History.

"Tongki fuka akū hergen".

According to the "" (; ), in 1599 the Jurchen leader Nurhaci decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the Manchu people. He decried the fact that while illiterate Han Chinese and Mongolians could understand their respective languages when read aloud, that was not the case for the Manchus, whose documents were recorded by Mongolian scribes. Overriding the objections of two advisors named Erdeni and G'ag'ai, he is credited with adapting the Mongolian script to Manchu. The resulting script was known as () — the "script without dots and circles".

"Tongki fuka sindaha hergen".

In 1632, Dahai added diacritical marks to clear up a lot of the ambiguity present in the original Mongolian script; for instance, a leading "k", "g", and "h" are distinguished by the placement of no diacritical mark, a dot, and a circle, respectively. This revision created the standard script, known as () — the "script with dots and circles". As a result, the Manchu alphabet contains little ambiguity. Recently discovered manuscripts from the 1620s make clear, however, that the addition of dots and circles to Manchu script began before their supposed introduction by Dahai.  Dahai also added the "tulergi hergen" ("foreign/outer letters"): ten graphemes to facilitate Manchu to be used to write Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan loanwords. Previously, these non-Manchu sounds did not have corresponding letters in Manchu. Sounds that were transliterated included the aspirated sounds k' (Chinese pinyin: k, ), k (g, ), x (h, ); ts' (c, ); ts (ci, ); sy (si, ); dz (z, ); c'y (chi, ); j'y (zhi, ); and ž (r, ).

19th century – present.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were three styles of writing Manchu in use: standard script ("ginggulere hergen"), semi-cursive script ("gidara hergen"), and cursive script ("lasihire hergen"). Semicursive script had less spacing between the letters, and cursive script had rounded tails.  The Manchu alphabet was also used to write Chinese. A modern example is in "Manchu: a Textbook for Reading Documents", which has a comparative table of romanizations of Chinese syllables written in Manchu letters, Hànyǔ Pīnyīn and Wade–Giles. Using the Manchu script to transliterate Chinese words is a source of loanwords for the Xibe language. Several Chinese-Manchu dictionaries contain Chinese characters transliterated with Manchu script. The Manchu versions of the "Thousand Character Classic" and "Dream of the Red Chamber" are actually the Manchu transcription of all the Chinese characters.  In the "Imperial Liao-Jin-Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" ( ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki (Solon) words. In the "Pentaglot Dictionary", also commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used to transcribe Tibetan and Chagatai (related to Uyghur) words.

Method of teaching.

Despite the alphabetic nature of its script, Manchu was traditionally taught as a syllabary. Like the Mongols, Manchu children were taught to memorize all the syllables in the Manchu language separately as they learned to write, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels. When learning the language, Manchus were taught to say right away ""la", "lo"", etc., instead of saying ""l", "a" — "la""; ""l", "o" — "lo""; etc. As a result, the syllables contained in their syllabary do not contain all possible combinations that can be formed with their letters. They made, for instance, no such use of the consonants "l", "m", "n" and "r" as English; hence if the Manchu letters "s", "m", "a", "r" and "t" were joined in that order, a Manchu would not pronounce them as "smart".  Today, the opinion on whether it is alphabet or syllabic in nature is still split between different experts. In China, it is considered syllabic, and Manchu is still taught in this manner, while in the West it is treated like an alphabet. The alphabetic approach is used mainly by foreigners who want to learn the language, as studying the Manchu script as a syllabary takes longer.

Punctuation.

The Manchu alphabet has two kinds of punctuation: two dots (), analogous to a period; and one dot (), analogous to a comma. However, with the exception of lists of nouns being reliably punctuated by single dots, punctuation in Manchu is inconsistent, and therefore not of much use as an aid to readability.  The equivalent of the question mark in Manchu script consists of some special particles, written at the end of the question.

Jurchen script.

The Jurchens of a millennium ago became the ancestors of the Manchus when Nurhaci united the Jianzhou Jurchens (1593–1618) and his son subsequently renamed the consolidated tribes as the "Manchu". Throughout this period, the Jurchen language evolved into what we know as the Manchu language. Its script has no relation to the Manchu alphabet, however. The Jurchen script was instead derived from the Khitan script, itself derived from Chinese characters.

Unicode.

The Manchu alphabet is included in the Unicode block for Mongolian.

The Manchu alphabet () is the alphabet used to write the now nearly-extinct Manchu language. A similar script is used today by the Xibe people, who speak a language considered either as a dialect of Manchu or a closely related, mutually intelligible language. It is written vertically from top to bottom, with columns proceeding from left to right.


College.

Trost attended Saint Louis University where he led the Billikins to the 1969 and 1970 NCAA championships. In 1967, Trost's freshman year, St. Louis made it to the title game, which was ended due to weather with the score 0–0. St. Louis and Michigan State were declared co-champions that season. In 1969, Trost earned NCAA Tournament Offensive MVP honors. Trost was also a two-time Hermann Trophy recipient as the collegiate player of the year in 1969 and 1970. Ironically, he was only selected as a first team All American in 1970. On September 30, 2009, Trost was named to SLU's Half-Century Team.

Olympics and national teams.

While Trost finished his collegiate career in 1970, he chose not to turn pro in order to be eligible for the 1972 Summer Olympics. The U.S. began qualification for the games in 1971 and Trost was an integral part of the Olympic team, playing eight of the U.S.'s eleven games. He scored twice, first in the August 22, 1971 3–1 victory over and the next game, a September 18 1–0 victory over El Salvador. Trost played two of the three games at the Munich Olympics, the 0–0 tie with Morocco and the crushing 0–7 defeat at the hands of West Germany.  Trost continued playing for the national team after the Olympics. He earned his first cap, and scored his only goal, with the senior team on August 12, 1973, in a 1–0 victory over Poland. He went on to captain the U.S. through the failed 1974 and 1978 World Cup qualifying campaigns. His last game with the national team came against Portugal in Lisbon on Sept. 20, 1978.

NASL.

In 1973, Trost began his professional playing career with the St. Louis Stars of the North American Soccer League. He had initially been drafted by the Stars in the 1968 college draft; however, the near-collapse of the NASL and Trost's desire to maintain hi amateur eligibility precluded his signing with the team prior to 1973. After the 1977 season, the Stars gave up on St Louis and moved to Anaheim, California, to play the 1978 season as the California Surf. Despite leading the Surf in scoring, the team traded him to the Seattle Sounders in January 1979 for Tony Chursky. Trost played the 1979 season with the Sounders, scoring only one goal in eleven games. On 28 September 1979, Trost left the Sounders and the NASL. During his time in the league, he was a second team All Star in 1976 and received honorable mention in 1973 and 1977. Trost ended his NASL career number 72 on the NASL points list with 100 off 38 goals and 24 assists.

MISL.

After leaving the NASL, Trost played a single season for the New York Arrows of Major Indoor Soccer League in 1979–1980. In 1981, the St. Louis Steamers hired Trost to replace Pat McBride who left the team in a contract dispute during the 1980–1981 post-season. Trost continued coaching the Steamers during the 1981–1982 season when he took the team to the MISL championship series, which it lost to Trost's old team, the New York Arrows. When the team began the 1982–1983 season 5–9, Trost was fired on January 4, 1983.

High school coaching.

Trost began his coaching career with the McCluer North High School (Florissant, Missouri) boys' soccer team, while playing for the St. Louis Stars. In 1974, he took the team to the Missouri state championship. He currently coaches the Parkway South High School boys' and girls' soccer teams. In February 2016, Trost announced he will retire from teaching and as head coach at Parkway South. He is still active in the St. Louis soccer community as he continues to coach soccer camps in the area.  In 1994, he was inducted into the Saint Louis University Athletics Hall of Fame. In 2006, he was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

Alan Trost (born February 7, 1949) is a retired U.S. soccer midfielder. He played collegiate soccer at Saint Louis University where he won the 1969 and 1970 Hermann Trophy as the player of the year. His professional career includes years in both the North American Soccer League (NASL) and Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). He also was a member of the 1972 U.S. Olympic soccer team. He went on to earn 14 caps with the U.S. national team, scoring one goal. He coached professionally with the St. Louis Steamers of MISL and continues to coach youth soccer. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.


History.

The school opened on September 14, 1908. Its founding was urged by Joseph Pulitzer, following lobbying by Walter Williams, the editor of the Columbia (Missouri) Herald and a university curator. Williams became the official founder. This came 13 years after the defeat in the Missouri State Senate of a bill to establish a chair of journalism at the University of Missouri. Previously newspapers usually required apprenticeships. The Missouri Press Association began supporting the proposal in 1896.  The first day's class published the first issue of the "University Missourian," which was to become the "Columbia Missourian". Williams was the first dean. Among the original faculty members was Charles Griffith Ross, who would become press secretary for President Harry S. Truman. It was initially based in Switzler Hall.  In 1910, the school began its Journalism Week celebration. On March 10, Kappa Tau Alpha was founded.  In 1919, Jay Holcomb Neff Hall, the first building formally assigned to the school, was built by a donation from Andrew Neff, a 1913 journalism graduate, in honor of his late father, a former Kansas City, Missouri mayor and publisher. At the time, it was the largest donation in the university history.  In 1921, the school offered the world's first master's degree in journalism. In 1930, it created the Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism. In 1934, it offered the world's first Doctor of Philosophy degree in journalism. In 1936, the school began offering broadcast courses in conjunction with KFRU, the radio station owned by the "St. Louis Star-Times".  In 1944, Professor Clifton C. Edom and his wife Vi, in association with the school, developed the "News Pictures of Year Competition and Exhibition," now "Pictures of the Year International". A year later, they started the "College Photograph of the Year" program.  In 1953, the university launched KOMU-TV, the only university-owned full-power commercial television station in the US, used as a training lab for students who provide its news programming. In 1958, the school opened the Freedom of Information Center, the world's first academic center dedicated to the topic. In 1971, the school switched its radio news programming to KBIA, a National Public Radio station.  In 1957, George McElroy, a pioneering black journalist from Texas, became the first African American to receive a master's degree in journalism from the university.  In 1981, the school was ranked the top journalism school in the country, under dean Roy M. Fisher. In February 2004, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation awarded the School $31 million, the largest private donation ever to the University of Missouri, to create The Reynolds Journalism Institute. In 2008, the Reynolds Institute opened, offering advanced studies of journalism and its role in democratic societies.  In 2010, the school revamped its curriculum so undergraduate students could choose from an array of more than 30 interest areas. These are designed to build expertise in areas in which journalism and strategic communication majors.

