Club career.

Southampton.

Born in Swindon, Wiltshire, Mills started his youth career at Swindon Town in 1999 before joining Southampton at the age of fourteen. Having progressed through the Southampton Academy, and then the reserves, Mills signed his first professional contract with the club in 2002. While at the academy, Mills initially played as a midfielder, but his playing position changed with the arrival of George Prost who was impressed with the way Mills "got on the ball and tried to dictate play" and switched him into a central–defence role, a position he plays today.  To gain first team experience, Mills was loaned out to Coventry City for one month on 18 September 2004. On the same day, Mills made his Coventry City debut, just hours after signing the paperwork for him to play later in the afternoon, in a 0–0 draw against Rotherham United. Mills' last appearance came on 3 October 2004 against Ipswich Town, where he scored an own goal, in a 2–1 loss. Mills then returned to his parent club and made four appearances. Coventry City sought to extend his loan period for a second month, but Southampton turned them down.  On 21 February 2005, Mills was loaned out again for a month joining Bournemouth. Mills made his Bournemouth debut the next day, making his first start and playing 90 minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Torquay United. He scored in the next game on 26 February 2005, in a 1–1 draw against Tranmere Rovers, followed up by scoring, in a 3–0 win over Swindon Town. Mills' performance and form at Bournemouth prompted the team to have his loan spell extended twice. In the last game of the season, Mills scored his third goal for the club, in a 4–2 loss against Bradford City. He made twelve appearances and scored three times during the season with "Bournemouth Daily Echo" writing that Mills' play "posted his nomination for the newcomer-of-the-year award".  After his loan spell at Bournemouth came to an end, Mills was among many youngsters to be in the first team squad ahead of the 2005–06 season. However, Mills remained out of the first team for almost half of the season until he finally made his Southampton debut, where he made his first start, in a 3–0 loss against Watford on 26 December 2005. After making three more appearances, Mills' future at Southampton was in doubt, as his contract was set to expire in the summer attracting interest from Manchester City.

Manchester City.

Mills ultimately signed a three-and-a-half-year deal with Manchester City on 31 January 2006. There he linked up again with City reserve manager Steve Wigley, who had worked with him during his spell in charge of Southampton's Academy, an opportunity Mills said he could not turn down. After suffering from an ankle injury while playing in the reserves, Mills made his Manchester City debut, where he came on as a substitute for Danny Mills in the 84th minutes, in a 2–0 loss against Chelsea on 25 March 2006. It was also his only appearance in the 2005–06 season.  At the start of the 2006–07 season, Mills suffered an ankle injury, but recovered and made his first appearance of the season, in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 21 October 2006. In order to gain first team football experience, it was announced on 26 January 2007 he joined Colchester United on a one–month loan. Mills made his Colchester United debut on 30 January 2007, where he made his first start, in a 1–0 win over Preston North End. Mills subsequently had his loan spell at Colchester United extended twice before returning in April, when he made nine appearances.

Doncaster Rovers.

On 17 August 2007, Mills joined Doncaster Rovers on a six-month loan deal, linking up with manager Sean O'Driscoll for the second time in his career. Mills made his Doncaster Rovers debut on 25 August 2007, where he came on as a substitute in the 83rd minute for Gareth Roberts, in a 2–1 loss against Bournemouth. Mills then scored two goals in two matches between 29 September 2007 and 2 October 2007 against Cheltenham Town and Walsall. On 21 November 2007, his loan deal was terminated and he was returned to his parent club for sustaining a knee injury. However, he rejoined the South Yorkshire club on a loan deal for the rest of the season on 14 January 2018. He was part of the starting eleven which won promotion to the Championship, beating Leeds United at Wembley Stadium in the League One play-off Final in May 2008.  Mills expressed a desire to join Doncaster Rovers after winning promotion at Wembley, and was expected to sign in the close season. After two months of speculation about his future, and his move to Doncaster Rovers in doubt after a change of manager at Manchester City, he was eventually unveiled as Doncaster Rovers' record signing when he inked a three-year contract with Doncaster on 30 July 2008. Doncaster Rovers paid £300,000 for his services (the then highest transfer fee paid by the club). In his first full season at Doncaster Rovers, Mills made 45 appearances in the 2008–09 season.  In the summer of 2009, Mills attracted the interest of a number of bigger clubs including Birmingham City and Newcastle United. However, on 10 June 2009 Nottingham Forest put in an offer of £2,000,000 for Mills which was rejected by Doncaster Rovers. A later offer from fellow Championship side Reading was accepted, however, and Mills left Doncaster in August 2009.

Reading.

On 5 August 2009, Mills was officially unveiled as a Reading player, signing a three-year contract under manager Brendan Rodgers. The exact transfer fee was undisclosed, however it is believed to be somewhere in the region of £2 million.  Mills made his debut for Reading in a 0–0 draw against Swansea City on 18 August 2009. Four days later on 22 August 2009, Mills scored his first Reading goal, in a 3–1 loss against Sheffield United. His second goal came on 17 October 2009, in a 3–1 loss against West Brom. After Reading's 1–0 win in March 2010 against Queens Park Rangers, Mills was seen making an apparent obscene gesture to his own supporters, for which he apologised. Manager Brian McDermott attributed his gesturing to passion, saying that Mills' actions would not dampen the player's relationship with his supporters—describing Mills' form as "inspirational". Despite struggling with injuries and being sent–off twice, Mills appeared in 30 matches and scored two goals in all competitions for Reading during the 2009–10 season.  Mills started the 2010–11 season in goalscoring fashion, scoring twice in the League Cup 2nd Round 3–3 draw against Northampton Town, before scoring the winner in a 2–1 win away at Leicester City just three days later where he also made a last-ditch goal line clearance, ensuring the Man of the Match award. On 30 October 2010, Mills scored against his former club, Doncaster Rovers, in a 4–3 win. On 1 March 2011 Mills scored the winning goal against Everton in a 1–0 victory to take Reading through to the FA Cup Quarter-finals. After a surging run, Reading qualified for the playoffs. On 30 May 2011, in the Championship play-off Final against Swansea, Mills captained the Royals and scored a header from a corner kick on 57 minutes and got booked in their 4–2 defeat at Wembley Stadium. Despite a suspension and injury, Mills went on to make forty–five appearances and scoring six times in all competitions in the 2010–11 season.

Leicester City.

On 7 July 2011, Mills signed a four-year contract with Leicester City for an undisclosed fee, and was later confirmed as club captain for the 2011–12 season, reuniting with his former Manchester City manager, Sven-Göran Eriksson. Mills had rejected an offer from Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers to join Leicester. Describing him as a "solid centre half," Ian Stringer of BBC Radio Leicester selected him as the club's key player for the 2011–12 season.  Mills made his league debut in a 1–0 win over Coventry City at the Ricoh Arena on 6 August 2011, On 16 October, Mills was sent off in the 55th minute of a 2–0 defeat at Birmingham City for a two-footed tackle on Morgaro Gomis, and he was sent off again six weeks later against Hull City for a professional foul on Aaron McLean. He scored his only goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Southampton at St Mary's Stadium on 24 January 2012.  In February 2012, reports surfaced of an alleged bust up with new manager Nigel Pearson, which Mills denied. He then lost the captaincy and was relegated to training with the club's youth academy. He did not travel for the 1–0 victory against Derby County on 23 February 2012, which prompted questions over his future at the club. Mills was later informed by phone that he was allowed to leave Leicester. But, despite being linked with league rivals Leeds United and West Ham United, Mills refused to leave on loan as it would have been "very disrespectful for the fans". Though this move away from the club did not materialise, he never played for Leicester again.

Bolton Wanderers.

On 4 July 2012, Mills signed a three-year contract with Bolton Wanderers for an undisclosed fee. On joining the club, Mills said, "This deal has worked out perfectly for me, mainly because Bolton are a fantastic club. Speaking to the manager, I have got the vibe of what the place and club is about and the ambitions of getting back into the Premier League."  After being given the number four shirt for the new 2012–13 season, Mills made his debut for the club in a 2–0 home victory over Derby County on 21 August. He scored his first goal on 15 September, in a 2–1 win against Watford. He picked up an upper thigh injury which ruled him out of play for four to five months.  After returning from injury, Mills was unable to reclaim his starting position due to the form of Craig Dawson, Tim Ream and Zat Knight who had each occupied the centre-back position in his absence. On 2 April 2013 he made his first appearance for the club since his injury against Huddersfield Town on 8 December 2012 - coming on as a 90th-minute substitute for goalscorer Chris Eagles to ensure a 1–0 victory against Huddersfield Town.  In July 2013, after Mills was linked with a move to Leeds United to reunite with his former Reading manager Brian McDermott, Bolton manager Dougie Freedman confirmed that Leeds had made an inquiry about Mills' availability. Freedman stated that he would like Mills to stay at the club, but if Mills wanted to leave he would let him go provided the right offer came in.  Mills made his return to the first team in the second round of League Cup against Tranmere Rovers and was one of the two players to convert the penalty successfully, as Bolton Wanderers lost 4–2 in the penalty shoot-out after playing 120 minutes. Since making his return to the first team, Mills won his place back in the side and partnered either David Wheater or Tim Ream. Mills then scored his first Bolton Wanderers goal on 11 January 2014, in a 1–1 draw against Nottingham Forest. However, Mills was sidelined when he suffered a minor knee problem during a match against Watford on 22 February 2014. After being sidelined for a month, Mills made his first team return, where he assisted Jermaine Beckford to score the only goal in the game, in a 1–0 win over Barnsley on 12 April 2014. Mills later finished the 2013–14 season, making 35 appearances and scoring once in all competitions.  Ahead of the 2014–15 season, Mills was named as vice-captain to Jay Spearing. Mills scored his first Bolton Wanderers' goal on 23 August 2014, in a 2–1 loss against Brighton & Hove Albion and scored a month later, in a 2–1 loss against Chelsea in the second round of the League Cup. Mills scored the only goal in the game, in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City on 18 October 2014. After Spearing's injury, Mills played his first match as captain and scored in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City on 4 November 2014. Two months later on 27 January 2015, Mills scored and set up a goal for Liam Trotter, in a 4–2 loss against Rotherham United. After suffering an injury in January 2015, Mills made his return, only to be sent–off for a second bookable offence, in a 4–1 loss against Nottingham Forest. Despite this, he finished third with 17 percent behind Josh Vela and Ream in voting for Bolton's Player of the Season. Mills finished the 2014–15 season, making forty–one appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.  Despite being offered a new contract by Manager Neil Lennon, Mills was among the players released by the club in May 2015, which was explained as part of the club's cut costing measures.

