Early life.

Born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Grisham was raised in Bay Minette, Alabama, and attended Baldwin County High School for his freshman year, where he played on the school's soccer team as a forward. His family relocated several times after his freshman year, and Grisham graduated from Orange Park High School in Orange Park, Florida. Grisham attended Wingate University for one year on a soccer scholarship and later transferred to the University of West Georgia, where he received his degree in communications. His first professional job in the television industry was with KTVO of Ottumwa, Iowa, where he worked for a year and a half. He was then a sportscaster for KOLD-TV Tucson for approximately five years before signing a two-year contract with WWE as an announcer, officially joining them on January 14, 2004.

Professional wrestling career.

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE.

Voice of Heat, Byte This and Bottom Line (2004–2008).

Grisham debuted in WWE in 2004 as the voice of "Heat", doing play-by-play alongside Jonathan Coachman, Josh Mathews, and others for just over four years. He had co-hosted "Experience" with Ivory, but after her release from WWE, he hosted it alone until mid-2006, when Josh Mathews took over. Grisham also hosted WWE's premier web show, "Byte This!", which was canceled in 2006. In addition, he did backstage interviews for the Raw brand. In 2005 Grisham also began hosting Raw's catch-up program "Bottom Line" after Marc Loyd was released from the company, until September 2007.

ECW (2008–2009).

Grisham became the new play-by-play commentator for the ECW brand on the July 29, 2008 episode of "ECW on Syfy", replacing Mike Adamle, and was paired with Tazz, who was the color commentator until Matt Striker took over. Grisham and Striker won the 2008 Slammy Award for Announce Team of the Year.

SmackDown, NXT and departure (2009–2011).

On the April 7, 2009 episode of "ECW", Josh Mathews became the new play-by-play commentator for "ECW". Grisham was promoted to "Smackdown" play by play commentator, and debuted on April 10, 2009. On October 30, 2009, he was reunited with his ECW broadcasting partner Matt Striker, and on December 10, Grisham was replaced as SmackDown's play-by-play commentator by Josh Mathews; Grisham replaced Michael Cole on NXT as play-by-play commentator and joined with Mathews. After becoming the lead play-by-play announcer for NXT for five months, he left; Grisham's last WWE appearance was on the August 26, 2011, edition of Smackdown.

Sportscasting.

In 2007, Grisham was named the host for Fox Soccer Channel's Major League Soccer broadcasts, working alongside Christopher Sullivan for pre-game and post-game coverage of the network's Saturday night broadcasts until 2010, later picking up announcing duties for "WWE NXT".  On August 24, 2011, a day after serving as "NXT" play-by-play commentator for the final time, it was announced that Grisham would be joining ESPN.  On October 16, 2011, Grisham debuted as a co-anchor for ESPNEWS for the overnight hours of "Highlight Express", presenting live from 11p-2a ET and replayed until 7am ET. He was joined by Adnan Virk. He also did the morning sports updates for ABC's early morning program "America This Morning" and prepackaged reports for ABC O&O stations who do not have a morning sportscaster. He presented on ESPN again on October 18, co-presenting with Sara Walsh. He was named one of the official overnight anchors for ESPNEWS and alternated to present updates for the ABC stations and "America This Morning". On October 22, 2011, Grisham inadvertently caused some minor internet outrage when he referred to the loss suffered by Oklahoma at the hands of Texas Tech as the "Trail of Tears". Grisham apologized for the gaffe.  On November 10, 2011, Grisham replaced Jon Anik as the host of "MMA Live". On December 28, 2011, Todd made his "SportsCenter" debut, presenting "SportsCenter" from Bristol, Connecticut until 11:30pm, when ESPN's Los Angeles studios resume "SportsCenter".  Grisham left ESPN at the end of 2016.

Glory (2016-present).

Todd Grisham joined the Glory broadcast team as a backstage and post-fight interviewer at Glory 30. He became a play-by-play announcer for the organization at Superfight Series. He continued his role as play-by-play announcer for Superfight Series and the PPV.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2017-present).

On January 3, 2017, it was announced that Grisham has been hired by UFC to work on the studio desk and in the play-by-play role for fights. His first assignment as the UFC’s play-by-play commentator was. During the finale of on July 7, 2017, Grisham mispronounced Kazushi Sakuraba’s name, who was in attendance. Since then, Grisham has not covered a UFC Event again. Grisham will work exclusively on Fox Sports 1, where he will serve as a studio host.

Todd Grisham (born January 9, 1976) is an American sports reporter employed by the UFC and Glory kickboxing. Prior to his departure from ESPN at the end of 2016, his duties for the network included being the in-studio host for "Friday Night Fights" as well as a "SportsCenter" anchor.


Plot.

In the midst of the Bosnian War, Kosta (Emir Kusturica), a milkman and falconer, delivers milk from the farm run by Milena, a milkmaid who takes care of her grandmother, and the front where the soldiers are engaged in a never ending war. Milena wants a bride for her brother and, after hearing about a woman of renowned beauty who caught the eye of an English general who subsequently killed his wife to be with her, only to be rejected when the bride testified against him, Milena and her friends smuggle the bride (Monica Bellucci) out of the refugee camp where she is staying to live on the farm until Milena's brother, Zaga, returns.  However Kosta and the bride fall in love with one another. As peace in the war is declared, Kosta allows himself to be roped into a double wedding where he will marry Milena while Zaga marries the bride, but during the wedding festivities the bride takes Kosta aside and the two nearly kiss only to be caught by Milena.  Before the weddings can happen a spy informs the English where the bride is staying. The English arrive and destroy the entire village murdering Zaga and Milena. Kosta is saved when a snake he has been feeding milk attacks him on the road long enough to delay his arrival in the camp. Kosta manages to find the bride, who has escaped the carnage by hiding in a well. She and Kosta go on a run across the country pursued by three Englishmen.  The chase eventually leads Kosta and the bride into a minefield. The bride is accidentally killed when she trips the wire on one of the mines. Kosta wants to commit suicide and join her, but he is stopped by a shepherd who tells him to stay alive so that the memory of their love will live on with him.  Fifteen years later Kosta is living his life as a pious monk. He dreams of being reunited with the bride in the afterlife. In the meantime however he daily drags rocks to the site of her death, filling in the mine field with rocks.

Release.

The movie was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival.  Kusturica won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival twice for his "When Father Was Away on Business" and "Underground". He and producer Paula Vaccaro said they previewed "On the Milky Road" to Cannes organizer Thierry Frémaux and that there was interest in it debuting at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. However, Vaccaro said this was unfeasible as the film was still in the editing process in May 2016. In making these comments, Vaccaro and Kusturica denied earlier reports that Kusturica claimed to have been barred from Cannes for making favorable comments about Russian President Vladimir Putin.

On the Milky Road (; ) is a 2016 film directed by Emir Kusturica, based on his segment in the anthology film "Words with Gods". "On the Milky Road" stars Kusturica and Monica Bellucci. It is a three-part narrative following selected critical periods in the life of a man and his country, from a time war, to when he falls in love and ends as a hermit monk.


History.

At the time of the arrival of the Europeans to the region in the 1820s, the area was inhabited by the Shoshone and various related tribes. The lushness of the Teton Basin provided prime area for the fur trade, attracting many other tribes to region, including the Nez Perce, Flathead and the Gros Ventre. At the time, the basin was part of the disputed Oregon Country. The resulting friction between the trading groups led to recurring skirmishes in the basin. In 1832, a trade rendezvous gone awry resulted in the Battle of Pierre's Hole between the Gros Ventre and a party of American trappers, led by William Sublette and aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies. In the brief but bloody battle at least twenty-six Gros Ventres were killed, including women and children, and perhaps a dozen whites and Flatheads. Sublette received severe injuries and returned east to the United States for medical care.  The most famous modern incident along the river occurred on June 5, 1976 when the earthen Teton Dam in Teton Canyon collapsed, killing 11 people in the valley below. The force of water due to the dam failure destroyed the lower part of the Teton River, washing away riparian zones and reducing the canyon walls. This seriously damaged the stream ecology, and the native cutthroat trout population has been endangered. The force of the water and excessive sediment also damaged stream habitat in the Snake River and some tributaries.

Watershed.

The Teton River watershed drains, in Idaho and in Wyoming. The river mainstem is formed near Victor in Teton County, Idaho, near the Wyoming state line, by the confluence of Warm Creek (Trail Creek watershed) and Drake Creek. It is joined by several additional creeks that descend from surrounding Teton, Big Hole, and Snake River mountain ranges. The majority of flows to the Teton River come from tributaries draining the western flank of the Tetons, including Trail, Fox, Teton, and South Leigh creeks. Trail Creek descends along Highway 22 from the Caribou-Targhee National Forest in Idaho, meeting the other creeks from the south. The river flows north in a slow meandering course through a broad flat valley called the Teton Basin (formerly known as "Pierre's Hole"), flanked by the Teton Range to the east and the Big Hole Mountains to the west. Much of the river's upper course in the Teton Basin is surrounded by extensive wetlands.  After emerging from the north end of the Teton Basin, the Teton River enters the nearly inaccessible Teton Canyon, approximately long, along the Teton-Fremont county line. There it is joined by Badger Creek and Bitch Creek from the east, then turns almost 90 degrees west, and is joined by Canyon Creek from the south. After passing through the failed Teton Dam site, north and east of Newdale, the Teton River bifurcates into two distributaries some four miles downstream, just north of Teton, one called the South Fork Teton River (also called the South Teton River) and the other called North Fork Teton River (also known as the Teton River). The South Teton River travels generally southwest until it joins Henry's Fork west of Rexburg at the southwest end of a large inland delta region on the Henry's Fork, essentially merging with the delta from the east as one of its channels. The Teton River itself (North Fork Teton) continues to travel west, where it joins the Henrys Fork at Warm Slough near Rexburg, approximately seven miles upstream of the confluence with the Snake River.

Ecology.

The upper watershed between Victor and Driggs are key targets for restoration by the Friends of Teton River as they harbor the best spawning habitat for Yellowstone cutthroat trout ("Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri"). An Idaho Fish and Game study reported a 95% decline in Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) while non-native brook trout ("Salvenlinus fontinalis") and rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") populations increased by 300%. The Teton River is considered one of three remaining strongholds for YCT, which currently only survive in 27% of their former range in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Hybridization with nonnative rainbow trout has been the primary factor reducing YCT populations. Other factors include competition with nonnative brook trout and habitat degradation from water diversion, grazing, mining, timber harvest and development.

The Teton River is an tributary of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho in the United States. It drains through the Teton Valley along the west side of the Teton Range along the Idaho-Wyoming border at the eastern end of the Snake River Plain. Its location along the western flank of the Tetons provides the river with more rainfall than many other rivers of the region.


History.

Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) was founded in 1982 by Bill Biggerstaff and Robert Medearis over a poker game. Its first office opened in 1983 on North First Street in San Jose. The Palo Alto office opened in 1985. The bank’s main strategy was collecting deposits from businesses financed through venture capital. It then expanded into banking and financing venture capitalists themselves, and added services aimed at allowing the bank to keep clients as they matured from their startup phase. In 1986, SVB merged with National InterCity Bancorp and opened an office in Santa Clara. In 1988, the bank completed its IPO, raising $6 million. In 1990, the bank opened its first office on the East Coast, near Boston. The following year, the bank went international with the launch of the companies Pacific Rim and Trade Finance.  By the mid-1990s, the bank had provided early venture capital to Cisco Systems and Bay Networks.  In 1992, the bank was hit by the real estate burst (50% of the bank's assets) and recorded a $2.2 million yearly loss. In 1993, the bank's founding CEO, Roger V. Smith, was replaced by John C. Dean; Smith became Vice Chairman of the bank. Smith left in 1994 to launch the Smith Venture Group. In 1994, the bank launched its Premium Wine Practice activities. In 1995, the bank moved its headquarters from San Jose to Santa Clara. In 1997, SVB opned a branch in Atlanta. In 1999, the company was reincorporated in Delaware. Form March 1999 to March 2000, SVB's stock value soared from $20 to $70.  In 2000, SVB opened a branch in Florida. In 2001, SVB Securities acquired the Palo Alto investment banking firm Alliant Partners for $100 million. Following the crash of the dot-com bubble, the bank's stock dropped 50%. In 2002, the bank began expanding its private banking business, which up to that point had been done primarily as a favor to wealthy venture capitalists and entrepreneurs.  In 2004, the bank opened international subsidiaries in Bangalore, India, and London. In 2005 it opened offices in Beijing and Israel. In 2006, the bank began operations in the UK and opened its first branch there in 2012. In 2006, the bank also ceased its investment banking activities, launched after the 2001 dotcom crash.  In December 2008, SVB Financial received a $235 million investment from the U.S. Treasury through the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The U.S. Treasury received $10 million in dividends from Silicon Valley bank and, in December 2009, the bank repurchased the outstanding stock and warrants held by the government, funding this through a stock sale of $300 million.  In April 2011, Ken Wilcox, who had been CEO since 2000, left the CEO position, while remaining Chairman of the Board; he was replaced by Greg Becker.  In November 2012, the bank announced a 50-50 joint venture with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (SPDB) to provide capital to start-up technology entrepreneurs. In July 2015, the joint venture was granted approval by the China Bank Regulatory Commission (CBRC) to operate in renminbi (RMB), the official currency of the People’s Republic of China. This license allows the joint venture to provide banking products and services to its clients in local Chinese currency. According to the bank itself, in 2015 SVB was catering banking and financial services to 65% of all startups.  In March 2017, Michael R. Descheneaux was named president of the company.

Operations.

The company focuses on lending to technology companies, providing multiple services to venture capital, revenue-based financing and private equity firms that invest in technology and biotechnology, and also on private banking services for high-net-worth individuals, in its home market in Silicon Valley. In addition to taking deposits and making loans, the bank operates venture capital and private equity divisions that sometimes invest in the firm's commercial banking clients.  The bank is the largest bank in Silicon Valley in terms of deposits, with a 25.9% market share as of June 30, 2016.  The bank operates from 29 offices in the United States and has banking operations in:  In addition, SVB Global Services India LLP is a non-banking subsidiary of SVB Financial Group in Bangalore, India providing IT and back office support.

Silicon Valley Bank, a subsidiary of SVB Financial Group, is a U.S.-based high-tech commercial bank. The bank has helped fund more than 30,000 start-ups. SVB is on the list of largest banks in the United States.


Background and release.

Kollegah and Farid Bang first worked together on "Jung, brutal, gutaussehend" (2009). Their second collaborative album "Jung, brutal, gutaussehend 2" (2013) became an immediate success and debuted on number one of the German, Austrian and Swiss Albumcharts. The album became their first to be gold-certified by the BVMI. Both ventured back to solo releases between 2014 and 2018 and each released three studio albums. "JBG 3" was first confirmed by Farid Bang on the single "Blut" of his seventh album "Blut" (2016). In August 2016, Farid Bang announced on Facebook that the album would be released in 2017. In September 2017 they confirmed that the album would be released on 1 December. The album's production began in December 2016 and was completed on 19 October 2017. "JBG 3" was released by Alpha Music Empire, Banger Musik and distributed by BMG, Kollegah's and Farid Bang's respective record labels. On 7 September 2017, the limited box-set was made available to pre-order on Amazon and other retailers for €49,99. Internationally the album was released on 1 December 2017, on all major streaming platforms and physically in German-speaking Europe. Kollegah and Farid Bang promoted "Jung Brutal Gutaussehend 3" with a 15-date tour through Germany, Austria and Switzerland, which began on 5 January and concluded on 24 January 2018.

Composition.

"JBG 3" is a gangsta rap, hip-hop album; it opens with "Sturmmaske auf (Intro)", which is a battle rap song. The second track "Ave Maria" an "aggressive" song, in which Kollegah and Farid Bang diss rappers from ersguterjunge. Kollegah and Farid Bang use in "Gamechanger", "fast-pace double-time" and diss the KMN-Gang. It is followed by "Rap wieder Rap", produced by Gee Futuristic and a fan favourite, whose lyrics talk about bringing rap music back to the roots.

Commercial performance.

Germany.

The record was certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) eight days before its initial release, becoming the fastest album to be certified in Germany. The album debuted on number one of the German album charts on 8 December 2017, becoming Kollegahs fifth and Farid Bangs fourth consecutive album to reach the pole position. The album also achieved the biggest first week sales in hip-hop in two years. All seventeen tracks of the album reached the top fifty of the singlecharts, with eight reaching the top twenty and three the Top 10. The record stayed in the top ten for five weeks and left the charts after thirty-three non-consecutive weeks on 17 August 2018. "JBG 3" was certified platinum by the BVMI in April 2018, becoming Kollegahs second and Farid Bangs first platinum record. The album debuted at number one on the Top-20 Hiphop charts and stayed on top for three weeks. It spent nineteen weeks in the Top-5 and left the charts after thirty-six consecutive weeks.

Austria and Switzerland.

"JBG 3" received similar success in Austria and Switzerland, where it also debuted on the pole positions. All of the album tracks entered the charts in Austria and two in Switzerland. The album was certified gold by IFPI Austria on 12 December 2017 for shipments of 7,500 copies.

Singles.

To support "Jung, brutal, gutaussehend 3", five singles were released. The first of which, "Sturmmaske auf (Intro)" was released on September 28, 2017, and became an immediate success for them. The single became their first song to debuted on number one of the German single charts, six in Austria and 15 in Switzeland. Both "Gamechanger" and "Ave Maria" reached the Top 10 in Germany, Top 20 in Austria and Top 25 in Switzerland. On December 22, 2017, "Die JBG3 Weihnachtsgeschichte", was released, but couldn't enter the charts. "One Night Stand", released on December 29, 2017 peaked at number 51 on the German single chart.

Critical reception.

Music critics.

Music critics gave moderate to negative reviews of "Jung Brutal Gutaussehend 3" upon its release. Max Brandl from "laut.de" gave the album three out of five stars. He criticized the songs "Frontload", "Massephase" and "Warlordz" for their "bumpy Kindergarten production". He also said that "JBG 3" is "olympic powerlifting with insults". "Rappers.in" gave the album 2.5 stars and said that the album "sounded like trash", with "superficial disses". "Noiseys", Juri Sternburg accuses them of "bad racism" under the cover of "artistic freedom". He also said that "JBG 3 is shallow and silly". Tristan Heming described the lyrics of the album as disgusting: "Rape, rascism, hitler and stalin name-dropping and holocaust references. All of this is actually so disgusting in its mass that one could puke."

Echo controversy.

As the Echo Music Prize is determined by the previous year's sales, "Jung Brutal Gutaussehend 3" was nominated in the categories best hip hop/urban album and album of the year. German tabloid paper "Bild" accused Farid Bang and Kollegah of antisemtic lyrics on their song "0815", which was included on the bonus EP "§185". They referred to their muscles being more defined than those of Auschwitz inmates.  Campino, singer of the German rock band Die Toten Hosen, was the first to criticize the committee's decision during the ceremony. His remarks received a standing ovation from the audience. Several artists later returned their Echo awards in protest, such as Marius Müller-Westernhagen, who returned all of his seven Echo awards received over the years. Other artists returning their awards were German conductors Christian Thielemann and Enoch zu Guttenberg, Russian-German pianist Igor Levit, record producer Klaus Voormann and the Notos Quartett.  However, criticism did not only come from artists and the German press. Several businesses joined in, with Tom Enders, CEO of Airbus, being one of the most recent high-profile commentators, saying that this would hurt "Germany's international reputation". He also asked if "antisemitism [was] becoming acceptable in Germany" again. As a consequence the Echo award was discontinued after the controversy.  Kollegah and Farid Bang were sued for Volksverhetzung (incitement to hatred) on 24 April 2018. On June 16, 2018 the investigation was suspended by the state's attorney in Düsseldorf. Kollegah apologized for the lyrics, following a visit to Auschwitz II–Birkenau in June 2018. In an interview with German newspaper "Stern", Kollegah said "when you see for yourself how people were systematically killed, you'll never forget that. You become more careful and respectful." The continued with, "the Holocaust doesn't fit into hip hop."

Indexing.

The record was put on the index by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons in Germany. The songs "Gamechanger", "Wenn der Gegner am Boden" on "JBG 3" and "0815" and "Ghettosuperstars 2" on the "§185" EP became part of the decisive dicission. The songs have a "discriminatory effect against woman". "JBG" and "JBG 2" have been indexed in 2012 and 2014.

Personnel.

Credits for "Jung Brutal Gutaussehend 3" adapted from the booklet. Technical  Design

Jung Brutal Gutaussehend 3 (also stylized as Jung, brutal, gutaussehend 3) (; abbreviated as JBG 3) is the third collaborative studio album by German rappers Kollegah and Farid Bang, released on 1 December 2017, by Alpha Music Empire, Banger Musik and BMG. Before the album, Kollegah and Farid Bang collaborated on "Jung, brutal, gutaussehend" in 2009 and "Jung, brutal, gutaussehend 2" in 2013.


Geology.

Inishglora is geologically similar to the neighbouring Inishkea Islands, and is composed of gneiss and schist, similar to the rest of Erris. The island is mainly covered with machair and white sand. The Inishkeas and Inishglora differ markedly geologically from Duvillaun which lies a short distance to their south. From the mainland, the first two islands shine white and green in the sunlight while Duvillaun (and its satellite islands) lives up to its name and appears a much duller colour with dark cliffs because it has the same geology as Achill, many miles to its south.

History.

Inishglora is probably the best known of the islands off Erris as it is considered to be the holiest of all the islands. It lies north of the islands of Duvillaun and the two islands of the Inishkeas. There are several archaeological remains on the island. The ruins of Saint Brendan's Church indicate that the original building was similar in style of Gallarus Oratory in County Kerry. There are the remains of two other churches also - Teampall na bhFear (Men's Church) and Teampall na mBan (Women's Church). The women's church may have been an early nunnery. Both are now ruins but date back just a few centuries and are more modern than Saint Brendan's Church. There are the remains of three beehive huts, the largest of which is known as Saint Brendan's cell. There are many superstitions about the religious relics on Inishglora. There is a well, known as Saint Brendan's Well. The superstition says that if a woman were to take water from it, the water would turn to blood and become full of worms. However, these rumours may have been invented to ensure that nuns and monks would not use the well as an illicit meeting place. Inishglora also has several early cross slabs and pillars.

Legend and writings.

Legend relates that the Children of Lir flew to Inishglora at the end of their 900-year banishment to remote spots across Ireland. The children had been turned into swans by their jealous stepmother because their father loved them too much, in her eyes. On Inishglora, they were baptised by Saint Brendan the Navigator, and regained their former human shapes but, because they were now 900 years of age, they immediately crumbled into dust. They were then reputedly buried on the island.  Geraldus Cambrensis writing in 1186AD in Topographia Hibernica said of Inishglora:-  The Book of Ballymote notes that bodies on Inishglora do not corrupt, and this poem by Roderic O'Flaherty Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh used Ogygia as a synonym for Ireland in 'Ogygia: Seu Rerum Hibernicarum Chronologia' ("Ogygia: A Chronological Account of Irish Events"), 1685 seems to be of the same opinion.  There are no 'uncorrupted' bodies on Inishglora now however, and many bones have been found buried around the island. It is a local belief that after the religious communities left the island, things returned to normal.  Giraldus Cambrensis also wrote of Inishglora Island:

Inishglora () is an island off the coast of the Mullet Peninsula in Erris, County Mayo in Ireland. It has some small neighbouring islands, known as Inishkeeragh. The island has been uninhabited since the early 20th century, but there are several ecclesiastical ruins on the island.


Demographics.

According to Ottoman statistics, the village had 449 inhabitants in 1895. The village had 1,015 inhabitants in 1993, all ethnically Greeks. The village today has a permanent population of roughly 500 inhabitants, notably due to migration to Greece or other countries. Despite this, the population doubles in Easter, Summer and Christmas, as most people return to their village to celebrate or have holidays with their families.

Location.

The village Jorgucat is one of the main settlements in the southern part of Dropull valley. It's located between the villages of Zervat to the south and Grapsh to the north. Jorgucat is situated at a cross-road which joins Ioannina, Gjirokastër and Sarandë.

Name.

The village received its name Jorgucat (Georgoutsates) as the result of the conversion of a surname to a toponym. In particurlar the name Georgoutsates applies to the descendants of a certain Georgoutsos.

History.

According to a local tradition Jorgucat was once called Gonates, a village mentioned in the "Chronicle of Gjirokastër" during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komnenos (11th century). However, this theory remains disputed. Other accounts claim that the foundation of the settlement dates back to the first years of Ottoman rule (15th century). The village under its current name is recorded in an Ottoman document of 1520. That year it consisted of 62 households.  Jorgucat suffered dramatic population decline from the 17th to the first half of the 19th century.

Monastery of Prophet Elias.

The Monastery of the Prophet Elias next to the village is situated on a natural elevation in the mountain range of Mali i Gjerë named Hilomodhi, on the Marantoraq peak. According to a local tradition the monastery was founded in the 12th century, supposedly built by giants. Documentary and architectural evidence, however, supports that the year of its foundation was 1545. The monastery was repaired and enlarged several times between the 17th and 19th centuries. In the 20th century it was closed down by the authorities of the Albanian state.

Jorgucat (; romanized: "Georgoutsáti/Georgoutsátes") is a village in Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality of Dropull. It is inhabited solely by Greeks.


Biography.

Pratt was born in Toronto, Ontario on March 18, 1921, the only daughter of Viola Whitney, an editor of the magazine "World Friends", and poet E. J. Pratt.  Pratt contracted polio at the age of 4 and later developed osteomyelitis, an inflammatory disease of the bone. This affected her for most of her life.  She received degrees in English and Philosophy from Victoria College, University of Toronto, with a gold medal. She then studied international relations at Columbia University, and art at the Boston Museum of Fine Art among other schools. She went on to become an editor for Macmillan Canada, the University of Toronto Press, and Harvard University Press, and senior editor at McClelland & Stewart from 1956-1965. She retired due to her health issues in 1964, although continued to freelance for various publishing houses. She continued her art studies in Toronto and Massachusetts. She published "Silent Ancestors" in 1971. This genealogical essay is a tribute to the descendants of the Pratt family, originally from Yorkshire, who settled in Newfoundland.  Pratt's art consisted largely of woodcuts, and there were exhibitions of her graphic art across North America and in Europe. Her interest in Japanese graphics stimulated an interest in haiku. Her work in this style was widely published, often with her own illustrations. Her work was also inspired by her father's poetry, and she use excerpts from his poems in many of her Christmas cards. She also explored the themes and imagery of E. J. Pratt's work in various works.

Mildred Claire Pratt (18 March 1921 – 5 April 1995) was a Canadian artist, poet and editor who published as Claire Pratt.


Background.

For several decades the Catholic Church has increased the use of the vernacular in place of Latin in its liturgies. The Sacred Congregation of Rites, predecessor of the CDW, granted permission for the use of local languages in several countries with expanding missionary activity, including Mandarin Chinese in Mass except for the Canon in 1949 and Hindi in India in 1950. For rituals other than Mass, it gave permission for the use of a French translation in 1948 and a German one in 1951.  The Second Vatican Council's "Sacrosanctum Concilium", issued by Pope Paul VI on 4 December 1963, discussed the use of the vernacular in the context of the need to enhance lay participation in liturgies. It suggested an increased use of the "mother tongue" of the congregation and instructed local groups of bishops to consider the role of the vernacular. It "opened up the "possibility" of linguistic change but did not make it mandatory".  As local groups of bishops and Vatican authorities disputed the quality and nature of translations, the CDW's instruction "Liturgiam Authenticam", issued on 28 March 2001 with the approval of Pope John Paul II, ruled that texts "insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." One side in the ongoing debate promoted the philosophy of translation called dynamic equivalence, roughly "sense-for-sense" translation, rather than the more literal word-for-word translation that John Paul said was required.  In the 21st century, Catholic bishops in Germany decided not to work with a commission Pope Benedict XVI erected to guide their translation efforts and then found their own translations rejected by the CDW. French, Italian and Spanish translations were rejected as well. The CDW also dictated much of the work and staffing of the multi-national board, the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL), created to produce English translations, which have met with criticism. The bishops of Japan contested the Vatican's right to judge the quality of a translation into Japanese, questioning both the quality of the review and the subsidiary position in which the CDW's review placed them.  In December 2016, Pope Francis formed a commission to review the implementation of "Liturgiam Authenticam". Headed by Archbishop Arthur Roche, Secretary of the CDW, its membership included bishops from all continents. On 24 August 2017, addressing a conference of Italian liturgists, Francis spoke of the liturgical development since the Second Vatican Council and said: "after this long journey, we can affirm with certainty and magisterial authority that the liturgical reform is irreversible".

Text.

Francis said he had received the commission's report and considered its recommendations. He outlined the mission of the translation effort:  While acknowledging the role Latin continues to play in Catholic liturgy, he expressed confidence that translations could achieve a similar status, that over time "vernacular languages themselves... would be able to become liturgical languages, standing out in a not dissimilar way to liturgical Latin for their elegance of style and the profundity of their concepts..."  Where the Council fathers spoke of the participation of the laity, Francis wrote of "their right to a conscious and active participation in liturgical celebration".  He recognized the role of the CDW and said that to promote "vigilant and creative collaboration full of reciprocal trust" between the CDW and conferences of bishops he thought "some principles handed on since the time of the [Second Vatican] Council should be more clearly reaffirmed and put into practice".  Archbishop Roche explained that "The object of the changes is to define better the roles of the Apostolic See and the Conferences of Bishops in respect to their proper competencies which are different yet remain complementary."  "Magnum principium" modified two clauses in canon 838 of the Code of Canon Law. Before its modifications the passage at issue read:  The revised text read:(highlighting in original) The role of the CDW is to review translations rather than authorize them. A note accompanying the release of "Magnum principium" authored by Archbishop Roche, explained that the CDW was tasked with confirming a translation, that the process "leaves responsibility for the translation, presumed to be faithful, to... the bishops' conference", and "presupposes a positive evaluation of the faithfulness and congruence of the produced texts with respect to the Latin text". The CDW's role is to ratify the bishop's approval, not to review the translation itself. The CDW still has a role in reviewing "adaptations", that is, additions to liturgical texts, rather than translations per se. The term "adaptations", as used by liturgists, refers to modifications introduced into a liturgy to incorporate or reflect local culture, which can include practices, movement, costume, and music as well as text. The more common term for this undertaking is "inculturation".

Reactions.

In "The Tablet", Christopher Lamb wrote that "This throws open the possibility that the 2011 English Roman Missal–which became mired in disagreement with claims that the Vatican had overly controlled the process–could be changed. The onus will now be on local bishops to take the initiative." In "America", liturgist John F. Baldovin wrote: "those conferences which have been experiencing tension with the Vatican over revised translations, like the French-speaking and German-speaking, now have much more breathing room in deciding what is best for translating liturgical texts".  Cardinal Blaise Cupich thought Francis was "reconnecting the church with the Second Vatican Council" by "giving in this document an authoritative interpretation of the council as it relates to the responsibilities of bishops for the liturgical life of the church". Veteran Vatican journalist John Travis wrote that "Magnus principium" "underscored just how irrelevant the major Roman Curia departments have become under Pope Francis", since this involved an extra-curial commission and showed little evidence of input from the CDW. He anticipated "a new round of criticism by conservative Catholics who fear that Francis is slowly undoing the legacy of his two predecessors".  Cardinal Reinhard Marx of Munich-Freising said that German bishops felt "great relief" and the Episcopal Conference of Germany thanked Francis for underlining the "genuine doctrinal authority” of episcopal conferences.

Pope Francis issued the document Magnum principium ("The Great Principle") dated 3 September 2017 on his own authority. It modified the 1983 Code of Canon Law to shift responsibility and authority for translations of liturgical texts into modern languages to national and regional conferences of bishops and restrict the role of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (CDW). It was made public on 9 September and its effective date is 1 October.


Personal life.

Carey currently lives in Phoenix, Arizona with her parents and three siblings. Carey began taking gymnastics classes in 2001. She attended Mountain Ridge High School in Glendale, Arizona, graduating in 2018. She is coached by her father, Brian Carey.

Career.

Level 10.

In 2016, Carey competed at the Junior Olympics Nationals where she successfully completed a tucked Kasamatsu full on vault, after which it was named "The Carey" in the J.O. code of points.

Senior elite.

2017.

Carey began 2017 as a Level 10 gymnast, which is below elite level in USA Gymnastics. In mid 2017, she was invited to The Ranch by national team coordinator Valeri Liukin, where she qualified for elite status.  Carey made her elite debut at the American Classic at Karolyi Ranch on July 7, 2017. She only competed on vault, floor, and balance beam but placed first on each of those events. Later that month, she competed at the 2017 U.S. Classic and once again only competed on vault, floor, and balance beam. She placed first on vault, where she competed an Amanar and a double-twisting Tsukahara, first on floor, including both a full-twisting double layout (Chusovitina) and double-twisting double tuck (Silivas) in her routine, and fourth on balance beam. In August, Carey participated in the 2017 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships where she won gold on vault and silver on floor exercise, behind Ragan Smith. She was named to the national team for the first time.  In September, Carey was selected to represent the United States at the 2017 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships in Montreal alongside Ragan Smith, Morgan Hurd, and Ashton Locklear. On the first day of competition, Carey competed only on floor and vault. With clean performances on both, she qualified in third place for the floor exercise final (14.100), behind Smith and Mai Murakami of Japan, and second in the vault final, behind reigning world champion Maria Paseka of Russia.  During event finals, Carey won the silver medal on both vault and floor exercise, once again finishing behind Paseka and Murakami respectively.

2018.

Carey competed at the American Classic in early July in Salt Lake City, Utah. She competed her first elite uneven bars routine in addition to her routine on balance beam and placed 10th on each apparatus. On July 28, Carey made her elite all-around debut at the 2018 U.S. Classic. She placed first on vault, where she debuted a Lopez as her new second vault, and second on floor behind Simone Biles, where she debuted a Moors (double-twisting double layout) as her opening pass. However, she only placed 10th all-around due to a fall on uneven bars and a major error on her beam dismount.  In August Carey competed at the National Championships where she placed sixth in the all-around, earning an automatic national team spot. She also finished third on vault behind Biles and Jordan Chiles, second on floor exercise behind Biles, 15th on uneven bars, and 9th on balance beam. On August 20 Carey was named to the team to compete at the Pan American Championships alongside Grace McCallum, Trinity Thomas, Kara Eaker, and Shilese Jones. There she won gold in the team finals and on vault and floor exercise.  In October, the nominative team roster for the 2018 World Championships in Doha, Qatar was posted. Carey was noticeably absent despite her strong performances at the previous two competitions. USAG later revealed that Carey had declined her invitation to the Worlds qualification camp and was going to pursue qualifying for the 2020 Olympics "as an individual through the apparatus World Cup series, which precludes her competing on the 2018 World Team". As the American team later won the gold medal at the championships and thus qualified to the Olympics, she would have been ineligible to qualify a nominative spot on the World Cup series had she competed in Doha.  In November, USAG announced that Carey would be competing at the Cottbus World Cup. She qualified second to the vault final behind Rebeca Andrade of Brazil and first to the floor exercise final. During event finals Carey won silver on vault, once again behind Andrade, and fifth on floor exercise after stepping out of bounds three times.

2019.

In February, USA Gymnastics announced that Carey would compete at the Baku and Doha World Cups in March. In Baku, Carey qualified in first place to the vault final after upgrading her López (start value 5.2) to a Cheng (start value 6.0) and qualified second to the floor exercise final behind Lara Mori of Italy after going out of bounds and performing a watered down routine. She received the AGF Trophy for having the highest combined execution score in the qualification round. Carey won the gold medal in the vault final and was the only gymnast to earn execution scores above nine on both of her vaults. The following day, she competed in the floor exercise final with higher difficulty and won the gold medal ahead of Mori and three-time Olympian Vanessa Ferrari. At the Doha World Cup, Carey qualified to the vault final in second place behind Maria Paseka and first to the floor exercise final, 0.8 points ahead of second place Marine Boyer of France and Kim Bui of Germany. In the vault final, Carey won the gold medal, defeating Paseka by 0.117 points. Once again she was the only competitor to earn an execution score above 9 on both of her vaults. In the floor exercise final, Carey once again won the gold medal ahead of Mori and Ferrari, defeating them by more than one point.  At the 2019 GK US Classic in July, Carey placed tenth in the all-around. She won the gold medal on vault ahead of Aleah Finnegan and Shilese Jones and she tied with Grace McCallum for the silver medal on floor exercise behind Simone Biles. She placed fifteenth on uneven bars and tied for seventeenth on balance beam with Alexis Jeffrey.  At the 2019 U.S. National Championships Carey competed on all four events and ended the first day of competition in third in the all-around behind Biles and Sunisa Lee. On the second day of competition she fell off the uneven bars and finished seventh in the all-around but won silver on vault and floor exercise, finishing behind Biles on both. As a result she was added to the national team for the third time.  In September Carey competed at the US World Championships trials where she placed fifth in the all-around behind Simone Biles, Sunisa Lee, Kara Eaker, and MyKayla Skinner. The following day she was named to the team to compete at the 2019 World Championships in Stuttgart alongside Biles, Lee, Eaker, Skinner, and Grace McCallum.  During qualifications she helped the USA qualify to the team final in first place over five points ahead of second place China. Individually she qualified to the vault final in first place ahead of Biles and recorded the second highest floor exercise score, behind Biles and tied with Lee. However, due to Lee receiving a higher execution score, Carey did not qualify to the floor exercise final due to the rule limiting individual finals to two competitors per country. In the team final, Carey competed on vault and floor exercise, receiving the second highest scores of the day on each, behind Biles, and helping the USA win the gold medal ahead of Russia and Italy. During the vault final Carey performed a Cheng and an Amanar, taking a step out of bounds on the latter, earning an average score of 14.883 and winning the silver medal behind Biles and ahead of Ellie Downie of Great Britain.  In November Carey traveled to Zürich, Switzerland to compete at the Swiss Cup, a unique team competition that featured one female gymnast and one male gymnast from the same country going head-to-head with other teams. She was partnered with Allan Bower. Together they finished in first place, beating the Ukrainian team of Diana Varinska and Oleg Verniaiev.

2020.

In late January Carey was listed on a nominative roster that was released for the Melbourne World Cup, scheduled to take place on February 20. She qualified in first place to both the vault and floor exercise event finals, 0.833 points ahead of Shoko Miyata and 0.633 points ahead of Vanessa Ferrari respectively. During the vault final she competed the Cheng and double twisting Yurchenko and won gold ahead of Coline Devillard of France. The following day she won gold on floor exercise as well, once again finishing ahead of Ferrari.

Collegiate.

Carey verbally committed to compete in NCAA gymnastics at Oregon State University, starting in the 2018-19 school year. She officially signed with the Oregon State Beavers on November 9, 2017. She deferred enrollment until after the 2020 Olympics, starting in the 2020–21 school year.

