History.

In 1873, the station was established on the eastern edge of Hochneukirch (at that time still called "Neukirchen", now part of Jüchen), stimulating the emerging textile industry. The station (which is located at line km 11.8) is connected to the centre by Bahnhofstraße ("station street"). The former Mönchengladbach–Stolberg railway connected with the Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway and both lines then used the same tracks to Rheydt-Odenkirchen station.

Course of the lines.

In 1873, the place received a rail connection from Mönchengladbach to Stolberg. The first train of the Bergisch-Markisch Railway Company ("Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft") ran from Mönchengladbach continued via Jülich and Eschweiler-Aue to Stolberg on the Hochneukirch–Stolberg railway.  The railway to Cologne was opened in 1889. This line was built parallel with the existing line.  The station building is still preserved and has included a signal box designated "Hf" since 1964. This signal box was abandoned with the installation of an electronic interlocking in 2007. The island platform is equipped with a waiting room and a ticket machine. The former freight shed is still preserved south of the entrance building.

Development history.

The city of Mönchengladbach and its chamber of commerce presented the railway minister with a proposal for a Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway running between Mönchengladbach and Grevenbroich via Giesenkirchen instead of Hochneukirch. Mönchengladbach claimed this route would lead to more development in its hinterland. But the manufacturers and people of Hochneukirch supported a route via Hochneukirch and Grevenbroich to Cologne. The manufacturer Peter Busch contacted some deputies that he was familiar with in the Berlin Landtag and the pastor Martin Köllen addressed himself to the Oberhofmeister (chief of staff) of the Empress Augusta, Count Nesselrode-Ehreshoven. Through the intermediation of the count, Köllen was able to communicate his wishes to the railway minister Albert von Maybach in writing. As a result of his personal support, the railway line was built through Hochneukirch and opened in 1889. Peter Busch and Martin Köllen are commemorated in Hochneukirch for their dedication with streets named after them to the left and right of the station.  The tracks had to be crossed to get to the village of Hackhausen to the north of the station. In the early years, this level crossing was unsecured; barriers were erected after a rail disaster. In 1909, the building of another line was proposed from Erkelenz via Wanlo and Keyenberg to Hochneukirch, but it was never built due to lack of funds. In 1911, a bridge was built over the railway for the road between Hochneukirch and Hackhausen.

Decline.

In 1967, the bridge had to be raised 60 centimetres and the track lowered to allow the installation of the overhead line for the electrification of the line. The old railway bridge was demolished in 1988 and replaced by a new reinforced concrete bridge. On 30 May 1980, passenger traffic on the line to Stolberg was discontinued and the tracks of the line to Jülich were dismantled. Freight transport to Ameln continued until 1 June 1984. Freight traffic was also abandoned in 1987. Today, the remaining two platform tracks to Rheydt and Cologne still have the track numbers of 9 and 10 although tracks 1–8 were removed with the dismantling of the line to Jülich. The closure of the Stolberg line meant that the placement of the still well-preserved entrance building is unusual today. This is about 40 metres from the island platform. The pedestrian subway to the island platform ends in an open field. Between the remaining rail tracks and the front of the reception building, there is now a parking lot. This was part of a project that involved the building of 41 apartments for the elderly and a community hall at the station and in new buildings. The street to this small building area is called Falkensteinstrasse after a local Jewish family.

Services.

The station is served by RE8 services hourly. During the peak hour on working days, it is also served by RB27 services, which together provide a service every half-hour to Mönchengladbach and Cologne and Koblenz.

Hochneukirch is a station in Jüchen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located on the Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway and the closed Mönchengladbach–Stolberg railway.


Biography.

Dugdale was born on 29 March 1922, the son of Sir William Francis Stratford Dugdale, 1st Bt of the Noble House of Stratford, and Margaret Gilmour. Educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, he succeeded to the title of 2nd Baronet Dugdale, of Merevale and Blyth, co. Warwick [UK, 1936] on 18 April 1965.  He fought in the Second World War, where he was mentioned in despatches, gaining the rank of Captain in the service of the Grenadier Guards. He was decorated with the award of Military Cross (M.C.) in 1943 for outstanding bravery whilst under fire. He fought at Anzio, and ended the war guarding the German generals at Nuremberg.  He was a practising solicitor in 1949. He held the office of Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for Warwickshire in 1951 and office of Deputy Lieutenant (D.L.) of Warwickshire in 1955. He held the office of High Sheriff of Warwickshire for 1971. He held the office of Sheriff of Stratford-upon-Avon in 1976. He was invested as a Commander, Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.) in 1985.  He also enjoyed success in racing, riding in the Grand National in 1953 and then becoming the Chief Disciplinary steward in the Jockey Club, the organisation that ran the Racing industry.  He was chairman of General Utilities plc between 1988 and 1999 and was made head of the National Water Council in 1983, helping then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher with the powerful Unions in the water industry. His position and the fact he was a distant relation of IRA terrorist Rose Dugdale, made him a target for the IRA. He lived in 2003 at Merevale Hall, Atherstone, Warwickshire and at 24 Bryanston Mews West, London, England.

Family.

He married, firstly, Lady Belinda Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 7th Earl of Radnor and Helena Olivia Adeane, on 13 December 1952. Lady Belinda died of cancer in 1961. He married, secondly, Cecilia (Cylla) Mary Mount, daughter of Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet and Elizabeth Nance Llewellyn, on 17 October 1967.  Children of Sir William Dugdale, Bt and Lady Belinda Pleydell-Bouverie:  Children of Sir William Dugdale, Bt and Cecilia Mary Mount:  Dugdale's niece, Elizabeth Dugdale, daughter of his brother Sir John Dugdale, is a god-daughter of Queen Elizabeth II.  The former Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, is the nephew by marriage of Sir William Dugdale.

Sir William Stratford Dugdale, 2nd Baronet, (29 March 1922 – 13 November 2014) was the chairman of Aston Villa from 1975 to 1978. Dugdale arrived at Aston Villa as a director when they were in the third division, having been relegated due to poor performances on and off the pitch. He left the club in 1982, the year they won the European Cup. Following several successful years as a director in the early-1970s, he was elected chairman in 1975, taking over the position from Doug Ellis, the package holiday businessman, before being replaced by Harry Kartz.


History.

The Mukteshvara Temple is found to be the earliest work from the Somavamshi period. Most scholars believe the temple is the successor to Parashurameshvara Temple and built earlier to the Brahmeswara Temple (1060 CE). Percy Brown puts the date of construction of the temple to 950 CE. The presence of a "torana", which is not part of any other temple in the region, makes this temple unique and some of the representations indicate the builders were starters of a new culture. K.C. Panigrahi places the temple to be built during 966 CE and postulates that the Somavamshi king Yayati I built the temple. He also associates the legend of Kirtivassa to this temple, but the postulation is not accepted as Kirtivasa is associated with Lingaraja, though both were built at the same time for the same deity, Shiva. There is no historic evidence to conclude that Yayati had built the temple.

Architecture.

This architecture is one of the basic reasons why Mukteshvara Temple is also known as the "Gem of Odisha architecture" or "Kalinga Architecture". The temple faces west and is constructed in a lower basement amidst a group of temples. The pyramidal roof to the "jagamohana" present in the temple was the first of its kind over the conventional two tier structure. The temple is a small one compared to other larger temples in Bhubaneswar. The temples is enclosed within an octagonal compound wall with elaborate carvings on it. It is believed that the experiment of newer pattern in the temple showed a mature phase compared to its predecessors and culminated the beginning of replication of similar pattern in the later temples in the city. The temple has a porch, called "torana", which acts as the gateway to the octagonal compound. The temple has two structures namely, the "vimana" (structure above the sanctum) and a "mukhasala", the leading hall, both of which are built on a raised platform. The temple is the earlies to be built in "pithadeula" type.

Porch.

The most important feature of the Mukteshvara Temple is the "torana", or the arched gateway, dating back to about 900 CE and showing the influence of Buddhist architecture. The arched gateway has thick pillars that have strings of beads and other ornaments carved on statues of smiling women in languorous repose. The porch is a walled chamber with a low, massive roof and internal pillars. The combination of vertical and horizontal lines is skilfully arranged so as to give dignity of buildings of moderate height. This early astylar form of the temple is best illustrated in this temple. The gateway has sculptures that range from elaborate scrolls to pleasant female forms and figures of monkeys and peacocks. The front and back of the arch are similar in design.