Nottingham Forest.

On 1 July 2015, Mills signed for Nottingham Forest as a free agent, re-uniting with former Bolton manager Dougie Freedman in the process. On joining the club, Mills was given the number five shirt ahead of the new season. Mills made his Nottingham Forest debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 loss against Brighton & Hove Albion. Mills then captained his first match as a Nottingham Forest player, following Henri Lansbury's injury, on 29 August 2015, in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City. Following his debut, Mills started each of Forest's first eight matches of the season, scoring twice, before an injury sustained shortly after equalizing against Middlesbrough on 19 September forced him to miss Forest's next away match Huddersfield.  Mills returned to the starting eleven in Forest's next game at home to Hull City on 3 October. However, with Forest trailing 1–0 after an Abel Hernández goal, Mills received a straight red card from referee Nigel Miller in the 87th minute of the game following an aerial challenge with Hull's on-loan Arsenal striker Chuba Akpom. Forest lost the game 1–0. On 5 December 2015, Mills scored twice in a 3–0 defeat of Fulham, with a third headed effort in injury time hitting the crossbar. Having played an integral role in an unbeaten December for Forest, Mills was nominated for the SkyBet Championship Player of the Month Award on 7 January 2016. Five days later on 12 January 2016, just after the announcement, he scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Birmingham City. Mills finished the season having made forty-two appearances and scoring five times in the league.  Mills made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season in Forest's opening match—a 4–3 defeat of Burton Albion under the new management of Philippe Montanier. In September, he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Rotherham United. One month later, he was red-carded in a 3–1 defeat against Newcastle United. Manager Montanier said that the fourth official had exaggerated the decision. After the departure of Montanier, and the sale of regular captain Henri Lansbury, Mills was installed as captain by caretaker manager Gary Brazil. However, Mills only lasted fifty-five minutes in Brazil's first game, being substituted after a groin injury that was later reported would sideline him for two months.  On 31 January 2018, Mills terminated his contract with the club by mutual agreement.

Barnsley.

On 31 January 2018, Mills signed with Barnsley for the remainder of the season. Three days later, he made his debut in a 1–0 defeat against Queens Park Rangers. He was released by Barnsley at the end of the 2017–18 season.

Pune City.

On 21 August 2018, Mills joined Indian Super League club Pune City.

Forest Green Rovers.

On 31 May 2019, League Two club Forest Green Rovers announced that they had signed Mills as a player-coach in advance of the 2019-20 season.

International career.

Mills was called–up by the England under-19 level and helped the side qualify for the European Under-19 Championship in March 2005. Mills helped the national side to the final, which they lost to the France under-19s. He made a total of eight appearances for the team between 2004 and 2005.

Personal life.

Born in Swindon, England, Mills and his family lived just 10 minutes from the County Ground until he left when he was 14. Mills went to school at Bradon Forest Secondary School in Purton, Wiltshire.  Mills' youngest brother, Joseph, was a trainee at Southampton. He now plays for Forest Green Rovers, where he was joined by Matt in May 2019. His other brothers, Jon-Paul and Jamie both play for Hellenic Football League side Witney United.  The former "Hollyoaks" and "Prisoners' Wives" actress Emma Rigby was formerly Mills' girlfriend. In 2014, he married Jade Elliott, daughter of former Leicester City and Scotland defender Matt Elliott and together they have two daughters, Lyla and Aria.

Style of play.

The football pundit and former Leicester City player Steve Claridge described Mills' style of play as that of "an old-fashioned centre-half who relishes the physical side of the game".

Honours.

Doncaster Rovers

Matthew Claude Mills (born 14 July 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Forest Green Rovers.


Track career.

Esther Stroy was only 15 years and 64 days old when she competed at the 1968 Olympics.  In 2012, Stroy, now Esther Stroy-Harper, remembered it as a it being "more than the world’s best summer vacation. It was the opportunity of a lifetime".  In the 400 m event itself, she reached the semi-final but injured herself whilst leading the race and finally finished fifth so therefore not qualifying for the final. Her Olympic misfortune was repeated in 1972. As Stroy-Harper recalls “Right before the 1972 Olympics, I injured that same hamstring, so I didn’t make the team. I went to Munich, but as a spectator.”  In the 1968 United States Olympic Trials, Stroy was third in the 400 m event and was entered but did not compete in the 200 m. In 1972, she was third in her heat of the 200 m and was entered but did not compete in the 400 m.  Between the two Olympics, she continued running for her universities and country.  The high point of her career was winning gold at the 1971 Pan American Games in the 4 x 400 meter relay and bronze in the 200 meters. She also won the 220 yards dash at the 1971 and 1972 AAU Indoor Championships.  In 1971, she was a member of a 4 x 1-mile women's relay team that set a new world record at a USA versus Pan-Africa meet.  In 1969, she was ranked second in the USA and ninth in the world in the 400 metres/440 yards by the votes of the experts of Track and Field News.

Personal life.

Stroy was the eighth of eleven children of Mr and Mrs Dennis Stroy. Her father was a cab driver in the District of Columbia.  Esther Stroy attended Nevelle Thomas Elementary School then Spingarn High School, Washington D.C.  Stroy also joined a neighbourhood track club. Here she came under the tutelage of Brooks Johnson, now one of America's best known track coaches but at that time he was still a relative novice coach. She was to become Brook's first of many Olympians.  Her father was able to see her run in Mexico City in the 1968 Olympics, but her mother unfortunately was not able to having injured herself during the preparations to travel. Being of high school age, Stroy attended classes at a local school during the six weeks of the Olympics training camp at Los Alamos, New Mexico in order to maintain her academic skills.  Stroy attended Howard University after graduating from Spingarn. After Howard, she attended Stanford University where she began her career as a coach and a recruiter. She worked in California for several years before returning to Washington D.C. In Washington, she continued working as a coach, mainly working with young athletes aged 8 to 17/18.  Stroy is married to Daniel Harper, a retired United States Army colonel, and now uses the surname Stroy-Harper.

Esther Stroy (born August 12, 1953) is a former American track and field athlete, who competed in the sprinting events. She is best known for competing at the 1968 Olympics in the 400-meter dash as a 15-year-old, the youngest competitor at those games.


Design.

German Type IXD2 submarines were considerably larger than the original Type IXs. "U-849" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines plus two MWM RS34.5S six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines for cruising, producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-849" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 24 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 150 rounds, and a SK C/30 with 2575 rounds as well as two C/30 anti-aircraft guns with 8100 rounds. The boat had a complement of fifty-five.

Service history.

Even though she was commanded by top U-boat ace Heinz-Otto Schultze (Knight’s Cross) she neither sank nor damaged any vessels.  She joined 4th Flotilla for training on 11 March 1943, where she remained until 30 September 1943, whence she then joined 12th Flotilla for active service until her sinking on 25 November 1943.

Fate.

"U-849" was sunk by depth charges dropped by a US Navy P4BY-1 Liberator bomber from VB-107 in the South Atlantic west of the River Congo estuary at position. All 63 hands were lost.

German submarine "U-849" was a long-range Type IXD2 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. Laid down in Bremen and launched on 31 October 1942.


Geography.

The river of Yahorlyk divided district into two parts: the western and eastern. The eastern part is characterized by flat calm, well - wavy terrain with a distinct plateau. The western part of the area increased and wavy. Dominated by black earth

Demography.

The population of the region lives in 54 villages and settlements that are 14 rural and 1 village councils. The population as of 01.01. 2015 was 20.216 thousand. Pers., Including rural - 14.947 thousand. Pers., City - 5.269 thousand. Pers.  National composition of population  Ukrainian - 67.6%  Russians - 13.4%  Moldovans - 13.2%  other nationalities - 5,8%.  Manpower area are 11.6 thousand. Pers. (54% of the total population), retirees - 5.796 thousand. Pers. (28.8% of them, 4595 - at age 875 - disability, 99 - receive social pension, 542 - for special merits to the country, including 79 women).

Natural resources.

Farmland - 87,168.48 hectares, including arable land - 61862.46 hectares, fallow - 6,744.58 hectares, perennial plants - 686.75 ha -2418.24 hayfields, pastures, 15,456.45 hectares.  The natural potential of the area - sand, clay and limestone are the main raw material for the production of stone and cement.

History.

Okny was founded in the end of the 19th century. The area was settled after 1792, when the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester were transferred to Russia according to the Iasi Peace Treaty. The area was included in Tiraspol Uyezd, which belonged to Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty until 1795, Voznesensk Viceroyalty until 1796, Novorossiya Governorate until 1803, and Kherson Governorate until 1920. In 1834, the area was transferred to newly established Ananyiv Uyezd. In 1919, Okny was renamed Krasni Okny.  On 16 April 1920, Odessa Governorate split off, and Ananyiv Uyezd was moved to Odessa Governorate, where it was abolished in 1921. In 1923, uyezds in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were abolished, and the governorates were divided into okruhas. Krasni Okny was included into Balta Okruha. On 3 July 1923 Alexiivka Raion with the administrative center in Krasni Okny was established. On 26 November 1924, Balta Okruha was abolished, and the area was transferred into newly established Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The raion was later renamed Krasni Okny. In 1940, Krasni Okny Raion was transferred to Odessa Oblast.  On 19 May 2016, Verkhovna Rada adopted decision to rename Krasni Okny Raion to Okny Raion and Krasni Okny to Okny conform to the law prohibiting names of Communist origin.

Transport.

