Mount Flint.

Mount Flint ()is a prominent rounded and mainly snow-covered mountain,, standing NW of Mount Petras. The feature was observed from aircraft of the U.S. Antarctic Service (USAS) in Flight G, Dec. 15, 1940, and was briefly referred to as "Mount Gray". Asher Peak is a peak in the south west portion of the mountain.  It was mapped in detail by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for Robert B. Flint, Jr., U.S. Antarctic Research Program (USARP) scientist on high latitude geophysical and geomagnetic phenomena. Flint wintered over at Byrd Station, 1964, Plateau Station where he was scientific leader, 1966, and Vostok Station where he was U.S. Exchange Scientist, 1974.

Gillick Rock.

Gillick Rock () is an isolated rock nunatak lying at the northwest end of the McCuddin Mountains, 8 nautical miles (15 km) north of the summit of Mount Flint. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and U.S. Navy tricamera aerial photographs, 1959-66. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Thomas L. Gillick, U.S. Navy Reserve, helicopter pilot who flew close support for United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) scientists during Operation Deep Freeze 1970 and 1971.

Mount Petras.

Mount Petras () is a high, prominent, ridge-shaped mountain,, standing southeast of Mount Flint. It was discovered by the US Antarctic Service (USAS) on a flight from West Base on December 15, 1940, and named for Theodore A. Petras, master technical sergeant, USMC, pilot of the airplane, a Beechcraft 5PCLB, Model D-17-A, SN357 REG NC20778 on this flight with Dr. Siple.

Schwob Peak.

Schwob Peak () is a peak standing located south of Mount Petras. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for Captain William S. Schwob, USCG, Commanding Officer of USCGC "Southwind" during Operation Deep Freeze 1972.

The McCuddin Mountains is a small cluster of mountains in Antarctica consisting mainly of two large mountains, Mount Flint and Mount Petras, along with several scattered peaks and nunataks. Located in Marie Byrd Land, east of the Ames Range. The mountains were discovered and photographed from the air in a flight from West Base of the U.S. Antarctic Service on Dec. 14, 1940. They were mapped by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Rear Admiral Leo B. McCuddin, U.S. Navy (USN), Commander of the U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1972.


Background.

In an interview with Mike Wass of Idolator, the Chainsmokers said, "We always felt the song was special. When you want to listen to it again and again after you’ve made the song, you know you’ve got something. You’ve really got to put it out and let the public try to decide what it is and what it isn’t. When we put the song out, it was an overwhelmingly positive response. That doesn’t mean it’s a hit but we knew that it was a special song. I think that it definitely has a Chainsmokers feel to it, but there’s a lot of influences (Taylor Swift, Max Martin) in the production. But I think that’s what’s cool about it and why people are enjoying it because it doesn’t feel and sound like everything that’s on the radio right now. But it’s catchy and accessible. I think it’s refreshing."

Composition.

"Roses" is written in the key of E major with a tempo of 100 beats per minute in common time. The song alternates between the chords E and E, and the vocals span from B to B.

Music video.

The music video for the song was released to YouTube on August 7, 2015. The video opens with a woman closing the shop she works in for the day, while a man is seen arriving on a plane and leaving the airport. They meet and spend the night watching an old film and smoking on her couch, however in the morning he leaves while she is still asleep. She is upset to see the man has gone and that night searches for him, while he is seen driving his car around the city. She is crying on a street when he sees her and stops his car, and they are reunited and embrace. They return to her couch and the video ends with them kissing. Throughout the video the woman can also be seen dancing in a dark, misty room with two spotlights, and after the couple are reunited, rose petals fall through the air as she dances through them.

"Roses" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers. It was released on June 16, 2015 as the second single from their debut EP, "Bouquet" (2015). The song features vocals from American singer Rozes. It was written by Andrew Taggart and Elizabeth Mencel and produced by the Chainsmokers.


History.

The then "Fliegerkompanie 10" called unit was founded in 1935. From 1938 to 1940 Fliegerkompanie 10 used the Fokker CV. The 27th of August 1938 was the saddest day in the history of the Fliegerkompanie 10. Five Fokker CV aircraft were on their way from Dübendorf to Lugano when in the Muotatal area, in bad weather, only one found its way out again. The other four smashed, and seven crewmembers perished. From 1940 to 1942, C-35 type aircraft were used after which the C-3603 aircraft was used from 1942 to 1952. From 1952 to 1954, the now "Fliegerstaffel 10", formed as a "pilots-only" unit, used the D-3801 Morane. 1954 was the change to the jet plane De Havilland Venom DH-112 Mk1 R, this type of aircraft stayed in service until 1967. In 1956 the air reconnaissance formation was founded. The air reconnaissance formation used a DH-100 vampire, six C-3603 and six P-51D Mustangs, all equipped with cameras. In 1963, the Aufklärerstaffel 10 was formally established, all the previous aircraft were replaced by De Havilland D.H. 112 Mk. 1 R Venom. The aircraft had been optimized for air reconnaissance and remained in service until 1967. From 1968 on, the Fliegerstaffel 10 operated the supersonic reconnaissance aircraft Mirage lllRS AMIR. The home base became the Military Airfield Buochs. In the year 2000 the Aufklärererstaffel 4 was dissolved, respectively, integrated into the Aufklärerstaffel 10. In 2002 the Aufklärererstaffel 3 was dissolved and integrated into the Aufklärerstaffel 10. In the year 2003, the Aufklärerstaffel / Fliegerstaffel 10 was disbanded on Buoch's military airfield, after the last course of service. On this occasion, the two aircraft R-2110 and R-2116 received a contrasting black and white finish, with the AMIR-Falcon, the black and white color symbolizing the black / white photos made by these reconnaissance machines on their missions. On December 17, 2003, the last landing of the Mirage lllRS R-2118 in Dübendorf by the pilot Markus "Zurigo" Zürcher, the commander of the Fliegerstaffel 10, marked the ending of the Fliegerstaffel 10. The aircraft remained in the Flieger-Flab-Museum in Dübendorf.

Fliegerstaffel 10 (No. 10Squadron) was a Swiss Air Force unit consisting of professional military pilots, belonging to the Überwachungsgeschwader. Their home base at the dissolution was the Military Airfield at Buochs, where ist was equipped with Mirage IIIRS. Fliegerstaffel 10 carried as their coat of arms the AMIR badge (AMIR = Aufklärer Mirage (reconnaissance Mirage)). This badge shows on a white ground a falcon head drawn with black lines, the neck of which is filled with blue color. The beak rises above the round badge, above the head of the falcon is a number 10 in red. Except for the number 10, the badge is identical to the AMIR badge of the Fliegerstaffel 3 and the Fliegerstaffel 4 (they had a number 3 resp. 4 In the badge).


Education.

Born in Ipoh, Malaysia, Vijiaratnam studied in Victoria School in Singapore from 1937 to 1940. He was one of the first government scholars to demonstrate that sports and studies could be balanced successfully. He was awarded government scholarships to study engineering at Kuala Lumpur Technical College in 1941 and Brighton College of Advanced Technology in 1950 where he graduated with an engineering degree. He captained the hockey and cricket teams at the Brighton College of Advanced Technology.

Career.

After he returned to Singapore in 1953, he worked for the Public Works Department until he was seconded to the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) in 1964. He played a key role in PSA's formation, helping to develop its containerisation programme, and rose to become its chief engineer. He worked in PSA for 17 years and was one of two key men who were instrumental in reclamation works for Changi Airport, a feat that drew mention in Singapore's founding father, Lee Kuan Yew's Memoirs, "From Third World to First: The Singapore Story". He later returned to PSA and retired from there as the director of engineering at the age of 75.  Vijiaratnam became the first Pro-Chancellor of Nanyang Technological University in 1992 and served until 2005. He was also chairman of Tamil Murasu for ten years from 1995, and served on the Presidential Council for Minority Rights from 1994 to 2001. He was also the first Asian to serve as vice-president of the Britain-based Institution of Structural Engineers.  Vijiaratnam died peacefully at his home in Maryland Drive, off Holland Road, in 2016. He left behind a son, Vijendran, and 3 daughters. His wife, Yogasoundary, died in 2011.

Book.

A book about his life, "Engineered For Success", was launched in March 2016.

Arumugam Vijiaratnam (24 August 1921 – 18 February 2016) was the only Singaporean who represented his country in four sports — hockey, cricket, football and rugby — doing so from 1946 to 1956. He was the first Singaporean engineer. A top civil servant, Vijiaratnam represented Singapore at the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games in hockey, where he was instrumental in the 6-1 rout of the United States.


Background.

Her real name is Trần Thị Cẩm Ly and was born on March 30, 1970 in Saigon. Her hometown is in Qui Nhơn, Bình Định. She is the third child (her fan named her as Chi Tu according to Southern order in the family) of family with 6 siblings, her father is composer Tran Quan Hien, her two younger sisters are Hà Phương and Minh Tuyết who are also singers (apparently they're locating oversea). In 2004, she got married with composer Minh Vy (whose real name is Doan Huu Minh). Apparently, she has two daughters, one is Cam Uyen (born in 2008, nickname as Thỏ (Bunny) and Cam Anh (born in 2007, nickname as La).

Music career.

She exposed her singing talent when she was little. In 1993, she and Minh Tuyết performed a song for which the same year they won duo first prize from Hoa Binh Theater. After this event, she began singing professionally and signed a contract with "Kim Loi Studio" - which was the most famous studio at that time.  In 1997, Minh Tuyết moved to the US and she had to temporarily stop performing due to health issue. One year later, she came back and released two albums featuring singer Canh Han, in 1999, she and singer Dan Truong released the album "Neu Phoi Pha Ngay Mai". In 2000, she marked her solo career by releasing the first album "Mai Khong Phai".  In next years, she often performed songs from composer Nguyen Nhat Huy such as: "Nguoi Ve Cuoi Pho, Bo Ben La, Thuong Nho Nguoi Dung, May Chieu, Tinh Khong Doi Thay". The first ever folk album titled "Em Gai Que" which was released by Kim Loi Studio consisted of 11 songs under influence of folk song: "Quen Cay Cau Dua, Noi Buon Chim Sao, Phuong Buon, Chanh Long, Nho Me Ly Mo Coi, Mua Chieu Mien Trung."  In July 2001, she was the first Vietnamese singer to have DVD show and it was the period of time where she confirmed her stable style and completely separated with Dan Truong. She was one of the most successful exclusive singer of "Kim Loi Studio".  She was also the first singer to hold a free concert for students which was titled as "Vong Quanh Ky Tuc Xa" in 2003 and 2004.  In 2008, she held another liveshow at Lan Anh Stage as a 15th anniversary and to mark her first role ever for a cai luong play. The same year, she appeared in Thúy Nga's "Paris by Night 92" show.  In 2009, she held the liveshow "Tu Tinh Que Huong" which was the second liveshow of her career as well as releasing two albums "Em Khong The Quen - Tinh Khuc Minh Vy" and ballad folk album "Bien Tinh".  In 2011, she held the third liveshow titled "Tu Tinh Que Huong 2" with four different genres: ballad, folk, pop and ancient cai luong.  In 2012, she held the liveshow "Tu Tinh Que Huong 3".  In 2013, she and Minh Tuyết held the liveshow "Tu Tinh Que Huong 4" as 20th anniversary of both sisters. The liveshow was held for 2 nights at Hoa Binh Theater, Ho Chi Minh City with the support from lots of audiences.  In 2014, she was the coach of "The Voice Kid Vietnam" and made Thien Nhan a winner of second season. At the same time, she and Minh Vy were the duo coach of the show Vo Chong Minh Hat and also the winner.  In 2015, she continued with "Tu Tinh Que Huong", bringing its fifth installment at Hoa Binh Theater, Ho Chi Minh City.

