s drawing and music creation tools as inspiration for the drawing and music creation tools in "D.I.Y.", while several staff members of the development team cited it as the game that taught them the joy of developing video games. "WarioWare D.I.Y." allows players to record notes via the DS microphone, and apply noises and animals sounds to them, similar to "Mario Paint"'s music creation. "WarioWare D.I.Y." uses a paint program based upon the idea of "Mario Paint" when the player makes a comic or graphics for their custom microgame. When "Mario Paint" is entered as the name for a microgame or comic, the "Mario Paint" theme will play. Some of "Mario Paint"s sound effects and musical instruments appear in this game.  Another counterpart appears in 2004's "" as "Wario Paint", allowing the player to use the Nintendo DS stylus to color various characters in the game. "Totaka's Song" can be played with the toy Turntable in the Toy Room. The fly-swatting game makes an additional appearance in the preceding game, "". The Wii Photo Channel features editing functionality similar to "Mario Paint", and includes several of the special erasers.  Takashi Tezuka, producer of "Super Mario Maker" for Wii U, stated that he "was inspired to bring the fun of "Mario Paint" into this course editor to make something fun and creative for people to enjoy". It includes the interactive title screen Easter eggs and the fly swatting minigame. "US Gamer" called "Mario Paint" an essential part of "the road to "Super Mario Maker"".  A member of the sound staff of "Mario Paint", Hirokazu Tanaka, later worked on "EarthBound", where some of "Mario Paint"s sound effects and instrument patches appear.  A remixed "Mario Paint" song medley can be played in the Miiverse stage in "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U".

In movies.

The first episode of "Homestar Runner" in 1996 was animated using "Mario Paint". A primitive introduction video made with "Mario Paint" can be found in the museum of the site. A later short in the series, "Strong Bad is a Bad Guy", was made using "Mario Paint".

Mario Paint is a video game released in 1992 by Nintendo for use with the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It is packaged with the Super NES Mouse peripheral. The game was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 and Intelligent Systems.