Early life.

Radin worked as a concert violinist for five years, later switching to engineering after earning an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, as well as both a master's degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in educational psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. After his graduation, Radin worked at Bell Labs, and then conducted research at Princeton University, GTE Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, SRI International, Interval Research Corporation, and was a faculty member at University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

Parapsychology.

Radin was elected President of the Parapsychological Association in 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2005 and has published a number of articles and parapsychological papers supporting the existence of paranormal phenomena, as well as two books directed to a popular audience: "The Conscious Universe" and "Entangled Minds". Radin believes that parapsychology is as repeatable as any science but that it is also, as paraphrased by sociologist Erich Goode, "elusive, subtle and complex", a field of study that is "difficult to replicate" and for which "our understanding of it is incomplete".  Radin's paranormal claims have been roundly rejected by those in the skeptical and mainstream scientific communities, some of whom have suggested that he has embraced pseudoscience and that he misunderstands the nature of science. The physicist Robert L. Park wrote "No proof of psychic phenomena is ever found. In spite of all the tests devised by parapsychologists like Jahn and Radin, and huge amounts of data collected over a period of many years, the results are no more convincing today than when they began their experiments."  Chris French criticized Radin for his selective historical overview of parapsychology and ignoring evidence of fraud. French recounts that the medium Florence Cook was caught in acts of trickery and two of the Fox sisters confessed to fraud, but that Radin did not mention this fact. Radin has claimed the results from psi research are as consistent by the same standards as any other scientific discipline but Ray Hyman wrote that many parapsychologists disagree with that opinion and openly admit the evidence for psi is "inconsistent, irreproducible, and fails to meet acceptable scientific standards".  Radin and his colleagues have suggested that small-scale studies have produced a "genuine psychokinetic effect" but critics have asserted that Radin has not shown evidence that the null hypothesis of no such effect can be confidently rejected. Further, psychologists David B. Wilson and William R. Shadish writing in "Psychological Bulletin" criticized claims made by Radin and his associates that human minds can psychically influence random number generators, saying that parapsychologists "need to go beyond statistics and explain how the mind might influence a computer, then test that prediction". Radin has appealed to quantum mechanics as a mechanism, claiming that it can explain the non-locality and backward causality associated with psi phenomena, though such ideas are harshly criticized by physicists who study quantum mechanics as being pseudoscientific. Radin has written that not all people experience paranormal phenomena (or see ghosts) because they block such signals due to the process of latent inhibition.

Books.

While Radin's books have been reviewed favorably by groups that give general reviews such as "Publishers Weekly" and "Kirkus Reviews", reviews from scientists and skeptics have been generally negative.

"The Conscious Universe".

A critical review of "The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena" (1997) was published by the British mathematician I. J. Good in "Nature". Good wrote about flaws in Radin's method for evaluating the file-drawer effect. He stated that the book avoided mentioning the evidence of fraud in parapsychology. Radin replied to Good in a follow-up letter in the correspondence pages of "Nature", saying that Good in his review had misinterpreted a reference to a probability value. Good replied, saying that most readers would not arrive at the same interpretation of what Radin had written noting that readers would be surprised to learn that by "more than a billion trillion", Radin meant more than 10". Further, Good noted that the file drawer effect does not account for intentional fraud, as was very probably the case with prominent ESP proponents such as Samuel Soal, nor is there any real means of estimating such "intellectual, observational or ethical lapses" within ESP. In 2002, Victor J. Stenger gave a criticism of "The Conscious Universe" that aligned with Good's arguments that Radin did not perform the file-drawer analysis correctly, made fundamental errors in his calculations, and ignored non-paranormal explanations for the data.  The book was reviewed by the philosopher and skeptic Robert Todd Carroll in a thirteen-page chapter-by-chapter critique which noted how Radin had not cited the skeptical literature on the subject of parapsychology. Carroll stated that Radin had ignored "the many hoaxes and frauds that dot the landscape in the history of psi research."

"Supernormal".

Radin's book "Supernormal: Science, Yoga, and the Evidence for Extraordinary Psychic Abilities" (2013), published by the New-age inspired author and medical doctor, Deepak Chopra, argues support for psychic phenomena, linking them to the siddhis from yoga-related legends. Publishers Weekly has reviewed it, saying of the book, that it is "unfocused and opaque at times" but "nevertheless an admirable attempt to bridge the gap between the scientific and the spiritual realm". The anonymous review by "Kirkus Reviews" gave it a positive review saying "certainly not for everyone, but a smart reminder that we haven’t got the whole scene covered".  Dale DeBakcsy, writing for the "Skeptical Inquirer", reviewed "Supernormal" and commented that the work is "misrepresenting report data, lowering success criteria, and playing a somewhat loose game with how rigorously confidence information is presented". The first claim in relation to evidence is that Psi effects are present above chance to a probability of 10 to 1, from a meta-analysis of Forced choice recognition in the parapsychological literature. The study reported that the results varied wildly with an extremely unusual standard deviation, such that they dropped 10% of the most extreme variations which reduced the effect size. Inexplicably, to DeBakcsy, Radin kept the more suspect figure. Further in the book, Radin picks a test made at Princeton which claimed that: "A rather strange yet persistent image of [the agent] inside a large bowl—a hemispheric indentation in the ground of some smooth man-made materials like concrete or cement. No color. Possibly covered with a glass dome. Unusual sense of inside/outside simultaneity. That’s all. It’s a large bowl. If it was full of soup [the agent] would be the size of a large dumpling!" matched the location of "the radio telescope at Kitt Peak". This is despite there being several radio telescopes at Kitt Peak, such as the Very Long Baseline Array, but that telescope does not match the description as given. DeBakcsy contends that the ARO 12m Radio Telescope perhaps fits the best, but it was also different in several aspects to the described object. DeBakcsy further commented that, considering this is the best example out of 653 possible other tests made at Princeton, it is quite poor. Noting the spread of meta-analyses of the same studies (where the individual studies are weighted differently), have wildly varying odds returned (from trillions to one, to indistinguishable from chance), DeBakcsy argues that this undermines the reliance on meta-analysis in the work since they lack standardization.

Dean Radin (; born February 29, 1952) is a parapsychologist. He has been Senior Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), in Petaluma, California, USA. Radin served on dissertation committees at Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, and former President of the Parapsychological Association. He is also co-editor-in-chief of the journal "".


Fermat's method.

Fermat used "adequality" first to find maxima of functions, and then adapted it to find tangent lines to curves.  To find the maximum of a term formula_1, Fermat equated (or more precisely adequated) formula_1 and formula_3 and after doing algebra he could cancel out a factor of formula_4 and then discard any remaining terms involving formula_5 To illustrate the method by Fermat's own example, consider the problem of finding the maximum of formula_6 (In Fermat's words, it is to divide a line of length formula_7 at a point formula_8, such that the product of the two resulting parts be a maximum.) Fermat "adequated" formula_9 with formula_10. That is (using the notation formula_11 to denote adequality, introduced by Paul Tannery): Canceling terms and dividing by formula_13 Fermat arrived at Removing the terms that contained formula_13 Fermat arrived at the desired result that the maximum occurred when formula_16.  Fermat also used his principle to give a mathematical derivation of Snell's laws of refraction directly from the principle that light takes the quickest path.

Descartes' criticism.

Fermat's method was highly criticized by his contemporaries, particularly Descartes. Victor Katz suggests this is because Descartes had independently discovered the same new mathematics, known as his method of normals, and Descartes was quite proud of his discovery. Katz also notes that while Fermat's methods were closer to the future developments in calculus, Descartes' methods had a more immediate impact on the development.

Scholarly controversy.

