History.

The Durant area was once claimed by both Spain and France before officially becoming part of the United States after the Louisiana Purchase and Adams–Onís Treaty. During the 1820s and 1830s the area was designated as part of the Choctaw Nation in the southern Indian Territory. During the Indian removals the Choctaws followed the Choctaw Trail of Tears from their ancestral homeland in Mississippi and Alabama into this area. The Choctaw Nation originally extended from the Mexican border in the west (now part of the Texas panhandle) to the Arkansas Territory in the east, from the Red River in the south to the South Canadian River in the north. In 1855, the Choctaw and Chickasaws formally divided their land into two separate nations, with Durant remaining in Choctaw territory on the east. Chickasaw land extended west to the boundary that would divide Indian Territory from Oklahoma Territory after passage of the Oklahoma Organic Act in 1890.  Pierre Durant and his four sons, all of French-Choctaw origin, made the journey up the Trail of Tears on the way to the southeastern part of the Choctaw Nation in 1832. The brothers, grown, with families of their own, established homesteads from the Arkansas line to Durant. One son, Fisher, married to a full-blood Choctaw, found a beautiful location for a home between Durant's present Eighth and Ninth avenues. At the time of Durant's founding it was located in Blue County, a part of the Moshulatubbee District of the Choctaw Nation.  Fisher Durant's son Dixon Durant is recognized as the founder of Durant and is honored as its namesake. A minister, businessman and civic leader, Dixon Durant is credited with pastorates in local Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist churches. He established the first store selling general merchandise in 1873, around the time of the 1872 creation of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad (Katy Railroad) siding at Durant, which was the initial impetus for establishing the community.  The Missouri-Kansas and Texas Railway (also known as the MKT or "Katy") had already laid a line through the area that would become Durant by November 1882. A wheelless boxcar was parked on the siding there and named "Durant Station". Dixon Durant erected the first building, adjacent to the boxcar, where he opened a general store in 1873. The first post office, also named as Durant Station, Indian Territory, opened February 20, 1879, but closed on July 11, 1881. A.E. Fulsom was postmaster. The U.S. Postal Service re-established the post office at the site as Durant on March 8, 1882, dropping the word "station" from the name. Beginning in 1882, the area was simply called Durant.  Further growth of the town was inhibited by its proximity to the larger town of Caddo (also on the Katy line) and the fact that Dixon Durant did not want to sell more of the land he had inherited to non-Indians. The St. Louis and San Francisco Railway (also known as "SL & SF" or "Frisco") had intended to build an east–west line through Caddo, where it would intersect the Katy. However, the land prices near Caddo had increased rapidly, causing the Frisco to bypass Caddo in favor of Durant.  W.H. Hilton was elected the first mayor of Durant.  A memorable event in Durant's rail history occurred on April 5, 1905. A special southbound Katy train stopped in the city with President Theodore Roosevelt aboard.  In 1895, a fire destroyed the original business district, which had spread along the Katy tracks.  Calvin Institute was opened in 1894, representing the first institute of higher education in the immediate area, which was an outgrowth of Presbyterian mission work among the Choctaw Indian nation. Its success led it being reopened as a larger school, Durant Presbyterian College in 1901, later renamed as Oklahoma Presbyterian College. After statehood became effective on November 16, 1907, the state legislature created the Southeastern State Normal School at Durant, which opened March 6, 1909. This school was renamed Southeastern State Teachers College in 1921, and renamed again in 1974 as the present Southeastern Oklahoma State University.  In 1904, Durant was named in a grand jury instruction as a sundown town where a notice had been posted warning African Americans not to stay after dark.  The Oklahoma Constitutional Convention selected Durant as the county seat for Bryan County, Oklahoma, which would supersede Blue County at statehood. In 1908, a special election ratified this choice over three other candidates for the honor: Bokchito, Blue, and Sterrett (later renamed Calera).  Bryan County was created from Choctaw lands in 1907, the same time as statehood, and was named after William Jennings Bryan. Bryan was nominated three times for President of the United States and at the age of 36 lost to William McKinley. He lost to McKinley again in 1900, and to William H. Taft in 1908. Woodrow Wilson appointed the county's namesake as United States Secretary of State in 1913.  Eleven people were killed in Durant by a tornado in April 1919.  The town's population grew from 2,969 in 1900 to 5,330 in 1910, 12,823 in 1990, and to 13,549 in 2000.  The Durant Downtown Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

Durant is located in southern Oklahoma, in a region named Texoma, or Texomaland, because of its short distance from Lake Texoma. The city is also part of Choctaw Country formerly Kiamichi Country. Its geographic coordinates are (33.999834, −96.384825). It is approximately north of the Texas border at the Red River. Dallas is about south of Durant. The north edge of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, in McKinney, is about to the south.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Durant has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.24%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 15,856 people and 3,651 families residing in the city. The population density was 830 people per square mile (322/km2). There were 7,202 housing units. Nearly three fourths of the city's population (74.7%) self-identified as white, 13.3% self-identified as Native American, and 2.2% self-identified as black or African American. Less than a tenth of the population (7.1%) self-identified as Hispanic or Latino, regardless of race. Individuals of mixed Native American and white heritage accounted for 4.8% of the population. Less than 1% of the population was Asian or Pacific Islander.  Durant's first census was recorded in 1900, and the population was 2,969. The 2000 census reported Durant's population as 13,549.  There were 6,331 households in the city, of which 26% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.3% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.3% were non-families. Individuals living alone accounted for 32.9% of households and 25.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the city, the population was spread out with 22% under the age of 18, 18.6% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.9 years. There were slightly more females (51.4% of the population) than males (48.6%).  The median income for a household in the city was $35,135, and the median income for a family was $41,014. Males working full-time had a median income of $34,040 versus $26,197 for female full-time workers. The per capita income for the city was $18,009. About 21% of families and 28% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35% of those under age 18 and 14% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Durant was ranked as the fastest growing rural city in Oklahoma in 2004, having the fastest growth rate outside of the Oklahoma City and Tulsa metropolitan areas.  Durant's daytime population increases to approximately 20,000 people. The city has a pull factor of 1.8–2.1 times its population and was named an All-American City finalist for 2006.  Since 1999, the Durant Economic Development Department, the Durant Industrial Authority and the City of Durant have developed over $600,000,000 in new investments to the city.  Durant currently leads the state in economic development. One of the city's strongest industries is tourism; attractions include Lake Texoma, the Choctaw Casino Resort, and Fort Washita. Manufacturing and distribution are growing industries in Durant with several factories being constructed and planned.  The largest employer in Durant is the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, including the Choctaw Nation Headquarters and the Choctaw Casino Resort, which has two Choctaw Travel Plazas, two Choctaw casinos, the Choctaw Inn, and more facilities that are located in the resort. Over 5,400 people work for the Choctaw Nation in Durant. Though the capital of the Choctaw Nation is recognized as being Tuskahoma, the administrative offices are located in Durant.  In 1894, Calvin Institute, a school for Native American youths, was established in Durant. By 1899, it had attracted an enrollment of 300. It was renamed Durant Presbyterian College in 1900 and Oklahoma Presbyterian College in 1910. The support for the school came from the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, the federal government, and several denominational missionary boards. Because of financial difficulties, the school was closed as a learning institution in the late 1960s. Chief Clark David Gardner established the Choctaw Nation administrative offices at the old Oklahoma Presbyterian College Building in 1975.  In 1976, in cooperation with the Durant Chamber of Commerce and the owners of the buildings, the Red River Valley Historical Association, title was transferred to the federal government. Ceremonies were held August 17, 1976, commemorating the title transfer. Reacquisition of this building allowed centralization of government which permits more effective utilization of personnel in administering current programs and developing future programs. The buildings has been renovated, and administration of many Choctaw programs are headquartered there.  Another important part of Durant's economy is the city's historic central business district and the retail district. In the past few years, downtown Durant has seen growth, renewal projects such as streetscaping, and new businesses arriving. Durant has a Main Street program. The retail district is west of downtown, at the intersection of U.S. 69/75 and U.S. 70, and is Durant's fastest growing area.  Cardinal Glass Industries has a float glass manufacturing facility in western Durant. It became operational in July 2004. This plant is number 20 for Cardinal Glass Industries.  Big Lots has a. distribution center in Durant that began operating in January 2004.  Durant is home to the headquarters of First United Bank, one of the largest privately owned banks in the United States, and First Texoma National Bank. Indian Nation Wholesale, also headquartered in Durant, was the 15th largest wholesaler in the United States as of 2008.  Wal-Mart opened a supercenter in Durant in 2003, replacing the older, smaller Wal-Mart that had operated since 1986. Smaller grocery stores in Durant include Green Spray, Save-A-Lot, and Pruett's Grocery Store.

Arts and culture.

Durant is home to the annual Magnolia Festival and the Three Valley Museum. The festival is put on by the Durant Chamber of Commerce and Durant Main Street Program the weekend following Memorial Day. It features music, shopping, shows, and two pageants – the Magnolia Pageant and the Choctaw Princess Pageant.  The Oklahoma Legislature proclaimed Durant as the "Magnolia Capital of the World" in 1993. Every year since, the town has celebrated a Magnolia Festival during the weekend following Memorial Day.  Durant has a "World's Largest Peanut" monument, a title it shares with two other monuments in Texas and Ashburn, Georgia. This monument to the peanut growers in Bryan County is located on the front lawn of Durant's city hall. Dedicated in 1973, it includes a time capsule that contains historic and legal documents, which will be unearthed in the year 2023.  The Three Valley Museum houses historical artifacts of Bryan County. Opened in 1976, it is named for a book about Durant, "Queen of the Three Valleys" by Henry McCreary, which references the city's location in the middle of the Red, Blue River, and Washita River valleys. The museum's exhibits include an early law office, doctor's office, child's room, parlor, and general store.  The Oklahoma Shakespearean Festival is housed on the campus of Southeastern Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Shakespearean Festival is one of the top summer theatre festivals in America. It has made Durant and Southeastern Oklahoma State University a destination for tourists, professional and aspiring actors and theatre artisans.

Sports.

Although no major sports team is located in Durant, many sporting opportunities are found in the city, including the Durant Multi-Sports Complex, golf, soccer pitches, and baseball fields.  The Durant Multi-Sports Complex is an athletic facility located 2 mi (3 km) southeast of Durant, on Highway 78. The sports complex, dedicated on November 17, 2006, sits on, with undeveloped. It consists of baseball and softball fields, soccer pitches, and a football stadium/track field. A lake is under construction, and a walking and biking trail is planned to be built around the lake. The cost of the complex was $7 million.

Parks and recreation.

The City of Durant maintains and operates 11 parks totaling more than. They include:  Less than away, Lake Texoma has between 8–10 million visitors every year and is the 12th largest lake in the United States, and also one of the largest reservoirs in the country, contributing to Durant's economic and population growth.

Government.

Durant is governed by a council-manager form of municipal government. The city manager is the administrative leader of the government and is appointed by the city council. The city's ceremonial head is the mayor, who is a voting member of the council with limited administrative power.  The city manager is John Dean. The current mayor is Oden Grube. The city is divided into four wards with a member of the city council from each. There is also an at-large city council member. The current mayor also represents Ward 1.

Education.

Higher education.

Durant is home to Southeastern Oklahoma State University, which has about 5,200 enrolled students. It is the only university in Oklahoma to offer a Master of Science in Aviation and Space. Southeastern Oklahoma State University offers degrees through its Aviation Sciences Institute, the largest aviation program in the state. The main campus in Durant has facilities at the airport to support flight training and facilities on campus to facilitate the management options in business, maintenance, safety, and security. The institute offers the undergraduate management degrees as well as the Master of Science degree in Aerospace Administration & Logistics.  Southeastern Oklahoma State University also offers a doctoral degree, Ed.D., in Applied Educational Studies with the Aviation and Space Science specialization and a Graduate Certificate in Aviation Security.

Career and technical education.

Durant is home to the Kiamichi Technology Center, which has eight other locations in southeastern Oklahoma. Kiamichi is part of the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education.

Elementary and secondary.

The Durant Independent School District is the largest school district in southeastern Oklahoma and serves approximately 3,100 students. The district includes six schools and includes preschool, primary and secondary education.  The region is also home to the Silo School District, which includes three schools and serves approximately 680 students, and to one of two schools in the Rock Creek School District.  The city has a private K-12 school, Victory Life Academy, which has an enrollment of about 250 students.

Media.

Durant is served by a newspaper, "The Durant Democrat", formerly The Durant Daily Democrat, which publishes three days each week, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The Democrat was purchased by Graystone Media Group LLC, a group of local businessmen, in 2018. Graystone Media has also started monthly publications in Kingston, OK and Calera, OK. No television studios are located in the city, but it receives over the air reception from the Sherman-Ada DMA, which happens to have studios in Sherman and Denison, Texas, with branch studios in Ardmore, Oklahoma. The city has an independent cable television and Internet provider called Vyve. On August 26, 2016, Ryan Nazari, an Oklahoma City Thunder fan, created a petition to change the city's name to "Westbrook" because Kevin Durant left the team for the Golden State Warriors that received 1,999 supporters.  The city receives the following stations:  Public-access television cable television stations include:  The city receives the following radio stations:  Durant's KLBC publishes a monthly entertainment guide, "The KLBC Buzz". Available online and the print version is distributed to a six-county region of Texoma.

Infrastructure.

Roads and highways.

US 69/US 75 – A north-south four-lane divided highway and freeway. US 69/75 enters Oklahoma as a freeway from the Dallas area. It then downgrades to a divided four-lane highway just north of Colbert. The highway then enters Durant from the south. After its at-grade intersection with Choctaw Road, it again upgrades to a freeway, passing through western and northern Durant, and again downgrades to a four-lane divided highway at the Bryan-Atoka County line.  US 70 – An east–west route. Highway 70 enters Durant from the east as a two-lane highway as Mulberry Street, crossing a Union Pacific railroad via a bridge. It then heads southward toward downtown on First Avenue as a 3-lane, concurrent with SH 78 and Business Routes 69/75. Downtown it has an intersection with Main Street, then continues its route westward on West Main Street concurrent with Business Routes 69/75. Just west of downtown it turns into a three-lane street, and after its intersection with 9th Avenue it converts into a 5-lane street. At Washington Avenue it downgrades to a two-lane again while it travels through West End Heights, a historic and upscale neighborhood. At 21st Avenue it turns into a divided four-lane highway in the Retail District, intersecting with 69/75 as a parclo interchange. Highway 70 continues westward toward Mead and Lake Texoma as a 5-lane highway.  SH 78 – A north–south route. SH 78 enters Durant from the south as Southeast 3rd Avenue and as a two-lane. It comes to an intersection with East Main Street and turns westward toward downtown continuing its route. At the intersection of Main and First Avenue, the highway turns northward onto First Avenue as a 3-lane street, concurrent with Highway 70 and Business Routes 69/75. It continues northward to University Boulevard and turns into a two-lane highway. Just before its intersection with 69/75 (via ramps), SH 78 turns into a divided four-lane highway for a short time and then turns into a two-lane highway again, exiting the city.  In a 2006 study by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, an average of about 19,100 vehicles pass Durant's Main Street on U.S. 69/75 every day. Approximately 19,000 vehicles pass under 69/75 on Main Street daily.  The major streets are First Avenue, Southeast 3rd Avenue, South 9th Avenue, Washington Avenue, Radio Road, University Place, 49th Avenue, Choctaw Road, Rodeo Road, West Main Street, East Main Street, University Boulevard, Chuckwa Street, Gail Farrell Drive, and Mockingbird Lane.  There are four exits in Durant from U.S. 69/75, at First Avenue, Washington Avenue, University/Chuckwa (the exit off northbound 69/75 is the only one complete), and Main Street. There are also traffic lights at the intersection of U.S. 69/75 and Choctaw Road south of Durant, where the Choctaw Casino Resort is located.

Airports.

Durant Regional Airport – Eaker Field, the city's airport, and home to Southeastern Oklahoma State University's Aviation Sciences Institute, was a U.S. Navy auxiliary airfield during World War II. It is named after U.S. Army Air Force General Ira C. Eaker, early commander of the legendary Eighth Air Force in wartime England, who graduated from the university (then known as Southeastern State Teacher's College) in 1917.  The closest international airports to Durant are Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City.

Rail.

Durant is a major railroad center. The giant Union Pacific Railroad and the short-line Kiamichi Railroad intersect in downtown.

Utilities.

Durant is served by a city-owned water plant and sewage treatment center. Residents receive electricity from OG&E And Southeastern Electric Co-op.

Healthcare.

Durant is served by the AllianceHealth Durant. Built in 1987, the medical center replaced the Bryan Memorial Hospital.  Emergency Medical Services are provided by Bryan County EMS.

Other distinctions.

Durant has had the honor to be recognized on a national scale on various occasions, regarding famous visitations or other attention. An example of this is as follows:

Durant is a city in Bryan County, Oklahoma, United States and serves as the capital city and headquarters of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. The population was 15,856 at the 2010 census. Durant is the principal city of the Durant Micropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of 42,416 in 2010. Durant ranks as the second largest city within the Choctaw Nation, following McAlester, and ahead of Poteau. Durant is also part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Combined Statistical Area, anchoring the northern edge.


Amateur and college career.

Bouton was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Gertrude (Vischer) and George Hempstead Bouton, an executive. He grew up as a fan of the New York Giants in Rochelle Park, New Jersey, where he lived until the age of 13. He lived with his family in Ridgewood, New Jersey until he was 15, when his family relocated to Homewood, Illinois. Bouton enrolled at Bloom High School, where he played for the school's baseball team. Bouton was nicknamed "Warm-Up Bouton" because he never got to play in a game, serving much of his time as a benchwarmer. Bloom's star pitcher at that time was Jerry Colangelo, who later would become owner of the Arizona Diamondbacks and Phoenix Suns. In summer leagues, Bouton did not throw particularly hard, but he got batters out by mixing conventional pitches with the knuckleball that he had experimented with since childhood.  Bouton attended Western Michigan University, and pitched for the Western Michigan Broncos baseball team. He earned a scholarship for his second year. That summer, he played amateur baseball, catching the attention of scouts. Yankees scout Art Stewart signed Bouton for $30,000.

Professional career.

Bouton signed with the Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1959. After playing in minor league baseball, Bouton started his major league career in 1962 with the Yankees, where his tenacity earned him the nickname "Bulldog." By this time, he had developed a formidable fastball. He also came to be known for his cap flying off his head at the completion of his delivery to the plate, as well as for his uniform number 56, a number usually assigned in spring training to players designated for the minor leagues. (Bouton later explained that he had been assigned the number in 1962 when he was promoted to the Yankees, and wanted to keep it as a reminder of how close he had come to not making the ball club. He wore number 56 throughout most of his major league career.)  Bouton appeared in 36 games during the 1962 season, including 16 starts, and had a win-loss record of 7–7. He did not play in the Yankees' 1962 World Series victory over the San Francisco Giants, although he had originally been slated to start Game 7. When the game was postponed a day because of rain, Ralph Terry pitched instead. Bouton went 21–7 and 18–13 in the next two seasons, and appeared in the 1963 All-Star Game.  A memorable duel between Bouton and Don Drysdale of the Los Angeles Dodgers occurred in Game 3 of the 1963 World Series before a crowd of 55,912 at Dodger Stadium. Drysdale pitched a three-hit shutout in a 1–0 victory, Bouton giving up just four hits for the Yankees. The only run scored in the first inning on a walk, wild pitch and single by Tommy Davis that bounced off the pitching mound.  Bouton won both his starts in the 1964 World Series. He beat the St. Louis Cardinals 2–1 with a complete-game six-hitter on October 10 on a walk-off home run by Mickey Mantle, then won again on October 14 at Busch Stadium, 8–3, backed by another Mantle homer and a Joe Pepitone grand slam. He was 2–1 with a 1.48 ERA in World Series play. Bouton's frequent use by the Yankees during these years (he led the league with 37 starts in 1964 in addition to pitching in that year's World Series) probably contributed to his subsequent arm troubles. In 1965, an arm injury slowed his fastball and ended his status as a pitching phenomenon. Relegated mostly to bullpen duty, Bouton began to throw the knuckleball again, in an effort to lengthen his career. By 1968, Bouton was a reliever for the minor league Seattle Angels.  In October 1968, Bouton joined a committee of American sportsmen who traveled to the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City, to protest the involvement of apartheid South Africa.  In 1969, the expansion Seattle Pilots signed Bouton and used him almost exclusively out of the bullpen. On May 16, he pitched three innings of hitless, scoreless relief at Fenway Park. The Pilots scored six in the top of the 11th inning to earn him the win, even though other Seattle relievers gave five runs back in the bottom of the 11th. Bouton earned another win in July against the Red Sox with 11⁄3 innings of relief, again not allowing a hit. Over 57 appearances with the Pilots, he compiled a 2-1 record with a 3.91<https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/boutoji01.shtml> ERA.  The Pilots traded him to the Houston Astros in late August, where Bouton had a 4.11<https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/boutoji01.shtml> ERA in 16 appearances.

"Ball Four".

Around 1968, sportswriter Leonard Shecter, who had befriended Bouton during his time with the Yankees, approached him with the idea of writing a season-long diary. Bouton agreed; he had taken some notes during the 1968 season with a similar goal.  The diary that became "Ball Four" chronicled Bouton's experiences the next year with the Pilots. The diary also followed Bouton during his two-week stint with the triple-A Vancouver Mounties in April, and after his trade to the Houston Astros in late August. "Ball Four" was not the first baseball diary (Cincinnati Reds pitcher Jim Brosnan had written two such books), but it became more widely known and discussed than its predecessors.  The book was a frank, insider's look at professional sports teams, covering the off-the-field side of baseball life, including petty jealousies, obscene jokes, drunken tomcatting of the players, and routine drug use, including by Bouton himself. Upon its publication, baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn called "Ball Four" "detrimental to baseball", and tried to force Bouton to sign a statement saying that the book was completely fictional. Bouton, however, refused to deny any of "Ball Four"'s revelations. Some teammates never forgave him for disclosing information given to him in confidence, and naming names. The book made Bouton unpopular with many players, coaches, and officials on other teams as well; he was informally blacklisted from baseball.  Bouton's writings about Mickey Mantle's lifestyle were most notorious, though they comprise few pages of "Ball Four" and much of the material was complimentary. For example, when Bouton got his first win as a Yankee, he describes Mantle laying a "red carpet" of towels leading directly to his locker in his honor.  The controversy enabled Bouton to write a sequel, "I'm Glad You Didn't Take It Personally", in which he discussed both the controversies and reactions to "Ball Four" and the end of his original pitching career and his transition to becoming a New York sportscaster.

Retirement.

Bouton retired midway through the 1970 season, shortly after the Astros sent him down to the minor leagues. After a handful of unsatisfactory appearances, Bouton left baseball to become a local sports anchor for New York station WABC-TV, as part of "Eyewitness News"; he later held the same job for WCBS-TV. Bouton also became an actor, playing the part of Terry Lennox in Robert Altman's "The Long Goodbye" (1973), plus the lead role of Jim Barton in the 1976 CBS television series "Ball Four", which was loosely adapted from the book and was canceled after five episodes. Decades later, Bouton would also have a brief one-line cameo as a pitching coach in the James L. Brooks film "How Do You Know".  By the mid-1970s, a cult audience saw the book "Ball Four" as a candid and comic portrayal of the ups and downs of baseball life. Bouton went on the college lecture circuit, delivering humorous talks on his experiences. He authored a sequel, "I'm Glad You Didn't Take It Personally", and later updated the original book with a new extended postscript that provided a ten-year update, dubbed "Ball Five".

Return.

Bouton launched his comeback bid with the Portland Mavericks of the Class A Northwest League in 1975, compiling a 5–1 record. He skipped the 1976 season to work on the TV series, but he returned to the diamond in 1977 when Bill Veeck signed him to a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. Bouton was winless for a White Sox farm club; a stint in the Mexican League and a return to Portland followed.  In 1978, Ted Turner signed Bouton to a contract with the Atlanta Braves. After a successful season with the Savannah Braves of the Class AA Southern League, he was called up to join Atlanta's rotation in September, and compiled a 1–3 record in five starts. His winding return to the majors was chronicled in a book by sportswriter Terry Pluto, "The Greatest Summer." Bouton also detailed his comeback in a 10th anniversary re-release of his first book, titled "Ball Four Plus Ball Five", as well as adding a "Ball Six", updating the stories of the players in "Ball Four", for the 20th anniversary edition. All were included (in 2000) as "Ball Four: The Final Pitch", along with a new coda that detailed the death of his daughter and his reconciliation with the Yankees.  After his return to the majors, Bouton continued to pitch at the semi-pro level for a Bergen County, New Jersey team called the Emerson-Westwood Merchants, among other teams in the Metropolitan Baseball League in northern New Jersey, while living in Teaneck, New Jersey.  Once his baseball career ended a second time, Bouton became one of the inventors of "Big League Chew", a shredded bubblegum designed to resemble chewing tobacco and sold in a tobacco-like pouch. He also co-authored "Strike Zone" (a baseball novel) and edited an anthology about managers, entitled "I Managed Good, But Boy Did They Play Bad". His most recent book is "Foul Ball" (published 2003), a non-fiction account of his unsuccessful attempt to save Wahconah Park, a historic minor league baseball stadium in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.  Although Bouton had never been officially declared "persona non grata" by the Yankees or any other team as a result of "Ball Four"'s revelations, he was excluded from most baseball-related functions, including Old-Timers' Games. It was rumored that Mickey Mantle himself had told the Yankees that he would never attend an Old-Timers' Game to which Bouton was invited. Later, Mantle denied this charge during an answering-machine message to Bouton after Mantle's son Billy had died of cancer in 1994 – Mantle was acknowledging a condolence card Bouton had sent.  In June 1998, Bouton's oldest son Michael wrote an open letter to the Yankees which was published in "The New York Times", in which Michael described the agony of his father following the August 1997 death of Michael's sister Laurie at age 31. By juxtaposing the story of Yogi Berra's self-imposed exile with that of his father's "de facto" banishment, Michael created a scenario where not only were the Yankees placed under public pressure to invite his father back, but the article paved the road to reconciliation between Yankees owner George Steinbrenner and Berra.  In July 1998, Bouton, sporting his familiar number 56, received a standing ovation when he took the mound at Yankee Stadium.  Bouton was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2001.

Personal life.

Bouton and his first wife Bobbie had two children together, Michael and Laurie, and adopted a Korean orphan, Kyong Jo. Kyong Jo later changed his name to David. Bobbie and Bouton divorced in 1981. In 1983, Bouton's ex-wife teamed up with Nancy Marshall, the former wife of pitcher Mike Marshall, to write a tell-all book called "Home Games." In response to the book's publication, Bouton commented:  We all have the right to write about our lives, and she does, too. If the book is insightful, if it helps people, I may be applauding it. I'm sure most of the things she says are true. I smoked grass, I ran around, I found excuses to stay on the road. It got so bad that I smoked grass to numb myself. It took me a year to where my brain worked again. I no longer think of grass as harmless. We were in the death throes of a marriage. She should ask herself how did she not see these things.  In 1997, Laurie was killed in a car accident at age 31. Bouton later married Paula Kurman. They had six grandchildren.  In 2012, Bouton had a stroke that did not impair him physically but damaged his memory and speaking.  Bouton promoted the Vintage Base Ball Federation to form vintage clubs and leagues internationally, to codify the rules and equipment of its 19th-century origins, and to organize competitions.  Bouton was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention for George McGovern.  Bouton died at home on July 10, 2019, after weeks of hospice care for cerebral amyloid angiopathy, at age 80.

James Alan Bouton (; March 8, 1939 – July 10, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. Bouton played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a pitcher for the New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Houston Astros, and Atlanta Braves between 1962 and 1978. He was also a best-selling author, actor, activist, sportscaster and one of the creators of Big League Chew.


Club career.

Liverpool.

Born in Pontedeume, Galicia, Barragán signed for Liverpool in July 2005, as an 18-year-old who had yet to appear for Sevilla FC's first team.  He would, however, spend the 2005–06 season with the club's reserves, managing one appearance for the first team, as a substitute for fellow Spaniard Fernando Morientes in the first leg of the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League against PFC CSKA Sofia. In doing so, he became the youngest foreigner to play for the "Reds".

Deportivo.

On 4 August 2006, Barragán signed a five-year contract with La Liga club Deportivo de La Coruña, in an operation that cost €1 million. His time at his new team began well, as he was in the starting eleven for the first eight matches and scored against Real Sociedad in a 2–0 home win, subsequently alternating in the right-back position with Manuel Pablo until he fractured his knee in April 2008, being out of action for the rest of the campaign and not featuring at all in 2008–09.  In 2008, Deportivo released Barragán from his contract without his consent. He successfully sued the club for an indemnity of €400.000, even though it later decided to reverse its previous decision and restore him to the squad.

Valladolid.

In early June 2009, Barragán moved to Real Valladolid, on a three-year link. He played one season apiece in each of the two major levels of Spanish football, appearing in 17 league games in 2009–10 (14 starts) as the campaign ended in relegation.

Valencia.

On 30 August 2011, Valladolid announced that Barragán would be leaving for Valencia CF in a deal worth €1.5 million. During his first season, all three right-backs – himself, Bruno and Miguel– appeared in roughly the same number of games as the "Che" finished third and once again qualified to the Champions League.  Barragán scored his first competitive goal for Valencia on 13 March 2014, his team's first in a 3–0 away win against PFC Ludogorets Razgrad in the campaign's UEFA Europa League. He continued battling for first-choice status with another Portuguese, João Pereira.  On 5 January 2015, Barragán netted his first league goal for the side, equalising in an eventual 2–1 home win over Real Madrid which ended the visitors' club record 22-match unbeaten run.

Middlesbrough.

Barragán returned to England after ten years on 15 July 2016, agreeing to a three-year deal with Middlesbrough. He made his Premier League debut on 13 August, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against Stoke City.

Betis.

On 6 July 2017, Barragán returned to Spain and its first division after agreeing to a one-year loan deal with Real Betis. Roughly one year later, the move was made permanent.

International career.

Barragán was part of the Spain under-19 team that emerged victorious at the 2006 UEFA European Championship in Poland. Just a few months later, following solid performances with Deportivo and former Sevilla teammate Antonio Puerta's call-up to the senior side, he was promoted to the under-21s.  In December 2006, Barragán appeared for the Galicia unofficial team in a friendly match against Ecuador.

Antonio Juan Barragán Fernández (born 12 June 1987) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Real Betis as a right back.


Construction and development.

The show was first announced as part of the Disney California Adventure Park expansion in the fall of 2007, originally known as Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color. Construction for the water show began with the draining of the lagoon on November 3, 2008. Construction on the platform began on January 5, 2009. The water was refilled in Paradise Bay in November 2009. Testing began during and after park hours in January 2010. A 25-minute video of sequences from the show was posted on YouTube by a hotel guest staying at Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel, on April 7, 2010. The first public performance was held on June 5, 2010 for the creators of the show and guests. In the week leading up to June 11, private viewings for cast members, contest winners, and a celebrity-filled World Premiere took place.

Show elements.

The show uses nearly 1,200 fountains that can shoot water up to in the air. Each fountain is equipped with an LED ring. Other water features include a -long mist screen on which images are projected (similar but smaller screens are used in "Fantasmic!" at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida). Isopar instruments are capable of shooting flames up to in the air. Fog and lasers are used. Projection domes emerge from the water atop telescopic masts and feature lighting effects and video projected onto the inside surface of the domes, and laser and video projections are made onto the sun icon behind Incredicoaster’s vertical loop. A 65' tall telescopic mast was installed in the lagoon to create Chernabog of "Fantasia", but the tower was never used in the show and was eventually removed. The LED lights on Pixar Pal-A-Round, as well as LED lights installed on Incredicoaster, are synchronized to the show.  Light trees rise from boxes bordering Pixar Pier. The light trees bordering the viewing area and the bay include speakers, bubble machines, infrared transmitters and a handful of VariLite lighting fixtures. On either side of the bay, there is an additional light tree with five Syncrolite fixtures. The viewing area, known as Paradise Lagoon Amphitheater, is situated along the northern shore of Paradise Bay, and can hold up to 4,000 spectators at full capacity. It is multi-tiered, similar to the viewing area for "Fantasmic" at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It features trellises, flowers, and an interactive play fountain during the day. Hidden fountains located in the flower beds in the viewing area are incorporated into show. When World of Color Celebrate was being programmed, a large scrim shaped like Mickeys head was added to be raised to cover the face on Pixar Pal-A-Round giving the show another projection surface. On nights where winds are too strong, the scrim is not pulled up and some projections seen on the Fun Wheel head show up on Screamin's loop area instead. The fountains on the flower beds in the viewing area were replaced by smoke shooters and additional shooters were placed on the edge of the viewing area on the water. Each shooter has its own LED light ring, similar to the fountains.  From the show's conception, all versions have presented footage from the Walt Disney Studios library, including films from Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar Animation Studios, Walt Disney Pictures, Marvel Studios, and Lucasfilm.

Synopsis.

"World of Color".

Special animation sequences were created using paper animation by paper artist Megan Brain, who created many characters for the show. Mark Hammond and Dave Hamilton arranged the music, which was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and The Nashville Choir.  The show begins with Dick Wesson's original introduction to "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color". A quote from Walt Disney appears on the center mist screen; "Every child is blessed with a vivid imagination", and the theme song transforms into the reworked version for "World of Color". As the introduction concludes, a projection of Ariel before a sunset, stretches across the mist screens. The show enters "The Little Mermaid" portion, with Ariel and Sebastian singing "Part of Your World" and "Under the Sea", respectively. On the last note of "Under the Sea", Crush and Squirt from "Finding Nemo" are seen traveling on the East Australian Current, as the water fountains begin to portray the characteristics of rough surf. As the final breaking wave clears, the scene with Marlin and Dory encountering the blue whale from the film plays out. As the duo attempt to escape, the scene transitions into the "Pines of Rome" segment from "Fantasia 2000". The bay gradually transforms into an outer space environment as Eve and WALL-E from "WALL-E" appear and re-enact their "Define Dancing" scene. WALL-E, equipped with a fire extinguisher, sprays it throughout the lagoon, forming small clouds as a result. The clouds eventually re-create Andy's room from "Toy Story", with Sheriff Woody and Buzz Lightyear appearing shortly thereafter on Andy's bed. Woody rebuffs Buzz's ability to fly, thus Buzz attempts to disprove him and Andy's room is suddenly changed into a battle between Buzz and Emperor Zurg from "Toy Story 2".  As the bay clears, Carl Fredrickson's house from "Up" briefly makes an appearance before the setting transitions into "Aladdin". With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform "A Whole New World" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing "Friend Like Me". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from "Fantasia 2000" transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing "Just Around the Riverbend". The "Pocahontas" segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to "Farewell" from "Pocahontas".  After a brief pause, Heimlich from "A Bug's Life" arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm scene from "The Old Mill", accompanied by an unsettling instrumental version of "Little April Showers" from "Bambi". As the storm dissipates, Jack Sparrow from "Pirates of the Caribbean" emerges from the shadows and "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)" is faintly heard. Suddenly, the bay turns blood-red as fountains and flames of fire are orchestrated in tandem with "He's a Pirate". Battle scenes from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series are projected onto the mist screens before transcending into a sequence dominated by jets of fire. Once the "Pirates of the Caribbean" act concludes, the atmosphere of the show's narrative darkens and Mufasa's death scene from "The Lion King" unfolds erratically on the bay.  After a brief moment of silence, the show enters its climax. "So Close" from "Enchanted" plays as touching scenes from Disney's animated films (including "The Lion King", "Bambi", "Dumbo", "Tangled", "Lady and the Tramp", "The Princess and the Frog" and "Beauty and the Beast") are projected. The transformation scene from "Beauty and the Beast" takes place, being followed by other famous moments from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "Sleeping Beauty", "The Princess and the Frog" and "Cinderella". Immediately following "Cinderella", the fountains and lighting turn white and the lagoon fades into darkness. The fountains then slowly begin to regain momentum as they swirl around the lagoon, until Tinker Bell appears to enchant the bay, which suddenly blossoms into a myriad of colors. Entering the show's finale, a reprisal of "The Wonderful World of Color" is heard as the bay becomes host to a kaleidoscopic montage of films, some of which were earlier components of the show (including "Alice in Wonderland", "The Little Mermaid", "Finding Nemo", "WALL-E", "Toy Story", "Aladdin", "Fantasia 2000", "Pocahontas", "The Old Mill", "Pirates of the Caribbean", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "The Lion King", "Lilo & Stitch" and "The Princess and the Frog"). Mickey Mouse then appears in his iconic "Sorcerer's Apprentice" attire from "Fantasia" and the show concludes with a final series of water, fire, laser and light orchestrations.  Notes:

Original planned version.

Early plans also called for a small orange fountain, named Little Squirt, that was meant to embody Walt Disney's artistic and mischievous spirit, and appear throughout the show. Instead, during the post-show, after all the other fountains turn off, the little orange fountain remains on for a couple seconds as it bows to the audience, then disappears.  A video of a run-through of the show leaked onto the Internet on April 7, 2010. There had been a few changes to the show from the synopsis that had been disclosed for Disney fans in September 2009. Sequences featuring "Alice in Wonderland", the Firebird, and Dr. Facilier were missing, the "Pocahontas"/Heimlich/Little April Showers segment was placed after "A Whole New World," and new "Hercules" and "Pirates of the Caribbean" segments had been added. It was also rumored that Disney CEO Robert Iger wanted a more contemporary soundtrack and that the show was being reworked. Many of these changes were confirmed when a second video of a run-through leaked onto the Internet.  Disney launched a website for "World of Color" containing interactive features, pictures of on-site testing, and videos. The theme song to "World of Color" has also been posted on the Disneyland website. Although videos of testing have been leaked online, the site shows both the extensive "Alice in Wonderland" and "The Princess and the Frog" segments of the show that were said to have been cut. The site was launched after leaked videos of testing were posted. Even more edits have been made, including extending "Part of Your World" and "A Whole New World" to include the verses, cutting "Go the Distance" in favor of "Friend Like Me," and the return of "Firebird."  Singer-songwriter Amy Grant was going to provide lead vocals for the show's rendition of "The Wonderful World of Color" but was ultimately replaced in the studio and is not heard in the final version.

Encore scene additions.

On October 29, 2010, previews for an encore scene promoting "" began, using additional projections and effects on the California Screamin' structure along with improved use of Paradise Park and Mickey's Fun Wheel lighting in a reworked trailer sequence. The scene was added to the show on November 1, 2010 and was discontinued in March 2011. On May 20, The "Pirates of the Caribbean" segment was expanded to include scenes from "" and was discontinued on June 15, 2012, the same day that a sequence incorporating "Brave" premiered.  Beginning in 2011 for the Fourth of July season, from July 1 to 4, a special Independence Day preshow was added. The Independence Day preshow utilizes fireworks, which the normal show does not use, such as pyro launches from barges on Pixar Pier, atop of the Toy Story Midway Mania show building, and backstage behind California Screamin'. In addition, the patriotic music for the pre-show borrows selections from "Disney's Celebrate America", the Fourth of July fireworks show that is presented at the adjacent Disneyland Park and Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom park.  On November 11, Disney unveiled a holiday themed intro based on "Prep & Landing" for the 2011 Christmas season, and to commemorate their 1000th show.  On December 3, 2011, Blizzard Entertainment held their annual Christmas party at Disney California Adventure Park and for the event a custom "World of Color" segment was produced featuring characters and game footage from "Diablo III", "", and "World of Warcraft".

"World of Color: Winter Dreams".

From November 15, 2013 to January 6, 2014, a full-length show titled "World of Color: Winter Dreams" debuted. Hosted by Olaf (Josh Gad), the show celebrates the winter season with several holiday-themed segments, featuring scenes from "Frozen", "Toy Story", "Bambi", "Fantasia", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", "Prep and Landing", "Secret of the Wings", "Tangled", "Wreck-It Ralph", "Melody Time", "Lady and the Tramp", "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas", "", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's "Glow", "Carol of the Bells", "Let it Snow", "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year", "I'll Be Home for Christmas", "Believe", "Silent Night", "Thankful", the "Nutcracker Suite", "Jingle Bells", "I Have a Little Dreidel", "Feliz Navidad", "Joy to the World", and "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas", as well as Disney songs, such as "I See the Light", "Let It Go" and "In Summer". The show features vocals by Heather Headley.  In November 2014, "World of Color: Winter Dreams" opened with a different show than its pilot year. The pre-show segment of Glow has been removed; its music plays after the post-show segment as exit music. There is a reorganization of the "Toy Story" version of "The Nutcracker" with one song cut. Overall the show faced major rearrangement, such as additional songs from "Frozen", including "Love Is an Open Door" and "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?". In the "Believe" segment, the old paper animation and guest made greeting cards were replaced with both new and familiar scenes from "Big Hero 6", "Peter Pan", "Alice in Wonderland", "The Princess and the Frog", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "The Little Mermaid", "Cinderella", "Brave", "Beauty and the Beast", "Aladdin" and "Pinocchio". The isopar flames were introduced into this show.  In November 2015, two different "World of Color" shows were presented back-to-back: "Winter Dreams" was followed by "World of Color: Celebrate!". "Love Is an Open Door" from "Frozen" was removed and the additional lights installed for "World of Color – Celebrate!" on California Screamin' were incorporated into "Winter Dreams". The rest of the show is the same as the show from the 2014 holiday season. The scrim made for "World of Color – Celebrate!" to cover Mickey's head on Mickey's Fun Wheel is raised up before "Winter Dreams" but is only used for "Celebrate".

Premiering on May 22, 2015, as part of the Disneyland Resort's 60th Anniversary celebration, the "World of Color" show was changed to "World of Color – Celebrate! The Wonderful World of Walt Disney". Dedicated to Walt Disney's legacy, this special edition of the show is hosted by Neil Patrick Harris and Mickey Mouse (Bret Iwan), and features music and imagery from Disney films and theme parks. Under the direction of Steve Davison, the show took nearly three years to develop. The show was returned to its original format September 6, 2016.  "Celebrate!" contains five sections: The post-show includes a fountain overlay set to Perri's renditions of Bob Dylan's "Forever Young" and Howard Ashman's "Disneyland".

"World of Color—Season of Light ".

In September 2016, Disney announced that "World of Color: Winter Dreams" would be replaced with a brand new holiday show called "World of Color—Season of Light", which will "celebrate the warm and heartfelt spirit of the holidays." and feature Disney moments intertwined with the holidays. This version features holiday songs and incorporates moments from Disney films to illustrate such songs.  The following songs are included in the show with the featured films in parentheses.  The "World of Color: Season of Light" 2017 season and the 2019 season remained the same as of 2016.

"World of Color Hurry Home (Lunar New Year Pre Show)".

On December 13, 2016, Disney announced that from January 20 to February 5th the World of Color will have a Lunar New Year preshow Celebration. The show featured the World of Color stage and a lot of lights on the California Screamin and Mickeys Fun Wheel with some fireworks at the end. This six-minute pre-show called “Hurry Home,” presented in water, animation and special effects on Paradise Bay. This charming story of a Little Lantern on its journey home to join its Lantern family in celebrating Lunar New Year features animated appearances by Mulan and Mushu in “dream sequences” inspired by traditional Chinese paper cut-out style animation and a score highlighted by an original arrangement of the music created for the Grand Opening of Shanghai Disney Resort by Academy Award-winning composer Tan Dun (“Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon”).

"World of Color: Celebrate You! (one-time spectacular)".

On September 15, 2016, Disney hosted a special private event to honor their Disneyland Resort employees and cast members who has served magic in the parks for 10 years - 60 years. This show was a one-time spectacular only made for that special event. The show was held in Paradise Bay at Disney California Adventure in September 15, and Cinderella Castle at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in the following months.  The show featured the World of Color stage itself, and throughout the show also synchronized fireworks to it (fireworks on World of Color are mainly featured only for special events e.g. 4th of July Pre-Shows, New Years, Special Events, Private Events, etc.)  The theme used for the show is: ""Fantasy in the Sky"" thought the show itself has a variety of songs featured in it. After the show included the Diamond Celebration Theme Music "Live the Magic" as the exit music, the ballad version was used for the exit music.

"World of Color: Villainous (Halloween)".

On September 17, 2019, during Oogie Boogie Bash Halloween Party nights, the water show had a makeover with a villain-themed show called "Villainous". The story focused on a young girl named Shelley Marie who has encounters with many Disney villains.

World of Color is a nighttime show at Disney California Adventure, part of the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. Conceived by Vice President of Parades and Spectaculars, Steve Davison, and designed by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, the show has nearly 1,200 musical water fountains and includes lights, fire, lasers, and fog, with high-definition projections on mist screens. The show is inspired by Walt Disney's "Wonderful World of Color" anthology television series, as evidenced by the use of its eponymous theme song written by the Sherman Brothers.


Plot.

Ringo Yukimori was walking with her mom and finds a bookstore selling three fairy tale books, "Snow White", "Cinderella", and "The Tale of Princess Kaguya". Ringo herself finds the books disappearing. The reason why the books are disappearing happens to be is that Fairyland is trouble because the princesses are missing and their respective worlds are disappearing, causing a ripple effect on Earth where their stories are popular. The Queen of Fairyland sends three Ma-Pets, Sei, Dai, and Ryouku with magic gems to give three girls and transform them into the "Princess Idols" who sings songs to collect Happiness Tones. Later that day, Ringo's family was selling Apple pies, Ringo went walking to give apple pies, then she got ran over a flock of people and it brung her to Wish's concert entrances. Ringo meets Leila Takashiro and Natsuki Sasashara at the concert entrances. Finally, the Ma-Pets founded their respective princesses and gave them the Magic gem which became bracelets and transforms the young girls into older female popstars. When they accidentally debuted the concert, the three girls were known as "Lil' Pri". Now, they must use their songs to draw and collect Happiness Tones from humans in order to restore Fairyland.

Characters.

Lil'Pri.

Ringo is a sweet and adventurous girl with a curly and short pink hair with a red headband, red eyes, she wears a white shirt long sleeves with a pink vest with a red bow, a red skirt and a dark yellow boots (in summer she wears a white shirt short sleeves with a red bow, a pink and light pink skirt and a cream and red sandals). She dreams of becoming an idol when she's older. Her parents own a bakery that makes "the best apple pie in the world". She has septuplet younger brothers (each named after the days of the week) who are sometimes referred to as "The Seven Dwarfs". Ringo transforms into Snow White and her symbol is an apple. Her Ma-Pet is Sei, whom she tells her family is a parrot. She wears her pink magical diamond in a dark pink heart bracelet on her left wrist that allows her to transform. Leila is a shy girl with short light yellow hair with a red clips on each side, navy blue eyes, she wears a yellow dress under a light blue sweater with a pink heart with a two white wings, black leggings and a red Mary jeans. (in summer she wear a light blue blouse with a dark blue and white sailor scarf with a yellow button, a yellow shorts and a yellow mary jeans.). She tends to be forgetful and clumsy. Her father is Italian and her mother is Japanese. Leila transforms into Cinderella and is represented by a sparkle/diamond. Her Ma-Pet is Dai, a dormouse often confused as a squirrel because of his bushy tail. She wears her light blue magical diamond in a dark blue heart bracelet on her left wrist. Her dad works for a shoe company. Natsuki is a rich and feisty girl with long violet hair in pigtails with a yellow-green bows, dark green eyes, she wears a lime green and black blouses with bow, a golden yellow belt with a white butterfly, dark purple shorts, long black socks and a yellow and black boots (in summer she wears a lavender blouses with a white frills with an orange butterfly, green overalls and a orange shoes). Her family sells fabric that makes kimonos. She is also very good at sports. She transforms into Kaguya-hime and is represented by a crescent moon. Her Ma-Pet is Ryoku, a small green dragon. She wears her purple magical diamond in a dark purple heart bracelet on her left wrist. Natsuki stays with her grandparents despite her parents being out of town.

Media.

Anime.

Music.

Opening/Ending.

and was used from episodes 1-25.

Video game.

A videogame, based on the anime, was released on 19 August 2010 in Japan, titled "Lilpri DS: Hime-Chan! Apple Pink".

Manga.

Lilpri was adapted into two manga series by Mai Jinna.  Although the first series has the same title, it was first published in February 2009, a year before the anime. The second series, titled "Puriri! Lilpri", was published in 2011.

, also known as, is a Japanese shōjo anime directed by Makoto Moriwaki. It was adapted from the Sega arcade game of the same name. It was also adapted into two manga series by Mai Jinna.


Taxonomy.

The Porcupine caribou, also known as Grant's caribou ("Rangifer tarandus granti"), is a subspecies of the caribou found in Alaska, United States and adjacent parts of Canada. It is sometimes included in the subspecies called the barren-ground caribou ("R. t. groenlandicus"), which it resembles.

Range.

The Porcupine herd range covers migrating annually from the calving grounds and birthing grounds, the Porcupine River after which they are named, to "the river valleys and slopes in the Ogilvie and Richardson Mountains in the Yukon and the southern Brooks Range in Alaska in the winter. The calving area is located on in the Porcupine River coastal region of the Beaufort Sea known as the 1002 area, which is part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The area runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd.  In the spring the pregnant cows move "northeast from the Alaskan winter ranges or north and northwest from the Canadian winter ranges. If snowmelt is early, they will then move westward along the north slope of the Brooks Range into Alaska."

Management.

The Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Canadian wildlife agencies, and local aboriginal peoples cooperatively manage the Porcupine herd. The Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB) advisory board was established under the Porcupine Caribou Management Agreement in 1985, whose members include representatives from the Gwich'in Tribal Council, Na-cho Nyäk Dün, Vuntut Gwitchin, Government of Yukon, Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in, Inuvialuit Game Council, and the Government of Canada. The PCMB publish an annual Porcupine Caribou Harvest Report. In their February 2018 report they recorded that a 2017 photocensus (survey) estimated a mean of 218,457 caribou (95% CI = 202,106 to 234,808) caribou, indicative of an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017, from 169,000 to about 218,000. On July 17, 1987, the United States and the Canadian government signed the "Agreement on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd" a treaty designed to protect the subspecies from damage to its habitat and migration routes. Both the Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park border the ANWR. The treaty required an impact assessment and required that where activity in one country is "likely to cause significant long-term adverse impact on the Porcupine Caribou Herd or its habitat, the other Party will be notified and given an opportunity to consult prior to final decision". This focus on the Porcupine caribou led to the animal becoming a visual rhetoric or symbol of the drilling issue much in the same way the polar bear has become the symbol of global warming.

Potential threats to the Porcupine herd.

Climate change and the increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as unprecedented late slow melting, negatively affect the Porcupine herd. As a result there was "very high early calf mortality." The primary predators for calves are golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves. "Caribou exposed to industrial development shift away from the pipelines and roads." The passage of the provision opening ANWR's 1002 to oil and gas drilling is considered to be a threat. In 2001, some biologists feared development in the Refuge would "push caribou into the foothills, where calves would be more prone to predation." In their 2005 report, Russell and McNeil reiterated concerns that new calving areas would make the herd more vulnerable, as area 1002 provides a much higher quality of diet conditions than the alternatives in Canada.

Indigenous peoples.

The Porcupine caribou are a valued resource as primary sustenance to indigenous peoples in Alaska and northern Canada. Gwichʼin, a First Nations/Alaska Native people traditionally built their communities to align with the caribou's migration patterns. The Inupiat, the Inuvialuit, the Hän and the Northern Tutchone also hunt caribou from this herd on a regular basis.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) covers of the northern Alaskan coast, in northeast Alaska between the Beaufort Sea to the north, Brooks Range to the south and Prudhoe Bay to the west. It is the largest protected wilderness in the United States and was created by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980.

Herd size.

Unlike many other "Rangifer tarandus" subspecies and their ecotypes, the Porcupine herd is stable at relatively high numbers. Some barren-ground caribou herds have "declined more than 90 per cent from historic averages", causing the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), to sound the alarm.  According to an aerial count reported in July 2017, the size of the Porcupine herd had increased to "between 202,000 and 235,000 animals, nearly twice the number of animals recorded at a low point in 2001.  A previous peak population occurred in 1989 with 178,000 animals and was followed by a decline by 2001 to 123,000. A recovery was observed in 2010 with an increase to 169,000 animals.

Ivvavik National Park.

Ivvavik National Park protects a portion of the calving grounds of the Porcupine herd and restricts the number of people who may visit annually. During the calving in May, caribou are at their most vulnerable. Caribou management calls for preservation of calving grounds. Large portions of the calving grounds have been protected in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska, United States and Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in Canada.

Central Arctic caribou herd.

In 2001, proponents of the development of the oil fields at Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk, which would be approximately west of the refuge, argued that the Central Arctic caribou herd had increased its numbers "in spite of several hundred miles of gravel roads and more than a thousand miles of elevated pipe." However, the Central Arctic herd is much smaller than the Porcupine herd and has a range that is much larger.

The Porcupine caribou or Grant's caribou ("Rangifer tarandus granti") is a subspecies of the reindeer (or the caribou in North America) found in Alaska, United States, and adjacent parts of Canada. It resembles the subspecies known as the barren-ground caribou ("R. t. groenlandicus") and is sometimes included in it.


Early career.

Alexander Pozharov was born in the family of a railroad engineer in Voronezh. After two years in high school he was expelled after a conflict with the schoolmaster and had to rely on accidental jobs to make a living. He played as an amateur at a local drama theatre where he was spotted by Alexander Yuzhin. Yuzhin invited Pozharov to Maly Theatre College of Acting in Moscow and granted him a scholarship of 300 roubles annually. Pozharov trained at the College of Acting under Alexander Lensky and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko for two years.  In 1898 Lensky set up his own company of actors at Maly Theatre, inviting Pozharov. Young actor adopted stage name "Ostuzhev" (based on, ), antonymous to his real surname (based on, ). Most common version, later retold by Ostuzhev himself, connects the choice with the director's fear of the public mistaking the actor's real surname with a fire alarm call. Historian Yury Eichenwald proposed a different, perhaps parallel, version, that Lensky chose surname "Ostuzhev" for being opposite to Alexander's hot temper on stage and in real life. In 1901 the media named him the perfect Romeo (his first top billing at Maly), but soon his explosive personality backfired: Ostuzhev physically assaulted another actor and was forced to leave Maly. Ostuzhev joined the private Korsch Theatre company for the 1901–1902 season and was later readmitted to Maly, where he would play for the next five decades.

Voice and deafness.

Young Ostuzhev was admired for his voice. Tommaso Salvini who watched Ostuzhev as Cassio in 1900 rehearsals of "Othello", seriously advised him to pursue a career in bel canto singing. However, Vsevolod Meyerhold argued that Ostuzhev "would have been a better actor had he not had such a beautiful voice" and branded his style "declamatory singsong "a la" Ostuzhev".  In late 1900s Ostuzhev gradually moved from juvenile, romantic parts of his early days to modern drama, particularly exploring mother and son relationships in a duo with Maria Yermolova (Neznamov in "Guilty without Guilt" and Zhadov in "A Profitable Place" by Aleksandr Ostrovsky, Oswald in "Ghosts" by Henrik Ibsen). Ostuzhev's career could have ended there: around 1908 his hearing, damaged by Ménière's disease, declined, and by 1910 the actor was completely deaf. But Ostuzhev defied disability and remained on stage: in August 1909, approaching deafness, he played the tragic part of False Dmitriy I in "False Dmitry and Vasily Shuisky" by Aleksandr Ostrovsky (August 1909); already deaf, he played in the new Maly productions of Shakespeare's comedies – Ferdinand in "The Tempest", Orlando in "Twelfth Night" (1912) and Bassanio in "The Merchant of Venice" (1916)  He designed and followed a rigorous training routine to stay on stage despite the disability; he memorized "all" parts of each play flawlessly before the first rehearsal, to be able to read the lips of his stage partners and even provided them with accidental prompting services, undetected by the audience. He retained full control of his voice and attributed his later acting success to "concentration within himself" imposed by his disability. Off stage, Ostuzhev retreated into his hobby of metalworking; his small apartment contained only a bedroom and a workshop.  Deafness, coupled with Ostuzhev's reputation of a star, was a significant obstacle to directors; from onset of deafness until meeting director Sergey Radlov in 1935 Ostuzhev never felt being directed professionally. Radlov controlled Ostuzhev in writing with long personal letters.

Personal crisis.

Russian Civil War and early 1920s brought forward new names and innovations in theatre; Maly rejected experiment and remained a traditional old-school drama theatre despised by left-wing critics. Ostuzhev experienced a personal and professional crisis; he retired from his earlier shows, believing that he was too old to play young lovers, and could not secure new, more appropriate, parts in the atmosphere of increased theatrical rivalry. He did not make headlines until the 1923 premiere of "Iron Wall" by Runda-Alekseev (as Crown Prince) and the 1925 part of Quasimodo in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". His Mark Antony in "Julius Caesar" and Fiesco in "Fiesco's Conspiracy at Genoa" failed to impress the audience and both shows were soon abandoned.  In 1929 Ostuzhev was billed as Karl Moor in "The Robbers". The play was a success, but spelled a professional catastrophe for Ostuzhev: between "The Robbers" in 1929 and "Othello" in 1935 he got only one part to play, that of Vova in "The Fruits of Enlightenment", "entirely alien to him". By January 1935, when director Sergey Radlov began rehearsing "Othello" at Maly, the audience and fellow actors had nearly written him off but Radlov preferred Ostuzhev to his younger rivals and rediscovered the actor's true capabilities.

Late success.

"Othello" became a late breakthrough for the sixty-year-old actor. "The resonance was unheard of: all Moscow was at the door of the Maly Theatre, the queues formed since dawn." Maly Theatre veterans said that publicity of "Othello" surpassed the fame of best performances by Alexander Yuzhin and Maria Yermolova. During the first night (December 10, 1935) Ostuzhev received thirty-seven curtain calls. A man in the audience responded to Ostuzhev's monologue with a desperate shout: "It wasn't his fault!". By December 21, 1937, Maly Theatre produced a record run of 100 performances, although Ostuzhev himself suffered a heart attack on stage in the summer of 1936 and was incapacitated for several months. Ostuzhev played an Othello "who was meant to inspire love"; he reasoned that "Othello believed that in killing Desdemona he is destroying the source of evil but in the end his suicide is his punishment of the source of evil in himself". His opinion that "jealousy was not the theme of the play" was followed in all but one of the seventy-eight productions of "Othello" in the USSR.  After "Othello Ostuzhev" starred as "The Miserly Knight" in "Little Tragedies" by Alexander Pushkin (1937) and in the title role of "Uriel da Costa" by Karl Gutzkow (1940); the latter became a signature play for Maly.  During World War II Ostuzhev, nearly seventy years old, performed with travelling companies ("brigades") for the front-line troops. "No triumph that I have had playing Othello can compare with the tremendous joy I felt... I felt that the soldiers of my people needed me." He returned to Maly Theatre at the end of the war and continued acting; his last premiere on stage was The Narrator in "War and Peace" while "Othello" and "Uriel da Costa" continued running until his retirement.  According to actress Yelena Gogoleva, Ostuzhev left the theatre in despair when another actor was given the part of Uriel da Costa while Ostuzhev himself was ill. Ostuzhev took the fact that someone else could successfully replace him as a personal insult.

Alexander Alexeyevich Pozharov (; in Voronezh – March 1, 1953 in Moscow), better known by the stage name Alexander Ostuzhev () was a Russian and Soviet drama actor. Ostuzhev became the lead actor of the Maly Theatre company in Moscow in 1898.


Background.

When John Mayall was starting another band after the break-up of the Bluesbreakers in May 1969, he decided to have a band that would play "low volume music" – or music without "heavy lead guitar and drums".

Musicians.

The performers on the album were Mayall on vocals, harmonica, a slide and a Fender Telecaster guitar, a tambourine, and mouth percussion, Jon Mark on acoustic guitar, Steve Thompson on bass, and Johnny Almond on tenor and alto saxophones, flutes, and mouth percussion. All the songs on the album were written or co-written by John Mayall. Thompson co-wrote "California", "Thoughts About Roxanne" and "Don't Waste My Time". Another track, "I'm Gonna Fight For You, J.B.," is a tribute to the American blues guitarist J. B. Lenoir who died in 1967 and who had a deep influence on Mayall (this was Mayall's second such tribute to the musician; "The Death of J.B. Lenoir" appeared on his earlier "Crusade" album). Two concerts took place, on 11 and 12 July. All tracks are from the second gig.

Production.

The album was produced by John Mayall, who also designed the packaging and was the album's art director. The recording engineer was Eddie Kramer, who had engineered Jimi Hendrix and Led Zeppelin, among others.

Reissues.

In 2001, a remastered CD reissue included three additional tracks from the same performance.  Earlier recordings of the same material, live from June 1969 in England, were released in 1999 on the first CD of the two-CD set "The Masters" (the second disc contains mostly interviews). A concert at the Marquee on June 30, 1969, featuring a similar playlist, has been issued. The music from the two CD's of "The Masters" and the performance at the Marquee were released in 2004 as a 2-CD package, "The Turning Point Soundtrack," credited to John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. Portions of these earlier rehearsals and performances had been filmed, and were released as a 25-minute black-and-white 1996 BBC TV documentary "The Turning Point." (They were included, as well, on a 2003 DVD, "Godfather of British Blues/The Turning Point.").

Track listing.

All songs written by John Mayall, except where indicated.

Side two.

Bonus tracks (2001 reissue) Other recordings of the same material:

The Turning Point is a live album by John Mayall, featuring British blues music recorded at a concert at Bill Graham's Fillmore East on 12 July 1969.


History.

The origins of Bonseki are unclear but it is believed Emperor Tenmu, who reigned in the mid-7th Century, made use of Bonseki techniques to describe natural objects and landscapes. It is also believed that a number of gardens in Kyoto were planned and designed with the use of Bonseki as a type of temporary blueprint.  The rhymeprose essay, "Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden", written around 1300 by the Japanese Zen monk Kokan Shiren, outlines the aesthetic principles for bonseki and garden architecture itself. Under the aesthetically minded Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1443–1490), Bonseki became popular among members of the aristocracy. A century later, Sen no Rikyū, the famed master of the tea ceremony, practised Bonseki and one of his students, Hosokawa Sansai, set up a school dedicated to Bonseki with established techniques. The Edo period (1603–1867) saw many Bonseki schools set up as it gained in popularity. Bonseki was particularly popular with many ladies of the Shogunate court in old Tokyo.  With the restoration of Imperial rule, Bonseki declined sharply as more emphasis was placed on modernity and Western culture.

Modern revival.

In recent times, Bonseki has seen some revival as new groups continue to improve upon the Hosokawa techniques, while preserving its traditional elegance. One such group is the Tokyo Kuyo-Kai of the Hosokawa School. The Tokyo Kuyo-Kai is a group of students of the late headmasters of the Hosokawa school.  According to the Tokyo Kuyo-Kai group the object of Bonseki is not in the completion of the scene itself, nor in its preservation. The Tokyo Kuyo-Kai states: "The importance of Bonseki is the peaceful feeling and satisfaction you derive from creating a Bonseki scene and not the result of the work."

Bonseki (, "tray rocks") is the ancient Japanese art of creating miniature landscapes on black trays using white sand, pebbles, and small rocks.


Early years.

Born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Stewart grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, and competed in baseball, hockey, track, and wrestling in high school.

Sports career.

Baseball player, manager, and scout.

In 1913, Stewart became a minor league baseball player with Worcester in the New England League, and in 1917 while with Montreal he was the first International League player to enlist for World War I service, joining the United States Navy. In these pre-war seasons, he primarily played as an outfielder.  After the war, Stewart was signed by the Chicago White Sox in December 1918, but he suffered an arm injury falling down a flight of stairs while working as a census taker in Boston, and was sent to the minor leagues in May 1919. As he was, apparently, on a major league roster yet never appeared in a major league game, Stewart is an example of a "phantom ballplayer."  In the 1920s, Stewart played parts of several seasons in the minor leagues, including three seasons as a pitcher: 1922 in Syracuse, New York, 1927 in Nashua, New Hampshire, and 1928 in Waterbury, Connecticut.  Stewart was also a manager during three seasons: 1927 in Nashua, 1928 in Waterbury, and 1931 in Springfield, Massachusetts. He was also a scout for the Boston Red Sox during 1926–27.  In 1929, he played summer baseball for Falmouth in the Cape Cod Baseball League. A steady pitcher, he was described as "making up for his lack of speed with plenty of control and lots of headwork."

Ice hockey coach and referee.

During baseball offseasons in the 1910s and 1920s, Stewart generally coached Boston-area college and high school hockey teams.  In 1928, Stewart became the NHL's first U.S.-born referee, and served in that capacity until 1941, excepting his two seasons as coach of the Chicago Black Hawks; 1937–38 (when the team won the Stanley Cup) and 1938–39.

Baseball umpire.

In 1930, Stewart became an umpire in the Eastern League, and later officiated in the International League and New York–Pennsylvania League.  Stewart was an umpire in the National League (NL) from 1933 to 1954, and officiated in four World Series (1937, 1943, 1948, 1953) and four All-Star Games (1936, 1940, 1948, 1954), calling balls and strikes for the last contest. He also was the home plate umpire for Johnny Vander Meer's second consecutive no-hitter in, and was the crew chief for the three-game pennant playoff between the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers.  During the 1948 World Series, Stewart made a controversial call in Game 1, which received significant press coverage. In a scoreless game in the bottom of the eighth inning. Boston Braves' pinch runner Phil Masi was on second base with one out. Cleveland Indians' pitcher Bob Feller attempted to pick off Masi at second base, and shortstop Lou Boudreau appeared to tag Masi out; however, Stewart called Masi safe. Masi subsequently scored the only run of the game, giving the Braves a win in the first game of the series. Stewart's ruling was hotly debated in the media and by fans, especially after Associated Press photographs of the play were published. Despite losing the first game, Cleveland would go on to win the series in six games. Upon his death in 1990, Masi's will revealed that he really was out on the play.  Stewart worked 714 consecutive games from the time he entered the NL until September 1938, when he was stricken with appendicitis. He resigned from the NL umpiring staff in January 1955 after not being promoted to league supervisor, a position he claimed had been promised him by commissioner Ford Frick when he had been NL president; new league president Warren Giles instead announced that the position would not be filled.

Later years.

After retiring as an umpire, Stewart continued to work as a scout for the Cleveland Indians and Washington Senators.  Stewart coached the U.S. men's national hockey team in 1957, posting a 23–3–1 record, but the team was barred by the U.S. State Department from participating in the World Championships following the Soviet invasion of Hungary.  In February 1964, Stewart died at the Veterans Administration Hospital near his home in the Jamaica Plain section of Boston, after suffering a stroke two weeks earlier.  Stewart was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982. His grandson Paul became an NHL player and referee and like his grandfather was elected to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018.

William Joseph Stewart (September 20, 1895 – February 18, 1964) was an American coach and sports official who was a referee in the National Hockey League (NHL) and an umpire in Major League Baseball (MLB). In 1938, as head coach of the Chicago Black Hawks, he led the team to a championship, becoming the first U.S.-born coach to win the Stanley Cup. He is an inductee of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.


Career.

Club.

Guevara, nicknamed "El Lobo", began his career in Honduras with Club Deportivo Olimpia and F.C. Motagua, and subsequently played all over the world: in Spain with Real Valladolid, in Mexico with Toros Neza and CD Zacatepec, and in Costa Rica with Deportivo Saprissa.  He was signed by the MetroStars of Major League Soccer on 11 April 2003, and immediately stepped in and produced. Although he finished the season with only three goals and ten assists (he added another goal in the playoffs), he became the focal point of the team; they were successful when the offense flowed through him. Guevara added four key goals and two assists in the U.S. Open Cup, leading the MetroStars to the first final of any sort in the team's history.  Guevara tallied ten goals (six on penalties) and ten assists in his second season. Guevara not only tied for the league lead in scoring, he was also named MLS's MVP. In 2005, he produced another solid season for the Metros, with 11 goals and 11 assists, and added a goal in the playoffs.  In early 2006, a conflict arose between Guevara and the MetroStars. The club allowed him to train with F.C. Motagua, but Guevara played for the Honduran club in a number of friendly matches, which might or might not have been permitted. Guevara lashed out in the Honduran press at the Metros' GM Alexi Lalas, but the two patched things up and Guevara remained in New York for the 2006 season. He received his green card in March 2006, thus no longer counting as a foreign player in MLS. During the last game of the re-branded New York Red Bulls season, Guevara scored a hat trick helping them win 3–2 and reach the playoffs.  Following the 2006 season, Guevara was traded to Chivas USA in exchange for a designated player slot. After playing just four games for the club, Chivas USA coach Preki told MLSnet.com that "I have a vision of where the club is going and [Guevara's] not part of it." This comment came following consistently poor performance on the field and an incident in which Guevara was sent off for pushing an assistant referee. Attempts to deal the midfielder to Toronto FC, Colorado Rapids, FC Dallas, and Columbus Crew were all shot down by Guevara. Guevara then accepted a loan move to his former club F.C. Motagua for the remainder of the 2007 season. He quickly recovered the form that made him a star in the US top flight, leading the Honduran club to the Central American Club Championship Copa Interclubes UNCAF 2007 defeating regional and Costa Rican giant Saprissa 2–1 on aggregate on 5 December 2007.  On 9 April 2008, Guevara was traded to Toronto FC for a 2009 and 2010 draft pick. He made his debut for Toronto FC in his new team's first win of the 2008 season, assisting Danny Dichio for the first goal of the game against the Los Angeles Galaxy. On 3 August 2008, Guevara was shown a straight red card by referee Baldomero Toledo after allegedly elbowing FC Dallas player Pablo Ricchetti in the face. The elbow drew blood, and Guevara was immediately thrown from the game. He received a 2-game suspension. While at TFC Guevara quickly became a fan favourite and was known for his darting runs, and spectacular free kicks. Guevara performed consistently well while in Toronto scoring a total of 9 goals over the course of the season, including 2 in the Canadian Championship. Guevara left Toronto to return to Honduran side F.C. Motagua in December 2009.  In the 2010-11 CONCACAF Champions League, Motagua was drawn against his former team, Toronto FC, in the preliminary round. Despite Guevara scoring two goals in the home leg, Motagua was eliminated 3–2 on aggregate.  In January 2013, "el Lobo" scored his 64th goal for Motagua, only 4 short of Óscar Hernández' 68 and 13 short of the club's all-time record goalscorer Ángel Obando.  In 2014, Guevara signed with Honduran side Marathón. He retired in 2015.

International.

He made his debut for Honduras in an May 1994 Miami Cup match against Peru and has earned a total of 138 caps, scoring 27 goals. He has represented his country in 49 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at 5 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 1998, 2000 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups.  His final international was a June 2010 FIFA World Cup match against eventual winners Spain.  He was named the tournament MVP after leading Honduras to a surprise third-place finish in the 2001 Copa América. The Honduran team (a last minute call-up when Argentina dropped out a day before kickoff on 11 July 2001) arrived after the tournament started, just few hours before its first game with barely enough players. In the quarterfinal round, Honduras defeated Brazil (the favorite to win the tournament) by a score of 2–0. The defeat sent the Brazilians home and the Hondurans advanced to the semifinals.  Guevara helped lead Honduras through the qualification to the 2010 FIFA World Cup and captained the team at only their second appearance at a World Cup tournament.

Honours.

Club.

F.C. Motagua  New York Red Bulls  Toronto FC

International.

Honduras

Amado Guevara (born 2 May 1976) is a Honduran former professional football player and manager. He was the coach of Puerto Rico from 2018 to 2019.


Hinduism.

In Hinduism's sacred literature, the "great" or "gross" elements ("mahābhūta") are fivefold: space (or "ether"), air, fire, water and earth.  For instance, the describes the five "sheaths" of a person (Sanskrit: "purua"), starting with the grossest level of the five evolving great elements:  In the, God is identified as the source of the great elements:  The same Upanishad also mentions, "When earth, water fire, air and akasa arise, when the five attributes of the elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and he is free from illness, old age and death." (Verse 2.12).

Buddhism.

In Buddhism, the four Great Elements (Pali: "cattāro mahābhūtāni") are earth, water, fire and air. Mahābhūta is generally synonymous with catudhātu, which is Pāli for the "Four Elements." In early Buddhism, the Four Elements are a basis for understanding that leads one through unbinding of 'Rupa' or materiality to the supreme state of pure 'Emptiness' or Nirvana.

Definitions.

In the Pali canon, the most basic elements are usually identified as four in number but, on occasion, a fifth and, to an even lesser extent, a sixth element may also be identified.

Four primary elements.

In canonical texts, the four Great Elements refer to elements that are both "external" (that is, outside the body, such as a river) and "internal" (that is, of the body, such as blood). These elements are described as follows:  Any entity that carry one or more of these qualities (attractive forces, repulsive forces, energy and relative motion) are called matter ("rupa"). The material world is considered to be nothing but a combination of these qualities arranged in space ("akasa"). The result of these qualities are the inputs to our five senses, color ("warna"), smell ("ghandda"), taste ("rasa") and sensation of body ("ojha"). The matter that we perceive in our mind are just a mental interpretation of these qualities.

Fifth and sixth elements.

In addition to the above four elements of underived matter, two other elements are occasionally found in the Pali Canon:  According to the Abhidhamma Pitaka, the "space element" is identified as "secondary" or "derived" ("upādā").

Sensory qualities, not substances.

While in the Theravada tradition, as well as in the earliest texts, the Pali Canon, matter is delineated as something external, that actually exists, in the later schools, like the Yogacara school, Rūpa (matter) means both materiality and sensibility—it signifies, for example, a tactile object both insofar as that object is tactile and that it can be sensed. Rūpa is never a materiality which can be separated or isolated from cognizance; such a non-empirical category is incongruous in the context of early Buddhism. Rūpa is not a substratum or substance which has sensibility as a property. It functions in early Buddhist thought as perceivable physicality. Matter, or rūpa, is defined in its function; what it does, not what it is. As such, the four great elements are conceptual abstractions drawn from the sensorium. They are sensorial typologies, and are not metaphysically materialistic. They are not meant to give an account of matter as constitutive of external, mind-independent reality.<br>

As Four Fundamental Aspects, Not Rigidly Four Elements.

Very few scholars of (virtual) meta-analysis (of Theravada Buddhism and science) adopt a broader view of the rest of Buddha's concepts about the four mahābhūtas, which leads to an idea that they should not be rigidly translated to earth or solid, water or liquid, air or gas, and fire or plasma. Such speculation considers them as fundamental "aspects" of any physical object, definitely not very "parts" of a touchable object.<br>

Soteriological uses.

The Four Elements are used in Buddhist texts to both elucidate the concept of suffering ("dukkha") and as an object of meditation. The earliest Buddhist texts explain that the four primary material elements are the sensory qualities solidity, fluidity, temperature, and mobility; their characterisation as earth, water, fire, and air, respectively, is declared an abstraction – instead of concentrating on the fact of material existence, one observes how a physical thing is sensed, felt, perceived.

Understanding suffering.

The Four Elements pertinence to the Buddhist notion of suffering comes about due to:  Schematically, this can be represented in reverse order as:  Thus, to deeply understand the Buddha's Four Noble Truths, it is beneficial to have an understanding of the Great Elements.

Meditation object.

In the Mahasatipatthana Sutta ("The Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness," DN 22), in listing various bodily meditation techniques, the Buddha instructs:  In the Visuddhimagga's well-known list of forty meditation objects ("kammahāna"), the great elements are listed as the first four objects.  B. Alan Wallace compares the Theravada meditative practice of "attending to the emblem of consciousness" to the practice in Mahamudra and Dzogchen of "maintaining the mind upon non-conceptuality", which is also aimed at focusing on the nature of consciousness.

Buddhist sources.

In the Pali canon, the Four Elements are described in detail in the following discourses ("sutta"):  The Four Elements are also referenced in:  In addition, the Visuddhimagga XI.27"ff" has an extensive discussion of the Four Elements.

Mahābhūta is Sanskrit and Pāli for "great element". However, very few scholars define the four mahābhūtas in a broader sense as the four fundamental aspects of physical reality.


History.

The club was founded in 1908 under the name "Stade Forézien Universitaire". They went through a difficult time in the 1960s, and had to merge with the CASE omnisport structure in 1975 at the request of the municipality. It did not help turn back the tide, however, and poor results and fewer and fewer licensed players forced the club to withdraw its senior team from all competitions in 1991. The next year, the club was restarted in 4ème Série, the lowest French rugby division, and was able to climb the ladder, gaining promotion to Fédérale 3 in 2004, one year after merging with the neighbouring club SEMUR and adopting its current name. In 2007, Saint-Etienne were promoted to Fédérale 2. A mere two years later, they finished 13th overall in the championship, with the top 12 clubs being promoted to Fédérale 1. However, Lombez-Samatan declined their promotion, sending Saint-Étienne to the top amateur division for the first time.  For their first season in Fédérale 1, Saint-Étienne signed the coach Jean-Sébastien Bignat from Arras, and the international fullback Alexandre Péclier from Lyon. They had an impressive start with two away wins in their first two games, and on November 7, they took on Béziers in Andrézieux-Bouthéon's Stade Roger-Baudras. The 3,000 people in the stadium were not the only ones to witness the locals' 15–9 victory though, as the match was broadcast live on Eurosport, a first for a Fédérale 1 game. This run of good form allowed them to clinch the fourth place in their group and thus to qualify for the Trophée Jean Prat. In the second phase, they finished second behind Tyrosse and qualified for the Round of 16 where they faced Nice. They prevailed 19–18 thanks to a last-second drop-goal by Péclier and faced Chalon-sur-Saône, one of the favorites for promotion, in the quarters. Saint-Étienne stunned them by winning both legs (12–3 at home, 24–20 away), inflicting them their only home defeat of the season in the process. In the semis, they took on Bourg-en-Bresse. The popular support for the team was such that the municipality allowed the first leg to be played in Stade Geoffroy-Guichard. Over 16,000 people came to see the locals take the slenderest of leads into the second leg with a 23–22 victory. Another shock 19–16 win in Bourg-en-Bresse sent Saint-Étienne in the Jean Prat Trophy final, but much more importantly gave them a ticket to professional rugby and the Pro D2, after only one year spent in Fédérale 1, and perhaps more impressively only three years after leaving Fédérale 3. They fell in the final to Carcassonne 16–3.

Club Athlétique de Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby, CASE Loire Sud Rugby, or simply CASE, is a French rugby union club from Saint-Étienne in the Loire "département". They are currently competing in Fédérale 1, having been relegated from Rugby Pro D2 at the end of the 2010–11 season.