The area has an extensive system of roads linking it with other settlements in the region and the Republic of Moldova. Length of public roads is 241.1 km. Through the district runs international highway E584 («Kirovograd-Platonic", linking Russia, Ukraine, Moldova.  Railways through Krasni Okny Raion not paved. The nearest railway station "Chubivka" is located 18 km from the district center.

Industry.

Products manufactured (specialization)  Ltd. "Mine" Dovzhanka ". Sspecialization stone - limestone  Ltd. "Mine" Horyachivka ". Specialization stone - limestone  LLC "Timdress Debeteks". Specialization Special clothes  Sales of industrial products area for 8 months of 2015 amounted to 5 mln. 218.9 thousand,  LLC "Timdress Debeteks" for 8 months in 2015 the clothing sold products worth 4 mln. 737.7 thous.  Sales volumes of stone - limestone LLC "Mine" Horyachivka "for 8 months of 2015 amounted to 2,172 m3 totaling 288.1 thousand. UAH.  Sales volumes of stone - limestone LLC "Mine" Dovzhanka "for 8 months of 2015 amounted to 989 m3 totaling 193.1 thousand. UAH.

Agriculture.

The total area of agricultural land, including - 61,804 ha  According to data as of July 30, 2015  threshed 28,632 hectares of early grain and leguminous crops. harvested 77,084 tons of corn, the yield is 26.9 centners/ ha.  Completed harvesting winter barley on the area of 7099 hectares, 19,309 tons of harvested crops, yield 27.2 c / ha and 57 ha winter rye, harvested 188 tons, yield 33.0 c / ha, oats harvested on the area of 294 hectares harvested 740, yield 25.2 c / ha, 173 ha of spring wheat, harvested 311 tons, yield 18.0 c / ha.  Complete collection of winter rape area to 109 hectares harvested 218 tons, yield 20.0 c / ha. Complete collection of pea area 1,889 hectares harvested 1,965 tons, yield 10.4 c / ha, winter wheat harvested on the area of 16,496 hectares, 49,323 tons of grain threshed, yield 29.9 c / ha, spring barley harvested on the area of 2,624 hectares harvested 5248 tons, yield 20.0 c / ha.  In general winter grain crops harvested on the area of 23,652 hectares, 68,820 tons of grain threshed, yield is 29.1 centners / ha,  In the harvest of the current year were involved 176 combine harvesters  On 1 September 2015 in the area there are cattle incl 6746 cows - 3,439 5,895 pigs., 3335 sheep and goats, poultry - 120.9 thousand.

Trade and consumer services.

The district has 175 retail facilities retail trade; 19 - public catering; 11 - Consumer Services 1 - market

Education.

Department of Education provides implementation of state policy in the field of education and training in the area.  In the area there are 20 secondary schools where studying in 174 classes a student in 2224:  The education system has 20 pre-schools where studying 799 children.  There are also children's art house and Children's sports school.  There is also a branch Krasnooknyanske "State Educational Institution" Frunzivskyy professional college. " There are 135 students  Courses provide 419 teachers.

Medicine.

Medical service provided by: Krasnooknyanska central district hospital, which consists of five departments (internal medicine, maternity, infectious, surgical, children); Krasnooknyanskyy district center of primary health care, which includes - clinic of general practice of family medicine(s.Mayak,s.Stavrovo, s.Chorna and 24 medical centers

Culture.

Cultural - educational work carried out 58 cultural institutions: school aesthetic education in the village of Krasnye Okny, Krasnooknyanskyy Cultural District, 5 rural houses of culture, 23 rural clubs, Central District Library, Children's Library District and 26 rural libraries.  In memory of those killed in World War II memorials created 9, found 16 monuments and obelisks.  In honor of the commemoration of the victims of Holodomor of 1932-1933 in the village of Krasnye Okny a monument to Holodomor victims, and another 15 towns in the district installed a memorial sign.

Okny Raion (), until May 2016 Krasni Okny Raion () is a raion (district) in Odessa Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Okny. Population:


Family background.

Arundel was the son of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel and the grandson of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel..  His mother was Eleanor Maltravers, daughter and heiress of Sir John Maltravers and the granddaughter (and, eventually, sole heiress) of John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers.  Sir William Arundel's family used the surname Arundel rather than FitzAlan but in most cases his relations have been re-designated as FitzAlans by subsequent writers and historians. That was not done in his case, and he is always referred to as Sir William Arundel.

Life and career.

The precise date of Arundel's birth is not known, but it was after 1365. and has been estimated as 1369. He is first referred to in 1375 when he is one of those receiving a legacy in the will of his grandfather Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel. In 1389 he was granted a licence to travel (with Sir Simon Felbrigge and Robert Teye). According to Froissart, he attended Richard II to Ireland in 1394  In 1395 he was appointed as the Constable (or custos) of Rochester Castle.  Arundel was with Richard II in Ireland in 1394. In 1395 he was Constable of Rochester Castle.  He was appointed Constable and Warden of Reigate Castle, and given responsibility as Ranger for all the surrounding parks and chases, in 1397.  He and his wife Agnes both received robes of the Order of the Garter in 1399, which shows that they were expected to attend the Garter ceremonies together in that year.

Knight of the Garter.

He was created a Knight of the Garter in 1395. He took the place of Sir Nicholas Sarnesfeld. There was no obvious reason for him to be granted such a high honour and personal mark of favour from the Sovereign, which came at a time when his uncle Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and the King had already fallen out with each other.  The fortunes of nephew and uncle may have been related, because Arundel's appointment as Constable and Warden of Reigate Castle was formalised on 7 October 1397, which was only weeks after his uncle's attainder and execution by beheading on 21 September.  Arundel's Garter stall plate (dated to about 1421) in St George's Chapel, Windsor is recognised as one of the most beautiful examples of medieval heraldic art, notable for the continuation of the feathers of the gryphon's head in his crest to form the rest of the mantling over his shield of arms.. The arms displayed on the stall plate are FitzAlan quartering Maltravers (i.e. 1st and 4th, "Gules, a lion rampant Or" for Fitzalan: and 2nd and 3rd "Sable, a fret Or" for Maltravers). The crest is "a gryphon's head argent beaked and langued gules arising out of a ducal coronet gules". The stall plate is in the second stall on the Sovereign's side of the Chapel

Marriage and death.

Sir William married a lady called Agnes, of whose family nothing else is known.  Sir William Arundel died in 1400. His will, dated London 1 August 1400 (in which month he died), specified that his body should be ""buried in the Priory at Rochester, at the back of the high altar"" and his tomb is still visible there, in what is now Rochester Cathedral.  There is no record of him having any children.  Sir William's widow, Lady (Agnes) Arundel, died shortly after him, in 1401.. Her will, made shortly before her death, asked that her body be buried ""under the tomb where my husband and me are pictured"" in Rochester Cathedral. When the Cathedral was being restored shortly before 1880, their stone slab with brass memorial over depicting husband and wife was disturbed and examined during the restoration of the choir. Removal of the slab uncovered a large lead coffin and the body of a woman wrapped in lead. The brasses had at that point been torn from the slab, but the impression in the stone formed to receive the brass showed the figure of a knight in armour (Sir William) holding the hand of a lady by his side (Lady Arundel)

Surviving monuments.

There is still, behind the high altar of Rochester Cathedral, a stone memorial slab formerly housing a now-lost memorial brass over the remains of Sir William and his wife the lady Agnes Arundel. A laser scan recording and imaging of the stone tomb was commissioned in 2012 and the results were published in 2014  His Garter stall plate also survives in its place in the second stall on the Sovereign's side of St George's Chapel, Windsor.

Sir William Arundel KG (born about 1369, died 1400) was a Knight of the Order of the Garter, Constable of Rochester Castle and Constable and Warden of Reigate Castle. He owed all his appointments to Richard II whose reign (1377-1399) covered most of Arundel's life.


History.

The first known formal meeting of civil engineers in Britain took place at the King's Head tavern in Holborn, London, on 15 March 1771, when seven of the leading engineers of the time agreed to establish a Society of Civil Engineers. The leading light of the new Society was John Smeaton who was the first engineer to describe himself as a "Civil Engineer", having coined the term to distinguish himself from the military engineers graduating from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. The other founding members were Thomas Yeoman, Robert Mylne, Joseph Nickalls, John Grundy, John Thompson and James King. In the first year they were joined by John Golborne, William Black, Robert Whitworth and Hugh Henshall and these eleven were known as the Original Members.  When the Society was founded its title was the "Society of Civil Engineers". When William Mylne started a new Minute Book in 1822 he used the heading "Engineers' Society" in the reports of each session until 1869, when he changed it to "Smeatonian Society". The Rules and Regulations issued in 1830 bore the title "Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers" for the first time, which has been its title ever since. Major Henry Watson was the first military engineer to be elected to membership in 1774.  Eventually the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers became more of a dining club and a group of younger engineers began to demand a better grouping to aid their profession and the Institution of Civil Engineers was formed in 1818.  The unveiling of a memorial stone to Smeaton in Westminster Abbey on 7 November 1994, by Noel Ordman, President, was described in The Times as 'a triumph for the Smeatonian Society'. Smeaton is also one of six civil engineers depicted in the Stephenson stained glass window, designed by William Wailes and unveiled in 1862.

Present day.

The Society continues to this day, mainly as a dining and discussion club of around sixty senior professional engineers, 'distinguished for their work in the theory or practice of design, manufacture, construction or management in the various fields of engineering', up to eighteen retired Members Emeritus and up to fifteen Honorary Members who include Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (elected 1953), who served as President in 1971, and Anne, Princess Royal (elected 2017). Since 1975 the Society has often met at the headquarters of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Mottos.

The Latin motto "Omnia in Numero, Pondere et Mensura" was added to the summons card in 1793; it is adapted from Wisdom of Solomon 11:20 "(Thou hast ordered) all things by number, weight and measure". The proposal of the Reverend William Whewell (Honorary Member 1836) at a meeting on 14 June 1843 was accepted, that a Greek motto (probably from Aristotle) should be added to the summons card: "Τεχνη κρατουμεν ὢν φυσει νικωμεθα" “By Art we master what would master us”. Both mottos are still in use.

Historical membership classes.

