Plot.

In Montana, a man stumbles out of a saloon after being shot in the back. A lawman, Edward Johnson (Peter Fonda), enters and directs his partner Lefty Brown (Bill Pullman) to go around back. The killer jumps from a window, surprising Lefty, who fails to apprehend him. Ed comes out and subdues the man, admonishing Lefty for his mistake. Ed and Lefty immediately ride off and hang the man despite Lefty protesting the illegality of it; it is Ed's chosen method of law.  Back at his ranch, Ed and his wife Laura (Kathy Baker) prepare to move to Washington; Ed has been elected Senator. She has reservations about Ed's decision to leave Lefty in charge, but Ed is sure of his loyalty. The next day, a ranch hand informs Ed and Lefty that three horses have been rustled and they ride off to check. When Ed and Lefty come to the spot, Ed is trying to bequeath his rifle to Lefty when he is suddenly shot in the head by an unknown sniper. Lefty survives and rides back to the ranch with Ed's body. Laura is distraught and blames Lefty for not protecting her husband and pays no mind when Lefty says he will avenge Ed. Lefty buries the rifle and rides off to begin his search.  Later, the governor James (who goes by Jimmy) Bierce (Jim Caviezel) and marshal Tom Harrah (Tommy Flanagan) arrive to console Laura. They, Ed and Lefty used to ride together. Hearing that Lefty has gone off to find the man, Tom decides to find him to prevent him getting himself into trouble. On the trail, Lefty is set upon by a gunman who turns out to be a young man named Jeremiah Perkins. The boy asks to accompany Lefty, who initially refuses, but takes him along when he considers the boy's situation.  Tom finds Lefty and Jeremiah. Lefty is excited for him to join the posse, but he refuses, claiming he is only there to bring Lefty in. Disappointed that Tom won't help their friend Ed, they tie him up. After hearing his name and claiming he is a western hero from a novel he has, Jeremiah inspires Tom to join their quest. At a juncture, Tom and Jeremiah leave Lefty to chase a lead in which Tom has no faith, which leads Lefty directly to the killer's gang's hideout. The three regroup: Jeremiah will tend the horses, Lefty will go in back and Tom in front. Just as Tom is about to spring the trap, a man rides up who Tom recognizes as an employee of the governor's. A shootout ensues in which Jeremiah (who sneaked back) and the governor's man are shot; Tom kills several of the gang and Lefty apprehends the killer. 2 of the gang escape.  While Lefty tends to Jeremiah's wound, Tom interrogates the killer, named Frank Baines (Joe Anderson). They antagonize one another, with Tom noting that an employee of the governor's was sent to pay Frank, who killed Ed. Tom burns the money and gets drunk, leaving abruptly. Lefty and the injured Jeremiah are left to bring Frank in. Shortly after leaving, however, the escaped gang set upon them. Tom goes to see Jimmy and asks if he hired Frank to kill Ed. Though Jimmy denies it, he alludes to there being a difference of opinion between he and Ed, leaving Tom unconvinced.  Finding out the money is gone, the gang handcuff and strip Frank, Lefty and Jeremiah and search for the money. In the confusion, Frank is able to kill both men but his pistol misfires as he tries to kill Lefty. Jeremiah gets a rifle from a dead man and kills Frank. Realizing the bad shape Jeremiah is in, Lefty rides back to the ranch, where the ranch hands attempt to lynch him. Laura intervenes but they tie him up; she reads him a telegraph from Jimmy claiming Lefty killed Ed. Realizing no one believes him, Lefty escapes and digs up Ed's rifle he buried. He nurses Jeremiah back to health and they go to town to confront Jimmy.  In town, Jimmy is hosting a memorial for Ed. Laura asks Jimmy not to appoint the senatorial runner-up to Ed's position, but Jimmy again alludes to a railroad deal Ed did not support. Jeremiah enters the building to spy and Lefty goes to the saloon to enlist Tom's help. Though Tom initially refuses to help, after knocking Lefty out, he interrupts Jimmy's eulogy and accuses him of killing Ed. Soldiers apprehend him, but Lefty comes to and starts shooting. Jimmy takes Laura inside and Lefty and Tom shoot their way through town; Tom is mortally wounded. In the hotel, Lefty confronts Jimmy, who reveals everything: Ed opposed a contract Jimmy proposed between Congress and the railroad, so Jimmy had a rustler kill him so he could appoint a senator who would support his deal to Ed's seat. Laura hears everything and Lefty knocks him out. Lefty says he'll take him to the judge, but Laura insists on dealing with this "Ed's way" - with an immediate hanging.  Not wanting Laura to be hung herself for murdering the governor (since they lynch him without trial), Lefty hangs Jimmy himself. Knowing he will be apprehended, Lefty tells Jeremiah to stay and be raised by Laura and he rides off himself, concluding the Ballad of Lefty Brown.

Themes.

The major themes throughout the movie are friendship, reciprocity and western dime novel culture.  The four main characters, Jimmy, Ed, Lefty and Tom used to ride together. Their exploits are frequently discussed and even chronicled in western dime novels read by Jeremiah. Lefty is upset when Tom refuses to help find Ed's killer, citing their long-standing friendship. Contrarily, Lefty and Tom feel particularly betrayed by Jimmy, whom they perceived to be their friend. Ed chooses Lefty to run the ranch in his absence because of their close friendship, a point of contention with his wife, Laura. This is consistent with common western movie themes of trust, the value of a man's word and doing "what's right."  Lefty, the most loyal of the characters, frequently discusses reciprocity. He always challenges others to consider what Ed would do, insisting he would do the same for them. Since Laura intervenes when the ranch hands try to lynch him, at the end of the movie he reciprocates by lynching the governor on her behalf, so that she will not be held responsible. His mission throughout the film is to avenge Ed, that is, to reciprocate his kindness for employing and housing him for his entire adult life.  Finally, and perhaps most pervasively, this movie tells a fascinating tale meant to cast a modern light on the western dime novel. The title, of course, alludes to a story of that age. Jeremiah brings this theme to light the most. He reads western dime novels throughout the film, and when he hears the proper names of Ed, Tom and Jimmy he realizes their posse is famously chronicled in them. He asks to hear stories from the trail about their group and is disappointed to hear that one of the stories he read isn't true (it claims the gang rode to find Ed's wife who had been captured by Indians; in reality, Tom's wife was captured and never found). In another instance, he asks to hear a story from Lefty and Lefty tries to tell a story about Ed. When Jeremiah asks about Lefty, Lefty claims he doesn't have any interesting stories, but tells a fascinating western tale that paints him as the true hero, which he hardly believes he could be. Lefty also jokingly refers to Jeremiah as "Wild Bill," alluding to another larger-than-life western icon.  While Lefty is clearly the protagonist and proves to accomplish his mission, he does not fit the typical western dime novel hero archetype of a strong, confident man who prevails through bravery and righteousness. He lacks self-confidence (and certainly the confidence of even his close friends), skill and tact, but fits more of the typical "underdog" role not usually seen in the western setting. This juxtaposition of a western antihero in a typical western story setting is one of the more satisfying aspects of the film.

Production.

The project was initiated in September 2016, at which time the casting of Bill Pullman, Jim Caviezel, Peter Fonda, Kathy Baker and Tommy Flanagan was announced. Writer and director Jared Moshe and producer Neda Armian considered other locations where they could film the movie. After scouting many different states in the West, they chose Montana to film the movie, because of the authenticity that would bring to the project. More than a hundred locals were used as extras.  Principal photography began on September 8, 2016 - filming took place at Bannack State Park in Bannack, Montana, 25 miles southwest of Dillon. Other locations included Dillon, Montana, Virginia City, Montana and Ennis, Montana. Filming lasted for 20 days.

Release.

The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11, 2017. Shortly after, A24 and DirecTV Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. The film had a subsequent wide release on December 15, 2017. Sold-out screenings of the film, near its shoot location in Whitehall, Montana, raised over $10,000 toward historical preservation efforts by the Jefferson Valley Museum.  The Blu-Ray/DVD from Lionsgate features bonus content: “Designing the Look of ‘The Ballad of Lefty Brown" with Director Jared Moshe and Production Designer Eve McCarney discussing the creative process, color palettes and set choices for the film. “Bringing the Truth to Myth: Inside of the Characters of ‘The Ballad of Lefty Brown,’” interviews with Director Jared Moshe, and Actors Bill Pullman, Kathy Baker, Tommy Flanagan, Jim Caviezel. Also featured, audio commentary with Director Jared Moshe and Actor Bill Pullman.

Critical reception.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 23 reviews, and an average rating of 6.2/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The film contains a serious factual mistake which undercuts its entire premise. The Governor had the "newly elected" Senator murdered so that he could replace him with the Senator's replacement—who came in second in the election for the Senate. However, in 1889 Montana (and elsewhere throughout the United States), Senators were elected to the Senate by vote of the state Legislature; a deceased Senator's replacement would have been elected by the Legislature as well, not appointed by the Governor. The 17th Amendment did not become effective until 1913. The same error was made in the 1975 film, Posse.

The Ballad of Lefty Brown is a 2017 American western written and directed by Jared Moshe, starring Bill Pullman as Lefty Brown, and featuring: Kathy Baker, Jim Caviezel, Peter Fonda, Tommy Flanagan, and Michael Spears.


History.

In July 1971, the creation of the Regional School Board of Gaspesia amalgamated many of the small municipalities in the Gaspe Coast. In 1992, the Gaspesia-The Islands School Board was created that extended the existing territory plus the Magdalen Islands. On July 1, 1998, the creation of linguistic school boards in Quebec resulted in the amalgamation of all English language schools in the eastern part of the province and became the present-day territory of ESSB which includes region 01 Bas-Saint-Laurent; region 09 Côte-Nord; and region 11 La Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

Controversies.

