Background and recording.

"All Star" was the last song recorded for "Astro Lounge" (1999), Smash Mouth's second album. Like the rest of the album, the song was produced, mixed, and engineered at H.O.S. Recording in Redwood City, California. Although the band's previous album "Fush Yu Mang" (1997) had sold over two million copies on the strength of its lead single "Walkin' on the Sun", no other hits had been spawned from the record, leading some to label the band a one-hit wonder. Eric Valentine, the band's producer, said the album had the "dubious distinction" of being very successful but also frequently returned by buyers as the rest of the album sounded very little like "Walkin' on the Sun". In creating "Astro Lounge", the band decided to shift their musical style away from the ska punk sound that characterized "Fush Yu Mang". Greg Camp, the band's guitarist, was tasked with writing all of the songs for "Astro Lounge" due to his pop sensibilities.  After seemingly completing the album, Smash Mouth presented it to Interscope, their record label, but the label declined to release it because they felt it didn't have a viable first or second single. Robert Hayes, Smash Mouth's manager, offered Camp advice in writing additional songs by pointing him to a copy of "Billboard". Hayes showed Camp the top 50 songs on the chart, which featured artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and told him he wanted "a little piece of each one of these songs". Over the next two days, Camp wrote "All Star" and "Then the Morning Comes", which would become the first two singles from the album.  In writing "All Star", Camp considered what he had read in the fan mail the band frequently received. Many of the fans that had written to Smash Mouth considered themselves outcasts and identified strongly with the band. Camp "set out to write an anthem" for them. He also incorporated more melancholy lyrics as well, which contrasted with the upbeat instrumentation. The band had very little time to record the song and brought in Michael Urbano, a session drummer, to record instead of their regular drummer. According to Valentine, additional drum loops from older songs were used on top of the main drum track. Bassist Paul De Lisle performed the whistling on the song.

Composition.

"All Star" is set in the key of F♯ major with a tempo of 104 beats per minute. Writers have described it musically as alternative rock and power pop. According to an interview in 2017, songwriter Greg Camp was interested in exploring several layers of meaning with the stripped-down song: the social battle cry, the sports anthem, the fanbase affirmation, the poetic lyricism, the sweeping melody, the inclusion, the artistic music videos, and more.  Camp described the song as "a daily affirmation that life is, in general, good", something he described as a "tradition" for the band; according to Camp, the band frequently read fan mail they received from kids, parents, and teachers thanking them for making "fun and lighthearted" music.

Critical reception and accolades.

"All Star" received a generally favorable reception from music critics. Several critics noted it as an example of the band's musical progression from "Fush Yo Mang"; Todd Norden of the "Calgary Herald" praised it as being "a lot better" than the songs on "Fush Yo Mang" while "The Associated Press" praised it as an example of the "loose and light fare" the band had embraced on "Astro Lounge". "The Morning Call" writer John Terlesky favorably mentioned the song as an example of the band's "new and improved" sound.  The song was also praised for its catchy tone. Stephen Thompson of "The A.V. Club" lauded it as being "unstoppably infectious" and "Rolling Stone" writer David Wild felt it had the potential to be a hit. Doug Hamilton of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" called it the "peak" of the album and "the perfect summer anthem". Sandra Sperounes "Edmonton Journal" praised "All Star" as an example of the band's intelligent songwriting, specifically its "veiled references to stupidity". Jay DeFoore of the "Austin American-Statesman" was more critical, calling it a "fluffy, made-for-MTV anthem that evaporates into thin air" and "a classic example of hit-by-numbers".  At the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, "All Star" was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, losing to Santana's "Maria Maria". Retrospective reviews from the editorial staff of "Billboard" and "Paste" ranked it as one of the best songs of 1999, as did "Rolling Stone" writer Rob Sheffield and "Spin" writer Taylor Berman. "Billboard" staff writer Gab Ginsburg noted its lasting cultural impact following its appearance in "Shrek" and the "hundreds" of popular meme videos; Berman felt the song had "a life of its own" and had become a "cultural artifact". Geoffery Himes of "Paste" called it " the best reason to listen to top-40 radio in 1999". In a glowing review, Leor Galil of the "Chicago Reader" lauded the song as having "transcended genre" to become "permanently stuck in America’s hippocampus". Conversely, the staff of "Noisey" listed it as one of the worst songs of the 1990s, with writer Annalise Domenighini calling it "the only argument we need for why ska-pop should have never existed in the first place".

Release and commercial performance.

"All Star" was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from "Astro Lounge". Also, it was the first single for the soundtrack album for the superhero film "Mystery Men" (1999). It entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 75 on the week of May 22, 1999, and reached its peak position of number 4 on August 14. The song peaked at number one on the component Radio Songs chart, as well as on the Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts. "All Star" peaked at number two and five on the Alternative Songs and Adult Alternative Songs charts, respectively. It was later certified triple platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 3,000,000 certified units in the United States. The song achieved further success internationally. In Canada, "All Star" peaked at number two on the "RPM" Top Singles chart and number four and six on the Adult Contemporary and Rock/Alternative charts, respectively. It charted within the top ten on the Australian Singles Chart and peaked within the top 20 in Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Scotland, and Spain.  The song ranked at number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 chart and in the top ten of the year-end US Adult Top 40, Alternative Songs, Mainstream Top 40, and Radio Songs charts for 1999. It additionally appeared on the year-end charts for Australia and Canada, ranking at number 31 and 4, respectively. The song has since been certified platinum in Australia, Italy, and the United Kingdom.  "All Star" reappeared on the "Billboard" charts in 2017, charting on the Rock Streaming Songs chart. It has spent over 100 weeks on the chart and reached a peak position of number three on the edition of September 21, 2019. The track ranked as one of the most-streamed rock songs of 2017 and 2018, and it ranked at number six on the year-end US Rock Streaming Songs chart in 2019.

Music video.

Directed by McG, the music video features cameos by William H. Macy, Ben Stiller, Hank Azaria, Paul Reubens, Kel Mitchell, Janeane Garofalo, Doug Jones, and Dane Cook as their characters from the superhero film "Mystery Men" (1999), which prominently featured the song. Their appearances in the video are primarily based on stock footage from the film; in all other scenes, the characters were portrayed by body doubles and depicted exclusively from behind. The video opens with the characters from "Mystery Men" seeking recruits. The group rejects several applicants before expressing interest in Harwell. The remainder of the video focuses on Harwell performing several feats (rescuing a dog from a burning building and flipping over a toppled school bus) in addition to scenes from "Mystery Men".  In June 2019, the video was remastered in HD and received subtitles in commemoration of its 20th anniversary. By that point it had received over 219 million views on YouTube, and it has over 286 million views on YouTube as of May 2020.

Live performances.

The band performed "All Star" at the 1999 Home Run Derby in July 1999 at Fenway Park. After the band finished playing, Camp said "Save Fenway Park", in reference to plans to demolish the stadium and replace it with a new facility; this elicited boos from the crowd. Smash Mouth performed it on September 9, 1999 in pouring rain as the opening act of the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards.  A June 14, 2015 performance of the song at Taste of Fort Collins event in Fort Collins, Colorado went awry after members of the audience started throwing loaves of bread onto the stage. While the rest of the band repeated the opening riff of "All Star", Harwell began a three-minute profanity-filled verbal tirade against the crowd, threatening to beat up anyone who threw things onto the stage. Security restrained Harwell after he tried to enter the crowd; the band continued playing while the crowd sang the song in place of Harwell. Smash Mouth performed the song at the Urbana Sweetcorn Festival on August 28, 2016; Harwell had passed out in the middle of the set and was taken to a nearby hospital, but the band continued and performed the song without him.

Cultural impact.

Film and popular culture.

"All Star" was frequently used in films in the years following its release. It featured in 1999's "Inspector Gadget" and "Mystery Men", the latter of which was the basis for the song's music video. It features heavily in the 2001 movie "Rat Race", where the band performs it at a live concert over the closing credits. It was most famously featured in the 2001 DreamWorks animated movie "Shrek", where it plays over the opening credits.  Although Smash Mouth was initially apprehensive about being featured in what was considered a family film, DreamWorks was insistent on including the band's music in the film. After being granted an early screening of "Shrek", the band was impressed and ultimately agreed to perform a new rendition of the Monkees' "I'm a Believer" for the movie's ending; additionally, they licensed "All Star" to appear in the film. The filmmakers for "Shrek" had originally used the song as a placeholder for the opening credits and intended to replace it with an original composition by Matt Mahaffey that would mimic the feel of "All Star". However, DreamWorks executive Jeffrey Katzenberg suggested they use "All Star" over the sequence instead. Vicky Jenson, the co-director of the film, explained that "All Star" perfectly fit the tone and personality of its titular ogre, who is "happy in his solitary existence and has no clue that he has a lot to learn about it".  "All Star" is commonly played at sporting events; it became so popular among sports fans that the band played it at Major League Baseball's 1999 Home Run Derby and has performed it at dozens of sporting events since. An unstaged musical theatre adaption of the song, "All Star: The Best Broadway Musical", has been written and officially sanctioned by the band. The musical only has one song, "All Star", adapted into various genres and styles. Siddhant Adlakha of "Polygon", who attended a reading of the play, described it as a "jukebox musical, but the jukebox is broken". Regarding the play's concept, Adlakha said it "sounds like the dumbest idea on planet, but I’ll be damned if every single member of its cast wasn’t committed to the gimmick".

Parodies and memes.

