Description.

The live weight of a mature Border Leicester ram is in the range of and a mature ewe. A yearling ewe is around. Their white wool tends to be very long and by Merino standards, broad crimped, and in fineness about 32 to 38 microns, and is used for medium- to heavy-weight garments. This wool, though, is prized by spinners because of the crimp and lustre. The sheep are normally shorn twice a year when the wool has reached a length of around. Lambs yield an average of of wool; yearlings may yield at each shearing. The United States, Australian and New Zealand Border Leicesters very rarely sport the extreme of British flocks. All strains of Border Leicesters are known for their docility. They produce good milk and are good mothers with a lambing percentage of about 150%.  Border Leicesters are all white with a distinct long body, well-developed chest, well-sprung ribs and a wide, strong back. The nose should be black and the ears should be large, upright and alert. Feet should also be dark in colour. The head and legs should be free of wool and only covered in short white hair making it easier for shearing. Sheep of this breed should also have a distinct Roman nose much like the North Country Cheviot.  There are key strengths associated with the Border Leicester making them an excellent breed for farmers. They have excellent maternal characteristics meaning that they make good mothers while producing quality lambs. Lambs finish quickly due to their high growth rate and produce high quality, desirable meat. The breed is also hardy and easy to keep and manage.

History.

The Border Leicester was developed in 1767 in Northumberland, England. Their name derives from the fact that their birthplace is near the border of Scotland with their foundation stock being Dishley Leicester rams. The Dishley Leicester was created and bred by Robert Bakewell (1726-1795) by crossing the old lincolnshire breed with the leicestershire type sheep. The Dishley Leicester became very popular with local farmers. George and Mathew Culley bought some of Robert Bakewell's Dishley Leicesters and the breed was soon found on both sides of the border through sales held by the Culley brothers. Around the 1830s two distinct types of Dishley Leicesters were developing on the two sides of the border. The Culley brothers were crossing their sheep with Teeswater sheep while other farmers in different areas along the border were crossing with Cheviots. This variation in the breed resulted in the two being nicknamed the "Bluecaps" and the "Redlegs". Many farmers preferred the hardier redlegs and around 1850 this variation of the Dishley Leicester became known as the Border Leicester. They were a fairly common breed in the UK by the 19th century.

Internationally.

Registered flocks are now found in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Border Leicester sheep have been exported to British Guiana, Canada, China, Colombia, South Africa, France, Spain, Portugal, United States, India, Japan, Yugoslavia, Iran, Hungary, Russia, Turkey and Switzerland.  Border Leicester sheep were imported to Australia in 1871, where they now have a large number of stud flocks. Border Leicester rams are used for mating with Merino ewes to breed the first-cross mothers that are so valuable for the production of prime lambs. Border Leicester Merino cross ewes produced in this way offer the greatest overall performance when breeding meat type sheep, with a well proportioned carcase, high fertility, good foraging ability and good milk production.  Border Leicester Merino cross ewes are mated to shortwool rams (e.g. Poll Dorset or Southdown) to produce prime lambs, which grow rapidly to market weights and have the ideal carcase shape. The vast majority of Australian lambs produced for meat are bred in this manner.  Border Leicester sheep also contribute about 50 percent of the genetics used in the Gromark breed of sheep that were developed in Australia.  The breed was imported into New Zealand in 1859, and after refrigeration was introduced in the 1880s, the Border Leicester was used as a crossing sire to produce heavyweight lambs and wether mutton. The Border Leicester was later used to develop New Zealand's Border-Romney cross (Coopworth) and the Border-Corriedale (Borderdale) breeds.  The first breed association was formed in 1888 in the United States Currently, there are two associations: American Border Leicester Association and the North American Border Leicester Association. Breeders show their sheep at county shows and fairs throughout the year with a National Show being held annually at the North American International Livestock Exposition held in Louisville, Kentucky every November.

See also.

English Leicester

The Border Leicester is a British breed of sheep. It is a polled, long-wool sheep and is considered a dual-purpose breed as it is reared both for meat and for wool. The sheep are large but docile. They have been exported to other sheep-producing regions, including Australia and the United States.


History.

As early as 1929 there was a landing strip at Alpnach. It was expanded in 1939 to. In 1940 two wooden hangars were added and in September 1942, Flying Section 7 was based at Alpnach. This is considered the official start of the airfield.  The first concrete runway was built in 1943 between Eichistrasse and Lake Alpnach. It had a length of. Furthermore, eight type U-43 aircraft shelters and bunkers for command and ammunition were built.  As part of the Swiss Reduitstrategie in 1952 aircraft caverns were built into the rock of the adjacent Mueterschwanderberg Mountain. The former Mueterschwanderberg artillery fortress was also built into the mountain, but on the Nidwalden. In 1960, the cavern facility was officially handed over to the Directorate of Military airfields. Beginning in 1958, de Havilland DH-112 Venom jets operated from Alpnach. In 1973, they changed to the Hawker Hunter and in 1979 there was a further change to the F-5 "Tiger". Because of the Army XXI reforms, flight operations from the caverns were terminated. On 20 January 1964, the Army helicopter base opened at Alpnach.  There have been several extensions of the runway: 1952 to, and finally in 1959 to.  The Highway A8 at Alpnach was built so that it could be used as a takeoff and landing runway and was associated with temporary taxiways with the cavern. However, only take-off were made for safety reasons, the landings were made on the normal runway.  From 1947 to 1994, the 19th Squadron was stationed in Alpnach.  In 1994 the last Swiss Armed Forces training courses took place at Alpnach, and on 23 September 1995 the last Tiger F-5E left. In 2004, Air Base Alpnach was threatened with the closure of the airfield, but the Obwalden government successfully lobbied for the airfield.  In May 2012, began renovation work on Hangar 2 and 3 and the new building for the Hangar 4.

Today.

Alpnach Air Base is the main logistical base of the helicopter of the Swiss Air Force. Standard helicopter types used at Air Base Alpnach are the Aérospatiale Super Puma, Eurocopter AS532UL Cougar Mk1 and Eurocopter EC 635.

Other uses.

The RUAG Switzerland AG operates on the airfield a location for the maintenance of civil and military helicopter. The airfield is used for various other uses. The runways may be used outside normal operating hours of the airport, for example by in-line skaters. A model airplane club uses the southern half of the airfield.

The Air Base Alpnach (ICAO code LSMA) is a Swiss Air Force airfield near the town Alpnach in Canton of Obwalden in Switzerland. It has a concrete runway with a length of and a width of, as well as several taxiways and hangars.


Career.

Wang was born in Dong'e County, Shandong province. Wang Guosheng joined the Communist Party of China in June 1975. At that time, he was working as a rusticated youth performing labour at the Daqiao Commune, where he led the local Communist Youth League group.  From 1981 to 1983 Wang attended Shandong University, studying political science; he also obtained a graduate degree from the Central Party School. From October 1991 to February 1995 he was the Communist Party Secretary of Gaotang County, Shandong. From February 1995 to December 1997 he was the deputy party chief of Liaocheng prefecture. Then he became deputy head of the provincial department of labour. In August 2000 he became the Communist Party Chief of Lianyungang city in neighbouring Jiangsu province. He ascended to sub-provincial ranks as part of the Jiangsu provincial party standing committee at the age of 45, then named head of the Jiangsu propaganda department in 2001, then head of the organization department in 2004. He was promoted to the position of deputy party chief of Jiangsu in April 2008.  In December 2010 Wang was transferred to Hubei province, where he held the positions of deputy provincial party chief, vice governor, and acting governor. In February 2011 he became the governor of Hubei province. During his term in Hubei, he developed a low-key reputation. Once he was touring Wuhan with the mayor Tang Liangzhi; some locals recognized the mayor but not the governor. Wang said to Tang, "see, you are much more famous than me!" He also reportedly became stuck in a traffic jam with an agricultural truck driver and voluntarily moved out of the way so that the truck could pass through. This received media attention because officials were generally seen as feeling entitled to right of way. Wang's 2015 government work report received praise for the plain language used and attention to the issues of ordinary people.  In June 2016, he was transferred across the country to Qinghai province to serve as party chief. Later he was transferred to Henan to serve as party chief in March 2018.  Wang was an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and has been a full member of the 18th and 19th Central Committees.

Wang Guosheng (; born May 1956) is a Chinese politician and senior regional official, currently serving as the Communist Party Secretary of Henan province. Previously, he served as Governor of Hubei province, and the Communist Party Secretary of Qinghai province.


Description.

The bark of the willow-leaved cotoneaster is gray-brown, its stems are thin, and its root system is sparse.  The leaves are alternate, simple, long, lanceolate, dark green and resemble those of willow trees (thus the common name), and have fine gray hairs on their undersides. The scientific name'salicifolius', described by the botanist Franchet, means 'with leaves like willows' (see: Genus "Salix"). During the colder months, they turn maroonish in color.  In June it bears many flowered, compound corymbs of white, 5–6 mm flowers. The fruit grow as small, showy, apple-like, red pomes, ripening in September to October, and enduring into the winter.  The diploid chromosomal number is 34 (2n=34).

Cultivation.

Depending on the characteristics of the cultivar, the Willow-leaved Cotoneaster can be used as a hedge or screen; a bank cover; in small groupings or large masses; or anywhere its colorful fall foliage or bright red fruit would direct the eye towards a focal point, or serve as a centerpiece in a garden setting.

Pests.

"Cotoneaster salicifolius" is susceptible to bouts with leaf spot, scale insects and spider mites. It is also considered highly susceptible to the Enterobacteria fire blight and has been used as a test species to trial new methods of control. In parts of Europe where fire blight was previously unknown, cultivated specimens of this species are among the first plants identified as infected.

List of cultivars.

This plant has many cultivars, ranging from tiny groundcovers to large shrubs, which include:-  Additional list sources : The cultivars 'Gnom', 'Pink Champagne', and 'Rothschildianus' have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Cotoneaster salicifolius, the willow-leaved cotoneaster, is a drought-tolerant, evergreen to semi-evergreen, low-lying, small to medium-sized shrub with an arched branching habit. Specimens growing in the wild, however, are generally larger, averaging five meters in height. Although native to the mountains, mixed forests, and open places in western China, it is commonly cultivated in temperate climates worldwide. Cultivars have been bred in a variety of forms, as ornamental groundcovers or shrubs.


History.