Both Newton and Leibniz referred to Fermat's work as an antecedent of infinitesimal calculus. Nevertheless, there is disagreement amongst modern scholars about the exact meaning of Fermat's adequality. Fermat's "adequality" was analyzed in a number of scholarly studies. In 1896, Paul Tannery published a French translation of Fermat’s Latin treatises on maxima and minima (Fermat, Œuvres, Vol. III, pp. 121–156). Tannery translated Fermat's term as “adégaler” and adopted Fermat’s “adéquation”. Tannery also introduced the symbol formula_11 for adequality in mathematical formulas.  Heinrich Wieleitner (1929) wrote:Fermat replaces "A" with "A"+"E". Then he sets the new expression roughly equal (angenähert gleich) to the old one, cancels equal terms on both sides, and divides by the highest possible power of "E". He then cancels all terms which contain "E" and sets those that remain equal to each other. From that [the required] "A" results. That "E" should be as small as possible is nowhere said and is at best expressed by the word "adaequalitas". (Wieleitner uses the symbol formula_18.)
  Max Miller (1934) wrote:Thereupon one should put the both terms, which express the maximum and the minimum, approximately equal (näherungsweise gleich), as Diophantus says.(Miller uses the symbol formula_19.)
  Jean Itard (1948) wrote:One knows that the expression "adégaler" is adopted by Fermat from Diophantus, translated by Xylander and by Bachet. It is about an approximate equality (égalité approximative) ". (Itard uses the symbol formula_20.)
  Joseph Ehrenfried Hofmann (1963) wrote:Fermat chooses a quantity "h", thought as sufficiently small, and puts "f"("x" + "h") roughly equal (ungefähr gleich) to "f"("x"). His technical term is "adaequare".(Hofmann uses the symbol formula_19.)
  Peer Strømholm (1968) wrote:The basis of Fermat's approach was the comparition of two expressions which, though they had the same form, were not exactly equal. This part of the process he called ""comparare par adaequalitatem"" or ""comparer per adaequalitatem"", and it implied that the otherwise strict identity between the two sides of the "equation" was destroyed by the modification of the variable by a "small" amount:  formula_22.  This, I believe, was the real significance of his use of Diophantos' πἀρισον, stressing the "smallness" of the variation. The ordinary translation of 'adaequalitas' seems to be "approximate equality", but I much prefer "pseudo-equality" to present Fermat's thought at this point.He further notes that "there was never in M1 (Method 1) any question of the variation "E" being put equal to zero. The words Fermat used to express the process of suppressing terms containing "E" was 'elido', 'deleo', and 'expungo', and in French 'i'efface' and 'i'ôte'. We can hardly believe that a sane man wishing to express his meaning and searching for words, would constantly hit upon such tortuous ways of imparting the simple fact that the terms vanished because "E" was zero.(p. 51)
  Claus Jensen (1969) wrote:Moreover, in applying the notion of "adégalité" – which constitutes the basis of Fermat's general method of constructing tangents, and by which is meant a comparition of two magnitudes as if they were equal, although they are in fact not ("tamquam essent aequalia, licet revera aequalia non sint") – I will employ the nowadays more usual symbol formula_19. The Latin quotation comes from Tannery's 1891 edition of Fermat, volume 1, page 140.
  Michael Sean Mahoney (1971) wrote:Fermat's Method of maxima and minima, which is clearly applicable to any polynomial 'P(x)", originally rested on purely "finitistic" algebraic foundations. It assumed, counterfactually, the inequality of two equal roots in order to determine, by Viete's theory of equations, a relation between those roots and one of the coefficients of the polynomial, a relation that was fully general. This relation then led to an extreme-value solution when Fermat removed his counterfactual assumption and set the roots equal. Borrowing a term from Diophantus, Fermat called this counterfactual equality 'adequality'.(Mahoney uses the symbol formula_24.) On p. 164, end of footnote 46, Mahoney notes that one of the meanings of adequality is "approximate equality" or "equality in the limiting case".
  Charles Henry Edwards, Jr. (1979) wrote:For example, in order to determine how to subdivide a segment of length formula_25 into two segments formula_26 and formula_27 whose product formula_28 is maximal, that is to find the rectangle with perimeter formula_29 that has the maximal area, he [Fermat] proceeds as follows. First he substituted formula_30 (he used "A", "E" instead of "x", "e") for the unknown "x", and then wrote down the following "pseudo-equality" to compare the resulting expression with the original one:  After canceling terms, he divided through by "e" to obtain formula_32 Finally he discarded the remaining term containing "e", transforming the pseudo-equality into the true equality formula_33 that gives the value of "x" which makes formula_34 maximal. Unfortunately, Fermat never explained the logical basis for this method with sufficient clarity or completeness to prevent disagreements between historical scholars as to precisely what he meant or intended."  Kirsti Andersen (1980) wrote:The two expressions of the maximum or minimum are made ""adequal"", which means something like as nearly equal as possible.(Andersen uses the symbol formula_24.)
  Herbert Breger (1994) wrote:I want to put forward my hypothesis: "Fermat used the word "adaequare" in the sense of" "to put equal"... In a mathematical context, the only difference between "aequare" and "adaequare" seems to be that the latter gives more stress on the fact that the equality is achieved.(Page 197f.)
  John Stillwell (Stillwell 2006 p. 91) wrote:Fermat introduced the idea of adequality in 1630s but he was ahead of his time. His successors were unwilling to give up the convenience of ordinary equations, preferring to use equality loosely rather than to use adequality accurately. The idea of adequality was revived only in the twentieth century, in the so-called non-standard analysis.
  Enrico Giusti (2009) cites Fermat's letter to Marin Mersenne where Fermat wrote:Cette comparaison par adégalité produit deux termes inégaux qui enfin produisent l'égalité (selon ma méthode) qui nous donne la solution de la question" ("This comparison by adequality produces two unequal terms which finally produce the equality (following my method) which gives us the solution of the problem").. Giusti notes in a footnote that this letter seems to have escaped Breger's notice.
  Klaus Barner (2011) asserts that Fermat uses two different Latin words (aequabitur and adaequabitur) to replace the nowadays usual equals sign, "aequabitur" when the equation concerns a valid identity between two constants, a universally valid (proved) formula, or a conditional equation, "adaequabitur", however, when the equation describes a relation between two variables, which are "not independent" (and the equation is no valid formula). On page 36, Barner writes: "Why did Fermat continually repeat his inconsistent procedure for all his examples for the method of tangents? Why did he never mention the secant, with which he in fact operated? I do not know."  Katz, Schaps, Shnider (2013) argue that Fermat's application of the technique to transcendental curves such as the cycloid shows that Fermat's technique of adequality goes beyond a purely algebraic algorithm, and that, contrary to Breger's interpretation, the technical terms "parisotes" as used by Diophantus and "adaequalitas" as used by Fermat both mean "approximate equality". They develop a formalisation of Fermat's technique of adequality in modern mathematics as the standard part function which rounds off a finite hyperreal number to its nearest real number.

Adequality is a technique developed by Pierre de Fermat in his treatise "Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam" (a Latin treatise circulated in France c. 1636) to calculate maxima and minima of functions, tangents to curves, area, center of mass, least action, and other problems in calculus. According to André Weil, Fermat "introduces the technical term adaequalitas, adaequare, etc., which he says he has borrowed from Diophantus. As Diophantus V.11 shows, it means an approximate equality, and this is indeed how Fermat explains the word in one of his later writings." (Weil 1973). Diophantus coined the word παρισότης ("parisotēs") to refer to an approximate equality. Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac translated Diophantus's Greek word into Latin as "adaequalitas". Paul Tannery's French translation of Fermat’s Latin treatises on maxima and minima used the words "adéquation" and "adégaler".


Data collection.

The census data were collected as of midnight October 9, 2002.

Resident population.

The census was primarily intended to collect statistical information about the resident population of Russian Federation. The resident population included:  All detailed census tables are for the resident population.  All (resident) participants were asked question on their gender, birth date, marital status, household composition, birthplace, citizenship, ethnic or tribal self-identification (национальность), education level, language competence, sources of income, and employment status. A sample of the participants were also asked more detailed questions about their economic and housing situation.

Non-residents.

Also, the census also counted two more groups of people: Foreign citizens present in Russia as employees of foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations, and members of their household, were excluded from the census altogether.

Census results.

The Census recorded the resident population of 145,166,731 persons, including 67,605,133 men and 77,561,598 women. That included urban population of 106,429,000 (73%) and rural population of 38,738,000 (27%).  The non-resident populations included:

Citizenship.

Census participants were asked what country (or countries) they were citizens of. 142,442,000 respondents reported being Russian citizens; among them, 44,000 also had citizenship of another country.  Among Russia's resident population, 1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted. 1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship.

Language abilities.

Among the questions asked were "Are you competent in the Russian language?" (Владеете ли Вы русским языком?) and "What other languages are you competent in?" (Какими иными языками Вы владеете?). As the census manual explained, "competence" (владение) meant either the ability to speak, read and write a language, or only the ability to speak it. The questions did not distinguish native and non-native speakers, nor did they try to measure the degree of language competence. For small children, presumably, the recorded answer was based on the language(s) spoken by the parents.  142.6 million (98.3%) of the responders claimed competence in Russian. Other widely reported languages (more than 500,000 speakers each) are listed in the table below. 1.42 million responders did not provide language information.  For a more detailed list, see List of languages of Russia.

The Russian Census of 2002 () was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat).


History.

Formation and consolidation.

The Left originated from a parliamentary group inside the Sardinian Parliament as the opposition to the right-wing government of the Marquess of Azeglio. It was not a structured party, but simply an opposition divided in two tendencies:  The cooperation between Rattazzi and Cavour grew strong and the two plotted to oust D'Azeglio from office. After the 1851 self-coup of President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in France, the fake rumors about a same decision by the government caused the fall of D'Azeglio in 1852, orchestrated by Cavour and Rattazzi with the final goal of took the power, with Cavour becoming Prime Minister while Rattazzi became President of the Chamber of Deputies. This unusual coalition between Left and Right was sharply nicknamed "Connubio Rattazzi–Cavour" (literally "marriage") by conservative opposition.  The Sardinian intervention in the Crimean War, which Rattazzi opposed, caused the decline of the Left–Right coalition in 1855. After pressions by now-Emperor Napoleon III over Cavour in 1858, Rattazzi was forced to reisgn as Minister of the Interior because he was reputed to be too nationalist and intransigent about Italian unification, which Cavour intended only as a Sardinian–Piedmontese expansion. Despite the exclusion from the government, the Left and Rattazzi, thanks to his friendship with Rosa Vercellana, mistress of the King, rapidly gained Victor Emmanuel II's favour.  During the 1860s after the Italian unification, the Left was in opposition, but the turmoils of that age were also reflected inside the group, which was now divided into three main factions:

Depretis and Cairoli.