"All Star" has become widely used as an internet meme and is frequently parodied. Remixes and memes have often focused on its connection to "Shrek", which has a large online fandom and meme community. The song's basic structure lends itself easily towards being used in mashups or remixes; NPR said that it "seems like it was made to be remixed, mashed-up and squeezed through the meme machine". Both the song's chorus as well as the opening "somebody" line are frequently used as punchlines due to their widespread recognition.  "Mario, You're a Plumber", uploaded to YouTube in 2009 by the channel Richalvarez, has been identified as the earliest parody of "All Star" on the platform; the video, themed around the Nintendo character Mario, has over 1.5 million views as of November 2017. Neil Cicierega released a series of three mashup albums ("Mouth Sounds", "Mouth Silence", and "Mouth Moods") that prominently remixed "All Star" alongside other popular songs from the 1990s. The popularity of 2014's "Mouth Sounds" in particular has been cited as a point where the song received renewed popularity and interest. "All Star" received additional exposure in 2016 from YouTuber Jon Sudano, who reached over 900,000 subscribers by exclusively posting videos of himself singing its lyrics over the instrumentals of other songs. The music video for "All Star" also experienced a massive uptick in views on YouTube towards the end of 2016. According to ABC News Radio, it increased from an average of 21,000 views per day to 155,000 a day in December 2016 and peaked at 478,000 views per day in 2017. By this point, "All Star" had become so popular on the internet that Austin Powell of "The Daily Dot" described it as "almost as inescapable now as it once was on commercial radio".  Smash Mouth has embraced the song's status as a meme. The band was initially hesitant of its newfound popularity, but gradually warmed up to the concept. In an interview with "The Daily Dot", Harwell said the band considers themselves to have "invented the meme" because they released 10 remixes of the song through Interscope. According to Harwell, the band has "fully accepted" the song as their legacy and considers the "obsession" with it as a "a level of love [they are] more than appreciative of". Although Smash Mouth has received requests to feature in remixes or covers, the band has declined to be involved in any because "we feel if other people do it, it adds to the beauty, but if we did it, we feel it would cheapen it". Camp, who is no longer with Smash Mouth, said that he was "flattered" at the continued popularity of "All Star" and has befriended Sudano. Camp was particularly appreciative of "The Sound of Smash Mouth", a "sad" mashup with Simon & Garfunkel's "The Sound of Silence" that emphasizes the melancholy lyrics Camp included in "All Star".

Personnel.

Smash Mouth  Production

"All Star" is a song by American rock band Smash Mouth from their second studio album, "Astro Lounge" (1999). Written by Greg Camp and produced by Eric Valentine, the song was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from "Astro Lounge". The song was one of the last tracks to be written for "Astro Lounge", after the band's record label Interscope requested for more songs that could be released as singles. In writing it, Camp drew musical influence from contemporary music by artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and sought out to create an "anthem" for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album "Fush Yu Mang" (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.


History.

Union was part of a tract of land called the Muscongus Patent, a grant made March 2, 1629 by the Plymouth Council to John Beauchamp and Thomas Leverett. About 1720, it was purchased by General Samuel Waldo of Boston and thereafter called the Waldo Patent. The first white settlers by the names of Anderson, Malcolm, and Crawford, arrived in 1772. The town was settled on July 19, 1774 and named Taylor Town after the original purchaser and settler, Dr. John Taylor from Lunenburg, Massachusetts. Dr. John Taylor purchased Union for £1,000. On May 3, 1786, it was organized as the Plantation of Sterlingtown, and on October 20, 1786 the town was incorporated and named Union. Washington was formed from a portion of Union in 1811.  Agriculture was the principal business, and on October 5, 1869 the North Knox Agricultural & Horticultural Society opened the first annual Union Fair. The town had mills operated by water power at the outlets of ponds. Factories at Union produced carriages, cultivators, leather, harness, boots and shoes. South Union had a cabinet and musical instrument factory, an iron foundry, a machine shop and a coffin factory. East Union had a lumbermill, in addition to a chair and table factory.  A war memorial was dedicated at the common on July 4, 1888. When Union celebrated on July 19, 1974 the bicentennial of its settlement, a time capsule was buried near the statue, to be dug up July 19, 2024. The capsule contains a picture of children from around the town and "scores of current memorabilia." Union was the subject of the 1940 historical novel, "Come Spring", by author Ben Ames Williams.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, of it is land and is water. Union is drained by the Medomak River, Saint George River, Pettengill Stream, Fuller Brook, Hope Brook, Little Medomak Brook and the Back River. Coggans Hill, elevation 817 feet (249 meters) above sea level, is the highest point in the town.

Education.

Union is part of the Maine School Administrative District 40. Union Elementary School is in the town, with the MSAD headquarters and Rivers Alternative Middle School within the school building's second floor.  Medomak Valley Middle School and Medomak Valley High School are in nearby Waldoboro.  Vose Library is in Union.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,259 people, 981 households, and 638 families residing in the town. The population density was. There were 1,203 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.7% White, 0.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.  There were 981 households of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.77.  The median age in the town was 46.5 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 35.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,209 people, 863 households, and 632 families residing in the town. The population density was 68.8 people per square mile (26.6/km2). There were 1,052 housing units at an average density of 32.8 per square mile (12.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.64% White, 0.09% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.23% Asian, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.  There were 863 households out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.85.  In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $37,679, and the median income for a family was $41,050. Males had a median income of $30,984 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,240. About 6.1% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

Sites of interest.

National Register of Historic Places:

Union is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,259 at the 2010 census. It is home to the Matthews Museum of Maine Heritage and annual Union Fair.


Background and education.

Chichilnisky was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants. After a military coup, the Argentine military violently closed scientific faculties at the University of Buenos Aires on July 29, and she left Argentina for the United States, Supported by a fellowship from the Ford Foundation. Chichilnisky matriculated in the doctoral program in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology although without an undergraduate degree; she moved to the University of California, Berkeley in 1968, and completed her Ph.D. in mathematics there in 1970, under the supervision of Jerrold E. Marsden. She earned a second Ph.D. in economics in 1976 under the supervision of Gérard Debreu.

Career.

After a postdoctoral position at Harvard University, she accepted a position as an associate professor at Columbia University in 1977, and received tenure there in 1979, and was named UNESCO Professor of Mathematics and Economics from 1995 to 2008. She also held a chair in economics at the University of Essex from 1980 to 1981, and has additionally been a visiting professor at other universities including at Stanford in 2017.  In 2010 Chichilnisky, together with Peter Eisenberger and Edgar Bronfman Jr.. formed Global Thermostat, a company that specializes in Direct air capture from a unit that extracts carbon dioxide directly from air.

Research.

Chichilnisky is the author of over 17 books and over 330 scientific research papers. She is best known for proposing and designing the carbon credit emissions trading market underlying the Kyoto Protocol which was international law since 2005, and was a lead author on the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that won the 2007 Nobel Prize.  In the theory of international trade, she constructed an example of a "transfer paradox", where a transfer of goods from a donor to a recipient can render the recipient worse off and the donor better off. She constructed examples where export-led growth strategies for developing countries could result in paradoxically poor results, because of increasing returns to scale in the technologies of the developed countries.  In welfare economics and voting theory, particularly in the specialty of social choice theory, Chichilnisky introduced a continuous model of collective decisions to which she applied algebraic topology; following her initiatives, continuous social choice has developed as an international subdiscipline. During the 1980s and 1990s some of Chichilnisky's research was done in collaboration with mathematical economist Geoffrey M. Heal, who has been her colleague at Essex and Columbia.

Litigation.

In 1994 Chichilnisky sued two other economics professors, accusing them of stealing her ideas. Chichilnisky was countersued and dropped her lawsuit. The subject matter of the controversy was described in contemporaneous news reports as "distinctly small-time stuff, at least according to most experts." In 1991 and 2000 Chichilnisky sued her employer Columbia University alleging gender discrimination, pay inequality, and attempts by the university to dissolve her endowed chair. The latter suit was settled in 2008 under undisclosed terms; The "New York Sun" reported that Chichilnisky received $200,000. According to Columbia's spokesperson, "Chichilnisky signed a statement that her salary was not discriminatory".

Awards and recognition.

Dr. Graciela Chichilnisky was selected by IAIR (International Alternative Investment Review) as the 2015 CEO of the Year in Sustainability.

Graciela Chichilnisky (born 1946) is an Argentine American mathematical economist and an authority on climate change, a professor of economics at Columbia University. She is also co-founder and current CEO of the company Global Thermostat.


Cormorant Township, Becker County, Minnesota

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 27.40%, is water.

Cemeteries.

The township contains Cormorant Lutheran Cemetery.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 965 people, 422 households, and 316 families residing in the township. The population density was 36.6 people per square mile (14.1/km2). There were 977 housing units at an average density of 37.1/sq mi (14.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.86% White, 0.21% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.31% Asian, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population.  There were 422 households out of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.2% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.63.  In the township the population was spread out with 17.3% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $47,560, and the median income for a family was $54,444. Males had a median income of $41,635 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,016. About 1.6% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

Media attention.

In 2014, a Great Pyrenees dog named Duke won the annual election for the ceremonial mayorship of Cormorant. Twelve votes were cast. He won his fourth consecutive term in May 2017. Duke died in 2019.

Cormorant Township is a township in Becker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,039 as of the 2010 census.


Overview.

Railroads in Paraguay used steam locomotives until the end of railroad service in 1999. In 1988, "The New York Times" published an article describing the journey from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Asunción, Paraguay.  As of 2006, all traffic has been suspended except weekly tourist steam trains between Jardín Botánico de Asunción (Asunción Botanical Gardens) and the city of Areguá (23 km) plus an additional 15 km section to the village of Ypacaraí under renovation and cross-border freight trains between Posadas in Argentina and Encarnación. As of 2007 steam 2-6-0s built between 1910 and 1914 still perform shunting duties. The former main station in Asunción has been converted into a railway museum.  As of 2010, following the collapse of an abutment of a bridge on the Rio Ytay, the tourist steam train traffic has been suspended until repairs can be effected.  In early 2013, freight traffic was down to one train across the border every few weeks, with shunting mainly handled by Argentine diesels.  In 2018, the Ferrocarriles del Paraguay S.A. stated on their website that a reopening of a passenger service between Asunción and Yparacaí is in the planning phase.

Link to Argentina.

In 2010, the rising level of the Yacyretá Dam flooded the tracks on the Argentinian side, which halted grain exports by rail from the Encarnacion goods terminal until a new track was completed, at a higher level, in June 2012.

History.