Reception.

From 2001-2006, she was always voted to be one of the top 10 favorite singer of Green Wave Awards.  She was one of the pioneers for giving free concert for students as she had a liveshows at 5 different dormitories in Ho Chi Minh City.  In June 2015, YouTube introduced Music Insight and she was the only Vietnamese singer to have the highest views on YouTube. The static was rated from September 2014 to June 2015 based on Content ID, she had totally 757 million of views, the second was Dam Vinh Hung (450 million views).

Trần Thị Cẩm Ly (born 30 March 1970 in Saigon) better known as Cẩm Ly, is a Vietnamese pop singer, who is also known for Southern Vietnam folk songs.


History.

Asteroid Day was co-founded by Stephen Hawking, filmmaker Grigorij Richters, B612 Foundation President, Danica Remy, Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickart and Brian May, Queen guitarist and astrophysicist. Over 200 astronauts, scientists, technologists and artists, including Richard Dawkins, Bill Nye, Peter Gabriel, Jim Lovell, Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins, Alexei Leonov, Bill Anders, Kip Thorne, Lord Martin Rees, Chris Hadfield, Rusty Schweickart and Brian Cox co-signed the Asteroid Day Declaration. Asteroid Day was officially launched on December 3, 2014. In February 2014, Brian May, astrophysicist and guitarist for the rock band Queen, began working with Grigorij Richters, director of the film 51 Degrees North, the story of a fictional asteroid impact on London and the human condition resulting from such an event. May composed the music for the film. After screening the film at the 2014 Starmus Festival, Remy, Schweickart, Richters and May co-founded Asteroid Day in October 2014 which they officially announced during a press conference with Lord Martin Rees, Rusty Schweickart, Ed Lu, Thomas Jones, Ryan Watt and Bill Nye. The event was live streamed from the Science Museum in London, the California Academy of Sciences, New York and São Paulo. On Asteroid Day 2017, minor planet 248750 (discoverer M. Dawson) was officially named Asteroidday by the International Astronomical Union.

Asteroid Day declaration.

The workgroup of Asteroid Day created a declaration called "100X Declaration", which appeals to all scientists and technologists who are supporting the idea of saving the earth from asteroids, but not only specialists are asked to sign, everyone can sign this declaration. Today, the 100X Declaration has been signed by more than 22,000 private citizens.  More than 1M asteroids have the potential to impact Earth and through all the available telescopes worldwide, we have discovered only about one percent. The 100X Declaration calls for increasing the asteroid discovery rate to 100,000 (or 100x) per year within the next 10 years. “The more we learn about asteroid impacts, the clearer it became that the human race has been living on borrowed time,” remarked Brian May. “Asteroid Day and the 100X Declaration are ways for the public to contribute to an awareness of the Earth’s vulnerability and the realization that Asteroids hit Earth all the time.” Asteroid Day would the vehicle to garner public support to increase our knowledge of when asteroids might strike and how we can protect ourselves.”  The main three goals are:

Asteroid Day 2015-2019.

According to the AsteroidDay.org website, over 2000 events participated in global activities on June 30 in its first five years across 78 countries. 41 astronauts and cosmonauts participated in activities on the day. The general goal was to raise awareness about the threat posed by asteroid impacts. Institutions such as Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, the Natural History Museum in Vienna, the American Natural History Museum, the California Academy of Sciences, the Science Museum in London, the SETI institute, the European Space Agency, the UK Space Agency, among others participated in educational activities. The first Asteroid Day was held on June 30, 2015.

United Nations.

In February 2016, Romanian astronaut Dumitru Prunariu and the Association of Space Explorers submitted a proposal to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations which was accepted by the subcommittee and in June 2016 the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space included the recommendation in its report. The report of the Committee was presented for approval to the United Nations General Assembly's 71st session, which it approved on December 6, 2016.  In its resolution the United Nations declares "30 June International Asteroid Day to observe each year at the international level the anniversary of the Tunguska impact over Siberia, Russian Federation, on 30 June 1908 and to raise public awareness about the asteroid impact hazard."

Asteroid Day (also known as International Asteroid Day) is an annual global event which is held on the anniversary of the Siberian Tunguska event that took place on June 30, 1908, the most harmful known asteroid-related event on Earth in recent history. The United Nations has proclaimed it be observed globally on June 30 every year in its resolution. Asteroid Day aims to raise awareness about asteroids and what can be done to protect the Earth, its families, communities, and future generations from a catastrophic event. For example, 2014 HQ, discovered April 23, 2014, went past 1,250,000 km from Earth the same year, June 8th, only 46 days after discovery, and 2015 TB, went past at 490,000 km only 21 days after its discovery.


Life and character.

Galahad is the only one of the Threepwood siblings never to have married. His true love was Dolly Henderson, with whom he was in love from 1896 to 1898 but who, as a music-hall singer who wore pink tights, was not an appropriate bride for a man of his social status. His father sent him to South Africa to prevent him from marrying, following which he spent most of his life drinking heavily and getting up to mischief. A member of the notorious Pelican Club, he appears to have travelled widely and known many people.  The prospect of Galahad's writing his reminiscences causes a good deal of consternation among England's well-established upper-class because he had, in younger days, been "a notable lad about town," a partier, drinker, prankster, and ladies' man, and his stories are liable to embarrass his former comrades, most of whom have grown into respectable gentlemen. One particularly embarrassing story concerns Sir Gregory Parsloe-Parsloe and prawns, though we never learn many details of the incident, other than that it took place at Ascot, "the year Martingale won the Gold Cup".  His wildness makes him very popular with the members of the Blandings servants hall, who feel he sheds lustre on the castle, but less so with his sisters, who find him something of an embarrassment, particularly when recalling stories of their now-respectable friends. Despite the fact that he "apparently never went to bed until he was fifty", he is in remarkable shape, a sprightly, rosy, dapper man with bright eyes and a jaunty posture.

Appearances.

Galahad appears in seven novels and a single short story:  Gally first appears in "Summer Lightning", where he is staying at Blandings to work on his scandalous reminiscences. He appears not to have been a regular visitor to the castle, however, as Baxter, secretary to Lord Emsworth for some time, has never previously met him. Thereafter he becomes a regular visitor, frequently involved in the intrigues and conspiracies that invariably surround the place, generally filling the role of level-headed and resourceful saviour and the champion of youth and romance.  In the two Blandings novels after "Summer Lightning" in which he does not play a part, his shoes are ably filled by his fellow-Pelican Uncle Fred (Lord Ickenham). In fact, it has been said that Ickenham lays down the pattern that Galahad follows. Uncle Fred's first appearance in a Blandings novel is "Uncle Fred in the Springtime" (1939), in which he arrives at the castle under an assumed name, bringing several other impostors with him. In the next Blandings novel, "Full Moon" (1947), critic Richard Usborne points out that "in patches Gally, [the novel's] real hero, acts and talks more like Lord Ickenham than himself. 'Spreading sweetness and light' is Lord Ickenham's specific role, but here, Wodehouse, seeming to forget, applies these words to Gally." Critic J. H. C. Morris agrees, "Gally becomes more and more like Lord Ickenham as the Blandings Saga progresses. In the later stories there is no one like him for telling the tale."

The Honourable Galahad "Gally" Threepwood is a fictional character in the Blandings Castle stories by P. G. Wodehouse. Lord Emsworth's younger brother, a lifelong bachelor, Gally was, according to Beach, the Blandings butler, "somewhat wild as a young man". When he appears in the Blandings books, he is in his mid- to late-fifties, has thick grey hair and wears a black-rimmed monocle on a black ribbon.


Early life.

Buddy was found by Kevin DiCicco as a stray dog in the Sierra Nevada in the summer of 1989. DiCicco adopted the disheveled Golden Retriever and brought him home to San Diego, where he trained him in the sports of basketball, baseball, football, soccer, and hockey. Buddy's most eagerly awaited sport was basketball. He was touted as the Michael Jordan of dogs. DiCicco revealed that Buddy tried to bite the ball, but its slipperiness, enhanced by saliva or more efficiently by olive oil, would propel it from his mouth.

Early appearances.

His first appearance was on "America's Funniest Home Videos". He then gained further fame bouncing a basketball off his muzzle and into a basketball hoop on David Letterman's "Stupid Pet Tricks" segment of the "Late Show with David Letterman". Buddy appeared three times on the "Letterman Show".

Film.

He was cast as Buddy in the 1997 Disney movie "Air Bud", a movie that tells the story of a golden retriever abandoned by his alcoholic abusive owner. In the movie, he moved in with a boy named Josh Framm who was depressed after his father died in a plane crash. He appeared on the Kids' Choice Awards in 1998, where he was nominated for a Blimp Award for the movie. Prior to his death, Buddy sired nine puppies. "Air Bud" was Buddy's final acting role.

Illness and death.

In 1997, Buddy had his right hind leg amputated due to synovial cell sarcoma, a type of cancer that manifests near the joints, although he was still able to shoot hoops. Six months later Air Buddy died in his sleep due to complications from cancer on February 10, 1998, at his owner's San Diego home. At the time of his death, Buddy was 9 years old. Buddy was a month away from celebrating his 10th birthday. "" was dedicated to his memory.

Book.

Buddy's story is told in the 2012 book "Go Buddy!", written by his owner Kevin DiCicco.

Buddy (March 23, 1988 – February 10, 1998) was a Golden Retriever dog actor. He was best known for his role as himself in the movie "Air Bud"


Early life in New York City.

