Name.

In Serbian, the village is known as "Žagubica" or "Жагубица", and in Romanian/Vlach as "Jagubiţa", "Jăgobiţa" or "Iaguba".

Geography.

The municipality of Žagubica is located between municipalities of Kučevo and Majdanpek in the north, municipality of Bor in the east, municipality of Despotovac in the south, and municipality of Petrovac in the west.

History.

By 1836, the craft shops were numerous. That year, there were 23 cloth tailors ("abadžija") in Žagubica and its vicinity, 20 blacksmiths, and a number of furriers ("ćučija"), tinsmiths, coppersmiths, gunsmiths, coopers. As the trade developed with so many craftsmen, in the 1840s first proper shops were open. At that time, Žagubica developed from a village into the small town ("varošica"), with a "čaršija". The Crafts-Trade Guild was established in the settlement, having 15 trade and 11 craft members in 1900. By 1905 the number doubled, so the guild was split in two, one for trade, other for crafts.  However, the prosperity of the town wasn't followed by the prosperity of the surrounding villages. There, money was spent only on the merchandise that couldn't be made by the villagers themselves. They produced their own clothes, wooden household items and furniture, tools, agricultural utensils, etc. Rural population was at odds with the town's one, as reported by the 1883 communique of the Homolje District Administration: "peasantry in the district is opposing the shops because of the bad influence on the youth's moral which steals food from their houses so that they would acquire cheap, unnecessary merchandise from the shop owners."  After the state issued a prohibition on the "raw" "opanak", a craft production of opanak, a common footwear at the time, blossomed. Part of the state strategy to develop the production is prohibition on selling opanak in the shops, only craftsmen were allowed to sell it. Žagubica was one of the rare towns in Serbia which neglected this prohibition, so the production of the footwear never lift off, despite constant protests from the craftsmen against the shops. A product that the area was known were the cradles called "ljagan", which were made to be worn on the back. They were ellipsoid, elongated and mad e ofwood, with ornaments either made of glued thin wood panels or painted paper.  In 1836 there were 10 kafanas in the Homolje region, out of which 3 were in Žagubica. They were center of the social life and place where trade deals were made. By 1928, number of kafanas grew from 3 to 15.  From 1929 to 1941, Žagubica was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Religion.

One of the oldest and most valuable monuments of the Orthodox culture in this area is the Trška Monastery. Originating from the 13th century, it is the oldest surviving sacral object in the Braničevo District.  In the Gornjak Gorge of the Mlava river valley, Gornjak Monastery was built from 1378 to 1381, as an endowment of Prince Lazar. After the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Lazar's widow Princess Milica and their two underage sons, Stefan and Vuk, spent some time in the monastery. There is a unique representation of Jesus Christ in the monastery, who is painted as a human shepherd with another human across his shoulder, instead of a lamb. Next to the monastery is the "Gate of Homolje", at the entrance into the gorge. It is unusual stone edifice, built into the rock and walled with ramparts, overlooking the monastery.  The Church of Holy Trinity is in the center of the settlement. It was built in the late 19th century. It is considered a symbol of Žagubica and the wider Homolje region.

Settlements.

Aside from the village of Žagubica, the municipality includes the following settlements, all rural:

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has 12,737 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups.

The ethnic groups in the Žagubica municipality include (2011 census):

Economy.

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

Tourism.

There are numerous festivals in the surrounding area throughout the year. The include the honey trade fair, the cheese and proja festival in Medveđica, "Privega" and "Poklada" in Laznica, but also some newer, like the Homolje saxophone festival.

Žagubica (, ) is a village and municipality located in the Braničevo District of the eastern Serbia. It is situated in the geographical region of Homolje. In 2011, the population of the village is 2,584, while population of the municipality is 12,737.


Plot.

Early in the morning, a mysterious man appears in South Park, entering from some kind of portal. Unfamiliar with his surroundings, he is hit lightly by a car. After shovelling snow, Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny watched a report on CNN about the mysterious arrival. The mysterious person, who has come from over a thousand years in the future, is looking for work because of the overpopulation and poverty in his time, and he learns that the money that he earns in the 21st century will be enough to feed his family in 3045. Soon enough, large numbers of immigrants begin to come through the portal. The future people are described by CNN as "a hairless, uniform mix of all races" with the same skin color, while their language is a guttural mixture of all world languages; also, the immigrants are referred to as "Goobacks" due to having some kind of goo attached to them after exiting the portal (a satire of the modern slur "Wetbacks" referring to Mexican immigrants). As the boys return to offer to shovel snow again the next day, they find that the newly arrived time-immigrants have shoveled all driveways on the street for very low pay. As the immigrants are willing to accept jobs for that kind of pay, the original workers throughout South Park are replaced, thus resulting in massive unemployment throughout the town.  At a meeting to discuss their concern with the Goobacks, construction worker Darryl Weathers complains that they have worked hard to get their pay high enough to make a living, but now are being ousted by the time-immigrants. The other workers voice their own complaints, with each sentence finishing off with an increasingly slurred and garbled exclamation of "They took our jobs!", which later becomes their slogan. Later at that meeting, Weathers has the audience suggest ideas for stopping the immigrants from arriving at the town. One man suggests everyone start stripping and engaging in a gay orgy; Weathers likes the idea, as it is the only way to stop the immigrants from coming because homosexual couples cannot spawn offspring. The protesters reluctantly agree with the exception of Jimbo Kern; and begin the orgy.  Meanwhile, Stan's father Randy - despite initially being sympathetic to the Goobacks - loses his job to a Gooback and becomes the spokesperson of the protesters. Randy is interviewed by CNN while still naked. Next to him is a very embarrassed and disturbed Stan, who explains that he understands that the immigrants are living in poverty and they are just trying to get by, but realizes that poor societies often hurt other societies instead of helping them. He suggests that the people of the present should try to make the future better so the immigrants will not need to come. The entire town begins to recycle, install solar and wind power devices, plant trees, give to the poor, etc., hoping to cause the Goobacks to disappear. Although the townspeople's efforts are successful and the Goobacks begin to fade away, the boys observe that the work is "gayer than all the men getting in a big pile and having sex with each other", and with an exclamation of "We're sorry, back in the pile!", the male adults including the boys happily resume their orgy.

Home release.

"Goobacks", along with the thirteen other episodes from "South Park"s eighth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on August 29, 2006. The set includes brief audio commentaries by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone for each episode.

"Goobacks" is the seventh episode of the eighth season of the animated television series "South Park", and the 118th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 28, 2004.


Biography.

Born into a peasant family, he rapidly distinguished himself by petty thefts before profiting from the German occupation of France and using it to develop his criminal activities. From 1941 to 1944, he was a member of the "Carlingue", forging a reputation as a cold-blooded murderer and carrying out more and more summary executions. He developed links with the underworld of the era, then set up his own network with Raymond Naudy, Abel Danos known as "Le Mammouth", Pierre Giblaise, Fernand ""Le Poulet"" and Jo Attia.  However, little by little, his repeated crimes brought him to the Gestapo's attention. Sensing that the tide was changing, "Pierrot le fou" thus decided to join the French Resistance, getting them into talks with him by gunning down a German officer on the terrace of a café in Toulouse. Upon the Liberation, he renewed his acquaintance with organised crime, getting involved in racketeering and pimping and gaining a reputation as an unscrupulous crime lord. With his team, he formed the famous "Gang des tractions", named after their favoured vehicle, the Citroën 11, the famous "tractions avant" (front-drive) cars.  Hunted by Roger Borniche, the gang was partly dismantled after a raid in Champigny. It ended up separating and Pierrot le fou, considered to be dangerous and uncontrollable, once again found himself isolated and reduced to petty burglaries.  On 6 November 1946, Pierrot was shot in the bladder during a robbery of a Parisian jewellery store on avenue Kléber, after having killed its Armenian owner. He succumbed to his wounds five days later, on 11 November 1946, and his body was buried by his accomplices, being found only three years later by the police on 6 May 1949.

Pierre Loutrel (5 March 1916, Château-du-Loir, Sarthe – 11 November 1946), better known by his nickname of "Pierrot le fou" (Crazy Pete) was France's first "public enemy number one" and one of the leaders of the "Gang des tractions".


Composition.

According to Dickinson, 'The Wicker Man' initially started off as a riff that Adrian Smith was "bouncing around with". Dickinson thought that the riff sounded good and he began to add a catchy melody to the song. Then Steve Harris began to play along to the riff. Dickinson stated that the song was written without even trying to get a single-length track. It was also the first song that the band rehearsed together since the return of Dickinson and Smith. Dickinson said the process of writing the lyrics attempted to get "the same vibe I get when I stand onstage in front of all these people and they start singing and chanting with you".  The radio version of the song differs from the album track, with the chorus' first and third line "Your time will come" followed by the line, "Thy will be done", and the last line is followed by "Don't turn, don't run." This is the case for every chorus except for the third chorus in which the third line is followed by "I'll be the gun" and the fourth line is followed by "Burn on my son." This version is considered extremely rare.  The single's cover art was by Mark Wilkinson, after a piece by the famed artist Derek Riggs was rejected. This was the last piece Riggs would create for Iron Maiden, until "Flight 666", reasoning that they were too hard to work with. This art work was used for the picture vinyl disc and various minor pressings.  In 2001, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category "Best Metal Performance" but lost to "Elite" by Deftones.  This song was also included as a playable song in game Rock Band Blitz.  The Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League have used a portion of The Wicker Man as their goal celebration song starting in the 2011-12 season, up through the 2017-18 season.

Limited Editions.

A limited edition of "The Wicker Man" was also released. The limited edition contained 2 CDs and a double-faced poster, as well as a selection of live songs recorded during the Ed Hunter Tour. The European release of the single also contained a beermat.  CD 1 had a picture of the band on the cover of the cd the same as the single cover; CD 2 was clear with a picture of the "Wicker Man" on the cd.  The 12" LP Picture Disc had the "Wicker Man" on the A side and the people with animal masks on the B side.