Railways in Paraguay were inaugurated in 1861, during the era of Carlos Antonio López. Privatized and renationalized several times, the railroad was finally nationalized in 1961. As of 1988, the 367 km rail system was outdated, wood-powered, slow and costly even with government subsidies. The volume of cargo carried on the railroad declined in the 1970s and 1980s as alternative roads and waterways became more efficient, though some agricultural goods did move by train. In Encarnación, the Paraguayan railroad system connected via train ferry, then since 1990 via the San Roque González de Santa Cruz bimodal road-rail bridge, with the Argentine city of Posadas, which is connected by Ferrocarril General Urquiza to Buenos Aires and the Uruguayan and Brazilian railroad systems. There also was a small "soybean railroad" near the Brazilian border.

The Rail system in Paraguay consisted primarily of a 376 km main line of standard gauge between Asunción and Encarnación (with a connection to Posadas, Argentina). The infrastructure was administered by Ferrocarriles del Paraguay S.A. (FEPASA), corporation established in 2002.


Background.

The Red Sox entered the ALDS as the top seed, having completed the regular season with a record of 108–54 and winning the AL East. The second-seeded Astros won the AL West, going 103–59. The AL Central champion Indians were seeded third via their 91–71 record. The final participant was the winner of the AL Wild Card Game, the Yankees.  This was the 13th ALDS appearance for Boston and the third appearance for Houston; the Red Sox lost to the Astros in the 2017 ALDS. This was the 10th ALDS appearance for Cleveland and 20th appearance for New York; the Indians lost to the Yankees in the 2017 ALDS. The Red Sox and Yankees met 19 times during the regular season, with Boston winning 10 of the games; this was the first postseason meeting between the two rivals since the famed 2004 ALCS, which Boston took in seven games after falling behind 3–0 en route to its first World Series title in 86 years. The Astros and Indians met seven times during the regular season, with Houston holding a 4–3 edge; this was the first time the teams met in postseason play.

(1) Boston Red Sox vs. (4) New York Yankees.

This was the fourth postseason meeting between the storied rivals and their first meeting in the ALDS. The Yankees previously won the 1999 ALCS and 2003 ALCS, while the Red Sox won the 2004 ALCS. This was just the 11th postseason match-up to feature two 100-win teams.

Game 1, October 5.

The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by former Red Sox outfielder Trot Nixon. Boston took an early lead, as J. D. Martinez hit a three-run home run in the bottom of the first inning. The lead grew to 5–0 in the bottom of the third, on a double, bunt single, single, and sacrifice fly. The Yankees scored twice in the top of the sixth, on three singles and a fielder's choice. Red Sox reliever Brandon Workman prevented more damage by striking out Gleyber Torres with the bases loaded and two outs. New York added an additional run in the top of the seventh, with two singles, a walk, and a fielder's choice; Boston reliever Matt Barnes allowed only one run after the Yankees has the bases loaded with nobody out. Aaron Judge led off the top of the ninth with a home run off of Boston closer Craig Kimbrel, but Kimbrel then struck out the next three batters to secure the 5–4 Red Sox victory.

Game 2, October 6.

The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by Steve Horgan of the Boston Police Department, who gained notoriety as the "bullpen cop" during Game 2 of the 2013 ALCS. A home run by Aaron Judge in the first inning gave New York an early 1–0 lead. In the second inning, Gary Sánchez homered, and Boston starter David Price gave up a pair of two-out walks followed by an RBI single from Andrew McCutchen, ending Price's outing after innings, having allowed three runs on three hits. Xander Bogaerts' home run in the bottom of the fourth reduced the Yankees' lead to 3–1. A three-run homer by Sánchez in the top of the seventh doubled New York's score to 6–1. In the bottom of the seventh, a single by Mitch Moreland and an RBI double by Ian Kinsler got Boston within four runs, 6–2. The Red Sox were unable to score again, with Yankees' relievers Zach Britton and Aroldis Chapman getting the final six outs. New York starter Masahiro Tanaka pitched five innings, allowing one run on three hits and getting the win, tying the series at one all.

Game 3, October 8.

Boston got on the board in the top of the second inning, with Rafael Devers scoring from third on a two-out infield single by Christian Vázquez. The lead was extended to 3–0 in the third, with the Red Sox getting two runs on two singles, a sacrifice fly, another single, and a fielder's choice. Boston broke the game open in the fourth, sending 11 men to the plate and getting seven runs on six hits. Brock Holt had two hits in the inning, while Andrew Benintendi drove in three runs with a bases clearing double. The Yankees got one run back in the bottom of the fourth, on two singles and a fielder's choice. Boston made it 11–1 in the top of the seventh, on a J. D. Martinez RBI single, then 14–1 in the top of the eighth, getting three runs on a total of four hits, a walk, and a wild pitch. Yankees catcher Austin Romine pitched the top of the ninth inning, allowing a two-run homer to Holt, who completed the first postseason cycle in Major League history. Red Sox starter Nathan Eovaldi pitched seven innings, allowing one run on five hits and getting the win. Yankees starter Luis Severino pitched three innings, allowing six runs on seven hits and taking the loss. First base umpire Ángel Hernández had three calls overturned in the first four innings of the game. The defeat marks the Yankees' worst loss in postseason history.

Game 4, October 9.

The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by former Yankee Bucky Dent. Boston took a 3–0 lead in the top of the third inning, on a hit by pitch, single, J. D. Martinez sacrifice fly, Ian Kinsler RBI double, and an Eduardo Núñez RBI single. A Christian Vázquez home run in the fourth extended the lead to 4–0. New York got a run back in the bottom of the fifth, on two hits followed by a sacrifice fly from Brett Gardner. Boston's Game 1 starting pitcher, Chris Sale, made a relief appearance in the bottom of the eighth, retiring the side in order. Red Sox closer Craig Kimbrel entered to pitch the bottom of the ninth inning, allowing a leadoff walk to Aaron Judge followed by a single by Didi Gregorius, bringing the tying run to the plate. Kimbrel struck out Giancarlo Stanton, but walked Luke Voit to load the bases, and hit Neil Walker to force in a run. Gary Sánchez worked a full count before hitting a sacrifice fly that scored Gregorius from third. Gleyber Torres then grounded out, ending the game; the call was confirmed by video replay. Boston starter Rick Porcello allowed one run off of four hits in five innings for the win. New York starter CC Sabathia allowed three runs off of five hits in three innings, taking the loss.

Composite line score.

2018 ALDS (3–1): Boston Red Sox defeated New York Yankees.

(2) Houston Astros vs. (3) Cleveland Indians.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Astros and Indians.

Game 1, October 5.

Former Astros pitcher Mike Scott, the 1986 NLCS MVP and Cy Young Award winner, threw the ceremonial first pitch. The defending World Series champion Astros began their title defense in strong fashion as Justin Verlander threw innings with 7 strikeouts and 2 earned runs, holding the Indians hitless until the 6th inning. He and Corey Kluber traded hitless innings through the 3rd, before Alex Bregman led off the bottom of the 4th with a home run while Josh Reddick added an RBI single to bring the score to 2–0. George Springer and José Altuve hit back to back home runs in the bottom of the 5th and ended Kluber's day after innings. After throwing five innings of no-hit ball, the Indians chased Verlander in the 6th after loading the bases. Ryan Pressly came in relief allowing Yan Gomes to score on a wild pitch and Francisco Lindor on a José Ramírez groundout before striking out Edwin Encarnación to end the threat and keep the score at 4–2. Martin Maldonado homered and Bregman drove in his second run of the day in the 7th while Reddick added another RBI single in the 8th to bring the score to 7–2. Roberto Osuna closed the door in the 9th to give the Astros a dominant Game 1 victory. Springer's home run tied him with Carlos Beltrán for the club record for most consecutive postseason games with a home run, with five. Springer had four in a row in the 2017 World Series.

Game 2, October 6.

Three-time Astros All-Star and 2005 NLCS MVP Roy Oswalt threw the ceremonial first pitch. Hoping to even the series before returning home, Cleveland struck first and took a 1–0 lead in the top of the third inning, on a home run by Francisco Lindor. In the bottom of the sixth, an infield single and walk followed by a Marwin González double gave Houston a 2–1 lead. A home run by Alex Bregman in the seventh inning extended Houston's lead to 3–1. With two outs in the top of the ninth inning, a walk to Edwin Encarnación brought Josh Donaldson to the plate as the tying run, but closer Roberto Osuna got him to fly out, securing Game 2 for the Astros. Houston starter Gerrit Cole struck out 12 and allowed just one run in seven innings for the win, while Indians starter Carlos Carrasco gave up six hits and two runs in innings and took the loss. Cole became only the second pitcher in playoff history to strikeout at least 12 batters without allowing a walk, following Tom Seaver's 13 strikeout-no walk performance in the 1973 NLCS. Osuna recorded a four-out save for his third career postseason save, and first with the Astros.

Game 3, October 8.

Cleveland took a 1–0 lead in the third inning, on two singles followed by a sacrifice bunt and a sacrifice fly. The teams traded home runs in the fifth inning, by George Springer of the Astros and then Francisco Lindor of the Indians. Houston went ahead, 4–2, with three runs in the seventh from two singles, a fielder's choice, error, walk, and a two-RBI double by Marwin González. The Astros added six runs in the eighth on a homer by Springer, a double, two walks, RBI single, bases loaded wild pitch, and a three-run homer by Carlos Correa. Houston extended their lead to 11–2 in the ninth, on a walk, balk, ground out, and RBI single by Alex Bregman. Cleveland got one run in the last of the ninth, with Edwin Encarnación scoring from third on a wild pitch, followed by Melky Cabrera grounding out to first for the 11–3 final and to give the Astros a series sweep. Houston starter Dallas Keuchel had a no decision after allowing two runs on four hits in five innings; he was relieved by Collin McHugh who pitched two innings without allowing a hit and got the win. Cleveland starter Mike Clevinger also had a no decision after allowing three hits and one run in five innings; he was relieved by Trevor Bauer who allowed four hits and three runs (two earned) in innings and took the loss.  With their victory in Game 3, the Astros earned a postseason sweep for the first time in franchise history, advancing to the ALCS to meet the winner of the Red Sox and Yankees series. This marks the second time in franchise history that the Astros have reached back-to-back Championship Series; the first time was in 2004 and 2005, when the team played in the National League. The Indians were swept in the postseason for the first time since 1954, and were eliminated in the ALDS for the second straight year. They were also eliminated from the postseason at home for the third straight year.