Sarah Herring Sorin was born in New York City on January 15, 1861, to Colonel William and Mary Inslee Herring. The Herrings had five children: Sarah, Howard, Bertha, Henrietta, and Mary, from oldest to youngest. Her father, Colonel Herring, had graduated from Columbia Law School and later became Deputy District Attorney in New York City and served in the New York State Legislature. Sarah finished high school in New York and then went on to obtain her teaching credentials. She taught school in New York City while her brother Howard attended high school. By this time Sarah and Howard were the only members of the family left in New York. Through a series of events, the rest of the family had moved far west to the city of Tombstone in the Arizona Territory.

From New York to Tombstone.

In 1878, upon the death of her prospecting uncle Joe Herring, her father ventured to the Arizona Territory to settle the estate and evaluate various mining holdings. In the process, Colonel Herring caught the mining fever and decided to work the claims located in Bisbee through his newly formed Neptune Mining Company that was funded by East Coast money. In 1880 the family moved out west to Bisbee Canyon to join Colonel Herring, except for the two oldest, Sarah and Howard. Colonel Herring eventually ceased his mining aspirations and established himself as an attorney for mining companies.  When Sarah and Howard moved west in 1882, the Herring family was now residing in Tombstone. The city was still reeling from the October 1881 Earp-Clanton shoot-out at the O.K. Corral. Colonel Herring was Wyatt Earp's attorney during the murder trial in which Earp was ultimately acquitted. Due to the volatile and polarized atmosphere surrounding the trial, Sarah's father was armed at all times, even in the courtroom, and was often under the protection of hired gunmen.  Not long after her move west, Sarah became the first woman schoolteacher in Tombstone. In her ten years at the school, she also had stints as school librarian and principal. Her favorite activities were riding horseback and playing music.  She also enjoyed the parlor games played in the respectable side of town. Sarah found Tombstone a rapidly growing and civilized city, in spite of the feuds and fights of the rough side of town. Tombstone had surpassed 10,000 in population and had more attorneys than any other city in the Arizona Territory. It also had some of the best restaurants between New Orleans and San Francisco. Sarah and her sisters felt perfectly safe strolling down the sidewalk, even at night. They avoided the part of town that housed the saloons and the infamous Birdcage Theater, where Doc Holliday, Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Morgan Earp could be found.  Sarah's sister Bertha assisted their father in his law office on Toughnut Street, where most of the law offices were located. Her brother Howard joined his father's law firm as an attorney after being admitted to the bar in 1885.  In 1886 the tide turned on Tombstone. The water levels in the mines began to rise, ruining its potential for mining. The mining companies began focusing on mines in other areas and the population in Tombstone started its downward spiral. The Herrings did not move. Sarah enjoyed her teaching and her father's law firm thrived. Colonel Herring served the Territory as Arizona Attorney General (1892-3), delegate to the 1891 Constitutional Convention, and President of the Territorial Bar.  On November 2, 1891, Sarah's brother Howard died during a dental procedure at the age of 27. Howard had been the heir apparent to Colonel Herring and his law firm. Sarah decided to become an attorney and take Howard's place in the law firm.

Legal training.

In 1892 Sarah quit her teaching job and started working in her father's law firm. Later that year she applied for a license to practice law in the First Judicial District Court of the Territory of Arizona in Tombstone. Her oral examination in open court was conducted by attorneys C.S. Clark, Allen English, and Judge W.H. Barnes. She passed unanimously. Sarah did not receive the same resistance that women attorneys in other parts of the country faced, such as Lavinia Goodell in Wisconsin, Myra Bradwell in Illinois, Clara Shortridge Foltz in California, and Belva Lockwood in Washington D.C. At the time of the 1890 census, there were only 208 women in the U.S. that were listed as attorneys.  After being admitted to the Bar, Sarah returned to New York City to attend New York University's School of Law. NYU was one of the first law schools in the nation to actively recruit women. Sarah graduated with an L.L.B. in 1894. She ranked fourth in her class of eighty-six graduates.  Upon graduation from NYU, she returned to her father's law firm in Tombstone. Her first case before the Arizona Supreme Court was in 1896 when she represented a mining company and won the case for her client.

Relocation to Tucson.

In 1896 the Herring family left the declining Tombstone area and moved north to the thriving city of Tucson, Arizona. They were helped in their move by Thomas Sorin, who was to become Sarah's husband.  Sarah married Thomas Sorin on July 22, 1898, in her family's home in Tucson. Sarah was 37 and Thomas was 52. Thomas Sorin was a successful miner who, like many others, had left his mining operations in Tombstone to focus on other areas in Arizona. To many he was better known as the co-founder of the Tombstone Epitaph along with John Clum. Thomas Sorin, who was renowned for his mining expertise, represented the Arizona Territory mining industry at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.  The Sorins spent the weekends at their ranch in Cochise County. During the week Sarah would travel to Tucson and practice law with her father, while Thomas would travel to various mining operations in the territory.  The law firm of Herring & Sorin focused on more than just representing mining companies. Herring worked with future son-in-law attorney Selim M. Franklin in founding the University of Arizona. Herring served a term as the University's Chancellor. Herring Hall was named for him. Colonel Herring was active in Arizona's statehood in 1912 and assisted in writing the state's first constitution.  Sarah's work brought her in front of the U.S. Supreme Court on four occasions. Her father was alive to witness the first two appearances, but died in 1912, before witnessing her greatest legal achievement in 1913.

U.S. Supreme Court cases.

On April 16, 1906, Colonel Herring applied for his daughter's admission to the United States Supreme Court. Sarah became the 24th woman ever to be admitted. Belva Lockwood, the first woman ever admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court, attended Sarah's ceremony in Washington, D.C.  Sarah first appeared before the U.S. Supreme Court in October 1906 in the case of "Taylor vs. Burns,". Herring made the final arguments. Herring & Sorin won the case for their client, Thomas Burns. The opinion was delivered by Justice Brewer.  Her next appearance involved mining tax issues. In an opinion delivered by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, they lost their argument. The case did lead to mining companies pushing for statutory revisions to tax laws, which led to the enactment of the Bullion Law, which Herring & Sorin drafted.  Sarah's third appearance before the nation's highest court occurred after her father's death. Sorin was helping her attorney brother-in-law Selim M. Franklin on a title case that was argued before the court.  Her fourth case was her landmark case, "Work v. United Globe Mines", where she became the first woman to argue a case, unassisted and unaccompanied by a male attorney, on November 6, 1913. This event secured Sarah's place in national legal history. The written brief presented to the court was solely in Sarah's name, and she gave the final arguments by herself. Her accomplishment was noted in many newspapers, including the New York Times. "The Women's Lawyers' Journal" stated that Sarah's argument was "one of the most brilliant ever presented to that court by a woman".  On January 5, 1914, Chief Justice White rendered the Court's decision in favor of Sarah and her client, United Globe Mines.

Last days and recognition.

After her father's death in 1912, Sarah moved her practice to Globe, Arizona, closer to the Sorin Ranch. Sarah was the corporate counsel for both the Old Dominion Copper Company and the United Globe Mines, which was part of the Phelps Dodge mining empire.  Not long after her triumph in the U.S. Supreme Court in January 1914, Sarah had to travel to Tombstone to deal with her father's estate. Shortly after she fell ill and died of pneumonia on April 30, 1914, in Globe, with her husband at her side. A ceremony was held in Tucson at her sister's home. Her obituary was carried on the front page of several newspapers and a special resolution was prepared by the Arizona State Bar Association. Both Sarah and Thomas Sorin are buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Tucson.  In 1985 Sarah Herring Sorin was admitted into the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame.  In 1999, the Arizona Women Lawyers Association created an annual "Sarah Sorin Award".  The state that produced the first woman to present a case unassisted to the United States Supreme Court also later produced the first woman Justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, and the first woman Chief Justice of a state supreme court, Lorna Lockwood.

Sarah Herring Sorin (January 15, 1861 – April 30, 1914) was Arizona's first woman attorney and the first woman to try a case in front of the United States Supreme Court unassisted by a male attorney. Sorin practiced law with her father William Herring in the firm "Herring & Sorin" initially in Tombstone, Arizona, and later in Tucson. After her father's death, Sorin moved to Globe, Arizona, where she became the attorney for the Old Dominion Copper Company and United Globe Mines. Sarah Sorin is a member of the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame. "(See photo of Sarah Herring Sorin in the Arizona Library Archives.)" She is also included in Stanford Law School's "Women's Legal History Biography Project."


Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2012–13

Background.

Immediately prior to the series, Australia played a home series against South Africa, and lost the series 1-0. At the end of that series, Ricky Ponting, the second highest run scorer in Tests and former Test captain, retired.  Meanwhile, Sri Lanka enjoyed some success at a home series against New Zealand, winning an ODI series and drawing a Test series 1-1.

Squads.

On 20 November 2012, Sri Lanka announced a 16-man Test squad.  Australia announced a 12-man squad for the first Test in Hobart on 6 December 2012. Phillip Hughes was selected to replace Ricky Ponting, who retired after the preceding South African series. Jackson Bird (to replace the injured Ben Hilfenhaus) and Usman Khawaja (to cover for Michael Clarke) were the additions after to the Australian squad the first Test. Glenn Maxwell was picked to replace vice-captain Shane Watson after he was injured in the Boxing Day Test. Lahiru Thirimanne and Suranga Lakmal were called up for the final test.  Sri Lanka announced a squad for the limited overs series on 2 January 2013, while Australia announced a squad (for the first two ODIs) on 6 January 2013, Mike Hussey was not picked, while Michael Clarke, David Warner, Shane Watson and Matthew Wade were rested. Before the start of the second ODI, Mitchell Starc was replaced by Kane Richardson after complaining of calf soreness. The rested Australian players (excluding Shane Watson) returned to the squad after the 2nd ODI. Jackson Bird was added for cover after the 3rd ODI.  Australia announced a squad for the T20I series on 21 January 2013.

Test series (Warne–Muralitharan Trophy).

1st Test.