Facilities.

The Missouri School of Journalism has eight buildings dedicated to the practice and teaching of journalism. These are Jay H. Neff Hall (1920), Walter Williams Hall and the Journalism Arch (1937), KOMU-TV (1953), Neff Annex (1962), Gannett Hall (1979), Lee Hills Hall (1995) and the Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute (2008).  The classrooms and equipment include two high-tech design labs; three writing labs; a digital television editing lab; two major auditoriums with state-of-the-art audiovisual capabilities; an electronic photojournalism laboratory; an advanced computer lab for producing Web-based text, audio and video materials; more than 550 computers; and wireless network access. The Futures Lab and Technology Demonstration Center at the Reynolds Journalism Institute allow students to work alongside professionals and researchers to discover new ways to serve democracy through journalism.

Media outlets.

At Missouri, real-world media experience is part of the curriculum. As part of the "Missouri Method" of hands-on journalism education, undergraduate and graduate students work at the School's community-based real-media outlets. News is delivered using traditional, digital, online and mobile formats. The outlets include the "Columbia Missourian", a daily general-circulation newspaper and website; KOMU-TV, the NBC affiliate for mid-Missouri; KBIA-FM, an NPR member station; "Vox", a monthly entertainment magazine; Missouri Business Alert, a digital newsroom that publishes the top business news from across the state; Missouri Digital News, a state government reporting program based in Jefferson City; "Global Journalist", a converged newsroom producing digital, broadcast, print and mobile content for local and global audiences; Mojo Ad, a student-staffed agency that focuses on the 18-to-24 age Youth and Young Adult (YAYA) market; and AdZou, the strategic communication capstone agency.

Reynolds Journalism Institute.

The Reynolds Journalism Institute (RJI) is a center for researching and testing new models of journalism in an era of technological advances. RJI makes the most of its location at the Missouri School of Journalism and the extensive resources at the university. It also takes advantage of the collective creativity of visiting professionals and researchers.  RJI was launched in 2004 with an initial grant of $31 million from the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation. In conjunction with the centennial celebration of the School, it dedicated its world headquarters on September 12, 2008. This facility has state-of-the-art resources to test and demonstrate new technologies, experiment with convergence news production and delivery systems, and conduct real-time and virtual seminars and conferences.  RJI's work crosses diverse specialties within journalism, including media convergence, editorial content and methods, the evolution of advertising, innovation in management and the impact of new technologies. It also includes varied fields on campus such as law, computer science, marketing, education and other disciplines.  In the Futures Lab, interdisciplinary teams of journalism, business, and computer science students work together to create the future of journalism.

Endowed chairs.

The School has 10 endowed chairs:  1982: Goldenson Chair in Local Broadcasting The Goldenson Chair in Local Broadcasting helps develop research programs and educate communities through local broadcast stations. The chair is named for Leonard Goldenson (1905–1999), who founded the American Broadcasting Company.  1986: Meredith Chair in Service Journalism The Meredith Corporation, based in Des Moines, Iowa, established an endowed chair in service journalism at the Missouri School of Journalism in 1986.  1995: Lee Hills Chair in Free-Press Studies Lee Hills had a long and varied newspaper career; he worked as a reporter, foreign correspondent, news editor, editorial writer, editor, managing editor, executive editor, and publisher and CEO of two major newspapers, the "Detroit Free Press" and the "Miami Herald". Hills, who attended the Missouri School of Journalism between 1927 and 1929, was also the first chairman and CEO of Knight-Ridder Newspapers.  1997: Knight Chair in Journalism The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation helped fund an endowed chair and program in editing, recognizing editors as central to the success of a newspaper. The Knight Chair in Journalism and the Knight Center for Editing Excellence, which stimulates innovations in teaching and research on editing, was partially funded by the state of Missouri, which provided a $1.5 million matching grant. Programming at the Knight Center is aimed at educating and assisting high school students, undergraduates, graduate students and mid-career professionals.  1997: Maxine Wilson Gregory Chair in Journalism Research Maxine Wilson Gregory, an alumna of the Missouri School of Journalism, died in New York City in 1995. She earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Kansas, after which she attended MU, graduating in 1930. Gregory worked as an editor on various book projects after graduation, and a bequest made after her death was used to fund the endowed chair that bears her name.  1998: Houston Harte Chair in Journalism The family of Houston Harte, co-founder of the Harte-Hanks newspaper group, established the Houston Harte Chair in Journalism. Harte, who graduated in 1915, bought his first newspaper while still a student at the Missouri School of Journalism. At the time of his death, he was executive chairman of Harte-Hanks Newspapers, Inc., which owned 19 newspapers and one television station. The Houston Harte Chair works as a teaching editor at the "Columbia Missourian", the general-circulation daily newspaper staffed by professors and students.  1998: Curtis B. Hurley Chair in Public Affairs Reporting When Edgar A. McLaughlin graduated from the Missouri School of Journalism in 1931, he said, "If I ever make any money, I am going to do something for this place." Years later a gift from the E.A. and Lucile McLaughlin estate recognized Curtis B. Hurley, the country editor who, in 1927, both encouraged McLaughlin to study journalism at Missouri, and also lent him $400 to do so. McLaughlin credited Hurley and his experience at the School of Journalism with turning his life around, and left the bulk of his estate to the School.  2000: Missouri Chair in Community Newspaper Management More than 100 community publishers, alumni of the school, and friends of Missouri Press Association and the school made contributions to make this endowed chair possible. The Chair in Community Newspaper Management is a joint effort by the School and the MPA to strengthen and promote the teaching of community newspapering.  2000: Society of American Business Editors and Writers Endowed Missouri Chair in Business and Financial Journalism The SABEW Chair in Business and Financial Journalism is a joint effort by the School and the Society of American Business Editors and Writers to strengthen and promote the teaching of business journalism. Headquartered at the Missouri School of Journalism, SABEW is an organization of more than 3,200 dedicated business and financial writers and editors.  2008: Donald W. Reynolds Endowed Chair in Business Journalism The Donald W. Reynolds Foundation awarded the School a $2 million grant to establish the Donald W. Reynolds Endowed Chair in Business Journalism in 2008. The chair is the second in business journalism at the School, joining the Society of American Business Editors and Writers Chair, established in 2000. Working with other faculty and staff of Reynolds Journalism Institute, the Reynolds Chair helps develop, test and write about new digital models of journalism and advertising.

Student groups.

Students can participate in more than a dozen student groups, most affiliated with national organizations. These include AAF Mizzou, American Copy Editors Society; Association for Women in Sports Media; Journalism Ambassadors; Journalism Student Council; Kappa Alpha Mu; Magazine Club; National Association of Black Journalists (Alé Chapter); Online News Association; Queer Media Association (QMA); Radio Television Digital News Association; Society of Professional Journalists; the Student Society of News Design; and Women in Media.

Professional organizations.

Ten professional organizations and programs affiliated with the School allow students to interact with working journalists and news-related organizations:

The Missouri School of Journalism at the University of Missouri in Columbia is a journalism school which is one of the oldest formal journalism schools in the world. The school provides academic education and practical training in all areas of journalism and strategic communication for undergraduate and graduate students across several media including television and radio broadcasting, newspapers, magazines, photography, and new media. The school also supports a robust advertising and public relations curriculum.


Youth and College.

Busch played at Guilderland High School in Guilderland, New York, near Albany, where he was named a high school All-American. He was ranked within the top 25 best players in the nation as a senior.  In college, Busch was a NSCAA First Team All-American in 1996, when he help lead UNC Charlotte to their first ever appearance in the College Cup and a school-record 19 wins. He recorded a career-high 12 shutouts that season, including two in the NCAA Tournament and a career-low 0.89 goals against average (GAA) en route to being named Conference USA Defensive Player of the Year. Overall, he was a First Team All-Conference selection three times and was named to Soccer America’s First Team Freshman All-America team in 1994. In total, Busch spent 3 seasons with UNC Charlotte.

Club career.

A-League Years (1997–2001).

Busch was undrafted out of college and spent a number of years in the United Soccer Leagues. He was drafted in 1997 by Nashville Metros with the 2nd Overall pick in the A-League draft, but opted to split his first year with Worcester Wildfire and Carolina Dynamo. Busch then moved on to Hampton Roads Mariners, where he spent 3 seasons. He was named the team MVP in his second season. His breakout season came in 2001 with the Hershey Wildcats. He won 14 games and posted 13 shutouts while leading the team to the A-League National Championship match. Busch was named the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year and was selected the Division II circuit's first-team All-League keeper.

Columbus Crew (2002–2006).

Major League Soccer took note of his USL play and it resulted in Busch being drafted by Columbus Crew with the 23rd overall pick of the 2002 MLS SuperDraft. Busch did not become a starter for the Crew immediately, sharing the duties in his first MLS season with incumbent Tom Presthus. He became a starter by 2003, but did not do very well as Columbus floundered in the standings. In contrast, both the Crew and Busch had terrific 2004 regular seasons, as the team, led by Busch's goaltending, embarked on a league-record 18-game undefeated streak. Busch was a finalist for the 2004 MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award for his performance, and his impact on the team's season was cited as the third-highest impact of any MLS player on any MLS team in the history of the league by MLSnet writer Jeff Bradley. In 2005, he was sidelined by a knee injury for most of the season, leading the Crew to acquire Jonny Walker. The Crew's goalkeeping injury woes intensified in 2006, as Busch was one of several injured keepers on the team roster, managing only 8 games.

Chicago Fire (2007–2009).

He was waived prior to the 2007 season and found himself the only player picked in the 2007 MLS Waiver Draft, selected by Toronto FC. On March 21 of the same year, he was waived by Toronto as the team found itself over the limit for senior international roster spots. He was subsequently traded to Chicago Fire in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 2009 MLS Supplemental Draft. Busch was to serve primarily as a backup keeper in 2007 and only made it into three matches all season.  However, with the departure of starter Matt Pickens to Queens Park Rangers of England's second-tier Football League Championship, Busch ultimately inherited the starter's role with the Fire to start the 2008 season. He was named Fire MVP for the 2008 season after being the only Fire player to start and play 90 minutes in every MLS match during the regular season (2700 minutes). Busch posted the best saves percentage in the league (78.2) after making 122 saves on 156 shots faced. Busch tied for most shutouts in the league (10), while also tying a Fire single season shutout record shared with Matt Pickens for his 10 shutouts in 2007. For his efforts, Busch was named the MLS Goalkeeper of the Year.

San Jose Earthquakes (2010–2014).

In March 2010, Busch was waived by the Chicago Fire. He was signed by San Jose Earthquakes shortly afterwards.  In 2014, Busch recorded a league best and franchise record 138 saves in a season, besting Joe Cannon's mark set in 2000.

Chicago Fire (2015).

Busch returned to Chicago for his second stint with the club in January 2015. At the end of the season his contract option was declined.

Indy Eleven (2016–2017).

In January 2016, Busch signed as a free agent with the NASL club Indy Eleven. He will also serve as the club’s Director of Goalkeeping, with duties to include first team coaching and scouting, serving as a guest coach with the Indy Eleven NPSL squad and assisting with the Indy Eleven Summer Soccer Clinic series.

Retirement.

In May 2018, Busch made one last transfer move back to his first MLS club, Columbus Crew SC. Busch and the club had agreed a one-day contract so he could officially retire as a player of Crew SC, the club which he called home in his retirement letter.

International career.

Busch earned his first, and only, cap for the United States on March 9, 2005. He shut out Colombia in a friendly, but despite the performance was not called back into the squad.  He has also represented the U.S. at the U-17 and U-20 levels, as well as having played in the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Japan.

Personal.

Busch is the son of Madeline and Robert Busch. Robert Busch is a Lutheran pastor. Jon Busch was married to Nicole Blair on December 11, 2004. He has obtained his "B" coaching license in January 2003.  While playing for the Columbus Crew, Jon Busch also trained goalkeepers in Columbus' youth soccer league, the Ohio Football Club.  Jon Busch lives in Powell, Ohio.

Honors.

Club.

Columbus Crew San Jose Earthquakes

Jon Busch (born August 18, 1976) is a retired American professional soccer goalkeeper. Busch is best remembered for his captivating saves, despite his shorter stature for an elite goalkeeper, and spent most of his 21-year professional playing years in Major League Soccer, appearing for the Columbus Crew, Chicago Fire and San Jose Earthquakes. Busch also represented the United States at both youth and senior level.


Background.

"One of Those Days" was written by Kevin Briggs, Dwight Reynolds and Patrice Stewart for Whitney Houston's fifth studio album "Just Whitney" (2002). The Isley Brothers are also credited as writers as the song features a sample of their song "Between the Sheets" (1983). In an interview with TMHEntertainment, Reynolds said that the song was not intentionally written for Houston. One day, while Reynolds was at Shek'speare's studio, The Music House, Houston and her husband Bobby Brown visited them. At that time, Shek'speare had a few instrumental tracks put up, and according to Reynolds, "the vibe was set" immediately. Shek'speare and Reynolds started discussing the ideas for the songs; Houston also contributed her views and ideas, and rejected the ones that she felt did not suit her. Shek'speare and Reynolds penned three songs that day, two of which are featured on the album, "One of Those Days" and "Dear John Letter". The song was produced by Briggs and was recorded at Atlanta Premier Recordings, Atlanta, by Ben Briggs III, and was mixed by Kevin "KD" Davis.

Release.

The song was released as the second single from the album in many countries, except the United Kingdom, following the under-performance and lackluster response to the lead single "Whatchulookinat". In the US, it was sent to urban, rhythmic and mainstream radios on October 28, 2002. A CD single was released on the next day. In Australia, a double A-side CD single containing "One of Those Days" and "Whatchulookinat" was released on November 25, 2002. The remix featuring Nelly and its instrumental were issued as a CD single in the US. Another remix by Almighty Records, titled "One of Those Days (Almighty Remix)", was made available through the compilation "Almighty Downunder, Volume 2".

Composition.

"One of Those Days" is a mid-tempo R&B song with a "slight retro feel" to it. Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" classified the song as a "groovy, hip-swaying composition". The song's hook samples the melody from The Isley Brothers' 1983 song "Between the Sheets". As Houston begins the first verse, she declares her stress: "This is just for me [...] Got to take time out [...] You don't know what I'm going through." She then sings about getting away from it, by indulging in activities like a manicure, pedicure and by having a "late-night snack, a bubble bathe and a massage". Throughout the song, she sings over a "warm bed of beats and horns". Writing for Entertainment Tonight, Tim Jaramillo commented that the song is a "smoky track with a feel-good, chilled-out vibe". Dan LeRoy of "NJ Star Ledger" observed that the song sounded like an outtake from Brandy Norwood's debut album, while "New York Daily News" compared it to Houston's 1999 song "It's Not Right but It's Okay". An official remix of the song features rapped verses from Nelly, which according to MTV News staffs has a reggae feel.

Critical reception.

"One of Those Days" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Sean Daly of "The Washington Post" commented that the song was "likably bouncy". Craig Seymour of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" called the song a "breezy girls'-night-out" cut. Writer for "Blues & Soul" wrote that the song "is an excellent slice of soulful mid-beat head nod R&B". They also commended the sampling of "Between the Sheets", noting that it is "effective". Ernest Hardy of "LA Weekly" had different opinions of the song. Although he deemed it an "underrated single" at first and wrote that it "leaps beyond its work-sucks-the-rent's-late-I-need-a-date griping into the realm of existential letting", he later commented that the song is "grounded in retort". Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" remarked that the song marks a "triumphant return of one of the great singers, who delivers the goods in glorious voice." He further commented that the production of the song would be able to convince her "pop fans", and also praised the Isley Brothers sampling. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that the song could have been titled "How Whitney Got Her Groove Back". He noted that the "smooth" track allows Houston to offer a restrained delivery of her vocals. Keysha Davis of BBC Music called the sampling of "Between the Sheets" as "clever". Nakesa Mumbi Moody, of the Associated Press, wrote it was "sexy" and "dreamy". Writing for "The Boston Globe", Joan Anderman called it a "breezy" track with a "disturbingly trite" theme. The German newspaper "Der Tagesspiegel", in their review for "One of Those Days" called the song "schmaltzy" and wrote that it could have been done in the 1980s. Jimmy Draper of "San Francisco Bay Guardian" noted that "the song seems so anticlimactic in comparison to the real-life pot". Jon Caramanica of "Rolling Stone" called the track "creaky and unconvincing". "Entertainment Weekly" gave the remix single a D rating and commented negatively that "this chaotic mess isn't likely to find an enthusiastic audience" as the producer "laid a random Nelly verse and some whistle beats on top of Houston's vocals. It's as if someone opened the door between two rooms and cranked warring stereos". Following Houston's death in 2012, "Entertainment Weekly" published a list of Houston's 25 best songs and ranked "One of Those Days" at number 19; they noted that it was "an underrated single off an underrated album". They further commented that "Whitney gave women of the world an instruction manual for pampering themselves in the Sex and the City era".

Chart performance.

In the United States, "One of Those Days" debuted at number 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the issue dated November 16, 2002. In its sixteenth week on the chart, it peaked at number 72 with a greatest gainer mark The song stayed on the charts for a total of 19 weeks. On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, the song debuted at number 74, the issue dated November 9, 2002 and peaked at number 29. The song finished at number 99 on the "Billboard" R&B/Hip-Hop Singles year-end chart. However, the song topped the US Adult R&B Airplay chart. In the Netherlands, the song entered the Mega Single Top 100 chart at number 87, the week dated January 4, 2003. Two weeks later, the song reached number 80, its peak position. The song stayed on the charts for a total of five weeks. In Australia, the double A-side single charted and peaked at number 48, and stayed on the chart for eight weeks. Elsewhere, "One of Those Days" peaked at number 94 in Switzerland, number 11 on the Belgian Flanders Ultratip chart, number seven on the Wallonia Tip chart and number six on the Hungarian Single Top 10.

Music video.

The music video for "One of Those Days" was directed by Kevin Bray and was shot on October 18 and 19, 2002. The video was shot in Midtown, Atlanta and the club featured in the video is the Nomenclature Museum in Atlanta. According to Arista, "The music video is about Whitney rescuing her girlfriends who are having a bad day." The video shows Houston enjoying a day out and hanging out with her friends at the club, and having a massage at a sauna. The girls end their day out at the club, where Ronald Isley himself makes a cameo appearance.

Live performances.

Houston performed "One of Those Days" in a mini-concert at Lincoln Center Plaza, along with "Tell Me No" and "Do You Hear What I Hear?" on December 9, 2002. Donning a "jeans, a cream-colored turtleneck, full-length shearling coat and sunglasses", Houston performed the song as the opening number of the concert to a crowd of about 4,000 people. Fox News commented that "Houston still [sings] like an angel", but noted that she was "very loose" on stage. The performance aired on "Good Morning America" the next day.

Credits and personnel.

Credits for "One of Those Days" are adapted from "Just Whitney" liner notes.

"One of Those Days" is a song by American recording artist Whitney Houston, from her fifth studio album "Just Whitney" (2002). Written by Kevin Briggs, Dwight Renolds, Patrice Stewart, Ernest Isley, Marvin Isley, Christopher Jasper, Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, and Rudolph Isley, and produced by Briggs, the song was released as the second single from the album, following the under-performance of the lead single "Whatchulookinat", on October 29, 2002 through Arista Records. A mid-tempo R&B track, "One of Those Days" samples The Isley Brothers' song "Between the Sheets" (1983), and its lyrics speak about getting away from the stress of daily life.


Horticulture and inventions.

Field then commenced the cultivation in his own garden, and from roots of his own growth produced beautiful specimens of colouring matter. A contrivance, both mechanical and chemical, was still wanted to reduce the liquor to its finest consistence. His invention of the ‘physeter’ or percolator by atmospheric pressure admirably accomplished this purpose. He exhibited his percolator, together with an improved drying stove and press, before the Society of Arts, and was awarded their gold Isis medal in 1816 ‘for his apparatus for preparing coloured lakes.’ Both apparatus are figured and described by him in the Society's ‘Transactions,’ xxxiv. 87–94. Oddly enough the percolator was patented by others several years after, and applied to the clearing of sugar. Field continued his application of science to the purposes of the artist with good effect; his dexterity and care in the preparation of delicate colours set all competition at defiance. Among his other inventions may be mentioned his metrochrome and his conical lenses, which produced a continuous rainbow with varied effects of refractions.

Death and bequests.

Field died at Syon Hill Park Cottage, Isleworth, Middlesex, on 28 September 1854, aged 77. He bequeathed to the Royal Institute of British Architects six architectural drawings by J. L. Bond; to the Hanwell Lunatic Asylum ‘The Maniac,’ by R. Dawes, R.A.; while to the library of London University he gave a portrait of Dr. William Harvey, by Mirevelt.

Writings.

Field's reputation as an author rests on his "Chromatography; or, a Treatise on Colours and Pigments, and of their Powers in Painting", London, 1835. A revised edition by T. W. Salter, appeared in 1869, and a third by J. S. Taylor, on the basis of Salter's, in 1885. Another professional treatise, his "Rudiments of the Painter's Art; or, a Grammar of Colouring" (London, 1850), was revised and in part rewritten by R. Mallet in 1870, and again in 1875 by E. A. Davidson, who added sections on painting in sepia, water-colours, and oils. Field's other writings were:

George Field (1777?–1854), was an English chemist. He was born in or about 1777 at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, of a family long settled in that town, and was educated at St. Peter's school there. When about eighteen years of age he came to London to seek a profession. He thought he saw an opening in the careful application of chemistry to pigments and dyes. War on the continent, by stopping the supply of madder from Holland, threatened to impede his progress. This obstacle, however, led him to consider the nature of its cultivation, and with a well-devised project he waited on Sir Joseph Banks for his advice, and, as he hoped, his co-operation. Sir Joseph, after unsuccessfully attempting to cultivate madder in Essex, had made up his mind that it could not be done in England.


Biography.

Roman Davydov was born in Moscow. As a kid he grew up in a house with stables; he watched horses for hours and drew them. His love for animal art and his knowledge of anatomy would later make him one of the most wanted animators every time someone directed movies involving animals, especially horses. According to Yevgeniy Migunov, only two other animators at Soyuzmultfilm could match him: Grigory Kozlov and Nikolay Fyodorov, both with their own approaches, and they always tried to outbest each other.  Davydov graduated from the Moscow Industrial Technikum and spent several years working as an engineer. In the free time he practiced the art of caricature. In 1932 the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union held out a competition for the best caricature where Davydov took the third place. This inspired him to went through professional training at the two-year courses organized by the Krokodil magazine, and in 1937 he joined animation courses at Soyuzmultfilm. His first movies date back to 1939.  He worked in traditional animation up until 1955 when he joined the recently opened puppet division of Soyuzmultfilm and produced several stop motion films. He was the only director of that time who used an old-fashioned, time-consuming method of filming dolls with changeable parts last practiced by Aleksandr Ptushko. In 1961 Davydov produced "A Goatling", one of the first traditionally animated experiments of the Khrushchev Thaw that introduced a "formalistic", caricature art style in contrast with the realistic approach usual for that era. He continued developing it in his next projects, most notably the political satire "Shareholders & Co" (1963) and "The Main Stellar" (1966), a rare example of Soviet science fiction. Davydov experimented a lot with schematic, "angular", yet stylized characters, total animation, combinations of static composition and various details in motion, several panoramas moving at different speed in one shot and so on.  From 1967 to 1971 he directed his most famous work: the "Adventures of Mowgli" mini-series adapted from Rudyard Kipling's two Jungle Books. It consisted of five 20-minute episodes released yearly, and in 1973 they were combined into a feature film. The first episode was developed and released simultaneously with "The Jungle Book" by Disney and featured completely different style and mood. Made as a close adaptation of Kipling's writings, it allowed Davydov for a detailed study of the Indian wildlife and a mature storyline that featured a number of violent scenes, including the epic battle with red dogs from The Second Jungle Book (some critics linked it to the history of the Soviet Union).  Roman Davydov was also known for his Russian nationalism among colleagues. His film crews consisted almost exclusively of ethnic Russian animators and art directors (most commonly of Aleksandr Vinokurov, Pyotr Repkin and Viktor Nikitin), and after "Mowgli" he switched to adaptations of Russian historical events and folklore. Among them were "Ratibor's Childhood" (1973) based on the historical novel Primordial Rus' by Valentin Ivanov about the life of the East Slavs during the 6th century; "Vasilisa Mikulishna" (1975) that featured two bylina heroes: Stavr Godinovich and his wife Vasilisa Mikulishna, daughter of Mikula Selyaninovich; "The Swans of Nepryadva" (1980) dedicated to 600 years since the Battle of Kulikovo and "A Tale of Evpaty Kolovrat" (1985) about another medieval bogatyr, Evpaty Kolovrat. His last unfinished film was called "A Letter from the XIII Century".  Apart from the work at Soyuzmultfilm Davydov also illustrated children's books based on his own films and led training courses for animators. He was also a member of ASIFA.  Roman Davydov died in 1988 after surviving a stroke and a heart attack. His son Alexander Davydov (25 January 1937 — 20 November 2012) was also a prominent Russian animator and animation director.

Roman Vladimirovich Davydov (; — 17 September 1988) was a Soviet animation director, animator, artist and educator. He was named Honoured Artist of the RSFSR in 1980.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Italy, Trotta began his career in the youth team at Serie A club Napoli and decided to leave to experience "a new culture, a new language, a new type of football" in England. In September 2013, he revealed that he would be interested in signing again for Napoli in the future if the opportunity arose, as England provided no new football at all. He joined the academy at Premier League club Manchester City in 2008. The club described him as one of the club's brightest young talents, with his skill and ruthlessness in front of goal. He only lasted three months with the club.

Fulham.

Trotta signed a professional contract with Premier League club Fulham in September 2009. He made six appearances in the Premier Reserve League South during the 2009–10 season and scored two goals. He received his first call up to the first team for a Europa League qualifying match versus Crusaders on 21 July 2011, where he was an unused substitute for a 4–0 win. He made his first senior appearance for Fulham in a 2–1 FA Cup fourth round defeat to Everton on 27 January 2012. He replaced Danny Murphy after 87 minutes. In the days after the game, Trotta was the subject of loan attention from Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a replacement for Nikica Jelavić, but a deal never materialised. After featuring as an unused substitute through the latter months of the 2011–12 season, Trotta made his Premier League debut in Fulham's away match against Bolton Wanderers on 7 April 2012. He was brought on for Alex Kačaniklić after 88 minutes and almost scored a goal in the dying minutes of a comfortable 3–0 win for the Cottagers. Trotta made two senior appearances during the 2011–12 season and also clocked up 14 Premier Reserve League South appearances, scoring 15 goals. He netted five times in a 7–0 thrashing of Bolton Wanderers on 30 August and scored four in a 6–2 win over Norwich City on 4 October.  At the start of the 2012–13 season, Trotta signed a new deal which would keep him at Craven Cottage until the summer of 2015. He was called into the first team squad on one occasion during the 2012–13 season, when he was an unused substitute for a 3–0 win over West Bromwich Albion on 15 September 2012. He made six U21 Premier League appearances and scored three goals during the 2012–13 season.  Trotta made his only appearance of the 2013–14 season in a 1–0 U21 Premier League win over Middlesbrough on 16 August 2013, lasting 81 minutes before being substituted for Dino Islamović. In September 2013, then-manager Martin Jol stated that Trotta is not "the finished article yet" and challenged him to "step up a gear and then maybe he can play for Fulham in the next couple of years". In January 2014, Trotta was the subject of loan attention from a number of Italian Serie B clubs. After returning to Craven Cottage on 4 May from his loan away from the club, new manager Felix Magath cast his eye over Trotta in training prior to the final Premier League match of the season against Crystal Palace, but the Italian failed to make the squad. With the Cottagers playing in the Championship for the 2014–15 season, it was reported on 13 May that Trotta was keen to sit down for talks with Magath over his future. The talks were subsequently postponed until June, casting further doubts over his future. Those doubts were confirmed when Trotta submitted a transfer request on 3 June. He failed to receive a first team call under Magath or his successor Kit Symons and departed Craven Cottage on 9 January 2015. He made just three senior appearances in five years at Craven Cottage.

Wycombe Wanderers (loan).

Trotta moved on an initial one-month loan to League One club Wycombe Wanderers on 24 November 2011 and scored on his debut against Milton Keynes Dons in a 4–3 loss. He scored in the following fixture against Chesterfield on 20 December and again in the next fixture, away at Carlisle. Fulham confirmed that Trotta's loan had been extended until 14 January 2012 and on Boxing Day 2011 he scored a hat-trick (the first professional hat-trick of his career) against Exeter City in a 3–1 win. After the match, Manager Gary Waddock labelled him a "goal-scoring machine" after Trotta took his tally to six goals in four games. On 14 January 2012, Trotta netted a brace in Wycombe's 3–2 loss to Preston North End at Deepdale. Despite being offered an extension, he ended his loan spell at Wycombe on 17 January 2012. After his loan spell ended, Waddock insisted he had no hard feelings about Trotta choosing to test himself at a higher level. Trotta made eight appearances for Wycombe and scored eight goals.

Watford (loan).

On 23 February 2012, Trotta joined Championship club Watford on a one-month youth loan. He made his debut in a 3–0 league defeat to Southampton two days later. He started the match and was brought off after 59 minutes for Joe Garner. He was an unused substitute for the following three games and returned to Fulham after his loan expired having made only one appearance for the club.

Brentford (loan).

On 22 November 2012, Fulham confirmed that Trotta would join League One club Brentford on loan, initially until 13 January 2013. Two days later, he made his debut for the club, coming on as a substitute for Lee Hodson, in a 2–0 win against Sheffield United. He scored twice before setting up a goal for Harry Forrester, in a 4–2 FA Cup second round replay win over Bradford City on 18 December. He scored his first league goal for the club in a 3–1 win over Colchester United on Boxing Day. Fulham confirmed on 14 January that Trotta would stay with Brentford until the end of the 2012–13 season. On 27 January 2013, Trotta scored the opening goal of a memorable 2–2 FA Cup fourth round draw against Chelsea. He scored in bursts over the remainder of the season, scoring two in two games against Bury and Stevenage in February and three goals in four games in April.

Doncaster Rovers penalty incident.

Brentford's final game of the regular season came against Doncaster Rovers at Griffin Park on 27 April 2013. With the score at 0–0 and Brentford needing to win to secure automatic promotion to the Championship, the Bees were handed a lifeline when they won a penalty in the fourth of five minutes' injury time. Defender Kevin O'Connor was manager Uwe Rösler's designated penalty taker, but Trotta wrestled the ball from O'Connor, with the intention of taking the penalty. Trotta slammed the spot-kick against the crossbar and Doncaster scored from the resulting breakaway, winning the game 1–0 and consigning Brentford to the end-of-season playoffs. Rösler stated after the game that he had not wanted him to take the penalty, saying "I am not going to hold anyone out to dry. We will deal with the matter internally". In another interview, Rösler said he refused to blame him for the outcome. As a result of the penalty incident, Rösler decided to instruct which players will take the penalties by putting a sheet up in the dressing room ahead of play-off matches against Swindon Town. Trotta, commented after the incident:  Trotta was an unused substitute for the first leg of the playoff semi-finals versus Swindon Town (which resulted in a 1–1 draw, via a penalty from Kevin O'Connor) and he played 82 minutes of the second leg at Griffin Park, being credited with an assist for Clayton Donaldson's goal, which put Brentford 2–0 up. He was substituted for Paul Hayes after 82 minutes. With the score at 3–3 at the end of extra time, Brentford advanced to the final after winning the resulting penalty shootout 5–4. He praised the Brentford fans for being there for him after the worst week of his career. Trotta started the playoff final versus Yeovil Town at Wembley Stadium up front alongside Clayton Donaldson, but he was brought off for Bradley Wright-Phillips after 62 minutes of the 2–1 defeat. He returned to Fulham after the match, having made 29 appearances and scored 9 goals during the 2012–13 season.

Return to Brentford (loan).

On 2 September 2013, Trotta rejoined Brentford on loan until 5 January 2014. His return was met with resistance from some Brentford supporters and Uwe Rösler was forced to move quickly to state that "Marcello knows some people have not forgotten what happened, but he wants to come here and fight for his place". After his arrival, he said "I can’t change what happened in the past – but I can in the future". Trotta failed to score until his seventh appearance, a goal which set up a run of four goals in six games through October and November 2013. He scored three goals in three games in December (netting in wins against Preston North End, Swindon Town and Milton Keynes Dons) to help fire Brentford to the top of League One. On 7 January 2014, Trotta's loan was extended until the end of the 2013–14 season. Three goals and two assists in five games in January saw him nominated for the League One Player Of The Month award. He notched his 20th career goal for Brentford with the opener in a 1–1 draw with Shrewsbury Town on 1 February.  Trotta scored the winner in a crunch match versus Leyton Orient on 15 March, firing in the only goal of the game in front of the Sky Sports cameras at Brisbane Road, which saw the Bees return to the automatic promotion places in League One. The strike later won him the club's Bees Player Outstanding Moment of the Season award. He made it two goals in two games when he put the Bees ahead of Coventry City in a 3–1 win the following week. A 1–0 win over Preston North End at Griffin Park on 18 April saw Brentford promoted to the Championship with three games remaining. After the match, Trotta said "I felt I owed something to Brentford, that’s why I decided to come back after what happened last year. I dug in and wanted to repay the fans and the club. The lads have been great and it’s a special day". He made 40 appearances and scored 13 goals during the campaign. It was reported after the season that manager Mark Warburton was interested in signing Trotta on a permanent deal, but the club's interest cooled in mid-June. Across both his spells with Brentford, Trotta made 69 appearances and scored 23 goals.

Barnsley (loan).

On 1 November 2014, Trotta joined League One club Barnsley on loan until 5 January 2015. He made seven appearances and scored one goal before returning to Craven Cottage.

Avellino.

On 9 January 2015 Trotta returned to Italy to sign for Serie B club Avellino on a deal until 30 June 2017.

Sassuolo.

On 20 January 2016, Trotta was signed by Serie A club Sassuolo.  On 31 August 2016, Trotta and Diego Falcinelli were signed by F.C. Crotone in a temporary deal.

Frosinone.

On 25 January 2019, Trotta signed with Frosinone.

Loan to Ascoli.

On 27 January 2020 he joined Ascoli on loan with an option to buy.

International career.

Trotta has represented Italy from U16 through to U21 level. level. He made his only appearance for the U18s in a friendly versus Belarus U17 on 26 May 2010. He replaced Alberto Libertazzi after 49 minutes and scored Italy's second goal in a 2–0 win.  His only appearance for the U19s came before his U18 debut, in a 1–1 draw with Germany on 17 March 2010. He played for the final 9 minutes after replacing Mattia Destro. Trotta's solitary U20 cap came in a 3–1 victory over Denmark on 18 April 2012, where he was taken off at half time.  Trotta received his first call up to the U21 squad for a friendly against Italy B on 17 December 2013. He played and scored in the 3–0 win, though it was an unsanctioned international match and he didn't win a cap. He was called up to the U21 squad in January 2014 for an unsanctioned three-way friendly tournament and training camp in Florence between the Italy U21, U20 and U19 squads. Trotta made his official debut for the U21s in a 2015 European U21 Championship qualifier against Northern Ireland on 5 March 2014. He scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory. Trotta was called up to another training camp in Florence in late April 2014 and scored two goals in a 2–0 training ground win over Fiorentina Primavera on 29 April. On 1 June, Trotta received another call into the U21 squad in advance of a friendly versus Montenegro on 4 June. Coming on as a 28th-minute substitute for Domenico Berardi, Trotta scored the fourth goal in a 4–0 victory.

Honours.

Brentford

Marcello Trotta (born 29 September 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ascoli on loan from Frosinone.


Services.

FMI provides weather forecasts for aviation, traffic, shipping and media as well as private citizens via internet and mobile devices. It also has air quality services. For sea areas, it provides information about ice cover, sea level changes and waves.  In 2013 FMI made openly available data sets such as weather, sea and climate observation data, time series and model data. The open data is targeted to benefit application developers who want to develop new services, applications and products.  In 2009, researchers from VTT published a study assessing the benefits generated by the services offered by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. They concluded in sum in range of 260-290 million euros, while the annual budget of the institute was around 50 – 60 million Euros. This leads to estimate for annual benefit-cost ratio for the services to be at least 5:1.

Observations.

Finnish Meteorological Institute makes observations of the atmosphere, sea and space at over 400 stations around Finland. Its weather radar network consists of 10 C-band Doppler radars.

Research.

The research areas of FMI include meteorology, air quality, climate change, earth observation, marine and arctic research. Scientific research at FMI is mainly organized around three centers; "Weather, Sea and Climate Service Center", "Observing and Information Service Systems Center", "Space and Earth Observation Center", and two programs; "Meteorological and Marine Research Program", "Climate Research Program".  Every year FMI's researchers publish about 300 peer-reviewed articles.

Air quality activities.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute has investigated air quality processes and air pollution prevention techniques since the early 1970s. Their staff members have comprehensive competence within the areas of meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. Integrated work is done in cooperation with many other European research institutes and universities.  The air quality activities conducted by the Institute include:  The suite of local-scale (0 – 30 km) dispersion models available at the Institute includes:  Dispersion models for larger scales (30 to 3000 km) are also available.

Space Research.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute is one of the few places in Finland where space research takes place. The institute has been a part of several high-profile NASA and ESA missions, such as Phoenix, Mars Science Laboratory, Rosetta and BepiColombo, in addition to leading a lander mission of their own, MetNet. They worked with Spain and the United States to contribute to the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Mars Science Laboratory ("Curiosity").  The Finnish Meteorological Institute has designed and produced parts to the robotic space probe Rosetta and robotic lander Philae, which sent some data from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014-2015.  The electric solar wind sail, invented 2006 by FMi scientist Pekka Janhunen, got the 2010 Finnish Quality Innovation Prize among Potential innovations. It was tested in ESTCube-1 satellite.

Staff.

The number of full-time staff of the Finnish Meteorological Institute is about 540. Permanent staff members account for about 2/3 of the Institute's personnel and those with contractual posts account for the remainder. The Institute operates in on a round-the-clock basis and about 30 percent of the full-time staff work in shifts.  54 percent of the staff have university degrees and 15 percent have a licentiate or PhD degree. The average age of the staff is 43 years.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute (,, or simply "FMI") is the government agency responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts in Finland. It is a part of the Ministry of Transport and Communications but it operates semi-autonomously.


Summary.

The following is a simplified description of EdDSA, ignoring details of encoding integers and curve points as bit strings; the full details are in the papers and RFC.  An EdDSA signature scheme is a choice:  These parameters are common to all users of the EdDSA signature scheme. The security of the EdDSA signature scheme depends critically on the choices of parameters, except for the arbitrary choice of base point—for example, Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms is expected to take approximately formula_18 curve additions before it can compute a discrete logarithm, so formula_8 must be large enough for this to be infeasible, and is typically taken to exceed. The choice of formula_8 is limited by the choice of formula_2, since by Hasse's theorem, formula_7 cannot differ from formula_23 by more than formula_24. The hash function formula_12 is normally modelled as a random oracle in formal analyses of EdDSA's security. In the HashEdDSA variant, an additional collision-resistant hash function formula_26 is needed.  Within an EdDSA signature scheme,  formula_47

Ed25519.

Ed25519 is the EdDSA signature scheme using SHA-512 (SHA-2) and Curve25519 where  formula_50  The curve formula_5 is birationally equivalent to the Montgomery curve known as Curve25519. The equivalence is formula_61

Performance.

The Bernstein team has optimized Ed25519 for the x86-64 Nehalem/Westmere processor family. Verification can be performed in batches of 64 signatures for even greater throughput. Ed25519 is intended to provide attack resistance comparable to quality 128-bit symmetric ciphers. Public keys are 256 bits in length and signatures are twice that size.

Secure coding.

As security features, Ed25519 does not use branch operations and array indexing steps that depend on secret data, so as to defeat many side channel attacks.  Like other discrete-log-based signature schemes, EdDSA uses a secret value called a nonce unique to each signature. In the signature schemes DSA and ECDSA, this nonce is traditionally generated randomly for each signature—and if the random number generator is ever broken and predictable when making a signature, the signature can leak the private key, as happened with the Sony PlayStation 3 firmware update signing key. In contrast, EdDSA chooses the nonce deterministically as the hash of a part of the private key and the message. Thus, once a private key is generated, EdDSA has no further need for a random number generator in order to make signatures, and there is no danger that a broken random number generator used to make a signature will reveal the private key.

Software.

Notable uses of Ed25519 include OpenSSH, GnuPG and various alternatives, and the signify tool by OpenBSD. Usage of Ed25519 in SSH protocol is being standardized.

Ed448.

Ed448 is the EdDSA signature scheme using SHAKE256 (SHA-3) and Curve448 defined in RFC 8032.

In public-key cryptography, Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) is a digital signature scheme using a variant of Schnorr signature based on twisted Edwards curves. It is designed to be faster than existing digital signature schemes without sacrificing security. It was developed by a team including Daniel J. Bernstein, Niels Duif, Tanja Lange, Peter Schwabe, and Bo-Yin Yang. The reference implementation is public domain software.


Biography.

Early years (1961-1982).

Mitar Subotić "Suba" was born on June 23, 1961 in Novi Sad, where he attended the music elementary school, playing accordion and achieving notable success with his accordion school orchestra in Yugoslavia and abroad. He started his career as a rock musician as a keyboard player in the short lived bands 96% and XX vek ("20th Century"), the latter disbanding in 1982, after which he turned to his own solo career. He studied composition and orchestration at the University of Novi Sad music academy, during which he had shown an interest for electronic music. This was the reason why he attended the electronic music course organized at the University of Belgrade by Paul Pignon, a British saxophone player temporary living in Belgrade. At the time, under the strong influence by the French ambient music composer Erik Satie and British keyboard player and producer Brian Eno, he started recording ambiental music compositions, experimenting with different sounds, including telephone sounds, bird twitter and Amazon basin indigenous music.

Career in Yugoslavia (1983-1989).

His first recordings Subotić released in an original way: the tracks signed under the pseudonym Rex Ilusivii he delivered personally to the Radio Novi Sad reception desk addressed to Dragan Gojković "Goja", the host of the "Yu pop scena" ("Yu Pop Scene") and "Novi Vidici" ("New Horizons") cult radio shows, who subsequently broadcast the recordings without knowing the author's true identity. After a year of weekly sending new compositions to Gojković, Subotić decided to discover his identity, after which came a live presentation of his work with performances in Novi Sad, Belgrade, Zagreb, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Subotica. In 1983, with the Novi Sad conceptual art Lina Bus, Subotić performed in Paris and Venice and with the comic book artist Zoran Janjetov and multimedia artist Kosta Bunuševac, he organized the first Yugoslav rock performance at the sold-out Belgrade SKC. At the time Janjetov was one of his key collaborators, as he recommended him to use the pseudonym Rex Ilusivii by a comic-book character, gave him certain ideas and named several compositions.  The compositions recorded in the period between 1983 and 1985 were a part of the Subotić's project "Promene" ("Changes"), the title being self-explanatory of the musical experimenting Subotić had undertaken, in which Subotić collaborated with a number of already well-known musicians, resulting in a number of true radio hits: Zoran Janjetov "Janja", in the track "Jeti" ("Yetti"), Jakarta vocalist Igor Popović, in the songs "Ptice" ("The Birds") and "Arabija" ("Arabia") featuring Tomo in der Mühlen on guitar, Ekatarina Velika frontman Milan Mladenović, in the cover of the James Brown song "Sex Machine", Denis i Denis singer Marina Perazić, in the song "Plava jutra" ("Blue Mornings"), and Dorian Gray frontman Massimo Savić, in the composition "Facedance". The composition "Zla kob" ("Doom"), recorded under the obvious influence of the Serbian orthodox music, Zoran Modli included on the PGP RTB various artists compilation "Ventilator 202 vol. 1", released in 1983. Two years later, the song "Arabija" appeared on the "Ventilator 202 vol. 3" compilation.  Subotić's debut studio album "Disillusioned", having been turned down by the major Yugoslav record companies, was released as a part of the 30th anniversary celebration of the Radio Novi Sad show "Randevu sa muzikom" ("A Rendezvous with Music") in a limited pressing of 500 copies. The recording sessions featured Milan Mladenović, Uroš Šećerov, Massimo Savić, Električni Orgazam bassist Zoran Radomirović "Švaba", and the pianist Branka Parlić. The album B-side featured the twenty-five-minute composition "Thanx Mr. Rorschach - ambijenti na teme Erika Satija" ("Thanx Mr. Rorschach - ambients on Erik Satie themes"), composed as a kind of a musical Rorschach test on the impressions from Satie's themes. The album back cover featured a dedication to Hrundi Bakshi and a review by the head of the Erik Satie foundation saying "It is a great pleasure to see that in Yugoslavia works a musician Mitar Subotić - Rex Ilusivii who composed some significant material, especially a piece, an homage to Satie, composed in a way that Satie would like best - that everyone finds one's own path and one's personality. The music of Rex Ilusivii presents exactly this formula, this procedure."  Simultaneously with the album recording and release, Subotić had worked on music for television, theatre plays and choreodramas: for Haris Pašović's "Jelka kod Ivanovih" ("Fir Tree at Ivan's") and "Mara SAD" ("Mara USA"), Nada Kokotović's "Nojeva barka" ("Noah's Ark"), "U potrazi za izgubljenim vremenom" ("A Quest for Lost Time"), "Plavobadi" ("Bluebeard") and "Medeja" ("Medea"), and Sookie John "Šma" ("Shma"). He had also worked as a producer and sound engineer for other Yugoslav acts: in 1985 he produced the Haustor album "Bolero", the Heroina and La Strada eponymous debut albums, Oktobar 1864 1988 album "Igra bojama" ("Color Play") and the Ekatarina Velika 1989 album "Samo par godina za nas" ("Only a Few Years For Us"). A number of Novi Sad bands, including Obojeni Program had Subotić as a sound engineer on their recordings, and he had also worked as a sound engineer for the live appearances by Ekatarina Velika and Karlowy Vary. The recording of the Ekatarina Velika 1988 concert at the SMP Novi Sad, with Subotić as the sound engineer was released in 1997 as "Live '88".  The interest for electroacoustic music, which he had shown since his early works through the motifs of Serbian folkloric lullabies, took him to Paris where in 1985 he composed theatre music and at the IRCAM institute he expanded his knowledge in the field of electronic-acoustic music. During his stay in Paris, with Goran Vejvoda he started recording the album "The Dreambird, in the Mooncage", which was the last to feature the pseudonym Rex Ilusivii, featuring the a combination of bird-twitter recordings, made at Madagascar, combined with the Serbian traditional lullabies and electronic music arrangements. The recordings were promoted in an original way in the period between 1986 and 1992 by broadcasting the recordings on the main squares of Yugoslav, Italian and Brazilian cities. Owing to the UNESCO award for promoting traditional culture, which he had got for "The Dreambird, in the Mooncage", he got a scholarship in São Paulo where he landed on March 15, 1990 and decided to permanently inhabit. Part of the recorded material was released as "The Dreambird" in 1994 by the Brazilian label COMEP Music.

Career in Brazil (1990-1999).

Soon after becoming the resident of São Paulo Subotić started composing and recording music for radio, television, fashion shows and theatre plays, becoming acclaimed and distinguished producer, mainly due to his combining of traditional Brazilian music with electronic music arrangements. He had also started collaborating with notable Brazilian musicians and bands of the time: Katia B, Cibelle, Taciana, Bebel Gilberto (the daughter of the famous Brazilian singer João Gilberto), Arnaldo Antunes, Marina Lima, Marisa Monte, João Donato, João Parayba, and Mestre Ambrósio. During the second part of the 1990s he was credited on a large number of Brazilian albums as an arranger and a producer: on the 1995 albums "Kizumba" by João Parayba, "Janela dos Sonhos" by Taciana, the 1996 "96 Sessions" by Hermeto Pascoal, Andre Geraisatte and J.P, "Benzina" by Edgard Scandurra, "Silêncio" by Arnaldo Antunes, Ale Muniz 1997 album "Idem", and the 1998 albums "Pierrot do Brazil" by Marina Lima, "Fuá na Casa de Cabral" by Mestre Ambrósio and "Clubbing" by Edson Cordeiro. He had also worked with the former Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart and the American band War.  In the Spring of 1994, with Milan Mladenović he started recording material for their collaboration project Angel's Breath, featuring a lineup of Brazilian musicians percussionist João Parayba, guitarist Fabio Golfetti, vocalists Mariza and Madalena, which combined alternative rock with Serbian and Balkan traditional music. Recorded for three months in leisurely conditions, "Angel's Breath" featured the prominent tracks "Crv" (Serbian for "The Worm"), "Assassino" (Portuguese for "Murderer") and "Praia do ventu eternu" (similar to "Praia do vento eterno" which is Portuguese for "The Beach of Eternal Wind"). This was Mladenović's last project as on his return to Serbia, on November 5, 1994, he died in Belgrade at the age of 36. The Serbian critic Petar Luković, in a critical review of the album said ""Angel's Breath" is not a soft, easy going record, it demands attention, participation, it is an album which corresponds with the listener as much as the listener corresponds with itself. Such albums Serbian rock has never had, and with, the departure of Milan Mladenović, I am afraid will never have...".  In November 1999, Subotić released the album "São Paulo Confessions" in Brazil by Trama Music, in Europe by Ziriguiboom label on Crammed Discs, in Japan by Sony Records and in the United States by Island Records. The album featured guest appearances by the vocalists Cibelle, Katia B and Taciana, jazz guitarist Andre Gerrasiatti, percussionist João Parayba and the members of Mestre Ambrósio. Part of the material from the album was remixed by Phil Usher and the remixes were released as a 12" vinyl EP "Você Gosta". "São Paulo Confessions" received positive critics worldwide. The album review at Allmusic on which the critic John Vallier gave the album four and a half out of five stars. However, on November 2, 1999, on the evening of the "São Paulo Confessions" album promotion, in an attempt to rescue the recordings from his studio which had been caught up in a fire, Subotić died at the age of 38.

Legacy.

After Subotić's death, 2000, a non-profit organization The Suba Institute was founded in his honor in Brazil. Since 2008, the Novi Sad Exit festival world music stage was named Suba Stage. In January 2012, it was announced that the Novi Sad Liman park would get a Mitar Subotić place in honor of the musician.  The song Subotić recorded with Marina Perazić, "Plava jutra", was covered by Ana Sofrenović and the recording appeared on the various artists unplugged compilation "Bez struje" ("Unplugged") in 1994. In 2002, a group of musicians from Brazil and the United Kingdom, including Cibelle, Trio Mocotó member João Parahyba, Marina Lima, Phil Asher and Juryman, recorded the Suba tribute album "Tributo". In 2005, the "Rex Ilusivii In Vitro / Suba Within Us" ballet based on Subotić's life was written by choreographer Aleksandra Ketig and the soundtrack for the play was released on the album of the same name. In 2012, the Suba Connection Band, a supergroup consisting of musicians Subotić's had worked with during his career in Brazil, fronted by João Parahyba, performed at the Exit festival's Suba stage.  In 1988, the various artists compilation "Ventilator 202 vol. 1", featuring Subotić's song "Zla kob", appeared as number 100 of the list of the 100 greatest Yugoslav popular music albums in the book "" ("YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music"). In 2006, the song "Plava jutra" ("Blue Mornings") was number 66 on the B92 Top 100 Domestic Songs list, polled by the listeners of the Serbian Radio B92. The list also featured Ekatarina Velika song "Samo par godina za nas" as number one, Haustor songs "Šejn" as number two and "Ena" as number 11, and La Strada song "Okean" as number 39, all from the albums produced by Subotić. In 2008, "São Paulo Confessions" was included in the musical reference book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die", edited by Robert Dimery and published in 2005, being, the only Yugoslav act beside Laibach to be included on the list. The list also featured the Bebel Gilberto album "Tanto Tempo" produced by Subotić before his death. "Tanto Tempo" became one of the biggest selling Brazilian albums both in and out of Brazil.  The lyrics of the song "Nabor na postelji (Courage)" ("Wrinkle in the Sheets (Courage)"), from the album "Disillusioned!", and "Crv", from "Angel's Breath", both written by Milan Mladenović, were featured in Petar Janjatović's book "" ("Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 - 2007").

Mitar Subotić "Suba" () (June 23, 1961 in Novi Sad, PR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia – November 2, 1999 in São Paulo, Brazil), also known as Rex Ilusivii (Latin for "The King of Illusions"), was a Serbian-born musician and composer who was set to become one of Brazil's most prominent producers when he died in November 1999.


Background.

On November 14, it was reported that the Iraqi Army had taken full control of the city, forcing ISIL forces to withdraw.  On 18 November, the anti-terrorism force Mosul Battalion entered Baiji refinery for the first time since June. However, this could not be confirmed independently. If confirmed, it would be a major victory for Iraqi forces. Iraqi State television said that they had entered the gates of the refinery. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that Iraqi forces were in full control of Baiji. Iraqi state television said Baiji's recapture was a "Graveyard for ISIS". Later, the US Department of State congratulated the Iraqi forces for retaking the country's largest oil refinery, confirming the Iraqi victory.  On November 20, An RAF Tornado GR4 attacked three buildings occupied by ISIL militants in support to Iraqi ground forces, which were countering ISIL activity in the vicinity of the Baiji oil refinery.  By 25 November, fighting in the city center continued, with ISIL fighters still being present in four out of 12 of Baiji's neighborhoods. The militants were also continuing to hold positions at the refinery's perimeter.  On December 7, Two RAF Tornado GR4's provided air support for Iraqi ground forces under fire from ISIL terrorists, in the vicinity of Baiji, destroying an ISIL position and then using a Brimstone missile.  Between 13 and 18 December, ISIL recaptured seven neighborhoods, including the central part of the city, after Iraqi government forces retreated, due to a lack of support and ammunition.  On 21 December, ISIL forces recaptured the city of Baiji. ISIL forces also managed to re-establish a siege of the Baiji Oil Refinery.

The battle.

Initial assault.

On 23 December 2014, Iraqi forces and Shi'ite militia fighters launched an assault on the city of Baiji, after having lost control of the city to ISIL forces only two days earlier.  On 16 January 2015, A patrol of Tornado GR4's, operating near Baiji in support of Iraqi ground forces, attacked three ISIL positions with Paveway IV laser-guided bombs. A fourth position nearby was attacked shortly afterwards.  On February 4, 2015, a pair of Tornado GR4's conducted an armed reconnaissance patrol over Baiji in support of Iraqi ground forces. Two ISIL armoured vehicles were identified in a building and were attacked with two Paveway IV laser-guided bombs, scoring two direct hits.

Renewed ISIL offensive.

In early March 2015, ISIL launched a fresh offensive on Baiji, after some Iraqi troops were redeployed to Tikrit, to aid the Iraqi government in retaking that city. However, the Iraqi government planned to send reinforcements to Baiji once the Second Battle of Tikrit had fully concluded.  On 7 April 2015, 60 ISIL militants were killed by Iraqi forces in Baiji.  On 11 April 2015, ISIL launched an assault on the Baiji Oil Refinery, claiming to have seized full control of it, which Iraqi forces denied.  On 13 April 2015, RAF Tornado GR4s provided close air support for Iraqi ground forces by patrolling ahead of the Iraqi troops and successfully attacking four buildings within an ISIL military compound with Paveway IVs.

Iraqi counter-offensive and continuing ISIL assault.

On 14 April, hundreds of ISIL reinforcements arrived from Ar-Raqqah, Syria, after staying three days in Mosul. Beginning on 14 April, the US-led Coalition escalated its airstrikes in the region, after a recent ISIL offensive. From 14–15 April, the US-led Coalition conducted 9 airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck two large and six smaller tactical units, and destroyed two ISIL fighting positions and an ISIL heavy machine gun. From 15–16 April, the US-led Coalition conducted eight airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck two large and four smaller tactical units, destroyed two ISIL structures, an ISIL mortar system, an ISIL fighting position, and an ISIL vehicle. From 16–17 April, the US-led Coalition conducted five airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck five ISIL tactical units, destroyed four ISIL vehicles, three ISIL fighting positions, and an ISIL heavy machine gun.  On 14 April, it was reported that Iraqi General Ayub Khalif was killed by ISIL while defending the Baiji Oil Refinery, along with 9 of his men.  On 17 April, it was reported that ISIL withdrew from most parts of the Baiji Oil Refinery, after suffering high casualties inflicted by entrenched Iraqi Volunteers Forces.  From 19–20 April, the US-led Coalition conducted another eight airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck four ISIL tactical units, destroyed two ISIL VBIEDS, an ISIL machine gun, an ISIL artillery piece, an ISIL ammo storage facility, and an ISIL vehicle.  On 23 April, it was revealed that ISIL was still inside the Baiji Oil Refinery, after the US and the Iraqi Government had claimed that the refinery had been secured and cleared off ISIL fighters. On the same day, Iraqi federal policemen arrived in Baiji, to reinforce the Iraqi Army positions there.  From 25–26 April, the US-led Coalition conducted 7 airstrikes in and around Bayji, which struck six ISIL tactical units, destroyed three ISIL fighting positions, three ISIL vehicles, an ISIL warehouse, and an ISIL mortar system.  On 27 April, ISIL militants launched an attack on the Baiji Oil Refinery, destroying three depots and several Iraqi forces. On 28 April, ISIL forces claimed to be in middle of the Baiji Oil Refenery.  On 29 April, Raid al-Jabouri, the Iraqi Governor of the Saladin Governorate, stated that Iraqi forces were ready to launch a counter-offensive the retake the areas around Baiji and Shargat. On the same day, al-Joubouri also stated that large military reinforcements were set to arrive in Baiji, later on the same day.  On 2 May, Iraqi forces killed Abu Ibrahim Chechen, the commander of the ISIL forces at the Baiji Oil Refinery.  From 2–4 May, the US-led Coalition conducted 13 airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck one large and eight small ISIL tactical units, destroying eight ISIL fighting positions, three ISIL buildings, and ISIL command and control facility, two ISIL mortar tubes, an ISIL heavy machine gun, an ISIL VBIED, and an ISIL vehicle.  From 6–7 May, the US-led Coalition conducted 6 airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck an ISIL large tactical unit, destroying two ISIL fighting positions, four ISIL structures, an ISIL VBIED, and an ISIL vehicle. On 10 May, Iraqi forces reportedly broke the ISIL siege of the Baiji Oil Refinery, but ISIL soon re-entered parts of the refinery, nearly severing all of the Iraqi supply lines leading to it  On 15 May, it was reported that ISIL fighters had started setting fire to fuel storage containers, in an attempt to obstruct advances by pro-Iraqi government forces. ISIL forces were still embedded deep within the facility, and the Iraqi security forces were reduced to supplying the defenders by air. An RAF Tornado GR4 used a Paveway precision guided bomb to demolish an ISIL-held building near Baiji.  On 17 May, RAF Tornado GR4s were supporting Iraqi army operations in the Baiji area, safely destroying a car-bomb which the terrorists had positioned ahead of the advancing Iraqi troops.

ISIL captures Baiji, Iraqi forces re-enter.

On 22 May, it was reported that ISIL had managed to capture the city of Baiji. Because of this failure, the US decided to allow Shi'ite militias under the control of the Iraqi Government to join the battle. However, later on the same day, Iraqi reinforcements managed to re-enter the city, and recaptured part of it from ISIL forces. Iraqi forces also managed to recapture the road leading from Baiji to the Baiji Oil Refinery. Additionally, it was reported that parts of the Baiji Oil Refinery were set on fire during the battle.

Iraqi advance and ISIL re-entry.

On 7 June, Iraqi Security Forces and al-Hashd al-Shaabi militia, with aid from US-led Coalition airstrikes, captured the downtown area of Baiji, including the local government building. Small pockets of ISIL fighters were still present in the city, while clashes in the refinery were still continuing.  By 9 June, half of the city was under Iraqi government control.  On 10 June, the US-led Coalition conducted five airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck four ISIL tactical units, destroying three ISIL vehicles, an ISIL building, and an ISIL VBIED.  On 24 June 2015, it was reported that the city of Baiji had been fully recaptured by Iraqi security forces and Shi'ite militia fighters. However, the Baiji Oil Refinery remained contested.  On 29 June 2015, Iraqi forces, supported by Shi'ite militias, reportedly recaptured the Baiji Oil Refinery from ISIL. Iraqi forces were also clearing the city of Baiji of IEDs and other explosives left behind by ISIL. On 30 June, it was revealed that a small number of ISIL sleepers were still hiding inside Baiji city and its refinery, ambushing Iraqi fighters and hampering the cleanup process with guerrilla attacks and suicide bombings. ISIL also continued to conduct larger attacks, forcing an Iraqi military and militias retreat from three neighborhoods on 5 July.  On 6 July 2015, ISIL was in control of several parts of Baiji city, with clashes erupting inside of Baiji city.  On 7 July 2015, clashes between the Iraqi Security Force and ISIL continued inside of Baiji city.  On 27 July, Iraqi forces killed Khalaf Eidan, the new ISIL emir for Baiji, before he arrived at Baiji from Mosul.  On 29 July, three ISIL suicide bombers attacked a suburb of Baiji and tried to clear the way for other militants, killing 11 Iraqi fighters and wounding 21 others.  On 31 July 2015, Iraqi Defense Minister Khaled Ubaidi stated that the city of Baiji was almost completely under the control of Iraqi government forces. He also stated that ISIL only retained control over the Muhandeseen neighborhood, in the eastern part of the city.  On 2 September, ISIL fighters recaptured parts of the city, undoing much of the gains the Iraqi army had made in the preceding months. By late September, the battle was considered to be stalemated, with the Iraqi army's inability to recapture the city and its refinery considered to be a main stumbling block towards retaking Mosul. ISIL was bringing in fresh reinforcements to replace weary fighters and had control over as much as 50% of the city. Iraqi security forces and Shiite militias were primarily entrenched in the south of the city and were unable to cut supply lines to ISIL controlled areas. In late September 2015, Iraqi forces were able to cut the ISIL supply route to Baiji from the west, but it was reported that they were having trouble cutting the supply lines from the north. It was also reported that 500 more ISIL militants had been killed in Baiji between mid-July and early September 2015.

Renewed Iraqi offensive.

On 14 October, the Iraqi Army, supported by volunteer Shiite militia fighters, as well as the U.S. and Iraqi Air Forces, launched a large-scale offensive to recapture Baiji and its ruined oil refinery.  On 15 October, Iraqi Army forces captured the village of Makhoul, to the north of Baiji, marking the Iraqi Army's farthest advance north in almost a year. Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani was said to have been the mastermind behind the latest offensive in Baiji. Hadi al-Amiri, the leader of the Popular Mobilization Forces, was also present in the region.  On 16 October, Iraqi forces fully recaptured the Baiji Oil Refinery, as well as the neighboring town of Al Siniyah. It was reported that there were several thousand Iraqi soldiers and Shi'ite militiamen in the city to carry out the offensive. Iraqi forces also severed all of the ISIL supply lines leading into Baiji city, and recaptured multiple other districts in the area, including the town of Al-Siniyah, reducing ISIL's control of Baiji city to a pocket in the southern 40% of the city. A spokesman for the US-led Coalition also stated that Coalition forces had carried out 43 airstrikes in the Baiji region in the past 30 days. Iraqi officials said that after the conclusion of the battle, they planned to retake the towns of Al-Shirqat and Hawija, where they expected heavy clashes.  On 17 October, Iraqi forces advanced northward from the Baiji Oil Refinery area to Mas'haq, recapturing the al-Hanshii and Baiji Thermal Power Station areas, reducing ISIL control of Baiji to a pocket in the southern part of the city, and another besieged pocket between the Baiji Fuel Depot and the Northern Company Fertilizer Plant. Later on the same day, Iraqi Government forces and Shi'ite militia forces pushed further north, besieging the town of Zawiyah, which was near the last ISIL supply route into the Kirkuk Province. At the same time, there were reports of residents fleeing ISIL-held villages to meet the Iraqi forces, or villagers turning on ISIL fighters within their own territory.  On 20 October, the Iraqi Security Forces and the Popular Mobilization Forces recaptured the entire city of Baiji, along with the surrounding region. However, pockets of ISIL resistance continued to persist in some parts of Baiji city, until they were finally cleared by the Iraqi Army and Shi'ite forces on 22 October. On 21 October, Iraqi forces uncovered 19 mass graves in Baiji that contained the bodies of 365 ISIL militants. On 22 October, chairman of the US Join Chiefs of Staff Joseph F. Dunford stated that Iraqi forces had successfully recaptured the oil refinery city of Baiji. US officials also praised the Iraqi soldiers and the Popular Mobilization Forces for successfully recapturing the city of Baiji. Brett McGurk, the Deputy Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, stated that the US had conducted 130 airstrikes in the Baiji region since August 2015, in support of the Iraqi Army and the Shi'ite militias. On 7 November, it was revealed that 920+ more ISIL fighters had been killed during the fighting in Baiji, during the last 3 months of the battle.

Aftermath.

On 23 October, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi visited the city of Baiji, declaring that Baiji was finally free from ISIL militants, and that the anti-ISIL forces had won a "valuable victory." Al-Abadi also stated that the battle proved the capabilities of the Iraqi forces, and a Shi'ite commander stated that his forces were removing the IEDs and landmines left behind by ISIL in the city. Additionally, on October 23, it was also reported that members of the Popular Mobilization Forces were bombing houses and government buildings of former Iraqi generals who had fought in the Iran–Iraq War.

Clashes in 2016.

On 4 May, anti-terrorism forces backed by the Iraqi Air Force foiled ISIS attempt to penetrate the thermal energy area north of Baiji, killing 60 terrorists, mostly Arab nationalities.

The Battle of Baiji (2014–2015) was a battle that took place in Baiji, Iraq, lasting from late December 2014 to late October 2015. It gave Iraqi forces complete control of the highway stretching from Baghdad to Baiji, and allowed Iraqi forces to use Baiji as a base for launching a future assault on Mosul.


Population.

The parish population has varied since 1801. There was a significant increase of 139 between 1801 and 1841, after which there was a long period of decline as agriculture became less labour-intensive. There has been one minor boundary change since 1801, but it was not significant enough to affect the rise in population. However between 1831 and 1841, 36 houses were built, leading to a population increase with more people moving to the area.  As of the 2011 census, Mettingham's population is relatively old: out of the total population of 211 only 34 are below the age of 16; 54 are in the age range 35–54; and 85 are over 55; so that many of the residents are above the national average age of 39.7.

Employment.

In 1881 there were 158 adults employed in Mettingham, of whom 62 men and 2 women worked in agriculture as the area is rural farm land. The occupations of most of the women were recorded as "unknown" which means that it is unclear what the main occupation of the women was at that time. The farming was mainly arable, with fields lying fallow in summer in preparation for corn products in the early 1800s, slowly progressing to wheat, barley and beans by the mid 1900s. As of 2011 there were just 22 people employed in agriculture. As infrastructure and communications have improved, the population can now travel further afield to work, giving access to a wider range of occupations, including professional occupations.

Education.

Of the 177 residents over age 16 in Mettingham, 41 have no qualifications at all; 6 are in apprenticeships; 28 have between 1–4 GCSEs or equivalent, with another 28 having 5 or more; 18 have 2 or more A-levels; and 47 have education to degree level or above; 4 of the 177 are still in full-time education. Those under 16 are still in compulsory education. There are 7 primary schools and 2 secondary schools within 3 miles of Mettingham, all of which are in the town of Bungay. Bungay High School provides a sixth form for 16- to 18-year-olds taking A-levels.

All Saints Church.

All Saints is one of 178 round tower churches in East Anglia from the Norman period. It is a Grade I listed building which was restored in 1898. Round tower churches in the UK, with a few exceptions, are only found in East Anglia. It is widely accepted that the tower was built as a bell tower with flint as the main construction material; but stone is also used in the main building construction, This is due to Mettingham's location: flint was cheaper and much more widely available in East Anglia, whereas stone had to be transported from a distance.  In 2012, All Saints Church was threatened with closure due to the theft of £16,000 worth of lead from its roof: there was insufficient money for repairs on top of daily running costs. The money was raised to replace the lead, but just two years later, in October 2014, a 15m x 10m stretch of lead was again taken. A cheaper material was used to fix the roof to avoid another recurrence.

Transport.

Mettingham has very limited public transport. It has a bus service with 3 morning stops and one evening stop at the Rectory Lane Junction on the B1062 on Monday to Saturday, but no Sunday service. The closest railway station is Beccles, about 4 miles away.

Mettingham is a village and civil parish, near Bungay, in the East Suffolk district, in NE Suffolk, England, close to the River Waveney which forms the boundary with Norfolk. In the 1870s, Mettingham was described as:


Medical use.

Naloxegol is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. It is recommended that any maintenance laxative be discontinued before starting naloxegol or be held for at-least 3 days. Naloxegol should be taken on an empty stomach at least two hours after the last meal.

Pharmacodynamic properties.

Naloxegol inhibits opioid binding in μ-opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, thus decreasing the constipating effects (slowing of gastrointestinal motility and transit, hypertonicity, increased fluid reabsorption) associated with opioids.  If naloxegol is coadministered with other opioid antagonists, there is a potential for additive effect and increased risk of opioid withdrawal.

Mechanism of action.

Chemically, naloxegol is a pegylated (polyethylene glycol-modified) derivative of α-naloxol. Specifically, the 6-α-hydroxyl group of α-naloxol is connected via an ether linkage to the free hydroxyl group of a monomethoxy-terminated n=7 oligomer of PEG, shown extending at the lower left of the molecule image at right. The "n=7" defines the number of two-carbon ethylenes, and so the chain length, of the attached PEG chain, and the "monomethoxy" indicates that the terminal hydroxyl group of the PEG is "capped" with a methyl group. The pegylation of the 6-α-hydroxyl side chain of naloxol prevents the drug from crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As such, it can be considered the antithesis of the peripherally-acting opiate loperamide which is utilized as an opiate-targeting anti-diarrheal agent that does not cause traditional opiate side-effects due to its inability to accumulate in the central nervous system in normal subjects.

Naloxegol (INN; PEGylated naloxol; trade names Movantik and Moventig) is a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist developed by AstraZeneca, licensed from Nektar Therapeutics, for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. It was approved in 2014 in adult patients with chronic, non-cancer pain. Doses of 25 mg were found safe and well tolerated for 52 weeks. When given concomitantly with opioid analgesics, naloxegol reduced constipation-related side effects, while maintaining comparable levels of analgesia.