Enrollment in the Eastern Shores School Board's schools and centres continues to decline as it does in most anglophone public school boards in Quebéc. This is a part of an ongoing decline which began with the enactment of the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) by René Lévesque's Parti Québécois government in 1977. Entry Island is the school board's smallest school with less than a dozen students.  On June 16, 2010, the ESSB Council of Commissioners voted to recommend "that Bonaventure Polyvalente School (BPS) students be returned to their respective communities..." Although BPS is the largest school in the school board's territory with 143 students (as of September 30, 2010), the school board proposed to return the students to their "feeder schools" (i.e. New Richmond High School and New Carlisle High School) due to declining student population. The closure of BPS would result in students remaining in their respective communities until the end of high school (i.e. secondary 5). According to article 212 of the Education Act, there must be a two-year consultation before a is closed; however, ESSB decided to close the school at the end of a three-year period so that BPS will close in June 2014 to anglophone students.  On March 20, 2013, the ESSB Council of Commissioners voted to recommend the closure of Entry Island School. The school, located on Entry Island off the east coast of the Magdalen Islands, was constructed in 1963 and offers instruction from pre-kindergarten to secondary II. During the 2012-2013 school year, there were two teachers and four students in the school and the projected enrolment is declining.

Eastern Shores School Board or ESSB (in French, Commission scolaire Eastern Shores) is one of nine anglophone school boards in Quebec. ESSB is the largest anglophone school board in territory but the smallest anglophone school board in student population (1 289 students as of September 30, 2010) in Quebec. ESSB offers public school education in the eastern part of Quebec that includes the Magdalen Islands, Gaspe Coast, North Shore and the town of Fermont (administrative regions 01, 09 (section) and 11).


Education.

After Highschool at the Alfred-Krupp-Gymnasium in Essen, Bruse graduated in physical geography from Ruhr-Universität Bochum in 1995 with a major in climatology and a minor in botany with a focus on geobotany and oceanography. He then started to develop the micro-climate model ENVI-met, completing his formal education in 1999 with a PhD from the Ruhr-Universität Bochum with a thesis on the effects of small-scale environmental design on the local microclimate. In 2006 his post-doctoral habilitation thesis on "Multi-Agent systems: A new approach for assessing urban environmental conditions" was accepted on the Ruhr-Universität Bochum.

Career and research.

Michael Bruse founded GeoTech in 1992 providing the software SHADOW which was one of the first computer programms allowing to calculate shadow casting through buildings in an 3D urban context at very high resolution. GeoTech then extend the scope of analysis to air pollution and surface temperatures and establishd the brand ENVI-met in 2004. In 2007 he became a full professor at the University of Mainz and head of the Department of Geoinformatics. Since then he was as well Visiting Professor in Harvard and at the Architectural Association London (AA).  Since 2007 he is partner of Werner Sobek Green Technologies in Stuttgart, Germany. In 2014 he founded ENVI_MET with Daniela Bruse gathering all developed programs and modules in one place. Its core areas of expertise are microclimate and thermal comfort, solar analysis, wind flow and turbulence, Green and blue technologies, pollutant dispersion, vegetation, as well as building physics.

Development.

Michael Bruse is in the scientific world known for his microclimate model ENVI-met, a holistic numerical climate model, that makes it possible to simulate the effects of architecture and landscape planning on the microclimate and air quality on a scale of up to one meter. This permits to study the interactions between the climatological framework conditions, like climate change and extreme weather, and local environmental design.  ENVI-met is used worldwide, his range of application includes the evaluation of urban development projects (Melbourne 2030, RE-THINK Athens) up to the design of sustainable settlement structures ("Young Cities" project Iran of the FU Berlin).  Another research focus is the analysis of urban pollution problems, especially with regard to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide pollution. Numerical simulations and measurements are used to develop and evaluate urban concepts that can be used to reduce the exposure of the population to air pollutants. For example, ENVI-met is the reference model of the Belgian-Dutch government initiative "Air Innovation Platform" and the Bureau of Meteorology in Melbourne, Australia. On the basis of simulation calculations, together with architects, urban planners and associations, development scenarios for districts and open spaces are created with which the negative effects of climate change can be mitigated at local level (KLIMAzwei initiative of the BMBF, Green Aspang Wien, BUGS of the EU).

Selected publications.

The main publication is in the micro-climate model ENVI-met, which is not a classical publication, but a software. ENVI-met has been published in more than 100 PhD theses and more than 1,500 essays applied (Google Scholar 09/2017). The list below is a cross-section of the relevant research topics. Citation index: h = 25 (calculation method Google Scholar, accessed 10/2019). The actual citation index will be significantly higher, as the ENVI-MET model has now established itself as a brand and in many essays on the correct citation is omitted.

Michael Bruse (born 1969 in Essen, Germany) is a German geographer and professor for geoinformatics at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. He specializes in research on urban microclimate/climatology with a methodical focus on numerical simulation. Besides his scientific work he developed the micro-climate model ENVI-met. and is founder of the company ENVI_MET. ENVI-met is a holistic three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model for the simulation of surface-plant-air interactions not only limited to, but very often used to simulate urban environments and to assess the effects of green architecture visions.


Geography.

Olyphant is located at (41.462630, -75.595617).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (1.82%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 5,151 people, 2,324 households, and 1,357 families residing in the borough. The population density was 953.9 people per square mile (368.3/km2). There were 2,521 housing units at an average density of 466.9 per square mile (182.4/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.2% White, 1.6% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.  There were 2,324 households, out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90.  In the borough, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 63.7% from 18 to 64, and 17% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years.  The median income for a household in the borough was $32,721, and the median income for a family was $45,091. Males had a median income of $30,647 versus $24,825 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $17,049. About 7.4% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 24.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

While the anthracite coal industry was thriving, there were numerous neighborhood schools: the Columbus School in the Smoketown section, the Washington School and the Roosevelt School in the Fern Hill section, the Lincoln School in the Grassy Island Heights section, as well as a three-room school in the Underwood Village and a one-room school in Marshwood. There was a Central School for elementary school students who lived downtown and in the Flats section. The annex of the Central School was Olyphant Senior High School. Olyphant Junior High School was in a separate building. As the population declined, the neighborhood schools were closed and demolished. In 1969, the Olyphant, Dickson City, and Throop school districts consolidated to form the Mid Valley School District. The Olyphant Junior High School became the Mid-Valley Senior High School. The annex of the Olyphant Elementary School had elementary school grades as well as some overflow classes from the senior high school. On February 10, 1977, the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry condemned the Olyphant Elementary School and the annex. The displaced elementary school students were moved to the Mid-Valley Junior High School in Dickson City. The displaced junior high school students and the senior high school students attended classes in the senior high school on split sessions. Eventually, new schools were built. Currently, the Mid-Valley School District has a single elementary school, and a single secondary school on Underwood Road in Throop.  Up until the mid-1970s, each Catholic parish had a parochial school: St. Patrick’s, St. Michael’s, and Holy Ghost. Saints Cyril and Methodius Ukrainian Catholic School remained open longer, but it was eventually closed.  There are private Catholic schools in neighboring municipalities. The La Salle Academy Primary Campus in Dickson City is for students in Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 3; the Main Campus in Jessup is for students in Grades 4 through 8. High school students can attend Bishop O'Hara High School in Dunmore and Scranton Preparatory School in Scranton.

Notable people.

The borough was originally named Queen City but later the community was named after George Talbot Olyphant, president of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.  Loretta Walsh. First female to enlist in the Navy 1919

Olyphant is a borough in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, approximately five miles (8 km) northeast of Scranton on the Lackawanna River in the heart of the anthracite region of the State. Its main source of employment was the mining and shipping of coal. Other industries of the past were the manufacturing of blasting powder, iron and steel goods, cigars, silks, etc. Olyphant experienced a severe downturn in the 1950s. There was once a thriving garment industry with numerous dress factories in the downtown area. There was also a slaughter house. Until recently, the biggest industry was the manufacture of Compact Discs (CD) and Digital Video Discs (DVD). The population was 5,151 at the 2010 census.


Early life and education.

Adams was born in Grove City, Ohio, the youngest of five children of a woman named Mildred and a miner who died of coalworker's pneumoconiosis. Adams graduated from high school in 1967, and spent three years as a U.S. Army paratrooper.

Murder conviction.

In October 1976, 27-year-old Randall Adams and his brother left Ohio for California. En route, they arrived in Dallas on Thanksgiving night. The next morning, Adams was offered a contracting job. On the following Saturday, November 27, Adams went to start work but no one turned up because it was a weekend. On the way home, his car ran out of fuel.  David Ray Harris, who had just turned sixteen, passed Adams in a car that he had stolen from his neighbor in Vidor, Texas, before driving to Dallas with his father's pistol and a shotgun. Harris offered Adams a ride. The two spent the day together, during which they drank alcohol and smoked marijuana. That evening they went to a drive-in movie, where they saw "The Student Body" (1976, directed by Gus Trikonis) and "The Swinging Cheerleaders" (1974, directed by Jack Hill).  That evening, Robert W. Wood, a Dallas police officer, was working the graveyard shift with his partner, Teresa Turko, one of the first female police officers in Dallas to be assigned to patrol duty. Shortly after midnight on November 28, Wood stopped Harris' stolen car in the 3400 block of North Hampton Road because the car's headlights were not on. As Wood approached, he was shot twice in the forearm and chest by someone in the car. The vehicle sped off almost immediately after the shooting, giving Wood's partner little time to react; she later testified that she managed to fire upon the fleeing vehicle but to no avail.  The Dallas Police Department investigation led back to Harris, who, after returning to Vidor, had boasted to friends that he was responsible for the crime. Harris was arrested but, when interviewed by police, accused Adams of the murder. Harris led police to the car driven from the scene of the crime, as well as to a.22 Short caliber revolver he identified as the murder weapon.

Trial.

Dallas prosecutor Douglas D. Mulder charged Adams with the crime, despite the evidence against Harris, apparently because Harris was a juvenile at the time and Adams, as an adult, could be sentenced to death under Texas law. Adams testified that after leaving the drive-in movie, Harris dropped Adams off at his motel, where Adams and his brother watched TV and then went to sleep. He claimed he was not in the car when the shooting happened. Harris testified that Adams was not only in the car, but was the driver, as well as the shooter of Officer Wood.  Testimony by Harris and several questionable eyewitnesses – including Emily Miller and R.L. Miller, who claimed to have driven past Harris' stopped vehicle immediately before the shooting – led to Adams' conviction. Texas forensic psychiatrist James Grigson (a.k.a. "Dr. Death") was also a witness for the prosecution. Having administered a psychiatric evaluation of Adams, he told the jury that Adams would be an ongoing menace if kept alive. As a result of this testimony, Adams was given the death penalty. His conviction was unanimously upheld by the Texas Courts of Appeals in 1979.  Many years later, in 1995, Grigson was expelled by the American Psychiatric Association and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct.

Commutation of death sentence.

Adams' execution was originally scheduled for May 8, 1979, but U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. ordered a stay only three days before the scheduled date. In 1980, the Supreme Court on an 8–1 vote ruled unconstitutional a Texas requirement for jurors to swear an oath that the mandatory imposition of a death sentence would not interfere with their consideration of factual matters, such as guilt or innocence, during a trial. As a result of the decision, Adams' death sentence was reversed and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals granted him a new trial. Before the trial could begin, however, Texas Governor Bill Clements commuted Adams' sentence to life in prison at the request of the Dallas County District Attorney.

Exoneration.

In May 1988, David Ray Harris, by that point himself a prisoner on death row, admitted that Adams was not even in the car on the night of the murder. The August 1988 release of the documentary film "The Thin Blue Line", which detailed the many inconsistencies in the prosecution's line of reasoning, further cast doubt on Adams' guilt, but the case remained in legal limbo.  In 1989, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in "Ex parte Adams" overturned Adams' conviction on the grounds of malfeasance by the prosecutor Douglas D. Mulder and inconsistencies in the testimony of a key witness, Emily Miller. The appeals court found that prosecutor Mulder withheld a statement by Emily Miller to the police that cast doubt on her credibility and also allowed her to give perjured testimony. Furthermore, the court found that after Adams' attorney discovered the statement late in Adams' trial, Mulder falsely told the court that he did not know the witness' whereabouts. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals stated that "conviction was unfair mainly because of prosecutor Doug Mulder." Mulder had returned to practicing private law in Dallas in 1981. Following the appeals court decision, the case was returned to Dallas County for a retrial, but the district attorney's office decided not to prosecute the case again based on the length of time since the original crime, and Adams was subsequently released.  Despite being wrongly imprisoned for twelve years, Adams received no compensation from the State of Texas. It is said that if Adams had been found to be wrongly convicted under present-day Texas law, he would be entitled to receive $80,000 for each year of incarceration. Additionally, at the time his conviction was thrown out, wrongly convicted prisoners could get a lump sum payment of $25,000 if pardoned by the governor. However, since Adams was released because his case was dismissed, and not because he was pardoned, he received no payment from the state after his release.

David Ray Harris.

David Ray Harris had testified in the original trial that he was the passenger in the stolen car, that he allowed Adams to drive, and that Adams committed the murder. He recanted this testimony at Adams' habeas corpus hearing, but never admitted guilt in a judicial setting and was never charged in the case. On June 30, 2004, Harris was executed by lethal injection for the unrelated 1985 murder of Mark Mays in Beaumont, Texas, which occurred during an attempted abduction of Mays' girlfriend.

Lawsuit.

After his release from prison, Adams ended up in a legal battle with Errol Morris, the director of "The Thin Blue Line", concerning the rights to his story. The matter was settled out of court after Adams was granted sole use of anything written or made on the subject of his life. Adams said of the matter: "Mr. Morris felt he had the exclusive rights to my life story.... I did not sue Errol Morris for any money or any percentages of "The Thin Blue Line", though the media portrayed it that way."  Morris, for his part, recalled: "When he got out, he became very angry at the fact that he had signed a release giving me rights to his life story. And he felt as though I had stolen something from him. Maybe I had, maybe I just don't understand what it's like to be in prison for that long, for a crime you hadn't committed. In a certain sense, the whole crazy deal with the release was fueled by my relationship with his attorney. And it's a long, complicated story, but I guess when people are involved, there's always a mess somewhere."

Activism and personal life.

While in prison, Adams earned a correspondence-course degree from Lee College in Baytown, Texas. Adams later worked as an anti-death penalty activist. He wrote a book about his story, "Adams v. Texas", which was published in June 1992. In 2001, at an anti-death penalty legislative hearing on behalf of the Texas Moratorium Network, Adams said:The man you see before you is here by the grace of God. The fact that it took 12-and-a-half years and a movie to prove my innocence should scare the hell out of everyone in this room and, if it doesn't, then that scares the hell out of me.  In 1999, Adams married Jill Fratta, the sister of a death-row inmate.

Death.

Adams died of a brain tumor in Washington Court House, Ohio on October 30, 2010, at the age of 61. He lived a quiet life divorced from his past. According to his lawyer, Randy Schaffer, the death was at the time reported only locally and was not more widely reported until June 25, 2011.

Randall Dale Adams (December 17, 1948 – October 30, 2010) was an American who was wrongfully convicted of the November 28, 1976 murder of Dallas, Texas police officer Robert W. Wood and sentenced to death. His conviction was overturned in 1989.


Gameplay.

Unlike the classic "King's Quest" video games, the new "King's Quest" is not a point-and-click adventure. Instead, it is an adventure game that tasks players to control Graham, who ventures to different places to become a knight. The movement of Graham can be completely controlled by players. According to Matt Korba, the game's creative director, the game's controls focuses on "one-button context." As a result, the game does not have any complicated interfaces or controls. Throughout the game, players can interact with different objects in the environment. For instance, players can pick up, gather, and inspect different scenery items. They can switch to first-person perspective when inspecting them.  The game is narrated by the elderly King Graham and his granddaughter Gwendolyn. Players' actions in the game change the narrative. For instance, performing certain actions unlocks additional dialogue. When players make wrong decisions and die, Graham replies with phrases such as "That's what would have happened if I did that", before players re-spawn. Players also make decisions throughout the game that are divided into three different approaches, bravery, wisdom, and compassion. Actions performed by players have consequences and impact the game's story, and as a result, change the game's overall experience. Most of these choices are game play-based. According to Korba, all the choices made by Graham are heroic, and there is no way for players to build a "bad" Graham.  The first section of the game is linear, i.e., levels open sequentially. Players are free to explore levels, and the game does not feature any prescribed or predetermined paths. Players can also use a variety of methods to complete their objectives, and are tasked to solve various puzzles in the game, even though there are no fixed solutions to these puzzles. Players can also have conversations with anyone in the game. The game features branching dialogue. In addition, the game features some action sequences, quick-time events, and on-rail platform elements.

Plot.

In "King's Quest", King Graham shares his previous adventures with his curious granddaughter, Gwendolyn. It is through these tales that Gwendolyn learns about the life led by her grandfather.  Along with new stories, the series re-imagines certain events, elements and backstories from previous games. Some of Graham's backstory even differs from that given in Sierra's previous material. Rather than having grown up in Daventry, he is now an outsider that has recently come to the land. The main tale of Chapter I, according to Graham, is from the time when he was but a lad, before he was a knight, and before he came to Daventry for the first time from Llewdor. He has only read about Daventry from travel guides he used to read as a child, and could not wait to see its famous landmarks for himself (the kingdom is reimagined as a bustling walled city surrounding Castle Daventry, where as in the original game the castle was a lonely keep, surrounded by mostly wilderness).  Classic games as well as "The King's Quest Companion" are reused for references and reimagined events including places from the expanded universe. "Chapter 1"'s prologue reimagines events from "King's Quest I: Quest for the Crown" and focuses on the Mirror of the three treasures as the main treasure Edward sent Graham on to become king of Daventry (as it had been the only treasure stolen from him), the events of the dragon's lair from the "King's Quest I" are completely reimagined as an action sequence involving being chased by the dragon, and having to make a final choice on how to distract the dragon to escape back up the well to the surface. Later chapters put further focus on the mirror, and point out that he went on separate adventures throughout his life for other treasures as well (including the Shield and Chest), and wants to go on adventures to find even more lost treasures of Daventry even in his old age to save his legacy.  The main is about Graham coming to the kingdom to take part in a Knight Tournament to become a Knight of Daventry, and the winner will also be in the running to become the next king. The story involves Graham having to defeat each of the other knights at various challenges. He befriends one of the knights Achaka, who teaches him how to properly use his bow, but witnesses his death to the dragon (Achaka is often seen to be his 'best' and lost friend throughout the series, even as much as seeing his ghost in the final chapter). Ultimately he defeats the last knight Manny at a game of Wits, and banishes the evil knight from the kingdom.  "Chapter 3: Once Upon A Climb" completely reimagines the events from "King's Quest II: Romancing the Throne" by taking the story of the princess trapped in the tower by an evil witch Hagatha, but now there are two princesses trapped in the same tower, trapped along with the witch who is herself a princess as well. Graham himself becomes trapped with them in the tower, and has to figure out how to escape. The player ends up choosing between the two princesses (both who will end up the 'canon' Valanice for the player based on whoever is chosen) to be his wife. The synopsis suggests that the original story players may remember was only a fairy tale, and that the new series tells the real and more complicated story.  "Chapter 4: Snow Place Like Home" reimagined elements of "King's Quest III: To Heir Is Human", including the details of how Alexander was stolen with the Royal Family (in the original story it is said Alexander had 'disappeared', and no one knew what had happened to him or who had taken him), as well as elements of Alexander's stay in Llewdor. Manannan fled there soon after the kidnapping, with Alexander imprisoned in a mansion. Alexander and Mordon were trained in magic in preparation to conquer Daventry, and usurp the throne.  Alexander eventually escaped by turning his master into a cat, and returned to a relatively peaceful Daventry. Surprising the royal family as they discuss vacation plans, they decide to allow Alexander to accompany them, and ultimately end up travelling to a mysterious Ice Labyrinth. The princess whom the player did not choose turns out to be Icebella (reimagining some of the details from ""). Icebella is ultimately killed by Manny (in the form of a Sphinx). Manny is defeated again by Alexander, who uses a magic cookie to transform him back into a cat. In the end, one of Icebella's ice guardian creations picks up her crown and declares herself the new Icebella (foreshadowing the Icebella Graham would later encounter during his quest in "King's Quest V"). Mordon ends dropping his "slave name", and changes his name to Mordack, further foreshadowing "King's Quest V". Some of Alexander's dialogue also foreshadows events of ""; he mentions that a crystal ball predicted that he would encounter a minotaur in a labyrinth in the future, and that he would encounter a woman with olive skin and green eyes.  "Chapter 5: The Good Knight" takes place late in Graham's life as an elderly man. He has one last encounter with Manny -- a chance to prove he is still healthy and sound of mind. The events of "King's Quest V" are revised, as well; rather than stonework, the location where Graham and Mordack had their magical duel had wooden floor boards, which he hid under after casting a fire spell. Similar references are made to "King's Quest VI", including the idea that Graham is contemplating his mortality, and his travels to the Realm of the Dead to stand before Samhain (rather than Daventry's afterlife Dimension of Death from ""). One reference in particular shows the gates to Realm of the Dead in their classic digitized-watercolor style. Graham manages to save his kingdom, but is poisoned in the process, and Manny tries to exact his final revenge; Mordack takes pity on Graham (as he had been manipulated and abused by Manannan as well) and saves the king. The former rivals become friends.  The framing story takes place in the last weeks or months of Graham's life while he is bedridden from the poison in Chapter 5. King Graham is relating the tales of his life to his grand-daughter, Gwendolyn, to assist her in becoming a wise and just ruler when he passes on. To ensure that Gwendolyn will be allowed to assume the throne, Graham revises the laws of Daventry, which previously stated that only a male heir could take the throne. As the poison takes its toll, Graham sees the ghost of his old friend Achaka, and begins to forget the details of many of his adventures; Gwendolyn fills in the gaps where possible, and eventually concludes Graham's story by interpreting the events he had already related. Graham passes away later that night, leaving a letter for Gwendolyn to read that urges her to build her own legacy, rather than relying on his.  In the Epilogue, Gwendolyn (presumably the heir to the throne) embarks on her own adventure: the hunt for a yarblesnoof (a turkey-like lizard/dinosaur creature). Along the way, she encounters Achaka's own granddaughter, Taskia, who arrived in Daventry to defeat a dragon and avenge Achaka. When the two located the dragon, they discover that it's still an infant, innocent of any involvement in Achaka's death. The two befriend the dragon and return to the castle.

Development.

There were multiple attempts to reboot the franchise following 1998's "", none of which went past the announcement or concept stages. In August 2014, Activision announced that they had revived the Sierra brand and had passed development responsibilities for a new game to The Odd Gentlemen. Due to its length, the game was split into multiple chapters with a staggered release schedule. The script for the first chapter alone was 640 pages long, and included branching paths, Easter eggs, narration, object use and interaction, and dialogue trees. Each chapter of the series was longer and more complex than some similar episodic series, such as those made by Telltale Games. The game includes vocal performances by actors Christopher Lloyd, Wallace Shawn, Cherami Leigh, Tom Kenny, Josh Keaton, Maggie Elizabeth Jones, and Zelda Williams.

Release.

The game was released in five parts in 2015 and 2016, with an optional playable Epilogue only included in "King's Quest: The Complete Collection" edition. If the first series with Graham does well, future "King's Quest" series (similar to "seasons") by The Odd Gentlemen would follow other members of the royal family.

Reception.

Chapter I: "A Knight to Remember".

"Chapter I: A Knight to Remember" received positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 82/100 based on 23 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 77/100 based on 22 reviews and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 26 reviews.

Chapter II: "Rubble Without a Cause".

"Chapter II: Rubble Without a Cause" received mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 67/100 based on 7 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 68/100 based on 12 reviews and the Xbox One version 71/100 based on 11 reviews.

Chapter III: "Once Upon A Climb".

"Chapter III: Once Upon A Climb" received positive reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 78/100 based on 4 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 79/100 based on 9 reviews and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 8 reviews.

Chapter IV: "Snow Place Like Home".

"Chapter IV: Snow Place Like Home" received mixed reviews. Chris Carter from Destructoid gave this chapter a 9/10 for being "A hallmark of excellence. It may have some flaws, but they are negligible to what is otherwise a supreme title", while Chandler Wood from PlayStation Lifestyle had some mixed feelings about the chapter, giving it 5.5 being happy with "Some great cultural references and lines/Seeing Graham continue to grow" but generally disliking the "Cold and dull environment/Boring and dated puzzle design/Lack of meaningful choices/Underplays capabilities showcased in prior chapters."

Chapter V: "The Good Knight".

"Chapter V: The Good Knight" received generally positive reviews. Chris Carter from Destructoid gave this chapter 8.5/10 for an "Impressive effort with a few noticeable problems holding it back. Won't astound everyone, but is worth most people's time and cash." Chandler Wood from PlayStation Lifestyle was pleased with this chapter this time around, giving the game 8/10, praising the "Deep subjects of mortality, life accomplishments, and what we leave behind/Callbacks to "King's Quest" through the years/Conclusion that pulls the whole saga into context and finishes it out nicely" although being unhappy with the "sudden memory loss" and "some puzzle design is flawed".

King's Quest is an episodic video game series developed by The Odd Gentlemen and published by Activision under the Sierra Entertainment brand name for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. It is a new re-imagining of the long-running "King's Quest" series. While it is an adventure game like the previous games in the series, the interface is not fully point-and-click (the PC version only uses point-and-click for the dialogue and first person scenes).


History.

When first released, it was shown in theaters as a "one-time-only" event on March 24, 1970 for one night only. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary, Features. In 1999, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.  After its "one-time-only" showing it was occasionally seen on commercial television (unedited and with limited interruption) and for a short period released for home video on the Pacific Arts label and distributed to the educational market by Richard Kaplan Productions. Then for many years it was no longer available and rarely seen. Finally, in 2010 Richard Kaplan, who had long felt that "King" should be seen by a new generation who knew of it only by reputation, set up a not-for-profit company, A Filmed Record Inc., and produced a DVD using master elements he had stored over the years. A Filmed Record, Inc. released the DVD and "King" was once again available after 40 years of being a "lost" film.  In 2012 A Filmed Record, Inc. (with the cooperation of the estate of Ely Landau producer of the original film) entered into an agreement with Kino Lorber giving them worldwide exclusive rights to distribute "King" and to make possible its being seen by the largest possible audience. Kino Lorber, Inc., in partnership with The Library of Congress and with the cooperation of the Museum of Modern Art, restored and remastered the original enabling 35 mm prints and made the film available on DVD and Blu-ray. Kino Lorber and Kaplan prepared a nationwide commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington and King's "I Have a Dream" speech, which was screened at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's BAMcinématek on August 13, 2013, followed by a screening at Film Forum on August 28, 2013. Kino Lorber is also launching an educational outreach campaign to provide a 24-minute abridged version of the film, titled "Legacy of a Dream", to every high school in America.

King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis is a 1970 American documentary film biography of Martin Luther King Jr. and his creation and leadership of the nonviolent campaign for civil rights and social and economic justice in the Civil Rights Movement. It uses only original newsreel and other primary material, unvarnished and unretouched, and covers the period from the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955 and 1956 through his assassination in 1968. The original newsreel segments are framed by celebrity narrators Harry Belafonte, Ruby Dee, Ben Gazzara, Charlton Heston, James Earl Jones, Burt Lancaster, Paul Newman, Anthony Quinn, Clarence Williams III, and Joanne Woodward. The movie was produced by Ely Landau and directed by Sidney Lumet in what was the only documentary he would direct in his whole film career, and Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Richard J. Kaplan was the associate producer in charge of production.


Plot.

As described in a film magazine, Leo Peret (Lestina) has a small quiet tobacco shop in Greenwich Village. Edward Livingston (Harron), a wealthy young clubman and man-about-town, comes in frequently ostensibly to buy cigarettes but in reality to talk to the daughter Jeannette (Gish), and he is soon in love with the little shop girl. Leo is homesick for his native France, but lacks the funds to make the passage. Edward, learning of their plight, sends $1,000 with a note saying that the money is payment for a good deed. Leo accepts the money and he and Jeannette embark at once. In France Leo regains his health but suffers a broken leg. When Edward learns of this he goes to France and seeks out Jeannette to resume his lovemaking. He finds that he has a rival, however, in Mons Le Bebe, a grocer, and after forcefully embracing Jeannette one evening, she bids him to be gone forever. She is discouraged over Le Bebe's fondness for garlic and his refusal to accept the beauties of "Chantecler". But a chicken is just a chicken to Le Bebe.  War with Germany is declared and Le Bebe marches off to battle with Jeannette's blessing. The French soldiers are driven from the town by the Germans and Jeannette, her father and aunt, and little Peaches (Jackson) seek safety in the cellar. Leo is trusted with the hiding place of a telephone and he volunteers to keep the French posted. In defense of the town Le Bebe is shot in the leg, and he drags himself to the cellar. Jeannette hides him under some sand and he escapes capture. Meanwhile, Edward has enlisted in the American army that comes to the aid of France, and although he despises his fellow soldiers, he is a brave man. In a charge two companies become mixed and he finds himself in a shell hole with a black soldier who is dying. Edward's manliness asserts itself and he accomplishes the soldier's final request.  Leo is discovered listening to a German officer (Peil) discussing plans and is shot. He creeps back to the cellar and Jeannette relays the information by telephone to the French. Just as the Germans reach the cellar and force their way in, American troops enter the town. Le Bebe dies defending Jeannette, and she is saved from death by an American scouting party led by Edward. Later at the town's bakery shop, Jeannette hands out cakes and pies to the soldiers. Edward renews his lovemaking, and she is pleased with her American sweetheart.

Background.

After attaining significant fame as a director of war pictures, D. W. Griffith was invited by the British government to film on actual World War I battlefields. Griffith had originally intended to make only a single picture with the material, but came back with over 86,000 feet and decided to turn it into three.  The chief production was "Hearts of the World", with "The Great Love" and "The Greatest Thing in Life" made with the leftover battlefield footage. Some of the footage was filmed on the Marne River in Château-Thierry, France. There is some speculation, however, as to whether some of the shots originated in Salisbury Plain, in the United Kingdom, or was footage purchased by Griffith from Franz Kleinschmidt.

Preservation status.

The film is now considered to be a lost film as no prints are known to exist. Previously, the Cohen Media Group listed this film as part of their holdings from Raymond Rohauer collection, but this turned out to be an error.

The Greatest Thing in Life is a 1918 American silent drama film about World War I, directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish, Robert Harron, and David Butler. The film is now considered lost as no prints are known to exist.


Early life and education.

Chencho Gyeltshen hails from Paro District. He started playing football in primary school, with his brother inspiring him to play. He cites Cristiano Ronaldo as the player who is his inspiration. From class six to ten, he studied in Loselling MSS. He attended Kelki Higher Secondary School until class XII. He originally intended to become a martial artist before deciding to stop his studies to become a professional football player.

Club career.

Yeedzin.

From 2008 to 2014, he played for Yeedzin in the Bhutan National League. In 2013, he won the league championship with the club. With the club, he also finished runner-up in the 2013 King's Cup. The club was defeated by a score of 2–4 by Manang Marshyangdi of Nepal in the final despite Gyeltshen's two goal performance.

Druk United.

In 2014 he played for and was captain of Druk United of the Thimphu League. He played for the team in the 2014 King's Cup and scored two goals against Indian club Mohun Bagan.

Thimphu.

In 2015, Chencho Gyeltshen played for Thimphu. He made his league debut for the club against Thimphu City on 5 April. He scored seventeen goals in ten matches in the Thimphu League and finished the season as the league's top scorer.

Interest abroad.

In 2014, he was offered to sign with Nepalese club Machhindra FC after his performance at the 2013 King's Cup and was reported to agree to join with the club but could not do so until the next year due to his studies. In early 2015, Gyeltshen went on a month-long trial with Buriram United of the Thai Premier League. He played in friendlies against several Thai teams and scored the game-winning goal in the match against Thai Premier League club Sisaket F.C. after coming on as a second-half substitute. He scored five minutes after entering the match in the 80th minute. He was originally scheduled to return to Bhutan before the friendlies but was forced to stay a few days longer when his flight was cancelled. While in Thailand, he was offered deals by Indian Super League clubs Delhi Dynamos and Pune City. However, no official offers were ever presented. The player said that if the offers had been made officially and had come a bit earlier he would have chosen to play in the ISL so that he could play alongside the stars that the league had been attracting in recent years. With Buriram, Gyeltshen also won the Coke Cup Under-19 Championship in 2015.

Surin City.

In July 2015 Thai club Surin City, a reserve team of Buriram United, completed the signing of Gyeltshen from Thimphu United with the Bhutan international forward agreeing a 1.5 year contract with a monthly salary of Nu 100,000. The offer was presented to the player by Alexandre Gama, manager of the first team. With the contract, Gyeltshen became the first Bhutanese footballer to play professionally for an international club. On 7 July 2015, it was revealed that the player had actually been signed by Buriram United along with two other players and was loaned immediately to Surin City.  Gyeltshen made his league debut for Surin City on 5 July 2015 in a match against Kalasin. He was given the number 11 shirt. By 24 September 2015, he had scored eight goals in eight league matches for Surin City, including a hat-trick, after 33 rounds of the 34 round season. Surin finished in 10th position in the Northeast Division, missing out on qualification for the playoffs.

Nonthaburi F.C..

On 7 February 2016, it was announced that Gyeltshen would go on loan to Nonthaburi, also of the Thai Division 2.

Satun United.

Less than a month after it was announced that he would join Nonthaburi, it was announced that Gyeltshen had terminated his contract with Buriram United and signed a 2-year contract with Satun United F.C. Following the season, it was announced that Gyeltshen was leaving the club.

Return to Thimphu.

Following his departure from Satun United, Gyeltshen returned to Bhutan and signed for former club Thimphu FC. He made his first appearance back for the club on 2 July in the team's opening match against Thimphu City FC. He scored his first goal back for the club on the following matchday in a match against Ugyen Academy. In his first season with the club, Gyeltshen was the top scorer in the Bhutan National League with 15 goals in 10 league matches.

Terton.

Following the 2016 season, it was announced that Gyeltshen would be joining Bhutan National League Champions Terton for their 2017 AFC Cup qualification campaign. He started the club's first match of qualification, a 0–0 draw with Tatung F.C. of Taiwan. In the team's next match, Gyeltshen scored two goals as Terton defeated Sheikh Russel KC of Bangladesh 4–3 to win their group and advance to the qualifying playoff group alongside FC Dordoi Bishkek and Three Star Club.

Chittagong Abahani.

In October 2016 it was announced that Gyeltshen would join Chittagong Abahani of the Bangladesh Premier League for the second leg of the 2016 season on an initial 3-month contract. He was spotted by the club during Bangladesh's two-leg series against Bhutan during 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification in which he scored a brace in the second match to help win the series 3–1 on aggregate. With a reported monthly salary of at least US $4,000 or Nu 270,000 Gyeltshen became the highest paid athlete in the country. Prior to signing with Chittagong, he also received a contract offer from Uttar Baridhara SC, another Bangladesh Premier League club. The offer was reportedly worth half of the value of his deal with Chittagong. He made his debut for the club on 7 November 2016 in a league match against Mohammedan SC. The match ended in a 1–0 victory. Gyeltshen scored his first goal for the club on 23 November 2016 in his second appearance for the club, a 2–0 victory over Uttar Baridhara SC. On 30 December 2016 it was announced that Gyeltshen's stint with the club had ended and that he would return to Bhutan. In total, he scored 5 goals in 7 league matches with the club.

Thimphu City.

In January 2017 it was announced that Gyeltshen would be part of Thimphu City's squad for their 2017 AFC Cup qualifying play-off match against Club Valencia of the Maldives on 31 January. He appeared in the eventual 0–0 draw as a 50th-minute substitute for Lungtok Dawa. Thimphu City replaced Terton which advanced to the qualifying play-off by winning their group during the qualifying round. Thimphu City were the first Bhutanese team to compete at this advanced of a stage in the tournament. He started in the away leg and played the entire 90 minutes but Thimphu City was eliminated with the 0–3 defeat at the National Stadium in Malé.  During the 2017 Thimphu League season, Gyeltshen scored 22 goals in 14 league matches, making him the league's top scorer for the second consecutive season. Thimphu City were also champions of the league that season. The club went on to earn second place in the 2017 Bhutan National League behind Transport United.

Minerva Punjab.

In August 2017 it was announced that Gyeltshen joined Indian I-League side Minerva Punjab on an initial 1-year deal until May 2018. He joined the club on 18 October to begin preseason training prior to the 2017–18 season. Gyeltshen made his debut for the club on 31 October against reigning champions of the Punjab State Super Football League Rail Coach Factory FC in a preseason friendly. Eight days later he scored a hattrick for the club in a 3–2 preseason victory over powerhouse Bengaluru FC. He became a key figure in the Minerva side as they mounted a surprise title challenge, winning the title with a victory over Churchill Brothers S.C. on the final matchday.

Bengaluru FC.

In June 2018 it was announced that Gyeltshen joined Indian Super League side Bengaluru FC on an initial one-year deal until May 2019.

NEROCA FC.

In January 2019, Chencho was loaned to I-league club NEROCA FC from Bengaluru FC until end of the season.

International career.

Gyeltshen has represented Bhutan at the U12, U13, U15, U17, and U19 levels. In 2007, he was selected to play for the U13 team after noticing the team practice while he walked home from school.  Gyeltshen scored on his senior début for Bhutan on 19 March 2011 in a friendly against fellow Himalayan state Nepal. On 12 March 2015, he and the rest of the Bhutan team recorded its first World Cup qualification win in history with a 1–0 victory over Sri Lanka. In the second leg of the series at Bhutan's national Changlimithang Stadium, Gyeltshen scored twice, with his first goal coming in the 5th minute as he lifted the ball over Sri Lanka's onrushing goalie and into the far corner of the net. With the score tied 1–1 in second half stoppage time, Gyeltshen dribbled away from the goal box in the left corner of the penalty area, spun, and struck a shot that eluded two defenders and the goalkeeper as it slipped into the near corner. The victory and reaching the second round of qualification for the first time while being ranked the lowest team in the world was described by the team as "a historic moment to remember."

Chencho Gyeltshen (born 10 May 1996) is a Bhutanese international footballer who plays as a forward for the Bhutan national football team. He is also Bhutan's all-time leading international goal scorer.


History.

According to tradition, in 1830 a man named Walser traveled through the area where the town later was located. When he returned home to Salem, North Carolina, he told of the beautiful forests, prairies, streams, and wild game he had seen. A number of Moravian families, hearing these reports, moved from North Carolina to take up land in this area. The earliest of these settlers was Adam Hedrick, who purchased his land on August 25, 1830. Second was Peter Hinkle, who claimed his land on May 30, 1831.  From 1841 to 1846 the new Moravian settlers were working with the headquarters of the southern province of the Moravian Church in Salem (Old Salem), North Carolina, in establishing a congregation. William Eberman, the Moravian pastor at Hope, Indiana, was sent to visit and preach for them in the fall of 1841. Many other settlers followed, until by 1843, more than 80 families lived within a radius of what was to become West Salem, most of them Moravians. But in 1843, it was Martin Hauser, a Moravian home missionary also from Hope, Indiana, who would be instrumental not only in starting a Moravian Church, but also in helping to establish the town. On Saturday, May 25, 1844, a meeting was held in Peter Hinkle's barn, where heads of 15 families came forward and signed the Brotherly Agreement and Constitution that formed the new Moravian congregation. On his way home to Hope, in 1845, Hauser stopped at the federal land Office in Palestine, Illinois, to buy, in the name of the church, of land on which West Salem is presently located. He was acting as attorney-in-fact for Rev. Charles Kluge, President of the Synod of the Southern Provincial Conference of the Moravian Church of North America.  In the years that followed, the new community of West Salem began to thrive but also to experience challenges as well. In 1849, more than 60 immigrants from Germany arrived, hoping to build homes and gravitating towards the Moravian Church. They were warmly received, but before long trouble developed between the Germans and the original English-speaking settlers. Language differences caused part of the difficulty, but the old German ideas and customs added to it. The congregations separated into "divisions", one English and one German, each with its own official board and its own pastor, but sharing the use of the church building and cemetery. After nine years of this arrangement, they became two separate congregations on February 7, 1858. The Germans retained the old church, and the English built a new church on the south side of the public square. This building was dedicated on August 14, 1859. The English retained the old cemetery, while the Germans laid out a cemetery adjacent to it. On April 10, 1892, the German congregation dedicated a new building, the present Moravian Church. Eventually the German American group began using the English language and gradually came to accept American ways. On June 13, 1925, the two congregations were reunited. The two cemeteries, which were gradually growing together, also were united at that time.  West Salem was not incorporated until 1857. When the Moravians first began arriving in the area, and Martin Hauser realized there was potential for a settlement, the group chose the name "New Salem", since they had traveled to Illinois from Salem, North Carolina. However, when it came time to establish a post office, it was discovered that Illinois already had a New Salem located near Springfield, where Abraham Lincoln had lived and operated a store. Accordingly, the settlers had to choose a new name and decided to call their village "West Salem", because it lay west of Salem, North Carolina, where they had come from. To the confusion of travelers ever since, this left West Salem "east" of Salem, Illinois, incorporated two years earlier. Records of the Illinois Secretary of State show that the official incorporation of West Salem took place on February 8, 1857.  The settlement was organized as a village on February 5, 1898, with 69 voting for organization and two voting against. Its first recorded Board of Trustees was William Foster Sr. (president), J.H. McDowell, J.B. Michael, E.G. Altner, George Pixley (clerk), A.L. Hammaker (treasurer), and J.B. Michel.  The first recorded organized board meeting of the village of West Salem took place on August 24, 1914. Those taking office were President Charles Pixley and Trustees James Fry, Leona Voigt, Dow Harrison, Arthur Clodfelter, E. Greathouse, and Charles Couch. Stuart Walser was clerk. Records in Village Hall do not show how these persons became the first officers, but they do not show an election of April 1915. At that time, those elected drew lots for one- or two-year terms. At the August 1914 meeting an attorney, John A. McNeil, was hired for $50 to draft a complete set of ordinances. These ordinances set boundaries and territories, set the fiscal year and meeting times, approve a corporate seal, set rules for committees and village officers, street labor, concerning peace, special elections, tax levies, annual appropriations, gaming, local improvements, establishing a prison, fines, traffic laws, etc. Thirty-one ordinances were approved by the end of 1915.  In 1951 a much needed water system was put into operation. Water was supplied from the shale pit and a lake. In 1962 a sewer system was completed, and outhouses finally went away for good. In March 2002 the village of West Salem signed a 40-year water purchase contract with RE Water Corporation. A 150,000 water storage tank was erected at the water plant.  In 1957 the West Salem Centennial Committee used funds to purchase land to be used as a park and baseball recreation area since the prior area was now being used for industrial development. The new park was called Centennial Park. The area has been used for youth baseball, as well as for circuses and other community events. One of the most popular events is the annual fireworks display held around the 4th of July every year and sponsored by the West Salem Volunteer Fire Department. In 1965 property was bought for a village hall at 106 East South Street. A building was erected housing the volunteer fire department and the office for the clerk and treasurer, as well as a meeting room and the police department. In 1998 property just east of the village hall was purchased and the building was extended. In 1967, the West Salem Public Library opened their doors.  West Salem celebrated its centennial in 1957 and its sesquicentennial on June 29-July 1 of 2007.

Geography.

West Salem is located in northeastern Edwards County, northeast of Albion, the county seat. According to the 2010 census, West Salem has a total area of, all land.

Earthquakes.

West Salem is within the Wabash Valley seismic zone. On April 3, 1974, an earthquake of magnitude 4.3 struck at coordinates 38.549N 88.072W, just to the northwest of town, and caused minor damage such as toppling chimneys and tombstones.  On April 18, 2008, at 09:36:56 UTC (04:36:56 Central) a moderate earthquake of 5.2 magnitude was centered near the village. It was felt across southern Illinois, central Indiana and eastern portions of Missouri including St. Louis, away.  On November 20, 2012, a magnitude 3.6 earthquake shook the village and was felt in Evansville, Indiana.

Industry.

Early industry.

While West Salem is located in a rural area, it has had several types of industries.  As early as the 1850s a cooper's shop was in operation to supply barrels for packing fruits. A three-story frame building was built by Frederick Luther in 1878. It was used as a flour mill and was operated by a stationary steam engine. A saw mill was also operated in conjunction with the mill. In later years the Mallison Brothers also operated a flour mill and grain elevator.  By June 4, 1891, the "West Salem Gazette" was painting a rosy picture of the fruit industry here. Blackberries, strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, and other fruits were raised very successfully. West Salem also once boasted a pure ice and power plant located south of the present Baker Seed Elevator.

Brick industry.

The industry that probably did most for the early development of West Salem was its brick plant. A letterhead of 1918 states that the plant had a capacity of 22,000 bricks a day. At its peak it employed 50 men, who earned an average wage of $18 per week. The First Christian Church was built with bricks produced by this plant.

Champion Laboratories.

It was the brick industry that gave West Salem local renown, but it has been Champion Laboratories that gave West Salem national recognition as a major supplier of automotive filters.  In the 1950s the West Salem Industrial Foundation, which later became known as the West Salem Development Association, began a drive to attract new industry to the West Salem-Bone Gap area. A sum of $12,000 was reached initially. The plan was to pay $10,000 to an agency to find a tenant for an as yet unbuilt industrial building. Howard Gaither, Arthur McDowell, and John Beehn were instrumental in the process of seeking a manufacturing business for the community. Late in 1954 an oral agreement was reached with the firm Potter and Brumfield. Under it Gaither, McDowell, and Beehn would invest cash and Harry Clemmons would invest his machinery (he owned Kleen Pak Manufacturing) in a new company known as Kleen-Pak Corporation. Howard Gaither, one of the founding fathers of Kleen-Pak/Champion, served as company president from 1955 to 1981 and Harry Clemmons served as Vice President before selling his stake in the company.  Construction of the original building began in February 1955 after the company was founded and with more community leaders coming on board for support. In 1958 Kleen-Pak merged with the Pyroil Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin. In 1956 Pyroil had purchased Champion Laboratories of Meriden, Connecticut, a filter assembly operation. Champion moved to West Salem and merged with Kleen-Pak. The merged companies continue to prosper. In 1966 an Albion plant was constructed and new buildings and additions have been made since.  In September 2007 all production operations at the West Salem facility were moved to the Albion facility. Champion is currently owned by United Components, Inc., located in Evansville, Indiana. Champion is the largest manufacturer in the U.S. of automotive filters for both new vehicles and the aftermarket. Champion employs more than 1,500 people in its manufacturing facilities in Edwards County, Illinois.

Oil industry.

In the early 1980s West Salem experienced an oil boom. At one time as many as 32 wells were pumping oil. Coming at a time when most town and county budgets were seeing red ink, the West Salem village audit of the fiscal year ending in April 1981 revealed a surplus of just over $3,500, due to the oil boom.

Vision Alliance Corporation.

Vision Alliance Corporation is a venture started by Don and Joni Millman of West Salem. It was started to provide contract manufacturing and sub-assembly services to Tier 1 suppliers in the automotive industry and to offer jobs for the village of West Salem and surrounding area.  The "vision" started in July 2002. Shortly after Don received his MBA, he was informed that his current job was being relocated away. They were faced with either moving with Don's current job or finding other options that would allow them to stay in the area close to their family. Using a business plan developed during the completion of his MBA, Don and Joni set out to raise capital and find a home for the business.  They approached the West Salem Development Association for help in finding a place for Vision Alliance to build. Steve Thomason, Association President, informed them that the "Engineering Building" owned by Champion Laboratories, Inc. was available to the Association and, if wanted, the Association would procure it for Vision Alliance Corporation. Once a facility was found, then raising capital became more feasible and Vision Alliance Corporation was incorporated.  In February 2006 Vision Alliance Corporation received its first contract award to supply assemblies to Xenia Manufacturing Inc. On March 13, 2006 Vision Alliance Corporation began production. A second contract was awarded in May and another in October 2006 raising the employment to 11 full-time and 4 part-time employees.

Newspapers and communications.

Several underground blogs and websites exist in the West Salem area. The town's newspaper, the Edwards County "Times-Advocate" closed in 2014.  The "West Salem Advocate" began publication on February 1, 1900. The founder of the "Advocate", W.S. Baichley, published the paper until March 1940 when he retired at the age of 72. Upon his retirement, Baichley sold the business to H.F. Gerlach of Evansville, Illinois. In 1959 Joe Stoll purchased the paper from Gerlach. The paper remained in the same location, but in 1976 faced competition for readership for the first time. Harry Bradham had started a new publication called the "Independent Times". With two newspapers in the small community, the competition was fierce and Stoll sold the "Advocate" to Harry Bradhan in 1984.  Harry Bradham continued to publish both the "Times" and "Advocate" for a period of time, but a merger was inevitable. In 1986 the "Edwards County Times-Advocate" hit the newsstands. Harry Bradham continued to publish the paper until his death in 2004, following a bout with cancer. The paper was sold by the estate of Harry Bradham to Mike and Sybil Conley of Trenton, Illinois. For the first time since the paper's inception, it was not locally owned.  In August 2006, Erin (Bradham) Fenton, the niece of Harry Bradham, purchased the paper from the Conleys, making the paper once again locally owned.

Education.

The first school house located within the limits of West Salem was a frame building about, erected in 1850-51 and taught by Martin Hauser. On November 8, 1853, Stephen Gunn sold a tract four rods (20.1 m) square (an area of 0.10 acre) out of Lot 43 lying just across the street south of the present site to the trustees for school purposes for $2.00. A two-story four-room brick building was erected on the present site in 1880 at a cost of about $4,000. This building was later enlarged by the addition of four more rooms. The district was greatly enlarged in 1947 by the annexation of Hedrick, Gates, Burton, and Armstrong schools. A modern addition was erected in 1952 at a cost of $135,000. The old building was razed and the new part was completed in 1960 at a cost of $119,000. Kindergarten was added in 1951-52.  West Salem is currently part of Edwards County Community School District #1.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,001 people, 422 households, and 278 families residing in the village. The population density was 642.2 people per square mile (247.7/km2). There were 462 housing units at an average density of 296.4 per square mile (114.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.80% White, 0.40% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.10% Asian, and 0.60% from two or more races.  There were 422 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.86.  In the village, the population was spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $27,031, and the median income for a family was $33,417. Males had a median income of $27,938 versus $20,772 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,179. About 6.4% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

West Salem is a village in Edwards County, Illinois, United States. The population was 897 at the 2010 census, down from 1,001 at the 2000 census.


Career.

In January 2015, Wopo began uploading original tracks to his SoundCloud account. Taylor Maglin, the owner of the Pittsburgh-based blog "The Daily Loud", partnered with him and began to publicize his music. This additional push helped him to accumulate millions of views on his music videos on his YouTube channel. Joining the wave of Wopo's viral success, urban hip hop blog WorldStarHipHop exclusively debuted five of his music videos in 2016. On July 24, 2016, he premiered his debut project, "Woponese", on Daily Loud. This 8-track mixtape included the single "Back Door", which features Sonny Digital. In October 2016, Riff Raff tapped Wopo for a feature on the track "Stay Away from You" on his "Balloween" mixtape. On November 25, 2016, he released a joint album with his fellow Pittsburgh-based rapper Hardo. This nine-track project featured ShadyHigler, 21 Savage and Wiz Khalifa.  As many as fifty completed, unreleased songs will be released posthumously, according to Wopo's manager.

Legal issues.

On February 7, 2016, Wopo was arrested during a traffic stop in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Police arrested Wopo and two others after finding two stamp bags of suspected heroin and a small amount of marijuana. He was arraigned on drug charges and underage drinking charges and placed in jail with a $25,000 bond. Later, while out, Wopo, landed in jail because of probation violation. Wopo failed to inform officials of his trip to New York State, where he was caught and imprisoned on such charges. While in jail, he wrote an album, "Back Against The Wall", which he recorded the first day he got out of jail.

Death.

In the late afternoon of June 18, 2018, a gunman opened fire on Wopo's vehicle in Pittsburgh's Hill District neighborhood, hitting Wopo and a male passenger. The passenger survived his wounds, but Wopo later died after being rushed to a local hospital. He was 21 years old. Wopo's death was heavily overshadowed by the public due to the fact XXXTentacion's murder was committed the same day. He left behind three children, Aubree, Tru'Love, and Travon Jr.

Travon DaShawn Frank Smart (January 13, 1997 – June 18, 2018), better known by his stage name Jimmy Wopo, was an American rapper from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


Mathematical description.

The problem is described in spherical coordinates formula_1 with velocity components formula_2. The flow is axisymmetric, i.e., independent of formula_3. Then the continuity equation and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations reduce to  where  A self-similar description is available for the solution in the following form,  Substituting the above self-similar form into the governing equations and using the boundary conditions formula_7 at infinity, one finds the form for pressure as  where formula_9 is a constant. Using this pressure, we find again from the momentum equation,  Replacing formula_11 by formula_12 as independent variable, the velocities become  (for brevity, the same symbol is used for formula_14 and formula_15 even though they are functionally the same, but takes different numerical values) and the equation becomes  After two integrations, the equation reduces to  where formula_18 and formula_19 are constants of integration. The above equation is a Riccati equation. After some calculation, the general solution can be shown to be  where formula_21 are constants. The physically relevant solution to the jet corresponds to the case formula_22 (Equivalently, we say that formula_23, so that the solution is free from singularities on the axis of symmetry, except at the origin). Therefore,  The function formula_25 is related to the stream function as formula_26, thus contours of formula_25 for different values of formula_28 provides the streamlines. The constant formula_28 describes the force at the origin acting in the direction of the jet (this force is equal to the rate of momentum transfer across any sphere around the origin plus the force in the jet direction exerted by the sphere due to pressure and viscous forces), the exact relation between the force and the constant is given by  The solution describes a jet of fluid moving away from the origin rapidly and entraining the slowly moving fluid outside of the jet. The edge of the jet can be defined as the location where the streamlines are at minimum distance from the axis, i.e.,e the edge is given by  Therefore, the force can be expressed alternatively using this semi-angle of the conical-boundary of the jet,  When the force becomes large, the semi-angle of the jet becomes small, in which case,  and the solution inside and outside of the jet become  The jet in this limiting case is called the Schlichting jet. On the other extreme, when the force is small,  the semi-angle approaches 90 degree (no inside and outside region, the whole domain is considered as single region), the solution itself goes to

In fluid dynamics, Landau–Squire jet or Submerged Landau jet describes a round submerged jet issued from a point source of momentum into an infinite fluid medium of the same kind. This is an exact solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, which was first discovered by Lev Landau in 1944 and later by Herbert Squire in 1951. The self-similar equation was in fact first derived by N. A. Slezkin in 1934, but never applied to the jet. Following Landau's work, V. I. Yatseyev obtained the general solution of the equation in 1950.


Early life.

Rebecca Gomperts was born in 1966 in Paramaribo in Suriname. She moved to Netherlands at the age of three and grew up in the harbor town of Vlissingen. Her movements around Europe at an early age inbred international consciousness in her that would drive her future career.  Gomperts moved to Amsterdam in the mid 1980s after high school. Having an interest for both the arts and sciences, Gomperts studied visual arts and medicine. She completed a four-year art degree at Amsterdam's Rietveld Academy studying conceptual art, while at the same time attending medical school. As she found that art was not the path she wanted to follow, she dived into the world of medicine; Gomperts did not find her calling in the field of reproductive medicine until later on in her medical career.

Career.

Early career.

After graduating from medical school, Gompert worked in a small hospital in Guiana as a trainee doctor. This is where 25-year-old she witnessed the realities of illegal abortions for the first time. As of 1997 she was a 31-year old doctor based in Amsterdam who performed legal abortions.  Between 1997-1998, Gomperts sailed with a Greenpeace ship called the Rainbow Warrior II as a resident doctor and environmental activist. She sailed through Latin America, visiting Romani and Guinea.

Idea for change.

After her travels with Greenpeace, Gomperts' interest in reproductive health increased. Gomperts wanted the health damages and death rates from at-home abortions to decline, so she designed a program on the radical idea that women can do abortions and get abortions done where abortion clinics are highly restricted or don't exist at all.  Gomperts used contacts she had made during art school to help her design and fund a mobile clinic. A close friend of hers, Joep van Lieshout, agreed to help design the clinic. The collaborative idea was for the clinic to be a functional work of art, a mobile clinic aboard a ship, so that it could legally pass through international borders without the medical equipment being seized. Gomperts applied for funds from the, needing $500,000 in medical equipment, and $190,000 total in seed capital. The grant for the mobile clinic came from the Mondriaan Foundation. Gomperts background in art was allowing her to put her dream into action, and her mobile clinic became “a space for fusion of work that is symbolic with work that is social.”

Women on Waves.

Gompets formed her organization Women on Waves in 1999, after she got back from her voyage on the Rainbow Warrior II. Women on Waves was bringing non-surgical abortion services and education to countries all around the world that didn't have them. The Women on Waves mission transcends the boundaries between law, medicine, seafaring and art.  Using the grant from the Mondriaan Foundation, Women on Waves rent a boat on which the mobile clinic would be held. Many media outlets were shocked that Gomperts was not at all concerned with her ship being detained, impounded or sunk when entering a nations' waters.  Women on Waves made many voyages. News spread quickly that she was trying to reach countries where abortion was illegal through their waters, and many of these countries put up incredible measures to stop her. The first voyage was to Ireland, then following was Poland, Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Guatemala. Although her first eleven-day trip to Dublin was deemed unsuccessful by the media, Women On Waves had received over 200 abortion requests from women ashore who needed their help, which was more attention than Gomperts had ever imagined. Women on Waves was never intended on solving the problem of unsafe abortions, but to help create legal precedent in the grey areas of countries abortion laws, to reach all those women who had been refused help by their own doctors and physicians, and to prevent the dangerous act of illegal abortions.

Women on Web.

Women on Waves faced many challenges during the voyages. On one of her trips to Portugal, her mobile clinic was not allowed to dock. Gomperts appeared on a Portuguese talk show instead. She talked about how woman could do a safe abortion by themselves at home, how to get and take the pills, and all other medical advice she could say on air. This is when Gomperts realized that she could reach more people through the internet than in a boat. “In the end our ship will never be a structural solution for the enormous number of women who need abortions,” says Gomperts.  This is when in 2005, Gomperts' second organization Women on Web was founded. In 2016 Women on Web was receiving over 10,000 emails a month from over 123 countries across the world. Women could ask questions that ranged from how to administer abortion pills, to advice on contraceptives, to even relationship consulting. Instead of delivering abortion pills from the sea, Women on Web uses packages and drones to send pills and instructions for safe, at-home abortions.

Personal life.

Gompert has two children and lives in Amsterdam.

Popular culture.

"Vessel", a documentary about Gomperts' mission of Women on Waves premiered in 2014 at the Southwest Film Festival. This documentary witnesses the creation of a network of reproductive health activists lead by Gomperts. It shows their work on global reproductive rights, and the conceptual idea of trusting women to handle their own abortions. The story of transforming a widely improbable idea into a global movement is a moving picture that captured Gomperts' legacy entirely.  Women on Web also had an ad campaign advertising their services through Diesel, one of the most famous saying "Say Goodbye to Coat Hangers," a common tool used for at-home illegal abortions. These ads had a very important secret component of a barcode hidden in plain site of the photography. If scanned, the barcodes on the T-shirts of the models give information on the abortion pill right to the viewers cellphone. This was an innovative way to advertise such an important message without stirring the pot of what is appropriate in public media.

Feminist art activism.

Gomperts is now arguably the abortion right movements first extremist. Although Gomperts moved away from art, her legacy lives in feminist art activism. Art is configured as a space apart from all else, that provides activism in a safe space. Gomperts WoW projects don't combine art and activism so much as they intentionally play on their vague separation.

A-Portable.

The mobile clinic that Joep van Lieshout (founder of Atelier van Lieshout) designed was called the A-Portable. This functional and comforting space was a collaborative effort between Gomperts and Van Lieshout. They put a feminist spin on Gomperts' original inspiration of the activism on the Rainbow Warrior II. Designed by an artist and funded by an artistic foundation, the A-Portable was labelled a functional work of art. This meant that whenever a transport ministry tried to confiscate the container on national waters, the certification of the A-Portable being a sculpture, made its border crossing legal.

Art exhibitions.

After Women on Waves gained some international recognition, they began to participate in art exhibitions around the world. Art shows were just another campaign to create public awareness in different forms.  The A-Portable was exhibited in the 49th Venice Biennale in 2001. Being a key work in the exhibition, it was presented on a raft, floating just out in the waters at the Arsenale.  There were four other exhibitions in 2001 where Gomperts collaborated with Willem Velthoven. These four installations, "Portrait Collector, Sea, I Had An Abortion" and "Every 6 Minutes" were presented in the Mediamatic Women on Waves show.  "Portrait Collector" was a collection of internet kiosks where viewers who had had abortions could photograph themselves and become part of the exhibition. Gomperts was trying to exhibit how often abortions occur, and how they can be done to almost anyone.  "Sea" was also an interactive narrative composed of shots of the sea taken on Women on Waves' first exhibition to Ireland. Its audio component was a poetic work of voices of women asking Women on Waves for help.  "I Had An Abortion" was hanging wire coat hangers with vests hung on them, each vest had “I Had An Abortion” written on it in all European languages.  The final installation, "Every 6 Minutes", had a very simple message. Every six minutes a red lamp flashes, symbolizing the statistic that every six minutes a women dies from an illegal abortion.  On July 12, 2003 the Mediamatic Supermarket entrance was blocked with the A-Portable. This interactive exhibition presented by Mediamatic was their final installation of their Women On Waves exhibition. It allowed viewers to walk into the portable container that was transformed into an abortion clinic and sailed across international waters.

Rebecca Gomperts (born 1966) is a doctor based in Amsterdam and is the founder of Women on Waves and Women on Web, which provides reproductive health services for women in countries where it is not provided. In 2013 and 2014, she was included in the BBC's 100 Women. In 2018, she founded Aid Access, which operates in the United States. A trained abortion specialist and activist, she is generally considered the first abortion rights activist to cross international borders.


Life and career.

Falkenmark graduated as a Fil. Mag. (Swedish equivalent to a master's degree) in mathematics, physics, chemistry and mechanics at Uppsala University, in 1951. In 1964 she became the first Fil. Lic. (Swedish equivalent of PhD at the time) of hydrology in Sweden, where she studied the “Bearing capacity of an ice sheet”. Later in 1975, she was awarded the title of PhD Honoris causa at Linköping University.  Falkenmark's professional history includes holding positions as State Hydrologist at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (1950s-60's), and later at the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (1965–95), where she became Executive Secretary, and later Chair of the Swedish National Committees for UNESCO’s International Hydrological Decade/Programme.  As the Chair of the Scientific Program Committee at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (1991- 2003), Falkenmark led the establishment of the annual Stockholm World Water Week (initially named Stockholm Water Symposium), which grew to be the "annual focal point for the globe’s water issues"  Falkenmark has held numerous posts on international boards and committees, including as General Rapporteur of the United Nations Water Conference Mar del Plata (1977); World Bank Consultant with special responsibility regarding the looming water scarcity (1988–92); member of the UN Committee on Energy and Natural Resources for Development and the UN Millennium Project Task Force for Environmental Sustainability; member of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Global Water partnership; and Scientific Advisor to the Global Environment Facility and the Comprehensive Freshwater Assessment of the World.  Falkenmark is a Professor of Applied and International Hydrology. Between 1976 and 1979, she led the planning and development of the Department for Water and Environment Studies at Linköping University; after her formal retirement, in 1991, she became part of Stockholm University’s Department of Systems Ecology.  In 2007, she joined the Stockholm Resilience Center as a senior researcher. She is also currently the senior scientific advisor at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI).  In 2018, she shared the Blue Planet Prize with ecologist Brian Walker.

The Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator.

In an article published in 1989, Falkenmark introduced an indicator for water stress that expresses the level of water scarcity in a certain region as the amount of renewable freshwater that is available for each person each year. It eventually became known as the Falkenmark Indicator, and is not only one of the earliest, but also one of the most used indicators to measure and describe water availability for human use.  The level of water scarcity in a certain country was determined based on thresholds: If the amount of renewable water in a country is below 1,700 m per person per year, that country is said to be experiencing water stress; below 1,000 m it is said to be experiencing water scarcity; and below 500 m, absolute water scarcity.

The Blue and Green Water Paradigm.

The concepts of green and blue water were first introduced by Falkenmark in 1995, and defined green water as "the rainwater that infiltrates into the root zone and is used for biomass production", and blue water as "the water that either runs off from the soil surface or percolates beyond the root zone do form groundwater"  In a more recent publication, "green water" has been defined as the soil water held in the unsaturated zone, formed by precipitation and available to plants, while "blue water" refers to liquid water in rivers, lakes, wetlands and aquifers, which can be withdrawn for irrigation and other human uses. Both resources are important for food production; rainfed agriculture uses green water only, while irrigated agriculture uses both green and blue water.

Malin Fredrika Sofia Sundberg-Falkenmark, born 21 November 1925 in Stockholm, is a Swedish hydrologist. Falkenmark is best known for her long-standing work and expertise on the sustainable use of water resources to meet human and ecosystem needs. Her work is characterized by an integration of both natural- and social-science approaches. She is particularly known for developing what is now known as the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator, an indicator used to measure and describe the water available for human use. She is the daughter of Halvar Sundberg.


History.

In an essay devoted to "Americanism", Agnes Repplier emphasized that, "Of all the countries in the world, we and we only have any need to create artificially the patriotism which is the birthright of other nations." Since the racial and ethnic demographic alterations of the American population caused by the 1965 Hart-Celler Act, "Americanism" has been rooted less in shared cultural experiences and more in shared political ideals.  The concept of "Americanism" has been around since the first European settlers moved to North America aspired by a vision of a shining "City on a hill". John Adams wrote that the new settlements in America were "the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence for the illumination of the ignorant, and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth". Such understanding of "Americanism" was common thinking throughout the New World after the American Revolutionary War with expectations that the newly independent nation would become more than what Thomas Paine called "an asylum for mankind". During the antebellum period, throughout the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, "Americanism" acquired a restrictive political meaning due to nativist moral panics after increased Irish and German immigration led to the growth of American Catholicism.  The years from the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II brought new meaning to the term "Americanism" to millions of immigrants coming from Europe and Asia. Those were times of great economic growth and industrialization, and thus brought forth the American scene consisting of "industrial democracy" and the thinking that the people are the government in America. Since then, the success of the American nation has brought tremendous power to the notion of "Americanism".  According to Wendy L. Wall in "Inventing the "American Way"", "Americanism" was presented by a national propaganda campaign to contrast with Communism and Fascism, during the Cold War. The benefits of "Americanism" were promoted through the ideals of freedom and democracy.  Some organizations have embraced "Americanism" but have taken its ideals further, i.e., the Ku Klux Klan believes that Americanism includes aspects of race (purity of white American) and of American Protestantism.  Professor of political science at Clemson University C. Bradley Thompson stated that,

Americanism is a set of the United States patriotic values aimed at creating a collective American identity, and can be defined as "an articulation of the nation's rightful place in the world, a set of traditions, a political language, and a cultural style imbued with political meaning". According to the American Legion, a U.S. veterans' organization, "Americanism" is an ideology, or belief in devotion, loyalty, or allegiance to the United States of America, or to its flag, traditions, customs, culture, symbols, institutions, or form of government. In the words of Theodore Roosevelt, "Americanism is a question of spirit, conviction, and purpose, not of creed or birthplace."