Composite line score.

2018 ALDS (3–0): Houston Astros defeated Cleveland Indians.

The 2018 American League Division Series were two best-of-five-game series to determine the participating teams of the 2018 American League Championship Series. The three divisional winners, seeded first through third, and a fourth team—the Wild Card Game winner—played in two series. These matchups were:


Plot.

During World War I, a vampire stalks London. His latest victim is admitted to the clinic of Lady Jane Ainsley (Frieda Inescort) and her colleague, Professor Walter Saunders (Gilbert Emery). They are baffled by what they regard as a severe case of anemia. The vampire infiltrates the clinic; unable to finish his previous victim, he preys on Prof. Saunders' granddaughter instead. Saunders comes to believe that both patients are victims of a vampire. He shows Lady Jane puncture marks on their necks. He and Lady Jane search a nearby cemetery for the vampire's crypt. A werewolf assisting the vampire tries to prevent their intervention. Once the vampire is staked, the werewolf, Andréas, is cured of his curse. He later becomes Lady Jane's assistant.  Twenty four years later, Scotland Yard detective Sir Fredrick Fleet (Miles Mander) reads the deceased Saunders' account of these events. He informs Lady Jane that if the body they staked was alive at the time, she will be charged with murder. Lady Jane explains that the man they staked was a seventeenth century vampire expert named Armand Tesla. Lady Jane tells her son, John (Roland Varno), about the investigation. She is certain that Sir Frederick will find that Tesla's body has not decomposed, proving he was a vampire. She and John agree to keep this information from John's fiancée, Saunders' granddaughter Nikki (Nina Foch), to avoid reawakening the trauma of her previous attack.  After a bombing raid, cemetery workers find Tesla's corpse exposed, with the metal stake still in his chest. Believing the stake to be bomb shrapnel, they remove it and reinter the body. Thus freed from death, the vampire regains power over Andréas and prepares to avenge himself on Lady Jane. Helpless to resist, Andréas murders Hugo Bruckner, a scientist recently escaped from a concentration camp who had arrived in England to work with Lady Jane. Tesla intends to impersonate Bruckner. With Tesla's body missing, Sir Frederick closes his investigation for lack of evidence.  Lady Jane throws a party to celebrate John and Nikki's engagement. She discourages Sir Frederick from giving Saunders' manuscript to Nikki and locks it in a drawer. Tesla arrives as Bruckner and charms everyone except Sir Frederick. The manuscript is stolen and left in Nikki's room. She begins reading it and falls under Tesla's power. She is found the next morning unconscious with puncture marks on her neck.  Lady Jane questions the gravediggers, who tell her about the staked body. She relates the story to Sir Frederick, who dismisses vampire stories as fantasy. He assigns two plainclothes men to shadow Andréas. They report seeing him transform into a werewolf, and recover a bundle containing the effects of the real Bruckner. Sir Frederick's suspicions grow when a laboratory analysis of the rifled drawer finds a quantity of wolf hair.  Tesla preys on John and convinces Nikki that she did it. John is found the next morning unconscious with puncture wounds. Nikki believes she has become a vampire. Sir Frederick corners Andréas for questioning, but as he begins to transform Andréas escapes. Sir Frederick assigns plainclothes men to follow Tesla, but the vampire eludes them. Tesla threatens to turn Nikki and John into vampires. Warning Tesla that the "power of goodness" can still destroy him, Lady Jane brandishes a cross. Tesla vanishes.  When Tesla commands Nikki to leave the house, Lady Jane convinces Sir Frederick that they must follow her. Nikki meets Tesla and Andréas at the cemetery during an air raid and faints. Andréas attempts to carry her to safety, but Sir Frederick shoots him. He and Lady Jane take shelter from the bombing. Tesla abandons Andréas and tells him to die; Andréas crawls into a corner and grasps a crucifix and is freed of the vampire's power. He attempts to destroy Tesla. A bomb strikes the cemetery, and the rays of the rising sun reduce the vampire to bones. Andréas dies of his bullet wound. Nikki tells Sir Frederick and Lady Jane that Andréas saved her life. Lady Jane tries again to convince Sir Frederick that Tesla was a vampire, but without physical evidence he refuses to accept her version of events.

Production.

Bela Lugosi's scenes were filmed in August and September 1943, prior to his final two Monogram films. This was also the last time he would receive top billing by a major Hollywood studio.  In his book "Hollywood Gothic: The Tangled Web of Dracula from Novel to Stage to Screen", David J. Skal writes: "Columbia Pictures hired Lugosi for "Return of the Vampire", in which he played Dracula in all but name; for copyright purposes, the vampire's name was Armand Tesla."

Reception.

"The New York Times" wrote that nothing need be said about the film beyond its title and star to determine if one is interested in seeing it.

The Return of the Vampire is a horror film released in 1943 by Columbia Pictures. The film presents an Englishwoman's two encounters with a vampire. The first encounter takes place during World War I, and the second during World War II. The film stars Bela Lugosi as the vampire Armand Tesla. "The Return of the Vampire" is not an official sequel to Lugosi's 1931 Universal Studios film "Dracula", but the film has been interpreted by David J. Skal as an unofficial follow-up with Lugosi's character renamed only because the film was not made by Universal.


Early life.

Wroblewitz was born on 22 June 1998, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. She is the third of four daughters of a Filipino mother, Mariefe Pojas Wroblewitz, and a German father. She lived in Riyadh for 12 years before relocating to Germany after her mother died. When she was 15 years old, she was scouted by a modeling agent on Instagram, and moved to the Philippines to pursue a modeling career. Before her participation on "Asia's Next Top Model", she was a part-time model and student.

Career.

"Asia's Next Top Model".

After auditioning for "Asia's Next Top Model", Wroblewitz was chosen as one of the 14 finalists on the show's fifth season. During her run on the show, Wroblewitz received the highest score of the week three times and was one of the top three contestants for the cycle's final show, alongside contestants Minh Tu Nguyen from Vietnam and Shikin Gomez from Malaysia. Wroblewitz was crowned the winner of the competition during the final episode. She was the first representative from the Philippines to win the contest. As the winner of the competition, she received a Subaru Impreza, a cover and fashion spread in the July issue of "Nylon" Singapore, and a chance to obtain a modeling contract with Storm Model Management in London.

2017–present.

Wroblewitz has appeared on the Filipino shows "Tonight with Boy Abunda", News5, "Rated K", and CNN Philippines. She is the face and ambassador of Asus and Palmolive. She is also an ambassador for the ICanServe Foundation, which helps cancer survivors. In September 2018, Wroblewitz appeared on season 6 of "Asia's Next Top Model" as Subaru Ambassador. A week after, she became a co-host of the Filipino variety show "Eat Bulaga!".

Maureen Christa Pojas Wroblewitz (born 22 June 1998) is a Filipino-German fashion model, best known for winning the fifth season of "Asia's Next Top Model". She represented the Philippines in the competition, and became the first Filipina to win.


Biography.

Lee Cronin received his B.Sc. (1994) and Ph.D. (1997) degrees from the University of York. From 1997 to 1999, he was a Leverhulme fellow at the University of Edinburgh working with Neil Robertson, and after that he moved to the University of Bielefeld (1999–2000) as an Alexander von Humboldt research fellow in the laboratory of Achim Mueller. In 2000 he joined the academic staff at the University of Birmingham, UK, as a Lecturer in Chemistry, and in 2002 he moved to a similar position at the University of Glasgow, UK.  He became Reader at the University of Glasgow in 2005, EPSRC Advanced Fellow and Professor of Chemistry in 2006, and in 2009 became the Gardiner Professor. In 2013 he became the Regius Professor of Chemistry (Glasgow).  Cronin gave the opening lecture at TEDGlobal conference in 2011 in Edinburgh. He outlined initial steps his team at University of Glasgow is taking to create inorganic biology, life composed of non-carbon-based material.  He was awarded a Philip Leverhulme Prize by the Leverhulme Trust in 2007. He was awarded the Corday-Morgan medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2012.  Lee Cronin was the subject of a film entitled "Inorganica", which documents the progress of his research in inorganic biology and origins of life.  In 2014 Lee Cronin was recognised as one of the UK’s top 10 Inspiring Sciences and Engineers (RISE) as well as being recognised as one of the top 100 UK practising Sciences by the UK Science Council  In 2015 Lee Cronin gave the Royal Society of Edinburgh BP / Hutton Prize for Energy innovation and also was named winner of the Tilden Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2015.  Cronin has published over 380 papers, given 350 lectures. He runs a large research group and holds EPSRC Programme, Platform Grants and was awarded a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant.

Leroy "Lee" Cronin (born 1 June 1973) is the Regius Chair of Chemistry in the School of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow, UK. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and appointed to the Regius Chair of Chemistry in 2013 (He was previously the Gardiner Chair, appointed April 2009).


Life.

Early life.

Ashok Mehta was born in Bhavnagar on 24 October 1911 to Ranjitram Mehta, a Gujarati writer. He completed his primary education from Ahmedabad and Sholapur. He graduated from Bombay University in 1931 where he was introduced to Swadeshi Movement.

Career.