Selected Competitive Skills.

Carey is the sole gymnast to have competed at least three H-level skills in the 2017-2020 Code of Points in the same routine, having first accomplished this feat at the 2018 National Championships.

Jade Ashtyn Carey (born May 27, 2000) is an American artistic gymnast. She is best known for her powerful and high-difficulty exercises on vault and floor exercise. On vault, she is the 2017 and 2019 World silver medalist, the 2018 Pan American champion, and the 2017 United States national champion. On floor exercise, she is the 2017 World silver medalist and the 2018 Pan American champion. She was a member of the teams that won gold at the 2019 World Championships and the 2018 Pan American Championships and is a three-time member of the United States women's national gymnastics team (2017–Present).


Music.

The series is particularly notable for its employment of pop music in the course of the narrative - although the originals are played, they are sung along with and accompanied by slightly surreal dance routines acted out by the characters. This latter device is strongly reminiscent of the style of television playwright Dennis Potter, who used it in several of his famous productions such as "Pennies from Heaven" and "The Singing Detective".  A soundtrack was also released to accompany the series, in which a six-page booklet explained why each song used was included in the series.

Reception.

Critical reception to the series was mixed. Viewing figures averaged between four and five million per episode. In 2005, the series was nominated in the Best Drama Serial category at the British Academy Television Awards, eventually losing out to Channel 4's "Sex Traffic". It did, however, win the "Best Miniseries" and Grand Prize accolades at Canada's Banff Television Festival.  In December 2005, it was announced that it had been nominated, under its American title, "Viva Blackpool", in the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film category at the 2006 Golden Globe Awards.

Distribution.

The series was sold to several countries, broadcasting on Television New Zealand's TV One, BBC America in the United States, BBC Canada and TVOntario in Canada, ABC in Australia, Canvas in Belgium, YLE in Finland and VPRO in the Netherlands. The series was also on DVD in the UK, Australia and the Netherlands.  In October 2007, American network CBS aired a series based on the same premise called "Viva Laughlin", adapted by Bob Lowry and the creator of Blackpool, Peter Bowker, coproduced by BBC Worldwide, CBS Paramount Network Television, Sony Pictures Television, and Seed Productions; however, the series was cancelled after two episodes due to low ratings.

Blackpool is a British television musical drama serial, produced in-house by the BBC, that first broadcast on BBC One on 11 November 2004. Starring David Morrissey, Sarah Parish and David Tennant, the serial was written by Peter Bowker, who had previously written for BBC One's modern adaptation of "The Canterbury Tales" and BBC Two's "Flesh and Blood", and directed by Coky Giedroyc and Julie Anne Robinson. The series was filmed on location in Brentford and Blackpool itself, and broadcast across six weeks at 9:00 pm on Thursdays, until 16 December 2004.


Biography.

Cable received an Associate diploma (ATCM) from The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto in conducting and bandmastership 1939. He is also a recipient of an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts (DFA) degree from the University of Lethbridge in 2002. Cable studied piano, clarinet, and oboe, and played in the Parkdale Collegiate Institute orchestra under Leslie Bell. While leading a dance band, the Cavaliers, 1935-41 in Toronto and at southern Ontario summer resorts, he studied at the Toronto Conservatory of Music with Sir Ernest MacMillan, Ettore Mazzoleni, and Healey Willan. He also studied with John Weinzweig in 1945.  Cable composed and arranged the original theme for the "Hockey Night in Canada" television broadcast, "The Saturday Game", which opened the broadcast from 1952 until 1968. His arrangement for solo piano of Dolores Claman's "The Hockey Theme" that was the show's theme from 1968 until the mid-2000s is one of the best selling pieces of sheet music in Canada. (Jerry Toth arranged the broadcast version of "The Hockey Theme".)  Cable was conductor for the early CBC TV variety programs General Electric Showtime and Mr. Show Business. In addition he conducted and arranged music for various CBC radio and TV programs in the 1960s. From 1971 to 1985 he was host of the program Howard Cable Presents heard on St. Catharines radio station "CHRE-fm", and for most of the years it was the station's highest rated program.  It was Howard Cable's longtime relationship with Canadian Brass that put him on the international stage through numerous recordings and radio appearances.  In 1999, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada in recognition of his "legendary contribution to the Canadian music industry".

Howard Reid Cable (December 15, 1920March 30, 2016) was a conductor, arranger, music director, composer, and radio and television producer. He was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


Early life.

Ulla E. Dydo was born Ursula Elisabeth Eder in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1925. Her parents were Jeanne Eder-Schwyzer (1894–1957) and Dr. Robert Eder (1885–1944).  After studying at University of Zurich and University College, London, Dydo moved to the United States. She received an MA from Bryn Mawr College in 1948 and a PhD from University of Wisconsin–Madison, in 1955, with a dissertation on "The Poetry of Allen Tate."

Career.

She was a professor of English at Brooklyn College from 1958 to 1966, and then lived in Lagos, Nigeria, until 1969, doing work for the Nigerian National Museum and studying Hausa poetry. Starting in 1970 she was a professor of English at Bronx Community College.  Fluent in German, Italian, and French, Dydo was editor of "Odyssey Review: A Quarterly of Modern Latin American & European Literature in English Translation" from 1961 to 1963.  By the 1970s, Dydo turned to Gertrude Stein, whose work would be at the center of her research and writing for the rest of her life. She worked closely with Leon Katz, Bill Rice and Edward Burns. With Burns, she edited "The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder" (1996). In 1993 she published "A Stein Reader", notable both for the selections and the illuminating headnotes. Because of Dydo's extensive research on the Stein papers at the Beinecke Library (Yale University), she was able to provide detailed textual scholarship about individual Stein works, such as had not been previously available. The years of study culminated in Dydo's major work, "Gertrude Stein: The Language that Rises 1923–1934", published in 2003.  Her later work turned to the poetry of Cecil Taylor.  She died in New York in 2017, at age 92.

Personal life.

She married the economist John Stephen Dydo (1922–2004) in 1963 and had a son in 1967. She later married the new music pianist Nurit Tilles.  Dydo frequently attended downtown poetry readings, dance, theater, and music events, and she was a generous supporter of related arts organizations.

Ulla E. Dydo (February 4, 1925 – September 10, 2017) was a writer, editor and noted Gertrude Stein scholar. She was Professor Emerita at the City University of New York and author of "Gertrude Stein: The Language That Rises, 1923–1934".


Design and development.

The first example, the C.8R (known to Avro as the Type 587) was a rebuild of the C.6D, fitted with stub wings and paddle-shaped main rotor blades. This was followed by the new-built C.8V (or Type 586) that was eventually converted back into an Avro 552 after testing. The next model was the definitive C.8L prototype (or Type 575). The Mark II was based on the Lynx-engined Avro 504N 2-seat trainer.  By now, Cierva's efforts were attracting the attention of buyers. The first customer was the British Air Ministry, which placed an order for a machine in 1927. This was completed as the Type 611, test flown by Bert Hinkler at Hamble and then delivered to the Royal Aircraft Establishment by Cierva himself in Britain's first cross-country rotorcraft flight on 30 September that year. The next example was purchased by Air Commodore James G. Weir, chairman of Cierva, and flown in the 1928 King's Cup Air Race before being used to make demonstration flights around continental Europe.  The two final C.8s were sold in 1928, one to the Italian government, and one to American Harold Pitcairn, who would go on to purchase manufacturing rights for the United States. The C.8W bought by Pitcairn would make the first autogyro flight in the United States at Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, on 18 December 1928. The C.8W is the oldest autogyro in the United States.  As of 2007, two examples are extant: Weir's machine preserved at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris, and Pitcairn's at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

The Cierva C.8 was an experimental autogyro built by Juan de la Cierva in England in 1926 in association with Avro. Like Cierva's earlier autogyros, the C.8s were based on existing fixed-wing aircraft fuselages – in this case, the Avro 552.


History.

The Title was established on March 5, 1973 by the late Pope Paul VI.

Exterior.

The church was designed by Tullio Rossi in a somewhat modernized neo-Romanesque style, and completed in 1962. There is a nave with aisles, a semi-circular apse and a campanile at the end of the left-hand aisle. The fabric is in puce brick, with little decoration.  The façade is two-storey, with the lower storey to aisle roof level being a simple rectangular form which encloses a smaller rectangle brought forward and containing the nave and aisle doorways. The nave door is inset, and above it is a mosaic by Giuseppe Stracota depicting "Pope Pius V and St George with the Madonna and Child", and a background showing the Battle of Lepanto (at which the navy of the Ottoman Turks was defeated during his pontificate). The first story of the façade, and the body of the nave above the aisles, is divided into panels by relief pilasters in brick without capitals. On the façade there are six pilasters, ending in a wide blank stone architrave above which is the triangular pediment. In the centre is a vertical rectangular window formed of six squares divided by stone mullions, and below this are a coat of arms. The body of the nave has six windows of identical form on each side, in three pairs. The campanile is an unadorned brick tower on a square plan, with rectangular bell openings.

Interior.

The interior has aisle arcades formed by square red marble pillars without capitals. The lower apse is panelled in the same red marble, and has an icon of Pope Pius V. The upper walls are in white with outline rectangular panels in gilt. There are some notable devotional artworks: the crucifix is by Francisco Nagni, the Stations of the Cross by Angelo Biancini, the statue of St Catherine of Siena by Antonio Berti and an angel in gesso by Duilio Cambellotti.

San Pio V a Villa Carpegna is a Titular Church in the Roman Catholic Church. It was established on March 5, 1973, by Pope Paul VI for Cardinal-Deacon. The title was previously raised pro hac vice after José Tomás Sánchez † was installed cardinal-priest in 2002, ten years after serving as cardinal-deacon. The title is now held by an American Cardinal, James Harvey.


Early life.