From 1793 the renewed Society was to be "for promoting and communicating every branch of knowledge useful and necessary to the various and important branches of public and private works in civil engineering". There were three classes of membership: First Class - "those who are actually employed in Designing, & forming, Works of different kinds, in the Various Departments of Engineering". Second Class - "Men of Science and Gentlemen of Fame and Fortune" (Honorary Members). Third Class - "Various Artists, whose professions and employments, are necessary & useful thereto as well as connected with Civil Engineering" (Honorary Members).  Women elected include Jean Venables (2003), Joanna Kennedy (2006), Julia Elton FSA (Honorary 2010), Dame Julia Higgins (2012), Bridget Rosewell (2016), Dame Ann Dowling (2017), Helen Atkinson (2017), Dame Judith Hackitt (2018) and Faith Wainwright (2019).

Presidents.

The following is a list of presidents of the Society from its inception. Honorary Members are shown in italics. In 1793 the Society was reconstituted without a President. The post was reintroduced as an annually elected position in 1841:

The Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers was founded in 1771, and was originally known as the Society of Civil Engineers, being renamed following its founder's death. It was the first engineering society to be formed anywhere in the world, and remains the oldest.


Taxonomy.

Elias Magnus Fries described the fungus in 1818 as "Agaricus ustalis". Paul Kummer gave it its current name in 1871 upon transferring it to the genus "Tricholoma". Lucien Quélet's "Gyrodon ustale", published in 1886, is a synonym. Marcel Bon described the variety "rufoaurantiacum" from France in 1984. Within the genus "Tricholoma", "T. ustale" is classified in the section "Albobrunnea" of the subgenus "Tricholoma".  The species name is from the Latin "ustalis" "burnt" and relates to the colour of the mushroom. It is commonly known as the "burnt knight". In Japan, the mushroom is known as "Kakishimeji" (Kaki-shimeji).

Description.

The mushroom has a bell-shape to conical or convex cap that measures in diameter and is orange-red-brown. The cap margin is initially curled inward, but straightens in age as the edge become lobed wavy. The gills are somewhat crowded together, and have an adnate to emarginate attachment to the stem. They are cream to pale yellow when young, aging to pale brown with brown spots. The cylindrical stem, which measures long by thick, is somewhat thicker at the base. The flesh is white but turns brown where it is bruised or otherwise injured. The roughly spherical to ellipsoid spores are typically 6.0–7.5 by 5.0–6.0 μm, and feature a hilum.  "Tricholoma ezcarayense", described from Spain in 1992, is similar in appearance to "T. ustale", and also grows in association with beech. It can be distinguished in the field by its less robust stature, the minute, flat scales on the cap, and the green tints present in the reddish-brown colour of the cap. It can be more reliably distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as the hyphae in its cap cuticle have abundant clamp connections, unlike "T. ustale".

Toxicity.

"Tricholoma ustale" is one of the three species most commonly implicated with mushroom poisoning in Japan (Other two are "Omphalotus japonicus" and "Entoloma rhodopolium"). Consumption of the mushroom causes gastrointestinal distress, including symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea. Chemical analysis of Japanese populations has revealed the toxic principles ustalic acid and several related compounds. Force-fed to mice, ustalic acid causes them to sit still in a crouched position, hesitant to move, and induces tremors and abdominal contractions. High enough concentrations of the toxin (10 milligrams per mouse) cause death. Ustalic acid, an inhibitor of the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells, has been chemically synthesized. The toxicity of North American populations is unknown.

Habitat and distribution.

"Tricholoma ustale" is an ectomycorrhizal species, and grows in association with "beech". In England, it can be locally common in the southern counties.

Tricholoma ustale, commonly known as the burnt knight, is a species of mushroom in the large genus "Tricholoma". It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, though those from North America may represent one or more different species.


Season summary.

Midway through the season the Balmain club looked out of touch winning only six of their first twelve games. Five consecutive wins to end the regular season left them in position to make a finals assault. Balmain’s Bob Lulham set a new record for the highest number of tries by a player in a debut season with a tally of 28 tries in eighteen matches. This remains that club’s record for tries in a season.

Teams.

The addition of two teams, Manly-Warringah and Parramatta, saw ten teams from across the city contest during the 1947 premiership, the first expansion of the League since Canterbury-Bankstown’s introduction in 1935. Manly had been competing for a number of years in the NSWRFL's President's Cup (3rd grade) competition and had been assured by the league of first grade status should they win the Presidents Cup, which they finally did in 1946. After Cumberland’s demise from the league, pressure began to build in the area for another team in the NSWRFL in the 1930s, though this died down during World War II and a Parramatta district club was not proposed again until 1946 when the club was successfully admitted into the Premiership.

Finals.

Grand final.

The Tigers had strung together seven consecutive wins including a preliminary final victory over minor premiers Canterbury in their attempt at a second straight premiership. Canterbury exercised their “right of challenge” after losing the final and called for a Grand Final decider.  The formidable Canterbury front row of Eddie Burns, Roy Kirkaldy and Henry Porter were combining in their tenth season for over one hundred and fifty appearances as a scrum front trio. They led a punishing Berries defence and gave their side a better-than-even chance of possession in the scrum contests.  Balmain’s star international centre and Kangaroo captain Joe Jorgenson had played and coached on a country contract in Junee in 1947 but returned to the Tigers reserve-grade in time for the semi-finals. The Grand Final marked his sole first-grade appearance of the season. Balmain’s Test five-eighth Pat Devery was the nominated match kicker but after several misses he passed over to Jorgenson who kicked three penalties to keep Balmain in the game and trailing 9–6 with ten minutes to go.  Then Jorgenson crashed over for a try under the posts and after receiving medical attention he converted his own goal to give the Tigers an 11–9 lead. A final 45-yard penalty goal then sealed the match for the Tigers at 13–9 with Jorgenson scoring all of Balmain’s points and being chaired victorious from the field.  Balmain 13 (Tries: Jorgenson. Goals: Jorgenson 5 )  defeated  Canterbury-Bankstown 9 (Tries: Hasson. Goals: Johnson 2, Hasson)

The 1947 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the fortieth season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league competition, Australia’s first. For the first time, the number of clubs in the league reached double digits due to the admission of Manly-Warringah and Parramatta to the first grade competition. The season culminated in a grand final between the Balmain and Canterbury-Bankstown clubs.


Two factor approach to anxiety.

Though anxiety can be thought of as having several components, including cognitive, somatic, affective, and behavioral components, Beck "et al." included only two components in the BAI's original proposal: cognitive and somatic. The cognitive subscale provides a measure of fearful thoughts and impaired cognitive functioning, and the somatic subscale measures the symptoms of physiological arousal.  Since the introduction of the BAI, other factor structures have been implemented, including a four factor structure used by Beck and Steer with anxious outpatients that included neurophysiological, autonomic symptoms, subjective, and panic components of anxiety. In 1993, Beck, Steer, and Beck used a three factor structure including subjective, somatic, and panic subscale scores to differentiate among a sample of clinically anxious outpatients  Because the somatic subscale is emphasized on the BAI, with 15 out of 21 items measuring physiological symptoms, perhaps the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of anxiety are being deemphasized. Therefore, the BAI functions more adequately in anxiety disorders with a high somatic component, such as panic disorder. On the other hand, the BAI won't function as adequately for disorders such as social phobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder, which have a stronger cognitive or behavioral component.

Clinical use.

The BAI was specifically designed as "an inventory for measuring clinical anxiety" that minimizes the overlap between depression and anxiety scales. While several studies have shown that anxiety measures, including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), are either highly correlated or indistinguishable from depression, the BAI is shown to be less contaminated by depressive content.  Since the BAI does only questions symptoms occurring over the last week, it is not a measure of trait anxiety or state anxiety. The BAI can be described as a measure of "prolonged state anxiety", which, in a clinical setting, is an important assessment. A version of the BAI, the Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT), was developed in 2008 to assess trait anxiety rather than immediate or prolonged state anxiety, much like the STAI. However, unlike the STAI, the BAIT was developed to minimize the overlap between anxiety and depression.  A 1999 review found that the BAI was the third most used research measure of anxiety, behind the STAI and the Fear Survey Schedule, which provides quantitative information about how clients react to possible sources of maladaptive emotional reactions.  The BAI has been used in a variety of different patient groups, including adolescents. Though support exists for using the BAI with high-school students and psychiatric inpatient samples of ages 14 to 18 years, the recently developed diagnostic tool, Beck Youth Inventories, Second Edition, contains an anxiety inventory of 20 questions specifically designed for children and adolescents ages 7 to 18 years old.

Limitations.

Though the BAI was developed to minimize its overlap with the depression scale as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, a correlation of r=.66 (p<.01) between the BAI and BDI-II was seen among psychiatric outpatients, suggesting that the BAI and the BDI-II equally discriminate between anxiety and depression.  Another study indicates that, in primary care patients with different anxiety disorders including social phobia, panic disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia, or generalized anxiety disorder, the BAI seemed to measure the severity of depression. This suggests that perhaps the BAI cannot adequately differentiate between depression and anxiety in a primary care population.  In a study examining the BAI's use on older adults with generalized anxiety disorder, no discriminant validity was seen between the BAI and measures of depression. This could perhaps be due to the increased difficulty in discriminating between anxiety and depression in older adults due to "de-differentiation" of the symptoms of anxiety with the aging process, as hypothesized by Krasucki et al.  Many questions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory include physiological symptoms, such as palpitations, indigestion, and trouble breathing. Because of this, it has been shown to elevate anxiety measures in those with physical illnesses like postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, when the Anxiety Sensitivity Index did not.  Finally, the mean and median reliability estimates of the BAI tend to be lower when given to a nonpsychiatric population, such as college students, than when given to a psychiatric population.

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck and other colleagues, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in children and adults. The questions used in this measure ask about common symptoms of anxiety that the subject has had during the past week (including the day you take it) (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). It is designed for individuals who are of 17 years of age or older and takes 5 to 10 minutes to complete. Several studies have found the Beck Anxiety Inventory to be an accurate measure of anxiety symptoms in children and adults.


Phylogeny and description.

"Sciurus arizonensis" is a member of the order Rodentia and the family Sciuridae. It is distinguishable from "Sciurus aberti" by its longer flatter skull, broader rostrum, and having only one molar instead of two. "S. arizonensis" also has smaller ears with no tufts and a red/black stripe on the underside of their tail. Some sexual dimorphism can be seen in these squirrels, but it varies with some populations having larger males, and other populations having larger females.

Distribution and habitat.

"Sciurus arizonensis" or the Arizona gray squirrel can be found in parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Sonora, Mexico. They live in the mountains at mid elevations in riparian habitats, and more specifically usually broadleaf riparian habitats. The Arizona gray squirrel has had no recent expansion or reduction in the size of their range in New Mexico, though there has been some population decline. This is due to habitat loss and the introduction of the Abert’s squirrel which has in some cases outcompeted the Arizona gray squirrel for resources.

Diet.

The Arizona gray squirrel's diet consists mainly of pine cones, acorns, and other nuts. They also eat seeds and berries.

Reproduction.

Arizona gray squirrels have large variations in their diet, which has led to reproduction rates that vary year by year. Not all females breed each year, which can be seen by a lack of placental scarring. The timing of Arizona gray squirrel mating correlates with the prime time for flowers, which are a high energy food source for the energetically expensive costs of mating. Because mating is so energetically expensive, optimal reproduction timing is very important to ensure that offspring and parent will survive. This timing can differ between sexes and is largely dependent on the environmental change present in their habitat, which can often be fluctuating throughout the year and from year to year. Differences in the parental investment and a lack of food are responsible for shifts in male and female ranges. The opposite sexes have ranges that overlap with each other and during good mating conditions or season these ranges will expand and overlap more. These squirrels have been observed in mating chases with many males chasing one female. An important conservation strategy for the survival of the Arizona gray squirrel is to protect their nesting habitat. This means maintaining large trees with closed canopies that allow access to resources and protection from predators.

The Arizona gray squirrel ("Sciurus arizonensis") is a tree squirrel, in the genus "Sciurus", endemic to the canyons and valleys surrounded by deciduous and mixed forests in eastern Arizona and northern Mexico.


Early life.

Johann Baring was born in Bremen, one of the old Hanseatic cities of northern Germany. He was the posthumous son of Franz Baring (1657–1697), a professor of theology in Bremen, who died aged forty only a few weeks before Johann was born, by his wife Rebecca Vogds, the daughter of one of Bremen's leading wool merchants. Following the early death of Johann's father, he was brought up by the Vogds family.

Move to England.

At the age of twenty Johann was sent to England to learn the wool trade in Exeter, Devon. Originally having planned to return to Bremen after his apprenticeship, he decided to stay in England, where he obtained citizenship in 1723 and Anglicised his first name from Johann to John.

Marriage and progeny.

John married Elizabeth Vowler (1702–1766), the daughter of a prosperous Exeter grocer, who brought with her a large dowry of £20,000 and business sense to match that of her new husband. By Elizabeth he had the following progeny, 4 sons and 1 daughter:

Residences.

By 1737 the Barings moved from the City of Exeter and purchased as their country residence Larkbeare House, (a substantial 16th century house a fragment of which survives at no. 38 Holloway Street, Exeter, having been largely demolished by 19th century road-widening) and thirty seven acres of land, then just outside the city. Adjacent to Larkbeare was the estate of Mount Radford, which was later the family's residence. Shortly before his death John purchased Lindridge House, Bishopsteignton, near Exeter.

Death.

By the time of John's death aged fifty-one, the Barings were one of the wealthiest families in the West Country. Baring Crescent, Exeter, developed with Regency villas 1818-1828, was named after the family.

Johann Baring (born 15 November 1697 in Bremen, died 1748 in West Country), later anglicised to "John Baring", was a German-British merchant. He came to England in 1717 as an immigrant, as the apprentice of a wool merchant. His decision to settle permanently in England started the Baring family on the road to becoming one of the leading family banking firms in the world.


Shopping.

The store offers a variety of items including electronics, clothing, furniture, foodstuffs, kitchenware, and toys., approximately 70 percent of the items in the store were produced domestically. The store is also one of several official tourist stops in the city. Department Store No. 1 accepts only local currency. It is a popular shopping destination for local residents and in 2016 an average of 20,000 shoppers visited the store daily.  Swedish journalist described her visit to the department store as a tourist in the mid 2000s. Upon arrival, the store was closed. One of the tour guides accompanying her tried to distract her, while the other one rushed in to get the doors opened. When opened, the guide had to scramble passers-by to occupy the store as "shoppers". The moment they stepped in, the escalator was started. The shoppers appeared clueless as how to act in a department store. When after great pains Salzinger managed to purchase the goods she wanted, the cashier was confused and would not hand her a plastic bag for her items: "We look at each other in the eyes. She knows that something is wrong, and that not everything is like it should, but she does not know what it is."  According to Salzinger, a Western diplomat monitored the department store for one hour and saw no one come out with purchased items.  Theodore Dalrymple visited in 1989. He described the Potemkin nature of the place: "I also followed a few people around at random, as discreetly as I could. Some were occupied in ceaselessly going up and down the escalators; others wandered from counter to counter, spending a few minutes at each before moving on. They did not inspect the merchandise; they moved as listlessly as illiterates might, condemned to spend the day among the shelves of a library. I did not know whether to laugh or explode with anger or weep. But I knew I was seeing one of the most extraordinary sights of the twentieth century."

The Pyongyang Department Store No. 1 is a major retail store in Pyongyang, North Korea. On Sungri Street near Kim Il-sung Square in downtown Pyongyang, it is one of the largest retail stores in the country and is often the site of large commodity exhibitions.


History.

The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad went bankrupt on January 1, 1877, and Henry Plant bought it on November 4, 1879, reorganizing it as the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway on December 9.  Plant bought the Savannah and Charleston Railroad (opened 1860) in 1880, reorganizing it as the Charleston and Savannah Railway. That acquisition extended the line from Savannah northeast to Charleston, South Carolina, where the Ashley River Railroad (operated by the C&S) connected to the Northeastern Railroad (later part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad main line).  The Waycross and Florida Railroad and East Florida Railway were chartered in February 1880, forming the Georgia and Florida parts of the "Waycross Short Line". That line, running from the main line at Waycross southeast to Jacksonville, Florida, opened in April 1881.  In 1882, the Chattahoochee Branch opened from Climax on the main line southwest to the Florida state line, where the Chattahoochee and East Pass Railroad (chartered 1881) continued to River Junction, Florida, a hamlet which later came to be known as Chattahoochee, Florida. At River Junction, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad's Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad continued west, and the Florida Central and Western Railroad ran east to Jacksonville.  The Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad and Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad were chartered in 1881 to continue the short Florida Branch south from Live Oak further into Florida (eventually reaching Gainesville with a branch to Lake City). Plant tried to acquire the narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway to continue this line, but was unsuccessful, and on May 4, 1883 he bought 3/5 of the stock of the narrow gauge South Florida Railroad. At the time, the only connection between this system, with a main line from Sanford west to Tampa, was via steamboats on the St. Johns River from Jacksonville to Sanford.  The Plant Investment Company was formed in 1882 to lease and buy other railroads and expand the system.  The various lines of the SF&W were consolidated into one company in 1884. Specifically, the following companies lost their corporate existence:  The Brunswick and Western Railroad, opened in the late 1850s as the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, was bought by Plant in 1884.  In 1886, the system was changed to ; it had previously consisted of broad gauge lines and narrow gauge lines.

Expansion into Alabama and central Florida.

In 1887 the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railway opened as a short branch of the main line to Walterboro, South Carolina. The Walterborough and Western Railroad continued that line to Ehrhardt in 1896, and the two were merged into the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railroad in 1900.  On May 30, 1887, Florida state law chapter 3794 was approved, authorizing the SF&W to build lines from Tallahassee and Monticello north to the Georgia state line, connecting to branches from Thomasville, Georgia. The Tallahassee Branch was never built, but the Monticello Branch opened in 1888.  Plant obtained a controlling interest in the Alabama Midland Railway in July 1890. That line continued the main line from Bainbridge west to Montgomery, Alabama. The Southwestern Alabama Railway and Abbeville Southern Railway, two branches of that line, were acquired in the 1890s.  In 1890, the narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway went into receivership and remained so for two years. During this time, its Charlotte Harbor branch operated independently and converted this portion of the line to. In 1892, Plant bought the Florida Southern Railway under foreclosure and reorganized it as the Florida Southern Railroad. At this time, the Florida Southern system stretched from the south end of the Plant System at Gainesville south via Ocala, using trackage rights over the South Florida Railroad's Pemberton Ferry Branch, to Punta Gorda. The Florida Southern Railroad was integrated with the rest of the Plant System in 1896 and was converted to that same year.  The Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf Railroad was chartered in 1877 and opened in 1892, running from Ocala west to Dunnellon and then south to Homosassa and Inverness. A connection was built from Inverness to the South Florida Railroad at Pemberton Ferry.  The Winston and Bone Valley Railroad, opened in 1892 to serve phosphate mines near Lakeland, became part of the Plant System in 1896.  The Tampa and Thonotosassa Railroad was incorporated in 1893, running northeast from the South Florida Railroad in Tampa to the small town of Thonotosassa.  In 1895, Plant bought the narrow gauge Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad (previously the Orange Belt Railway) in 1895, which stretched across the state from Sanford to St. Petersburg. The most profitable section of this line was immediately converted to, leaving the remaining section from Trilby to Sanford in its original gauge. The Florida Midland Railway in the Orlando area was acquired in 1896, its line north of the Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad was abandoned, and its remaining track from Sanford to Kissimmee was converted to narrow gauge. By keeping these two connecting lines the same narrow gauge, they were able to work in conjunction with one another, utilizing the same narrow gauge equipment from both the Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad and the recently converted Florida Southern Railroad.  In 1899, the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway, except for the branch to Titusville (which had been sold to the Florida East Coast Railway), was reorganized and bought by Plant as the Jacksonville and St. Johns River Railway. This supplied a connection between Jacksonville and Sanford without the need for a steamboat transfer at each end, as well as system connections at Tavares and Palatka.  The Plant System built the nearly straight Folkston Cutoff in southeast Georgia in 1901. This ran from the old Waycross and Florida Railroad at Folkston north via Nahunta to Jesup on the SF&W mainline, allowing trains to bypass Waycross and save over the old route.  In 1901, the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railroad, the Ashley River Railroad, the Abbeville Southern Railway; and Southern Alabama Railroad were all consolidated into the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway.  In 1901, the following companies were also merged into the SF&W:  In 1902 the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad acquired the entire Plant System, connecting at Charleston, SC. The components were soon merged into the ACL. The system has since become part of CSX after several mergers.

Steamship Lines.

Associated with the railroad were the Plant Steamship Line and Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship Co., Ltd., both with Henry B. Plant as chief officer. The Tampa, Florida based steamships served Cuba by way of Key West, Mobile, Alabama, and two local routes. The Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship Co., Ltd., with no direct company terminal as at Tampa, served Boston and Canadian points at Halifax, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island. Advertising touted "Plant Steamship Line — Ships ply between the ports of 3 great nations: United States (Port Tampa, Key West, Mobile, Boston), England (Dominion of Canada), Spain (Cuba)."

The Plant System named after its owner, Henry B. Plant, was a system of railroads and steamboats in the U.S. South, taken over by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1902. The original line of the system was the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, running across southern Georgia. The Plant Investment Company was formed in 1882 to lease and buy other railroads and expand the system. Other major lines incorporated into the system include the Savannah and Charleston Railroad and the Brunswick and Western Railroad.


Early years.

Thomas Kay was born on February 28, 1864, in Trenton, New Jersey, to Thomas Lister and Ann (née Slingsbey) Kay. His father had already moved to Oregon before the younger Thomas was born. After the younger Thomas was born, his mother and the rest of the family immigrated to Oregon via the Isthmus of Panama route, arriving in 1864. The whole family settled in Brownsville where the elder Thomas was a partner in a woolen mill.  The younger Thomas Kay grew up in Brownsville and attended the local schools. When he was nine years old he started working at his father's mill as a spooler, and remained until age 14. Kay then moved to McMinnville and spent three years studying at the Baptist College (now Linfield College). He then left college in 1883 and returned to working for the mill, but at the mill's Portland store.  Kay returned to McMinnville in 1884 where started working in the apparel business, forming the partnership of Bishop & Kay. Bishop left the partnership after four years and the company became Kay & Todd. Kay was married in McMinnville on January 15, 1888, to Cora M. Wallace, and they had three children. In 1895, he started working for his father's new woolen mill in Salem as a salesperson. He also served for four years in the state militia.  In 1897, Kay traveled to New York City for the mill, and returned the next year. That year he sold his stake in the clothing company and moved to Salem where he took the position of assistant manager at the mill along with his sales position. In 1900, his father died, and Kay became the president of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill, a position he would hold until his own death.

Political career.

Kay started his political career in local politics in McMinnville where he served on the city council and school board. In 1902, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives as a Republican to a two-year term. He represented district 1 that included Marion County, and was the chairman of the ways and means committee. Kay was re-elected to a second term in the house in 1904 and served through the 1905 legislative session. During the 1905 session he lost out on being Speaker of the House by a single vote to A. L. Mills. In 1906, Kay was elected to a four-year term in the Oregon State Senate. He again represented district 1 as a Republican, and served through the 1909 special session of the Oregon Legislative Assembly.  Kay did not run for re-election to the Senate in 1910, and instead was the Republican nominee for Oregon State Treasurer. He won the November election for a four-year term and took office on January 4, 1911. After re-election in 1914, he served a second full-term, leaving office on January 6, 1919. He was at times mentioned as a candidate for governor as well as the United States Senate.  He returned to state politics in 1920 and was elected back to the Oregon House, again representing district 1. Kay served his full two-year term, won re-election in 1922, and served through the 1923 legislative session. In 1924, he was again elected as state treasurer and took office on January 4, 1925. Kay won re-election to a fourth term in the office in 1928 and served until his death in office in 1931. His 14 years in the office are the longest of any treasurer in Oregon history.

Later years.

Kay was a member of several fraternal societies including the Masons as a member of the Knights Templar, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Salem Commercial Club, and the Woodmen of the World. Additionally, he was on the board of directors of the YMCA, the Illihee Club, the Portland Manufacturers' Association, and at Willamette University in Salem. He also served as director of Oregon's chamber of commerce and president of the state's board of trade. Thomas Benjamin Kay died on April 29, 1931, at the age of 67.

Thomas Benjamin Kay (February 28, 1864 – April 29, 1931) was an American politician and businessman in the state of Oregon. A native of New Jersey, he moved to Oregon with his family at the age of one where he later took over the family's woolen mill business. A Republican, he served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly and four terms as the Oregon State Treasurer, the longest of anyone in that office's history.


Plot.

Two men are out hunting in the French countryside, the narrator and Serval. The latter tells the story of the Savage family: the father was killed by police with a gunshot to the head. Serval goes on to tell the story of Old Mother Savage and her son, who volunteered at age 33 to fight in the war. Mother Savage, isolated far from the village and "known to have money" is assigned to quarter four young Prussian soldiers. The men do chores around the house as if it were their own. Mother Savage continually asks the young men about the French 23rd Regiment of the Line, where her son is on the front, but the young Prussians know nothing.  Later, the postman gives Mother Savage a letter from one of her son's comrades-in-arms which informs her of her son's death. The Prussians bring home a live rabbit for a meal, which Mother Savage has difficulty killing. As she finishes the preparation of the meal, she asks the young men for their names and home addresses. Mother Savage does not partake in the meal, and as they finish dinner, she insists on providing the young soldiers with hay to make their stay in the loft more comfortable. After the soldiers fall asleep, Mother Savage removes the ladder from the loft and starts a fire in the fireplace, which does not rage out of control until she stokes the fire with more hay. Mother Savage stands outside with her son's rifle to make sure the Prussians cannot escape. She hears their "clamor of human screams" and stands guard. Then when she is sure the Prussians are dead, she throws the rifle into the fire, and one loud shot goes off.  The other villagers and soldiers rush to her home, and a German officer interrogates Mother Savage. She informs him that the soldiers were in the fire and that she started the fire. She hands the officer the list of names and addresses she had gathered and is immediately pushed against her home and shot "almost in two", with the letter informing her of her son's death bloody in her hand.

Analysis of narrator.

The story is written from the perspective of the narrator, who retells the Mother Savage story as told by his friend Serval. Influenced by Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant writes in the realist style which focuses on objective reality and "shows" instead of "tells".

Setting.

The story is set during the winter of 1871 midway through the Franco-Prussian War in a quaint village in the French countryside. Snow covers the fields, and the forest lurks ominously, void of life. The countryside is dotted with small cottages emitting smoke from chimneys.

"Mother Savage" (original title: "La Mère Sauvage") is a short story by the French realist writer Guy de Maupassant. It was first published on 3 March 1884.


Biography.

Butler was born in St. George's, Grenada, where he attended the Anglican School. Unable to find work after completing his primary school education, at 17 he became a volunteer in the British West Indies Regiment in World War I, serving in the British Army from 1914 to 1918, stationed in Egypt. Returning from military service at the end of the war in 1918, he became active in political pressure groups and workers unions, establishing the Grenada Representative Government Movement, and the Grenada Union of Returned Soldiers. In 1921, aged 24, he went to south Trinidad and was employed at the Roodal Oilfields as a pipe-fitter. He became influenced by the philosophy of Marcus Garvey, according to Garvey's son Dr Julius Garvey.  Butler first came to prominence in 1935 when he led a "hunger march" from the oilfields to Port of Spain. In 1936 he was expelled from the Trinidad Labour Party for his "extremist tendencies". He then formed the British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party. On 19 June 1937 a strike in protest of working conditions, wages, racism and exploitation began in the oilfields in the southern Trinidad. Police attempted to arrest Butler as he addressed a meeting in Fyzabad. His supporters prevented the police from doing so and Charlie King, a police officer was killed. The Labour riots of 1937 resulted in turmoil throughout the oilfields. When strikes spread to the sugar factories, the Colonial government responded by issuing an arrest warrant for Butler. Butler went into hiding and the colonial authorities were unable to locate him. He stayed in contact with the authorities through Adrian Cola Rienzi and although he was promised safe passage by the colonial authorities to testify at a commission of enquiry into the events of June 1937, he was arrested by the colonial government when he emerged to do so.  Butler was imprisoned from 9 September 1937 to May 1939. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, he was re-arrested and detained for the duration of the war. After release from prison he formed the Butler Home Rule Party, which later became the Butler Party. The Butler Party captured the largest block of seats in the Legislative Council, but the Governor chose to exclude Butler and instead Albert Gomes became the first Chief Minister.  In the 1956 General Elections the Butler Party only won two seats. Butler, the fiery radical, was deemed too unstable and threatening to the nation's economic well-being by Eric Williams and the People's National Movement.  Butler is looked upon as the founding father of the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union (OWTU) and the labour movement and is honoured with a statue in Fyzabad. He was awarded the Trinity Cross, the nation's highest honour, in 1970.

Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler (21 January 1897 – 20 February 1977), was a Grenadian-born Spiritual Baptist preacher and labour leader in Trinidad and Tobago. He is best known for leading a series of labour riots between 19 June and 6 July 1937 and for forming a series of personalist political parties (the British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party, the Butler Home Rule Party, and finally the Butler Party) that focused its platform on the improvement of the working class.


History.

The company's history dates back to the Austro-Hungarian period - 1870, with the creation of a railway workshop to serve the Cluj–Oradea line (Grosswardein-Klausenburg railway.); the works repaired wagons and locomotives.  The initial wooden works building was constructed in 1870, this was replaced by substantial rolling stock works on the current site in 1874 - a locomotive repair shed of 1653m, a wagon repair shed of 3200m and a mechanical workshop of 2190m. With additional offices, warehouses the site had an area of nearly 36,000m.  In 1882 the works employed 200, by the 1890 the number had risen to nearly 500. In 1918 (as a result of the Union of Transylvania with Romania) the works became the "Atelierele CFR Cluj", and from 1929 to 1940 was named "Inspecţia Atelierelor Principale CFR Cluj". The works was expanded and rebuilt during the 1920s and 30s with older buildings demolished - by 1938 the expanded works employed 1675.  In 1971 the works began to repair diesel-hydraulic locomotives whilst still maintaining steam locomotives. In 1990 the works was named "Remarul 16 Februarie S.A.", and was privatised in 2000. Much of the bankrupt metalworking company "Metalurgica SA" of Aiud, Transylvania, Romania (casting including centrifugal casting, hot forging, mechanical engineering) was acquired in 2006.  In 2009 the company entered into partnership with Caterpillar Inc., acting as a centre for rail vehicle re-motorisation in the region. In 2009 the Company's major shareholders were Transferoviar Group SA (32.96%) and Monica Băiculescu (32%) and Nova Cominvest (6.54%).  In November 2010 the company acquired a license for the production of AGC trainsets from Bombardier Transportation - the license is exclusive for the trains produced for Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. The company is expected to invest €20 million and increase the workforce to 1000 for the production of the AGC.

Products and services.

The company specialises in construction and repair of railway rolling stock, the company also manufactures parts for hydraulic diesel locomotives. Much of the company's income is based on modernisation of rolling stock. The company's suppliers include Inda Craiova, Softronic Craiova, Caterpillar Inc, Integral Consulting R & D Bucurest, Voith, and Knorr Bremse.  As of 2012 in addition to multiple unit and locomotive repair and modernisations the plant still repairs steam locomotives.

Remarul "16 Februarie SA" based in Cluj-Napoca is a railway rolling stock engineering company with services including repair, maintenance and modernisation.


History.

In the 1981 NFC Championship Game where the Dallas Cowboys visited the San Francisco 49ers, while the 49ers took the lead 28-27 due to "The Catch", the Cowboys had a chance to win the game when Drew Pearson caught a long pass from Danny White that would've gone for a touchdown. However, 49ers cornerback Eric Wright made a horse-collar tackle that stopped Pearson just outside field-goal range (White fumbled on the next play, thus preserving victory for the 49ers and putting them in Super Bowl XVI).  Roy Williams was well known for horse-collaring players while playing at Oklahoma, and continued to use the tackle after moving to the NFL in 2002.  The horse-collar tackle rose to infamy during the 2004 NFL season, in which it was implicated in six major injuries, four of which were caused by Williams, including two in one game. The injuries that season included broken legs for Philadelphia Eagles wide receiver Terrell Owens, Carolina Panthers wide receiver Steve Smith Sr., Baltimore Ravens running back Musa Smith, and Tennessee Titans wide out Tyrone Calico. On May 23, 2005, NFL owners voted 27–5 to ban the tackle, with the Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions, New England Patriots, New Orleans Saints, and San Francisco 49ers voting against. The first year of the ban, only two penalties were called by referees for the horse-collar tackle. Owners voted 25–7 in 2006 to expand the rule to include tackles by the back of the jersey in addition to tackles by the shoulder pads.

Risks.

The horse-collar is particularly dangerous due to the awkward position of the player being tackled, who will often fall backward in a twisting motion with one or both legs trapped under the weight of his body. This is exacerbated if the player's foot gets caught in the turf and by the additional weight of the defender. Potential injuries include sprains or tears to ligaments in the knees and ankles (including the ACL and MCL), and fractures of the tibia and fibula. Smith, for instance, was effectively sidelined for two seasons after a horse-collar tackle by Williams broke his right tibia.  The ban states that a horse-collar tackle is an open-field tackle in which a defender uses the shoulder pads or jersey to immediately bring a ball carrier down. The term "open field" means that horse-collar tackles committed near the line of scrimmage will be allowed.

Punishment.

In the NFL, the horse-collar tackle results in a 15-yard major foul penalty and an automatic first down if committed by the defense, and the penalty is assessed as if it were a dead ball, after the play foul, if the opposing offense gains yards. It will often also result in a league-imposed fine on the player. Roy Williams was the first player suspended for repeated violations of the rule. The one-game suspension was given following a horse-collar tackle on Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb that occurred on December 16, 2007, and it was Williams' third violation of the rule of the 2007 season.  The tackle was made illegal in the CFL for the 2007 season. The horse collar tackle was legal through the 2007–2008 season in college football but was banned by the NCAA after criticism from pundits and coaches for the 2008–2009 season as part of a package that adopted several NFL rules into the college game.  The National Federation of State High School Associations added a penalty for horse-collar tackles for the 2009 season.

The horse-collar tackle is an American football maneuver in which a defender tackles another player by grabbing the back collar or the back-inside of an opponent's shoulder pads and pulling the ball carrier directly downward violently in order to pull his feet from underneath him. The technique is most closely associated with Pro Bowl safety Roy Williams.


Origins.

He was born in 1798, the third son of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath (1765–1837) by his wife Hon. Isabella Elizabeth Byng, a daughter of George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington.

Inheritance.

He inherited the estate of Haynes Park, Bedfordshire, and the manor of Kilkhampton in Cornwall from his childless uncle, John Thynne, 3rd Baron Carteret (1772–1849). Stowe House in Kilkhampton had been the seat of his distant ancestor John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701), and had descended from him via the Cartaret family.

Career.

He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge, and was ordained by John Fisher, Bishop of Salisbury, in 1822. His first post was as curate of Corsley, a parish on his father's estate of Longleat. Next he served as Rector of Backwell, Street with Walton, and Kingston Deverill, all in Somerset and Wiltshire. In 1828 he was appointed a canon and subdean of Lincoln Cathedral, then became a Canon of Westminster Abbey in 1831. He became sub-dean of Westminster in 1835, later declining the deaneries of Westminster, Wells and Windsor. He lived at Ashburnham House near Westminster Abbey and assisted at the coronation of King William IV and Queen Adelaide, and later at that of Queen Victoria.

Marriage and progeny.

On 2 March 1824 at St James's Church, Piccadilly, he married Anna Constantia Beresford, a daughter of Rev. Charles Cobbe Beresford. She later built the first marine aquarium in Britain. By his wife he had the following issue:

Death and burial.

He died on 9 February 1881 and was buried at Haynes Park. His monument designed by Henry Hugh Armstead, a recumbent effigy within an arched recess, survives in the north choir aisle of Westminster Abbey.

Rev. Lord John Thynne (7 November 1798 – 9 February 1881) was an Anglican cleric, who served for 45 years as Deputy Dean of Westminster.


Plot.

In the late 2030s, solar flares irradiate the Earth, killing over 99% of the world's population. The survivors gather in a network of safe cities and build primitive humanoid robots, called Pilgrims, to help rebuild and operate in the harsh environment. These robots have two unchangeable protocols: they cannot harm any form of life and may not repair, modify, or alter themselves or other robots in any way. Initially seen as mankind's salvation, they are relegated to manual labor when they fail to stop the advance of desertification. Society has regressed due to lack of technology besides the Pilgrims, as a lack of functional aircraft or other transport prevents travel and cars are a rare commodity, and humanity is on the brink of extinction.  In 2044, Jacq Vaucan – an insurance investigator for ROC, the company that manufactures Pilgrims – investigates a report from Wallace, a police officer who shot a robot he claims was modifying itself. Jacq discovers the robot hid a rare nuclear battery that could power a robot indefinitely. The next day, Jacq follows a robot who was stealing parts. When he corners it, it sets itself on fire. Jacq salvages the remains and speculates to his boss, Robert, that there may be a "clocksmith", someone who illegally modifies robots, who is overriding the second protocol. Incredulous, Robert rejects this possibility but offers Jacq a transfer out of the city if he can find evidence. Jacq's pregnant wife initially rejects his plans but she eventually relents.  Jacq and Wallace investigate a brothel, where they find Cleo, a modified robot that Wallace subsequently shoots in the leg. When Jacq objects, Wallace says that Cleo's owner will lead them to the clocksmith; Wallace also threatens to kill Jacq if he does not split the proceeds of the battery on the black market. Jacq follows Cleo's owner to a clocksmith named Dr. Dupré, who claims not to know who altered Cleo, an action that would destroy Cleo's CPU. Jacq leaves the burned robot's CPU with her and offers to give her the battery if she can locate information on the clocksmith. When Dupré installs the modified CPU in Cleo, Cleo begins self-repairing. Dupré contacts Jacq, who alerts Robert; however, ROC intercepts Jacq's message and sends a team of assassins to Dupré's lab.  Dupré is killed, but Jacq escapes in a car driven by Cleo. When Cleo takes them into a maze of stanchions, both cars crash; the assassins are killed, and Jacq is injured. Cleo takes Jacq with her into a radioactive desert, where they are joined by three other robots, none of whom will obey Jacq's orders. However, the first protocol forces them to prevent his death. Desperate to return to the city to be with his pregnant wife, Jacq makes contact with Robert, who sends Wallace to recover him. Wallace threatens Jacq's life and destroys two of the robots, who have objected to his actions; Jacq kills Wallace with a flare gun before he can also destroy Cleo. Wallace's partner flees after taking a battery from one of the robots.  Robert's boss discloses that the predecessor to the first Pilgrim was a quantum mind created with no security protocols and no artificial restraints on its computational power. Before they deactivated it, its makers tasked it with designing the security protocols that govern Pilgrims. Robert’s boss informs Robert that no one has been able to break Pilgrim security protocols because they were created by the unrestricted quantum mind and ROC purposefully limited the computational power of all subsequent AI. ROC forces Robert to accompany a team sent to kill Jacq and the unknown clocksmith before the robots can evolve further beyond human understanding. When Robert objects to their kidnapping Jacq's wife and baby daughter, Conway, the leader, shoots him and leaves him for dead. Meanwhile, Jacq meets the robot responsible for modifying the others. Initially skeptical, Jacq eventually accepts that the robot naturally evolved, like humanity. After a series of philosophical discussions, Jacq gives them his battery, which they use to complete a new design. The robots repair a vehicle for Jacq, and he leaves for the city.  When Conway reaches the robot outpost, he destroys two of the four robots. Jacq finds the dying Robert and returns to the outpost as Conway wounds Cleo and kills the evolved robot. Jacq kills all ROC assassins but Conway, though he is further wounded in the battle. As Conway prepares to kill Jacq, the new robot saves his life by pushing Conway off a cliff. Jacq overcomes his distrust of the uninhibited robot when reunited with his family, and he leaves for the coast with them, as Cleo and the new robot venture further into the irradiated desert, where no humans can follow them. Arriving at the coast - they discover that the Earth is recovering and that hope remains for human beings.