Before the start of the Test, the Blundstone Arena pitch was criticized because it had produced many low scores during Sheffield Shield matches earlier in the season.  Match Report: Australia won the toss and chose to bat. David Warner and Phillip Hughes batted together for most of the morning session, before Warner (57) was run out just before lunch. After lunch, Hughes and Shane Watson put on a partnership, before Sri Lanka dismissed both with a wicket on either side of tea. Michael Clarke and Mike Hussey added 101 runs in the evening session, and at stumps Australia was 4/299.  Rain delayed the start of Day 2 by 50 minutes. After the rain cleared, Sri Lanka dismissed Michael Clarke (74). After lunch, about two and half hours of play was lost due to more rain. After the resumption, Hussey (115*) and Matthew Wade (68*) combined for an unbeaten 146 run partnership, before Clarke declared at 5/450. Sri Lanka's experienced top order failed to build a platform, and Sri Lanka finished the day at 4/87, with Tillakaratne Dilshan not out 50.  Sri Lanka made a brisk start to Day 3 and Tillakaratne Dilshan made his second century against Australia. Dilshan (147) and Angelo Mathews (75) added 161 runs for the fifth wicket, before both were dismissed either side of tea. Prasanna Jayawardene (40) and Nuwan Kulasekara (23) added useful runs in the lower order, and Sri Lanka was bowled out for 336, a deficit of 114 runs. Peter Siddle was the best of the bowlers, taking 5/54, and fast bowler Ben Hilfenhaus left the field with a side strain, and did not bowl again in the game. Australia survived fourteen overs before stumps, and finished at 0/27.  The Australian openers, David Warner (68) and Ed Cowan (56) resumed and made a solid 132 run partnership before a collapse saw Australia fall from 0/132 to 5/181. Michael Clarke (58 retired hurt) and Michael Hussey (31*) took Australia's total to 278, setting a target of 393 for victory. Sri Lanka lost its openers early and at the close of play finished at 2/65.  On the last day, the pitch deteriorated with uneven bounce, and Australia was short one bowler due to Ben Hilfenhaus' injury. Attempting to save the Test, Sri Lanka lost only Sangakkara (63) and Mahela Jayawardene (19) before the tea break, but Thilan Samaraweera (49) and Mathews (19), the last two recognised batsmen fell shortly after the tea break; all four of those wickets fell to Peter Siddle (4/50). The last four wickets fell to Mitchell Starc (5/63) over the following hour of play, and Australia won the match by 137 runs inside the final hour of play.  Peter Siddle was named the Man of the match for his match figures of 9/104. There was minor controversy when broadcast footage of the match appeared to show Siddle ball tampering, but the issue was quickly cleared up without any formal complaint against him. Siddle was later cleared by the International Cricket Council (ICC).

2nd Test.

Match Report: Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat. Australian bowler Jackson Bird made his Test Match debut and took the wicket of Dimuth Karunaratne on his tenth ball in Test cricket. Sri Lanka collapsed and was all out for 156; the only highlight for Sri Lanka was top-scorer Kumar Sangakkara (58), who surpassing 10,000 career Test runs in the innings. Mitchell Johnson took 4/63 for Australia. In reply, the Australian openers scored 95 in only 18 overs before David Warner (62) was dismissed. At stumps, Australia was 150/3.  Australia batted throughout the second day, with a century to Michael Clarke (106) and half-centuries to Shane Watson (83) and Mitchell Johnson (73* at stumps). At stumps, Australia was 8/440, a lead of 284 runs. Michael Clarke broke Ricky Ponting's record for most runs in a calendar year for an Australian, and Sri Lankan fast bowler Chanaka Welegedara tore his hamstring while bowling and was ruled out for the series.  Australia added twenty more runs at the start of Day 3, before being dismissed for 460, a lead of 304 runs; Mitchell Johnson finished not out 92. Sri Lanka's collapsed to 3/3 inside the first two overs, and was dismissed shortly after lunch in the 25th over for 103 (with Welegedara and Prasanna Jayawardene absent hurt and Sangakkara retired hurt), giving Australia a dominant victory by an innings and 201 runs.

3rd Test.

Former English cricketer and Australia's Nine Network commentator Tony Greig, who died between the second and third Tests, was farewelled with a minute's silence and tributes from the commentary team before the match.  Match Report Australia won the toss and chose to bowl, and took wickets at regular intervals throughout the day. Lahiru Thirimanne (91) and captain Mahela Jayawardene (72) both scored half-centuries, but the largest partnership was only 62 runs. Sri Lanka was bowled out at stumps for 294. Jackson Bird took 4/41 for Australia.  Australia batted solidly to take its total to 4/271 early in the evening session, with David Warner (85), Phillip Hughes (87) and Michael Clarke (50) all scoring half-centuries. At stumps, Australia was 6/342, with a lead of 48 runs, and with Matthew Wade not out 47*.  In the morning session, Matthew Wade (102*) batted with the tail to make the second century of his Test career, and to take Australia to 9/432, at which point Michael Clarke declared with a lead of 138 runs. Rangana Herath (4/95) was the best of Sri Lanka's bowlers in the first innings.  In reply, Dimuth Karunaratne (85) and Mahela Jayawardene (60) added 108 runs for the second wicket, taking Sri Lanka to 1/132; but after Karunaratne was dismissed, Sri Lanka lost 5/46, eventually finishing at 7/225 at stumps, a lead of 87 runs.  Dinesh Chandimal (62*) batted with the tail to take Sri Lanka's score to 278, and to set Australia a target of 141; Bird (3/76) and Mitchell Johnson (3/34) each took three wickets for Australia.  In the run chase, David Warner was out first ball, and Hughes (34) was dismissed shortly after lunch to leaving Australia at 2/45. But top-scorer Ed Cowan (36) and Michael Clarke (29) put on a 59 run partnership for the third wicket, which was enough of a platform for Australia to reach the target with five wickets in hand. Herath (3/47) was again Sri Lanka's leading wicket taker for the innings.  The Man of the Match award went to Jackson Bird (4/41 & 3/75).

ODI series.

1st ODI.

Match Report  Australia won the toss and elected to bat. Three debutants were named in the XI for Australia.  Australia made a steady start to the innings (0/53) before Aaron Finch (16) and Usman Khawaja (3) were dismissed. Phillip Hughes and skipper George Bailey (89) amassed a 140-run partnership with Hughes (112) making a century on debut. Some late hitting from David Hussey (60*) saw Australia post a score of 5/305.  Sri Lanka began the innings with two early wickets, before Tillakaratne Dilshan and Dinesh Chandimal steadied the innings to take the score to 2/111. Dilshan (51) was then run out, and shortly afterwards, Glenn Maxwell inflicted two run-outs in successive balls (including Lahiru Thirimanne for a diamond duck) to reduce Sri Lanka to 5/128 in the 30th over. Sri Lanka was ultimately dismissed for 198 in the 40th over, with Dinesh Chandimal (73) top-scoring, and Clint McKay (4/33) finishing with the best bowling figures. Phillip Hughes was named Man of the match for his century on debut.

2nd ODI.

Match Report  Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to field, and immediately took advantage of seaming conditions, reducing Australia to 2/12 after seven overs, and then to 6/83 in the 25th over. Brad Haddin (50) managed to bat with the tail and extend the innings into the 47th over, before Australia was ultimately dismissed for 170 runs. Lasith Malinga (3/32) had the best bowling figures, and Angelo Mathews (2/24) Nuwan Kulasekara (1/24) both took wickets and bowled economically.  Despite losing Upul Tharanga for a duck in the first over of its run chase, Sri Lanka had little difficulty chasing Australia's total, reaching the target in the 41st over with eight wickets in hand. Lahiru Thirimanne (102*) scored his maiden ODI and List A century, and Tillakaratne Dilshan (51) made a half-century. Thirimanne was named Man of the Match.

3rd ODI.

Match Report  Australia won the toss and chose to bat, but humid conditions meant that the game was dominated by swing bowling. Nuwan Kulasekara took five wickets between the 5th and 11th overs of Australia's innings to reduce Australia to 6/30; he finished with 5/22 from ten overs. Lasith Malinga then took three wickets between the 15th and 19th overs to reduce Australia to 9/40; he finished with 3/14 from five overs. Mitchell Starc (22*) and Xavier Doherty (15) added 34 runs for the last wicket to take Australia's score to 74. They were the only batsmen to register a double-figure score.  In reply, Sri Lanka took its total to 1/33, before Mitchell Johnson (3/11) took three wickets between the 10th and 12th overs to reduce Sri Lanka to 4/37. Sri Lanka lost two more wickets late in its small run chase, reaching the target after 20 overs with four wickets in hand.  Kulasekara was named Man of the Match.

4th ODI.

Match Report  Australia won the toss and chose to bat. Australia was reduced to 3/53 in the 13th over, with both Phillip Hughes (1) and David Hussey (1) dismissed cheaply; much of the early damage with the ball was done by Nuwan Kulasekara (3/30) taking two wickets and Lasith Malinga (2/33). From there, Australia lost wickets at regular intervals, with David Warner (60) top-scoring. Australia managed to bat out the full 50 overs, and 40 runs were added in an unbroken tenth wicket partnership to take the score to 9/222, with Mitchell Starc (52*) providing the most significant lower order contribution.  In the run chase, play was delayed by rain after 20 balls were bowled. Three hours later, the umpires abandoned the match due to a wet outfield.

5th ODI.

Match Report  Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to field. The Australian openers made a solid start (0/31) before two quick wickets left them at 2/37 after 10 overs. Phillip Hughes and George Bailey steadied the innings before Bailey (17) was caught and bowled in the 27th over. A 98-run stand followed between Phillip Hughes and David Hussey (34), and late hitting from Australia saw them post a score of 5/247. Hughes finished unbeaten on 138, his second ODI century for the series, and in his career.  Sri Lanka got of to a brisk start (0/57), with Mahela Jayawardene quickly getting to 38, before suffering a top order collapse to 4/77; Xavier Doherty (3/21) took three of these wickets. Angelo Mathews scored 67 runs to help Sri Lanka to 5/187 in the 44th over, but Sri Lanka was eventually bowled out for 215, with Moises Henriques (3/32) and Clint McKay (2/51) taking the wickets of the tail-enders.  Hughes was named Man of the Match.

T20I series.

1st T20I.

Match Report

2nd T20I.

Match Report  Australia fell two runs short after needing a four to win of the last ball.

The Sri Lankan cricket team toured Australia from 6 December 2012 to 28 January 2013. The tour consisted of three Tests, five One Day Internationals (ODIs) and two Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is). Tests were played for the Warne–Muralidaran Trophy. The Test series was preceded by a match against the Cricket Australia Chairman's XI and Sri Lankans.


Plot.