Vimana.

The "Vimana" is square in plan and is built in a raised platform with pilasters in each facade. The "shikara" is small compared to other temples; it has four Natarajas on and four kirthimukhas on the four faces. The top portion of the "shikara" has the "kalasa". The "shikara" is tall, with every inch sculpted with decorative patterns, architectural patterns and sculpted figures. A new form of decoration called "bho", possibly developed here, became a prominent feature in later Odishan temples. It is a highly ornate chaitya window crowned by masked demon head and dwarf figures.

Sanctum.

The sanctum is sculpted with beautiful damsels exhibiting feminine charms entwined with "nagas" and "naginis". The sanctum is cubical from the inside with offset walls in the outside.

Jagamohana.

This distinctive 10th-century temple is one of the smallest and compact temples. The "jagamohana" is tall. It is decorated with intricate carvings by the Vishwakarma Moharana sculptors. The temple is regarded as a gem of Nagara architecture of Kalinga architecture. Except for the rectangular plan of its "jagamohana", it is the earliest example of what may be termed proper Odisha temple type; a "vimana" with a curvelinear spire and a "jaganmohana" with a stepped pyramidal roof. The temple's red sandstone is covered with exquisite carvings of lean "sadhus" or holy men and voluptuous women encrusted with jewels. The images of Ganga and Yamuna are carved next to Chanda and Prachanda. The "torana" is present in front of the "jagamohana". The figure of Lakulisa, seated in "bhumispara-mudra" and holding a "lakuta" is present on the lintel of the "jagamohana". The figures of Gajalakshmi, Rahu and Ketu are also sculpted in the structure. A small extension from the side roof of the "jagamohana" has the image of a lion sitting on its hind legs. The exterior walls of the structure are decorated with pilasters with "nagas" and "naginis".

Others.

The doorway to the inner sanctum houses the image of Ketu with three hooded snakes, commonly regarded as the ninth planet in the Hindu mythology. There is a tank in the eastern side of the temple and a well in the south-western corner. A dip in the first known as the "Marichi Kunda" is believed to cure infertility in women. There are other shrines within the temple complex with "lingam" inside, which were used as offering shrines. The doorway of the temple is ornate. The temple is enclosed by a low compound wall that follows the contours of the temple. The temple has sculptures both inside and outside the structure. The compound walls leaves a very small passage separating the shrine.

Religious significance.

Mukteshvara means "Lord of Freedom". The temple is dedicated to Hindu God Shiva. There are a number of sculptures of skeletal ascetics in teaching or meditation poses. Some scholars correlate the role of the temple as a centre for Tantric initiation with the name Mukteshvara as a possible thesis. The outer face of the compound wall has niches of Hindu deities like Saraswathi, Ganesha and Lakulisha (the fifth century founder of the Pashupata sect of tantric Shaivism). The numerous images of Lakulisha are found in miniature forms within Chaitya arches, showing various mudras like yoga, Bhumispara and vyakyana with yogapatta tied to their knees. They are accompanied by the images of the disciples. According to tradition, barren women give birth to sons if they take a dip in the "Marichi Kunda" tank in the premises of the temple on the night before Ashokashtami car festival. On the evening, the water in the tank is sold to the public.

In popular culture.

The Department of Tourism of the state government organises a three-day yearly dance function called "Mukteswar Dance Festival" in the temple premises. This festival celebrates the features of Odissi, the classical dance form of Odisha and Odissi music, the classical music of the same tradition. Popular Odissi dancers perform during the function, accompanied by instruments like mardala. The event is webcast in the state government portal.

External links.

Mukteshvara Temple (; also spelt Mukteswar) is a 10th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The temple dates back to 950–975 CE and is a monument of importance in the study of the development of Hindu temples in Odisha. The stylistic development the Mukteswar marks the culmination of all earlier developments, and initiates a period of experiment which continues for an entire century, as seen in such temples as the Rajarani Temple and Lingaraj temple, both located in Bhubaneswar. It is one of the prominent tourist attractions of the city.


History.

The settlement was founded in 1790 as Horochivka and in 1793 was renamed Voskresensk. It was an admiralty settlement and belonged to Kherson Governorate. Between 1864 and 1900, it belonged to Nikolayev Military Governorate, which was a part of Kherson Governorate. In December 1920, Kherson Governorate was renamed Nikolayev Governorate, and in 1921 it was merged into Odessa Governorate. In 1923, governorates were abolished in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Mykolaiv Raion, with the administrative center in Mykolaiv, was established, and Voksresensk belonged to Mykolaiv Raion of Mykolaiv Okruha. In 1925, the governorates were abolished, and okruhas were directly subordinated to Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, okruhas were abolished, and Mykolaiv Raion was abolished as well. Voskresensk was transferred to Varvarivka Raion. On 27 February 1932, Odessa Oblast was established, and the area was transferred to Odessa Oblast. On 22 September 1937, Mykolaiv Oblast was established on lands which previously belonged to Dnipropetrovsk and Odessa Oblasts, and Varvarivka Raion became part of newly created Mykolaiv Oblast. In 1939, Mykolaiv Rural Raion (sometimes referred to as Mykolaiv Raion) was established with the center in the city of Mykolaiv. During World War II, an Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews in a mass execution. On 12 September 1944, Mykolaiv Raion was renamed Zhovtneve Raion, and the administrative center of the raion was transferred from Mykolaiv to the town of Zhovtneve. In 1947, Voskresensk was renamed Voskresenske. In 1956, Voskresenske was given urban-type settlement status. On 19 May 2016, Zhovtneve Raion was renamed Vitovka Raion conform to the law prohibiting names of Communist origin.

Economy.

Most inhabitants commute for jobs to nearby Mykolaiv.

Transportation.

The closest railway station is in Horokhivka, south of the settlement.

Voskresenske (, ) is an urban-type settlement in Vitovka Raion in the south of Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine. Population: Voskresenske is located n the left bank of the Southern Bug and is adjacent to the city of Mykolaiv.


Cause.

Allen Avinoam Kowarski et al. described the first two cases of the Kowarski syndrome in 1978. The group speculated that their patients' growth impairment was caused by a mutation in the growth hormone gene, which altered the structure of their secreted growth hormone, reducing its biological activity while retaining its ability to bind the antibodies used in the RIA-GH. Their RIA-GH measured growth hormone of reduced bioactivity. The children retained the ability to respond to treatment with active growth hormone.  The speculation of Kowarski et al. was confirmed by Valenta et al in 1985, Takahshi et al in 1996 and 1997 and Besson et al in 2005. Valenta et al studied a case of Kowarski syndrome where they confirmed a structural abnormality of the growth hormone molecule. 60 to 90% of circulating growth hormone of the patient was in the form of tetramers and dimers (normal, 14% to 39% in plasma) and the patients' growth hormone polymers were abnormally resistant to conversion into monomers by urea.  Takahashi et al. reported a case of a boy with short stature who was heterozygous for a mutation in the GH1 gene. In this child, growth hormone not only could not activate the GH receptor (GHR) but also inhibited the action of wild type GH because of its greater affinity for GHR and GH-binding protein (GHBP) that is derived from the extracellular domain of the GHR. Thus, a dominant-negative effect was observed.  Takahashi et al. demonstrated in a girl with short stature, a biologically inactive growth hormone resulting from a heterozygous mutation in the GH1 gene. At age 3 years, the girl's height was 3.6 standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Bone age was delayed by 1.5 years. She had a prominent forehead and a hypoplastic nasal bridge with normal body proportions. She showed lack of growth hormone action despite high immunoassayable GH levels in serum and marked catch-up growth to exogenous GH administration. Results of other studies were compatible with the production of a bioinactive GH, which prevented dimerization of the growth hormone receptor, a crucial step in GH signal transduction.  Besson et al described in 1955 a Serbian patient with Kowarski syndrome who was homozygous for a mutation in the GH1 gene that disrupted the first disulfide bridge in growth hormone. The parents were each heterozygous for the mutation and were of normal stature.

Diagnosis.

Diagnostic criteria.

The discovery of the Kowarski syndrome created a dilemma. The first diagnostic test for the syndrome was subjecting the suspected children to six month of growth hormone therapy. Kowarski syndrome was assumed to be a very rare disorder (officially recognized as an “orphan disease”). Researchers could not justify subjecting children to a trial period of growth hormone therapy to confirm the diagnosis of a rare syndrome. There is a need for a reliable and practical diagnostic procedure for the syndrome.

Reliability of testing.

The standard test for growth hormone deficiency is the growth hormone stimulation test. Peak levels of growth hormone below normal are considered confirmation of a growth hormone deficiency. Growth-impaired children with a normal stimulation test were considered suspect for having the Kowarski syndrome that may benefit from treatment with growth hormone.  Zadik et al. reported in 1990 that the growth hormone stimulation test is not reliable, suggesting the use of the more reliable 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone (IC-GH) as a better test. In 1995, it was also suggested that some cases of the neurosecretory growth failure syndrome might have the Kowarski syndrome.  Albertsson-Wikland Kerstin confirmed in 1992 that the IC-GH test is a reproducible test for growth hormone deficiency and Carel et al. confirmed in 1997 that the reliability of the growth hormone stimulation tests was poor.  A 1987 study by Bistrizer et al suggested a diagnostic procedure that may be used to diagnose the Kowarski syndrome. Their study was based on the requirement for the growth hormone molecule to bind a specific binding molecule on the wall of the responsive cells to elicit its activity. Their study demonstrated a decrease ability of the growth hormone from children with the Kowarski syndrome to bind with living IM-9 cells. The test involved measuring the ratio between the levels of growth hormone by a radioreceptor assay (RRA-GH) to the level of growth hormone determined by the established radioimmunoassay (RIA-GH). The study found that the RRA-GH/RIA-GH ratio in NS subjects was normal but significantly below normal (P<0.005) in the Kowarski syndrome patients. The authors proposed the use of their test for the diagnosis of the Kowarski syndrome.  Bistrizer, Chalew and Kowarski demonstrated in 1995 that a modified RRA-GH/RIA-GH ratio test was a predictor for the responsiveness of growth-impaired children to growth hormone therapy. The RRA-GH/RIA-GH ratio assay proposed by Bistrizer et al. can be used for screening of patients who may have the Kowarski syndrome thus more likely to respond to Growth Hormone therapy. Advances in the methodology for identifying spot mutations in the DNA of individuals demonstrated that the "Kowarski Syndrome is caused by various mutations in the GH1 gene (17q22-q24) that result in structural GH anomalies and a biologically inactive molecule." Testing individual patient for such mutation is offered on the Internet.

Kowarski syndrome describes cases of growth failure (height and bone age two standard deviations below the mean for age), despite the presence of normal or slightly high blood growth hormone by radioimmunoassay (RIA-GH) and low serum IGF1 (formerly called somatomedin), and who exhibit a significant increase in growth rate following recombinant GH therapy.


Location.

Bad Rappenau Station is located in centre of the spa town. The otherwise single track Elsenz Valley Railway has three tracks in the station area. The address of the station is "Bahnhofstrasse 5".

History.

Opening of Rappenau station.

The Neckargemünd–Meckenheim section of the Neckargemünd–Sinsheim–Bad Friedrichshall line was opened on 23 October 1862 by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway ("Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen") as part of the Odenwald Railway from Heidelberg to Mosbach and Würzburg. The section from Meckenheim to Bad Rappenau followed on 25 June 1868. Unlike the neighbouring Bad Wimpfen station, Bad Rappenau station originally had no "Bad" prefix and was called "Rappenau" station. The closing of the Bad Rappenau–Jagstfeld (Bad Friedrichshall) gap on 5 August 1869 completed the Elsenz Valley Railway.

Other development.

After the municipality of Rappenau was designated as a spa town in 1903 (entitling it to the prefix of "Bad"), Rappenau station was officially renamed Bad Rappenau in 1914. In an order of the Baden Ministry of 4 September 1930, the municipality was renamed from Rappenau (Bezirksamt Sinsheim) to Bad Rappenau with effect from 1 October 1930—about 15 years after the renaming of the station.

Station upgrade and inclusion in the Heilbronn Stadtbahn.

As part of the expansion of Heilbronn Stadtbahn northern branch, the Bad Rappenau–Bad Friedrichshall section was closed for upgrading between 7 January 2014 and 1 May 2015. At the same time, Bad Rappenau station was upgraded to make it accessible for the disabled and given a third platform track. The new Bad Rappenau Kurpark station, which is located next to the Bad Rappenau Kurpark (spa park), was also built for the Stadtbahn.

Entrance building.

Bad Rappenau station's entrance building is a neoclassical building from around the period of railway's construction in 1868. It now houses the "BAHNHOFSGALERIE" ("Station gallery"), which includes a small flower shop, a Schmitt&Hahn bookshop, a customer centre of the AOK health insurance company and a bakery.

Transport services.

Bad Rappenau is in the area where fares are set by the Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr GmbH (HNV) transport association. Passengers can also use transitional fares set by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (VRN).

Passenger services.

Bad Rappenau is located on the Elsenz Valley Railway, running from Bad Friedrichshall via Sinsheim to Heidelberg. RE 2 Regional-Express services coming from Mannheim Hauptbahnhof and S42 Stadtbahn services coming from Bad Friedrichshall normally cross here.  The railway line was extensively renovated between 7 January 2014 and 1 May 2015. At this time, replacement buses ran between Sinsheim, Bad Rappenau and Neckarsulm.  Regionalbahn service RB 74 ran hourly between Sinsheim, Bad Rappenau, Bad Wimpfen and Bad Friedrichshall (some to/from Heilbronn) until the closure of the line in early January 2014. Since the reopening of the line on 1 May 2015, Bad Rappenau has been served by line S42 of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn.  Until early January 2014, the Regional-Express service RE 2 ran between Mannheim, Heidelberg, Sinsheim and Heilbronn every two hours. These mostly crossed RB 74 services in Bad Rappenau. These services were restored in May 2015 and stop in Bad Rappenau.

Bad Rappenau station is the station of Bad Rappenau, a spa town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located at kilometre 27.9 on the Elsenz Valley Railway ("Elsenztalbahn") or Neckargemünd–Bad Friedrichshall railway and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.


Personal life and start as an art dealer.

The son of a Torah sofer, Salz was born in 1894 in the Galicia province of Austria-Hungary. At age 17, he traveled to Vienna to study painting and art history at the Academy of Fine Arts. During World War I he served in the Austrian army. After the war, Salz traveled to Paris to resume his study of art. After a short time working as an artist, he gave up his artistic plans and began to work in the art market. He became friends with one art dealer, Gaston Bernheim-Jeune, and worked for another, Ambroise Vollard, beginning around 1920.  Salz's marriage to the dancer Marina Franca ended in divorce. Marina and Sam had two sons, Marc and Andre. In 1970, Salz married Janet Reisner Traeger. He died in 1981 at the age of 87 in New York City.

Professional life.

In the 1920s he opened a gallery in Cologne, where Salz sold works by Marc Chagall, Hans Arp, Georges Braque, and James Ensor. From 1926 to 1930 he worked in Brussels and then worked in Paris and London by the end of the 1930s. He purchased works of art directly from artists such as André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Édouard Vuillard, Pierre Bonnard, and Chaim Soutine. He got to know Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse personally. This period also saw several portraits of Sam Salz, including a watercolor by James Ensor, a pastel by Édouard Vuillard, and a photograph of August Sander.  Salz visited the United States for the first time in 1936. He settled in New York City in 1938. After the Second World War, he was involved in the repatriation of stolen art works. In New York, he began to specialize in the art of Impressionism. From his New York base, he sold artworks by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Although he used an outside gallery, he created a private gallery in his home on East 76 Street, to which he asked potential buyers to come in order to show them his private art collection.  His clients have included renowned museums and collectors like Albert C. Barnes, Paul Mellon, Henry Ford II, David Rockefeller, and William S. Paley. There were personalities from the film such as Greta Garbo, Orson Welles, Billy Wilder, Kirk Douglas, and Edward G. Robinson. Among Salz's friends were writer Erich Maria Remarque, pianist Vladimir Horowitz, and painter Diego Rivera.

Charitable donations.

He donated art to several institutions. He gave sketches by Paul Gauguin to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. He donated to the Louvre Édouard Manet's Asparagus (it is housed in the Musée d'Orsay). To the Art Institute of Chicago, he gave the paintings Virgin and Child with Saint Elizabeth and John the Baptist as a child by Jacques Blanchard. He gave Claude Monet's The Bodmer Oak, Fontainebleau Forest to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He donated the sculpture The Serf by Henri Matisse and paintings and drawings by Édouard Vuillard to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In recognition of his gifts to the museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art named Salz a Fellow in Perpetuity of the Museum. In Jerusalem, Salz underwrote the construction of a small park (גן משה זלץ) that was named for his father, who was murdered by the Germans during the Holocaust.  During the Kennedy administration, he donated to the White House in Washington, D.C., the painting The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, July 4, 1776 by Charles Édouard Armand-Dumaresq.

Sam Salz was an art dealer, art collector, and patron of the arts. He was born March 12, 1894 in Radomyśl Wielki, then in Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland); he died on March 21, 1981, in New York City.


Biography.

Family.

He was the son of Isidor Meijers, a naval physician, and Julie Wolff. Eduard married Tonij Gottschalk on August 12, 1909. The couple would get four daughters.

Career.

In 1897 Meijers entered the University of Amsterdam to study law. He finished his doctorate under Johannes Houwing in April 1903. His dissertation had an emphasis on philosophy, defending utilitarianism against Kant's rationalism and posing that in general well-being should be the final goal of every law institution.  After his studies he ran a law practice in Amsterdam. In 1910 he accepted a chair in private law and private international law at Leiden University. He was particularly interested in legal history and his publications were of great influence on the development of this field in the Netherlands. He became internationally recognized and received honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen, Brussels, Glasgow, Leuven, Lille and Paris. From 1918 to 1922 Meijers was dean of the law faculty in Leiden; in 1926 and 1927 he was rector of the university.

Second World War.

The firing of Meijers and other Jewish scientists in 1940 by the German occupiers led Meijers' former graduate student Rudolph Cleveringa to give a widely acclaimed and consequential protest address on November 26, 1940. On August 7, 1942, Meijers, his wife and their youngest daughter were deported to the Westerbork transit camp, where they remained in detention. In September 1944 he was transported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in Bohemia. He survived the camps and returned to Leiden on June 25, 1945.

A new Dutch civil code.

On April 25, 1947, Meijers was asked by Royal Order to design a new civil code for the Netherlands (the Burgerlijk Wetboek) to replace the current code, which had been in place since 1838. In 1954, Meijers handed over the design for the first four books, accompanied with an extensive explanation. After Meijers' death that same year, his work was continued by Jan Drion, Jannes Eggens, Frits de Jong and Geert de Grooth. The first book of the new civil code was codified in 1970, the second in 1976. The last four of the seven books were codified only in 1992, 45 years after Meijers had started the work.  In 1920 Meijers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was forced to resign in 1942. In 1945 he was readmitted as member.

Eduard Maurits Meijers (January 10, 1880, Den Helder – June 25, 1954 in Leiden) was a Dutch jurist of Jewish background, who was the founding father of the current Dutch civil code, the Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek.


History.

The hospital is named after the first physician of Aruban origin, who used to treat patients in his home (Quinta del Carmen) before the first hospital of Aruba, San Pedro de Verona was founded by catholic nuns in 1920. San Pedro de Verona hospital was converted into a nursing home in 1977 when Dr. Horacio Oduber Hospital started receiving its first patients. Between 1938 and 1985 the Lago oil refinery in San Nicolas owned a second hospital, who served primarily its employees, their families and privately insured citizens. It was not until 1985 when the Lago hospital was closed, that HOH became the only hospital on the island. HOH is a general hospital and a level III trauma center.

Location and accessibility.

HOH is located in the area of Eagle Beach in Oranjestad, Aruba, right in front of the low-rise hotel area, and within 5 minutes of the high-rise hotel-strip at Palm Beach. The hospital is easily accessible by major highways, including the Sasaki-corridor and the Kibaima-Tanki Flip roadway, which connects the largest urban areas of Aruba. The furthest urban areas are within 20 minutes of HOH by ground ambulance, while the distance to most rural areas can be up to 45 minutes by road. The hospital has an active helipad with all procedures in place to receive patients by police and navy helicopters.

Medical staff.

The medical disciplines available in HOH include general medicine, general surgery, internal medicine, neurology, neuro-surgery, orthopedic surgery, pediatry, gynaecology, cardiology, nephrology, gastro-enterology, anesthesiology, ophthalmology, beriatric surgery, otolaryngology, psychiatry, oncology, pathology, intensive care medicine, plastic surgery, dermatology, obstetrics, pulmonology, radiology and urology. Specialized physicians are either contracted by HOH or work privately as independent consultants.  As Aruba does not train its own physicians, most medical staff at HOH are trained in the Netherlands, while the rest are trained in other countries of Europe or Latin America. However HOH is a training facility for residents, medical students and nurses from selected Dutch universities and a locally established vocational nursing school. The nursing and paramedical staff at HOH include individuals from Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Martin, Surinam, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scotland, Germany, the UK, Canada, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexico among other countries, which creates a unique multi-lingual environment. Patients and staff communicate in English, Dutch, Spanish and Papiamento. The official language of documentation is Dutch and English.

Services.

Diagnostic departments.

Electrophysiology, ultrasound, x-ray, mammography, CAT-scan, MRI, performance tests, laparoscopy, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, coronary angiography, pathology, serology, clinical chemistry, microbiology, among others.

Treatment facilities.

Rehabilitation center, physical therapy unit, obstetrical unit, walk-in clinic, emergency department, out-patient clinic, wound care center, diabetes center, pain clinic, oncology day-care unit, surgical unit (5 operating rooms), bloodbank, post-anestesia unit, hyperbaric chambers (operated by the nearby privately owned HOPE-clinic).

Admission departments.

Psychiatric unit, intensive care unit, medium care unit, coronary care unit, short-stay center, medical wards, surgical wards, isolation nursing units, multiple specialty wards, maternity ward, pediatric ward, basic neonatological care.

Referral of care and inter-hospital agreements.

HOH, through the public health insurance agency AZV, has agreements with selected tertiary referral hospitals in Colombia and sends out several patients a year for specialized treatment to nearby cities like Bucaramanga, Medellin, Cali and Barranquilla. Common referrals are related to intervention-cardiology, thoracic surgery, cardiovascular surgery, complex neurosurgery, neonatological intensive care, high risk obstetry and perinatology, some cases of oncology, complex trauma surgery and reconstructive surgery and treatment that can only be given in a burn center. Oncological cases are sent to the radio-therapy facility of the Sint Elisabeth Hospital in Curaçao. Divers with decompression sickness are sent to Bonaire to the Fundashon Mariadal in Bonaire. Candidates for organ transplantation or complex maxillofacial surgery and patients with growth and puberty disorders are also referred to the mainland or the Netherlands. At the same time, HOH frequently receives patients from smaller hospitals on nearby islands like Bonaire, St. Martin, Saba, Statia and occasionally from Curaçao as particularly intensive care beds and neonatology incubators are limited in this region. HOH also receives daily referrals from the "Intituto Medico San Nicolas (IMSAN)", a large out-patient facility in the San Nicolas area, which attends approximately 16.000 patients through its emergency department. Patient transfer from and to Aruba are conducted by Colombian, American or Aruban air ambulance planes.

Recent developments.

A recently renovated wing houses a combined intensive care, medium care and coronary car unit, which has a flexible capacity of 12 beds. There are existing plans to renovate the main building and expand the hospital with a three story wing, which will house all services related to mother and child care and a new out-patient clinic.  A large expansion and renovation project started in September 2014 and is due to finish in 2019. It is said to be one of the largest construction projects in the history of Aruba. The project includes a new emergency department, three times the size of the current one, an expansion of the operating theaters and the post anesthesia unit and the construction of a new hybrid cathlab. A new six-story building will arise, which will remain physically separated from the current five-story tower. The 10000 square meters of new space will house a new outpatient clinic, three hospitalisation wards of thirty patient rooms each, and a new'mother and child center' that will house the delivery suits, the pediatrics ward and the maternity ward. The old building will be renovated.  On 13 April 2020, the hospital announced that the original ICU capacity of 6 beds had been significantly increased as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Aruba. The hospital had already increased its capacity to 21, and after a shipment of emergency aid now has a total of 33 ICU beds.

The Dr. Horacio E. Oduber Hospital (abbreviated as HOH) is a 320-bed Catholic hospital on the island of Aruba, founded in 1976 by the non-profit foundation "Stichting Ziekenverpleging Aruba". It is the only hospital on the island of approximately 120,000 inhabitants.


History.

The Federal Office of Defense Technology and Procurement (Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung) commissioned the Federal Ministry of Defence to investigate new helmet concepts since the end of the 1960s. In order to achieve a higher impact strength, different materials were tested, including titanium and plastics. However, at that time the use of titanium helmets was uneconomical due to the high production costs, while plastics were not mature enough at the time to meet military demands; composite materials were also checked. The shape of the helmet is derived from the U.S. PASGT helmet.  The first M92 was issued in 1992 to the Bundeswehr.  Pakistan and Singapore were known to have received 826 helmets for field testing for potential adoption.  In May 2015, it was reported that the German Ministry of Defense is considering to replace all M92s used by the Bundeswehr. This is due to problems in the helmet's production where loose bolts were able to escape from inspections.

Development.

Induyco SA München developed the M92 based on the MARTE helmet of the Spanish Army, consisting of 29 layers of aramid fiber.  The development costs amounted to DM2.64 million. Helmets were supplied by Schuberth GmbH and from the Spanish supplier Induyco.  The helmet is marketed with four head sizes and a standard RAL 6014 olive drab color finish with other colors/finishes available as requested. Its standard accessories include a camo cover placed on the helmet and a communication headset. M92s used by the Bundeswehr have Flecktarn or Wüstentarn (currently known as Tropentarn) helmet covers.  Variations of the helmets marketed outside Germany are sold with chin straps made on the left or right side with either Schuberth or Induyco markings.

Variants.

Variants consists of the following:

The Gefechtshelm M92 (or Gefechtshelm Schuberth B826) is the standard issue combat helmet of the Bundeswehr, first fielded in 1992 as a replacement of earlier steel helmets that were previously used during the Cold War. It is made from Aramid composite materials and is used by all branches of the Bundeswehr.


Life and career.

Stücklen, the daughter of factory owner Hermann Stücklen, was assistant to Eduard Riecke and earned her doctorate in 1919 at the University of Göttingen with Robert Wichard Pohl with a dissertation on the question of the apparent form of the firmament. Then she went to Zurich, interrupted by a year in Delft (1921). In 1931 she qualified as a lecturer at the University of Zurich, where she was a private tutor. While Stücklen worked at the University of Zurich, she worked with chemist Jeanne Eder and physician Mariette Schaetzel in 1933. In October 1933, Stücklen was threatened to leave Switzerland to return to Germany. Jeanne Eder allowed Stücklen to receive a fellowship from the Rockefeller Fund which allowed her to emigrate to the United States in 1934. In 1934 she emigrated to the United States with the help of the Swiss Association of University Women and a National Research Council Fellowship. Stücklen taught at the Mount Holyoke women’s college in South Hadley, Massachusetts until 1939. In 1943, Stücklen then taught physics at the private women’s college Sweet Briar in Sweet Briar, Virginia where she retired in 1956. She retired in 1956 but spent four more years as Chairman of the Wilson College Physics Faculty in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. After retiring again in 1960, she returned to Germany, where she died in 1963.  In the USA, she collaborated frequently with Hertha Sponer, who had an experimental laboratory at Duke University, not far from Sweet Briar College.

Hildegard Stücklen (Berlin, Germany, 3 May 1891 – 15 December 1963, Germany) was a German-American physicist who dealt with spectroscopy. She worked initially as a lecturer and tutor in Switzerland in the 1930s and later moved to teach at women colleges in Massachusetts and Virginia after emigrating to the United States.


Early life.

White was born Paula Michelle Furr in Tupelo, Mississippi, the daughter of Myra Joanelle and Donald Paul Furr III. Her parents owned a toy and craft store. Donald and Myra Furr's marriage began to fail when White was five years old. White's mother left Tupelo and took her to Memphis; her separation from her husband and his subsequent suicide drove White, her brother, and her mother into poverty. White's mother became an alcoholic. While she worked, her daughter was looked after by caregivers. White has said that she was sexually and physically abused between the ages of six and thirteen by different people on different occasions. She has said that during that time, she suffered from bulimia.  White's mother remarried to a two-star admiral in the United States Navy when White was nine years old. Her family moved to the Washington, D.C. area when her stepfather became stationed at the National Naval Medical Center. White graduated from Seneca Valley High School in Germantown, Maryland.  While living in Maryland in 1984, she converted to Christianity at the Damascus Church of God. She later claimed to have received a vision from God shortly after her conversion, saying, "When I was just eighteen years old, the Lord gave me a vision that every time I opened my mouth and declared the Word of the Lord, there was a manifestation of His Spirit where people were either healed, delivered, or saved. When I shut my mouth, they fell off into utter darkness and God spoke to me and said 'I called you to preach the gospel.'"

Religious ministry.

Without Walls International Church.

The Tampa Christian Center was founded in Tampa, Florida, by the then-married Paula and Randy White in 1991. It became Without Walls International Church.  The church struggled financially, and it could not afford to pay the Whites a salary for the first two years. As a result, the couple lived on government assistance and the kindness of others. From 1991 to 1998, the church changed locations three times until it secured the property at 2511 North Grady Avenue in Tampa, and changed the name of the church to Without Walls International Church.  While the church was holding services in an outdoor tent in 1999, it reported 5,000 attendees a week and 10,000 ministered to outside of the church by 230 outreach ministries.  Without Walls International Church then purchased the property next door, at 3860 West Columbus Drive, to expand its Tampa campus. The property acquired was a Canada Dry warehouse, which was remodeled and became the main sanctuary for the church until September 2014.  In 2002, Without Walls International Church began to expand by purchasing the defunct Carpenter's Home Church location in Lakeland, Florida. At the time, the church reported 14,000 members and 200 ministries including job training, evangelism among public housing projects, and a teen club. Without Walls International Church also began to hold Saturday night services at Carpenter's Home Church in Lakeland renting the property. Carpenter's Home Church would later be purchased by Without Walls International Church in 2005 for $8 million, with the church renamed Without Walls Central Church.  In 2004, Without Walls International Church reported a congregation of 20,000, the largest congregation in the area and the seventh-largest church in the United States. An audit later made public by a United States Senate committee chaired by Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley showed that Without Walls received $150 million from 2004 to 2006. The Senate report found the church White-Cain operated with her now ex-husband spent tax-exempt ministry funds one year to pay nearly $900,000 for the couple's waterfront mansion., over a million dollars in salaries to family members paid for the Whites private jet. White and her church did not cooperate with the investigation. In 2011, Grassley issued a report outlining his committee's findings but took no additional action.  On July 12, 2009, White became the senior pastor of the church that she had co-founded, replacing her former husband, Randy White, who stated that he was stepping down as pastor for health reasons but would remain connected with the church in a different position.  On January 1, 2011, after the resignation of Scott Thomas, White became the senior pastor of the Without Walls Central Church in Lakeland, Florida, church, making her the pastor of both locations. By August of that year, services ceased when electricity was disconnected after failure to pay over $50,000 in bills. One year later, on January 1, 2012, she became senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center as well. On June 20, 2012, her ex-husband Randy White resumed leadership of the Tampa location while the Lakeland location had been abandoned a year prior. Since then, White has not been listed as staff at Without Walls International Church.

Bankruptcy.

By 2008, three years after purchasing the Lakeland property, Without Walls International put both locations up for sale due to financial difficulties. The Evangelical Christian Credit Union began foreclosure proceedings on both properties later that year. Selling two parcels of land to the city of Lakeland allowed for a settlement with the credit union in 2009, modifying the mortgage through 2013. In November 2011, while White was still senior pastor of the location, her ex-husband Randy White said that the Lakeland property was on the verge of being sold or going into foreclosure. By October 2012, the Tampa property was under foreclosure proceedings by the Evangelical Christian Credit Union after failure to pay loans. In a counterclaim filed at that time, Without Walls International claimed that White had taken audio equipment owned by the church to her new church in Apopka.  On March 4, 2014, when White was the senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center in Apopka, Without Walls International Church filed for Chapter 11 federal bankruptcy protection. In response, the Evangelical Christian Credit Union, which said the church owed it $29 million, called the filing a "litigation tactic" to prevent the foreclosure of two church locations. In a television interview with Erin Burnett at CNN, White stated, "I've never filed bankruptcy. I had resigned Without Walls. I had absolutely no part."

Paula White Ministries.

White recorded the first broadcast of "Paula White Today" in December 2001. By 2006, her show appeared on nine television networks, including Trinity Broadcast Network, Daystar, and Black Entertainment Television  "Ebony" magazine said of White, "You know you're on to something new and significant when the most popular woman preacher on the Black Entertainment Network is a white woman."  White considers T.D. Jakes her spiritual father. Jakes invited her to speak at his "Woman Thou Art Loosed" conference in 2000. She also participated in the Mega Fest, hosted by Jakes in Atlanta, in 2004, 2005 and 2008.  White has ministered to Michael Jackson, Gary Sheffield, and Darryl Strawberry. She was the personal pastor to Darryl Strawberry, starting in 2003 following Strawberry's release from prison for cocaine possession. Charisse Strawberry, Darryl Strawberry's wife at the time, worked as an assistant to White, accompanying her on speaking engagements. She is the "personal life coach" of Tyra Banks and appeared on her show, the "Tyra Banks Show", in an episode on promiscuity on October 4, 2006.  On December 31, 2011, the board of New Destiny Christian Church in Apopka, Florida, announced it had appointed White to succeed Zachery Tims as the new senior pastor. New Destiny Christian Center had been searching for a replacement since his death in August 2011. Tims' ex-wife Riva filed a lawsuit against the board of directors but quickly dropped it, citing a hold harmless clause in her 2009 marital settlement agreement.  Upon hearing of the controversy, White addressed the New Destiny Christian Center during a service that she was leading: "I'm not asking you to like me. I'm not asking you to love me or respect me, because I'll do the work to earn that. I always ask people to give me one year of your life and I promise you will be changed."  On January 1, 2012, White officially became the senior pastor for New Destiny Christian Center in Apopka. Her philanthropic work in the community along with New Destiny Christian Center has been publicly acknowledged by the mayor of Apopka: "Her church's mentoring of school students, donating food to the needy, assisting families victimized by violence and ministering to help young women trapped in the adult entertainment industry has been inspiring," said Apopka Mayor Joe Kilsheimer. "What I see her doing in the community... is of tremendous value to Apopka and northwest Orange County."  On May 5, 2019, White announced that she was stepping down as senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center and that her son and his wife would become the new senior pastors. The church would also be renamed City of Destiny. White said she would help start 3,000 churches and a university.  Commenting in March 2020 about her ministry and the COVID-19 outbreak, White said, "We are a hospital for those who are soul sick, those who are spiritually sick," and solicited donations, citing Psalm 91, of $91 or, "maybe $9 or whatever God tells you to do." She did let donors know that the money wouldn't go to victims of the disease. After widespread criticism of an Arizona event scheduled for April 9, 2020, for which she had promised "supernatural protection," she withdrew from the fundraiser.

Donald Trump Administration.

White has been a personal minister to Donald Trump after he watched her TV show; he first contacted White by telephone in 2002. He brought her to Atlantic City on multiple occasions for private Bible studies, and he has appeared on her television show. White was credited in June 2016 by James Dobson as having converted Trump to Christianity. White was part of Trump's Evangelical Advisory Board during his campaign for President, and she provided the invocation prayer during Trump's inauguration ceremony. Since Trump took office, White has served as one of the president's spiritual advisors and has held Oval Office prayer circles with him. White, with assistance from her own ministry board advisor, Jack Graham, has had an ongoing spiritual collaboration with Trump. White enthusiastically supported Trump's 2017 decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.  White has suggested that political opponents of Donald Trump "operate in sorcery and witchcraft" and that "Any persons [or] entities that are aligned against the president will be exposed and dealt with and overturned by the superior blood of Jesus". She has suggested that criticism of her belief is "a political ploy just to hurt our president".  In January of 2020, White was criticized for a January 5th sermon in which she prayed for the miscarriage of “all Satanic pregnancies”. White later wrote on Twitter that the comment had been a metaphor, and a reference to Ephesians 6.

Criticism and allegations of heresy.

White is a proponent of prosperity theology. Along with other televangelists who have made millions of dollars through the prosperity gospel, her ministry Without Walls was the subject of an inconclusive 2007–2011 Senate Finance Committee investigation with which she refused to cooperate. The committee had investigated financial improprieties that could have affected the religious organization’s tax-exempt status.  Southern Baptist theologian and ethicist Russell D. Moore said that "Paula White is a charlatan and recognized as a heretic by every orthodox Christian, of whatever tribe." Michael Horton, a professor of theology at Westminster Seminary California, wrote in early January 2017 that White represented a heretical movement and that her then-upcoming address at President Trump's inauguration was helping to introduce heresy into mainstream public life. Horton addressed White's denial of the Trinity and the prosperity gospel's position that Christ died on the cross not for the forgiveness of humankind but to rescue people from financial hardship.  Other allegations of heresy have emerged among conservative Christians, such as that White has denied the Trinity, partly as a result of a video shared by Christian author Erick Erickson that shows White assenting to the viewpoint that Jesus Christ was not the only son of God, in contravention of the Nicene Creed. Erickson has stated: Connor Gaffey has drawn attention to a 2007 televised event at which White stated, "Anyone who tells you to deny yourself is from Satan." Gaffey contrasts that with Jesus' words in the Gospel of Matthew: "Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me."  White has denied all allegations of heresy. In a January 5, 2017, CNN interview, White responded to some of the criticism saying "I have been called a heretic, an apostate, an adulterer, a charlatan, and an addict. It has been falsely reported that I once filed for bankruptcy and — my personal favorite — that I deny the Trinity!" During her interview, she also said in her defense, "My life and my decisions have been nowhere near perfect, though nothing like what has been falsely conveyed in recent days."  White has also been criticized for being introduced as having or claiming to have a doctoral degree when she has no college or seminary degree.  In July 2018, White was discussing illegal immigration and said that although Jesus migrated to live in Egypt, "it was not illegal. If he had broken the law, then he would have been sinful and he would not have been our Messiah." In response, William Barber II called White a "Christian nationalist" and said that "Jesus was a refugee & did break the law. He was crucified as a felon under Roman law." Matthew Soerens of the Evangelical Immigration Table group noted that the concept of illegal immigration did not exist at the time; he questioned White's argument that breaking a law is sinful by noting that the Bible had written about Jews defying an Egyptian ruler's order to kill children and Jesus's apostles being jailed for breaking Roman laws.  White has been denounced by rapper and Christian pastor Shai Linne in a song, "Fal$e Teacher$".

Personal life.

Marriages and relationships.

White has been married three times.  Her first marriage was as a teenager. Paula became pregnant the year after converting to Christianity. She and the father, local musician Dean Knight, married in 1985; they divorced in 1989.  Paula met associate pastor Randy White in 1987 while attending Damascus Church of God in Maryland, which was headed by his father. According to the book "Holy Mavericks", meeting this third-generation preacher was a turning point in her life. The two divorced their spouses in 1989 and married each other a year later, Paula becoming step-mother to his children. Shortly thereafter they moved to Tampa, Florida and started "Without Walls International Church." On August 23, 2007, Randy White announced that he and Paula were divorcing. According to "The Christian Post," White says the divorce was amicable, and they remain friends.  In 2010 White's relationship with married televangelist Benny Hinn gave rise to controversy after being photographed leaving a hotel in Rome holding hands. Hinn said “A friendship did develop" though "the relationship is over.” Both denied an affair.  At the close of 2014, musician Jonathan Cain of the Journey rock band finalized his divorce from his second wife and became engaged to White, who had been dating him during his marriage. On April 27, 2015, the couple married, Paula becoming step-mother to their children.

Family.

White has one child, son Bradley Knight from her first marriage, whom she installed as her church senior leader in 2019.  She was stepmother to the three children of her second husband, Randy White, and stepmother to the three children of her third husband, Jonathan Cain.

Paula Michelle White-Cain (née Furr; April 20, 1966) is an American pastor, author, and televangelist. From 2014 until May 2019, she was senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center, in Apopka, Florida, a non-denominational, multicultural megachurch. She was formerly the co-pastor of Without Walls International Church in Tampa, Florida, a church she co-founded with pastor and then-husband Randy White in 1991.


Background and education.

Blakenham was the third son of The Rt. Hon. Richard Hare, 4th Earl of Listowel, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, and The Hon. Freda Vanden-Bampde-Johnstone. His elder brother, The 5th Earl of Listowel, was a prominent Labour politician. He was educated at Eton.

Political career.

Blakenham was an Alderman of London County Council between 1937 and 1952 and fought in the Second World War with the Suffolk Yeomanry in Italy and was awarded the Legion of Honour and appointed an OBE. He sat as Member of Parliament for Woodbridge between 1945 and 1950 and for Sudbury and Woodbridge between 1950 and 1963 and was vice-chairman of the Conservative Party between 1952 and 1955. He served under Sir Anthony Eden as Minister of State for the Colonies between 1955 and 1956 and under Eden and his successor, Harold Macmillan, as Secretary of State for War from 1956 to 1958.  He later held office under Macmillan as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1958 to 1960 and Minister of Labour between 1960 and 1963. He was admitted to the Privy Council in 1955 and in 1963 he was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Blakenham, of Little Blakenham in the County of Suffolk. Blakenham then served under Sir Alec Douglas-Home as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Deputy Leader of the House of Lords from 1963 to 1964 and was chairman of the Conservative Party between 1963 and 1965.

Family.

Lord Blakenham married the Hon. Nancy Pearson, daughter of Weetman Pearson, 2nd Viscount Cowdray, on 31 January 1934. They had three children:  In 1967, Joanna married American attorney and Harvard Law School professor Stephen Breyer; Breyer would be appointed a Circuit Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in 1980 and a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1994.  Lord Blakenham died in March 1982, aged 71, and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his only son, Michael. Lady Blakenham died in November 1994, aged 86.

Horticultural interests.

In 1951 he purchased a wood close to his home. Over the following years he created glades and paths through the bluebells and planted many rare plants, and became known as the Blakenham Woodland Garden.  Hare received the Victoria Medal of Honour from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1974. In 1982 he became treasurer of the Society.  The Blakenham Woodland Garden was inherited by his son and is open to the public. On his death the wood was made into a charitable trust. His son, Michael Blakenham, a lifelong environmentalist has increased the stock of unusual specimens and has bought many rare including unnamed trees and shrubs from auctions at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

John Hugh Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham, OBE, PC, DL (22 January 1911 – 7 March 1982) was a British Conservative politician.


Biography.

Brown was born on a farm in Illinois, United States, and received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1968. She then became a journalist in South Vietnam, where her brother was serving in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. Interested in Asian art, she earned a master's degree from University of Singapore in 1973. She married and made her home in Bangkok, but she was run over and nearly killed in a traffic accident in the 1980s, which cost her a leg and seriously damaged her hearing. Nevertheless, in 2004, she received a Ph.D. from UCLA, working on the so-called Ming Gap, a 300-year interval when China blocked exports of ceramics. A production boom across Southeast Asia resulted. Brown's analysis of ceramics recovered from shipwrecks of the period "revolutionized the understanding of trade patterns in the region," according to colleagues cited in the "Los Angeles Times".

Arrest and death.

While employed as a curator by Bangkok University, she became involved in the investigation of the smuggling of art objects from Thailand to the United States, particularly from the Ban Chiang cultural tradition, assisting U.S. Government agents. However, she was herself implicated in the possible false authentication of stolen objects, based on material found during January 2008 raids on the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Pacific Asia Museum in Pasadena, California, the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California, and the Mingei International Museum in San Diego. Brown was arrested on May 9, 2008 for alleged wire fraud when she arrived in the United States to deliver a lecture at an Asian art symposium at the University of Washington. She was found dead in her cell at the Federal Detention Center in SeaTac on May 14. Naturally, the charge was dropped immediately after her death at the facility.  The question of her actual involvement in the smuggling ring, the justification for her arrest, and her lack of medical attention after it, was the subject of a series of articles in the "Los Angeles Times".

Medical malpractice lawsuit.

A medical malpractice lawsuit was filed by her son, Taweesin (Jaime) Ngerntongdee, after it was determined that Brown had died of peritonitis caused by a perforated ulcer. The suit claimed she had suffered stomach problems in the detention center and that other inmates took her to a shower after a guard would not respond when she vomited something that "smelled like excrement." When Brown requested for help after the 10 p.m. lockdown on May 13, the guard told her she would have to wait until the morning for medical attention, according to the suit. Detention center officials acknowledged there was no overnight medical staff on duty and took the case to mediation. The federal government settled the case for $880,000 in July 2009. Attorney Tim Ford stated part of the settlement stipulated that Brown's death would be investigated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Books.

She was author of a number of academic books on Southeast Asian ceramics. Among the ones that established her early reputation are:  Among her later works are:

Roxanna Maude Brown (May 2, 1946 – May 14, 2008) was a prominent authority on Southeast Asian ceramics and director of the Bangkok University's Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum.


Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca

Early life.

Cortés was born in Cuernavaca in what is now the state of Morelos. He had an older half-brother with the same name Martín Cortés (1523-1568), son of Hernán Cortés and Doña Marina ("La Malinche"), nicknamed "El Mestizo".  Illegitimate by birth, Doña Marina's son Martín lacked the noble title of "don", which his younger, legitimate half-brother held. He also had three sisters: Doña María Cortés y Zúñiga, Doña Catalina Cortés y Zúñiga, and Doña Juana Cortés y Zúñiga.  According to one modern assessment, "Martín Cortés was everything his father was not... In place of courage, diplomatic genius, and a talent for leadership, [Don] Martín faced with a straightforward arrogance that he claimed as his birthright."  Don Martín and his brother, Don Luis, traveled with their father to Spain in 1540, to serve King Charles I of Spain and his successor, Philip II of Spain. As a young man, Don Martín became friends with Prince Philip, and both participated in the campaign against the rebellious Low Countries. Through his friendship with Prince Philip, who became Philip II following his father's abdication, Don Martín gained security of title to his estates in New Spain, who "commanded that all the estates and Indian tributaries granted to Hernán Cortés in recognition of his conquests be passed on to his son."

Spain.

During his residence in Spain, he married his cousin, Doña Ana Ramírez de Arellano, daughter of the Count of Aguilar, Don Pedro Ramírez de Arellano. He maintained close ties with the aristocracy and intelligentsia of the moment, such as the writer Francisco López de Gómara, whom he sponsored to write the biography of his father.

Return to New Spain.

Don Martín, with brother Don Luis and half brother Martín el Mestizo, returned to New Spain in 1563, met by "raucous welcoming parties", particularly of disgruntled encomenderos, and he was met by the viceroy himself, Don Luis de Valesco. At the time, during a period of disturbances in the city of Mexico City, Don Martín was the richest person in New Spain, with many encomiendas in various parts of New Spain as well as the entailed estate as Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca. In Francisco López de Gómara's dedication of his biography of Cortés to its sponsor, Don Martín, he says to the young Marquess in admonition that "in the first instance you have wealth; in the second, fame, for honor and riches go hand in hand. At the same time your inheritance obligates you to emulate the deeds of your father, Hernán Cortés, and to spend well what he left you."

Conflicts with elite.

In "los Países Bajos" (the Netherlands), Martín had acquired the "bad habit" of toasting. This offended some elites' sense of good manners in New Spain. However, more severe than this breach of etiquette was his attempt to be considered the most important man in New Spain instead of the crown's appointed viceroy. He hijacked the visit of a royal inspector, Jerónimo de Valderrama, who, under normal protocols, would have been met by the viceroy and stayed in the viceregal palace. The welcoming party greeted Valderrama first and persuaded him to stay with him rather than with the viceroy.  Although that might seem trivial, it was a strong signal that he was challenging the viceroy's power.

Encomenderos' Conspiracy.

He led a movement along with some encomenderos to prevent the abolition of encomiendas that was mandated by the New Laws of 1542 (they were rumored to be about to come into effect soon) ands well as greater autonomy for the New Spain. From the encomenderos' point of view, they were the heirs of the conquerors who had given the Crown the rich and vast territory and so they sought to retain what they considered their just rewards for service with their encomienda grants. The Crown was increasingly opposed to the development of a noble group that challenged its power and perquisites, and the New Laws that limited the inheritance of encomiendas was a mechanism to phase out the sources of wealth and power for the conqueror group.  In New Spain, on the death of the Viceroy Don Luís de Velasco in 1564, Don Martín was named Captain General by the Mexico City Council, with hints of independence for the viceroyalty. In 1565, two sons of an important conqueror seemed to go beyond merely advocating protection of the conqueror group's interests and offered to raise rebellion and crown Don Martín king of New Spain. According to contemporary observer Juan Suárez de Peralta (a relative of Hernán Cortés's late first wife, Catalina Suárez), Don Martín was not all in with the conspirators but did not discourage them. Don Martín's vacillation caused the plot to be first postponed and then abandoned. On 16 July 1566, the plotters were betrayed and the leaders arrested, including Don Martín, his brothers, and the rich and influential Alonso de Ávila, nephew of the conquistador of the same name. The two main conspirators were sentenced to death and beheaded.  In Don Martín's trial, he was accused of treason and inciting rebellion against the king. According to the trial questionnaires, of which 388 leaves are found in the Harkness Collection of the Library of Congress (and published in transcription and English translation), he was accused of seeking to overturn the audencia (high court) and its judges be assassinated, and he would become king of New Spain. The questionnaires for the trial were drawn up in September 1566 and another in November. There were powerful witnesses testifying to his participation in the plot, including the brother and son of Luis de Velasco. Testifying for the defense were the Provincial for the Augustinian Order and two Provincials of the Franciscan Order, but there wa a range of supporters, including two musicians, a surgeon, a lawyer, a silversmith, the son and wife of an apothecary, and a free black woman named Margarida Pérez.  The monarch sent a judge, Alonso de Muñoz, and to deal with the perceived threat to the colony. Muñoz "unleashed a reign of terror. Hundreds of Spanish settlers were arrested and tortured and scores beheaded." Muñoz was recalled to Spain and thrown into prison. on arrival of the new viceroy, Don Gastón de Peralta, on 15 November 1567. The Cortés brothers were spared death. The failed encomenderos' conspiracy and aftermath was the end of effective power of the group.  Don Martín, who had been spared beheading, was given leave in April 1567 to travel to Spain to plead their case before the King, with whom he had been friends since before his ascendance to the throne. Before he left New Spain, he had been required to swear allegiance to the crown and to present himself in Spain to the king within 50 days of his arrival. Don Martín was under house arrest briefly, but promising not to return to New Spain, he was released and resumed his profligate life in Madrid, funded by his vast wealth.  He had briefly lost the entailed Estate until 1574.  He died in Madrid, Spain, 13 August 1589, the 68th anniversary of the fall of Tenochtitlan. His successors to the title never resided in Mexico but lived in Spain and later Italy.

Later years.

Given his exile in Spain, he had to rely on able administrators to run the sprawling estates of the Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca. The position of administrator (the "governor") was leased to the highest bidder for nine years, which guaranteed him income and in exchange, the governor had considerable power over virtually all aspects of the estate: administrative, fiscal, and judicial. As with the estates of the Jesuits in New Spain, the Marquesado was administered as a unit despite the scattered individual haciendas in central and southern Mexico. They were business enterprises run for profit. The administrators handled all matters pertaining to the estate. A codex held by the Latin American Library at Tulane University, the "Atatepec Land Claim [Petition to recover a tract of land from the marques]," describes litigation against him.

Don Martín Cortés y Zúñiga, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (1532–1589) was the son and designated heir of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés by his second wife, Doña Juana de Zúñiga. Don Martín shared his name with an elder half-brother, whose mother was Doña Marina. He was involved with a conspiracy of encomenderos, was investigated, tried, and spared the death penalty.


Career.

In 1999 Raffaele Fitto was elected at European Parliament for Forza Italia.  On 17 May 2015 Raffaele Fitto left Forza Italia and the European People's Party parliamentary group to join the European Conservatives and Reformists.

Italian Courts Trials against Raffaele Fitto.

Bribery towards Italian Public Medical System.

Fitto in 2006 was investigated by the Bari prosecutor in connection with a donation to his regional party "La Puglia Prima di Tutto" of 500,000 Euros by Tosinvest, a company owned by Antonio Angelucci, ahead of the 2005 Apulian regional election. According to the prosecution this amount was suspected of being a bribe to secure for the Apulia region the management of eleven nursing homes.  A request to arrest Fitto, who in the meantime had become a Member of the Italian Parliament, was rejected by the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Fitto in December 2009 was found guilty of abuse of office, corruption and illegal financing of political parties; Fitto was acquitted of some other charges in June 2012.  Fitto in February 2013 was sentenced by the Court of first instance ("Tribunale di Primo Grado", the first grade) to four years in prison and five years' disqualification from public office; the sentence was commuted to 1 year.  Fitto in September 2015 was acquitted of all charges by the Court of second instance ("Corte d'Appello", the second grade).  Fitto in June 2017 was acquitted of all charges by the Supreme Court of Cassation ("Corte di Cassazione", the final grade).

Bankruptcy of Cedis.

Fitto in February 2009 was accused of conspiring, during his presidency of the Apulia region (2000-2005), Italy, to short-sell the trading company "Cedis", at that time (2004-2006) in administration. The charges were filed in April 2009; however in March 2017 Fitto was acquitted of all charges by the Court of second instance ("Corte d'Appello", the second grade).

Raffaele Fitto (born 28 August 1969) is an Italian politician and a member of the European Parliament. Raffaele Fitto was born in Maglie, Italy.


Early life and family.

Wilson was born in Wellington on 28 May 1896, the son of Thomas and Ann Maria Wilson. He was educated at Berhampore School, and then at Wellington College between 1911 and 1912. On 20 September 1920 he married Sybil Elizabeth Hippsley at Wolverton, Buckinghamshire, England, and the couple went on to have four children.

Military service.

After the outbreak of World War I, Wilson travelled to England as a civilian and worked on munitions. Between 1917 and 1919, he served with the New Zealand Field Artillery (NZFA) and, after the Armistice, in the Pay Corps in London. During World War II he was a second lieutenant in the New Zealand Territorial Force.

Athletics.

In all, Wilson won nine New Zealand national athletics titles between 1915 and 1923: the 100 yards and 220 yards titles in 1922; the 120 yards hurdles in 1920, 1921 and 1923; and the 440 yards hurdles in 1915, 1920, 1921 and 1923.  While serving with the NZFA in France, Wilson competed at a meet at the base in Étaples, winning the 100 yards, 220 yards, 120 yards hurdles, long jump, high jump, and cricket ball throw. In 1919 he was a member of the New Zealand team that competed in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, and finished third in the 120 yards hurdles behind the Americans Robert Simpson and Fred Kelly. Later in 1919, Wilson won the 120 yards hurdles at the British Army championship meeting at Aldershot, and went on to win the British national championship over the same distance at Stamford Bridge, London.  After winning the 120 yards hurdles at the 1920 Australasian athletics championship, Wilson was one of four members of the New Zealand team at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, and was the team's flagbearer. Competing in the 110 m hurdles, Wilson finished fourth in the final, 0.5 m behind the bronze medal winner.  Wilson broke his leg while competing at the Australasian championship meeting at Hobart in 1924.

Harry Ernest Wilson (born 28 May 1896; date of death unknown) was a New Zealand hurdler who competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and at the 1919 Inter-Allied Games in Paris. In 1920 he finished fourth in the 110 metre hurdles competition. He was the Olympic flag bearer for New Zealand in 1920.