He was imprisoned in 1932 for participating in Civil Disobedience Movement. Mehta was active participant during the Quit India movement in 1942 and was arrested by the British. He was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment five times.  After India's independence, he helped organize trade unions in Bombay and was one of the founders of INTUC.  He also served as Mayor of Bombay city from 1946 to 1947. Mehta retired from active politics in the early 1950s, and wrote several books on his experiences, on India's freedom struggle, and on the importance of socialist reforms. In 1950, he was elected as the president of the eighth session of Socialist Party.  Ashoka Mehta was a founder member of Socialist Party and when, in September 1952, the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and the Socialist Party merged to form the Praja Socialist Party (PSP) in which the major cementing role were played by Ram Manohar Lohia and Mehta, Asoka Mehta became new party's general secretary. He was Praja Socialist Party's president during 1959-1963.  He was a founding member of the first Governing Body of National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India’s first independent economic policy institute, established in 1956. In 1963, he served as deputy chairman of the Planning Commission. He also served as a Union Minister after 1964.  He joined Indian National Congress in 1964, after his expulsion from Praja Socialist Party. After Congress split in 1969 and the faction Congress (I) was led by Indira Gandhi, Mehta was part of the Congress (O) faction.  He was a member of 1st and 2nd Lok Sabha during 1954-1957 and 1957-1962. He was elected third time for 4th Lok Sabha from Bhandara. He was a member of Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1966 to 26 February 1967.  He was arrested during the Emergency on 26 June 1975 and detained in Rohtak Jail, Haryana.  In 1977 he was the Chairman of Ashok Mehta Committee under the Janata government.  He died in 1984.

Major works.

He is author of following noted books:

Ashok Mehta (24 October 1911 in Bhavnagar – 1984) was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist politician. He helped organize the socialist wing Congress Socialist Party of the Indian National Congress, along with Rambriksh Benipuri, Jaya Prakash Narayan, and was heavily involved in the politics and government of the city of Bombay.


Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1994–95

Test series summary.

Pakistan won the test series 1–0, winning the first test by 1 wicket, and drawing the last two matches.  The first test was played at the National Stadium in Karachi on 28 September 1994. The second test was played at the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium in Rawalpindi on 5 October 1994. The third test was played at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore on 1 November 1994.  In the first test, Wasim Akram and Shane Warne both took 8 wickets, with the latter being declared the man of the match. In the high scoring second test, Michael Slater scored 110 in the first innings, while Damien Fleming took 7 wickets (including a hat-trick in the second innings) for Australia. Saleem Malik scored 237 to earn man of the match honors for Pakistan. The third test featured three centurions for Pakistan, Moin Khan (115), Saleem Malik (143) (earning his 2nd man of the match honors for the series) and Aamer Sohail (105). Shane Warne took 9 wickets for Australia.

Wills Triangular Series.

Australia won the Wills Triangular Series beating Pakistan in the final by 64 runs, with Glenn McGrath earning the man of the match honours for a 5 wicket haul.  The series included a round robin stage, where each team played the opponents 3 times. Pakistan and Australia finished the round robin series tied at the top of the table. Both teams had 9 points (winning 4, losing 1 and abandoning 1). South Africa failed to register a single point.  The eighth match of the series, scheduled for 26 October 1994, was abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch. However, the teams took part in a 15 over exhibition match, in which Pakistan beat Australia by 4 wickets.

Tour Matches.

Australia also played one 3-day first class tour match against President's XI at the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium in Rawalpindi on 23 September 1994. The match was drawn.

The Australian cricket team toured Pakistan in 1994–95. The teams played three 5-day tests and took part in a triangular ODI series (along with South Africa). Pakistan won the test series 1 - 0. Saleem Malik and Shane Warne were declared Men of the Series. Australia won the Wills Triangular Series, beating Pakistan in the final.


Replacement for BPA.

The controversies associated with BPA in large quantities are ultimately related to its endocrine disrupting abilities. Like BPA, CBDO is a diol with a structure suitable for making polyesters. CBDO’s C ring is sufficiently rigid to prevent the two OH groups from forming cyclic structures. Unlike BPA, there is no current evidence of carcinogenic or toxic effects from CBDO-based consumer products. There are, however, few studies on the toxicology of CBDO for both long term and short term effects.  CBDO has potential advantages relative to BPA as a building block for production of polyesters. CBDO is very stable thermally and mechanically. Polyesters prepared from CBDO are rigid materials, but the combination of CBDO with flexible diols results in materials with high impact resistance, low color, thermal stability, good photooxidative stability and transparency. As an added bonus, CBDO-derived polymers have high ductility. The thermal and mechanical properties of CBDO-derived polyesters are often superior to conventional polyesters.

Preparation.

Synthesis of CBDO involves pyrolysis of isobutyric anhydride followed by hydrogenation of the resulting 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione. This synthesis resembles the method used to produce CBDO today. The first step involves conversion of the isobutyric acid or its anhydride into the ketene. This ketene then dimerizes to form a four-membered ring with two ketone groups.  The product ring is hydrogenated to give a diol. The last step commonly involves catalytic hydrogenation with ruthenium, nickel, or rhodium catalysts. Hydrogenation of the diketone ring results in both cis and trans isomers. A simplified scheme for the production of CBDO is presented below.

Structure and properties.

The C ring of the cis isomer of CBDO is non-planar. For simple non-planar cyclobutanes, dihedral angles range from 19 to 31°. CBDO’s cis isomer crystallizes as two conformers with an average dihedral angle of 17.5° in the solid state. However, the trans isomer has a dihedral angle of 0°.

Polyesterification.

The current economic method for the production of polyesters is direct esterification of dicarboxylic acids with diols. This condensation polymerization adds monomeric units to a chain. Individual chains react with one another through carboxyl and hydroxyl terminal groups. Finally, transesterification occurs within the chain. Although CBDO is most often used in polyesters, mixed copolycarbonates of CBDO and a series of bisphenols have also been synthesized. The differing reactivities of the cis and trans isomers have not been studied in depth.

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (CBDO) is an aliphatic diol. This diol is produced as a mixture of "cis"- and "trans"-isomers, depending on the relative stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups. It is used as a monomer for the synthesis of polymeric materials. CBDO is currently being researched as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a precursor used in the production of a wide range of polymers including polycarbonates, polyesters, polysulfones, and polyester ketones.


Plot.

Alison Courtland, a wealthy New Yorker, hasn't a clue how she ended up on a train bound for Boston. When she phones her husband, Richard, the police listen in and learn from Richard that his wife has threatened him with a gun. On a flight home, fellow passenger Bruce Elcott falls in love with the married but unhappy Alison. Her husband makes Alison begin seeing Dr. Rhinehart, a psychiatrist. But it turns out that Rhinehart is a fake. He is actually Charles Vernay, a photographer hired by Richard Courtland, who is having an affair with another woman, Daphne, and hopes to get rid of Alison for good.  The scheme is to drive Alison to suicide and inherit her money. Elcott arrives just in time to find Alison, apparently under hypnosis, about to leap from a balcony to her death. Elcott discovers that Vernay is the man who pretended to be the doctor. Richard, meanwhile, attempts to drug Alison and make her kill the doctor herself. Vernay finds out he has been betrayed. Verney then shoots Richard and is later killed by falling through a skylight after being chased by Elcott. It appears Elcott and Alison live happily ever after.

Production.

The film was on a story by Leo Rosten which had been serialised in magazines. In November 1946 the screen rights were bought by Triangle Productions, a company consisting of Mary Pickford, husband Buddy Rogers and Ralph Cohn. It was Pickford's first film in eleven years - the last was "The Gay Desperado" - although Cohn and Rogers had produced films for Comet Productions. Pickford was involved in approving the cast and script.  Rosten wrote the first script and in December Triangle were seeking Richard Ney to star.  In April 1947 Don Ameche signed to star and Douglas Sirk to direct. Shortly afterwards Claudette Colbert and Bob Cummings were cast.  Filming started 27 May 1947 at the Hal Roach Studios.

Release.

"Sleep My Love" premiered on January 27, 1948. Olive Films released it on Blu-ray on April 15, 2014.

Reception.

The world premier of the film was held in Ottawa to help children in Europe.  "Variety" wrote, ""Sleep, My Love manages" a fair share of suspense and adds up to okay melodrama. Plot gets off to a strong start and windup is high melodrama that brings off the finale on a fast note." "The New York Times" described it as "a sleek entry which manages to run its course without coming a cropper". Glenn Kenny wrote on RogerEbert.com that despite miscasting issues, "Sirk applies so much visual brio to the proceedings, and supporting players George Coulouris and Hazel Brook are so compelling it's very easy to watch anyway." Jonathan Rosenbaum of the "Chicago Reader" called it "a minor Douglas Sirk thriller, better in atmospherics than story logic". Chuck Bowen of "Slant Magazine" rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, ""Sleep, My Love" is a self-conscious homage to a variety of its contemporary thriller brethren, most obviously "Suspicion" and "Gaslight", and it's often characterized by competent, derivative efficiency at the expense of true dread or spontaneity." Michael Barrett of PopMatters rated it 6/10 stars and criticized the plot device, gaslighting, as turning female protagonists into "the most frustratingly obtuse idiots in the world".

Sleep, My Love is a 1948 American film noir directed by Douglas Sirk and starring Claudette Colbert, Robert Cummings and Don Ameche.


Early life.

Wong is the younger brother of filmmaker Freddie Wong, and grew up in Seattle, Washington. He is of Chinese ancestry. He received his B.A. in theater from Middlebury College in 2009. After graduating, he moved to Los Angeles to become an actor.

Career.

Wong garnered national news coverage in March 2011, when he uploaded his music video, "Ching Chong: Asians in the Library Song" to YouTube. He created the video as a response to a UCLA student's vlog rant against Asian students using mobile phones in the UCLA library, one which MSNBC qualified as "offensive." NPR suggested that Wong's video response was one that "effectively turn[ed] the tables on the original rant," offering an alternative method of defense against cyberbullying. Wong later said in an MSNBC interview that while he was initially frustrated by the video rant, he realized that humor offered a better response, as he hoped to "put a positive spin on all of it." Furthermore, he stated, an eye for an eye approach would only encourage "this behavior to continue." "Ching Chong: Asians in the Library Song" went viral and was covered nationally by the American media.  That same year, he co-launched and co-host the Youtube cooking show "Feast of Fiction with Ashley Adams."  Wong later portrayed Ted in the Web series "Video Game High School". He was also invited by Lionsgate and Google to create the web series District Voices. In 2014, Wong was ranked #73 on New Media Rockstars Top 100 Channels.  Wong has been cast as Ling in Disney's live action remake of the 1998 Mulan animated movie, set to be released in 2020.

Trivia.

Wong is an avid player of "", specifically the Commander format. He hosts a podcast with co-host Josh Lee Kwai called "The Command Zone", where he and Josh discuss their experiences playing the Commander format. Wong is referred to by his co-host as "Jimmy the Red" due to the fact that he often plays red decks when playing commander. He has also been called upon by Wizards of the Coast to preview new sets at exhibitions and on their YouTube channel.

James Franklin Wong (born March 28, 1987) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his 2011 music video, "Ching Chong: Asians in the Library Song" and for his role as Ted in the web series "Video Game High School". In 2017, he and YouTuber Meghan Camarena co-hosted the video game themed variety show "Polaris Primetime" which was created as part of Disney's "DXP" programming block on Disney XD.


Plot.

An aspiring young novelist, Lee Jong-su works odd jobs in Paju. One day he runs into Shin Hae-mi, a childhood neighbor and classmate, at a promotion for which he is making a delivery. Jong-su initially does not remember her, but Shin Hae-mi tells him she had plastic surgery. Jong-su then remembers and gives her a pink watch that he won at the promotion. Later, she tells him about her upcoming trip to Africa and asks him to feed her cat, Boil, while she is away. Some time before Hae-mi's departure, Jong-su's father, a cattle farmer, is tangled in legal affairs, and Jong-su has to return to the farm. Jong-su passes by Hae-mi's apartment, where he receives instructions about feeding the cat. They presume to have sex in at her apartment.  After Hae-mi departs, Jong-su dutifully feeds her cat, although he never sees it. He does, however, know that a cat is there because he finds feces in the cat's litter box. He also begins habitually masturbating in her apartment. One day Hae-mi calls, saying she had become stranded at Nairobi Airport for three days after a bombing nearby. When Jong-su comes to pick her up, she arrives with Ben, whom she met and bonded with during the crisis. The three go out for dinner, where Hae-mi recalls a sunset she witnessed during her travels. Moved by the memory, she cries and confesses to them that she wanted to disappear. Ben is well-off and confident, though it is never entirely clear what he does for a living. He also notes them that he never cried once in his entire life. Jong-su, struggling to get by and taking care of his family farm while his father is in prison, envies Ben and his relationship with Hae-mi from afar.  Hanging out at Jong-su's farm, Hae-mi recalls a childhood memory wherein Jong-su rescued her after she fell into a well near her home, which Jong-su does not remember. The trio smoke cannabis and Hae-mi dances topless. After Hae-mi has fallen asleep on the sofa, Ben confesses a strange hobby: Every two months, he burns an abandoned greenhouse. He notes that Jong-su's rural neighborhood is full of greenhouses. When asked when his next burning will take place, Ben claims it will be very soon and close to Jong-su's house. Jong-su tells Ben that he loves Hae-mi, however he shames Hae-mi for disrobing in front of other men, calling her a prostitute. Hae-mi quietly gets into Ben's car and as they leave Jong-su tells Ben he will keep an eye on the greenhouses in his area.  That night Jong-su has a dream of himself naked as a young boy approaching a burning greenhouse. After the dream he looks outside at the ruins of a greenhouse on the farm and recovers Ben's lighter from the previous night.  Over the following days, Jong-su patrols around the neighborhood to see if any greenhouses burn down, but none do. One afternoon, in front of an intact greenhouse that he happens to be inspecting he receives a call from Hae-mi, which cuts off after a few seconds of ambiguous noises. Jong-su becomes worried as she does not return any of his calls afterwards, and begins to investigate after her phone number becomes disconnected. Eventually he convinces the landlady to let him into Hae-mi's apartment so he can feed her cat. However, she notes that no animals are allowed in the building. Hae-mi's apartment is unnaturally clean, her pink suitcase remains, and all signs of the cat are gone. Jong-su begins stalking Ben, starting at his apartment and following him to see where he goes. When he sees Ben's Porsche parked outside a restaurant he goes inside to talk to him. Ben looks surprised and is friendly to Jong-su. A young woman suddenly approaches the table, apologizing to Ben for being late. As the three of them leave the restaurant, Jong-su asks Ben if he has heard from Hae-mi and if she had gone on a trip. Ben says he has not heard from her, and doubts she had gone on a trip because she couldn't afford it. Talking about her in the past tense, Ben says Hae-mi disappeared like ash and that Jong-su was the only person she trusted. He says that it made him jealous for the first time in his life.  Jong-su repeatedly starts to look for clues. He goes to Hae-mi's family restaurant asking if the well story is true, and her mother denies, stating Hae-mi always invented stories and there was no well. Her mother also tells Hae-mi is prohibited of talking to the family because of her major credit card debt. Jong-su asks the new owners of her old house and they don't recall the existence of the well itself. Later, Jong-su receives a call from his mother, whom he hasn't heard from in many years. He meets with her and she states that she remembers the well.  One day, Ben finds Jong-su outside his place. Ben asks him why he was there and Jong-su tells that he wants to talk about Hae-mi with him. Ben invites him up to his party in his apartment where Jong-su finds that Ben has a new cat which he claims is a rescued stray. Jong-su's suspicions are raised further when on a visit to the toilet he finds a recent pink watch, similar to the one he had given Hae-mi, hidden in a drawer containing other pieces of women’s jewelry. Shortly afterwards, Ben's cat runs out of the apartment to the garage and Jong-su calls the cat "Boil", the same name as Hae-mi's cat, and the cat comes to him. Jong-su tries to leave but is stopped by Ben, asking him if he doesn't want to talk about Hae-mi and Jong-su tells him he no longer needs to do that.  Jong-su starts writing his novel in Hae-mi's apartment. Ben is seen putting make-up on a young woman in his apartment. Jong-su asks to meet Ben in the countryside, claiming he is with Hae-mi. After Ben discovers that Hae-mi is not there, he asks him where she is, Jong-su proceeds to stab Ben several times. Stunned at his actions Ben starts crying and hugs Jong-su in his final moments until his death. Jong-su douses Ben's car and body in gasoline and sets it all aflame, tossing his blood-soaked clothes in as well. He then goes to stumble to his truck, driving away as the car burns.

Production.

Developed as the work of the international project which was based on one of Haruki Murakami's short stories in "The Elephant Vanishes", "Barn Burning". Production was set to begin in November 2016 but was delayed by a dispute between Murakami and NHK, which owns the rights to many of Murakami's works. It also merges elements of William Faulkner's 1939 short story of the same name. In October 2016, however, Lee said, "it is a story about young people in today’s world. When they think of their lives and the world, it must feel like a mystery", at the Busan International Film Festival. In September 2017, the studio said that it had only brought the basic outlines of the story.  In 2016, it was thought that Gang Dong-won and Yoo Ah-in will feature in the film, but an official announcement was not made.  On September 5, 2017, it was announced that Yoo Ah-in has been confirmed for the role of Jong-su. Three days later, newcomer Jeon Jong-seo was cast for the role of Hae-mi based on auditions which began in August. On September 20, Steven Yeun joined the film as Ben.  Principal photography began on September 11, 2017. Filming wrapped on January 30, 2018, in Paju.

Release.

The first film directed by Lee Chang-dong in eight years, "Burning" was widely predicted by film critics and insiders to be an in-competition entry at the upcoming 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Lee's 2007 film "Secret Sunshine" and his 2010 film "Poetry" both premiered as in-competition entries at the Cannes Film Festival. In April 2018, "Burning" was among the lineup of in-competition entries announced for the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.  "Burning" was sold to more than 100 countries and territories at the Marché du Film in Cannes Film Festival. This included Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Greece, Poland and Turkey.  In South Korea, "Burning" premiered in theaters on May 17, 2018. It was released in the United States on October 26, 2018.  Netflix released "Burning" on its streaming service on April 29, 2019.

Home media.

Distributor Well Go USA Entertainment released "Burning" on Blu-ray and DVD on March 5, 2019.

Reception.

Box office.

, "Burning" has grossed in the United States and Canada, and $6.1 million in other territories (including $4.2 million in South Korea), for a total worldwide gross of.  On its opening day in South Korea, "Burning" attracted 52,324 viewers in total, ranking second at the box office behind "Deadpool 2" (248,904 viewers). Over the first weekend of its release, "Burning" received 220,717 admissions, placing third at the local box office. By the end of its run, the film recorded 528,168 admissions in its home country.  In its opening weekend in France, the film attracted 53,876 audience in total, ranking third at the box office behind "Mile 22".  In its opening weekend in the United States, the film made $26,130 from two theaters. The film had its widest release in its third weekend, playing in 27 theaters and grossing $76,608.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% from 185 reviews, with an average rating of 8.59/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Burning" patiently lures audiences into a slow-burning character study that ultimately rewards the viewer's patience -- and subverts many of their expectations." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  "Los Angeles Times"s Justin Chang called it "a masterpiece of psychological unease— the most lucid and absorbing new movie I've seen this year, as well as the most layered and enigmatic." "The Guardian"s Peter Bradshaw called it "a gripping nightmare" and lavished praise on how "Lee creates a sense of mood and place with masterly flair." "Sight & Sound" rated it the third best film of 2018, and Jessica Kiang wrote in her Cannes review, "The embers are banked up so gradually that it’s not until a few hours after the ending of this elusive, riveting masterpiece that you are far enough away to appreciate the scale of the conflagration." Tim Robey in "The Daily Telegraph" observed, "This is Lee’s closest ever film to a thriller, but it defies expectations, offering multiple, murky solutions to a set of mysteries at once." "Vulture"s Emily Yoshida praised the film for its "perception of the rich vampirizing youth — not directly biologically or physically or financially, but emotionally" but considered that ""Burning" lost its steam in its second half". Peter Debruge of "Variety" suggested that "[t]he degree to which "Burning" succeeds will depend largely on one's capacity to identify with the unspoken but strongly conveyed sense of jealousy and frustration its lower-class protagonist feels". "Rolling Stone"s Peter Travers wrote that the film "sizzles with a cumulative power that will knock the wind out of you" and declared that "Lee has crafted a hypnotic and haunting film that transcends genre to dig deep into the human condition. You won’t be able to get it out of your head."  Geoff Andrew of "Time Out" was similarly positive, hailing it as a "movie rich in teasing ambiguities and possible lies... Lee's interest lies not in crime-solving but in exploring Jongsu's emotional confusion... Both a slow-burn suspense drama and an intriguing enigma, his film is beautifully executed". Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" reacted enthusiastically to the film, writing that "[t]his is a beautifully crafted film loaded with glancing insights and observations into an understated triangular relationship, one rife with subtle perceptions about class privilege, reverberating family legacies, creative confidence, self-invention, sexual jealousy, justice and revenge". For The Canadian Press, David Friend said the film includes "simmering layers of subtext and tension build over the film's two-and-a-half hour runtime."  Nick Pinkerton, writing in "ArtForum", was more muted, writing that ""Burning" is strewn with all sorts of information whose exact meaning and validity is impossible to determine... a film with such a diffident, often passive protagonist must generate its tensions and attractions elsewhere—memorable supporting players, a tactile atmosphere, a complex sense of the social sphere, an emphatic emotionalism".  The depiction of the female character Hae-mi in the film attracted some criticism. However, Adam Nayman from "Film Society of Lincoln Center" argued and emphasized for "The Ringer" that the story is "told fully from Jongsu's point of view," so "it's fair to ask whether Lee Chang Dong is cultivating true audience solidarity or urging us to understand the story exclusively through the lens of his hero's prejudices: to see Haemi and Ben as idealized and demonized figures, respectively." Phoebe Chen of the "Film Feminist Journal: Another Gaze", analyzed that Haemi's existence had a grander purpose in the film, and wrote, "If you know "Burning" is adapted from a Haruki Murakami short story, however loosely, you know that Haemi will vanish. The trope of the missing woman is built into Murakami's narrative DNA: her vanishing will preoccupy the protagonist, neurotically at first, then fade over the months and years to a dull malaise", and "The mystery of Haemi’s disappearance is technically'solved', but becomes supplanted by one grander: the mystery of a world that tantalises with the hope of futurity while locking its millions of subjects in a cold impasse." Alexandra Heller-Nicholas of "Alliance of Women Film Journalists" emphasized that the character of Hae-mi is much more than simply a missing woman as plot device but one of the most powerful parts of a film that casually yet firmly addresses the pressures on women, "While the film’s well-executed action and unflinching, profound exploration of its deeper thematic questions circle Jong-su and Ben with increasing intensity, it is this question of Hae-mi that drives the story. This is much, much more than simply a missing woman as plot device: one of the most powerful parts of a film that can comfortably boast a range of achievements is how casually yet firmly the film addresses the pressures on women – not just Hae-mi and her colleagues, but Jong-su's own mother – to live up to financially unsustainable images of femininity in contemporary South Korea."

Accolades.

"Burning" won the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. It became the highest-rated film in the history of Screen International’s Cannes jury grid. "Burning" also won Best Foreign Language Film in Los Angeles Film Critics Association, Best Foreign Language Film in Toronto Film Critics Association and National Board of Review's Top Five Foreign Language Film. It went on to be nominated for three Asia Pacific Screen Awards, winning the Jury Grand Prize. It was included on Roger Ebert's Great Movies. It was nominated for eight Asian Film Awards, including Best Film, and won Best Director award. In September 2019, it won Saturn Award for Best International Film.  "Burning" was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film category at the 91st Academy Awards; although it was not nominated, it became the first Korean film to make it to the final nine-film shortlist.

Top ten lists.

"Burning" appeared on many critics' year-end top ten lists for 2018, among them:  Top 10 (not ranked)

Decade-end lists.

In late 2019, "Burning" also appeared on the "Best films of the decade" lists of "Rolling Stone", "The A.V. Club", Associated Press, "Boston Globe", "Indiewire", "Insider", and "Film Comment".

Burning () is a 2018 South Korean psychological thriller film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Lee Chang-dong. Based on the short story "Barn Burning" from "The Elephant Vanishes" by author Haruki Murakami, it stars Yoo Ah-in, Steven Yeun, and Jeon Jong-seo. The movie depicts a young deliveryman Jongsu (Yoo) who runs into his childhood friend Haemi (Jun). She asks if he’d mind looking after her cat while she’s away on a trip to Africa. On her return she introduces to Jongsu an enigmatic young man named Ben, who she met during her trip. And one day Ben tells Jongsu about his most unusual hobby.


History.

Sudi belongs to the core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern Karnataka (particularly North Karnataka).  "Padevala Taila" (son of Nagadeva), continued to serve under "Satyashraya" (succeeded his father Taila in 997 AD) and his mother "Attiyabbe" made a grant in "1005 A.D". Satyashraya had two daughters. "Vradhamabbarasi" and Akkadevi and one son Kundin ("Kundiraja"). Akkadevi was a "good administrator" and was governing some division during the time of "Satyashraya" and his successors. Kundiraja was placed in charge of divisions like Banavasi 12,000 and "Santalige" 1,000.  Akkadevi and "Kundin", continued to govern ( dating 8_October_1013 AD) some provinces of the Chalukya Empire during the reign of Vikramaditya.  Sudi was the capital of the Kalyani Chalukyas in 1100 AD. Kalyani Chalukyas king's daughter Akkadevi ruled the place. There are also historical records indicating that coins were manufactured (mint) in this town during that time.

Coinage.

During Western Chalukyas (973 – 1189 south), The Alupas, a feudatory, minted coins with the Kannada and Nagari legend Sri "Pandya Dhanamjaya". Lakkundi and Sudi in Gadag district were the main mints ("Tankhashaley"). Their heaviest gold coin was "Gadyanaka"(weighting 96 grains), Dramma (weighted 65 grains), Kalanju (48 grains), Kasu (15 grains), Manjadi (2.5 grains), Akkam (1.25 grains) and Pana (9.6 grain).

Shaivism, Pasupata school.

Shaivism gained importance and Jainism lost towards the closing years of the Chalukya rule. Shaivism was dominant, and had several sects like Shaiva, Pasupata or Lakula, Kalamukha and Kapaliaka. The Pasupata school was important and had important centers at Balligavi, Sudi, Srisailam and other places.

Inscriptions.

The Cholas claim to have captured a large number of Chalukya feudatory princes with their women and sacked and burnt "Mannandippai". The Chalukya reverses are admitted in a Sudi inscription, dated in "1050 A.D.", of the reign of "Someshvara". It says that "the 7 ministers granted the "settis renewal" of their corporate constitution (which had partly broken down in the stress of the war with the Cholas)".  The Chola king was killed at "Koppam", but the Chalukyas were also pushed back from there by "Rajendra". Soon after the Chalukyas raided Kanchi, the Chola capital, burnt the city and defeated the Cholas once again. A "Sudi inscription" (Thursday, 20_January_1060 AD), records that king "Trailokyamalla" was halting at his camp "Puli", a town within "Sindavadi" division after having made a victorious expedition to the southern region and conquered the Chola.  Sudi has several stone temples built by Maha Samanthadhipati Naga Deva in 1100 AD that have caught the attention of the Karnataka State Archeological Department. Quite a few of these structures have been cleaned up. Besides age-old structures there is also a tower (called "Hude" in native language) located in the center of the village. The richness of these temples can be viewed in the images posted here.

Tourism.

Twin Towered Shiva Temple.

Twin Towered, Two Vimana, Jodakalasa Temple  Later Chalukya monument, Before 1059-60, by Nageshwara by General Nagadeva administering Sudi.

Mallikarjuna Temple.

Mallikarjuna temple at Sudi is a later Chalukya (Kalyani Chalukyas) monument, 1054, Founded under princess "Akkadevi" Governor of Sudi

Naga Kunda (Well).

Nagakunda literally means King cobra tank at Sudi is a beautifully carved (Inner wall) temple tank. This is most beautiful temple tank in the North Karnataka.  This is totally neglected by the people, ASI and Govt. of Karnataka.  There is need of immediate conservation work to protect this monument.

Other monuments at Sudi.

At Sudi you can notice so many other monuments like Large beautiful Ganapati Statue and Nandi statue inside mantapa, Large Shiva linga, etc.

Geography.

It has an average elevation of. It is located adjacent to 2 streams called Hirehalla and Doddahalla and has total area of the town is.  It is located from Karnataka, 42 kilometres from Gadag and 450 kilometres from Bangalore, the state capital.

Climate.

The temperature ranges from minimum 23 degrees to 45 degrees during summer and from 15 to 29 degrees in winter. The rainfall of the area is 50 centimeters. Best time to visit is between low humid season from November and March.

Economy.

The main economy is centered on agriculture.

Government.

It is a town in the Gadag District in Karnataka state, India.

Transport.

The nearest airport is Hubli about 100 kilometres away. It is east of Hubli-Sholapur rail route, and the rail station (Mallapur) is 25 kilometres from the town. It is also connected by road to Hubli and Gadag. Sudi is reachable from Bangalore by a 12-hour bus ride, or with a combination of an overnight train journey from Bangalore to Ron followed by a short bus ride from Ron to Sudi.

Demographics.

India census, Sudi had a population of 6,000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sudi has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Culture.

Sudi is full of stone temples, wells, and sculptures. People speak Kannada, Hindi and English. They wear traditional Indian cotton wear.

Sudi, is a panchayat town in the Gadag District of Karnataka, India. It is about 30 km from Badami, 12 km from Gajendragad and 3 km from Itagi Bhimambika temple. In the past it was an important town of the Kalyani Chalukyas during 1000 AD. It is notable for rare stone carved monuments like "Twin towered temple, Mallikarjuna temple and nagakunda (large well built of stone and carvings)", and few other structural temples. For long time these structures were abandoned, but recently they caught the eye of the Indian Archaeological Department (ASI - Archaeological Survey of India).


Life and work.

Kadets was born in Kiev. In 1943, he was drafted into the army. After demobilisation in 1946, he studied at Kharkov University, graduating in 1950. After several years in Makeevka he returned to Kharkov in 1957, where he spent the remainder of his life working at various institutes. He defended his PhD in 1955 (under the supervision of Boris Levin), and his doctoral dissertation in 1963. He was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in 2005.  After reading the Ukrainian translation of Banach's monograph "Théorie des opérations linéaires", he became interested in the theory of Banach spaces. In 1966, Kadets solved in the affirmative the Banach–Fréchet problem, asking whether every two separable infinite-dimensional Banach spaces are homeomorphic. He developed the method of equivalent norms, which has found numerous applications. For example, he showed that every separable Banach space admits an equivalent Fréchet differentiable norm if and only if the dual space is separable.  Together with Aleksander Pełczyński, he obtained important results on the topological structure of Lp spaces.  Kadets also made several contributions to the theory of finite-dimensional normed spaces. Together with M. G. Snobar (1971), he showed that every "n"-dimensional subspace of a Banach space is the image of a projection of norm at most. Together with V. I. Gurarii and V. I. Matsaev, he found the exact order of magnitude of the Banach–Mazur distance between the "n"-dimensional spaces and.  In harmonic analysis, Kadets proved (1964) what is now called the Kadets theorem, which states that, if |"λ" − "n"| ≤ "C" < for all integer "n", then the sequence (exp("iλ"x)) is a Riesz basis in "L"[-, ].  Kadets was the founder of the Kharkov school of Banach spaces. Together with his son Vladimir Kadets, he authored two books about series in Banach spaces.

Mikhail Iosiphovich Kadets (,, sometimes transliterated as Kadec, 30 November 1923 – 7 March 2011) was a Soviet-born Jewish mathematician working in analysis and the theory of Banach spaces.


History.

Kobi Karp provided design plans for a tower at 1101 Brickell Avenue by developer Leviev Boymelgreen. It was approved by the City of Miami in 2006 and cleared by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for a maximum height of above mean sea level (AMSL) in 2005. The 849 foot (259 meter) (AMSL) building was to contain of office space, of retail as well as 650 residences. However, the project was put on hold due to the crash of the United States housing bubble. The site of the project was purchased by veteran Miami developer Tibor Hollo of Florida East Coast Realty in 2009; the US$33-million purchase price included the three acre site and existing office buildings, built in 1964 and 1985. The office buildings had very low occupancy at this time, around 30% in 2010. The building was renovated and by the end of 2012 occupancy was up to 85%. In 2011, Florida International University opened a downtown campus in the building known as FIU Downtown on Brickell; they also got the signage rights to the building. In addition to the renovation, a small glass and steel addition adjacent to Brickell Avenue was completed in 2014. Known as "The Cube", the space uses variable-tint glass and houses a TD Bank.

Design.

In 2012, Hollo began developing plans for the project, and the name "Panorama Tower" was introduced. The height remained the same at, but the number of units was quoted at 724. Hollo revised the plans in 2013. The FAA required the height of the structure to be lowered to. In 2013 and 2014, respectively, the developers were working to ensure the building height would not be greatly reduced under the FAA's "emergency airspace" or "one-engine inoperative" policies which were proposed at that time. At this point, the building was designed to include 821 residential units and 250 hotel units, as well as approximately of retail and approximately of office space in the 13 story pedestal which would also include about 1500 parking spaces. Moshe Cosicher is the architect of record for the project and Fons Inc. was retained to work alongside for the production and construction administration of the project. In 2014, the parking pedestal, now shown as 19 stories and quoted to have 2,000 parking spaces, was reported to include of medical office space and about of retail space. The number of hotel rooms decreased to 208, and the flag was revealed to be Hyatt full service brand Hyatt Centric. The hotel would be located within 17 floors lining the east face of the pedestal. The building would be the largest building in Miami, with gross floor area quoted between and, the latter number including the existing office building. In 2016, a slight height increase to the current was sought by the developers and approved by the FAA.  Interior design concept was provided by Zyscovich Architecture.

Construction.

Site preparation began in late 2013 with the clearing of the site and demolition of an existing parking garage, with foundation work by HJ Foundation, part of the Keller Group beginning in June 2014, when California-based Tutor Perini was awarded the US$255 million contract as the main contractor. As of January 2015 the construction was said to be ahead of schedule. The continuous concrete pour for the approximately 14,000 cubic yard () raft slab required hundreds of cement trucks operating for over 24 hours from numerous factories. The approximately pour took place over a weekend in late March 2015 and was one of the largest continuous pours in Florida history. The project received a US$340 million construction loan from Wells Fargo in 2015, with construction well underway. By October 2015, construction was up to the top of the 19-story pedestal. In January 2016, the building received a temporary certificate of occupancy (TCO) for the lower 11 floors of the parking garage. Users of the existing buildings had been using off-site parking in the interim. Over of the project was structurally completed, and the building was still on schedule for completion in late 2017. During the first half of 2016 a height increase to was approved; this may affect the floor count, which was at least 81 actual floors at the level. Other than the Renaissance Center in Detroit and Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta, both hotels, it would be the only building over to stick to a total floor-to-floor height of no more than. Hotels, parking garages, and condos generally have much less floor-to-floor height than high-rise office towers. However, very few towers of any kind over 50 floors keep to an overall height under per floor, due to increased ceiling heights or the need for mechanical floor levels, rooftop HVAC, housing for the tops of elevator shafts, spire details, or other infrastructure. It is unclear whether the floor count will remain at 82, or increase to 85 due to the height increase. DeSimone Consulting Engineers is serving as structural engineer on the project. The firm has designed numerous supertall towers and skyscrapers worldwide, and frequently works with top architects and developers on marquee projects globally.  On March 24, 2017, the same week the building officially surpassed the height of the Four Seasons Hotel Miami, a small fire broke out on the 68th floor just before 7 pm. It was extinguished within hours, with no injuries or delay to the project's timeline. The cause was not immediately known. No work was underway when the fire broke out.  With a topping out in April, the 208-room Hyatt Centric hotel in the pedestal is expected to open in the third quarter of 2017, with the building to open by the end of the year.

Financing.

In 2014, the building became the first development in the city of Miami to be accepted into the EB-5 visa program. When the application was submitted in late 2012, it was stated that this immigrant investment system could fund about 15% to 20% of the project. However, later estimates were placed lower despite high demand that was exceeding the limit of 10,000 visas per year (throughout the country).  With a very high Walk Score, Panorama Tower is in the class of apartment buildings that have seen the most increase in value over time even into a market slowdown in 2017.

Panorama Tower is a mixed-use 85-story skyscraper in Miami, Florida, United States. It is located in the Brickell district of Downtown Miami. It was originally approved by the City of Miami and the Federal Aviation Administration in 2006 but was put on hold due to the Great Recession. The project was revived in 2012 when owner Tibor Hollo hired Moshe Cosicher, AIA Architect, to redesign the project. In 2013, the project was revised; the tower is stated to include residential, hotel, retail, and office space. It is the tallest building in Miami, and the tallest building in Florida, but may soon thereafter be overtaken by various other towers, including two of their own projects (The Towers by Foster + Partners and One Bayfront Plaza). It took over the Four Seasons Hotel Miami as tallest when it topped out in late 2017. The project is the first development in the City of Miami to be funded in part by EB-5 visas. While the entire site was technically addressed 1101 Brickell Avenue, the building is actually located on the back of the lot, behind two existing office buildings, at 1100 Brickell Bay Drive. It is about two blocks from the Tenth Street Metromover station.


History.

The idea of a planetarium was originally proposed in 1961 by the Urban Council. Ten years later, the Urban Services Department (USD) set up a working group to study overseas experience in establishing planetariums. The study was aimed at laying the groundwork for setting up the future Hong Kong Space Museum. The Hong Kong Government decided to build the museum at Tsim Sha Tsui and invited Mr. Joseph Liu to serve as Planetarium Advisor.  In 1974, The USD signed a contract with the Carl Zeiss Company to purchase a planetarium and other equipment with a price of HK$3,050,000.  Construction commenced in 1977 and the museum opened on 8 October 1980. The museum contained the world's first computerized planetarium. In the 2008-2009 financial year, there were about 590,000 visits to the museum.  In 2015, in order to carry out renovation work, the exhibition hall in the Sky Hall was closed on October 5 and reopened on April 25, 2018.

Facilities.

The museum has two wings: east wing and west wing. The former consists of the nucleus of the museum's planetarium, which has an egg-shaped dome structure. Beneath it are the Stanley Ho Space Theatre, the Hall of Space Science, workshops and offices. The west wing houses the Hall of Astronomy, the Lecture Hall, a gift shop and offices.  The planetarium's egg-shaped dome covers more than 8,000 square metres, making it a famous landmark in Hong Kong. It was the first local planetarium for the popularisation of astronomy and space science. The computerized star imager in the Sky Gallery of the Space Museum is capable of simulating the sky through optical principles, projecting 8,000 stars onto the hemisphere screen of the Planetarium.  There is also a mockup of the nose and cockpit section of the Space Shuttle orbiter.

Exhibition halls.

Hong Kong Space Museum has two thematic exhibition halls: the Hall of Space Science and the Hall of Astronomy on the ground and first floors respectively. The exhibits, predominantly interactive, enable visitors to learn through a series of entertaining and educational experiences.

Transportation.

The museum sits within walking distance of both Tsim Sha Tsui Station and East Tsim Sha Tsui Station of the MTR. It is also near the Star Ferry Pier and a bus terminus.

The Hong Kong Space Museum is an astronomy and space science museum located in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. Opening in 1980, it is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong Government. The building is notable for its hemispherical shape, which contains a planetarium, the only one in Hong Kong. The main facilities of the museum are located in a building next to the planetarium, showcasing information about the Solar System, cosmology, and spaceflight.