Production.

Banderas expressed an early interest in the film after reading the script. Banderas, as producer, brought on Griffith, his wife at the time, and Bardem, who was cast in a minor role and as the voice of the Blue Robot. The film was shot at Nu Boyana Film Studios in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 30% of 33 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.27/10. The site's summary states of the film: "beautiful to look at but narratively hollow, "Autómata" short-circuits its handful of intriguing ideas with an overload of sci-fi clichés." Metacritic rated it 37/100 based on 13 reviews. Jay Weissberg of "Variety" called it "a dystopic mess" that borrows from numerous science fiction films. Jonathan Holland of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "The overwrought, uncontrolled sci-fi thriller "Automata" is a disappointing example of a film that lacks the imagination to follow persuasively through on its engaging initial premise."  Stan Schröder remarked an influence of Philip K. Dick's novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" (which served as the basis for the popular "Blade Runner" film) and Isaac Asimov's short story "Runaround" which introduced Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics", which are close to the film's "robot protocols".

Autómata is a 2014 Spanish-Bulgarian English-language science fiction action film directed by Gabe Ibáñez and starring Antonio Banderas. The film is co-written by Ibáñez with Igor Legarreta and Javier Sánchez Donate, and co-stars Birgitte Hjort Sørensen, Melanie Griffith, Dylan McDermott, Robert Forster, and Tim McInnerny.


Round 1.

Ties were scheduled to be played over the weekend of 2–3 December 2000, although two matches did not take place until 9 and 16 December.

Round 2.

Ties were due to be played over the weekend of 16–17 December 2000 but the round was not completed until 13 January 2001.  A. After extra time

Round 3.

Ties were played over the weekend of 26–28 January 2001.

Round 4.

Ties were played between 10–14 February 2001

Round 5.

The fifth round fixtures were played over the weekend of 24–25 February 2001.

Quarter finals.

The quarter finals was played over the weekend of 9–11 March 2001

Semi finals.

The ties were played on 31 March and 1 April 2001.

Final.

The 100th Challenge Cup final was played on 28 April 2001 and was the first to be played at Twickenham Stadium. Hear'Say performed before the match. St Helen's stand off Sean Long was the winner of the Lance Todd Trophy.

Teams.

St Helens: Paul Wellens, Sean Hoppe, Kevin Iro, Paul Newlove, Anthony Sullivan; Tommy Martyn, Sean Long, David Fairleigh, Keiron Cunningham, Sonny Nickle, Chris Joynt (c), Peter Shiels, Paul Sculthorpe Subs: Steve Hall, Anthony Stewart, Vila Matautia, Tim Jonkers Coach: Ian Millward  Bradford: Michael Withers, Tevita Vaikona, Scott Naylor, Shane Rigon, Leon Pryce, Henry Paul, Robbie Paul (c), Joe Vagana, James Lowes, Brian McDermott, Jamie Peacock, Daniel Gartner, Mike Forshaw Subs: Paul Deacon, Paul Anderson, Lee Gilmour, Stuart Fielden Coach: Brian Noble

UK Broadcasting rights.

The tournament was screened in the United Kingdom by the BBC.

The 2001 Challenge Cup (officially known as the 2001 Silk Cut Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a rugby league football tournament which began its preliminary stages in December 2000 and ended with the final on 28 April 2001.


History.

"Castle-skeagh" was granted to Michael Balfour, Lord Balfour of Burleigh from Fife, Scotland, by King James I in the Plantation of Ulster. He sold his lands in Fermanagh to his younger brother James, Lord Balfour of Glenawley in 1615. In 1618/19 Captain Nicholas Pynnar reported that Balfour had begun his building at Castle-skeagh. The village of Lisnaskea developed around it. The castle was altered in 1652 and damaged in 1689. The last person to possess and inhabit the Castle was James Haire (1737-1833) who leased the castle from John Creighton, Earl Erne. James Haire and his family ceased to occupy the castle after it was destroyed by an arson-based fire in 1803. His mother, Phoebe Haire, was killed by the fire. It is believed that the perpetrator of the fire was a member of the Maguire clan. Major conservation and restoration was undertaken in the 1960s and further conservation work was completed in the late 1990s.  Evidence of an earlier ringfort indicates the area had been inhabited from very early times. In Castle Balfour Demesne, slight surface evidence for a fosse between two banks was revealed after excavation to have been 2m deep. Attempts to find the outer fosse of a bivallate ringfort revealed ‘no distinct, steep edges’ contrasting with the steeply cut inner fosse. Radiocarbon dates of 359-428 AD were found from the ringfort at Castle Balfour.

Features.

In 1618/19 Captain Nicholas Pynnar reported that Balfour had 'laid the foundation of a bawne of lime and stone 70 ft square, of which the two sides are raised 15 ft high. There is also a castle of the same length, of which the one half is built two stories high and is to be three stories and a half high’. Castle Balfour was a long, rectangular three storey building, on a north-south axis, the main block being 26m by 8m. It had a square wing to the east and west and a later rectangular block on the northern end. It has the style of a Scottish castle and the building is thought to be the work of Lowland Scots masons. The surviving castle is in a T plan with an entrance with gun-loops. The castle has vaulted rooms and a kitchen with fireplace and oven on the ground floor, main dwelling rooms on the first floor and corbelled turrets with gun slits.

Castle Balfour is a castle situated in Lisnaskea, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It sits at the edge of the parish graveyard just west of Main Street. The castle is a State Care Historic Monument sited in the townland of Castle Balfour Demesne, in the Fermanagh and Omagh district area, at grid ref: H3622 3369.


Consecration.

McLeod was consecrated as the Ninth Bishop of Vermont on All Saints Day, November 1, 1993, at the Flynn Center for the Performing Arts in Burlington Vermont. The Principal Consecrator was Edmond L. Browning, the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church at that time. Michael Geoffrey Peers, Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada and 28 Episcopal and Anglican Bishops participated in the historic service. A capacity crowd attended the event, which was televised nationwide by satellite.  The service included a hymn commissioned for the occasion, “God, beyond all human praises.” The music was composed by Richard Wayne Dirksen, words by Charles P. Price.

Biography.

Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod was born in Birmingham Alabama. Following high school, she attended the University of Alabama where she majored in History and was a member of Kappa Delta sorority.  Following college, she married and raised five children. During this period, she was a member and Officer of the Junior League of Birmingham Alabama and a community volunteer. She was an active member of St. Luke’s Episcopal Church in Mountain Brook Alabama. At age 39, she entered seminary.  McLeod received an L.Th. degree from The School of Theology, (Sewanee) in 1980. She ranked second in her class.  She was ordained a deacon in June 1980 and ordained a priest in December of that same year. After ordination, she was Co-Rector of St. Timothy’s Episcopal Church, Athens Alabama from 1980-1983 and Co-Rector of St. John’s Episcopal Church, Charleston, West Virginia from 1983-1993. She also served as Archdeacon for southern West Virginia.  Bishop McLeod holds honorary degrees from Smith College (L.H.D.), Episcopal Divinity School (D.D.), and the University of Charleston (D.D.).

Accomplishments as Bishop.

The Rt. Rev. Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod served as Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont from 1993 until 2001 when she retired.  Accomplishments during her Episcopacy include:  On her retirement, one Vermont Episcopalian described Bishop McLeod as “Firm, Friendly, Focused, Fiscal, Funny, and of course Feminine.”

Ministries in the National Church.

Her national Episcopal Church ministries included; Secretary of the House of Bishops, one of three Bishops appointed by the Presiding Bishop to respond to alleged Bishop misconduct, Board of Pastoral Development, Board of the Episcopal Women’s Caucus, Dialogue on Human Sexuality Committee, Board of Kanuga Conference Center, Board of Visitors for Episcopal Divinity School, Stewardship Consultation Committee, Vice-Chair of the Canons Committee, General Convention Planning Committee, Rules of Order Committee, Ad Hoc Committee to Study Insurance Issues, Judge, House of Bishops Trial Court, College for Bishops Committee, and Dispatch of Business Committee.

Commitment to Rights of LGBT Persons.

Bishop McLeod is a long-time supporter of full inclusion and rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) persons both in the church and in society. When the Vermont General Assembly debated proposed legislation to extend marriage benefits to gay and lesbian couples, she testified before the House Judiciary Committee urging approval of the Bill. "Such action will serve to strengthen [the state's] social fabric and is not a threat to traditional marriage", she said to the Committee.  She enunciated her views on LGBT rights in a Pastoral Letter titled, “Let the Church Be the First to Issue an Emancipation Proclamation.” In it, she stated, “Heterosexual and homosexual people are equally capable of entering into life-long unions of love, mutual support and fidelity.” Further, “God's great gift of love and the expression of that love cannot and should not be denied to those among us who happen to be homosexual.” She requested the letter be read in every Episcopal Church in Vermont.

Personal.

Her published writings include a major piece in "A Voice of Our Own: Leading American Women Celebrate the Right to Vote" and a poem, “Granny’s Treasure,” in "Women’s Uncommon Prayers: Our Lives Revealed, Nurtured, Celebrated".  She is married to the Rev. Henry M. McLeod III and has five children and eight grandchildren.

Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod (born September 27, 1938) was the first woman Diocesan Bishop in the Episcopal Church. She was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont on June 5, 1993 at a Special Convention held at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Burlington. Clergy and Lay Delegates selected her from among five nominees.