Personnel.

Production credits are adapted from the CD, and picture disc covers.

"The Wicker Man" is a song by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released on 8 May 2000 as the first single and opening track from their twelfth studio album, "Brave New World" (2000). It preceded the release of "Brave New World" by three weeks. It is also the first single by the band since 1989's single Infinite Dreams to feature The Trooper-era lineup with vocalist Bruce Dickinson and guitarist Adrian Smith returning to the band in 1999. It was co-written by Smith, Dickinson and Steve Harris. It was co-produced by Kevin Shirley and Harris. The title is inspired by the British cult film of the same name. The song should not be confused with "Wicker Man" from Dickinson's solo career, the lyrics of which are more closely themed around the film. The latter song can be found on the 2 disc edition of "The Best of Bruce Dickinson".


Biography.

The son of a nobleman, Lefébure de Saint-Ildephont entered the company of chevau-légers of the king's house in 1769, but his taste leading him to the study of natural science, he left military service and got admitted to a medical doctor and became a doctor of the city of Versailles. He undertook research on venereal disease and the organ of sight.  After returning from several trips to Holland and Germany, he was appointed physician of the Count of Provence in 1785. At the outbreak of the Revolution, he emigrated and traveled to Holland Germany and Italy, while continuing to practice medicine. Returning to France in 1801, his views brought him into conflict with the government and he expatriated himself again on his way to Munich, Augsburg and Frankfurt am Main.  On 8 May 1809, Lefébure was appointed chief doctor of the hospital of Augsburg. When the French army crowd of casualties was brought in this city after the Battle of Regensburg and the Battle of Essling, in his zeal to cure his unfortunate compatriots, he caught typhus, which prevailed. It is said that to a priest having come to assist him in his last moments, Lefebure replied: "My dear Father, tell who you want you confessed me, I give you permission, but in the name of God, let me die in peace."  Lefébure de Saint-Ildephont published a host of writings on various subjects including plays such as "les Orphelins" comedy in three acts and in prose (Geneva, 1771), "Sophie, ou le triomphe de la vertu", comedy in five acts and in prose (Stockholm, 1771 ; Avignon, 1791), "le Connaisseur", comedy in three acts and in verse (Geneva and Paris, 1773), reprinted under the name M. de Fintac, or "le faux Connaisseur, comédie par l’aveugle de Ferney" (Geneva, 1774), "Polixène", tragedy in five acts and in vers (Utrecht, 1785), "l’Art de régner", poem presented at the competition of the Académie des Jeux floraux (Lausanne, 1773).  He also published historical works such as "Itinéraire historique, politique, géographique Provinces-Unies" (The Hague, 1781), works of medicine like "Médecin de soi-même, ou méthode simple pour guérir les maladies vénériennes, avec un chocolat aphrodisiaque aussi utile qu’agréable" (Paris, 1775), "Lettre au sujet d’un rouge à l’usage des dames, tiré du règne végétal" (Paris, 1775), "Remède éprouvé pour guérir les cancer occulte et manifeste ou ulcéré" (Paris, 1775), "État de la médecine, chirurgie et pharmacie en Europe, et principalement en France, pour l’année 1777" (Paris, 1777), "le Manuel des femmes enceintes, de celles qui sont en couches, et de celles qui veulent nourrir" (Paris, 1777, 1782, 1797), "Mémoires cliniques sur les maladies vénériennes" (Utrecht, 1781), "Observations pratiques, rares et curieuses sur divers accidents vénériens" (Paris, 1775), "République fondée sur la nature physique et morale de l’homme" (Nuremberg, 1797), "le Guide des personnes de l’un et l’autre sexe qui sont affligées de hernies ou descentes, ou instruction sur l’usage des bandages herniaires guérissants et de la liqueur styptiques pour la guérison radicale des hernies" (Frankfurt am Main, 1798), "Recherches et découvertes sur la nature du fluide nerveux ou de l’esprit vital, principe de la vie, et sur sa manière d’agir, d’après des expériences neuves et exactes" (Frankfurt am Main, 1800), "Traité sur la paralysie du nerf optique, vulgairement nommé goutte sereine, au traitement de laquelle on applique le gaz hydrogène" (Paris, 1801), "Histoire anatomique, physiologique et optique de l’œil, pour servir d’introduction aux autres ouvrages sur les maladies et les opérations des yeux, du même auteur, et d’examen à ceux qui se destinent à cette pratique" (Strasbourg and Paris, 1803) and two books in German on venereal diseases and ocular disorders.

Guillaume-René Lefébure, baron de Saint-Ildephont (25 September 1744 – 27 July 1809) was an 18th–19th-century French military, historian, physician, political writer and man of letters.


History.

This trade magazine appeared for the first time on 5 December 1891 in Charleville in the Ardennes department in northeastern France with the title "l'Usine", subtitled "Organe de l'industrie des Ardennes et du Nord-Est" ("Organ of Industry of the Ardennes and the North-East"). It was published with the encouragement of a regional trade association, the Syndicat des industriels métallurgiques ardennais. And an editorial was specific: "L'Usine hopes to become the organ for everyone who has at heart the prosperity of the industries of the Ardennes and their expansion." It was a newspaper conceived entrepreneurs for entrepreneurs. It was an information tool to help them act and make decisions, and a communications tool and source of advertising for managers. At that time, the Ardennes and the northeast of France were considered a favoured area for industrial development.  In 1905, it was bought by Camille Didier, who had become its publisher in 1901 at the age of 26 and who had opened an office in Paris. Camille Didier sought to turn "l'Usine" into a nationally distributed magazine.  In 1914, the magazine had 3,000 subscribers. In response to the invasion of France by Germany during World War I, the newspaper moved its office to Paris and remained there. In 1935, the magazine printed 35,000 copies of each issues and its office was at 15 de la rue Bleue.  At the outbreak of World War II, the magazine called on its readers to support the war effort. After Paris was occupied by German forces, the magazine continued to publish but limited itself to factual information such as commodity prices. At the time of the Liberation of Paris, its publisher (still Camille Didier) was accused of having collaborated with the enemy by continuing to publish during the German occupation. He was supported by his cousin Jeanne Carlot, a resistance figure in the Ardennes who had published an underground resistance newspaper named "l'Ardenne".  After an interruption of 11 months, the magazine resumed publication in 1945 with a new name, "l'Usine nouvelle". The magazine grew during the Trente Glorieuses, the period of economic growth in France from 1945 until 1975. It became a jewel of the general trade press, with a strong position. Camille Didier died in 1962, and his son, Édouard Didier, took over.  In 1968, its publication was interrupted by a strike by the C.G.T. trade union confederation at the printing plant in Montrouge. In 1970, the Didier family sold the magazine to Havas. The editorial process was computerized in 1992 and a website was launched in 1998. Havas was acquired by Vivendi Universal. Vivendi Universal sold its trade and medical publishing businesses to a group led by Cinven in 2001, who created Approvia. Approvia sold Groupe Moniteur, of which "L'Usine nouvelle" was a part, to Sagard in 2004. In 2006, Groupe Moniteur was sold to Bridgepoint Capital. In 2013, Bridgepoint sold Groupe Moniteur to Infopro Digital, then owned by Apax Partners. TowerBrook Capital Partners acquired Infopro Digital. TowerBrook Capital Partners acquired Infopro Digital from Apax in 2016.

Online edition.

Usinenouvelle.com is a site for business and industrial news, republishing articles from the L’Usine nouvelle magazine and from other sources such as wire services. It received an award from the Palmarès de la Presse Professionnelle for the best Internet site in 2003.

L'Usine nouvelle is a weekly French business magazine that covers business and technology. It is based in Antony, Hauts-de-Seine near Paris.


Early years.

Guillaume-Antoine-Benoît Capelle was born on 9 September 1775 in Salles-Curan, then in Rouergue and today in Aveyron, to a family of judges. From his youth he was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. At the age of 15 he represented the district of Millau in the 14 July 1790 Fête de la Fédération. At the age of 18 he was appointed a lieutenant in the 2nd grenadier battalion of the Pyrénées-Orientales. He served in that grade until 1794, when he was dismissed as a federalist and returned to Millau.  Capelle was briefly an itinerant actor, before marrying and becoming the commander of the National Guard of Millau. After the coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) he was sent as a delegate to Paris by his fellow citizens to congratulate the consular government. With the sponsorship of Jean-Antoine Chaptal he entered the Ministry of Interior in 1800.

First Empire.

Capelle was appointed Secretary General of the department of Alpes-Maritimes at the end of 1800, then of the Department of Stura in 1805. On 25 February 1808 he was appointed prefect of the department of the Mediterranean with its capital in Livorno. This was a difficult position. The prefecture bordered the states of the Elisa Bonaparte, the Princess of Lucca and Piombino, who was extremely jealous of his authority. Capelle was able to obtain the favor of the princess, and the most perfect understanding existed between them.  This intimacy with his sister displeased the Emperor, who moved Capelle to the position of prefect of Geneva on 30 November 1810. Capelle did not find it easy to get the citizens to accept him. Allied troops arrived at the undefended city of Geneva at the end of 1813 and forced it to surrender. Napoleon had Capelle thrown in prison despite his being exonerated by a commission of inquiry.

Bourbon Restoration.

After the first Bourbon Restoration, on 10 June 1814 Capelle accepted the position of Prefect of Ain from King Louis XVIII. The Count of Artois gave him the Officer's Cross of the Legion of Honor. When Napoleon returned, Capelle went to Ghent during the Hundred Days. He returned to France with the second Restoration. He was made prefect of Doubs, and soon after was appointed councilor of state. In 1822 he was made Secretary General of the Ministry of the Interior. In 1828 he was appointed prefect of Seine-et-Oise.  On 19 May 1830 Capelle joined the Ministry of Jules de Polignac as head of the newly created Ministry of Public Works. His first task was to prepare for new elections after the 16 May 1830 dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies. On 25 July 1830 Capelle signed the reactionary July Ordinances. Three days later, when the July Revolution broke out, he fled with his colleagues and took refuge in England. He was tried in absentia before the Court of Peers and sentenced to life imprisonment, confiscation of property and the loss of all his titles.  In 1836 Capelle received a Royal pardon and returned to France where he lived in retirement. He died on 25 October 1843 in Montpellier, Hérault.

References.

Citations  Sources

Guillaume-Antoine-Benoît, baron Capelle (9 September 1775 – 25 October 1843) was a French administrator and politician. He served under Napoleon and under the Bourbon Restoration. In 1830 he was briefly Minister of Public Works on the eve of the July Revolution.


History.

Prehistory and ancient history.

No prehistoric archeological sites have been found in the municipality of Gironella therefore no traceability to ancient times has been possible. However, Rosa Serra states that the situation of the inhabitants of Gironella should have been the same as the people living in the area of Baix Berguedà.  Human habitats have been found in the region from Neolithic and there are several Iberian sites (Puig-reig, Santa Maria de Merlès, Montclar, L'Espunyola, Berga, Casserres etc.). During the restoration of the old church of Santa Eulàlia of Gironella, pottery remains belonging to different times were found. Among them, there was a local Iberian piece of ceramic and another belonging to Roses workshop, both dating from before the third century BC. This finding shows the settlement in the area from the protohistoric times.  The present municipality of Gironella was crossed by a salt path which connected the salt mountain of Cardona (a deposit of rock salt, where the salt forms a mountain mass) with the eastern part of Catalonia.

Medieval history.

In the High Middle Ages the population of El Berguedà was relatively stable, especially in the mountain areas and the Germanic and Muslim invasions did not leave a strong mark.

Modern history.

Gironella in the war of Spanish Succession.

Gironella had fallen into the hands of the Bourbon army, but on 11 March 1714 the village was released during the seizure of Gironella Castle by the troops of the Marquis of Poal and Colonel Ermengol Amill. The Bourbon garrison, consisting of 30 soldiers, 2 captains and 2 lieutenants, among others, were imprisoned in Cardona.

Gironella is a municipality in the "comarca" of the Berguedà in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the left bank of the Llobregat river to the south of Berga. The local economy is traditionally based on cotton spinning and textile manufacture, although tourism is now more important: the company towns or "colonies" of workers houses surround the cotton mills are of historical interest.The town is served by the C-16 road to Berga and the Cadí tunnel. Gironella, which has numerous stores, bars, and schools, is an important economic center for the smaller towns around it, such as Olvan, Sagàs or Casserres.


Union fort, and Battle of Fort Pillow.

Because of its strategic location controlling traffic on the Mississippi River, the fort was attacked and captured by the Union Army, which controlled it during most of the war. On June 4, 1862, Confederate troops evacuated Fort Pillow, enabling Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee. An exception to Union control of this site took place for less than one day immediately after the Confederate victory in the Battle of Fort Pillow in 1864.  The Confederate States Army defeated the Union troops at the Battle of Fort Pillow (April 1864), resulting in the massacre of 229 of the 262 black Union soldiers engaged in the battle. The white Union soldiers numbered 285. An examination of regimental records showed that "less than 36 percent of the men from white units died in battle or of wounds, while the death toll for black units was 66 percent."  A Confederate wrote in a letter home that "Forrest ordered them [negroes] shot down like dogs, and the carnage continued." In addition to regimental records, contemporary accounts by troops on both sides, as well as journalists, describe it as appalling slaughter. Within about three weeks, as political controversy grew, Confederates began to dispute accounts of a massacre. Subsequent reports after the battle from Union officers to the Department of War countered much that was reported in the popular press and some of the testimony given before Congress. This slaughter by the Confederate troops under Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest has been classified by historians as a massacre. Confederate apologists debate the fatality numbers.  "Remember Fort Pillow!" became a battle cry among black Union soldiers for the remainder of the Civil War. While the Union casualty count for the battle does not indicate that the Confederate forces took many prisoners, Confederate records show about 200 prisoners were shipped south.  In 1866, the Union Army created a cemetery for both Confederate and Union soldiers south of the battle site. In 1867, they moved about 250 bodies of Confederate and Union soldiers from that cemetery to the Memphis National Cemetery.

Historic site and museum.

In 1973, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1974. Remains of the fort's earthworks were well-preserved as of 2011.  The park has an interpretive center and museum (open 8 a.m. – 4 p.m. daily, except for certain holidays). Tours of the museum and restored fortifications are available upon request. The park also offers many recreational activities, including camping, picnicking and fishing.

Fort Pillow State Historic Park is a state park in western Tennessee that preserves the American Civil War site of the Battle of Fort Pillow. The 1,642 acre (6.6 km2) Fort Pillow, located in Lauderdale County on the Chickasaw Bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River, is rich in both historic and archaeological significance. In 1861, the Confederate army built extensive fortifications and named the site for General Gideon Johnson Pillow of Maury County. It was attacked and held by the Union Army for most of the American Civil War period except immediately after the Battle of Fort Pillow, when it was retaken by the Confederate Army. Many African-American soldiers were killed in what modern historians describe as a "massacre" or "atrocity". Interpretive sites are part of the park.


Structure.

The plantar fascia is a broad structure that spans between the medial calcaneal tubercle and the proximal phalanges of the toes. Recent studies suggest that the plantar fascia is actually an aponeurosis rather than true fascia. The Dorland’s Medical Dictionary defines an aponeurosis as: (i) a white, flattened or ribbon-like tendinous expansion, serving mainly to connect a muscle with the parts that it moves, (ii) a term formerly applied to certain fasciae. Further, it defines the plantar aponeurosis as bands of fibrous connective tissue radiating toward the bases of the toes from the medial process of the tuber calcanei (posterior half of the calcaneus).  The plantar fascia is made up of predominantly longitudinally oriented collagen fibers. There are three distinct structural components: the medial component, the central component (plantar aponeurosis), and the lateral component (see diagram at right). The central component is the largest and most prominent.  In younger people the plantar fascia is also intimately related to the Achilles tendon, with a continuous fascial connection between the two from the distal aspect of the Achilles to the origin of the plantar fascia at the calcaneal tubercle. However, the continuity of this connection decreases with age to a point that in the elderly there are few, if any, connecting fibers. There are also distinct attachments of the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus so the two do not directly contact each other. Nevertheless, there is an indirect relationship whereby if the toes are dorsiflexed, the plantar fascia tightens via the windlass mechanism. If a tensile force is then generated in the Achilles tendon it will increase tensile strain in the plantar fascia. Clinically, this relationship has been used as a basis for treatment for plantar fasciitis, with stretches and night stretch splinting being applied to the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle unit.

Function.

The plantar fascia contributes to support of arch of the foot by acting as a tie-rod, where it undergoes tension when the foot bears weight. One biomechanical model estimated it carries as much as 14% of the total load of the foot. In an experiment using cadavers, it was found that failure of the plantar fascia averaged at loads of 1189 ± 244 newtons (121 ± 24 kgf or 267 ± 55 lbf). Failure most often occurred at the proximal attachment to the calcaneus, which is consistent with the usual location of symptoms (i.e. in plantar fasciitis). Complete rupture or surgical release of the plantar fascia leads to a decrease in arch stiffness and a significant collapse of the longitudinal arch of the foot. By modeling it was predicted such conditions would result in a 17% increase in vertical displacement and a 15% increase in horizontal elongation of the foot when it was loaded at. Surgical release also significantly increases both stress in the plantar ligaments and plantar pressures under the metatarsal heads. Although most of the figures mentioned above are from either cadaver studies or investigations using models, they highlight the relatively large load the plantar fascia is subjected to while contributing to the structural integrity of the foot.

Gait.

The plantar fascia also has an important role in dynamic function during gait. It was found the plantar fascia continuously elongated during the contact phase of gait. It went through rapid elongation before and immediately after mid-stance, reaching a maximum of 9% to 12% elongation between mid-stance and toe-off. During this phase the plantar fascia behaves like a spring, which may assist in conserving energy. In addition, the plantar fascia has a critical role in normal mechanical function of the foot, contributing to the "windlass mechanism". When the toes are dorsiflexed in the propulsive phase of gait, the plantar fascia becomes tense, resulting in elevation of the longitudinal arch and shortening of the foot (see 3A). One can liken this mechanism to a cable being wound around the drum of a windlass (see 3B); the plantar fascia being the cable, the metatarsal head the drum, and the handle, the proximal phalanx.

The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot).


Background.

"Sorry" was one of the first tracks developed for "Confessions on a Dance Floor", along with "Hung Up" and "Future Lovers". It was also the one which took the most time to finish because Madonna "thought it was too melodramatic and could never decide when it was right." The songs were developed with a remixed perspective in mind. Madonna commented that, "Whenever I make records, I often like the remixes better than the original ones. [...] So I thought, screw that. I'm going to start from that perspective". She promoted the album at the dance party "Misshapes" held at Luke & Leroy's nightclub in Greenwich Village, invited by Junior Sanchez to take over the DJ booth where she mixed "Hung Up" with "Sorry".

Composition.

Musically, "Sorry" is an uptempo dance song containing layers of beats and strong vocal on the chorus. It is set in common time with a moderately fast dance groove tempo of 132 beats per minute. Composed in the key of C minor, Madonna's vocal range spans from F to G. It follows the chord progression of E–Cm–A–B during the spoken introduction. It then changes to Fm–Gm-Cm in the chorus, while continuing in A–Cm–A–Fm in the intermediate verses, ultimately ending in repeated lines of "I've heard it all before".  Lyrically the song has excerpts of different languages including French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Hebrew, Hindi, Lithuanian and Japanese. The song talks about personal empowerment and self-sufficiency, denoting a shift in focus of Madonna as an artist from her previous songs about supremacy like "Everybody" (1982), "Vogue" (1990) or "Music" (2000) which was centered around the subject of music itself. Among the various remixes, the Pet Shop Boys remix consisted of additional vocals provided by Neil Tennant from the group. Pet Shop Boys and Madonna had always mutually admired each other, from the time they wrote the song "Heart" (1988) for Madonna but never delivered it.