Kent McCoy is a loving husband and father who hosts a birthday party for his son Jack. However, the clown assigned to their party is unable to make it due to a scheduling error. Fortunately, Kent discovers an old clown costume in the basement of a house he's selling and puts it on. After the party, Kent falls asleep wearing the costume, and the next morning he is unable to take it off.  Kent is forced to go to work wearing the costume and tries to remove it, cutting his wrist with a knife and breaking a vibrating hand saw. He comes back home and complains about the situation with his wife Meg. She's able to remove the fake nose, but wounds him in the process. Shadow, Kent's dog, accidentally eats the fake nose. Meg also realizes the clown's wig had become real hair. Kent then begins to show strange behavior and experiences a deep sense of hunger.  Kent enlists the help of Herbert Karlsson, the suit's previous owner. The man advises him to avoid wearing the costume at all costs, but after learning what happened, insists to meet Kent in person. While discussing with him, Kent learns that the costume is actually the hair and skin of an ancient demon from Northern Europe called the "Clöyne". Karlsson drugs Kent with tea, revealing that the only way to prevent the metamorphosis is to sever the wearer's head. Kent subdues Karlsson and while driving he starts to transform, causing an incident.  Kent decides to commit suicide and goes to one of his property listings. He spatters the wall with rainbow blood, but quickly regenerates and survives. He then meets a child who attempts to befriend him, but warns him away. Kent attempts to behead himself with a pair of buzzsaws, but in a fluke accident one of the buzzsaws flies off its handle, killing the boy. Kent consumes the child's corpse and meets his wife who was looking for him. Once at home Kent tells Meg to restrain him with a chain and learns from Jack that one of his classmates named Colton had bullied him. While Meg joins forces with Karlsson, Kent finds the bully's home and slaughters/devours him, avenging his son.  Meg learns that the wearer can only remove the suit after eating five children. She also learns that many years ago, Karlsson put on the costume to entertain the children at an oncology clinic where his brother Martin worked for. To free his brother, Martin smuggled out five terminally ill children from the cancer ward to feed the demon. The brothers failed to destroy the costume. Karlsson kills Shadow with a machete and explains that the curse follows any part of the costume since earlier Shadow ate Kent's clown "nose".  Kent succumbs to the demon and sneaks into a local Chuck E. Cheese's where he devours two children one kid being pulled under in the Ballpit (Later confirmed after blood is seen on a boys sock thinking someone urinated in the pit) and another in the playground tubes saving his little brother. The boy can only watch in horror as the lower half of his brothers body is thrown across before sliding down to safety. This causes a panic after the boys severed arm comes down the slide in a pool of blood making everyone and their children evacuate the family restaurant and arcade. Meg finds Kent inside the glow in the dark minigolf course. Karlsson attempts to decapitate him with an axe but fails. Before Kent has a chance to kill Karlsson, Meg tries to get through to her husband. Instead, the demon orders her to find and feed him one more child in order to release Kent. She must bring the fifth child to their "special place", otherwise the Clöyne will kill Jack.  The Clöyne sneaks into the house and kills Meg's father, Walt, ripping off his jaw. Meg fights against him, but the demon attempts to devour their unborn baby from her womb. After cutting through the demon's neck, Meg knocks his head off with a hammer and apologizes to Jack for everything. However, due to a muscle still attached to the body, the Clöyne revives, grabs Jack's leg and is finally slain by Meg. She looks in horror while embracing her son as the Clöyne's skin melts away revealing Kent's head. The film ends as Kent's body is autopsied and the costume is packed away as evidence.

Production.

In November 2010, Jon Watts and Christopher D. Ford uploaded a fake trailer to YouTube that announced Eli Roth would produce the film; Roth was not involved at the time. Roth spoke about the film, saying: "I loved how ballsy they were, issuing a trailer that said, 'From the Master of Horror, Eli Roth.' Some people thought I'd made the movie, or that it was another fake "Grindhouse" trailer... I really felt these guys deserved a shot, and that people are truly freaked out by evil clowns. It's new territory to make this a version of "The Fly", where this guy can feel himself changing, blacking out only to find blood all over his clown suit. You're sympathetic toward a monster until the monster actually takes over."  Principal photography began in November 2012 in Ottawa. Roth joined as a producer, and Watts directed the film based on a screenplay co-written with Ford.

Soundtrack.

Matt Veligdan composed the film's score, and eight songs were featured on its soundtrack.

Release.

In September 2012, Dimension Films and FilmNation Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film. The film was released on November 13, 2014 in Italy. The UK premiere was February 27, 2015, in Scotland at FrightFest Glasgow 2015, followed by the DVD and Blu-ray release March 2, 2015. The film was also released in the Philippines on March 25, 2015 and in Mexico on May 22, 2015. After being delayed, the film was released in the United States on June 17, 2016.

Critical response.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 46% based on 24 reviews, and an average rating of 4.65/10.  Dominic Cuthbert of "Starburst" rated it 7/10 stars and wrote, ""Clown" may be formulaic and filled up to the guts with familiar tropes, but it is tremendous fun and an effective body horror." Howard Gorman of "Scream" magazine rated it 5/5 stars and wrote, "With "Clown" the filmmakers have created an all-new monster of demonic proportions and it's a concept that certainly deserves to spawn a sequel or two as the sky really is the limit." Jeremy Aspinall of the "Radio Times" rated it 2/5 stars and described it as "efficiently put together if a little sedate in pace". Anton Bitel of "Little White Lies" wrote that the film doubles as an equally harrowing story of "a family man's losing struggle with his own paedophiliac impulses". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, "Even though it's mostly a bore, there's still some really cool and fun stuff scattered throughout." Keri O'Shea of Brutal as Hell wrote, "Neither frightening nor funny, here's another lesson to prove that fake trailers are often fine just as they are." Joel Harley of HorrorTalk rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, "What could have been one of the few great killer clown movies winds up as yet another disappointment, being too uneven in tone and pace to be considered a success."

Clown is a 2014 American horror film directed by Jon Watts, produced by Mac Cappuccino, Eli Roth and Cody Ryder, and written by Watts and Christopher Ford. The film stars Laura Allen, Andy Powers, and Peter Stormare. The visual effects for the clown monster were done by Alterian, Inc. and Tony Gardner. Principal photography began in November 2012, in Ottawa. The film was released in Italy on November 13, 2014, and was released in the UK on March 2, 2015, and in the United States on June 17, 2016, by Dimension Films.


Description.

Adult. Body dorsoventrally compressed and elongate. Submacropterous forms are known for both sexes. Male length 2.3–2.9 mm, width 0.7–1.0 mm; female length 2.3–2.7 mm, width 0.7–0.8 mm. Coloration light brown with darker areas; female generally darker than male. Head broad, strongly projecting anteriorly, with semiglobose projecting eyes. Mandibular plates elongate, conspicuous, strongly recurved anterolaterally. Labium extending to level of fore coxa. Thorax: pronotum with tubercle on anterolateral angle of anterior lobe. Legs: neither parempodia nor pulvilli present; all tibiae with flattened apical projection, the fossula spongiosa. Tibia of male anteroventrally with three black tubercles, female without such tubercles. Male reproductive tract comprises a pair of testes with three globular follicles isolated by a peritoneal sheath, and two pairs of well-developed mesodermal tubular accessory glands. Male external genitalia comprise an asymmetrical and somewhat cylindrical pygophore, oriented either to the right or to the left, although orientation to the right occurs more frequently. The genitalia also comprise a U-shaped evenly setose paramere; setae becoming sparse apically. Aedeagus not observed. Female reproductive tract of "T. peregrinus" is generally similar to that of the thaumastocorid "Proxylastodoris kuscheli". However "P. kuscheli" has three meroistic telotrophic ovarioles per ovary, whereas "T. peregrinus" has only two meroistic telotrophic ovarioles per ovary. The ovaries are developed as large, ball-shaped reservoirs. In Heteroptera, the number of ovarioles per ovary ranges from 2 to 17. No spermathecae were observed, a phenomenon already reported for other Thaumastocoridae.  Eggs black, ovoid, with rough chorion and a round operculum, with a deep and obvious depression dorsally; 0.50–0.61 mm long and 0.20–0.24 mm wide.  Nymphs. Five instars. Body flattened dorsoventrally. Color of young individuals (1st–3rd instars) milk white to orange, with black spots on the thorax and first abdominal segment. Nymphs were always observed together with adults on heavily infested trees.

Thaumastocoris peregrinus, the bronze bug, is a true bug first described from Argentina, but is probably native to Australia. The species has been recorded in Africa (Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe), Europe (Albania, Italy, Portugal, Spain), Middle East (Israel), North America (Mexico, California), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay), Caribbean, and New Zealand.


Demographics.

As of 2011 Indian Census, Balrampur NPP had a total population of 81,054, of which 42,237 were males and 38,817 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 10,492. The total number of literates in Balrampur was 47,964, which constituted 59.2% of the population with male literacy of 63.2% and female literacy of 54.8%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Balrampur was 68.0%, of which male literacy rate was 72.3% and female literacy rate was 63.1%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 5,318 and 96 respectively. Balrampur had 12405 households in 2011.

Historical significance.

Balrampur city is in close vicinity of Shravasti where Lord Gautam Buddha is considered to have displayed his supernatural powers in the spiritual transformation of Angulimala, a famous dacoit who wore a necklace ("mala") of fingers ("anguli").  In the Mughal era Balrampur was the seat of Balrampur Estate, a Taluqdari of Oudh.

Geography.

Balrampur is located at. It has an average elevation of.

Archaeological sites.

Two prominent archaeological sites, Jetavana and Savatthi, or "Saheth" and "Maheth", as they are locally known, are located in the vicinity of Balrampur city. Alexander Cunningham used the ancient (6th century CE) accounts of Chinese pilgrim-monks to determine that Saheth-Maheth actually referred to Jetavana and Savatthi.  Saheth, covering an area of 32 acres, was the site of the Jetavana monastery. It became an important place of pilgrimage, adorned with numerous shrines, stupas and monasteries. The stupas belong mostly to the Kushan period, while the temples are in the Gupta style. The remains date from the Mauryan era (3rd century BCE) to the 12th century CE. One of the earliest stupas, contained relics of the Buddha. A colossal statue of the Buddha was also found here which is now preserved in the Indian Museum, Kolkata.  Maheth covers an area of about, and has been identified with the remains of the city proper and is located about to the north-east of Saheth. Excavations have exposed the massive gates of the city, ramparts and also the ruins of other structures which testify to the prosperity of ancient Sravasti. The Sobhanath Temple is located here. The ruins of Maheth includes two stupas. One stupa, known as "Pakki Kuti", is said to be that of Angulimala while the other, known as "Kachchi Kuti", is believed to be that of Sudatta, a disciple of Buddha. Pakki Kuti and Kacchi Kuti were later converted into Brahmanical temples.  The Emperor Ashoka visited Jetavana, and the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen- Tsang (Xuanzang) mentions two Ashokan pillars at Sravasti. Other places of interest include the Swarnagandha Kuti where Gautama Buddha lived. In Jetavana is also located the second-holiest tree of Buddhism: the Anandabodhi Tree.

Tourism and culture.