After the death of Rattazzi in 1873, Depretis took over the leadership of the Left. In 1862, Depretis was briefly Minister of Public Works in a government led by Rattazzi with both Left and Right ministers. He justified the agreement with the Right by stating the following: We cannot allow that majorities must remain unchangeable [...]. Ideas grow up with actions, and like science advance and the world moves, so parties are transforming. They also undergo the law of motion, the occurrence of transformations.  This statement was the basis of the phenomenon of "trasformismo" (literally transformism), which constist in a constant changing of political faction motivated by opportunity rather than ideals. In 1876, the Right Prime Minister Marco Minghetti lost parliamentary confidence thanks to an agreement between Depretis and liberist factions of the Right, opposed to the railways nationalization project. King Victor Emmanuel II verified the impossibility for the Right to gain confidence and nominated Depretis as Prime Minister, who formed a Left-only government. In November 1876, the legislative election confirmed the stability of the Left that gained the 56% of votes. The Depretis ministry realized a tax reform and tried to align Italy with Germany against the currently conservative France and Austria-Hungary, but after strong criticism for his decision to abolish the Ministry of Agricolture, Industry and Trade he resigned and was substituted by his rival Benedetto Cairoli in 1877. Differently by the pragmatic Depretis, Cairoli was a strong opponent of "trasformismo", an irridentist and Francophile. Isolated by the European powers at the Congress of Berlin, Cairoli was forced to resign in 1878 after a failed life attempt to King Umberto I and after lesser than nine months of government. Despite a short break with a new Depretis cabinet (survived eight months), Cairoli formed a new executive with Depretis support in 1879. Despite the Left's elctoral success in the election of 1880, the Cairoli ministry was unable to prevent the French conquest of the Beylik of Tunis in 1881 that resulted his political death, becoming unpopular with both Left and Right. The decline of Cairoli opened the door to Depretis, who was chosen to form a new government. During this long term from 1881 to 1887, the Left led by Depretis achieved a series of success, like the manhood suffrage toward the low-educated citizens and the adoption of protectionism to favour the development of textile, iron and steel industries while facing many internal and international troubles. Particularly, the executive faced the difficult relationship with Austria that showed an anti-Italian attitude despite the common adhesion to the Triple Alliance with Germany, and ended the Italian international isolation. Another problem was the rupture with the radical-progressive Left led by Giuseppe Zanardelli and Francesco Crispi, who formed with other dissidents The Pentarchy, allied with the Historical Far Left, forcing the majority to fully embrace the "trasformismo", opening the government to the Right. Depretis was also unable to start a colonial empire in Africa after the defeat in the Battle of Dogali in 1887. Despite the victory in the election of 1886, the Left was tested by decline of "traformismo", with many opportunist Right politicians who joined in the Liberal Constitutional Party, causing the necessity of Depretis to find an agreement with Crispi and Zanardelli.

Crispi era and dissolution.

In 1887, the longtime Depretis died in office and Zanardelli and Crispi were favoured for the succession. King Umberto I finally chose the radical Crispi because he was more favourable to an alliance with Germany rather than progressive Zanardelli. Internally, Crispi reformed justice, supporting a law against administrative abuses and introducing the Zanardelli Code (named after the now Justice Minister), expanded the suffrage for the communal voters, obtained more executive powers for the government, established undersecretaries in the several ministries and created the Helth Superior Council. Despite Crispi being more leftist than Depretis, he was also a strong nationalist and rapidly became near to German chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the Germanophile King Umberto II. Crispi wanted reunite all the Italian-speaking territories in one nation, revealing to the German general Alfred von Waldersee his desire to annex the Austrian Trentino and French Nice. Despite his successes, Crispi lost the parliamentary confidence in 1891 after a failed attempt to reduce state expensens and prefecture against the interests of many politicians. During the momentary isolation of Crispi, the former Treasury Minister Giovanni Giolitti took over the Left leadership. By contrast with the statist Crispi, Giolitti was a liberal like Zanardelli and did not support colonialism and militarization. After the fall of the conservative government of the Marquess of Rudinì in 1892, Giolitti was designated to form a new government. As Prime Minister, Giolitti tried to introduce a progressive taxation and stop the "trasformismo" with the establishment of an organized political party. However, the Giolitti ministry did not survive long and after nine months of stability in January 1893 the Banca Romana scandal erupted, which involved many politicians of the Left, including Giolitti and Crispi. After months of polemics, Giolitti resigned in December 1893.  After that short parenthesis, Crispi was re-nominated Prime Minister despite the critics for his involvement in the Banca Romana scandal. One of the first act of the government was the reduction of state expenses together with income, land, salt and treasury bill taxes to face the economic crisis. Despite the initial Left tendencies, Crispi got worried about the Italian Socialist Party and after the suppression of the labour movement of the Fasci Siciliani the executive changed the electoral law, permitting the vote only to the litirate citizens, excluding 800,000 voters. At the same time, Crispi tried to re-obtain popular support prosecuting a colonialist policy in Africa, consolidating the acquisition of Somaliland and Eritrea and starting the First Abyssinian War in 1894. Despite the initial successes, the Italian campaign resulted disastrous, with rovinous defeat at Amba Alagi in 1895 and Adwa in 1896. The last confirmed the end of the Crispi's political rule, who resigned from office. The Crispi's resignation and the impairment of many members of the majority after the Banca Romana scandal, confirmed the end of the Left. The Left's remnants now constituted the Ministerial bloc inside the Parliament led by Giolitti, who finally realized the fusion between Right and Left in the Liberal Union in 1913.

The Left group (), later called Historical Left () by historians to distinguish it from the left-wing groups of the 20th century, was a liberal and reformist parliamentary group in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. The members of the Left were also known as Democrats or Ministerials. Different to its Right counterpart, the Left was the result of coalition who represented Northern and Southern middle class, urban bourgeoisie, small businessmen, journalists and academics. It also supported a right to vote and the public school for all children. Moreover, the party was against the high tax policies promoted by the Right. After the 1890s, the Left began to show more conservative tendencies, including advocating breaking strikes and protests and promoting a colonialist policy in Africa.


Representational systems within NLP.

For many practical purposes, according to NLP, mental processing of events and memories can be treated as if performed by the five senses. For example, Albert Einstein credited his discovery of special relativity to a mental visualization strategy of "sitting on the end of a ray of light", and many people as part of decision-making "talk to themselves" in their heads.  The manner in which this is done, and the effectiveness of the mental strategy employed, is stated by NLP to play a critical part in the way mental processing takes place. This observation led to the concept of a "preferred" representational system, the classification of people into fixed "visual", "auditory" or "kinesthetic" stereotypes. This idea was later discredited and dropped within NLP by the early 1980s, in favor of the understanding that most people use all of their senses (whether consciously or unconsciously), and that whilst one system may seem to dominate, this is often contextualized - globally there is a balance that dynamically varies according to circumstance and mood.  NLP asserts that for most circumstances and most people, three of the five sensory based modes seem to dominate in mental processing: The other two senses, gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell), which are closely associated, often seem to be less significant in general mental processing, and are often considered jointly as one.  For this reason, one often sees the term "VAK" in NLP reference texts, to signify these three primary representational systems, as well as the term "4-tuple" (or "VAKOG") if the author wishes to include all senses including taste/smell. The same term is also known as "First Access" (John Grinder), or "primary experience" (Freud).

Notation and strategies.

In documenting mental strategies and processing by the senses, NLP practitioners often use a simple shorthand for different modalities, with a letter indicating the representation system concerned, and often, a superscript to indicate how that system is being used. Three key aspects are commonly notated: The "representation system" being used (visual/V, auditory/A, kinesthetic/K, and occasionally, O/G), whether the "direction of attention" is internal or external, and whether the event is a "recollection" of an actual past event or "construction" of an imaginary event. Due to its importance in human cognitive processing, auditory internal dialogue, or talking in one's head, has its own shorthand: A.  Putting these together, this is a very simplified example of some steps which might actually be involved in replying to a simple question such as "Do you like that dress?". The table below is useful for teaching how to identify and access each representational system in context:  Logically, these or similar steps "must" take place somewhere in consciousness in order to cognitively make sense of the question and answer it. A sequence of this kind is known in NLP as a "strategy" - in this case, a functional outline of the strategy used by the mind in answering that question. In a similar way, the process leading to a panic attack of the form "I see the clock, ask myself where the kids are, imagine everything that could be happening and feel scared" might be notated as having a subjective structure: V → A → V → K, signifying that an external sight leads to internal dialog (a question), followed by internal and constructed images, leading to a feeling.  Generally speaking, most human perceptual and cognitive processing occurs before conscious awareness. For example, few people would ordinarily be aware that between question and even considering an answer, there must be steps in which the mind interprets and contextualizes the question itself, and steps which explore various possible strategies to be used to obtain an answer and select one to be followed. The mental occurrence of these steps is often identified by deduction following skilled observation, or by careful inquiry, although their presence is usually self-apparent to the person concerned once noticed.

Sensory predicates and eye accessing cues.

Grinder and Bandler believed they identified pattern of relationship between the sensory-based language people use in general conversation, and for example, their eye movement (known as "eye accessing cues").  A common (but not universal) style of processing in the West is shown in the attached chart, where "eye flickers" in specific directions often seem to tie into specific kinds of internal (mental) processing.  NLP also suggests that sometimes (again not universally) such processing is associated with sensory word use; for example, a person asked what they liked about the beach, may flick their eyes briefly in some characteristic direction (visual memory access, often upwards) and then also use words that describe it in a visual sense ("The sea "looked" lovely", and so on). Likewise asked about a problem, someone may look in a different direction for a while (kinesthetic access, typically downwards) and then look puzzled and say "I just can't seem to "get a grip" on things". Taken together, NLP suggests such eye accessing cues (1) are idiosyncratic and habitual for each person, and (2) may form significant clues as to how a person is processing or representing a problem to themselves unconsciously. Common (but not universal) Western layout of eye accessing cues:  Eye movement to the left or right for many people seems to indicate if a memory was recalled or constructed. Thus remembering an actual image (V) is associated more with up-left, whilst imagining one's dream home (V) tends (again not universally) to be more associated with up-right.

Subjective awareness.

When we think about the world, or about our past experiences, we represent those things inside our heads. For example, think about the holiday you went on last year. Did you see a picture of where you went, tell yourself a story about what you did, feel the sun on your back and the wind in your hair? Can you bring to mind the smell of your favourite flower or the taste of a favourite meal??  The use of the various modalities can be identified based by learning to respond to subtle shifts in breathing, body posture, accessing cues, gestures, eye movement and language patterns such as sensory predicates.

Uses.

NLP's interest in the senses is not so much in their role as bridges to the outside world, but in their role as internal channels for cognitive processing and interpretation. In an NLP perspective, it is not very important "per se" whether a person "sees" or "hears" some memory. By contrast, NLP views it as potentially of great importance for the same person, to discover that some auditory sounds presented almost out of consciousness along with the memory, may be how the brain presents to consciousness, and how consciousness "knows", whether this is a heart-warming pleasant memory, or a fearsome phobic one.  Representational systems are also relevant since some tasks are better performed within one representational system than by another. For example, within education, spelling is better learned by children who have unconsciously used a strategy of visualization, than an unconscious strategy of phonetically "sounding out". When taught to visualize, previously poor spellers can indeed be taught to improve. NLP proponents also found that pacing and leading the various cues tended to build rapport, and allowed people to communicate more effectively. Certain studies suggest that using similar representational systems to another person can help build rapport whilst other studies have found that merely mimicking or doing so in isolation is perceived negatively.  Skinner and Stephens (2003) explored the use of the model of representational systems in television marketing and communications.  Some exercises in NLP training involve learning how to observe and respond to the various cues in real time.

The preferred representational system (PRS).

Originally NLP taught that people preferred one representational system over another. People could be stuck by thinking about a problem in their "preferred representational system" (PRS). Some took this idea further and categorised people as auditory, kinesthetic, and visual thinkers (see also: learning styles). It was claimed that swifter and more effective results could be achieved by matching this preferred system. Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movement can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment, the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s. Some still believe the PRS model to be important for enhancing rapport and influence. Others have de-emphasized its relevance and instead emphasize that people constantly use all representational systems. In particular, new code emphasizes individual calibration and sensory acuity, precluding such a rigidly specified model as the one described above. Responding directly to sensory experience requires an immediacy which respects the importance of context. John Grinder has stated that a representational system diagnosis lasts about 30 seconds.  In a review of research findings, Sharpley (1987) found little support for individuals to have a "preferred" representational system (PRS), whether in the choice of words or direction of eye movement, and the concept of a "preferred representation system" (PRS). Similarly, The National Research Committee found little support for the influence of PRS as presented in early descriptions of NLP, Frogs into Princes (1979) and Structure of Magic (1975). However, "at a meeting with Richard Bandler in Santa Cruz, California, on July 9, 1986, the [National Research Committee] influence subcommittee... was informed that PRS was no longer considered an important component of NLP. He said that NLP had been revised." (p. 140) The NLP developers, Robert Dilts et al. (1980) proposed that eye movement (and sometimes bodily gesture) correspond to accessing cues for representations systems, and connected it to specific sides in the brain.

Representational systems (also known as sensory modalities and abbreviated to VAKOG is a postulated model from neuro-linguistic programming a pseudoscientific collection of models and methods regarding how the human mind processes and stores information. The central idea of this model is that experience is represented in the mind in sensorial terms, i.e. in terms of the putative five senses, qualia.


History.

Formation and early years (1999–2001).

Kat Bjelland and her then-husband Glenn Mattson formed Katastrophy Wife in 1998, during the time in which Bjelland was still in Babes in Toyland. Seeing as Babes in Toyland were not performing much shows - and were unofficially defunct after bassist Maureen Herman left in 1996 - Katastrophy Wife soon became Bjelland's main musical output.  The band's first production was the soundtrack for the comic "Witchblade" on DreamWorks. The soundtrack featured other artists such as Buzz Osborne of the Melvins, Lydia Lunch, Miho Hatori of Cibo Matto, Girls Against Boys and Dave Ogilvie of Skinny Puppy.<ref name="Bjelland, Kat. "RiSH Publicity : Katastrophy Wife Biography" http://www.rishpublicity.com/kwife.htm Retrieved on June 12, 2010.">Bjelland, Kat. "RiSH Publicity : Katastrophy Wife Biography' Retrieved on June 12, 2010.</ref>  In 2000, the band recorded their debut album "Amusia" and released it in 2001. Featuring original bassist Keith St. Louis, the album achieved considerable indie success, even acquiring the band a slot at the infamous Reading Festival in 2002 and a headline spot on the UK leg of the United States' Ladyfest in 2001. Their first single, and opening track from the album, "Gone Away", was released in 2001. After the performance at the Reading Festival, Glenn Mattson and Keith St. Louis departed from the band, with Andrew Parker and Darren Donovan replacing them, respectively. Vanessa White, former guitarist of Twist, also joined the band.

Name issues, Bastard, and "All Kneel" (2002–2004).

During Katastrophy Wife's short tour of Europe in 2002, Kat Bjelland used the title of her old band Babes in Toyland. However, after facing legal problems from former band members, Bjelland reconsidered and reverted the name back to Katastrophy Wife. Around this time, Bjelland's friend Courtney Love of Hole announced her new, short-lived punk band, Bastard, which she asked Bjelland to join. Bjelland denied Love's offer stating that: "It seemed too conceptualised, like she'd spent too much time thinking about how a band should be [...] Courtney and I make great music together, there's a good spark there, but let's say our personalities would not have been a great mix at that time."  Katastrophy Wife's second studio album, "All Kneel", was released in June 2004 to favourable reviews. Three singles were released from the album, "Liberty Belle", "Money Shot" and "Blue Valient" with UK singer-songwriter Carina Round, a song originally written and recorded during the sessions for "Witchblade".

Reissue and current status (2005–present).

Parker, Donovan and White left the group in 2006, leaving Bjelland and Johnson the remaining band members. After their bandmates' departures, both Bjelland and Johnson continued to record under the name Katastrophy Wife. They began recording again and in May 2007 released "Heart-On", their first single in three years and first from the upcoming album "Pregnant".  "Pregnant" was initially planned for released in 2008 but was postponed for undisclosed reasons. Bjelland reported that in 2007 she suffered a schizophrenic breakdown and was receiving treatment. A further release date was announced for 2009, however, this did not follow through either. The band's Myspace page has been inactive since December 2010.

Katastrophy Wife is an American rock band formed by Kat Bjelland and her former husband Glen Mattson in 1998. Bjelland also fronted the punk rock band Babes in Toyland between 1987 and 2001. The band currently consists of Bjelland on lead vocals and guitar and her boyfriend, Adrian Johnson, on drums.<ref name="MissB, "Katastrophy Wife's Kat Bjelland gets her Heart-On on FasterLouder.com.au" http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/features/8900/Katastrophy_Wifes_Kat_Bjelland_gets_her_HeartOn Fasterlouder.com Retrieved on June 12, 2010.">MissB, "Katastrophy Wife's Kat Bjelland gets her Heart-On on FasterLouder.com.au" http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/features/8900/Katastrophy_Wifes_Kat_Bjelland_gets_her_HeartOn Fasterlouder.com Retrieved on June 12, 2010. The band released two albums, "Amusia" (2001) and "All Kneel" (2004). A third album was due for release in 2008, but, as of 2019, has yet to surface. In May 2014, a 10th anniversary reissue of "All Kneel" was released as part of Record Store Day. Kat Bjelland has since joined fellow Babes in Toyland band member Lori Barbero and new bass player, Clara Salyer in a reunion tour.


Description.

Wet-season form.

The upperside of males is white with the forewing having the costa from base to base of vein 11 dusky black and then jet black continuing into a widened and curving short streak along the discocellulars to the lower apex of the cell; apical area diagonally with the termen black, the former with six elongate outwardly pointed spots of the ground colour enclosed one in each of the interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9. Hindwing: uniform, the black along the venation on the underside seen through by transparency; termen between veins 2 and 6 somewhat broadly black, with a series of four round spots of the ground colour in the interspaces; below vein 2 and above vein 6 the termen is very narrowly black. Underside: forewing white, markings similar, more clearly defined, the white spots within the black apical area larger. Hindwing: yellowish white, all the reins very broadly bordered with black; interspaces 1, 2, 6, and 7 with crossbars of black, beyond which there is a subterminal, somewhat broad, transverse band of black between veins 2 and 6. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white alternated with black. The ground colour on both upper and undersides variable, often cream coloured above; beneath: in some specimens, the base of cell and the elongate spots in apical area of forewing, and the whole surface of the hindwing varies to rich chrome yellow.  Female similar; the black markings on both upper and undersides broader, the white spots on black apical area of forewing often sub-obsolete above.  Antennae in both sexes black, sparsely sprinkled with white dots; head, thorax and abdomen above and below white: thorax above often bluish grey.

Dry-season form.

The dry-season form is similar to the wet-season form but on the upperside the black markings are narrower, the white markings on the black apical area of forewing broader and longer, and on the hindwing the narrow inner margining to the black on the termen very narrow, somewhat obsolescent; therefore, the white subterminal spots have the appearance of opening inwards. Underside: ground colour almost pure white; on the hindwing slightly tinged with yellow. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen as in the wet-season form.  Wingspan of 44–62 mm.  Race "taprobana", Moore. (Sri Lanka) Differs from the typical form as follows: Male upperside, forewing: deep black on apical area, the enclosed white elongate spots more or less obsolete. Hindwing: the black terminal border much broader and of a deeper black, the enclosed white spots, except the spot in interspace 6, very much smaller, somewhat obsolescent, sometimes absent in interspace 4. Underside: similar to the upperside, the markings of a very intense black and broader, the enclosed spots in the apical area of forewing, the white of the cell and the area along the upper half of the wing generally overlaid with rich chrome yellow. Hindwing: ground colour a deep rich chrome yellow, the spots on it enclosed in the black along terminal margin subhastate (somewhat spear shaped), the spot in interspace 4 absent.  The female is similar to the male on both upper and undersides, but in most specimens, on the upperside, the spots of the white ground colour that are enclosed in the black apical area of the forewing and the spots on the black border along the terminal margin of the hindwing are entirely absent.

Distribution.

The species lives in Sri Lanka, the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at elevations below, and through the plains to southern India. In the Nilgiris observed up to (George Hampson). To the west it spreads through Persia and Arabia to East Africa. The species occurs over the greater part of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Life cycle.

Food plants of the larvae include "Capparis zeylanica". In Africa, the host plants are almost exclusively from the family Capparaceae and in particular the genera "Boscia", "Maerua" and "Capparis". Eggs are laid in batches of 20 or so, while the newly hatched larvae are gregarious.

Belenois aurota, the pioneer or pioneer white or caper white, is a small to medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in South Asia and Africa. In Africa, it is also known as the brown-veined white, and is well known during summer and autumn when large numbers migrate north-east over the interior.


Political career.

Ortega has occupied different positions inside the PRI of Yucatán. In 1998 she was elected municipal president (mayor) of Dzemul, Yucatán. In 2001 she served as local deputy in the Congress of Yucatán and in 2003 she was elected as a federal deputy representing Yucatán's Second District. In 2006 she was elected senator, to serve from 2006 to 2012, but she left that position after two months to run for Governor of Yucatán in the 2007 Yucatán gubernatorial election. Ortega won the election to serve as governor from 2007 to 2012 (the term was originally set to end in 2013 but a state reform was made to have the state election coincide with the 2012 presidential election in Mexico). She was inaugurated as governor on August 1, 2007.

Candidate for Governor.

In 2006 she expressed her intention to be candidate of her party for Governor of Yucatán in the 2007 elections and asked permission to leave her duties as a senator. Her nomination was a surprise, because she had occupied the post of senator for only two months (with her alternate, Renán Cleominio Zoreda Novelo, sworn in on October 30), and faced candidates with more political career than her.  On December 4, 2006, the PRI's National Executive Committee was presented the results of the Consulta Mitofsky poll conducted between Ortega and 5 other candidates in the PRI party of Yucatán: Carlos Sobrino Sierra, Erick Rubio Barthell, Dulce María Sauri, Orlando Paredes Lara and Rubén Calderón Cecilio. Ortega was the most favored by the Yucatecans, and consequently was declared a candidate of unity with the agreement of the rest of the candidates. Again her victory was considered a surprise because the former interim governor Dulce María Sauri had been seen as the favorite. On January 13, 2007 she was sworn as the PRI candidate for the governorship of Yucatan.  On February 26 her candidacy was endorsed by the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico and the Alliance for Yucatan Party, which formed a three-party coalition with PRI for the 25 local deputations and 106 municipalities.

Federal deputy.

The PRI placed Ortega Pacheco on its list for proportional representation federal deputies from the third electoral region in 2015, sending her to the Chamber of Deputies for the LXIII Legislature. She presides over the Communicaciones Commission and also sits on the Constitutional Points and Rules and Parliamentary Practices Commissions.

Electoral history.

Alleged corruption.

Unfinished hospital in Tekax, Yucatan.

In February 2015 the ex governor of Yucatan Ivonne Ortega Pacheco was accused by the ex governor of Yucatan Patricio Patrón Laviada of deviating funds for the construction of a hospital in Tekax in the amount of at least 112 million Mexican pesos. Patrón Laviada started the construction of the hospital in 2006, with had an estimated cost of 52.07 million Mexican pesos. Leaving the hospital with a progress of 67%, Patrón Laviada left office in 2007, year in which Ortega Pacheco became governor of Yucatan. By 2010 governor Ortega Pacheco had spent more than 100 million Mexican pesos in the further construction of the hospital, which she never finished.  In 2016 the governor of Yucatán Rolando Zapata Bello made an investment of 80 million Mexican pesos in order to finish the hospital, which should start operations at the end of 2016.

Controversy.

The Palace of Mayan Civilization: unfinished.

The Palace of Mayan Civilization, conceived as the first piece of a “Mayan Disneyland” in Yucatan has been abandoned since 2012. About 90 million Mexican pesos were spent in the development of the project.  Located 11.5 kilometres of Pisté, the project had 520,000 square meters for its development. In the first stage a parking lot and the foundations for 5 building would be built. This stage counted with 70 million Mexican pesos of federal funds. The second and third stages would have had an estimated cost of 140 million Mexican pesos, but in 2012 the project was postponed until 2014, which already had a 50% progress. However, in November 2014, the 13 thousand square meters of construction, which started on December 21 of 2009, were abandoned and have started to be swallowed by the jungle.

Gran Museo del Mundo Maya: financial disaster.

With a progress of 90%, the (Great Museum of the Maya World) was inaugurated in September 2012 by Ivonne Ortega Pacheco. The museum, one of Ortega Pacheco's main projects, proved to be a financial disaster.  Ortega Pacheco informed that the total cost of the building would be of 411 million Mexican pesos. However, the state government will have to pay for the construction and operation of the museum 4,643 million Mexican pesos during 21 years at a yearly rate of 221.1 million Mexican pesos, according to information based on official documents obtained by Mayaleaks.

Ivonne Aracely Ortega Pacheco (born November 27, 1972) is a Mexican politician from Yucatán affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), former Governor of Yucatán and current federal deputy to the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress. She is Yucatan's first elected female governor, although the second to serve, after Dulce María Sauri who served as interim governor from 1991 to 1994. She is the sixth woman to serve as governor of a Mexican state.


History.

The KS-23 was designed in the 1970s for suppressing prison riots. It was created by TsNIITochMash, a key Russian weapons developer, for the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The barrel for the KS-23 were made from 23 mm aircraft gun barrels that were rejected due to manufacturing flaws. These rejected barrels were deemed to be acceptable for the lower stress of firing slugs and less-lethal rounds, and thus were cut down in length for use as shotgun barrels. The KS-23 began to see use during the mid-1980s by several MVD forces. During the 1990s, research was made into improving the original design to make it usable in confined indoor areas. Two prototypes were proposed, the KS-23M and KS-23K, although only the M version saw use. Today, both the standard KS-23 and the KS-23M are in use by Russian law enforcement.

Ammunition.

The KS-23 was created with the capability to fire several different types of ammunition, listed below:  Later, two add-on muzzle mortars were produced, the 36 mm Nasadka-6 and 82 mm Nasadka-12, bringing with them several new ammunition types:

Variants.

KS-23.

The original KS-23 was developed jointly by NIISpetstekhniki (MVD) and TsNIITochmash in 1971, it was accepted for use by the Soviet police in 1985. The gun has a barrel length of 510 mm and an overall length of 1040 mm. The KS-23 has an underbarrel tubular magazine capable of holding three rounds, with one in the chamber giving the gun a maximum round capacity of four. The gun's effective range is 150 m.

KS-23M.

The KS-23M «дрозд» (Carbine, Special, 23 mm, modernized - project: "Drozd" > "Thrush") was developed on the base of the KS-23. Development for it was started in October 1990. Twenty-five carbines were submitted for testing on December 10, 1991. After which the winner, then designated S-3, became the KS-23M "Thrush" and was accepted for use by the police and the Internal Troops of Russia. The KS-23M includes a detachable wire buttstock and shortened barrel, as opposed to the fixed wooden stock on standard KS-23s. The gun is still chambered in 23 mm. Its overall length with the buttstock is 875 mm, without, 650 mm, and the barrel is 410 mm long. The gun's effective range is 150 m.

KS-23K.

The KS-23K is a redesigned KS-23 that features a bullpup layout. The KS-23K was accepted in 1998 for the use of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). Development and adoption of this carbine was motivated by the fact that in the earlier accepted configurations of the KS-23 and KS-23M a major noted deficiency was that the tubular magazine did not make it possible to rapidly reload or change the type of ammunition being used, because of this a major design change for the KS-23K is that it has an extended box magazine that holds seven shells instead of the three shells seen on the other models. The gun has a mechanical safety located on the left side, above the pistol handle and open non adjustable sights. The gun's effective range is 100 m.

TOZ-123.

The civilian version of the KS-23 is the TOЗ-123 «Селезень-4» ("ТОZ-123 "Drake-4""). It is manufactured by Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod and features a smoothbore design, making it more similar to a traditional shotgun, and is chambered in standard 4-gauge. It has been legal to use as a civilian hunting shotgun in Russia since August 1996.  The gun maker's website has this as the description for the shotgun.  The shotgun is multicharged, with a tubular underbarrel magazine of 3-cartridge capacity. Reloading is provided with a removable fore-end. The presence of the special barrel rear projection on the frame combined with the rear sight gives the possibility of mounting an optical sight. The shotgun is intended for the amateur hunting with shot cartridges.  The TOZ-123 was banned from import into the United States during the Clinton administration.

The KS-23 is a Soviet shotgun, although because it uses a rifled barrel it is officially designated by the Russian military as a carbine. KS stands for "Karabin Spetsialniy", "Special Carbine". It is renowned for its large caliber, firing a 23 mm round, equating to 6.27 gauge using the British and American standards of shotgun gauges and approximately 4 gauge using the current European standards (based on the metric CIP tables), making it the largest-bore shotgun in use today.


Synopsis.

Act 1.

Prince Dimitri arrives to say goodbye to his aunt, Sophia Ivanovna, before leaving for the war. His old playmate Katiusha, a young peasant girl, is now Sophia Ivanovna’s companion. Dimitri is overjoyed to meet her again and that night becomes her lover. The next day he leaves for the war.

Act 2.

The station of a small town. Katiusha, now pregnant, has been driven out of the house. She anxiously waits for Prince Dimitri who is due to pass through the station. But when she sees him arrive in the company of a prostitute, her courage fails her and she remains hidden until she goes away, pierced to her soul.

Act 3.

Prison in St Petersburg. Katiusha, broken by Dimitri’s neglect of her and the death of her child, ends up in a place of debauchery. She is involved in a crime and, although innocent, is condemned for murder during a difficult trial, and is to be deported to Siberia. Before she leaves, Dimitri, now overcome with remorse, comes to see her in jail and offers to marry her. But she is in such a state of abject despair that she refuses all consolation.

Act 4.

On the road to Siberia. Katiusha has become herself again, the good sweet girl of former times. She has found the will to live by comforting her fellow deportees. Dimitri, who has followed her, now wants to marry her at any price. He obtains a pardon for her and her freedom. But Katiusha, although she still loves him with all her soul, refuses. She feels that only if they both renounce marriage can they be redeemed.

Orchestration.

3 Flutes (1 piccolo) / 3 oboes (1 English horn) / 3 clarinets (1 bass clarinet) / 2 bassoons / 1 contrabassoon  4 Horns / 3 trumpets / 3 trombones / 1 tuba  Timpani / percussion (cymbals / triangle / bass drum) / tubular bells / xylophone / celesta / 2 harps / piano  Violins / violas / violoncellos / double basses

References.

Sources

Risurrezione (in English, "Resurrection"), is an opera or "dramma" in four acts by Franco Alfano. The libretto was written by Cesare Hanau based on the 1899 novel "Resurrection" () by Leo Tolstoy. The first performance was given on 30 November 1904, in the Teatro Vittorio Emanuele, Turin, Italy.


Early life.

Rex Hunt was born in Redcar in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He received his formal education at Redcar's Coatham School, and at St Peter's College, Oxford, where he read Law.  During World War 2 he joined the Royal Air Force as a cadet in 1941, and was enlisted as an airman in 1944, receiving a commission as a pilot in 1945. He was promoted to flying officer ("war substantive") in June 1946, with the permanent promotion to that rank in December the same year. In August 1946, he was transferred to No 5 Squadron in India, where he flew Spitfires, before transferring to West Germany with No 26 Squadron in August 1947. He left active service in September 1948, and held the rank of flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force reserves in September 1950, relinquishing his commission in December 1953.

Diplomatic career.

In 1952 he joined the Colonial and Diplomatic Service of the British Government's Foreign Office. and received his first foreign posting as District Commissioner in Uganda in 1962. He then served as First Secretary in Kuching, Sarawak, 1964–65, and Jesselton, Sabah 1965-67, both in the newly independent Malaysia, and then in Brunei 1967. In 1968 he was transferred to Ankara in Turkey, but was back in Asia with the appointment as Head of Chancery in Jakarta, Indonesia, 1970-72. After a brief spell back in England, he was appointed Consul-General at the British Embassy in Saigon in January 1974, and was there at the time of the fall of South Vietnam in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War. He was transferred to Kuala Lumpur in 1976, and served as Deputy High Commissioner to Malaysia 1977-79.

Falklands Governorship.

On 14 January 1980, as a final career posting, he was appointed as the Governor of the Falkland Islands and High Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory. The national status of the Falkland Islands was a troublesome British Empire legacy issue to the British Government, which was under diplomatic pressure at this time from the Government of Argentina to hand over the Islands to its national control, having asserted a sovereign right over the territory for centuries, based on contested historical claims. With a military dictatorship in place in Buenos Aires, this claim was being asserted with more intent than ever before, and - unbeknown to the British Government - plans were underway to seize the Islands by force of arms, without a prior declaration of hostilities. In the meantime, Hunt had been dispatched to the Islands as their new Governor, with instructions from the Foreign Office to try, during his tenure administrating them, to persuade the recalcitrant islanders that the Islands being moved into an Argentinian governmental sphere of influence, given its geographical proximity compared to that of the United Kingdom, was perhaps in their best long-term interest. Hunt soon discovered that the Falkland Islanders were adamantly opposed to any ceding of their sovereignty in this direction, and he relayed this information back to London; on consideration of the matter arguing that he personally agreed with their views. Hunt's seniors in London did not receive the news well, and concluded that Hunt had "gone native". When government minister Nicholas Ridley attempted in 1980-1981 to negotiate a diplomatic solution to the contested sovereignty of the Falkland Islands, local islands politician Adrian Monk made a broadcast on 2 January 1981 outlining the local population's opposition that Hunt described as "Churchillian"

Falklands War.

On 2 April 1982, under cover of a night approach across the Southern Atlantic Ocean, the Argentine Navy and Argentine Army carried out a seaborne invasion of the Falkland Islands. Hunt made his official residence, Government House in Port Stanley, the operational headquarters for the small Royal Marines garrison on the islands, sending his family and domestic staff away to safer houses. His housekeeper took with her a portrait photograph of the Queen and a bottle of gin. Government House quickly became the scene of a brief battle between the Royal Marines garrison and Argentine commandos. With the British forces facing overwhelming military and logistical odds, Hunt, after an extended exchange of small arms fire, with a handful of casualties, reluctantly gave the order to the Royal Marines lay down their arms. He then went to Stanley Town Hall, wearing his full dress uniform, complete with medals, gold braid, neck ribbons, sword, sash and plumed cocked hat to face the Argentine invasion force's Commandant, Vice-Admiral Carlos Büsser, addressing him with: "You have landed unlawfully on British territory, and I order you to remove yourself and your troops forthwith". In response he was met with laughter, roughed up, and placed under confinement by the Argentines. Four hours later, under armed escort, he was flown out of the Falklands on a aeroplane to Montevideo, in Uruguay. He remained in this forced exile during the Occupation of the Falkland Islands, until they were militarily liberated on 14 June 1982 by a British seaborne taskforce dispatched by the British Government, after which he returned again in full dress uniform and re-established its self-governance. Victorious British forces paraded past in review while he was clad in full dress uniform. He continued to serve in the post of its Governor until 1985.

Later life.

In retirement he wrote his memoir "My Falkland Days", which was published in 1992. He was chairman of the Falkland Islands Association for several years. He retired as Chairman in 2004 and moved to Elton, County Durham, near to his childhood home of Redcar.

Death.

Hunt died in his 87th year at Stockton-on-Tees on 11 November 2012. His funeral, with a pallbearer party from the Royal Air Force, was held at All Saint's Church in Hutton Rudby on 23 November 2012, with a burial in the church's graveyard. The gravestone makes no reference to his career civic titles or awards, but bears an engraved image of a map outline of the Falkland Islands. A memorial service was simultaneously held to his memory at Port Stanley.  On the announcement of his death by the British Government, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that Hunt "should be a hero to everyone in Britain for his actions during the Falkland War."

Honours.

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1980, and knighted on 11 October 1982, in recognition of services during the Falklands War. He was a Freeman of the City of London 1981, and a Freeman of Stanley, Falkland Islands 1985. In 1987 Hunt was appointed as the Honorary Air Commodore of No. 2729 (City of Lincoln) Squadron (Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment).  <br>

Cultural references.

Hunt was portrayed by Ian Richardson in the 1992 BBC television drama "An Ungentlemanly Act", a dramatization of the Argentinian invasion of the Falklands in 1982.

Sir Rex Masterman Hunt, (29 June 192611 November 2012) was an English British Government diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Governor, Commander-in-Chief, and Vice Admiral of the Falkland Islands (and concurrently High Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory) between 1980 and September 1985. He became a household name in the United Kingdom during the Falklands War, after the Argentine invasion of the islands in 1982, when he was taken prisoner and temporarily removed from his position.


Early life and education.

Clarence Wilfred Jenks was born 7 March 1909 in Bootle, Lancashire. His father, a merchant navy officer, drowned when Jenks was eleven and he assumed responsibility with his mother for the family.  Jenks was educated in state schools in Liverpool and, in 1926, he won an open scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and, in 1930, was president of the Cambridge Union. He was treasurer, British Universities League of Nations Society and chair, Cambridge University League of Nations Union. He twice won a scholarship to the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. He took a double first in history (1929) and law (1931) winning the Cecil Peace Prize in 1928 for a study on international arbitration.

ILO.

Upon finishing his studies at Cambridge, Jenks joined the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in Geneva as a legal adviser in the Legal Division. He would become Assistant Director-General, Deputy Director-General, principal Deputy Director-General and Director-General. As Director-General, he was preceded by David A. Morse and succeeded by Francis Blanchard.  In 1936, he was called to the English bar by Gray's Inn.  In 1944, with acting Director Edward J. Phelan, he drafted the Declaration of Philadelphia which restated the ILO's aims and purposes, envisioning the ILO as the master economic agency among the specialised international bodies. He was part of the ILO delegation at a number of international conferences including:  Jenks carried for many years the main responsibility for the ILO's work in international labour standards and human rights.

International legal scholar.

Jenks was "one of the most prominent and prolific writers on international law of his time. His... "Some constitutional problems of international organization"... was for long the unrivalled source of instruction on that subject for professionals and academics alike."  Jenks was Professor, Hague Academy of International Law in 1950, 1955 and 1966. He was Storrs Lecturer in Jurisprudence, Yale University, 1965.

Personal and family life.

In 1949, Jenks married Jane Louise Broverman of New York. They had two sons.  On 9 October 1973 Jenks was attending a session of the Institut de Droit International in Rome when he had a fatal heart attack. He was buried in Geneva.

Awards and honours.

C. Wilfred Jenks was awarded the following honours: 1928 Cecil Peace Prize 1959 American Society of International Law award 1967 Hon LLD, University of Edinburgh 1971 Hon LLD, University of Delhi 1971 Hon LLD, Seoul National University 1971 Hon LLD, University of La Plata 1972 Hon LLD, University of Costa Rica  Jenks was an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge and an honorary professor of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos de Lima and University of Lima.

Publications.

Contributor to British Year Book of International Law and to legal journals.

C. Wilfred Jenks (7 March 1909 – 9 October 1973) was an international lawyer and director-general of the International Labour Organization (1970–1973).


Staff.

The Hardball Times maintains a large and ever-changing stable of writers; many of its writers have gone on to work for larger media organizations (former writers Aaron Gleeman and Craig Calcaterra both work for NBC) or major league baseball teams (including Carlos Gomez, who is a scout for the Arizona Diamondbacks; Dan Fox, who is the Director of Baseball Systems Development for the Pittsburgh Pirates; Adam Guttridge, who is a Baseball Operations Analyst for the Milwaukee Brewers; and Josh Kalk, who is a Baseball Operations Analyst with the Tampa Bay Rays). Its current staff as of 2010 includes Richard Barbieri, John Barten, Brian Borawski, Kevin Dame, Joshua Fisher, Brandon Isleib, Chris Jaffe, Brad Johnson, Max Marchi, Bruce Markusen, Dan Novick, Harry Pavlidis, Alex Pedicini, Jeff Sackmann, Mike Silver, Nick Steiner, Steve Treder, Geoff Young, Ricky Zanker, and a cartoonist who goes by “Tuck!” One of THT’s best-known and most controversial writers, John Brattain, died on March 24, 2009.  The site is edited by Joe Distelheim, Travis Conrads, Jeremiah Oshan and Bryan Tsao. THT also features a blog, THT Live, which is run by Novick.

THT Fantasy.

The Hardball Times includes a dedicated fantasy section, running multiple articles a day five days a week. Its writers include Derek Carty, who has been there from the start, as well as Derek Ambrosino, Jeffrey Gross, Matt Hagen, Jonathan Halket, Jeremiah Oshan, Josh Shepardson, and Jonathan Sher. THT Fantasy is edited by Travis Conrads, Ben Jacobs, and Jeremiah Oshan.  THT Fantasy runs a weekly "Roster Doctor" column in which writers dissect a reader's roster and features a daily updated "Closer Watch" feature, which allows readers to keep up tabs on the closer situation for all 30 Major League teams. THT Fantasy also features weekly waiver wire articles that dissect undervalued fantasy players in the AL and NL.

THT Forecasts.

Launched in March 2010, THT Forecasts begins its third season as a subscription-only section featuring Brian Cartwright's Oliver Projections. Subscribers can access six years worth of projections, including minor league players, which are updated weekly during the season.

Books.

Since its inception in 2004, The Hardball Times has released an annual book, “The Hardball Times Baseball Annual.” The latest edition, “The Hardball Times Annual 2012,” features reviews of the 2011 season as well as articles by the likes of Rob Neyer, Craig Calcaterra, Adam Dorhauer, Matt Swartz, Max Marchi, John Dewan, Michael Humphreys and Brian Cartwright.  From 2007-2009, The Hardball Times also released a pre-season book, “The Hardball Times Season Preview.” The book consisted of 30 team essays, over 1,000 player comments, and projections for each player. It also featured projected standings, career projections, and multiple essays in the back of the book, mostly concerning fantasy baseball. In the 2010, the book was replaced by THT Forecasts.  In 2004, Steve Treder and Dave Studeman also released “The Hardball Times Bullpen Book,” which chronicled the history of major league relievers and reviewed, in detail, the best and worst performers of each major league bullpen from 2002 through 2004.

The Hardball Times (abbreviated as THT) is a website which publishes news, original comments and statistical analysis of baseball each week Monday through Friday, in addition to the Hardball Times Annual book which features essays by leading sabermetric personalities. The website features the slogan "Baseball. Insight. Daily." Run by current owner Dave Studeman and David Gassko, it was founded by Aaron Gleeman and Bill James assistant Matthew Namee in 2004.


History.

em:t was born as a division of the t:me Recordings label in 1994. t:me released mostly vinyl records falling under the broad category of house music, and sought to create a new sublabel for more forward-thinking ambient material. Over the next four years, they released a series of eighteen albums and compilations, packaged as a collector's series. Though em:t never enjoyed widespread commercial success, their releases were highly regarded and influential in ambient circles, and the label attracted a cult following - encouraged, no doubt, by the collectible nature of the releases.  em:t releases had strict rules governing their design aesthetic. Individual album titles were always the sequential four-digit catalogue number of the disc; the album's cover was always a full-colour picture of a wild animal; all albums were released on CD only; all CDs were packaged in digipacks; all CDs themselves bore the same Chinese character in black on the non-playing face of the disc.  The label garnered praise from music journalists at the time. Coda magazine wrote that "The Em:t series will surely go down in history for being as important in the 90s as the albums of Brian Eno were in the 70s", and specialist music magazine The Wire noted that the em:t catalogue represented "The vanguard of post-dance technological music". Em:t produced promo postcards for the label on which these quotes, and others, were duly displayed. A Q&A in DJ Magazine in 1995 also stated the label's unofficial credo: "Never presume your audience is any less clever than you are".  The most highly praised albums of the series came from British composers Paul Frankland recording as Woob, and Mat Jarvis recording as Gas.  In addition to the original run of CDs in the UK, some of em:t's music was licensed to Instinct Records in the USA, a label that had a contemporaneous interest in modern ambient music. "em:t 0094" and Woob's "1194" were released individually. The compilations "em:t 2295" and "em:t 3394" were packaged together as a double-disc set called "em:t 2000". In addition, various other tracks were compiled onto the anthologies "em:t beat exploration" and "em:t explorer".  In mid-1998, em:t went out of business due to the bankruptcy of t:me, with two whole albums worth of music still unreleased - a new compilation album, and a second Gas album. Their discography became highly prized among collectors, and this remains the case today; individual CDs commonly fetch a high price on eBay.  In 2003, a separate company, headed by Matthew Hall & John Bagguley, brought the em:t name off the shelf and the label was relaunched. Although none of the people running the label had any connection with the previous em:t, except Martyn Watson (I.P.G), they did release material from several of the original artists. The relaunch created another surge in public interest for the original series of albums. After six new full-length albums, the label considered em:t was taken as far as they could take it and the business was closed. The website shut down in July 2013.

The em:t "sound".

All of the albums on the original run of em:t releases fit into the general category of Ambient music, or downtempo. Within this category there were many variations - Woob's releases were often ambient dub, Gas' music was ambient techno, Carl Stone's album was almost classical and the album by International People's Gang was almost pop. However, across all the releases there were certain recurring elements that identified the album as an em:t release. Most prominent were samples of animal noises recorded in the wild - heard on releases by Woob, Qubism, Beatsystem, Miasma, and others (this approach was taken to the extreme on the track "Waterpump" by Dallas Simpson, on the 1197 compilation, which is a 12-minute music-free recording of a self actuated water pressure pump in a Derbyshire countryside filled with birdsong and, as with both of Simpson's tracks featured in the series, "abha" 2296, "waterpump" 1197, were recorded in full binaural stereo for full periphonic headphone surround sound listening). Other tracks processed field recordings and used them as percussion, such as "Pool" by International People's Gang, which uses the clacking of pool balls as instrumentation, and "00" by Richie Warburton, which uses the back-and-forth of a tennis match for the same purpose. Samples of television series such as "Quantum Leap", "Steptoe and Son" and "Star Trek" were also used, as well as samples from films, such as "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" and "", and film soundtracks.  All of the initial run of em:t releases were processed using the Roland Sound Space RSS 3D sound imaging system, giving the music an extra "spacious" quality.

Legacy.

The em:t series of albums are still prized among electronic music fans, and the reputation of the label and the music endures to this day. However, due to rights issues, only two of the original em:t series are available on iTunes; the rest continue to fetch exaggerated prices on auction sites such as eBay. In 2017, Bandcamp has made all Em:t releases available for both purchase and streaming except for Woob 1194 and Woob 4495. However Woob 1194 can be found on Paul Frankland's Bandcamp account, but Woob is not seen anywhere (Most likely due to his dissatisfaction for the album). In 2018, however, the Bandcamp page disappeared.

Artwork.

em:t releases are noted for their striking graphic design, used consistently and thematically across the entire discography. Each CD is packaged in a cardboard Digipak case. The front features high-resolution nature photography, depicting exotic animals in their natural habitats. The back is plain white, with the track listing in plain black text. Animals used on classic Em:t covers include "Ceratophrys ornata", "Plecotus auritus", "Ctenophore" and "Ramphastos sulfuratus". Images of frogs were used exclusively for compilation releases, whereas individual artists were given freedom to pick an image from the Oxford Scientific catalogue.  The "new" em:t releases did not have animal-themed covers, but sported the same overall design aesthetic, and used the same numbering system.  The animal-themed designs were created for em:t by British design firm The Designer's Republic, also well known for working with Warp Records for many years. Post-2003 em:t releases were designed by Cambridge-based design firm db|design.

Discography.

All em:t releases are catalogued with a four-digit number. The third and fourth digits represent the year of release, and the first two digits denote the order of release within a year, beginning with '00' and continuing on to '11', '22', etc.

Em:t Records (Emit Records) was a British record label, based in Nottingham, which specialized in ambient electronic music. They were active from 1994 to 1998, and after a period of bankruptcy, re-established themselves in 2003 under new ownership and management. In summer 2006, the label officially ceased operations again.


Professional career.

Originally signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent in, Peña signed with the New York Yankees about a year later and was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for third baseman/designated hitter Drew Henson and outfielder Michael Coleman in.

Cincinnati Reds.

Pena debuted with the Reds as a September call-up in, and got a single while pinch hitting in his first major league at-bat. Peña proved his label as a power hitter, hitting a home run in his second major league game, off Chicago Cubs pitcher Steve Smyth.  From through, Peña was a fourth outfielder with the Reds, and saw substantial playing time in center field covering for the often injured Ken Griffey, Jr., and backing up Austin Kearns in right field. Over his career in Cincinnati, Peña batted.248 with 51 home runs and 134 RBIs in 302 games.

Boston Red Sox.

The Reds traded Peña to the Boston Red Sox during spring training in for pitcher Bronson Arroyo. Over the course of the season, Peña again served as a fourth outfielder and one half of a platoon in right field. He batted a career-high.301 with a personal best on-base percentage of.349 in 299 plate appearances. Following an injury to Coco Crisp, Peña filled in at center field. On May 27, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list after surgery was required for an injured tendon in his left wrist. On July 18, Pena was activated from the disabled list. After platoon-mate Trot Nixon injured his biceps on July 30, Peña played more frequently in right field. The next day he fell a double short of hitting for the cycle in a 9-8 win over the Cleveland Indians. Pena hit.301 with 11 home runs in the 2006 season. Following the season, Peña played for the Dominican Republic in the 2006 World Baseball Classic.  The only action Peña saw in with the Red Sox was filling in for Crisp and J. D. Drew in center and right field. Pena hit a grand slam off closer Chris Ray of the Baltimore Orioles to help the Red Sox to a 5-2 victory on April 26. Throughout the season, Peña was rumored to be on the trading block, including in a deal at the trade deadline that did not go through.

Washington Nationals.

On August 17 Peña was traded to the Washington Nationals, with the Red Sox receiving 25-year-old first baseman Chris Carter and the Arizona Diamondbacks receiving Emiliano Fruto and cash considerations from Washington. Peña hit well for the Nationals, and finished 2007 with a cumulative 289 at-bats, 13 home runs and he batted.259 with a.319 on-base percentage and a.439 slugging percentage.  His $2.3 million signing bonus is now the third largest ever for an amateur free agent. In December 2007, he signed a one-year contract with the Nationals for $2 million with a mutual option for 2009 of $2 million.  On March 28,, Peña was designated for assignment by the Nationals and placed on waivers. Peña went unclaimed and declined an assignment to the minor leagues so he was unconditionally released.

New York Mets.

On April 20,, Peña signed a minor league deal with the New York Mets and was assigned to Triple-A Buffalo. He was released on June 22, 2009.

Bridgeport Bluefish.

On May 30, 2010, Pena began playing for the Bridgeport Bluefish, an independent team in the Atlantic League. In 38 games for Bridgeport, Peña hit.310 with 8 home runs and 38 runs batted in. During the offseason Wily played for the Tigres del Licey of the Dominican Winter League.

San Diego Padres.

On July 19, 2010, Peña was signed to a minor league deal by the Padres and assigned to Triple-A Portland.

Arizona Diamondbacks.

Peña signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Arizona Diamondbacks prior to the 2011 season. As of mid-June, he was hitting.356 with 21 homers and 62 RBIs for the team's Triple-A affiliate in Reno. He was called up on June 21 and hit a home run that night in his first game in 3 years.  In a game against the Detroit Tigers on June 24, Pena launched a go-ahead homer an estimated 454 feet deep into the left-field seats at Comerica Park to give the Diamondbacks a 7-6 lead and the eventual victory.  Four days later, in a game at Chase Field with the Cleveland Indians tied at 4 in the bottom of the ninth inning and Ryan Roberts on third base, Wily Mo powered a walk-off homer into the seats in left field giving the D-Backs a 6-4 win.  On July 15, 2011, Peña was designated for assignment. He was released on July 24.

Seattle Mariners.

Pena signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners on July 27, 2011. He had his contract purchased on August 13. He elected free agency on October 30.  In 76 minor league games that year, Pena hit 25 home runs with 77 RBI, with a line of.358 /.440 /.712 and an OPS 1.152.

Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.

On November 29, 2011, Pena signed a 2-year contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in Japan. In 2012, he hit.280 with 21 home runs and 76 RBI in 130 games. In 2013, he hit.233 with 16 RBI and 1 home run in 55 games.

Orix Buffaloes.

In 2014, he hit.255 with 32 homers and 90 RBIs in 140 games for the Orix Buffaloes in Japan.

Rakuten Golden Eagles.

In 2015, Peña moved to the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles where he hit.268 with 17 home runs.

Cleveland Indians.

On February 6, 2017, Peña signed a one-year minor-league contract with the Cleveland Indians. The team released him at the end of spring training.

Chiba Lotte Marines.

On June 16, 2017, Pena signed with the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball.

Philanthropy.

In 2007, Wily Mo Peña and his MoPeace Foundation teamed up with Joslin Diabetes Center's Latino Diabetes Initiative for the Beisbol y Salud Latino Diabetes and Health Festival to educate Latino men, women and children about type 2 diabetes. Wily Mo Pena currently volunteers his time to youth baseball in the Tampa, FL area.

Wily Modesto Peña Gutierrez (born January 23, 1982) is a Dominican professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Washington Nationals, Arizona Diamondbacks and Seattle Mariners, and in NPB for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and Orix Buffaloes. At 6 feet, 3 inches in height and nearly 300 pounds, the right-handed batting and throwing Peña is considered a pure power hitter best known for his long-distance home runs and high strikeout rate.


Game summaries.

Game 1.

Tuesday, October 10, 1995, at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio The opening game of the 1995 NLCS would be well-pitched and decided in extra innings. The only run allowed by Tom Glavine, who would go seven innings, came on a Ron Gant single following a Barry Larkin triple in the fourth. Pete Schourek was lights out the entire game, but allowed back-to-back leadoff singles in the ninth before David Justice hit into a forceout at second to send the game to extra innings. In the eleventh inning, bench player Mike Devereaux singled in Fred McGriff, who drew a leadoff walk off of Mike Jackson and moved to third on two groundouts, to give Atlanta a 2–1 lead. Manager Bobby Cox needed to use three pitchers in the bottom of the inning, but Greg McMichael induced a double play with runners on first and third that ended the game.

Game 2.

Wednesday, October 11, 1995, at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio With John Smoltz on the mound, the Braves took an early 1–0 lead when Marquis Grissom hit a leadoff single in the first off of John Smiley, moved to second on a groundout and scored on Chipper Jones's single, then got a second run in the fourth when Fred McGriff hit a leadoff double and scored on a Mike Devereaux RBI double. In the fifth, Lenny Harris's two-out RBI single with two on put the Reds on the board, then Jeff Branson stole home to tie the game at two. That score held until the tenth inning, when the Braves scored four runs and took the game. Cincinnati reliever Mark Portugal's wild pitch with the bases loaded allowed Mark Lemke to scamper home with the go-ahead run. Javy López followed with a three-run blast that blew the game open. This would be the final postseason game ever played in Riverfront Stadium.

Game 3.

Friday, October 13, 1995, at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia Greg Maddux went eight innings and only gave up one run in another strong start for an Atlanta starter. Lefty David Wells, acquired by Cincinnati in anticipation of facing the predominantly left-handed Braves lineup in the playoffs, matched Maddux with a scoreless first five innings. Later, right-handed Atlanta catcher Charlie O'Brien belted a three-run home run in the sixth off Wells. Rookie Chipper Jones hit a two-run shot in the seventh to make it 5–0. The Reds got on the board in the eighth on three straight one-out singles, the last of which to Hal Morris scoring a run. Mark Wohlers earned the save in the ninth despite allowing a leadoff double to Jeff Branson, who moved to third on a groundout and scored on Thomas Howard's sacrifice fly, as the Braves held on for a 5–2 victory.

Game 4.

Saturday, October 14, 1995, at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia Steve Avery, who was inconsistent all season, got the start for Atlanta and tossed six scoreless innings. Rafael Belliard hit a leadoff single off of Pete Schourek in the third, then moved to second on a fly out before Mark Lemke hit an RBI single to give Atlanta a 1–0 lead. The game remained close until the seventh, when Mike Jackson allowed a leadoff triple and one out walk before a passed ball allowed Marquis Grissom to score. After an intentional walk, series MVP Mike Devereaux hit a three-run home run to put the Braves up 5–0. After a double and intentional walk, Dave Burba relieved Jackson and Luis Polonia's RBI single made it 6–0 Braves. Bobby Cox took no chances and used closer Mark Wohlers to finish off the Reds in the ninth. The shutout victory completed a surprisingly easy sweep of Cincinnati and sent the Braves to their third World Series in five years.  The Reds offense only managed to score five runs in four games off Atlanta's pitching staff, even with the fact that the first two contests went to extra-innings.  This was the only NLCS to end in a four-game sweep until 2007, when the Colorado Rockies defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks in four games.  Former Brave Ron Gant would play against his former team with the Reds, then again the next year as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals.  To date, this is the Reds' most recent NLCS appearance.

Composite box.

1995 NLCS (4–0): Atlanta Braves over Cincinnati Reds

The 1995 National League Championship Series (NLCS), the second round of baseball's 1995 National League playoffs, matched the East Division champion Atlanta Braves against the Central Division champion Cincinnati Reds. The Reds had the home field advantage due to a predetermined formula which awarded home field advantage to the Central Division champion or its playoff opponent.


History.

Introduction.

In December 2002, the Tohoku Shinkansen extended to Hachinohe. As a result, the "Hayate" was introduced, in order to serve the newly extended section between Morioka and Hachinohe. "Hayate" trains ran between Tokyo and Hachinohe, and skips all stations between Ōmiya and Sendai. The "Hayate" was established as the fastest service on the Tohoku Shinkansen at that time, which also established its position as the predecessor of the "Hayabusa". All seats in "Hayate" trains require reservation, due to the popularity of Shinkansen services from Tokyo to the Tohoku region. "Hayate" trains were operated by 10-car E2 series units, which ran at a top speed of 275 km/h.

Shin-Aomori Extension.

On 4 December 2010, the Tohoku Shinkansen extended again to. And in 19 November 2011, E5 series trainsets, with maximum speeds of 320 km/h, were introduced to the line, with some of them used on "Hayate" services. The introduction of the E5 series resulted in the introduction of the "Hayabusa", which replaced the "Hayate"'s role as the fastest train on the line. In addition, currently E5 series "Hayate" services still run at a top speed of 275 km/h. JR East have reduced "Hayate" services over the years, and unify the discontinued "Hayate" services to "Hayabusa" services. It now serves as a complementary service to the "Hayabusa".

Opening of Hokkaido Shinkansen.

From 26 March 2016, with the opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen from Shin-Aomori to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, the "Hayate" name is also used for services operating between,, and., one return service operates daily between Morioka and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, and one return service daily operates between Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto. These services are formed of 10-car E5 or H5 series trainsets.

Past services with "Komachi".

In the past "Hayate" services used to couple with "Komachi" services from Tokyo to Morioka, where the "Komachi" cars are uncoupled and proceed to Akita Station via the Akita Shinkansen. However currently all "Komachi" train now couple with "Hayabusa" trains, so all "Hayate" trains now run alone.

Stations and service pattern.

"Hayate" services stop at the following stations.

Train formations.

"Hayate" services are operated by 10-car JR East E5 series or JR Hokkaido H5 series train sets, with car 1 at the Morioka end. All seats are reserved and no-smoking.

The name "Hayate" has not been used previously on any train service in Japan. The name was chosen with input from the public; roughly translated, it means a strong or violent wind; however, it carries positive connotations of speed and power.