Critical response.

Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News wrote that "Sorry" is the "album's strongest track" and that it is a "Pet Shop Boys-esque" song. Vineyard went on to say that it "...wistfully evokes the sounds of the '80s-era dance clubs that first lofted her toward stardom." According to a review in the BBC's Collective, "New single 'Sorry' states Queen Madge's unapologetic stance, and though the song is wrapped up in relationship sentiment, one cannot help but hear the subtext, perhaps directed at her more savage critics: 'there are more important things than hearing you speak'." Alan Braidwood from BBC Music called the song "lethally catchy". Mike Pattenden of "The Times" and Sal Cinquemani from "Slant Magazine" noted that the bassline of the song utilizes The Jacksons' 1980 song "Can You Feel It". The song was noted by Slant Magazine as one of the best songs of 2006. In a review of "Sorry" from Virgin Media, it wrote that the song's musicscape features an "infectious combo of pumping, filtered synths and disco beats". Keith Caulfield from "Billboard" commented that, "[Sorry] should keep fans hung up on Madonna's ability to create instant radio and club classics." He also called the song "springy" while reviewing the album.  Ben Williams of "New York" magazine, wrote that the song is "propelled by a catchy bass melody". Joan Morgan of "The Village Voice", in review of "Confessions on a Dance Floor", wrote: "The party continues admirably with the multilingual, kick-your-man-to-the-curb 'Sorry'." Stephen M. Deusner of "Pitchfork" wrote, "The cascades of sound wash directly into 'Sorry', setting up the song's panlingual apologies and shifting bass tectonics." Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that the first half of the album consists of love songs, happy and sad, and included "Sorry" into the mix. Alexis Petridis from "The Guardian" called the song as triumphant. Kitty Empire from the same publication said that "'Sorry' sees Madonna taking a lover to task over an insistent dance-pop rush." Alan Light from "Rolling Stone" called the song "throbbing". Thomas Inksweep from "Stylus" magazine commented that "Sorry" and "Hung Up" may not be as sleazy as Madonna's initial singles "Burning Up" (1984) or "Physical Attraction" (1984), but they have the same "modus operandi" of being designed for all-night dancing.

Chart performance.

In the United States, "Sorry" debuted at number 70 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for the issue dated March 11, 2006 and reached a peak of 58 the following week. The same week it reached a peak of 46 on the Pop 100 chart. Its low chart performance in America was attributed to limited radio airplay. A petition was signed by about 3,300 fans at petitionline.com. Known as the "End the Madonna U.S. Radio Boycott"; it was addressed to Clear Channel Communications CEO Mark P. Mays. Message boards at "Entertainment Weekly" and VH1 were filled with entries by users showing support for Madonna, as well as conspiracy theories about why she was not played on radio. The song, however, reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Play chart for two weeks, as well as Hot Dance Airplay chart for seven weeks. As of April 2010, the song has sold 366,000 digital units in the United States.  In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number one on the chart dated February 26, 2006. The song became Madonna's 12th number one single in Britain and second consecutive single from the album to peak the British chart, after "Hung Up." This made Madonna the female artist with most number one songs in the United Kingdom, while placing her in fifth place in overall tabulation. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 200,000 digital downloads there and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In Australia, the song debuted and peaked at four.  The song peaked at number two on the Canadian Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) on April 10, 2006 for sales of 80,000 units of paid digital downloads. "Sorry" debuted at number five in Ireland and was on the chart for 12 weeks. Elsewhere in Europe, the song became a top ten hit for Madonna reaching the top ten of countries like Austria, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland while reaching the top of the charts in Italy, Spain, Romania and "Billboard's" Eurochart Hot 100 Singles.

Music video.

The music video incorporated parts of the television show "Pimp My Ride". It was directed by Madonna's longtime choreographer Jamie King and featured choreography from The Talauega Brothers. Many of the performers featured in Madonna's "Hung Up" video were in that of "Sorry", which was shot as a continuation from the "Hung Up" video. Madonna's parts in the video were shot first, followed by the shot of the skaters. The shoot took place for over two days.  The video starts with Madonna standing in front of neon lighted screen in a purple leotard uttering "Sorry" in different languages. As the music starts she comes out from the gaming parlour of her "Hung Up" video with the boombox and her three female dancers, leaving the three male dancers (whom Madonna had been passionate with in the previous video) behind protesting. They board a van where Madonna and her dancers strip of their clothes into new ones.  As they move around the city in the van, they pick up different men from the streets to join them. These scenes are interspersed with the scenes of Madonna singing in front of the neon screen. The video progresses like this until the intermediate verse whence Madonna is shown standing in a cage opposite to a number of men. As the bridge builds up, Madonna starts fighting with the men. The chorus starts again and Madonna and everyone else are shown skating in circles around a roller rink. The three male dancers return and join Madonna in doing a dance routine and in a conga line with everyone else. Madonna and her dancers all get back on the van during the outro of the song, leaving the boombox behind on the streets. The video ends with the close-up of Madonna in the purple leotard and fades into her silhouette. In 2009, the video was included on Madonna's compilation, "".

Live performances.

"Sorry" was performed on the 2006 Confessions Tour as part of the bedouin themed segment. Madonna was dressed in a Jean-Paul Gaultier kaftan with pants and high heeled boots. As Madonna finished the performance of the song "Isaac", she took off the kaftan and wore a jacket given to her by the dancers and greets them one by one.  The song was also used as a video backdrop during the interlude between the bedouin and the glam/rock sections. The video featured images of political leaders past and present like Adolf Hitler, Idi Amin Dada, George W. Bush and Tony Blair. Their images flashed across the screen, with text and footage of war atrocities intermingled in between. Madonna appears on the screens wearing her "Sorry" video leotard and utters the words "talk is cheap" and "don't speak", along with the music and Bush's lips stuttering. The performances of "Sorry" and the remix video was included in "The Confessions Tour" CD and DVD.  Tom Young from BBC Music called the performance a "delight" but described the video as the "lowlight" of the tour. Ed Gonzalez from "Slant Magazine" wrote that the performance was not among the concert's highlights. However, he commented that the remix backdrop "feels ecstatic [...] a collage of Godardian weight you can dance too". Thomas Inkseep from "Stylus" described the song's performance and remix as "fantastic".

"Sorry" is a song by American singer Madonna from her tenth studio album "Confessions on a Dance Floor" (2005). It was written and produced by Madonna and Stuart Price, and released as the second single from the album on February 7, 2006. It later appeared on "Celebration", her 2009 greatest hits album. An uptempo dance song, "Sorry" was one of the first tracks developed for the album. One remix on the CD maxi single was done by the Pet Shop Boys, featuring added lyrics by the band. The song features a dance groove tempo, and talks about personal empowerment and self-sufficiency.


Early life.

Patterson was born in Springville, Alabama, one of seven children of Green Davis Patterson, an insurance agent, and Mary Isabell "Mollie" Newton Patterson. By the 1890s his family had moved to Taylor, Texas, where he spent most of his boyhood and attended school through 8th grade. In 1917 he registered for a World War I draft card in Lubbock County, Texas.  Patterson had intended to be a serious pianist, but he instead became a vaudeville piano player. By the end of the 1920s he moved to California. He entered the movie business as an actor during the 1930s. His earliest identified screen work was an uncredited appearance in the Roy Rogers' Western film "The Arizona Kid" (1939).

Movies and TV.

Patterson found plenty of movie work, mainly playing cantankerous types as well as blacksmiths, hotel clerks, farmers, shopkeepers and other townsmen, usually bit roles and character parts in Republic Pictures westerns, and then in popular TV westerns such as "The Cisco Kid", "The Adventures of Kit Carson", "The Lone Ranger", and "Annie Oakley. He also had small cameo appearances in a number of sci-fi movies by Bert I. Gordon: Beginning of the End, The Amazing Colossal Man, Attack of the Puppet People, and Earth vs. The Spider.  Patterson played recurring or different roles in adult/family TV westerns, including the role of "Hank Miller" in 33 episodes of "Gunsmoke" from 1962 through 1972, on "Have Gun-Will Travel" (eleven episodes), "Death Valley Days" (nine episodes), "Tales of Wells Fargo" (seven episodes), "Maverick" (four episodes), "Cheyenne" (four episodes), "Wagon Train" (three episodes), "Daniel Boone" (three episodes), "The Virginian" (two episodes), "The Rifleman", "Bonanza", and in episodes of "Lawman", "Bat Masterson", "The Restless Gun", and many others. In 1959 Patterson appeared as a sodbuster in an uncredited role on "Lawman" ("The Young Toughs").  He made additional TV appearances, including three episodes of "The Twilight Zone" as well as "Perry Mason", "Burke's Law, The Untouchables", "Judd for the Defense", "My Three Sons, and in later years "The Mod Squad" and "Love, American Style" and "Highway Patrol".

"Green Acres".

In 1963 Patterson first appeared in what would become a recurring role as farmer Fred Ziffel on the popular CBS rural comedy "Petticoat Junction". In 1965 CBS debuted another rural comedy, "Green Acres". Both series were set in the mythical farming community of Hooterville, with characters from "Petticoat Junction" often also appearing in "Green Acres", including Patterson's Fred Ziffel character. It was on the popular, irreverent "Green Acres" that Patterson earned his greatest fame. In 1965 and 1966—two of the years in which the two series ran concurrently—Patterson frequently appeared in both shows in the same week in primetime.  The association of Patterson's character with the popular character Arnold, the pet pig whom Fred and his wife Doris treated as a son, ensured Patterson a place in TV history. Arnold attended school, watched TV and was a talented artist, piano player, and actor. He even "talked" (snorted, grunted and squealed) in a language that everyone in Hooterville seemed to understand except Oliver Wendell Douglas ("Green Acres" co-star Eddie Albert).  According to westernclippings.com "Characters and Heavies" by Boyd Magers, "Ironically, by the time Patterson was doing 'Green Acres' he was in his late 70s and almost completely deaf, but the producers loved his portrayal so much they worked around his hearing impairment by having the dialogue coach lying on the floor out-of-shot tapping Hank's leg with a yardstick as a cue to speak his line."

Personal life.

Hank Patterson was married to Daisy Marguerite (Sheeler) Patterson, a Kentucky native four years younger than Hank whose parents were both of German ancestry. They are listed together in both the 1930 and 1940 U.S. Census residing in Los Angeles. In the 1940 census, Hank's occupation is listed as "Actor, Motion Picture Studio & Stage."  Patterson's great-grandfather, James Pearson, was an original settler of St. Clair County, Alabama, as was his mother's great-grandfather, Thomas Newton. His great-grandfather, Henry S. Patterson, moved to Blount County, Alabama, around 1857 from Murray County, Georgia. Between 1894 and 1897, the family left Alabama to live in Texas.  Hank Patterson died at age 86 on August 23, 1975 of bronchial pneumonia. He is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood. Daisy died, also at age 86, on February 2, 1979.  Patterson's great-niece is actress Téa Leoni.

Hank Patterson (born Elmer Calvin Patterson; October 9, 1888 – August 23, 1975) was an American actor and musician. He is known foremost for playing two recurring characters on three television series: the stableman Hank Miller on "Gunsmoke" and farmer Fred Ziffel on both "Petticoat Junction" and "Green Acres".


Background.

President Juan Esteban Montero had assumed office on November 15, 1931. By mid-1932, he was already in serious problems, due to the economic impact of the market crash of 1929. To the very grave social and economic problems he faced, he could add the growing political instability that was gripping the country. He was pictured as an inefficient and unpopular leader, and the number of conspiracies that sought to displace him was growing by the day.  On June 4, 1932, a group of young socialists under the leadership of Eugenio Matte; some air force personnel under colonel Marmaduke Grove; and some army personnel (followers of former president Carlos Ibáñez del Campo) under Carlos Dávila staged a coup d'état by taking over the Air Force base of El Bosque, in Santiago, demanding the resignation of President Montero.  Montero refused to call on the army to put down the coup, and instead chose to resign. That same night, the victorious revolutionaries organized a Government Junta composed of retired General Arturo Puga, Eugenio Matte and Carlos Davila, with colonel Grove as their minister of Defense. They immediately proceeded to proclaim the "Socialist Republic of Chile".

Creation and fall.

The proclamation took by surprise and divided public opinion immediately. The Communist Party of Chile (PCCh) and the trade unions manifested their opposition, because they considered the coup as "militarist". At the same time, businessmen, professionals and students of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile also heatedly opposed it, also on ideological grounds. At the end the new republic received only the guarded support of the socialists and the employees' associations.  A few days following the proclamation of the new “Socialist Republic of Chile,” the Junta dissolved Congress and, among other measures, stopped evictions from low-rental properties, decreed a three-day bank holiday (which was followed by strict controls on withdrawals), and ordered the “Caja de Crédito Popular” (a savings and loan bank for Chileans of modest means) to return clothes and tools which had been pawned there.  The new Junta ordered a half-million free meals served daily by the Government to Chile's unemployed. State pawnshops had to obey an order to return, free of any charge, sewing machines and all tools pawned by the "certified unemployed." After only a few days in office the Government began to run short of funds, so it ordered the police to raid all the jewelry shops in Santiago, seizing valuables from helpless jewelers. To avoid what it could be termed as a "confiscation", the police gave each jeweler "compensation" in the form of a receipt which they could cash in paper pesos. Credits and deposits in foreign currency in the national and foreign banks operating in Chile were declared the property of the State. They also pardoned all the people involved in the Sailors' mutiny. A General Commissariat of Subsistence and Prices was also established with the authority to fix the price of staple foods.  The division of public opinion was also present inside the Government Junta, where the followers of General Ibáñez opposed the radicalization of the socialist movement promoted by Grove and Matte. On June 13, Carlos Dávila resigned in protest. Three days later, on June 16, and with the support of the army, he proceeded to expel the socialist members of the government, and replace them with his own supporters. Eugenio Matte and Marmaduque Grove were arrested and exiled to Easter Island. Some authors consider this date as the true end of the socialist republic.  With army support, Carlos Dávila, proclaimed himself provisional President of the “Socialist Republic of Chile”. At the same time he declared a state of emergency, press censorship, and a host of centrally-planned economic measures. Nonetheless, the lack of military and public opinion support forced him to resign on September 13, 1932. The office was passed onto General Bartolomé Blanche, who was replaced, under threat of a military uprising, by the President of the Supreme Court, Abraham Oyanedel, who immediately called for presidential and congressional elections.

The Socialist Republic of Chile () was a short-lived (June 4, 1932 – September 13, 1932) political entity in Chile, that was proclaimed by the Government Junta that took over that year.


Overview.

Media consultant Blake Harris states that a bankable star is one of the "3 minimum ingredients to any film package." the other two being a successful director and a script or a strong story idea. The involvement of a bankable star in a film gives investors confidence that they will achieve a return on their investments by ensuring that the film is widely distributed and that at least some people will pay to see it (that it will "open").  Harris adds that obtaining a bankable star for a package is not easy because of the dearth of such stars. He states that at any point in time there are no more than "a dozen or so" stars whose mere involvement will ensure that a film will be made.  Analyst Alex Epstein states that bankable stars or, more generally, "bankable elements" are how "hookless" films (films without a compelling concept that makes people interested in them in their own right) get made. He gives "Dances with Wolves" as an example of a movie: the involvement of Kevin Costner as the bankable star guaranteed that the movie was made. Writer Melissa Robbie concurs, stating that some movies are high-concept (they have what Epstein terms "hooks"), but others are simply star vehicles for bankable stars.  "The Hollywood Reporter" has published several results of polls for Hollywood's top ten most bankable stars, the most recent three being one in 1999, one in 2002 and the last one in 2006.  The 2002 survey polled "114 executives at both major studios and independent companies, financiers and various industry players from around the world." Voters were asked which stars "did the most to attract financing to a film, ensure its global distribution, and deliver that hugely important opening weekend based on the strength of their good name."  James Ulmer has compared his list of bankable stars, "The Ulmer Scale", to a stock market index. His criteria for ranking is based on the name of a star alone being able to get people to movie theaters in the United States as well as the rest of the world. In an August 2010 interview Ulmer described the international movie market as "unfortunately... pretty sexist"; how a woman's name alone cannot sell a movie, and how female stars are only bankable when cast with a male star or in ensemble movies.

Lists of most bankable stars.

Hollywood Reporter.

These are the top 10 lists of the most bankable stars, with their scores, as published by "The Hollywood Reporter".

Ulmer Scale.

The list was created by veteran entertainment journalist James Ulmer, who developed a 100-point method to quantify a star's value to a film production, in terms of getting a movie financed and the cameras rolling. "The Ulmer Scale" also takes into account an actor's history (box office successes vs. failures), versatility, professional demeanor, and ability and willingness to travel and promote movies.

2009.

The Top 10 list as of 2009 (in order of 'bankable' value):

In the film industry, a bankable star is an actor famous or charismatic enough to be "capable of guaranteeing box-office success simply by showing up in a movie." The bankability of an actor includes their films' box office track record, professional demeanor, and other factors. Bankable stars are rare, with there being only about twelve at any point in time. Hiring a bankable star helps a film company to secure investment, secure distribution, and garner media attention. Some bankable stars have so much star power that even films without a strong concept or "hook", such as a star vehicle film, is feasible to make.


Design.

The cartridge was designed for use in the M1911 pistol and was capable of penetrating the body armor and automobile bodies of the late 1920s. When the.357 Magnum was introduced in 1934, this advantage of the.38 Super was no longer enough to lure police departments and officers from the traditional revolver.  The.38 Super retains the original dimensions of the.38 ACP case. The cartridge was originally designed to headspace on the semi-rim, which worked in the Colt M1900 due to the design of the feed ramp. When the.38 Auto became the.38 Super, in the 1911A1, the feed ramp could no longer be used as rim support. As a result of this, observed accuracy of the.38 Super suffered until Irv Stone of Bar-Sto barrels re-designed the chamber to allow headspacing on the case mouth. Since then, all new production.38 Super pistols headspace on the case mouth, as with other cartridges in this class. The semi-rimmed case is known to cause feeding problems in some magazines, especially double stack magazines, and led to the development of new variants with reduced rims (typically only.003 inch per side).  In 1974, the industry added the +P headstamp to the.38 Super to further distinguish it from the lower-pressure.38 ACP. Most current ammunition manufacturers label ammunition for the Super as.38 Super +P.  Since the.38 Super is dimensionally the same as the.38 ACP, an unsafe condition can be caused by firing.38 Super cartridges in a firearm designed for the much lower pressure.38 ACP. The weakness, in the Colt M1900, Colt M1902, and others derived from that design, comes from the assembly wedge at the front of the slide. If the wedge comes out, or the slide cracks at the wedge, the slide can come off the rear of the frame when fired. The 1911 and 1911A1, having a slide that is solid on front, cannot come off the frame that way.

Cartridge dimensions.

The.38 Super has 17.6 grains HO (1.14 ml) cartridge case capacity.  The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 16 in (406 mm), 6 grooves, ø lands =.346 in, ø grooves =.355 in, land width =.12 mm and the primer type is small pistol. Both the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and Commission internationale permanente pour l’épreuve des armes à feu portatives (C.I.P.) specify a bullet diameter of 0.356 inches (9.04 mm).  According to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the.38 Super case can handle up to 230 MPa (33,359 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries, every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to be certified for sale to consumers.  The SAAMI pressure limit for the.38 ACP or.38 Auto is set at 26,500 psi (182.72 MPa), piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.38 Super +P is set at 36,500 psi (), piezo pressure.  The C.I.P. and SAAMI specified.38 Super (+P) has a semi-rimmed cartridge case.

Rimless.38 Super cartridge case variants.

In recent years, cases such as the.38 Super Comp,.38 Super Lapua,.38 Super RL (Armscor), and.38 TJ (.38 Todd Jarrett) became available transforming the.38 Super into an almost truly rimless cartridge. These "rimless" cases are somewhat of a misnomer, due to the case rim not retaining the same diameter as the case wall just forward of the extractor groove. A common example is the.38 Super Comp case, which has a semi-rim extending only.003–.004 inch per side, compared to standard.38 Super which has.007–.009 inch per side. The main reason for the development of new cases was due to the semi-rimmed.38 Super case not always feeding reliably from the double-stack box-magazines used in several semi-automatic pistols popular with practical shooting sports, such as United States Practical Shooting Association (USPSA) or International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC). The nearly rimless cases improve feeding reliability in these pistols but are intended to be used in firearms that headspace on the case mouth. Other improvements found in some of these cases are modified extractor grooves and increased thickness in key parts of the brass for high pressure loadings.

Performance.

Because of its larger case volume, which allows for more smokeless powder and results in higher muzzle velocities at approximately similar pressure levels, the.38 Super offers higher bullet velocity potential than the 9×19mm Parabellum when handloaded and in some defense loadings. The 9×19mm Parabellum is however approved for higher pressure +P loadings by both SAAMI and C.I.P., which compensates for much of the case volume difference in factory-loaded ammunition. The.38 Super is generally regarded as a well-balanced cartridge with a flat trajectory, good accuracy and relatively high muzzle energy; most loadings have greater muzzle energy than many factory-loaded.45 ACP loadings.

Muzzle velocity.

Cor-Bon/Glaser offers the.38 Super +P in several full-power self-defense–style loads with advertised velocities such as 115 gr and 125 gr. Tests with ammunition besides Cor-Bon/Glaser increases velocity by between to on average.

Usage.

The.38 Super has made a comeback in IPSC and USPSA sports shooting raceguns, particularly when equipped with a compensator, because it exceeds the power factor threshold to be considered a "major" charge, while having much more manageable recoil than.45 ACP. Part of the felt recoil reduction is due to the use of lighter-weight bullets. The main cause of reduced felt recoil is a compensator, or muzzle brake. The compensator works by diverting gases at the muzzle. The greater the gas volume, or the higher the pressure, the greater the effectiveness of a compensator. As the.38 Super runs at a higher pressure than, say, the.45, a comp will have more recoil-reduction effect.  The comeback began in the early 1980s, when Robbie Leatham and Brian Enos began experimenting with, and competing with,.38 Super pistols in IPSC. At the time, single-stack 1911s in.45 ACP were dominant. Their.38 Super pistols held one or two more rounds simply due to the smaller case diameter. However, the biggest advantage was the muzzle brake, allowing for faster follow-up shots, and thus faster stages and subsequent higher scores. Competitors still using.45 ACP pistols attempted to keep pace, both by adding compensators and by reducing bullet weight, quickly reaching the limit at 152-155 grains. The.38 Super could be loaded to major with a bullet as light as 115 grains.  Use of compensators in competition is limited to the Open Division in IPSC and USPSA. The other divisions there do not permit their use, and the International Defensive Pistol Association (IDPA) does not permit them at all. Lacking a compensator, a.38 Super, running at major, has felt recoil much like that of a.45 ACP, and more than that of a 9 mm.  Apart from its popularity in the shooting sports, the.38 Super +P is one of the most popular pistol cartridges in Latin America due to local restrictions on civilian ownership of firearms chambered for the military cartridges, such as the.45 ACP. For this reason, American police departments in the southwestern United States often consider.38 Super shell casings found at homicide scenes as a sign that the firearm was of Latin American origin.  The.38 Super round received further publicity through the single-action "Colt Combat Commander" and lightweight aluminum alloy frame "Colt Commander". When Colt switched the inventory's supply of the model from the Series-70s to the Series-80s, the model fell into lesser demand. A small number of.45 ACP submachine guns were also made in.38 Super, such as the Ingram Model 6 and Thompson submachine gun. A machine pistol variant of the M1911 chambered in.38 Super was also produced by Hyman S. Lehman.  The.38 Super +P cartridge ballistics have been improved over the years by the use of modern propellants. Since around the 2000s, ammunition is available with velocities exceeding. This is impressive from a semi-automatic pistol and is comparable to the.357 SIG. Ammunition is also being manufactured in the modern hollowpoint style bullet with excellent ballistics for personal defence. A standard single-stack magazine in a 1911-style semi-automatic pistol holds nine to eleven rounds, plus one in the chamber. Double-stack magazine pistols in this cartridge holds fifteen to eighteen rounds, plus one in the chamber.  The.38 Super +P is very popular in Australia (partly due to firearms laws prohibiting calibers over.38 from use in IPSC), and in and Latin America in regards to competition shooting and is also finding its way back into the role of a concealed carry caliber.

The.38 Super, also known as.38 Superauto or.38 Super Auto, is a pistol cartridge that fires a bullet. It was introduced in the late 1920s as a higher pressure loading of the.38 ACP, also known as.38 Auto. The older.38 ACP cartridge propelled a bullet at, whereas the.38 Super pushed the same bullet at. The.38 Super has gained distinction as the caliber of choice for many top practical shooting competitors; it remains one of the dominant calibers in IPSC competition.


Career.

Levene was born in Muswell Hill, London, and was an early fan of progressive rock - at fifteen he worked as a roadie for Yes on their "Close to the Edge" tour. In 1976, he became a founding member of The Clash and The Flowers of Romance. Levene was responsible for helping to persuade Joe Strummer to leave the 101ers and join the Clash. Although he left The Clash before they began recording, he co-wrote "What's My Name", featured on their first album. Levene wrote the music at the Black Swan club when the Clash and Sex Pistols performed there in July 1976; on the same night, Levene suggested to Lydon that they consider a possible future collaboration.  After the Sex Pistols disintegrated, Levene and Lydon co-founded Public Image Ltd (PiL). Levene's guitar work was later imitated by others, including The Edge of U2. Levene was one of the first guitarists to use metallic guitars, such as the Travis Bean Wedge and Artist as well as the Veleno, the latter of which was nicknamed the "Leveno" in his honour. He was involved in the writing, performing and producing of PiL's early albums: "First Issue", "Metal Box" and "Flowers of Romance".  Levene left PiL in 1983 over creative differences concerning what would eventually become the band's fourth album, "This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get". In 1984, he released the original versions of the songs on his own label under the title "Commercial Zone" which was the original working title of the album. In 1985 he moved to Los Angeles where he formed a company with his second wife, journalist Shelly da Cunha. In mid-1986, Levene was asked to produce demos for the album "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers at Master Control in Burbank with engineers Steve Catania and Dan Nebenzal. Also in 1986, Levene worked together with DJ Matt Dike, experimenting with sampling techniques and hip-hop for Ice T and Tone Loc on their early recordings for Delicious. In 1989, he released his first solo release, "Violent Opposition", on which members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers performed.  In 2003, Levene contributed to industrial rock supergroup Pigface's album "Easy Listening...". He has since released several solo records, among which was the "Killer in the Crowd" EP in 2004.  At an impromptu appearance at the Musicport Festival in Bridlington Spa on 24 October 2010, where they were joined by vocalist Nathan Maverick, Levene returned with former PiL bassist Jah Wobble. In 2011 Levene contributed to three tracks on the album "Psychic Life", a collaboration between Wobble and Lonelady.  In early 2012, after some planned Japan gigs were cancelled because of visa issues, Levene and Wobble played various venues in England, Wales and Germany as "Metal Box in Dub". This was followed by the release of a four-song EP, "Yin & Yang".  In spring 2014, Levene went to Prague to record "Commercial Zone 2014", an album backed via a crowdsourcing campaign funding website at Indiegogo.

Julian Keith Levene (born 18 July 1957) is an English musician, who was a founding member of both The Clash and Public Image Ltd (PiL).


History.

The original concept of toe socks may be attributed to Ethel Russell (also known as Ethel Wynhym) of Pennsylvania. On June 14, 1969, she filed a copyright with the United States Copyright Office for two drawings of footwear which she termed, "mitten toe socks" and "glove socks". She was unable to maintain the exclusive rights for their manufacture, however, because copyright law of the United States does not afford this protection – patent law does.  Toe socks became popular in the United States during the 1970s and made a comeback in the 1990s as a novelty item worn by adolescents. During the 1970s, it was fashionable for girls to wear clogs or buffalo sandals with toe socks. In colder weather, they may be worn with flip-flops. During this time, such socks were typically knee high in length with bright stripes and glittery threads in their design. They also had a practical value in keeping the feet warm, including the spots between the toes.  By 2004, toe socks were available in plain colors and being adopted as normal footwear. They have even been worn in outer space – notably by astronaut Sandra Magnus on the International Space Station during the STS-135 mission in 2011.

Variants.

One of the earliest variants of toe socks is the Japanese tabi, dating back to the 16th Century. These are split-toed socks with two compartments – one smaller compartment for the big toe, and a larger compartment for the four remaining toes. This allows them to be worn with Zōri or geta sandals.  Modern variants of toe socks are designed primarily for either comfort or athletics. In 2004, a patent was filed with the Intellectual Property Office in the United Kingdom for a product called "toe socks"; however, their description differs: "A half sock which covers the toes to provide comfort under footwear. Preferably the socks are unseen when worn with mules or slingback shoes."  Variants have also evolved to include compression socks and other specialty performance models for professional sports as well as uses which require high durability. In sports, athletic versions of toe socks may be useful to triathletes who suffer from frequent interdigital friction blisters. One version of sock referred to as "toe socks" is actually a reverse version – this is a covering for the foot and ankle with the toes cut out, leaving them bare. This provides a non-slip surface and provides for a more complete range of motion for form-fitting yoga, pilates, or Wii Fit exercises.

Toe socks (also known as fingersocks, glove socks, 5-toe socks or digital socks) are socks that have been knitted so that each toe is individually encased the same way as fingers within a glove.


Early life and family.

Hervart's father Daniel Herwart was a Protestant banker from Augsburg who moved to Lyon.  Hervart was married to Esther Vimar in 1697 with whom he had three children: Jean-Antoine Hervart, Anne Hervart, who converted to Catholicism, and Esther Hervart. Esther married, and moved to England after he died where she acquired citizenship, remarried, and had five children.  Other Herwart or Hervart family included Barthélemy's ancestor Georg Herwart who was mayor of Augsburg from 1539 to 1548, Georg's son Ulrich, who moved to Lyon, and Ulrich's son Daniel who married Anne Erlin in 1599 and had four children, including Barthélemy.

Career.

Military related.

Initially an arms dealer, Herwart was Army paymaster for Bernard de Saxe-Weimar, a general in the Thirty Years War. When the general died in 1639, Hervart was put in charge of negotiating with Cardinal Richelieu for the reincorporation of Bernard's troops into the service of. This culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Breisach on 9 October 1639, which in turn allowed Barthélemy and his brother Jean Henry to acquire French nationality and land in Alsace at Huningue, as well as the estate at Landser.

Banking.

Following that, the brothers became bankers in Paris. Barthélemy was Councillor of State in 1649. His financial support permitted Cardinal Mazarin to overcome his opponents. Hervart was named Intendant des finances in 1650, and, even though he was Protestant, obtained the post of Controller-General of Finances in 1657. He retained that position until 12 December 1665. After the arrest of Nicolas Fouquet, gave exclusive authority over his finances to Colbert, as he was already "a member of our council and Intendant of Finances" and made Colbert his Controller-General of Finances a position previously carried out collectively by Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil and Barthélemy Hervart. Breteuil and Hervart were duly compensated for the loss of position.  When Fouquet fell out of favor, Hervart was sued like many financiers, and sentenced to pay a token fine. He was also an investor in salt marshes, in a company for the drainage of the marshes of Arles and Baux, and of the French East India Company.

Marsh project funding.

Arles and Les Baux-de-Provence are located in southwestern Provence just north and east of the marshy Camargue region along the Mediterranean.  On 16 August 1642, a contract to drain the marshes was agreed to between the group of Protestant financiers represented by Dutch engineer : first, the Arles marsh located between Arles and Tarascon, and second, the marsh at Les Baux. Van Ens was the engineer in charge of the project. In order to finance the labor, the "Company for the Drainage of the Marshes of Arles and Baux" ("Société de dessèchement des marais d'Arles et des Baux") was founded. Funds were obtained by financiers close to Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin, including the Hervart brothers Barthélemy and Jean Henry, and Jean Hoeufft. Other partners included Madame Van Ens (heir of her husband), Octavio de Strada of Dutch origin, Michel Lucas, and Jean François Genoyer. Jean Henry Hervart took charge of the company at Arles.  On 31 October 1653, articles were drawn up concerning the rules and regulations concerning the drainage operation and covered the management of the work and the responsibility of the associates. It also imposed a requirement to meet yearly on 16 August to "advise and organize the affairs of the company, and to proceed with the nomination of a Director."  Over time, the membership declined. Van Ens died in 1652. Lucas abandoned his shares to the heirs of Jean Hoeufft, who died before Van Ens, and to the Hervarts in 1659. Stada died in 1655. By 1659, the company only included the Hervarts, and the Hoeufft heirs. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1598, the Hervarts' goods were seized by the King, as they were considered to be "religionnaires". Their goods were only returned in 1692 and only to Catholic heirs residing in France. Property of Hoeufft's heirs were not affected as he was Dutch, but they were confiscated during the war with Holland, and eventually returned in 1713. Descendants of Hervart and Hoeufft thus remained the owners of the company during the 18th century.

Death.

Hervart died extremely rich in Paris in 1676, without having been unduly affected because of his Protestant faith.

Barthélemy Hervart or Herwart (16 August 1607 - 22 October 1676) was a Huguenot banker. He saved the French monarchy on several occasions during the Fronde, the series of civil wars in France in the mid-17th century, by means of important loans, and during the period of the fall of Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finance Nicolas Fouquet.


History.

The village was known from 1511 as (The Mill on the Black Ford). In 1807 a cloth mill was added to the original corn mill by William Kelly. The new company was called Flail and Fleece United, and card money was issued by the company with the inscription "I promise to pay the Bearer on demand Five Shillings British. (Wm. Kelly) Union Mills (4 Sept. 1811)." Only a few walls remain of the original mill, but the millhouse still stands in the village. There is a Memorial Hall in the village and also the Snugborough Trading Estate. The Memorial Hall is dedicated to John Dalrymple Maitland who fell on a battlefield in France on 21 February 1916 during World War I. He was the son of Dalrymple Maitland who was Speaker of the House of Keys from 1909 to 1919 and who died at his home Brook Mooar in the village on 25 March 1919.

Snaefell Mountain course location.

Union Mills village is situated between the second and third milestones of the Snaefell Mountain Course road-racing circuit, used for both the Isle of Man TT course since 1911 and the Manx Grand Prix since 1923.

Railway.

The Union Mills station was one of the original stations on the Isle of Man Railway's Douglas to Peel line. It was located at the east side of the A1 just south of the junction with the A22. The station was opened on 1 July 1873. The line was a single track, but at Union Mills it had a passing loop. The line closed on 13 November 1965 due to the poor condition of the track. It reopened on 3 June 1967, but after further financial problems the line and the Union Mills station were finally closed on 7 September 1968.

Douglas to Peel Railway Lines Mountain Bike & Heritage Trail.

The trackbed through Union Mills now forms part of a long distance footpath and cycleway. A short section of the track has been reinstated where the station once stood, together with a rail-mounted crane, a memorial to the Douglas to Peel line.

Facilities.

The Railway Inn is located on Main Road in the village. There is also a former Methodist Church. There are two campsites, at Glenlough Farm and also at Union Mills Football Club. The Wesleyan Methodist Chapel foundation stone was laid on 6 March 1930. The previous chapel also still stands.

Sport.

Union Mills F.C. football club are located at Garey Mooar, Ballaotes Road. They compete in the Isle of Man Football League. Union Mills cricket club is located at the cricket ground, Ballaoates. In 2008 they competed in the Standard Bank Twenty20 Division Two.

Union Mills () is a village in the parish of Braddan on the A1, the primary road which connects Douglas and Peel in the Isle of Man, close to the River Dhoo.


Definition.

There are (at least) three slightly different methods called Borel summation. They differ in which series they can sum, but are consistent, meaning that if two of the methods sum the same series they give the same answer.  Throughout let "A"("z") denote a formal power series  and define the Borel transform of "A" to be its equivalent exponential series

Borel's exponential summation method.

Let "A"("z") denote the partial sum  A weak form of Borel's summation method defines the Borel sum of "A" to be  If this converges at "z" ∈ C to some "a"("z"), we say that the weak Borel sum of "A" converges at "z", and write formula_5.

Borel's integral summation method.

Suppose that the Borel transform converges for all positive real numbers to a function growing sufficiently slowly that the following integral is well defined (as an improper integral), the Borel sum of "A" is given by  If the integral converges at "z" ∈ C to some "a"("z"), we say that the Borel sum of "A" converges at "z", and write formula_7.

Borel's integral summation method with analytic continuation.

This is similar to Borel's integral summation method, except that the Borel transform need not converge for all "t", but converges to an analytic function of "t" near 0 that can be analytically continued along the positive real axis.

Basic properties.

Regularity.

The methods (B) and (wB) are both regular summation methods, meaning that whenever "A"("z") converges (in the standard sense), then the Borel sum and weak Borel sum also converge, and do so to the same value. i.e.  Regularity of (B) is easily seen by a change in order of integration, which is valid due to absolute convergence: if "A"("z") is convergent at "z", then  where the rightmost expression is exactly the Borel sum at "z".  Regularity of (B) and (wB) imply that these methods provide analytic extensions to "A"("z").

Nonequivalence of Borel and weak Borel summation.

Any series "A"("z") that is weak Borel summable at "z" ∈ "C" is also Borel summable at "z". However, one can construct examples of series which are divergent under weak Borel summation, but which are Borel summable. The following theorem characterises the equivalence of the two methods.

Uniqueness theorems.

There are always many different functions with any given asymptotic expansion. However, there is sometimes a best possible function, in the sense that the errors in the finite-dimensional approximations are as small as possible in some region. Watson's theorem and Carleman's theorem show that Borel summation produces such a best possible sum of the series.

Watson's theorem.

Watson's theorem gives conditions for a function to be the Borel sum of its asymptotic series. Suppose that "f" is a function satisfying the following conditions: is bounded by for all "z" in the region (for some positive constant "C").  Then Watson's theorem says that in this region "f" is given by the Borel sum of its asymptotic series. More precisely, the series for the Borel transform converges in a neighborhood of the origin, and can be analytically continued to the positive real axis, and the integral defining the Borel sum converges to "f"("z") for "z" in the region above.  Slightly more generally, "f" is still determined by its asymptotic series if the "n"! in the error estimate above is replaced by "kn"! provided the condition |arg("z")| < /2 + "ε" is replaced by |arg("z")| < "k"/2 + "ε". This is in some sense best possible, as there are counterexamples if the number "k"/2 is replaced by any smaller number.

Carleman's theorem.

Carleman's theorem shows that a function is uniquely determined by an asymptotic series in a sector provided the errors in the finite order approximations do not grow too fast. More precisely it states that if "f" is analytic in the interior of the sector |"z"| < "C", Re("z") > 0 and |"f"("z")| < |"b""z"| in this region for all "n", then "f" is zero provided that the series 1/"b" + 1/"b" +... diverges.  Carleman's theorem gives a summation method for any asymptotic series whose terms do not grow too fast, as the sum can be defined to be the unique function with this asymptotic series in a suitable sector if it exists. Borel summation is slightly weaker than special case of this when "b" ="cn" for some constant "c". More generally one can define summation methods slightly stronger than Borel's by taking the numbers "b" to be slightly larger, for example "b" = "cn"log "n" or "b" ="cn"log "n" log log "n". In practice this generalization is of little use, as there are almost no natural examples of series summable by this method that cannot also be summed by Borel's method.

Example.

The function "f"("z") = exp(–1/"z") has the asymptotic series 0 + 0"z"+... with an error bound of the form above in the region |arg("z")| < "θ" for any "θ" < /2, but is not given by the Borel sum of its asymptotic series. This shows that the number /2 in Watson's theorem cannot be replaced by any smaller number (unless the bound on the error is made smaller).

Examples.

The geometric series.

Consider the geometric series  which converges (in the standard sense) to 1/(1 − "z") for |"z"| < 1. The Borel transform is  from which we obtain the Borel sum  which converges in the larger region Re("z") < 1, giving an analytic continuation of the original series.  Considering instead the weak Borel transform, the partial sums are given by "A"("z") = (1 − z)/(1 − "z"), and so the weak Borel sum is  where, again, convergence is on Re("z") < 1. Alternatively this can be seen by appealing to part 2 of the equivalence theorem, since for Re("z") < 1

An alternating factorial series.

Consider the series  then "A"("z") does not converge for any nonzero "z" ∈ C. The Borel transform is  for |"t"| < 1, which can be analytically continued to all "t" ≥ 0. So the Borel sum is  (where Γ is the incomplete gamma function).  This integral converges for all "z" ≥ 0, so the original divergent series is Borel summable for all such "z". This function has an asymptotic expansion as "z" tends to 0 that is given by the original divergent series. This is a typical example of the fact that Borel summation will sometimes "correctly" sum divergent asymptotic expansions.  Again, since  for all "z", the equivalence theorem ensures that weak Borel summation has the same domain of convergence, "z" ≥ 0.

An example in which equivalence fails.

The following example extends on that given in. Consider  After changing the order of summation, the Borel transform is given by  At "z" = 2 the Borel sum is given by  where "S"("x") is the Fresnel integral. Via the convergence theorem along chords, the Borel integral converges for all "z" ≤ 2 (clearly the integral diverges for "z" > 2).  For the weak Borel sum we note that  holds only for "z" < 1, and so the weak Borel sum converges on this smaller domain.

Existence results and the domain of convergence.

Summability on chords.

If a formal series "A"("z") is Borel summable at "z" ∈ C, then it is also Borel summable at all points on the chord O"z" connecting "z" to the origin. Moreover, there exists a function "a"("z") analytic throughout the disk with radius O"z" such that  for all "z" = θ"z", θ ∈ [0,1].  An immediate consequence is that the domain of convergence of the Borel sum is a star domain in C. More can be said about the domain of convergence of the Borel sum, than that it is a star domain, which is referred to as the Borel polygon, and is determined by the singularities of the series "A"("z").

The Borel polygon.

Suppose that "A"("z") has strictly positive radius of convergence, so that it is analytic in a non-trivial region containing the origin, and let "S" denote the set of singularities of "A". This means that "P" ∈ "S" if and only if "A" can be continued analytically along the open chord from 0 to "P", but not to "P" itself. For "P" ∈ "S", let "L" denote the line passing through "P" which is perpendicular to the chord "OP". Define the sets  the set of points which lie on the same side of "L" as the origin. The Borel polygon of "A" is the set  An alternative definition was used by Borel and Phragmén. Let formula_33 denote the largest star domain on which there is an analytic extension of "A", then formula_34 is the largest subset of formula_35 such that for all formula_36 the interior of the circle with diameter "OP" is contained in formula_37. Referring to the set formula_34 as a polygon is somewhat of a misnomer, since the set need not be polygonal at all; if, however, "A"("z") has only finitely many singularities then formula_34 will in fact be a polygon.  The following theorem, due to Borel and Phragmén provides convergence criteria for Borel summation.  Note that (B) summability for formula_42 depends on the nature of the point.

Example 1.

Let ω ∈ C denote the "m"-th roots of unity, "i" = 1,..., "m", and consider  which converges on "B"(0,1) ⊂ C. Seen as a function on C, "A"("z") has singularities at "S" = {"ω" : "i" = 1,..., "m"}, and consequently the Borel polygon formula_44 is given by the regular "m"-gon centred at the origin, and such that 1 ∈ C is a midpoint of an edge.

Example 2.

The formal series  converges for all formula_46 (for instance, by the comparison test with the geometric series). It can however be shown that "A" does not converge for any point "z" ∈ C such that "z" = 1 for some "n". Since the set of such "z" is dense in the unit circle, there can be no analytic extension of "A" outside of "B"(0,1). Subsequently the largest star domain to which "A" can be analytically extended is "S" = "B"(0,1) from which (via the second definition) one obtains formula_47. In particular one sees that the Borel polygon is not polygonal.

A Tauberian theorem.

A Tauberian theorem provides conditions under which convergence of one summation method implies convergence under another method. The principal Tauberian theorem for Borel summation provides conditions under which the weak Borel method implies convergence of the series.

Applications.

Borel summation finds application in perturbation expansions in quantum field theory. In particular in 2-dimensional Euclidean field theory the Schwinger functions can often be recovered from their perturbation series using Borel summation. Some of the singularities of the Borel transform are related to instantons and renormalons in quantum field theory.

Generalizations.

Borel summation requires that the coefficients do not grow too fast: more precisely, "a" has to be bounded by "n"!"C" for some "C". There is a variation of Borel summation that replaces factorials "n"! with ("kn")! for some positive integer "k", which allows the summation of some series with "a" bounded by ("kn")!"C" for some "C". This generalization is given by Mittag-Leffler summation.  In the most general case, Borel summation is generalized by Nachbin resummation, which can be used when the bounding function is of some general type (psi-type), instead of being exponential type.

In mathematics, Borel summation is a summation method for divergent series, introduced by. It is particularly useful for summing divergent asymptotic series, and in some sense gives the best possible sum for such series. There are several variations of this method that are also called Borel summation, and a generalization of it called Mittag-Leffler summation.


Geography.

Canton is located in northeastern Fulton County at. Illinois Routes 9 and 78 pass through the downtown together. IL 9 leads east to Banner near the Illinois River and west to Bushnell, while IL 78 leads north to Farmington and south to Little America in the Illinois River valley.  According to the 2010 census, Canton has a total area of, of which (or 97.98%) is land and (or 2.02%) is water.

History.

Canton was founded in 1825 by settler Isaac Swan, who believed his new town and Canton, China, were antipodes.  Founder Isaac Swan, his infant child, and three other people died in a devastating tornado of June 1835. "Isaac Swan and his child were found in the wreckage of their cabin, the baby dying in its mother's arms," leading some to conclude that the tornado represented divine retribution for the city allowing a circus performance the previous week. The city was hit by another F-3 tornado on July 23, 1975. Two people were killed, and the storm caused major damage to the downtown area.  Much of the city, particularly the northern portion, has been undermined by room and pillar extraction of coal that took place in the 1800s.  Central Illinois Energy, a locally financed cooperative, began planning for a corn-fermentation ethanol plant in 2002. Construction and finance delays resulted in its opening in 2007, approximately south of the city. Beset by financial problems and construction delays on the plant, the cooperative declared bankruptcy. Central Illinois Energy's assets were bought by a private company, construction was completed, and the plant began production in the summer of 2008, renamed Riverland Biofuels.  In December 2008, Cook Medical announced that it would open a new medical device factory at the old International Harvester site. Company owner William "Bill" Cook had grown up in Canton and wanted to do something to help revitalize his home town community. Some of the costs related to Cook Medical were planned to be paid for with state funds: a $750,000 Community Development Assistance Program grant from the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity and a $1.1 million grant from the Illinois Department of Transportation for infrastructure improvements near the plant. Scott Eells, the chief operating officer for Cook Group, has said that the factory will eventually be, with more than 300 employees. Bill Cook had previously announced he was buying and renovating several old Canton buildings, including the 1883 Randolph Building on the town square. Cook purchased four buildings in downtown Canton, a shopping center, the site where the International Harvester plant was located as well as constructing the brand new Canton Harvester Inn boutique hotel and another factory—COOK Polymer. The Louis Pharmacy Building was purchased and restored. The Randolph Building is another Canton purchase made by Cook. The main floor offers store fronts and there are apartments for rent on the second level. Also purchased is the Fulton Square Shopping Center.  November 16, 2016, A gas explosion killed an Ameren worker who was fixing a gas leak, sent 12 to the local hospital, and demolished an adjacent building on 1st Avenue that was attached to the Opera House. The next day the Opera House and two other buildings were declared beyond repair and condemned, an additional building declared uninhabitable until repaired, and 48 other buildings noted as damaged but repairable.

Media.

Canton has a daily newspaper, "The Daily Ledger", and three radio stations: WBYS and WCDD, and WILP, known as Q98.1. There is also a weekly newspaper, the Fulton Democrat, and a weekly shopping publication, The Independent Shopper.

Popular culture.

On September 13, 1967, Los Angeles rock band The Doors played a concert at Canton High School. The Canton audience reportedly reacted with mostly shocked silence at Jim Morrison's stage antics.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 15,288 people, 5,677 households, and 3,616 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,947.8 people per square mile (751.9/km2). There were 6,098 housing units at an average density of 776.9 per square mile (299.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.59% White, 8.85% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.09% of the population.  There were 5,677 households out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.86.  In the city, the population was spread out with 20.3% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 115.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,011, and the median income for a family was $39,910. Males had a median income of $30,519 versus $20,891 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,012. About 10.1% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.9% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

Canton is the largest city in Fulton County, Illinois, United States. The population was 14,704 at the 2010 census, down from 15,288 as of the 2000 census. The Canton Micropolitan Statistical Area covers all of Fulton County; it is in turn part of the wider Peoria-Canton, IL Combined Statistical Area (CSA).