The district has very rich literary heritage. Famous Urdu poet Ali Sardar Jafri was born here in 1913. He is among the only four Urdu poets who got the prestigious Jnanpith award (other three are Firak Gorakhpuri, Kurtulain Hyder and Shaharyar). The other notable poet of the city is Syed Ali Mehdi Rizvi, very famous for his religious Urdu poetry such as Mussadas, Marsiya, Salam, Rubai, Nauha etc. Apart from extensively writing the religious poetry, his other notable works include poetic representation of History of India named "Matla-e-Watan" and translation of Bhagavad Gita in Urdu poetry. Apart from that the birthplace of Mohd Shafi Khan also known as Bekal Utsahi is Balrampur. He has the distinction of being a former member of Rajya Sabha. In 1976 he got Padmashree Award in the field of literature. During a visit to the Mazar of Hazrat Vaaris Ali Shah of Devan-Sharif in 1945 Shah Hafiz Pyari Miyan quoted, "Bedam Gaya Bekal aaya". After that incident Mohammad Shafi Khan converted his name as "Bekal Varsi". During the period of Pandit Nehru in 1952 an interesting event happened, which resulted in the emergence of Bekal Utsahi. There was an election programme of congress party in Gonda at that time. Bekal Varsi welcomed Pandit Nehru by his poetry "Kisan Bharat Ka". Nehru was very much impressed and said,"Yeh hamara utsahi shayar hai".Finally he is renowned as Bekal Utsahi in the literary world.  One of the most popular Hindu worship place is situated in Tulsipur about 27 kilometers from the district headquarters. It is known as Devi Patan. The temple has the distinction of having included in 51 "Shaktipeethas" of Goddess Durga according to Hindu mythology. It is believed that during the event when Lord Shiva was carrying the corpse of his wife Sati, the light shoulder of Sati had fallen here. Revered by Hindus in India and Nepal, millions of pilgrims visit this place throughout the year. A Grand festival has been organized at the time of Durga Puja. During the month of chaitra a "Mela" has also been organized every year. One of the salient feature of this event is "Shobha Yatra" of Peer Ratan Nath. Every year devotees from Dang district of Nepal used to come here as an integral part of yatra.  The Devi Patan Siddha Peeth had been established by Guru Gorakshnath of the Nath Sampradaya. The existing temple here is said to have been constructed King Vikramaditya. In the 1lth century King Suheldeo of Sravasti had renovated the temple. The Royal family of Balrampur, is today the caretaker of the temple. A large fair takes place in Navratri and every year on Chaitra Panchami the deity of Pir Ratan Nath is brought from Dang in Nepal to the Devi Patan temple where it is worshipped along with the Devi.  Apart from that Bijleshwari Devi temple is also famous among the local people. The area where the temple is situated is known as Bijlipur. The temple is built by the Maharaja of Balrampur in the 19th Century and is a fine example of intricate carving in red stone, which cover the whole structure. The sanctum sanctorum has no idol but a deep covered hole in the ground, where legend has it that lightning fell to mark the spot for the building the temple. It has the distance of about 6 kilometers from Balrampur city. Jharkhandi Temple on the opposite side of Jharkhandi Railway Station of Gonda-Gorakhpur loop line attracts the attention of Balrampurites as well as other people too. The Festival of "Moharram" is celebrated with full enthusiasm. It is the landmark amongst the Moharram of whole country.  In the recent past, a Daen Maha Mongkol International Meditation Centre, in Sravasti India, one of the two centers (other in Thailand) has been established by Upasika Bongkot Sitthipol with the emphasis on education to cultivate virtues, great wisdom & kindness, giving rise to peace & true happiness in the world. For almost thirty years, the training in meditation & wisdom for the public & youth from Thailand & other countries is being provided free of charge by the centre. The centre has six big halls for meditation which can accommodate up to 3000 people, each with the provision of solitary meditation in the huts along with large dining halls for devotees & visitors.  About 50 m ahead of Rahi Yatri Nivas on Balrampur-Bahriach Road (SH-26) in Sravasti, which is considered one of the most important & popular holy places of Jains. The third Tirthankar Sambhavnath was born here and it was here that he attained the ultimate light of knowledge through meditation. Shobhnath Temple (Jain temple) is also located in the Mahet area of Sravasti at a distance of about 1 km from Jetvan Monastery on the road leading to Kachchi Kuti, & Pakki Kuti. He took diksha at Sahetuk forest (hence Sahet). Few sculptures of Jain Tirthankars in standing & seated posture (belonging to 10th & 11th century) have been found during the excavations of this area. Excavations of nearby area have also exposed the remains of three temple complexes.  The 8th Tirthankar Lord Chandra Prabhu is also said to have meditated here. The birthday of Lord Sambhavnath is celebrated here in a big way on Kartik Purnima (Oct-Nov).  During British period Balrampur riyasat was one of the important states of Avadh area. The amazing Neel Bagh Palace is also situated inside the city. It is One of the most frequently visited place by the tourists. Presently Dharmendra Prasad Singh is the member of former monarchy. He is also the curator of famous Maharani Lal Kunwari Post Graduate College, Balrampur.

Education.

The royal family of Balrampur promoted education in the city and set up the oldest Inter College in 1883. The Maharani Lal Kunwari Post Graduate College (M.L.K. P.G. College) was founded in 1955 with the Maharaja donating the campus and buildings of the City Palace to set up the institution.

Politics.

Before delimitation the parliamentary constituency was known as Balrampur.  Former Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee was declared elected for the first time from Balrampur Loksabha seat in 1957. Although in 1962 he lost the election to Subhadra Joshi (Congress). But in 1967 once again Vajpayee emerged as a winner. In the honour of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a new train Sushashan Express (weekly) has been started which has the route from Balrampur to Gwalior.  Jagram Paswan of "Samajwadi Party" was elected as MLA from 2012-2017 and Palturam of "BJP" is the MLA from Balrampur seat since 2017. And Mrs. Israt Jamal (wife of late Mr. Javed Hasan) of "Samajwadi Party" is the former president of municipal board. Late Mohd Javed Hasan is the only person who won the balrampur municipal board three time continuously.  The mayor of Balrampur Nagar Palika is Qitabunnisha of Bahujan Samaj Party.

Industry.

BCM- Balrampur Chini Mills Limited (Sugar Factory), the largest sugar production unit in India, is located in Balrampur. During the period of British rule it was owned by BIC (British India Corporation). Padmashree Minakshi Sarawagi is the Managing Director and owner of BCM. Bajaj Hindustan also has a sugar mill in the district near Utraula.

Media.

Balrampur has an All India Radio Relay station known as Akashvani Balrampur. It broadcasts on FM frequencies.

Balrampur is a city and a municipal board in Balrampur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated on the bank of river Rapti and is the district headquarters of Balarampur district. Balrampur was a state in India. It was divided in 1748 and is a part of U.P.


History.

Until December 2016, the service was branded as Regionalbahn line "Der Weseler" (RB 35) from Duisburg to Wesel and operated towards Emmerich, Düsseldorf or Cologne during the peak in the peak direction. It was launched in 1998 with the introduction of the NRW-Takt (Clock-face timetable). The line was operated with 425/426 class sets and sometimes with locomotive-hauled Silberling carriages by DB Regio NRW.  Except for a test service that ran from December 2005 to June 2006 as "Der Arnheimer" (RB 34) between Emmerich and Arnhem, there had been no cross-border regional services between Amsterdam and Cologne since the cessation of the Eilzug (regional fast train) service on the Oberhausen–Arnhem railway in the 1980s. Cross-border journeys have since then only been possible by bus or ICE International services.  In order to again offer an attractive cross-border regional service, the Rhein-IJssel-Express was extended from Emmerich via Zevenaar to Arnhem on 6 April 2017, where it connects to the InterCity, regional "sprinter" services of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways), as well as to local trains ("Stoptrein") operated by Breng and Arriva. Between Zevenaar and Arnhem, the, RE 19 complements the Dutch Arnhem–Doetinchem–Winterswijk (operated by Arriva) and Arnhem–Doetinchem (operated by Breng) stopping trains.  Another component of the tender of December 2016 was the operation of the non-electrified Wesel–Bocholt line. The "Der Bocholter" regional service (formerly the RB 32) was introduced on this line from Wesel to Bocholt. Assuming that the electrification of the railway line would be completed in December 2019, allowing portion working of the RE 19 line from Wesel, the line number RB 32 was re-assigned to the "Rhein-Emscher-Bahn" in advance of the 2019 timetable change. This meant that the "Der Bocholter" had to be assigned a new line number. Since then, the line has been designated as RE 19a, which was originally intended to be used for the portion-worked service, but as electrification of the line has not proceeded so far, the RE 19 cannot run on the line.

Rolling stock.

Abellio procured nine Stadler Flirt 3 trainsets for use on the Rhein-IJssel-Express. These are three-system capable:  Diesel-powered Alstom Coradia LINT sets will be used for the RE 19a service until the line is electrified.  A new workshop was built in Duisburg by Abellio to maintain the trainsets.

Route.

The Regional-Express runs on the following railways:

"Hellweg-Express".

In the early days of the NRW clock-face timetable, there was another Regional-Express service that was designated as the RE 19. This service, called the "Hellweg-Express", was operated by DB Regio NRW on the route from Dortmund via Unna to Warburg from 1998 to 2002. It was replaced at the timetable change on 15 December 2002 by the RB 59 "" and the RB 89.

The Rhein-IJssel-Express is a Regional-Express service in German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Dutch province of Gelderland, in service as from December 2016 from Düsseldorf to Emmerich am Rhein. The service was extended to Arnhem in April 2017. It is planned to extend it to Bocholt.


History.

Karwi city was once in Banda district. On 6 May 1997 the Government carved out Chitrakoot district from the Banda district. The city was then designated as district headquarters of the new District.

Geography.

The city is bounded in the north by Kaushambi, in the south by Satna (M.P.) and Rewa (M.P.), in the east by Allahabad (Prayag) and in the west by Banda. Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi) is situated on the bank of Mandakini River. The terrain is mountainous.

Demographics.

India census Chitrakoot Dham had a population of 66,426. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Chitrakoot Dham has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 75% and female literacy of 58%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Transport.

Road.

Chitrakoot Dham sits on National Highway 76 (NH 76). The city has road links to all adjoining districts of Banda, Allahabad, Satna, Rewa and Kaushambi.

Railways.

Chitakoot Dham has a railway station ( Indian Railways Station code: CKTD) on the Manikpur - Jhansi/Kanpur main line, served by the North-Central division of Indian Railways. It is connected by train to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bhopal, Raipur, Jabalpur, Kanpur, Khajuraho, Lucknow, Durg and Varanasi.

Air.

Closest Airport to Chitrakoot Dham Karwi is in Prayagraj which is 106 kilometers (65.8 miles) away and has flights to major destinations such as Delhi, Bangaluru, Mumbai, Kolkata etc.. An airstrip is under construction at Dewangana.

Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi) is a city in Chitrakoot district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the district headquarters and a municipal board.


History.