In the early 20th century, there was a need for a specialised hospital in Lisbon dedicated to the care of infectious diseases. Up until the end of the previous century, contagious diseases were treated in the general Saint Joseph's Hospital, until 1892, when the vacant Convent of Our Lady of Nazareth ("Convento de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré") in Arroios was repurposed as the Arroios Hospital, an isolation hospital for smallpox and consumptive diseases. However, the old convent was not entirely adequate for the task, and a new specialised hospital was built as a series of 22 modern pavilions holding more than 700 beds. The place chosen for it was a vacant plot of land that had originally belonged to an old Franciscan nunnery, the Convent of Our Lady of Sorrows ("Convento de Nossa Senhora das Dores"), in the neighbourhood of Rego, in the Avenidas Novas area of Lisbon that was developing at the time as the city expanded north.  The creation of this new hospital was only possible through the personal involvement of Prime Minister Hintze Ribeiro and a substantial grant from Caixa Geral de Depósitos, the largest Portuguese public banking corporation.  Construction concluded in December 1904 and the first patients, transferred from Arroios Hospital, were admitted in January 1906. Rego Hospital ("Hospital do Rego"), as it was soon after known, was renamed Curry Cabral Hospital in 1929, as a homage to its founder, José Curry da Câmara Cabral, Medical Director ("Enfermeiro-Mor") of the city's general hospital, who had long advocated the establishment of a specialised hospital for communicable diseases.  From its inception, Curry Cabral Hospital became a part of the city's hospital centre, then collectively known as "Saint Joseph's Hospital and Annexes" ("Hospital de São José e Anexos") and from 1913, called the "Civil Hospitals of Lisbon" ("Hospitais Civis de Lisboa", HCL), nowadays the Central Lisbon University Hospital Centre ("Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central", CHULC).  In July 1978, when the Regulation of the Civil Hospitals of Lisbon ("Regulamento dos Hospitais Civis de Lisboa") was issued, Curry Cabral Hospital changed its vocation from a specialised hospital for infectious diseases to a general hospital, with administrative autonomy from 1989 onwards. In the late 1990s, the hospital's infrastructure, virtually unchanged since its inception nearly a century prior, was showing signs of obvious deterioration and underwent much-needed modernisation.  In 2019, Curry Cabral Hospital became the first hospital in the National Health Service to be endowed with a robotically assisted surgical system, donated by the Aga Khan Foundation.  In 2020, during the containment phase of the coronavirus pandemic, Curry Cabral Hospital (along with Hospital de Dona Estefânia for pediatric cases in Lisbon, and Hospital de São João in Porto) was one of the three first-line referral hospitals for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19; multiple other second-line hospitals were later activated throughout the country, until mitigation phase.

Hospital Curry Cabral (, "Curry Cabral Hospital") is a public Central Hospital serving the Greater Lisbon area as part of the Central Lisbon University Hospital Centre (CHULC), a State-owned enterprise.


Early years.

Tom Cooper began his cycling career in Detroit. His talent and athletic ability soon made him a national celebrity in the US as he climbed to the top of the sport. As a champion bicycle racer, Cooper was a contemporary of Barney Oldfield, Carl G. Fisher, Johnny Johnson, Arthur Gardiner, "Plugger Bill" Martin and Eddie Bald.  At the 1898 League of American Wheelmen championship race on the Newby Oval in Indianapolis, Cooper won the half-mile professional event. He went on to win the Bicycle Championship of America for the 1899 season. Cooper was instrumental in the formation of the American Racing Cyclists Union in 1898, a rival to the League of American Wheelmen.  Cooper, like many bicycle racers at the time such as Fisher and Oldfield, was drawn to the nascent automobile industry in the early 1900s. The gears and chains of bicycles were the heart of the powertrains of the earliest automobiles.

The Cooper-Ford racer.

In 1902, Cooper formed a partnership with fellow Detroiter Henry Ford to build two high-speed race cars. This was about a year before Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. The result of the project were two wood-frame racers with four cylinder, 1,080 cubic inch engines. The cars were initially temperamental and Ford sold his share of their partnership to Cooper in October 1902. This was just days before Cooper entered them in the Manufacturer's Challenge Cup at Grosse Pointe, Michigan on October 25, 1902. Cooper, assisted by mechanic Ed "Spider" Huff, agreed that Barney Oldfield should drive the machine they had focused on, "999" (named after a New York Central railroad train). The result of the event became the topic of national news when Oldfield defeated millionaire Alexander Winton, founder of the Winton Motor Carriage Company, and widely recognized as America's top race driver.  Oldfield continued to race for Cooper for another 10 months, doing much to establish Ford's reputation as an automotive engineer by winning several races. He also drove the Cooper-Ford "999" racer to the first "mile a minute" (60 mph) on a circular track at the Indiana State Fairgrounds dirt oval in June 1903.

Cooper-Oldfield barnstorming.

Cooper and Oldfield remained partners in many ways even after Oldfield left their race team to drive for Alexander Winton in August 1903. The two toured the Midwestern United States negotiating $1,000-plus purses from organizations such as the State Fair Association of Milwaukee in 1903. One of the highlights of these events for Cooper was his victory over Oldfield and one of his Winton racers at Grosse Pointe, Michigan on September 9, 1903.  Cooper was a recognized top driver in his own right, and barnstormed on occasion without Oldfield. Some of these events were odd exhibitions, such as his special mile record on September 5, 1906, when he drove a Matheson automobile with seven passengers to a record for the distance under those conditions at 50.2 seconds or 71.71 mph. This record was achieved on the beach at Atlantic City.

Vanderbilt Cup career.

Although Cooper never raced in the Vanderbilt Cup, he did work with the American Matheson team in 1905 and 1906, and was entered in the 1905 American Elimination Trials on September 22, 1905. In the final day of practice for the 1905 American Elimination Trial, Cooper's Matheson had a faulty lubricating system, destroying the main engine bearing. In 1906, Cooper returned with Matheson not as a driver, but as team manager. The driver was the Italian Ralph Mongini. Mongini led a few miles of the first lap around the 29.71 mile course before losing control of his machine and crashing into a telegraph pole. The 1906 race was held September 23.

Vanderbilt Cup Broadway play.

Cooper and Oldfield took several creative approaches to making money. Bicycle racers, mechanics, race car drivers, they even owned a gold mine together in Colorado at the turn of the 20th century. In January 1906, they attempted to parlay their renown as race drivers into an easier way to generate large sums of money. Together they created a special effect using two race cars (the Peerless Green Dragon and the Peerless Blue Streak), bags of dirt, two large treadmills and stage props to create the illusion of a motor race for a Charles Dillingham play, "The Vanderbilt Cup", starring Elsie Janis. The two appeared on stage nightly. The show was a success but Oldfield and Cooper tired of the acting lifestyle in less than three months and returned to auto racing full-time.

Death.

Cooper was killed in an auto accident in New York City on November 16, 1906. He is buried in Woodmere Cemetery in Detroit.

Tom Cooper (1874 – November 1906) was an 1890s champion bicycle racer and early auto racing driver. He is best known for his rivalry with Major Taylor as well as his later work with Henry Ford and Barney Oldfield.


History.

When prince Władysław Vasa (future King Władysław IV of Poland) became an adolescent, his father Sigismund III Vasa bought him a wooden mansion at the Krakowskie Przedmieście in Warsaw. Shortly after his return in 1628 from a journey to Western Europe the prince ordered a court architect to build him a new palace in the Italian style. Tencalla created one of the most wonderful palaces ever built in Warsaw.  In 1632, prince Władysław gave the palace to his favourite, Adam Kazanowski; this caused a serious misunderstanding with the King, and a special Sejm committee was appointed to determine the circumstances behind this gesture. In 1637, Kazanowski enlarged the building, holding to Tencalla's original designs. The new structure was a large four-storied palace with a garden, enormous terrace and central courtyard—alcove tops were decorated with gilded crowns.  The rich furnishings of the palace were described in 1646 by Jean Le Laboureur, a companion of the French Ambassador Extraordinaire to Poland, Madame de Guébriand. Le Laboureur was amazed by what he saw inside—a large statue of Bacchus made of pure silver sitting on a barrel with wheels (that served as a wine vessel during banquets), gilded wooden ceilings in the Venetian style, rooms filled with oil paintings, marble decorations, Flemish and oriental tapestries, oriental objects, furniture from Italy and Bavaria, silverware, a live bear inside a gilded cage in the courtyard, caged monkeys and a large collection of musical instruments belonging to Crown Court Marshal Kazanowski's private orchestra.  Le Laboureur later wrote: Italy, which we visited after leaving Poland has nothing as magnificent and lordly. I admit that I was astonished, and it seemed that I had been transferred to an enchanted palace".  His patron Madame de Guébriand noted ""the rooms [were] decorated with various cupboards of the most exquisite workmanship, and tables with the most beautiful objects in gold, silver and amber"". Marshal Kazanowski, pleased with Madame de Guébriand delight at seeing the objects asked which items she would like to take back with her to France, and despite Madame's protests, he and his wife sent her several amber caskets".  Kazanowski also arranged a cabinet of curiosities ("Wunderkammer") in his palace that contained a large stuffed snake from Africa hanging from the ceiling, and an Indian sea turtle. The palace also had a terrace garden on the escarp side, and was notably famous not only because of its decadent furnishings, but also due to central heating and plumbing installed inside.  After Kazanowski's death the palace was passed on to his wife Elżbieta Słuszczanka, who some time later married Hieronim Radziejowski. At the time, she was the wealthiest woman in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After Radziejowski was found guilty of treason against the King, she filed for divorce, which caused a small private war in Warsaw between Radziejowski and the Słuszka family who took the Kazanowski palace by force. Subsequently, Radziejowski was convicted and sentenced to the death penalty and had to escape the borders of the Commonwealth.  The opulent Kazanowski Palace was ransacked and burned down during the Deluge by the Swedes in 1656 and never rebuilt.

The Kazanowski Palace (), also known as the Radziejowski Palace, was a large palace in Warsaw, occupying the place where the Charitable Center "Res Sacra Miser" stands today.


Synopsis.

The new town sheriff (Bill Oberst Jr) moves into a large creepy old house with his family. It seems that in the town of Salem there’s a special house for the sheriff to live in for free. Unfortunately it’s haunted by witches that have a strong craving for sheriff’s blood.

Production.

"A Haunting in Salem" was filmed in a 200-year-old mansion in Pasadena, CA. The movie was done old school with very few special effects, and used as its premise, the Salem witch trials of 1692.  "A Haunting in Salem" was shot in Native 3D using the Alterna GV-4 beam splitter rig and 2 Red One cameras. Shot in 12 days, the production managed up to 28 set ups per day. Shannon Benna was stereographer and is credited as "Hollywoods'd First Female Feature Stereographer" for her work on this film.

Critical response.

KTLA reviewer spoke toward the film's DVD release, writing that the film was a "mixed bag", in that "Nothing is particularly good (there is certainly nothing that would be considered great) and much is quite bad." The reviewer took issue with the acting, offering that even the simplest lines felt hammed up, with the cast giving performances at a level with community theater. He also found flaw with Shane Van Dyke's directing, in that while his use of "shock tactics and very predictable setups for the scares can be forgiven", the director never connected with his audience. The reviewer did have positive response for actress Jenna Stone, and that the "cheesy" and "carnival spook house" type monsters did not have much actual screen time or were seen from a distance. The reviewer's summation included that the combination of bad acting and cheap special effects gave the film a "very 'let’s-get-a-camera-and-make-a-movie' home grown feel that doesn’t exactly hurt the final product", in that the combination contributed to a "cheesy charm".  "Consumer Reports" wrote that the film "peaks early" and then "loses steam", and that while its use of 3D "isn’t gimmicky", "it’s most effective at fondling the creepiness of the house where most of the action is located."  "Rock102online" gave a positive review saying, "A Haunting In Salem bills itself as a spine-tingling, haunted chiller in the tradition of The Amityville Horror and The Shining and, much like those classics, it succeeded in delivering numerous jumps and scares that kept me thinking about them long after the final credits rolled. Bill Oberst, Jr. was very convincing as a damaged man who becomes the new sheriff of Salem and inadvertently moves his family into a cursed house filled with vengeful ghosts."  "Horrortalk" also gave a positive review saying, "A Haunting in Salem is nowhere near the bottom of their catalog of The Asylum's offerings" and praise the direction of Shane Van Dyke to give the film short time to hit its stride as a quality genre piece. The website gave the film an overall of 3 star rating out of five.

Release.

"A Haunting in Salem" was released September 23, 2011.

DVD.

The DVD and Blu-ray was released on October 4, 2011. It features 6-minute behind the scenes effort that went into making the film, and a gag reel. KTLA offered that the anamorphic transfer is sharp, bright and clear, but as the film was originally shot in 3D, this results in a "flat feel to it which gives it a very low budget look".

A Haunting in Salem is a 2011 3D horror film directed by Shane Van Dyke and starring Bill Oberst Jr., Courtney Abbiati, Jenna Stone and Nicholas Harsin.


Biography.

In Russian Empire.

Venclauskis was born to a family of Lithuanian peasants near Plungė. He studied at a primary school in before transferring to a progymnasium in Palanga. There he tutored future general and was a classmate with future President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona. Venclauskis then studied at the Liepāja Gymnasium in present-day Latvia. His parents wanted him to become a Catholic priest, but he refused and the parents discontinued their financial support. Due to poor living conditions, he contracted tuberculosis. Venclauskis tried studying engineering at the University of Saint Petersburg and medicine at the University of Warsaw before settling for law at the University of Tartu. He graduated in 1903. After a mandatory practice at a civil court in Riga, he worked as an interrogator in Kuressaare (Arensburg), and was assigned as deputy prosecutor in Siberia but decided to start a private practice in Šiauliai.  Already in 1902, Venclauskis joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. He collaborated with Jonas Biliūnas,, and Kipras Bielinis distributing illegal social democratic publications and with Jonas Jablonskis in smuggling Lithuanian books. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was active among Lithuanian social democrats in Riga and published two issues of a social democratic newspaper "Pirmyn" (Forward). He defended in court some of the people arrested for anti-Tsarist activities. Together with others, in 1907, he co-founded the Žvaigždė Society (star) which organized Lithuanian schools and libraries (it was chaired by writer and it maintained five schools near Riga with about 500 students in 1914). In 1908, he moved to Šiauliai where he established his law practice and lived until his death. He practiced civil law. A large part of his practice was arbitration of large commercial cases, particularly those involving Jewish or foreign businesses. In 1911, he was first elected to the Šiauliai City Duma. He was disciplined, but spoke and wrote little. He did not leave an archive or an autobiography. He did contribute a few short informational announcements about various cultural activities and events to "Vilniaus žinios", "Lietuvos ūkininkas", "Lietuvos žinios".  In September 1908, Veclauskis became the first chairman of cultural organization Varpas (bell) which organized concerts, lectures, amateur theater performances. His wife, together with, directed several plays. Venclauskis co-directed a play in 1911. His activities attracted the attention of the Tsarist police. His home was searched and he was briefly arrested in September 1912. The arrest spoiled his plans for running in the elections to the Russian State Duma. During World War I, he organized aid to war refugees. When fighting reached Šiauliai, he retreated to Minsk. He worked as a jurist of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union dealing with the 10th Army. After the February Revolution, he became a justice of the peace in Minsk. He returned to Lithuania in summer 1917 or in June 1918. Venclauskis, together with and, managed to get a permission from the Ober Ost officials to reopen the Šiauliai Gymnasium. They organized Jėga Society (power, strength), chaired by Venclauskis, to support the school which opened in April 1918 with 200 students.

In independent Lithuania.

Politics.

On 26 November 1918, Venclauskis was elected the first burgermeister of Šiauliai. He served until 17 April 1919 during the chaotic post-war period when the city changed hands during the Lithuanian–Soviet War. When the city was captured by the Bolsheviks in January 1919, Venclauskis agreed to work in the finance department of the communist city soviet. He worked on establishing local self-government and drafted a statute that was adopted by local councils in Šiauliai, Rokiškis, Utena. He was elected chairman of the Šiauliai district council and served until his election to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. After serving in the national parliament, Venclauskis returned to the Šiauliai City Council as chairman in 1925–1931 ( was burgermeister at that time) and as member in 1935–1939.  Venclauskis, as a member of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (LSDP), was elected to the Constituent Assembly in May 1920 and reelected to the First Seimas in October 1922. His party was in opposition to the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party (LKDP) which gained majority of seats. At the Constituent Assembly, he was a member of various parliamentary commissions, including those on economy and draft constitution. Due to the emergency caused by the Żeligowski's Mutiny in October 1920, the assembly established the seven-member Small Seimas to continue legislative function and temporarily adjourned. Venclauskis was elected as a member of the Small Seimas, but was soon replaced by Steponas Kairys. When drafting the new constitution, Venclauskis as other social democrats opposed creating the position of the President of Lithuania. He supported the rights of ethnic minorities in Lithuania and urged not to single out any particular minority for special treatment. Together with other members of his party, he submitted numerous interpellations. During discussions of one of these interpellations (in which LSDP asked why the police was not allowing or disrupting the celebrations of the International Workers' Day in Lithuania), Venclauskis engaged in a heated argument with LKDP leader Mykolas Krupavičius and was removed from the meeting. Venclauskis urged the government to adopt the law on amnesty and lift martial law which prevented the establishment of true democracy in Lithuania. Since LKDP ignored most of the proposals put forth by LSDP, Venclauskis and other members of his party protested by not voting for some of the major laws passed by Constituent Assembly, including the constitution and the land reform. He was reelected to the First Seimas, but it was deadlocked and functioned for only five months. When the Seimas was dissolved in March 1923, Vencklauskis returned to his private law practice and the Šiauliai City Council.

Law and business.

In 1919–1920, Venclauskis briefly taught law at the Šiauliai Gymnasium. He was later offered a teaching position at the University of Lithuania, but refused. In 1920–1925, Venclauskis was elected as a member of the Lithuanian Bar Association. He was also long-term elder (starosta) of attorneys in Šiauliai. As such, he assigned criminal cases to practicing attorneys. Venclauskis was mainly a commercial attorney, representing Swedish and Swiss firms (including defense contractor Oerlikon Contraves). He worked on some high-profile cases, including a murder of a child in Žagarė, trials of several participants in the Tauragė Revolt, and corruption of diplomat Vaclovas Sidzikauskas. He took some pro bono cases related to child support or socialist-leaning activists. He opposed the death penalty. Venclauskis represented French graf Choiseul-Gouffier in a dispute with the Lithuanian government over large forest properties near Plateliai that the government wanted to nationalize according to the land reform of 1922. The case earned him enough fees to finance the construction of a palatial house by architect in 1925–1927. It had his home and offices on the first floor, with two upper floors rented out. A fine example of modern interwar architecture, the house now hosts a section of the and is listed on the Lithuanian Real Heritage Register.  In August 1919, Venclauskis co-founded and became board member of the Šiauliai Union of Consumer Cooperatives. The union had about 100 cooperative members, but was absorbed by the state-sponsored Lietūkis cooperative in 1928. Together with, Venclauskis founded construction corporation Pastogė (shelter). It had plans of building a large culture center and a hotel, but managed to finish just a movie theater before the outbreak of World War II. Since 1941, the premises are used by the. Venclauskis supported various other business enterprises, often loaning money to various factories.

Culture and philanthropy.

In addition to raising his two daughters, Venclauskis and his wife sheltered and raised a number of orphans and foundlings. The exact number is not known, but is rumored to be around two hundred. The Šiauliai Gymnasium was built on land of his father-in-law Jonas Jakševičius. As a compensation, the Tsarist government granted a privilege that three future generations of Jakševičius could attend the school for free. This motivated Venclauskis to adopt and foster many students who could then study for free. He built a villa in Palanga which was mainly occupied by the foster children. In his home in Šiauliai, on average, there were about 20 people. Reportedly, Venclauskis requested that there would be no more than 30 people sheltered in his home, but this quota was often exceeded. Venclauskis did not spend much time with the children and was distant with rare exceptions on vacations at the seaside or holidays, but gladly provided financial support. Venclauskis was one of the key donors of societies organized to support students at the Šiauliai Gymnasium (established in 1891) and social-democratic youth (established in 1925).  In November 1920, Venclauskis was one of the co-founders of the Kultūra Society and became its chairman in 1925. The society focused on publishing Lithuanian books, primarily various textbooks. In 1921–1927, the society published 140 different books as well as a monthly magazine "Kultūra" (Culture). It also organized numerous local chapters (membership peaked at 250 chapters with 3,000 members) that used the slogan (learn and teach!) to organize various cultural and educational activities. The local chapters were abolished by the authoritarian regime of president Antanas Smetona in 1927. Textbooks published by Kultūra were forbidden to be used in schools. The society could not sell its books and repay loans it took out to cover publishing costs. Venclauskis, as a debt guarantor, had to pay 10,000 litas as a result. It was officially dissolved in July 1929. Venclauskis worked to establish a professional theater in Šiauliai. In 1925, Kultūra Society took over the only theater and cinema hall which after the liquidation of the society became property of Venclauskis and several other men. They finally managed to get the Šiauliai Theater established in 1930. Venclauskis was activve in various other cultural and charitable societies; he was a member of the Masonic lodge Lietuva, established in July 1920, and became a member of the newly established Rotary Club in Šiauliai in June 1938.  Venclauskis became ill in 1939. He sought treatment in a sanatorium in Riga and had an operation, but died in February 1940.

Kazimieras Venclauskis (27 February 1880 – 24 February 1940) was a Lithuanian attorney, politician, and philanthropist. After graduating from the University of Tartu and completing the mandatory five-year practice at a court and prosecutor's office, he moved to Šiauliai where he established a successful private law practice in 1908 and lived until his death. Venclauskis joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania in 1902 and was active during the Russian Revolution of 1905. He was elected to the Šiauliai City Duma in 1911 and planned to run in the election to the Russian State Duma in 1912, but an arrest by police spoiled the plans. He was an active member or chairman of various Lithuanian societies, including Žvaigždė and Jėga that organized Lithuanian schools and Varpas that organized amateur theater performances and other cultural events.


History.

Carmona was just a part of the big town of Silang. This is not surprising because in the early part of the Spanish regime Silang included what today are known as the municipalities of Indang: San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), and Maragondon. Moreover, Alfonso, Amadeo, and Mendez were mere sitios of Indang; Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) was a part of San Francisco de Malabon or Malabon Grande; and Magallanes and Ternate were barrios of Maragondon. Furthermore, Maragondon itself had been a part of the Corregimiento of Mariveles on the opposite side of Manila Bay.  According to research conducted in 1982, by Sangguniang Bayan members Ernesto Zamora, Salvador P. Manahan, Pio Purificacion, Narciso Levardo, and Romy Laurito, assisted by Municipal Secretary Rogelio D. Paular, it was found out that the history of Carmona began during the 15th century. As related by a reliable informant, three brothers coming from the mountain of Silang were said to be the first settlers in the place which was then called “Latag”, a Tagalog word for “plain” due to the numerous hills and plains in the area. The settlement was not known to other residents of Silang until some of them also went down to the place, cleared some forest areas and established their residence.  In 1595, Silang became a town and Latag was annexed as a part since then. Latag gradually developed into a community whose residents struggled hard to make it a town. Their burning desires were filled with hopes and fulfillment in 1856 when their move for the conversion of Latag into a town was spearheaded by a leader named Tiburcio Purificacion. Finally, by virtue of a decree issued on February 20, 1857 by the King of Spain through Governor General Fernando de Norzagaray, Latag became a separate municipality with the name it bears today: Carmona, named after the town of Carmona in the province of Seville, Spain. Yet until now, it had not been known where the name originated.  During the Philippine Revolution in 1896, the gobernadorcillo of Carmona was Kapitan Damian Ermitano after the administrations of Tiburcio Purificacion, Mariano Mapanoo and Donald C. Virtucio, Augusto Manaog and Fabian Tenedero.  After the revolution and the occupation of the country by the Americans in 1901, the first local executive of Carmona was Martin Reyes who was followed next by Marcelo Reyes, Prudencio Torres, Juan Alumia, Estanislao Paular, Marciano Mapanoo, and Juan Zamora.  The mayors who assumed office after World War II were the following honorable men: Bernardo Hebron, Eulalio Reyes and Cesar Casal and Felino L. Maquinay. In 1959, the district of San Gabriel and San Jose of Barangay Kabilang Baybay was purchased by the National Government for the relocation of squatters from Metro Manila. On March 14, 1981, the relocation site, which teemed with people from almost every part of the country and was more popularly known as the resettlement area, became an independent municipality called General Mariano Alvarez.

Geography.

Carmona is located on the south-eastern part of the province of Cavite, approximately south of Manila and from Trece Martires City, Cavite's seat of government. It is bounded on the north, east and south by the City of Biñan, Laguna, Municipality of General Mariano Alvarez (GMA) on the north-west and Silang on the south-west. The geographic coordinates of Carmona are about 14.32° latitude and 121.06° longitude.  The topography of Carmona is generally flat to strongly rolling or sloping, partly lowland and partly hill. Carmona is divided into four physiographical areas: the lowest lowland area, the lowland area, the central hilly area and the upland mountainous area.  The town is also within the path of a fault line, the Valley Fault System which starts from the Sierra Madre mountains.

Land area.

With a total land area of 29,749,874 square meters, Carmona represented 2.17% of the total land area of the province. These areas are currently occupied by 14 barangays of which 7 are considered Poblacion barangays and 7 others are regular barangays. Barangay Lantic is the largest area while Barangay 2 has the smallest area.

Climate.

Carmona has a Type I climate characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during rest of the year. Maximum rainfall usually occurs from June to September. The average annual rainfall is 200 millimeters with a peak of 400 millimeters in August.  The average annual temperature is 27.2 C. The highest temperature occurs during the month of May while the lowest occurs during the month of January.  The predominant wind direction comes from the south-west during the month of June to September and from the north-west during the month of October to January, while from February to April, the wind is coming from the southeast, predominantly in the month of May.  The average humidity of Carmona is 81%. This makes the municipality cooler than the Metropolitan Manila Area where the average humidity is higher.

Soil properties.

The eastern side of Cavite consists of Carmona clay loam with streaks of Carmona clay loam steep phase and Carmona sandy clay loam. This type of soil is granular with tuffaceous material and concretions. It is hard and compact when dry, sticky and plastic when wet. This type of soil is planted with rice with irrigation or sugarcane without irrigation. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado and citrus are also grown in this type of soil.

Mineral resources.

Cavite coastal areas have marl and conglomerate sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks which are prominent in the high, mountainous regions of the western part of the province. Carmona reserves and deposits of sand, clay and gravel materials are found in Sitio Ulong Tubig, Mabuhay.

Barangays.

Carmona is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Eight of the current barangays are classified as poblacion barangays and the six others are ordinary barangays or barrios.

Demographics.

In the, the population of Carmona, Cavite, was people, with a density of.  In the 2010 census, Carmona had a total population of 74,986 which represented a total number of households at 14,885.

Population density.

The highest densities are found in the Poblacion area (Barangays 1–8) and Barangays Milagrosa and Maduya, where land areas are significantly lower than the other barangays. Barangay Lantic posted development of the Kuok Property within the Lantic area; it is expected that the density will increase within the ten-year period.

Population distribution.

Carmona's population is concentrated in Barangays 1–8 at the Poblacion area. Barangay Milagrosa is the most populated barangay, which posted a total population of 15,284. Dense population is also found in Barangay 9, the central business district of the municipality. Most population catalysts such as banks, town center, and commercial establishments are found in the Poblacion area.

Language.

The main language spoken is Tagalog. In some areas they speak Chabacano or Chavacano, sometimes referred to by linguists as Philippine Creole Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. English is considered as the second language and is widely used as medium of communication in business and higher education. Other Philippine languages spoken are Waray, Bicolano, Cebuano, Ilokano, Pangasinense, and Hiligaynon. Chinese and Spanish are also spoken by some local residents.

Religion.

The majority of inhabitants are composed of Roman Catholics, Protestants and other non-denominational groups.

Economy.

Cottage industries include metal works, metalcraft, footwear industries, concrete products, tricycle assembly, rattan handicrafts and bakeries. Manufacturing firms engaged in handicraft (bags and shoes), furniture making, business retailing, personal and business services, and food based enterprises contribute to the municipality's trade and commerce. Mercantile activities in the municipality are concentrated at the Poblacion area and along Governor's Drive. Carmona has been classified as a first class municipality since July 1996, brought about by industrialization, real estate development and commercial activities.  Carmona's progress accelerated after the conversion of more than fifty hectares of farmlands into industrial areas in 1998. Garment industries, steel fabrication, microchips and semi-conductors, tool fabrication, bus assembly, bulb factories, die casting and other small and medium-scale industries currently operate in the municipality. These investments continue to provide local employment, generate export earnings, increase municipal revenues and serve as vehicles for technology transfer. Foreign investments are pouring in as export-oriented industries continue to flourish.  Employment rate: Out of a potential labor force of 24,918 (members 15 years old & above who are actively seeking for work), 98.03% are employed while 1.97% are unemployed. The presence of 8 industrial estates & 2 industrial compounds contribute largely to the high employment rate of the municipality.

Agriculture.

The economy of Carmona is generally agricultural. Almost half of its total land area is devoted to agriculture.  In 2000, the total land area devoted to agriculture was 609 or roughly 19.60% of the total land area of Carmona, which is 3,902 hectares. 230 hectares are irrigated areas all of which are currently planted with rice and vegetables, 30 hectares are upland rice areas, 122.5 hectares are for diversified trees and crops, and the other 211.5 hectares are considered pasture land.  There are 217 farmers in the Municipality engaged in planting and farming. Crops and livestock farmers are distributed among 14 barangays of Carmona.  However, with the implementation of the CALABARZON growth area, the municipality of Carmona has slowly become an industrial enclave in the province. The advent of industrialization has threatened the agricultural base of Carmona. As of April 1999, land used for rice production has gone down; sugarcane plantation has decreased considerably and those land uses for other crops and vegetables totaled 84.5 hectares during the same year.  At present, the programs and services of the Department of Agriculture (DA) are focused on five priority programs: a sustained self-sufficiency program for rice and corn, strengthening of production market linkage, an acceleration of livelihood program, aggressive assistance to organizational development of farmers, and assistance to agriculture-related priority programs of other government agencies.

Industry.

Industrialization in the '90s accounts for the rapid growth of Carmona's business community from an otherwise quaint agricultural town in the 1950s. Brought about by huge capital from the national government, the industrial complexes bolstered the increase of the municipality's revenues and the change in the people's lifestyle.  There are eight existing industrial complexes in the towns. Its proximity to Manila and at the same time being the gateway to the Calabarzon area made Carmona a promising venue for business.  On the other hand, the local government has been very supportive of the investors. There are 114 factories in eight industrial parks/complexes to date. At present there are the eight industrial complexes strewn along the Governor's Drive, in a total of 419.31 hectares, making up 13.56% of the town's land area. Ranging from 9 to 100 hectares, these industrial estates are complete with amenities, secured, and in close coordination with the municipal government through the Carmona Business Club and other agencies.

Commercial and financial.

One of the biggest commercial subdivisions in town is the Macaria Business Park in Barangay Mabuhay which houses Waltermart in its 13.13 hectare lot. Recently, fastfood chains and restaurants have been opened to compete for regular patronage at the Paseo de Carmona in Barangay Maduya.  Moreover, numerous traders and retailers are housed in the bustling Carmona Public Market.  The bulk of commercial activities come from wholesale/retail enterprises, which comprise a total of 619 establishments. There are also service-related establishments: businesses, food shops and amusement operators, with 35 banks and other lending institutions. Among the major banking institutions that cater to the financial needs of businesses in Carmona and neighboring towns are Bank of Philippine Islands (BPI), Metrobank, Banco de Oro (BDO), Chinatrust Bank, China Bank, RCBC, and Union Bank.

Healthcare.

The Pagamutang Bayan ng Carmona ( and the Rural Health Unit (RHU) are government-owned and run healthcare facilities in the town.  The main health center in the municipality is located in Barangay 4. A total of eleven barangay health centers or substations of the RHU are established in different barangays.  In addition to the rural health units and the Pagamutang Bayan, there are also eleven private clinics operating in the municipality. Eleven clinics are privately owned and one clinic is under the supervision of government health workers.

Education.

The education sector in Carmona improved in many aspects of endeavor. In line with the local government's thrust of enhancing quality education, the Department of Education (DepEd), particularly the District of Carmona and Carmona National High School, with the full support of the local government unit, implemented various programs and projects that intensified the education sector in achieving its goals.  As early as 1995, various programs for the improvement of quality education started with a vision of producing competitive students from both the elementary and secondary levels. Carmona posted a literacy rate of 89%. The local government started with the computerization of all schools. Each public school was given computer units and students were provided with computer lessons. This is in consonance with the belief that modern technology and equipment are considered factors in enhancing better education. To address the increasing number of enrollees and students, the LGU conceptualized the construction of 2-story buildings in different schools in Carmona.  At present, the municipality has a substantial number of classrooms and teachers to meet the learning needs of the school age population. As of School Year 2005–2006, the municipality has 50 educational institutions, 28 of which are public schools while 17 are privately run. The public schools are categorized into 18 pre-schools, 9 elementary, 1 secondary, and 1 tertiary school. The private educational institutions are composed of 10 pre-schools, 7 elementary, 3 secondary/high school, and a computer college.

', officially the ', (), is a in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.


History.

Legend says that the barrio was named after a beautiful, lovely daughter of one of its early settlers of the place. She was so loved and revered by the locals that they named her "Santa Fe", and in her death, they named the place after her. However, in "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas" by Spanish conquistador Miguel de Loarca, it states that the barrio was named after Santa Fe in the province of Granada in Spain. Its first settlers were Onhan-speaking Negritos from Panay Island who emigrated to Tablas as early as 1730.  During the Spanish colonial period, Santa Fe was a barrio of neighboring Looc town until 1855 when it was established as a separate "pueblo" or town. It was abolished and reverted into a barrio again in 1868. In 1892, the Spaniards restored Santa Fe's municipal status, which would remain until the American colonial period.  Santa Fe was one 11 municipalities created in Romblon when civilian government was established in the province. However, on 10 March 1917, it was abolished and reverted once more into a barrio of Looc. On 8 January 1940, by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 581, authored by Romblon congressman Leonardo Festin, the municipality of Looc was abolished and incorporated into a new special municipality called Tablas. Hence, Santa Fe became a barrio of this special municipality.  On 1 October 1946, by virtue of Republic Act No. 38 authored by Romblon congressman Modesto Formilleza, the special municipality of Tablas was abolished and Looc municipality was reinstated. The law also created Santa Fe into an independent municipality.  Santa Fe is also the home of "Pinoy Big Brother" Season 1 big winner Nene Tamayo.

Geography.

Santa Fe has a total land area of 63.52 km. It lies on the southern tip of Tablas Island. The town is mountainous with so many beaches and islets. It has sandy loam type of soil rich with mineral resources such as granite and white clay. The tallest elevation in the town is Mount Calatong.

Barangays.

Santa Fe is politically subdivided into 11 barangays.

Demographics.

At the 2015 census, Santa Fe had a population of 16,098 people. Most of its natives descended from Ati indigenous people from Panay Island. Majority of its population speak the Loocnon variant of Inunhan that switches /r/ or /l/ for /d/.  The townsfolk are predominantly Roman Catholic. Every April, they celebrate the "Fiesta sa Dagat", also known as "Fisherfolk's Day" in honor of St. Vincent Ferrer, the town's patron saint. Other Christian denominations include the Philippine Independent Church, Foursquare Gospel Church in the Philippines, Assemblies of God, Baptist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Potter's Fellowship.

Local government.

Pursuant to Chapter II, Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, the municipal government is composed of a mayor (alkalde), a vice mayor (bise alkalde) and members (kagawad) of the legislative branch Sangguniang Bayan alongside a secretary to the said legislature, all of which are elected to a three-year term and are eligible to run for three consecutive terms.  Santa Fe's incumbent mayor and vice mayor are Elsie Visca and Miguel M. Galido, both from the PDP–Laban party, respectively.

Economy.

Agriculture is the most important sector in the municipality. This sector comprises sub-sectors namely: crops, livestock, poultry, and fishing. Crops like rice, corn, mango, cassava, banana, sweet yam and coconut are raised by farmers. Coconut comprises the largest share of the agricultural area of the municipality and is dominantly grown in all barangays.

Infrastructure.

National Power Corporation (NPC) supplies 32.37% (or 836 households) of Santa Fe's households with electricity. The town is serviced by Levels 1, 2 and 3 water supply system. It also has four community irrigation projects with 92 service areas. Potable water is also supplied from water pumps, artesian wells, and rainwater collection reservoirs. PLDT, Smart Communications, and Globe Telecom provides landline and cellular phone service in the municipality. Radio, as well as, terrestrial and cable television services are also available.  Santa Fe Municipal Port caters to intra-provincial travel, particularly between San Jose in Carabao Island. The town is connected to the neighboring towns of Looc and Alcantara through the Tablas Circumferential Road. Jeepneys, tricycles, and motorcycles are to common forms of transportation.

Transportation.

From Looc town proper, there are scheduled jeepney trips going to Odiongan. The earliest trip is at 5 a.m. and travel time is one hour. Travelers may expect some delays as the jeepneys will halt every now and then to unload and load passengers along the way. The jeepney route's terminus is at Odiongan Public Market, where travelers can ride a tricycle to get to Odiongan Port. Fare is around P100 and may take 15-20 minutes bumpy ride. At Odiongan Port, there are scheduled RORO ferry trips by Montenegro Lines, Starlite Ferries and 2GO Travel.  Travelers can also reach Santa Fe by flying to Tugdan Airport in neighboring Alcantara. Cebu Pacific operates four flights weekly to the airport from Manila.

Tourism.

There are several beaches and other scenic spots to visit in Santa Fe. These include:

', officially the ', is a in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.


Features.

Stage is similar to operatic performance. The stage may consist of a clear circular open area, or at the most, a wooden platform about three and a half metre in length. There are no elaborate stage arrangements similar to modern dramatic performances. There are no backdrops, curtains or green-rooms. Typically, there are no microphones or loudspeakers either. An hour or so before the show, the musicians of the orchestra begin to sing religious or other songs connected with the play in order to create the proper atmosphere for the play. The 'Guru' then appears and the artistes touch his feet to evoke his blessings. The play opens with a song ('bhait' or offering) in praise of Bhawani, the Goddess of Knowledge:  "Aa re bhawani baas kar mere ghat ke parde khol" "Rasna par basa karo maai shudh shabd mukh bol"  After Bhawani there are Chamolas, Kafias, Savias the main ingredients of performance. Googa Dhamoda a dance form starts at the beginning. With a brief introduction about the play, the performance starts. It consists mainly of mimicry, from which the name of the theater form derives ("swaang" means disguise or impersonation). Also featured prominently are long question and answer sessions between the actors. Much of the dialogue is improvised and the actors must be able to trade quotations, puns, proverbs and songs at the drop of a hat. There is much singing and dancing and there is always a clown character called the "makhaulia" (jester). Swang theatre is traditionally restricted to men, who also play the female roles, the latter often involving elaborate make-up and costumes. But female troupes are not altogether unknown.  A single presentation of "swaang" may continue for up to five or six hours. There is much song and music, especially the famous Haryanvi style of singing known as "Raagani".

Themes.

Swang themes draw variously from themes of morality, folk tales, lives of inspiring personalities, stories from Indian mythology and in recent times, more current themes like health and hygiene, literacy, AIDS awareness and women's empowerment. In temple based religious theatre, Indian epics and Puranas are the major source material for characters, while the community-based secular theatre is of lighter variety. Several themes may be mixed together - mythological love, popular history, and religious themes, all with overtones of secular values. All dramas typically end with the victory of good over evil.  Popular mythological themes include Raja Vikramaditya, Ranveer- Padmavat, Jaani Chor, Prahlad Bhagat, Gopi Chand, Bharthari, Harishchander, Raja Bhoj, Kichak Badh, Draupadi Chir Haran, Jaani Chor, Pingla Bharthri and other tales from old literature. Also popular are Punjabi romances like Pooran Bhagat, Heer Ranjha, etc. Historical and semi-historical themes include Raja Rissalu, Amar Singh Rathor, Sarwar Neer, Jaswant Singh, Ramdevji, etc. Other popular tales include romances like Sorath Rai Diyach, Nihalde, Padmavat, etc.

History.

In Haryana the most celebrated name is that of Deep Chand Bahman of village Khanda Sonipat. He was popularly known as Shakespeare or Kalidas of Haryana. He polished the style of Ali Bux and gave a new color to this folk art. The Saang of that time had two categories: (i) Kirtan Style and (ii) Nautanki Style. Deep Chand's style of performance incorporated elements from music, dance, pantomime, versification, and ballad recitation. During the First World War, when Deep Chand's capacity for improvisation and adaptation was at its peak, the British Government made him a Rai Sahib and granted him other favours. His catchy song-compositions with martial tunes attracted large recruits to the army.  Deep Chand Bahman:  ।।भर्ती होले रे, थारे बाहर खड़े रंगरूट, आड़ै मिलै पाट्या पुराणा, उड़ै मिलै फुल बूट।।  दो सौ वर्ष के बाद म्य, सांगी दीपचंद आग्या, तख़्त बिछा साजिन्दे बिठा, आसमाने तणवाग्या, देश चमोले तीन बोल के, इसे काफिये गाग्या, सरकार करै थी पूछ, दीपचंद सांगी स्याणे की, बहुत पुराणी कहाणी, सुणियो हरियाणे की, घग्गर यमना बीच की, धरती हरी समाणे की। - प. रामकिशन व्यास  एक सौ सत्तर साल बाद, फेर दीपचंद होग्या, साजिन्दे तो बणा दिये, घोड़े का नाच बंद होग्या, निच्चै काला दामण ऊपर, लाल कन्द होग्या, चमोले को भूल गये, न्यू न्यारा छन्द होग्या, तीन काफिए गाये, या बणी रंगत हाल की, हरियाणे की कहाणी सुणल्यो, दो सौ साल की, कई किस्म की हवा चालगी, ये नई चाल की। - प. मांगेराम The origin of swang is traced to be Kishan Lal Bhaat, who some two hundred years ago is said to have laid the foundation of the present style of folk theatre. Another view gives credit for this to Kavi Shankar Dass, a poet artiste, who belonged to Meerut. Another notable early pioneer was Ali Bux of Rewari, who successfully staged plays titled Fasanai, Azad and Padmawat. For music and song, these early Swaang drew on khayals and chambolas. The stage was most elementary, the actors performed from a central place among the audience. The light was provided by mashals (Roman torches).  There are five major Lok Kavi who puts the Haryanvi Culture at the Peak.  Pt Surya Bhanu Shastri his disciple Dr Satish Kashyap and Dr Sandhya Sharma though belongs to Pt Lakhmi Chand gharana and staged major Swangs/saangs like Padmavat, Kichak Draupadi, Phool Singh Nautani and famous Jaani Chor but had performed in every major Gharanas breaking the orthodox Parnali/Gharana divided on the base of Brahmin/ Non- Brahmin, Caste and region based.  Hardeva polished his Chambola style and made some changes to Haryanvi ragni (folk song). Bjae Nai, a disciple of Hardeva, mixed both the styles of folk music. Pt. Nathu Ram, another well known Swaangi coached a number of talented pupils, which included Maan Singh, Bulli, Dina Lohar and Ram Singh. Anoop Lather a well known theatre person introduced Swang in Kurukshetra University and organised Swang Youth festivals and first time produced Swang Jaani Chor in proscenium with Satish Kashyap in 1999. Manish Joshi Bismil who is a noted theatre director of India belongs to Hisar is also known for developing Swang in Haryana. In year 2012 his recent production Lakhmiprem was a milestone work on Pandit Lakhmichand. Manish Joshi is recipient of Ustaad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar by Sangeet Natak Akademi. He is working on Pandit Mangeram's biography.  Pt. Ramkishan Vyas of Narnaund (Hissar), formerly known as 'Vyas ji', is a celebrity in the field of Haryanvi Saangs and Raagnis. He invented various concepts in presenting the raagnis to the public e.g. Soni and others. In addition, he has been deputed as Counseller and Consultants by Rohtak Aakashvani & Kurukshetra Aakashvani. Haryana Government has also declared that the dominant universities of Haryana (Kurukshetra University, Maharishi Dayanand University, etc.) would include his autobiography and raagnis in their curriculum.  Dr. Satish Kashyap and Dr. Sandhya Sharma in the able guidance of Pandit Suraj Bhan Shastri, a disciple of Pt. Lakhmi Chand had done revolutionary changes in Swang performance. Revival of Swang traditions is utmost need to oxygen to the dying art. Dr Satish Kashyap, an internationally acclaimed Swang artist, is leading the only surviving Mandali of Swang. He performs both in Operatic as well as proscenium stage. They performed at National and International levels viz. National School of Drama (NSD), New Delhi and in SPIC MACAY International Convention at IIT, Mumbai. They were selected in prestigious "BHARANGAM" organised by National School of Drama, New Delhi. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in leadership of Dr. Satish Kashyap, also set up a unit for the promotion and preservation of Swang and produced and staged best productions, viz, Jaani Chor, Raja Vikramaditya, Phool Singh- Nautanki etc.  Dr. Sandhya Sharma is the sole female performer of Swang and has written and produced two new Swangs with her stage partner and mentor Dr Satish Kashyap. They are based on Mahabharata. New Swangs are GOPI-UDDAV and VEER- BARBRIK.  Towards the end of the 19th century, all-women "Swaang" troupes performed in western Uttar Pradesh and the adjoining "Khaaddar" area of Haryana. All parts in these troupes were played by women. Sardari of Kalayat (Jind), Natni of Gangaru, and Bali of Indri (Karnal) were some of the leaders of such troupes. In 1998, The Government of India has honored this renowned poet by the award from Rohtak Aakashwani for his incredible support to the rise of Haryanvi Lok Sahitya.His younger son, Satyanarayan Shastri is also continuing their task to rise the Haryanvi Lok Sahitya by his writing. Satyanarayan Shastri is a renowned singer of 'Ragnis' at aakashvani since 1983. Pandit Lakhmi Chand of Jatti Kalan (Sonipat) is known as "Surya Kavi" (Sun Poet) in Haryanvi Raagnis. important Swang staged by him included Nal Damyanti, Meera Bai, Satyavan Savitri, Poorjan, Seth Tara Chand, Puran Bhagat and Shashi Lakarhara. Pt. Tuleram, son of Pt Lakhmi Chand continued the tradition of performance and after him his son Vishnu is still performing in the remote villages of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. List of Famous Artists in Haryana

Saang (), also known as Swang (meaning "initiation") or Svang (), is a popular folk dance–theatre form in Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Swang incorporates suitable theatrics and mimicry (or "naqal") accompanied by song and dialogue. It is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented. Religious stories and folk tales are enacted by a group of ten or twelve persons in an open area or an open-air theatre surrounded by the audience.Swang as an art of imitation means Rang-Bharna, Naqal-Karna.


Features.

There is a great deal of fossil material known for "M. lamarmorai", which includes cranial, dental, and post-cranial findings. Despite this wealth of material, no complete skeleton is known. Of the few known molars only one represents the rearmost tooth, which is 13 cm long and 6.9 cm wide, with at least eleven ridges on the enamel. The humerus reaches a length of 45 cm. The few discovered tusk fragments exhibit only a small maximum diameter of 3.5 cm. The length of the femur indicates a shoulder height of 1.4 m. The weight of these dwarf mammoths was probably not more than 550 kg. The small size of "M. lamarmorai" is due to a process of insular dwarfism, which occurred when its original large ancestors reached Sardinia and due to lower food supply and lack of potential predators they reduced their size.

Discovery.

Most finds of "M. lamarmorai" were discovered on the west coast and in the western part of the island of Sardinia, and mainly comprise individual finds, but also belong to associated skeletal elements. The most important fossils are from Funtana Morimenta, a quarry south-southwest of Gonnesa in the valley of Rio Morimenta where it had already been discovered at the end of the 19th century. These fossils embedded in the Funtana-Morimenta lineup, which is composed of aeolian sedimentary formation that is located below a layer of strata dominated by a rock unit of conglomerates (the Tyrrhenian conglomerate). This rock formation is widely spread all over the west coast of Sardinia and is generally attributed to the last interglacial period that bears in northern Alpine region the term Eemian (126000–115000 years ago). The finds include mainly elements of the spine and musculoskeletal system, so among other things, a full foot, nearly complete hand, humerus and ulna, as well as remains of tusks. All discoveries are most likely to belong to a single individual. Other finds are known from San Giovanni di Sinis near Oristano, where a molar tooth was found in also deposited before the Eemian sediments, as well as an additional molar from Campu Giavesu in Sassari, which is, however, significantly larger. Finds from the Upper Pleistocene, which comprise a plurality of teeth are mainly from Tramariglio, near the city of Alghero, and came also from deposited sediments by wind, but above the Tyrrhenian conglomerate.

Classification.

As a mammoth, "M. lamarmorai"'s closest living relative is the modern Asian elephant ("Elephas maximus"). The occurrence of this mammoth already in the late Middle Pleistocene makes that a descent from the classic woolly mammoth ("M. primigenius") rather unlikely, since this latter species first appeared in Europe during the Upper Pleistocene. Rather, it is thought that the steppe mammoth ("M. trogontherii"), which lived on the continent, is the likely ancestor of "M. lamarmorai". The steppe mammoth's molars had only eleven ridges, a feature much more archaic than those of the woolly mammoth, which had twenty six ridges. The Cretan pygmy mammoth ("M. creticus") and "M. lamarmorai" are the only known dwarf mammoths on the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, which were otherwise occupied by diminutive members of the genus "Palaeoloxodon" (also included sometimes in "Elephas").  The first description was published in 1883 by Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major, who used the name "Elephas lamarmorae". He no published pictures, but saw a clear link to the Southern mammoth ("M. meridionalis"), which he in turn called "Elephas meridionalis" due to similarities. The remains were from the quarry Funtana Morimenta and are now kept in the Natural History Museum of Basel, where Major personally studied them. Because of new tooth finds since the mid-20th century, it became clear the close connection to the mammoths, which is why the name "Mammuthus lamarmorae" prevailed. As a result of adaptation to the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, one amendment was made in 2012 for the name, and "Mammuthus lamarmorai" is currently the valid species name. The species name, "lamarmorai", honors to the Sardinian General and naturalist Alberto La Marmora (1789–1863), who had already in 1858 investigated the fossils of Funtana Morimenta.

Phylogeny.

The origin of "M. lamarmorai" is still relatively unclear – the earliest finds date from the late portion of the Middle Pleistocene, as points their association with the dwarf deer "Praemegaceros cazioti", and are thus about 450,000 years old. A colonization of Sardinia through the steppe mammoth should therefore be carried out in the transition from the old to the Middle Pleistocene or early Middle Pleistocene. Probably this happened during the Pleistocene glacial periods in which the global sea level was much lower due to the continental ice sheets and the animals could reach the island by swimming. Whether single mammoth populations Sardinia reached only once, is unclear, maybe the somewhat larger tooth from Campu Giavesu suggests that several migration waves appear to be possible, as is also demonstrated when detecting dwarfed forms of the genus "Palaeoloxodon" of the Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Malta.

Mammuthus lamarmorai is a species of mammoth which lived during the late Middle and Upper Pleistocene (between 450,000 and perhaps 40,000 years) on the island of Sardinia. "M. lamarmorai" is a dwarf species, as it is estimated to have reached a shoulder height of only 1.4 m and weighed about 550 kg. This pygmy mammoth has been found mostly in the fine-grained sediments of the western part of the island.


Biography.

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu was born in King Williams Town, in the Eastern Cape, and was educated at Morija Institution, a mission centre in Basutoland (present-day Lesotho). He later studied at Lovedale in the Cape Province before going to the United Kingdom, where he completed his matriculation at Colwyn Bay in Wales. In 1906 he entered the University of London, earning a BA degree in English six years later. As a student he attended the 1911 Universal Races Congress held in London, where he met leading African Americans and Africans, including his father, who was a member of the South African delegation.  Before returning home in 1915, D. D. T. Jabavu visited the United States on a tour of Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute and other black centres of learning. Back in South Africa, he was a founding member of the staff of the University of Fort Hare in 1916, and the first and only African academic at the institution, where he remained as professor of African languages until 1944.  In addition, he established the South African Native Farmers' Association to encourage the development of better farming standards, stressing the value of manual labour. He also founded the Cape African Teachers' Association and the South African Native Teachers' Federation, which he led for many years. He was also president of the Cape Native Votes' Convention, which campaigned in the 1920 and 1930 for the retention of Africans' voting rights.  In 1936 he was elected first president of the All African Convention (AAC), which sought to consolidate all non-European opposition to the proposed abolition of the African vote; the AAC's stance was subsequently construed as damaging by some radical elements in the African National Congress (ANC). However, in 1948, the year that Jabavu retired from public life, he was a signatory to a joint ANC-AAC "Call for Unity", which attempted to reconcile their differences. The move was not successful, and Jabavu retired from its presidency.  In later years, he ran a private insurance business. He also wrote articles and books on the African struggle, including "The Black Problem" (1920), "The Segregation Fallacy and Other Papers" (1928), "The Life of John Tengo Jabavu, editor of Imvo Zabantsundu" (1922) and "IziDungulwana" (1958). In recognition of his contribution towards the creation of a just South African society, in 1953 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Rhodes University. He died six years later in 1959, aged 74.

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu (20 October 1885 – 3 August 1959) was a South African educationist and politician, and a founder of the All African Convention (AAC), which sought to unite all non-European opposition to the segregationist measure of the South African government. He was the eldest son of political activist and pioneering newspaper editor John Tengo Jabavu, and the father of Noni Jabavu, one of the first African female writers and journalists.


History.

Cheapflights was founded in 1996 by John Hatt. That year, its first website, www.cheapflights.co.uk, launched.  In 2000, ex-ABN Amro banker David Soskin and Hugo Burge led a buyout of the website from its founder.  In 2000, the website was the first in the UK to launch the pay-per-click online advertising remuneration model.  In May 2003, the US website, www.cheapflights.com, was launched.  In 2006, the website handled £1 billion in annual travel sales.  In April 2007, the Canadian website, www.cheapflights.ca, was launched.  In October 2008, the first non-English website, www.cheapflug.de, was launched.  In 2008, co-founder David Soskin resigned as chief executive to become vice-chairman.  In 2009, the Australia / New Zealand website was launched.  In January 2011, the company launched mobile websites.  In March 2011, the company acquired momondo, a rival online travel agency. The two websites and brands were kept independent of each other. It also discontinued Zugu.  In October 2014, Great Hill Partners, a private equity firm, invested £80m for a majority stake in the company that owned Cheapflights and momondo, valuing it at £132 million.  In February 2015, the South African website was launched.  In June 2015, the United Kingdom website was launched as a metasearch engine.  In June 2016, Cheapflights added search capability within Facebook Messenger.  In October 2016, Cheapflights reorganized some of its staff.  In July 2017, Cheapflights and momondo were acquired by Booking Holdings for $550 million.

Cheapflights is a travel fare metasearch engine. The website is part of the Kayak.com subsidiary of Booking Holdings. Its websites publish flight prices, and compare prices from suppliers, including major airlines, through tiny travel agents.


History.

In the 18th century, the Carmelite Catholic church of the Virgin Mary was built on the site. In 1741, Anatol Bazalski donated 19,000 zloty for the church and for the Carmelite community from the village of Borokhiv. The church was built in the Baroque style. The walls and ceiling were adorned with frescos. Damaged by fire, the church was rebuilt in 1764. After being totally gutted by fire in 1845, the building lay in ruins for a period until the debris was removed, leaving small fragments of the walls and the foundations.  Following annexation to the Russian Empire in 1795, Volyn was colonised by Germans thanks to the encouragement of the Russian government which sought to extend agriculture and industry. The German colonies grew rapidly in the 1870s and 1880s. As most Germans were Lutherans, permission to build a new church was sought from the Lutsk authorities who made the site of the former Carmelite church available.  Initially, Lutsk and Torchyn competed to have the new church. Although Torchyn had hundreds of Germans, the church administration preferred Lutsk as it was closer to the administrative institutions and to the railway. Construction of church to the design of architect Christian Beutelspacher began on 25 June 1905 in the idiom of Gothic Revival architecture. With the help of members of the Lutheran community, the building was completed 15 months later.  A large bell from the German city Bochum was placed in the central tower. An organ with 16 registers from the Austrian firm (Gebrüder Rieger was installed. The church's single nave was brightly illuminated with high lancet windows. The three altar windows were decorated. Bertel Thorvaldsen's picture of Christ filled the central window. Work on decorating the interior continued until 1911.  In 1914 Sigismund Loppe (born on 12 February 1872) was the adjunct pastor of the Lutheran congregation of Lutsk.  The church was damaged in the First World War. In 1921, A. Kleindienst became the new pastor. In accordance with the Peace of Riga, Volyn became part of the Second Polish Republic. Volyn Voivodeship was restored. The Lutheran adjuncture of Lutsk was confirmed by the Polish Lutheran consistory of Warsaw In 1927, the rectory and school were built near the church. In 1929, Ignacy Mościcki, president of the Second Polish Republic, visited the church.  The Soviet and German authorities agreed to evict German colonists from Volyn during the Second World War. The Lutheran Church was therefore left without a congregation. In 1951, it was reconstructed as an archive. The tall spire was destroyed by a hurricane in 1960 and the roof was gutted by fire in 1972. Some architectural features were removed. Restoring the church in 1990s, the Baptist community of Lutsk became the new owner as a result of the terms of the Church Restitution in Ukraine. The dusty brickwork was cleaned and war damage was repaired. The community restored the spire and installed a cross on the central bell spire. Interior restoration included a new altar, carved furniture, balconies and a pulpit. The bricked-up windows of the apse were restored. New stained glass windows were designed by Olexandr Yurchenko.

Architecture.

The church was built in a non-plastered Neogothic style using yellow bricks 27х13х7 cm made by "Łuczanin", a local brickworks. The building consists of a single nave with a bell tower above entrance portal|. The pulpit stands to the left of the altar. The altar itself is located in an apse while an amphitheatre structure accommodates the choir. There is no longer a pipe organ. The entrance consists of a portal with a lancet profile with a steep pediment. The height of central spire is 24 m. It is visually supported by lower lateral spires located above the narthex. The tall bell tower and spire are an important feature of the old town.

The building known as the Lutheran Church in Lutsk, Ukraine, is in fact now a Baptist church. It is located in "Old Lutsk", the historical and architectural part of the city.


Career.

Harborth has been an instructor or professor at Braunschweig University of Technology since studying there and receiving his PhD in 1965 under Hans-Joachim Kanold. Harborth is a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, and many other mathematical societies. Harborth currently sits on the editorial boards of Fibonacci Quarterly, Geombinatorics,. He served as an editor of Mathematische Semesterberichte from 1988 to 2001. Harborth was a joint recipient (with Stephen Milne) of the 2007 Euler Medal.

Mathematical work.

Harborth's research ranges across the subject areas of combinatorics, graph theory, discrete geometry, and number theory. In 1974, Harborth solved the unit coin graph problem, determining the maximum number of edges possible in a unit coin graph on n vertices.In 1986, Harborth presented the graph that would bear his name, the Harborth graph. It is the smallest known example of a 4-regular matchstick graph. It has 104 edges and 52 vertices.  In connection with the happy ending problem, Harborth showed that, for every finite set of ten or more points in general position in the plane, some five of them form a convex pentagon that does not contain any of the other points.  Harborth's conjecture posits that every planar graph admits a straight-line embedding in the plane where every edge has integer length. This open question () is a stronger version of Fáry's theorem. It is known to be true for cubic graphs.  In number theory, the Stolarsky–Harborth constant is named for Harborth, along with Kenneth Stolarsky.

Private life.

Harborth married Karin Reisener in 1961, and they had two children. He was widowed in 1980. In 1985 he married Bärbel Peter and with her has three stepchildren.

Heiko Harborth (born 11 February 1938, in Celle, Germany) is Professor of Mathematics at Braunschweig University of Technology, 1975–present, and author of more than 188 mathematical publications. His work is mostly in the areas of number theory, combinatorics and discrete geometry, including graph theory.


Early years.

Monk attended East Poinsett County High School and was a 4.0 student and a letterman in football and basketball. Also, he was the Valedictorian of his graduating class. He was an All-State honoree in both sports, 2004 Mr. Basketball of Arkansas as a senior, and was named the National Football Foundation's Scholar Athlete of the Year.

Football career.

College.

Monk led all SEC freshmen in receiving in 2004 and set a school record for receptions by a freshman with 37 catches, breaking Richard Smith's school record of 33. He garnered Freshman All-SEC honors for catching 37 balls for 569 yards and six touchdowns.  Monk continued to improve in his sophomore season by catching 35 passes for a team-high 476 yards and seven touchdowns.  In his junior season, Monk had his best statistical season with 50 catches for a career-high 962 yards. Monk broke a school record with 11 touchdown passes caught and averaged 19.2 yards per catch.  Monk was sidelined for most of the season due to an injury in the offseason that required two surgeries. Of the six games he played, Monk caught 16 balls for 144 yards and three touchdowns, tying him for seventh in the SEC for career touchdowns.

Professional.

Chicago Bears.

Monk was selected in the seventh round (248th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. Monk signed a four-year rookie deal with the Bears on May 31, 2008. He was waived on August 24.

New York Giants.

On August 26, 2008, Monk was claimed off waivers by the New York Giants after the team waived/injured wide receiver Craphonso Thorpe. However, he was waived by the team four days later during final cuts. On August 31, he was re-signed to the team's practice squad. He was released from the practice squad on September 8 after wide receiver Taye Biddle was signed.

Carolina Panthers.

Monk was signed by the Carolina Panthers on April 28, 2009 after impressing scouts at Arkansas's pro day.

Basketball career.

College.

As a college freshman, Monk also played 10 games with the Razorbacks basketball team after completing the football season.  On November 18, 2008, KARK 4 News in Little Rock, Arkansas reported that Monk was possibly coming back for his last semester to play college basketball for the Arkansas Razorbacks. Monk was allowed to play as he had basketball eligibility remaining and was never a professional athlete in that sport.  Monk's breakout game would come on December 30, 2008 when Arkansas hosted the Oklahoma Sooners, ranked fourth in that week's Associated Press Poll. Monk scored 12 points and added six rebounds and one steal while holding his ground defensively against the Sooners' star player, Blake Griffin, in only his third game with the Razorbacks of the 2008-2009 season.  Monk was officially removed from the roster on February 13, 2009 by the University of Arkansas after several weeks of not dressing out for the team, for a suspected undisclosed NCAA rules infraction.

Professional.

Monk signed with Hertener Löwen of the German ProB league in 2010. Appearing in 25 games for the team during the 2010-11 season, he averaged 22.2 points, 9.3 rebounds, 3.1 steals, 2.2 assists and 1.2 blocks a contest, while being named to the Eurobasket.com All-Pro B First Team and being recognized as the Eurobasket.com All-ProB Defensive Player of the Year.  In 2011-12, Monk was instrumental in helping the Gotha Rockets win the ProB title and received Eurobasket.com All-ProB Player of the Year honors, after tallying 15.3 points as well as 7.9 boards a game.

Life after sports.

After playing professional basketball in Germany for two years, Monk began the MBA program at the University of Arkansas. He graduated in 2014.

Marcus Monk (born April 26, 1986 in Lepanto, Arkansas) is a former professional American football wide receiver and a former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arkansas. Monk has also been a member of the New York Giants. Between 2010 and 2012, he played professional basketball in Germany. He is the older brother of basketball player Malik Monk.


Airport of entry.

An airport of entry (AOE) is an airport that provides customs and immigration services for incoming flights. These services allow the airport to serve as an initial port of entry for foreign visitors arriving in a country.

Terminology.

The word "international" in an airport's name usually means that it is an airport of entry, but many airports of entry do not use it. Airports of entry can range from large urban airports with heavy scheduled passenger service, like John F. Kennedy International Airport, to small rural airports serving general aviation exclusively. Often, smaller airports of entry are located near an existing port of entry such as a bridge or seaport.  On the other hand, however, some "former" airports of entry chose to leave their name with the word "international" in it, even though they no longer serve international flights. One example is Osaka International Airport. Even when it had ended all international services and became a purely domestic airport after the opening of Kansai International Airport in 1994, it kept its original name of "Osaka International Airport". Many airports in the nearby region have the same situation, like Taipei Songshan Airport. Songshan retained its official Chinese name, Taipei International Airport, after Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport) opened. Similar cases of transitions of international airports such as Seoul, Tokyo, Nagoya, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Tehran, etc.  For the European Union, flights between countries in the Schengen Area are considered domestic regarding passport and immigration check. Several international airports have only intra Schengen-flights. Several of these have occasional charter flights to foreign countries.

Stateless persons.

Some cases of statelessness have occurred in airports of entry forcing people to live in the airport for an extended period. One of the most famous cases was that of Mehran Karimi Nasseri, an Iranian national who lived in the Charles de Gaulle Airport in France for approximately eighteen years after being denied entry into France and not having a country of origin to be returned to due to claiming his Iranian nationality had been revoked. Nasseri's experience was loosely adapted by two films, the 1993 film "Tombés du ciel" and the 2004 film "The Terminal". Zahra Kamalfar, an Iranian national who attempted to travel to Canada via Russia and Germany using forged documents, lived in the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Russia for eleven months before being granted refugee status by Canada to reunite with her family in Vancouver.

In the United States.

The formal definition of a port of entry in the United States is something entirely different. According to the Code of Federal Regulations, "the terms 'port' and 'port of entry' incorporate the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a port director." In other words, a port of entry may encompass an area that includes several border crossings, as well as some air and sea ports. This also means that not every border crossing is a port of entry. There are two reasons for this:

Variations.

In some countries, immigration procedures are carried out by the armed forces rather than specific immigration officers. However, in most, the levying of duty on imports is still carried out by customs officers. Immigration clearance in some ports of entry have automated sections open to the country's own residents or citizens, such as the E-Channel found in Hong Kong and Macau, and Global Entry found at some airports in the United States.  On some international borders, the concept of a port of entry does not exist. Travelers may cross the border wherever and whenever convenient, for example within the Schengen Area. In some cases this may be restricted to citizens of specific countries and to travelers who are not carrying goods over the customs limits; others may only cross the border at a designated border crossing during its opening times.

In general, a port of entry (POE) is a place where one may lawfully enter a country. It typically has border security staff and facilities to check passports and visas, and inspect luggage to assure that contraband is not imported. International airports are usually ports of entry, as are road and rail crossings on a land border. Seaports can be used as ports of entry only if a dedicated customs presence is posted there. The choice of whether to become a port of entry is up to the civil authority controlling the port.


Early life.

Born George Ellsworthy Redgrave in 122 Kennington Road, Kennington, a district of Lambeth in South London in 1873, he was the eldest son of George Augustus Redgrave (1851–81), a maker of the board game Bagatelle, and Zoe Beatrice Elsworthy (née Pym, later Howard; 1856–1936). By 1897, he was professionally known as Roy Redgrave apparently in the belief that he was descended from Rob Roy. The Redgrave family originated in the Northamptonshire village of Crick. Redgrave also assumed the middle name "Elsworthy" from his mother, and his sister took the stage name Dolly Elsworthy. Redgrave was the eldest of five siblings including, Zoe Adelina "Dolly" Elsworthy (b. 1876), Cornelius (b. 1878), Christopher (b. 1879) and Harriet (b. 1880).

Family and career.

His first wife was actress Ellen Maud Pratt, the daughter of prosperous Devon farmer, John Dew Pratt of Buckland Monachorum. Her stage name was Judith Kyrle. They were married in Littleham-cum-Exmouth, Devon on 1 September 1894. Their careers reached a high point at their joint debut at the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton in April 1900 with Roy billed as ""The Dramatic Cock o' the North"". They had three children, John Kyrle born in 1895, Robin Roy (father of Major-General Sir Roy Redgrave) born in 1897 and Nellie Maud born in 1898.  About this time Redgrave fell in love with a young actress named Esther Mary Cooke (known on the stage as Ettie Carlisle), daughter of Victor Cooke, huntsman and riding master. Ellen discovered the affair and Ettie fled Britain for South Africa. Redgrave followed her to South Africa. Ettie married Clayton Parrett by special licence between 28 October and 10 November 1903, on a Sunday at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town. Redgrave arrived two days later on the Tuesday. Ettie then left Clayton Parrett and went with Redgrave to Australia where she then bore him a son, Victor Redgrave Parrett, born 25 July 1906 in Australia.  At some point after initial Australian theatre work, Redgrave left for England alone. According to the "History of Australian Theatre" archives, American actress Minnie Tittell Brune made her first appearance in Australia on 21 September 1904 at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney in the play "Sunday", supported by Roy Redgrave. Roy toured with her on the J.C. Williamson circuit. According to Corin Redgrave, Ellen (Judith) pursued Roy to Australia, arriving in time to pay his unsettled hotel bills, but she was unable to persuade him to return home with her to his family. Ellen remarried Frederick John Nettlefold, a respectable landed gentleman, in Brighton, England in 1907.  However Redgrave did return to Britain, appearing in repertory at the Grand Theatre, Brighton, where he met Daisy Bertha Mary Scudamore. She eventually adopted the stage name Margaret Scudamore. They married at Glasgow Register Office in 1907 while touring in the north and had one child, the actor Sir Michael Redgrave born on 20 March 1908, later to become the father of actors Vanessa, Corin and Lynn.  Six months after Michael's birth, Redgrave left Daisy (Margaret) and returned to Australia again, this time permanently. William Anderson, a Melbourne producer, had just built the King's Theatre, and needed actors. His name appears in June 1909, when he performed in the play "The Bank of England". The following year, Anderson, known for his fondness of the lurid and sensational, had Roy collaborate with him on a play about the just ended Dr. Crippen case. Crippen was hanged in November 1910. The play was called "By Wireless Telegraphy", which was staged by Anderson at the King's Theatre, Melbourne, from 22 October 1910. Anderson was ruined financially by an expensive flop, and had to lease away his King's Theatre, and Redgrave turned his attention to the new and burgeoning film industry, under contract to Lincoln-Cass Films. Although he claimed he did not like motion picture acting he appeared in several silent films, beginning in 1911 with "The Christian". Later he played the villain in "Moondyne" (1913) as well as six shorts, played the lead in "The Hayseeds" (1917), and co-starred in "Robbery Under Arms" (1920). Back in the UK, the forsaken Daisy had changed her name to Margaret and married Captain James Anderson, a wealthy tea planter.

Remaining in Australia.

Redgrave remained in Australia until his death sometime in the 1920s, but exactly where he lived and when he died remained a mystery to his family in Britain until his granddaughter Lynn Redgrave visited Sydney with her then husband John Clark, and vowed to find him. Their search ended at the Sydney Opera House library, where, as she recounts in her play "Shakespeare For My Father" (page 48), they came up with Redgrave's obituary, learning that he had died on 25 May 1922, and was buried at South Head Cemetery. There they learned that he had been put in an unmarked grave by somebody called Minnie, who paid 15 shillings. (The idea that it may have been the religious Minnie Tittell Brune feeling sorry for him is enticing. More probably it was Minnie Hider, Esther's friend and confidante, who brought Victor up). They found the spot, and arranged for a headstone, asked his son Michael what it should say, and he said to put, simply, "Roy Redgrave, Actor". It was later discovered that Redgrave married Irish widow Mary Leresche in 1916. His marriage certificate makes reference to his previous marriage to Ellen (Judith) but not to any subsequent marriage to Daisy (Margaret Scudamore). Mary died in 1948.

George Ellsworthy "Roy" Redgrave (26 April 1873 – 25 May 1922) was an English stage and silent film actor. Redgrave is considered to be the first member of the Redgrave acting dynasty.