Williams was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Max and Lillian Jacobson. He cited the experience of growing up as the son of a vaudeville show producer as leading him to pursue his acting career as early as college.  He attended both the University of Pennsylvania (1932–33) and Columbia University (1934), participating in amateur theatrical productions.

Career.

Early endeavors.

Out of school and out of work during the end of the Great Depression, he worked as a comedian on the upstate New York Borscht Belt circuit. From 1936 until 1941, Jay Williams worked as a press agent for Dwight Deere Winman, Jed Harris and the Hollywood Theatre Alliance. Williams even played a feature role in the Cannes prize winning film, "Little Fugitive", produced in 1953.  Williams served in the Army during World War II, receiving a Purple Heart. While serving, he published his first book "The Stolen Oracle" in 1943. After his discharge from the military in 1945, he turned his attention to writing as a full-time career.

Writing.

In all, Williams authored at least 79 books including 11 picture books, 39 children's novels, 7 adult mysteries, 4 nonfiction books, 8 historical novels and a play. He is probably best known for his young adult "Danny Dunn" science fiction/fantasy series which he co-authored with Raymond Abrashkin. Though Abrashkin died in 1960, Williams insisted Abrashkin should continue to receive credit as co-author of all 15 books of this series, which continued from 1956 until 1977. Williams was reported to personally reply to over 1,000 fan letters from his juvenile readers each year.  Like his first novel, "The Stolen Oracle", Williams wrote mysteries for young adults, including "The Counterfeit African" (1945) and "The Roman Moon Mystery". He also wrote adult crime fiction, using the pseudonym Michael Delving. (This may be a reference to Michel Delving, a large hobbit-populated town in "The Lord of the Rings".) One of his series of mysteries features the American rare book and manuscript collector, Dave Cannon, and takes place in Britain.  Jay Williams also wrote a number of successful historical novels for adults, including "The Witches", a look at the eradication of the healing women in Scotland; "Solomon and Sheba"; "The Siege", a tale of the 13th-century wars initiated by the Pope against the Albigensian heresy; "Tomorrow's Fire" (1964), set during the Third Crusade; and "The Rogue from Padua", a novel that takes place in the Renaissance.  He was also interested in the future in his many speculative science fiction tales, often published in "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction"; eight of these stories were published under the title, "Unearthly Beasts". His novel "Uniad" sees a world in which individuality has shrunk.  His novel "The Forger" examines commercialism and art, and the relation of art to real life.  Williams also wrote non-fiction books: "The Middle Ages", "Knights of the Crusades", "The Spanish Armada", and "Joan of Arc", as well as his young adult Landmark book on World War II, "The Battle for the North Atlantic". He was known for his extensive research in both his fiction and non-fiction.  He wrote about the environment in his "Fall of the Sparrow", describing the loss of numerous animal and bird species, often due to man; and he wrote a travel book, "A Change of Climate", a European trip with his son, Chris.

Personal life.

Williams and his wife Barbara Girsdansky were married June 3, 1941. They had a son, Christopher ("Chris"), and a daughter, Victoria.  Jay Williams died at age 64 from a heart attack while on a trip to London on July 12, 1978.

Jay Williams (May 31, 1914 – July 12, 1978) was an American author of science fiction (often for children), fantasy, historical fiction, non-fiction, and radical theatre.


Career.

Walker was born in Beaverlodge, Alberta. As a junior, Walker played for the Charley Thomas Grande Prairie, Alberta rink. In 2006, the team won the Canadian and World Junior Curling Championships. Walker was too old to stay with the rink for the 2007 Canadian Junior Championships. He was invited to join the team after they won the event as their alternate for the 2007 World Junior Curling Championships. The World Juniors allows curlers to be one year older than the Canadian Juniors. As the alternate, Walker won his second straight World Junior Championship.  After Juniors, Walker joined the Kurt Balderston rink as his second. The team missed the playoffs at the 2008 Boston Pizza Cup (the Alberta provincial championship), but qualified for the playoffs at the 2009 Boston Pizza Cup, where they lost to James Pahl. After missing the playoffs again at the 2010 Boston Pizza Cup, Walker left the team to form his own rink. Walker would do well on his own, and went all the way to the semifinal of the 2011 Boston Pizza Cup, where he lost to Kevin Koe.  After the 2010–11 season, Walker left Alberta to join the Brad Gushue rink in Newfoundland as his lead. The team won the 2012 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard, earning the team a spot at the 2012 Tim Hortons Brier, Walker's first. The team finished in seventh with a 5–6 record. The team would win the provincial title the following year as well at the 2013 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard. The team would make the playoffs at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier with an 8–3 record. They would lose the 3 vs. 4 game to Northern Ontario's Brad Jacobs and the bronze medal game to Ontario's Glenn Howard. The Gushue rink failed to make the playoffs at the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier after going 6–5 in the round robin. They would improve on their best finish at the 2015 Tim Hortons Brier where they lost in the semifinal to Team Canada skipped by Pat Simmons. During the 2014–15 season, Walker would also win his first Grand Slam of Curling event, the 2014 Masters and the 2014 Canadian Open.  The Gushue rink would win three more slams during the 2015–16 season, the 2015 National, the 2016 Elite 10 and the 2016 Players' Championship. With their successful tour season, the team went into the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier as the number one seed. They led Newfoundland and Labrador to a 9–2 round robin record, earning them a spot in the 1 vs. 2 game. They would defeat Northern Ontario's Jacobs before losing to Alberta's Kevin Koe 9–5 in the final. The team finished second on the CTRS standings for the season, just behind the Koe rink.  Team Gushue added one more slam title during the 2016–17 season at the 2017 Canadian Open. The team would also have their most successful Brier to date at the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier which was hosted in St. John's. They once again finish 9–2 in the round robin and would win the 1 vs. 2 game over Manitoba's Mike McEwen rink. Tied 6–6 in the final end of the final against Koe, Gushue needed to draw full eight foot to win the title. The team swept it all the way down the sheet and the stone was just close enough for the win. It was Newfoundland's first Brier title since 1976. The team represented Canada at the 2017 World Men's Curling Championship where they went undefeated en route to capturing the gold medal. The whole Canadian team was named the All-Star Team for the tournament. This would earn them first place on the CTRS standings for the season.  The team followed this successful season up with another great season for the 2017–18 season. It did come with a bit of heartbreak though, as the team lost the semifinal of the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. They shook this off though, able to win three more slams, the 2017 Tour Challenge, the 2017 Masters and the 2018 Humpty's Champions Cup. His rink would defend their title at the 2018 Tim Hortons Brier. Representing Team Canada, they went 10–1 through the round robin and championship pool and defeated Alberta's Brendan Bottcher 6–4 in the final. They would lose the final of the 2018 World Men's Curling Championship to Sweden's Niklas Edin team.  The team added a tenth slam title to their name at the 2018 Elite 10 (September) the following season. They would lose the 3 vs. 4 game of the 2019 Tim Hortons Brier to Bottcher's rink. On the tour, they lost in the finals of the China Open to Russia's Sergei Glukhov and the Stu Sells 1824 Halifax Classic to Scott Howard who was skipping the Glenn Howard team. They began their 2019–20 season at the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic where they lost to eventual champions John Epping in the quarterfinals. They then lost in the semifinal of the Stu Sells Toronto Tankard to Brad Jacobs who also went on to win the event. In Grand Slam play, the team didn't win any events, but finished runner-up at both the 2019 Masters and the 2019 Tour Challenge and lost in the semifinals of the 2019 National and the 2020 Canadian Open. The team would win the 2020 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard after not having to play in it for the previous two seasons. At the 2020 Tim Hortons Brier, the team finished 8–3, which qualified them for the 3 vs. 4 game. They would beat Brad Jacobs in the 3 vs. 4, Saskatchewan's Matt Dunstone in the semifinal and Alberta's Bottcher rink in the final to win their third Brier title. The team was set to represent Canada once again at the 2020 World Men's Curling Championship before the event got cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Brier would be their last event of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup Grand Slam events were also cancelled due to the pandemic.

Personal life.

Walker works for the turf team at The Derrick Golf & Winter Club in Edmonton, AB. He is married to fellow curler Laura Walker.

Geoff Walker (born November 28, 1985 in Beaverlodge, Alberta) is a Canadian curler, currently living in Edmonton, Alberta. He currently plays lead for the Brad Gushue rink. He is a two-time World Junior Champion and Men's World Champion.


History.

From 1817 to 1862, the Supreme Court of Madras was situated in a building opposite the Chennai Beach railway station. From 1862 to 1892, the High Court was also housed in that building. The present buildings were officially inaugurated on 12 July 1892, when the then Madras Governor, Beilby, Baron Wenlock, handed over the key to the then Chief Justice Sir Arthur Collins. British India's three presidency towns of Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata) were each granted a High Court by letters patent dated 26 June 1862. The letters patent were issued by Queen Victoria under the authority of the British parliament's Indian High Courts Act 1861. The three courts remain unique in modern India, having been established under British royal charter; this is in contrast with the country's other high courts, which have been directly established under the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution of India recognises the status of the older courts.  The Madras High Court was formed by merging the Supreme Court of Judicature at Madras, and the Sudder Dewanny Adawlut. The Court was required to decide cases in accordance with "justice, equity and good conscience". The earliest judges of the High Court included Judges Holloway, Innes and Morgan. The first Indian to sit as a judge of the High Court was Justice T. Muthuswamy Iyer. Other early Indian judges included Justices V. Krishnaswamy Iyer and P. R. Sundaram Iyer.  The Madras High Court was a pioneer in Original Side jurisdiction reform in favour of Indian practitioners as early as the 1870s.  The Madras High Court's history means that the decisions of the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are still binding on it, provided that the "ratio" of a case has not been over-ruled by the Supreme Court of India.  Although the name of the city was changed from Madras to Chennai in 1996, the Court as an institution did not follow suit, and retained the name as the Madras High Court. However, a Bill to rename the "Madras High Court" as the "Chennai High Court" was approved by the cabinet on 5 July 2016, along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Bombay High Court as Kolkata High Court and Mumbai High Court, respectively. The Bill called High Courts (Alternation of Names) Bill has been introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 July 2016. The Bill is yet to be passed by both Houses of Parliament. However, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly has passed a unanimous resolution appealing to the Central Government to rename the court as "High Court of Tamil Nadu" since the Court serves the whole state.

Building Complex.

The High Court building was constructed after shifting out a couple of temples that were in existence on the land in the 19th century. The present building now used exclusively by the Madras High Court was actually built to house, along with the High Court, the Courts of Small Causes and the City Civil Court, which were subsequently shifted out to other new buildings on the campus.  Construction of the High Court building, an exquisite example of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture, began in October 1888 and was completed in 1892 with the design prepared by J. W. Brassington, the then consulting architect to the government, and later under the guidance of the famed architect Henry Irwin, who completed it with the assistance of J. H. Stephens.  J. W. Brassington initially prepared a plan to construct a building with 11 court halls at an estimate of 945,000. Of these, six were meant for the High Court, four for the Small Causes court and one for the City Civil Court. An additional building to house the lawyers’ chambers was subsequently added to the plan, with a walkway on the first floor to connect it to the main building, increasing the total expenditure to 1,298,163. Complementing a 125-feet-tall standalone lighthouse that was already in existence on the court campus, a dioptric light was built on the 142-feet-high main tower of the building, raising the total height of the tower to 175 feet.  Save for the heavy steel girders and some ornamental tiles, almost all the materials for the construction were procured locally. Bricks and terracotta articles were brought from the government brick fields. Most of the construction work were executed by artisans trained at the School of Arts in the city.  The High Court building was damaged in the shelling of Madras by SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, at the beginning of the First World War. It remains one of the very few Indian buildings to have been damaged by a German attack.  There are several matters of architectural interest in the High Court. The painted ceilings and the stained glass doors are masterpieces in themselves. The old lighthouse of the city is housed within the High Court campus, but is unfortunately poorly maintained and is in disrepair.  The Department of Posts has allotted a Postal Index Number (PIN) code of 600 104 to the zone occupied by the Chennai High Court. The boundaries of the High Court complex are marked by two roads, namely, Prakasam Road (formerly Broadway) and Rajaji Road (the old North Beach Road), stretching northward from the statue of Rajaji in the northeast and the statue of T. Prakasamgaru in the southwest within the complex. The complex houses the largest number of courts in Asia.

Bench.

The current Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is Amreshwar Pratap Sahi. The court currently has 57 judges, including the Chief Justice, who exercise civil, criminal, writ, testamentary and admiralty jurisdiction. The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004.  The vestiges of the colonial High Court continue to characterise the premises till date. In a rare tradition which is today a distinction, Judges of the Madras High Court are still led by orderlies who bear a ceremonial mace made of silver. This is a practice so old and Anglican that most High Courts and even the Supreme Court of India have either not had the practice at all or have abandoned it long back.

Reporting—Madras Law Journal (since 1891).

The Madras High Court is the birthplace of organised legal reporting in India. It is home to the Madras Law Journal, which was the first journal dedicated to reporting texts of judgments of the High Court started way back in 1891. An informal eponymous club called The Saturday Club, that met at 11 a. m. every week, was started at the house of the Vakil Bar's senior member Sir S. Subramania Iyer in Mylapore in 1888 with all leading members of the Madras Bar taking part. At one of these meetings it was decided to start "The Madras Law Journal", which was inspired by the then newly established periodicals like "Law Quarterly Review", started by Sir Frederick Pollock in England in 1885 and "The Harvard Law Review" established by Harvard Law School Association in 1887.  The objectives of the journal were laid out in the preface of the first issue: "In addition to giving our own reports of the decisions of the High Courts in Madras and other places, we hope to place before our readers translations of various Hindu Law Books which remain yet untranslated, insofar as they have bearing on questions which practically arise for decision every day in our Courts of Justice. We propose further from time to time, to place side by side the conflicting decisions of the various Courts in India on the same point in the hope that such procedure will enable the Courts to act in greater harmony than they do at present in the interpretation of Acts and enunciation of general principles of law and when this is not possible, to enable the Legislature to bring about such harmony by removing the ambiguities which may have given rise to such discordant views."  Right from the beginning, "The Madras Law Journal" has been a source of inspiration and instruction to the students of law and its notes and editorial reviews always evoked admiration and respect. It achieved well-deserved fame throughout India, in England and America and indeed throughout the British Empire for its quickness and accuracy in reporting and discrimination in the selection of cases to be reported. It has now came to occupy a premier place among legal periodicals in the country and its weight and authority have been consistently considerable with the Bench and the Bar in all parts of India.

Reporting—Madras Weekly Notes (Criminal and Civil) Since 1910.

Madras Weekly Notes is a Law Journal reporting the Criminal Side Judgements of the Hon'ble Madras High Court from 1910 to till date.  Mode of Citation : 1929 1 MWN(Cr.) 1 which means <Year> <Volume> <Journal Name> <Page Number>

Law Journals Reporting Judgements of the Madras High Court.

CTC - Current Tamil Nadu Cases. CWC - Current Writ Cases. TNMAC - Tamil Nadu Motor Accident Cases.

Madurai Bench.

Established in 2004, the court is a boon to the people in fourteen southern districts of Tamil Nadu. The bench has Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, Tenkasi, Madurai, Dindigul, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Theni, Sivaganga, Pudukottai, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli and Karur districts under its jurisdiction.  The 107-acre campus of the Court is one of the largest court campuses in the country, Second Largest in the world after the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, London and the four-storey administrative building attracts hundreds of litigants every day. The court complex has 12 court halls, furnished on the model of the court halls in the Supreme Court, the Delhi and the Madras High Courts.  The court, since its inauguration on 24 July 2004, has perked up the legal process in the southern districts and has cultivated a large number of social activists, who vouch for the interest of the public though their public interest litigations.

The Madras High Court is one of the oldest High Courts of India. It is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The court is one of the three High Courts in India established in the three Presidency Towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta by letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862. It exercises original jurisdiction over the city of Chennai and appellate jurisdiction over the entire state of Tamil Nadu and Union territory of Puducherry, as well as extraordinary original jurisdiction, civil and criminal, under the letters patent and special original jurisdiction for the issue of writs under the Constitution of India. Covering 107 acres, the court complex is one of the largest in the world, next only to Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, London.


History.

William Sumner Appleton Jr. founded the Society for the Preservation of new England Antiquities in 1910 for "the purpose of preserving for posterity buildings, places and objects of historical and other interest." Fearing that "our New England antiquities are fast disappearing because no society has made their preservation its exclusive object," Sumner Appleton and a small group of like-minded individuals founded SPNEA in 1910. By 1920, Director of Museums Harry Vinton Long wrote in his report that the museum’s purpose is "to preserve and illustrate the life of New Englanders..." The history of New Englanders encompasses the stories of family life, immigration, school girls' routines, servants' duties, the enslaved Africans, and the products of masons, carpenters, and furniture makers. The first annual meeting was held at the 41 Brimmer Street Boston home of Mary Lee Ware, a noted philanthropist in the area as well at the patroness of Harvard University's famed Glass Flowers collection.  Accession records for 1910 list 19 items. Appleton considered everything from the mundane to the singular worth preserving, and so Historic New England's collection today ranges from everyday cakes of soap to extraordinary specimens of fine furniture. As a comprehensive heritage organization, Historic New England today cares for historic properties and landscapes; holds preservation easements and undertakes preservation advocacy work to protect historic properties; develops, maintains and interprets artifact collections; operates a library and archive; researches and publishes books and "Historic New England" magazine; and provides educational programs for children and adults. The organization's mission statement outlines its goals: "We serve the public by preserving and presenting New England heritage." The organization focuses on New England domestic architecture, collections, and stories.  Founder William Sumner Appleton was succeeded as Director by Bertram K. Little, Abbott Lowell Cummings and Nancy R. Coolidge before the title of the chief executive officer was changed to President, with Jane C. Nylander and now Carl R. Nold serving in that capacity.  The organization formerly included one of America's most prominent architectural conservation centers (the SPNEA Conservation Center), which pioneered a number of conservation techniques under research leader Morgan W. Phillips and his apprentices. Phillips is credited with coining the term architectural conservation.

Properties.

Historic New England currently owns and operates 37 house museums and 1,284 acres of farmland and landscapes across five New England states, representing nearly 400 years of architecture. It also owns a wide-ranging collection of more than 100,000 objects of historical and aesthetic significance, the largest such assemblage of New England art and artifacts in the country. It also archives more than one million items documenting New England architectural and cultural history, including photographs, prints and engravings, more than 20,000 architectural drawings and specifications, books, manuscripts, and other ephemera. The Collections Access Project, which provides Internet-based access to catalog data about many of the collections, went online during the organization's centennial in 2010. A Collections and Conservation Center is located in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in a former shoe factory building. While not open to the public, this facility provides for the proper care of collections and access to collections and collections information for curators, students and scholars. Other museums also rent space for collections storage in this facility. Historic New England also owns the Plum Island Airport, a small public general aviation airport located in Newburyport, Massachusetts on a site used for aviation since 1910. The airport is located on the property of the historic Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm, donated to the organization in 1971 and operated as a museum since 1986.

Exhibition programs.

A traveling exhibition program presents collections and research to the general public, in cooperation with other museums throughout the region. Exhibitions have included "America's Kitchens", which appeared at the New Hampshire Historical Society in 2009; "Drawing Toward Home", an architectural drawing exhibition that opened at the Boston University Art Gallery in November 2009 and traveled to the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. during 2010; and a centennial exhibition entitled "The Preservation Movement Then and Now", which appeared in all six New England states beginning in late 2009 and continued through 2013.  On line exhibitions include "Jewelry at Historic New England", "The Preservation Movement Then and Now", "From Dairy to Doorstep: Milk Delivery in New England, 1860-1960" and "New England Photographs of Verner Reed".

Stewardship easement program.

Through a conservation easement program established in the early 1980s, Historic New England holds easements on 97 () privately owned New England properties. It works with the owners of these properties to ensure preservation of their character-defining historic features. The program provides comprehensive protection of exterior, interior and landscape features and is considered a national model for the protection of buildings that remain in active use and in private ownership. Approximately one-third of the properties in the program were previously owned by Historic New England, and were returned to private ownership with preservation restrictions that continue in perpetuity. The balance of the properties were enrolled by current or former owners, who donated the deed restrictions to the organization along with endowment fund contributions. Endowment funds provide for the monitoring and enforcement of the easements, carried out by a full-time staff dedicated to that purpose.

Membership programs.

A Historic Homeowner program, available to all for an annual membership fee, provides information to those who own historic houses of any age, up to and including mid-20th-century homes. The annual membership includes two consultations with staff experts, one on historic paint colors, and a second on a topic chosen by the member, ranging from window repair to roofing materials, hardware source or historic wallpaper selections, or other topics needed for the care of historic homes. Other specialized membership programs focus on Gardens and Landscapes, and on young adults through the Young Friends program, and an upper-level membership society called the Appleton Circle provides benefactor support for organizational programs.

Governance.

Historic New England is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profit organization operating under the direction of a 15-member board of trustees.

Museum properties.

The following properties are open to the public. Most are open only during the warmer months (typically June to mid-October), and many are open only for limited days on selected weekends. Particularly fragile properties are open only a few days each year. The grounds and facilities of some properties (notable ones being the Lyman Estate and the Langdon House) are available for private functions.

Historic New England, previously known as the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), is a charitable, non-profit, historic preservation organization headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Historic New England owns and operates historic site museums and study properties throughout all of the New England states except Vermont, and serves more than 198,000 visitors and program participants each year. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage.


History.

The institute was established in 1995. In 1999, the institute started offering Master of Business Administration through Visva-Bharati University. EIILM later became a constituent college of Visva-Bharati University. In 2006 it was established as a university under Sikkim State Legislature Act No 4, 2006, with Malvika Foundation as the sponsoring body. The Act received assent of the Governor on 24 March 2006 and published under the Government of Sikkim Gazette Notification No. 28/LD/2006 dated 3 April 2006. The university was run by Rai Foundation.

Closure of the university.

In 2013 the VC, chairman, registrar, and the controller of examinations were arrested by the police in Sikkim and Bengal in a case of forgery, cheating and criminal conspiracy.  According to a fact-finding committee constituted by the UGC in April 2015, EIILM University was recognized and approved by the UGC through its main campus in regular mode, but was not authorized to open study centers within or outside Sikkim and was never approved or recognised by the Distance Education Council (DEC). The committee concluded that all distance education degrees for students admitted outside the territorial jurisdiction of Sikkim and all such degrees beyond academic year 2009-10 are not valid. Only degrees awarded to students inside Sikkim in three courses, i.e. B.A. (Hospitality & Tourism), BCA and MBA till academic year 2009-10 may be valid. It further concluded that the university is not functioning since December 2014 and reports that the cabinet of Sikkim approved the dissolution of the university on 28 April 2015. Following this, a notice was published by the UGC in August 2015 cautioning students not to take admission in EIILM University. A notice by the Human Resource Development Department of the Government of Sikkim from 27 October 2015 further approved the same conclusions. In another notice, the registrar in charge appointed by the government of Sikkim has validated degrees of regular students who have completed their course from the Jorethang/Budang campus before dissolution. A petition (WP(C) No.33 of 2015) was filed by the EIILM University to cancel the UGC notification, but it has been dismissed on 2 November 2016 by the Sikkim High Court.

Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management University (EIILM University) was a private university located in Jorethang, Sikkim, India with another campus in Malbasey. The university has been reported by the University Grants Commission (UGC) to be non-functioning since December 2014 and was officially dissolved by the Government of Sikkim in April 2015.


Biography.

Johanna Reiss was born, raised, and educated in Winterswijk, but she and her older sister survived the Holocaust hidden for almost three years in the rural village of Usselo in the attic of a farmer called Johan Oosterveld.  After teaching elementary school for several years, she moved to the United States in the early 1950s, where she married Jim Reiss. Upon the urging of her husband, she wrote a young adult novel, "The Upstairs Room", sharing her personal experience of the events of the Second World War.  "The Upstair Room" was published in 1972. This classic YA novel won Reiss several awards. It was a Newbery Honor Book, an American Library Association Notable Children's Book, and a Jane Addams Peace Association Honor Book. It also won the National Jewish Book Award, the Juvenile Book Award and the Buxtehuder Bulle, a German children's book award.  Elie Wiesel considers "The Upstairs Room" "as important in every respect as the one bequeathed to us by Anne Frank." The book was so successful that it spawned a sequel, "The Journey Back", published in 1976, which tells the story of Annie de Leeuw's and her family's return to their home country of Holland in an attempt to rebuild their lives after the war.  Her book, "A Hidden Life", was published by Melville House Publishing in January 2009. It is a memoir written for adults, in which Reiss confronted the memories of childhood as well as the tragedy of her husband's suicide.  Reiss has two children and four grandchildren.  An active speaker, Reiss visits schools to talk to students about the historical times she lived through. For her speaking efforts both in the United States and Europe, in May 2018, Reiss was made a Knight of Order of Orange-Nassau. by the Dutch government.

Johanna Reiss (born Johanna "Annie" de Leeuw, 4 April 1932) is a Dutch-American writer and longtime resident of New York City. Her most recent work, "A Hidden Life", was published by Melville House Publishing in January 2009. In her books, Reiss has presented her childhood experience as a Jewish girl in the Netherlands during the Holocaust.


Proof of NP-Completeness.

Given a circuit and a satisfying set of inputs, one can compute the output of each gate in constant time. Hence, the output of the circuit is verifiable in polynomial time. Thus Circuit SAT belongs to complexity class NP. To show NP-hardness, it is possible to construct a reduction from 3SAT to Circuit SAT.  Suppose the original 3SAT formula has variables formula_3, and operators (AND, OR, NOT) formula_4. Design a circuit such that it has an input corresponding to every variable and a gate corresponding to every operator. Connect the gates according to the 3SAT formula. For instance, if the 3SAT formula is formula_5the circuit will have 3 inputs, one AND, one OR, and one NOT gate. The input corresponding to formula_6will be inverted before sending to an AND gate with formula_7and the output of the AND gate will be sent to an OR gate with formula_8  Notice that the 3SAT formula is equivalent to the circuit designed above, hence their output is same for same input. Hence, If the 3SAT formula has a satisfying assignment, then the corresponding circuit will output 1, and vice versa. So, this is a valid reduction, and Circuit SAT is NP-hard.  This completes the proof that Circuit SAT is NP-Complete.

Restricted Variants and Related Problems.

Planar Circuit SAT.

Assume that we are given a planar Boolean circuit (i.e. a Boolean circuit whose underlying graph is planar) containing only NAND gates with exactly two inputs. Planar Circuit SAT is the decision problem of determining whether this circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true. This problem is NP-complete. In fact, if the restrictions are changed so that any gate in the circuit is a NOR gate, the resulting problem remains NP-complete.

Circuit UNSAT.

Circuit UNSAT is the decision problem of determining whether a given Boolean circuit outputs false for all possible assignments of its inputs. This is the complement of the Circuit SAT problem, and is therefore Co-NP-complete.

Reduction from CircuitSAT.

Reduction from CircuitSAT or its variants can be used to show NP-hardness of certain problems, and provides us with an alternative to dual-rail and binary logic reductions. The gadgets that such a reduction needs to construct are:

Minesweeper Inference Problem.

This problem asks whether it is possible to locate all the bombs given a Minesweeper board. It has been proven to be CoNP-Complete via a reduction from Circuit UNSAT problem. The gadgets constructed for this reduction are: wire, split, AND and NOT gates and terminator. There are three crucial observations regarding these gadgets. First, the split gadget can also be used as the NOT gadget and the turn gadget. Second, constructing AND and NOT gadgets is sufficient, because together they can simulate the universal NAND gate. Finally, since we can simulate XOR with three NANDs, and since XOR is enough to build a crossover, this gives us the needed crossover gadget.

The Tseytin transformation.

The Tseytin transformation is a straightforward reduction from Circuit-SAT to SAT. The transformation is easy to describe if the circuit is wholly constructed out of 2-input NAND gates (a functionally-complete set of Boolean operators): assign every net in the circuit a variable, then for each NAND gate, construct the conjunctive normal form clauses ("v" ∨ "v") ∧ ("v" ∨ "v") ∧ (¬"v" ∨ ¬"v" ∨ ¬"v"), where "v" and "v" are the inputs to the NAND gate and "v" is the output. These clauses completely describe the relationship between the three variables. Conjoining the clauses from all the gates with an additional clause constraining the circuit's output variable to be true completes the reduction; an assignment of the variables satisfying all of the constraints exists if and only if the original circuit is satisfiable, and any solution is a solution to the original problem of finding inputs that make the circuit output 1. The converse—that SAT is reducible to Circuit-SAT—follows trivially by rewriting the Boolean formula as a circuit and solving it.

In theoretical computer science, the Circuit Satisfiability Problem (also known as CIRCUIT-SAT, CircuitSAT, CSAT, etc.) is the decision problem of determining whether a given Boolean circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true. In other words, it asks whether the inputs to a given Boolean circuit can be consistently set to 1 or 0 such that the circuit outputs 1. If that is the case, the circuit is called "satisfiable". Otherwise, the circuit is called "unsatisfiable." In the figure to the right, the left circuit can be satisfied by setting both inputs to be 1, but the right circuit is unsatisfiable.