In 1874 Ludvig R. Poulsen sets up a wine importing business under the name Kjøbenhavns direkte Vin-Import-Kompagni (The Copenhagen Direct Wine Import Company). The firm closed down in 1878. In 1892 Ludvig Poulsen opened his second business, this time selling tools and electrical supplies. In 1896 Ludvig R. Poulsen hires his nephew, Louis Poulsen. Ludvig R. Poulsen dies in 1906. His nephew Louis takes over the business and, two years later, moves it to Nyhavn 11. In 2019 the head quarter moved to Holmen, in Copenhagen, which is company's head office location today. Five years later, Sophus Kaastrup-Olsen becomes a partner in the firm, whose name is changed to Louis Poulsen & Co. In 1914 Louis Poulsen & Co. publishes its first catalogue – featuring machines and tools. In 1917, Sophus Kaastrup-Olsen buys Louis Poulsen's share in the firm for 10,000 Danish kroner and becomes the sole owner of Louis Poulsen & Co.  Designer Poul Henningsen began working together with Louis Poulsen in 1924, with a view to taking part in an international exhibition for decorative art to be held in Paris called "Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs & Industriels Modernes". A competition was held to find qualified participants: Henningsen was one of the winners. Next year, Poul Henningsen's lamps earned Gold medals in this exhibition.  In 1926 Louis Poulsen and Poul Henningsen are awarded a contract to provide lighting for the newly constructed Forum building in Copenhagen using the now-legendary PH lamp with three shades system.  Louis Poulsen starts marketing light fittings, and its first lighting catalogue is published with descriptions in Danish, German, English and French. In 1941, at the time of World War II, Louis Poulsen & Co. A/S acquires the Laurits Henriksen metal goods factory in Copenhagen and becomes a manufacturer of lighting fittings.  Henningsen designed a blackout lamp for the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen which allows the Gardens to stay open until midnight: the light from the lamps cannot be seen from aeroplanes flying over the city.  The PH5 lamp is launched in 1958: the 5 in its name refers to its 50 cm diameter.  The first lighting subsidiary outside Denmark is set up in Western Germany in 1962. Other subsidiaries are established in France, in 1964 and in Sweden, 1975. In 1967 the partnership I/S El-Salg is founded. After 2 years Elpefa A/S moves to a new factory building at Sluseholmen and takes over all production and assembly of fixtures and fittings. In 1977 Elpefa A/S merges with Louis Poulsen. Louis Poulsen class B shares are quoted on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange for the first time. 1985, a lighting subsidiary in the United States, a wholesale electrical supplies business in the Faroe Islands, and JO-EL A/S are set up. In 1987 a lighting subsidiary in Norway is established. Louis Poulsen Group sales pass the 1 billion DKK mark. Subsidiaries in Australia and Netherlands are opened the following year. In 1989, Louis Poulsen purchases Skandia Havemann's El A/S, thereby acquiring 16 wholesale electrical supplies outlets.  Poul Henningsen would have turned 100 years old on 9 September 1994. Louis Poulsen & Co. A/S celebrated the occasion by publishing a book on the history of the PH lamp, by recreating the PH table lamp and TREPH pendant of the late 1920s, and by arranging an exhibition of old PH lamps at the Design Museum Danmark (Kunstindustrimuseet) in Copenhagen.  In 2004, Louis Poulsen Lighting, Fritz Hansen, Royal Copenhagen and Bang & Olufsen cooperate on an exhibition in Tokyo on the occasion of Queen Margrethe's official visit to Japan in November. The exhibition titled "Styling Danish Life" is created by the world-famous architect Tadao Ando.  In June 2018, an investment subsidiary of Investindustrial VI L.P. (“Investindustrial”) has acquired Louis Poulsen A/S. The transaction is subject to customary regulatory approvals and expected to close in Q3 2018.

Louis Poulsen is a Danish lighting manufacturer that was founded in 1874. Louis Poulsen Lighting is represented by subsidiaries, distribution offices and agents around the world. Their key sales regions are Scandinavia, Europe, Japan and United States. Some of Louis Poulsen's best designers were Poul Henningsen, Arne Jacobsen and Verner Panton. Some of their signature products are the PH-Lamps, AJ-Lamps and the VL-Lamps.


Early life and education.

Gottlieb Burckhardt was born on 24 December 1836 into a well-known family, the Burckhardt, living in the Swiss city of Basel. His father, August Burckhardt (1809–1894), was a physician. His mother was Katharina Jacot (1810–1843) from Montbéliard in France. Burckhardt's parents were married in 1833 and his mother gave birth to seven children prior to her death in 1843. Gottlieb Burckhardt was the third eldest child. In 1844 his father married Henrietta Maria Dick (1813–1871). She had five pregnancies and three surviving children. Burckhardt attended secondary school in Basel. His medical studies were conducted at the Universities of at Basel, Göttingen and Berlin. In 1860 he was conferred with a doctorate in medicine from the University of Basel. His doctoral thesis was on the epithelium of the urinary tract. As a student, he was described as popular, outgoing and musically talented.

Career.

Early career, 1860–1888.

By 1860 Burckhardt had established a private medical practice in Basel. In 1862 he completed a post-doctoral habilitation in internal medicine and was granted the position of Privatdozent at the University of Basel. The following year he married Elisabeth Heusler (1840–1896) and they had eight children together. In 1864, due to a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, Burckhardt was forced to give up his practice and he relocated to a southern locale near the Pyrenees. He recovered fully and published a study of climatic conditions in the region.  In 1866 Burckhardt returned to Basel and resolved to study the diseases of the nervous system and their treatment with the new electrotherapies. His interest in this field had been fostered by Karl Ewald Hasse, a noted physician and friend of the Burckhardt family. In 1873 he was elected to the presidency of the Basel Medical Society. Two years later, in 1875, he received a post as a physician to the Waldau Psychiatric University Clinic in Berne; later that year he also published "Die physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten" ("Physiological Diagnostics of Nervous Diseases"), a 284-page monograph which detailed the results of his research on the use of electrotherapy for nervous disorders and the conductivity of the nervous system.  In 1876 he became a Privatdozent at the University of Bern where he lectured on nervous and mental diseases. This marks a highly productive period in his career as he became a regular contributor to several medical publications including the Swiss periodical "Korrespondenzblatt für Schweizer Ärtze" and produced articles on a variety of psychiatric and neurological topics. In 1877 he published a historical treatment of psychiatric and psychological theories of the functional regions of the brain. In this article he proposed that there were "cortical dispersion centres" which were "rooted in physiology and anatomy in the brain" and that these played a crucial role in the development of mental illness. Burckhardt drew inspiration for his hypothesis from recent advances which had shown the localisation of language faculties in the brain and he believed that mental diseases were also traceable to specific cortical centres. In the application of internal medicine to psychiatry, his research activities extended to an exploration of the relationship between mental illness and bodily temperature, blood pressure and pulse. In 1881 he published on the relationship between cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption and posited a connection between cerebral oxygen deprivation, pathological brain circulation and mental illness. While at Bern he also successfully submitted articles on the histological preparation of brain cells, sensory aphasia ("word deafness"), the anatomy of the brain and cerebral localisation and forensic psychiatry. From 1881 until his departure from the Waldau Clinic in 1882, Eugen Bleuler, who coined the term schizophrenia in 1908, served as his medical intern.  In August 1882 Burckhardt was appointed as the medical director of the Préfargier, a small but modern psychiatric clinic in Marin in the Swiss Canton of Neuchâtel. Prior to his arrival a laboratory was constructed at the clinic so that Burckhardt could continue his research into neuroanatomy and psychophysiology. In February 1884 he presented at the Préfargier asylum his findings on the heredity and the surface configuration of the brain. He continued to publish on psychiatric and neurological topics such as cerebral vascular movements, brain tumours and optic chiasm, traumatic hysteria, and writing disorders.

Psychosurgery, 1888–1891.

In December 1888 Burckhardt, who had little experience of surgery, performed what are commonly regarded as the first series of modern psychosurgical operations. He operated on six patients under his care, two women and four men aged between 26 and 51 whose condition was deemed to be intractable. Their diagnoses were, variously, one of chronic mania, one of primary dementia and four of "primäre Verrücktheit" (primary paranoid psychosis). This latter diagnosis was, according to the clinician-historian German E. Berrios, "a clinical category that (anachronistically) should be considered as tantamount to schizophrenia". Burckhardt's case notes recorded that the patients all exhibited serious psychiatric symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, aggression, excitement and violence. The operations excised regions of the cerebral cortex, specifically removing sections of the frontal, temporal, and tempoparietal lobes. The results were not overly encouraging as one patient died five days after the operation after experiencing epileptic convulsions, one improved but later committed suicide, another two showed no change, and the last two patients became "quieter". Complications consequent to the procedure included epilepsy (in two patients), motor weakness, "word deafness" and sensory aphasia. Only two patients are recorded as having no complications.  The theoretical basis of Burckhardt's action rested on three propositions. The first was that mental illness had a physical basis and that disordered minds were merely a reflection of disordered brains. Next, the associationist viewpoint of nerve functioning which conceived the nervous system as operating according to the following threefold division of labor: an input (or sensory or afferent) system, a connecting system which processed information and an output (or efferent or motor) system. The final assumption of Buckhardt's was that the brain was modular which meant that each mental module or mental faculty could be linked to a specific location in the brain. In accordance with such a viewpoint, Buckhardt postulated that lesions in specific areas of the brain might impact behavior in a specific manner. In other words, he thought that by cutting the connecting system, or second association state of brain's system of communication troubling symptoms might be alleviated without compromising either the nervous system's input or output systems. The procedure was aimed at relieving symptoms, not at curing a given mental disease. Thus, he wrote in 1891: [I]f excitation and impulsive behaviour are due to the fact that from the sensory surfaces excitations abnormal in quality, quantity and intensity do arise, and do act on the motor surfaces, then an improvement could be obtained by creating an obstacle between the two surfaces. The extirpation of the motor or the sensory zone would expose us to the risk of grave functional disturbances and to technical difficulties. It would be more advantageous to practice the excision of a strip of cortex behind and on both sides of the motor zone creating thus a kind of ditch in the temporal lobe.  Burckhardt attended the Berlin Medical Conference of 1889, which was also attended by such heavyweight psychiatrists as Victor Horsley, Valentin Magnan and Emil Kraepelin, and presented a paper on his brain operations. While his findings were subsequently widely reported in the psychiatric literature, the reviews were unremittingly negative and there was much ill ease generated by the surgical procedures he had performed. He also published the results of the procedure in 1891 in the periodical "Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychischgerichtliche Medicin" in an article entitled 'Uber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen' ('Concerning cortical excision, as a contribution to the surgical treatment of psychosis'). This paper was his last significant medical publication. Kraepelin, writing in 1893, was scathing of Burckhardt's attempts, and stated that "he [Burckhardt] suggested that restless patients could be pacified by scratching away the cerebral cortex." While Giuseppe Seppilli, an Italian professor of neuropsychiatry, remarked in 1891 that Burckhardt's view of the brain as modular did not "fit in well with the view held by most [experts] that the psychoses reflect a diffuse pathology of the cerebral cortex and [ran counter to] the conception of the psyche as a unitary entity".  Burckhardt wrote in 1891 that "Doctors are different by nature. One kind adheres to the old principle: first, do no harm (primum non nocere); the other one says: it is better to do something than do nothing (melius anceps remedium quam nullum). I certainly belong to the second category". The French psychiatrist Armand Semelaigne responded that "an absence of treatment was better than a bad treatment". After the publication of his impressive 81 page monograph on the subject in 1891, Burckhardt ended his research and practice of psychosurgery due to the ridicule he received from his colleagues over the methods he had employed.  Commenting on his monograph in 1891 the British psychiatrist William Ireland concluded: Dr. Burckhardt has a firm faith in the view that the mind is made up of a number of faculties, holding their seats in distinct portions of the brain. Where excess or irregularity of function occurs he seeks to check it by ablation of a portion of the irritated centres. He defends himself from the criticisms which are sure to be directed against his bold treatment by showing the desperate character of the prognosis of the patients upon whom the operations were performed...  Ireland doubted that any English psychiatrist would have the "hardihood" to follow the path taken by Burckhardt.

Later career and death, 1891–1907.

Following the death of his wife and one of his sons, Burckhardt left his position at the Préfargier in 1896 and returned to Basel with the intention of setting up a sanatorium. This plan came to fruition in 1900 when the Sonnenhalde Clinic was opened in Riehen near Basel. Burckhardt served as the clinic's medical director from 1900 until 1904 and he remained a physician at the facility until his death from pneumonia on 6 February 1907. He was a marginal figure within the professional community of his psychiatric peers, attending few medical symposia and conferences in his discipline. However, he is often seen as a precursor to the Portuguese neurologist, Egas Moniz, who performed the first leucotomy, later known as lobotomy, in 1936.

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (24 December 1836 – 6 February 1907) was a Swiss psychiatrist and the medical director of a small mental hospital in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. He is commonly regarded as having performed the first modern psychosurgical operation. Born in Basel, Switzerland, he trained as doctor at the Universities of Basel, Göttingen and Berlin, receiving his medical doctorate in 1860. In the same year he took up a teaching post in the University of Basel and established a private practice in his hometown. He married in 1863 but the following year he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and gave up his practice and relocated to a region south of the Pyrenees in search of a cure. By 1866 he had made a full recovery and returned to Basel with the intention of devoting himself to the study of nervous diseases and their treatment. In 1875, he attained a post at the Waldau University Psychiatric Clinic in Bern and from 1876 he lectured on mental diseases at the University of Bern. Beginning in this period, he published widely on his psychiatric and neurological research findings in the medical press developing the thesis that mental illnesses had their origins in specific regions of the brain.


Location, source and tributaries.

The main source of the Mardyke is in Holden's Wood between Great Warley and Little Warley. It flows roughly from the source to the Tideway of the Thames at Purfleet, close to the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. There are two tributaries flowing south from Thorndon Country Park, in the grounds of Thorndon Hall. One of these flows south from Old Hall Pond. The pond has a sluice gate that could be opened to allow the water to flow over an artificial waterfall – the sort of water feature popular with landscape gardeners such as Lancelot "Capability" Brown who landscaped the grounds of Thorndon Hall in the 18th century, although the pond itself dates from the 13th century. Another tributary flows west from Dunton Plotlands section of the Langdon Nature Reserve in Langdon Hills and another flows east from Upminster.

Name.

The name means "boundary ditch". It is mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon charter dated 1062 (S 1036) as part of the boundary for Upminster, although this charter is probably a post-conquest forgery. It has also been called "the Flete" (flete is derived from "flēot", an Old English word for "small estuary") and more simply "the brook". One of the Mardyke's tributaries flows from Childerditch. This name appears as "celta" in a 7th-century charter (S 1246). Celta may be the pre-Saxon name for the ditch which flows into the Mardyke and may also be an early name for the Mardyke itself. For most of its course, the river acts as a parish boundary and in part, the river forms the boundary between the Essex hundreds of Barstable and Chafford.

History.

Between Stifford and the Rainham marshes where the Mardyke enters the Thames, the river flows through a relatively steep sided valley formed by an earlier position of the Thames. There is ancient woodland on the valley slopes and the land close to the river was used for grazing. Pollen evidence from the Mardyke valley shows that there was woodland regeneration at the end of the Roman period and into the early Anglo-Saxon period.  There is a substantial bridge over the Mardyke at Stifford. A medieval stone bridge was built in 1487, although this has subsequently been replaced more than once. Various archaeological objects have been found in the Mardyke close to Stifford Bridge. These include a hammerstone, a small sword and a Pilgrim badge.  There was a water mill on the Mardyke at Purfleet in the 14th century, that was owned by the Knights Templar. From about 1760, sluice gates protected the lowlying land through which the Mardyke flows from the tidal and saline Thames.  The Mardyke was an important communication corridor connecting the River Thames to the inland fen landscape to the northeast. In the 19th century and earlier, the Mardyke was navigable to Bulphan. Using a network of drainage ditches, manure from London was brought to local farms and agricultural produce taken to market. In the 18th century, when the river was still tidal, it may have been navigable as far as Orsett Hall at high tide.  During the first world war, a PoW camp was sited close to where the Mardyke enters the Thames.

Recreation and wildlife.

The river gives its name to the Mardyke Valley—a project aimed at increasing the appreciation and usage of recreational land around the Mardyke—which is a part of the Thames Chase Community Forest. The project includes a seven-mile riverside walk known as the Mardyke Way, running from Ship Lane, Aveley to Orsett Fen. In 2005, the project received a grant of over £600,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). The Mardyke Way passes through Davy Down, a riverside park between Lakeside Shopping Centre and South Ockendon that was opened in 1993. The park includes the Victorian Stifford viaduct and the pumping station which is open to the public on Thursday afternoons and at other times when the warden is present. The flow of the Mardyke is very sluggish at this point, allowing the growth of bur reed and common reed. The river itself has been designated a wild life corridor, allowing flora and fauna to move from one site to another.  To the north of the Mardyke Way close to Stifford, the river also gives its name to Mardyke Woods, although these are actually a combination of three ancient woods—Brannet's Wood, Millard's Wood and Low Well Wood.  To the north of the river at Stifford is the Mardyke Valley Golf Club, an 18-hole (par 70) course set in the grounds of Ford Place and opened in 2002.  In 2010, Andrew Mackinlay MP opened a new bridge over the Mardyke at Purfleet. This bridge – named the Veolia Mardyke Bridge – links Purfleet to the Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve.

The Mardyke (sometimes, but less frequently, Mar Dyke, occasionally Mardike) is a small river, mainly in Thurrock, that flows into the River Thames at Purfleet, close to the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. In part, it forms the boundary between the Essex hundreds of Barstable and Chafford. The river gives its name to the Mardyke Valley—a project aimed at increasing appreciation and usage of recreational land around the Mardyke.


Tenth Annual Industries.

Tenth Annual Industries was a former name of the company until 1998. It produced commercials, an MTV animated series "Beavis and Butt-Head" and music videos (including Michael Jackson's "Leave Me Alone", Peter Gabriel's "Digging in the Dirt", Cher's "I Got You Babe" (with Beavis and Butt-Head), Tom Petty's "Runnin' Down a Dream", U2's "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" and Red Hot Chili Peppers' "Love Rollercoaster").

Television.

Mondo Media has produced animation for Fusion, MTV and Adult Swim.  The "Happy Tree Friends" television series was the company's first full-length television production. It premiered in the United States on September 25, 2006 on G4 and ran for only one season of 13 episodes.  In 2013, Canadian channel Bite teamed up with Mondo Media and YouTube to create "Bite on Mondo", a program in which content creators pitched ideas for new shows. The pitches are funded through Mondo and use YouTube's popularity to decide whether or not they will be picked up. The winning pitches were broadcast on Bite on August 29, 2014. In October 2014, parent company Blue Ant Media, Mondo Media, and Corus Entertainment announced that Teletoon would air a new series featuring shorts from the program. It was expected to premiere in 2016 on Teletoon at Night, but instead premiered on September 4, 2015 as "Night Sweats" on Adult Swim Canada.  In 2015, Mondo Media produced the animated sketch comedy series "Like, Share, Die" on Fusion. Each 15-minute episode of the series consists of several short segments and episodes of Mondo-produced web series.  In May 2019, El Rey Network began airing an anthology of Mondo series called the "Mondo Animation Hour".

Mondo Media is an American company that produces animation targeted at teens and young adults. The company was founded in 1988 in San Francisco, California. The company produces ad-supported, internet-based animated segments called "Mondo Mini Shows".


Club career.

Born in Hamburg, Katrín made her club debut for KR of the Úrvalsdeild kvenna when she was 14 years old. She represented KR in the inaugural season of the UEFA Women's Cup in 2001–02.  Katrín attended the University of California, Berkeley in the United States and played for their women's soccer team from 2008 until 2010. She was signed by Kristianstads DFF of the Damallsvenskan for the summer of 2010. In 2011, she returned to California to play for new Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) franchise Orange County Waves. She scored six goals in nine regular season appearances as the team won the 2011 WPSL Championship.  In January 2012 Katrín agreed to join Philadelphia Independence of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), but the league folded before the season started. Instead she returned to Kristianstads and played out the 2012 Damallsvenskan season, scoring four goals in 21 appearances.  In January 2013 Katrín signed for Liverpool Ladies, who had finished bottom of the FA WSL in 2011 and 2012 but were investing heavily in improving their team. She scored the second goal as Liverpool beat Bristol Academy 2–0 on the final day to secure the league title. Liverpool retained their league title in 2014 but fared poorly in 2015, finishing seventh of eight teams. Katrín was among four players to be released by the club at the end of the season.  On New Year's Eve 2015 Katrín joined Doncaster Rovers Belles, alongside veteran Liverpool teammate Becky Easton. Doncaster were relegated after only winning one game all season, secured by Katrín's winning goal against Reading F.C. Women. She left the club at the expiry of her one-year contract, and promptly re-joined KR.

International career.

Katrín made her senior debut for Iceland in August 2006, a 1–0 home defeat to Sweden in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifiers.  At UEFA Women's Euro 2009, Katrín played in two of the three group matches as Iceland were eliminated in the first round. National team coach Siggi Eyjólfsson also selected Katrín in his Iceland squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013.

Katrín Ómarsdóttir (born 27 June 1987) is an Icelandic football midfielder who plays for KR. Before spending four seasons in the English FA WSL with Liverpool and Doncaster Rovers Belles from 2013, she had played professional football in Sweden and the United States. Katrín has over 60 caps for Iceland's national team and represented her country at the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship.