Plot.

Jonah Brand (John Patrick Amedori) is a scholarship student at a private school full of wealthy students. Poor and lacking the social confidence of his classmates, at graduation he finds himself attracted to Sara Weller (Lizzy Caplan), who is part of a close-knit quartet of drug users that includes her boyfriend Troy (Jonathon Trent) and their friends Lucas (D.J. Cotrona) and Erin (Jenny Wade). Sara returns his interest but the rest of her group discourage Jonah's attention. However, after the group learn that he works part-time at a pharmacy doing delivery, they bring them into his world for the summer, in exchange for his stealing prescription drugs for them. Jonah's mother, Sandra (Daryl Hannah), is too busy working multiple jobs to try to keep up appearances, to try to deal with her son's sudden change in behavior. As the group gets more experimental with their drugs of choice, Jonah unravels as he becomes more and more obsessed with Sara. After Troy dies under questionable circumstances, his parents hire private investigator Phil Hackwith (Bruce A. Young) to try to find out the truth. The investigator questions all four of the teens with little results. A few days later, Sara comes to visit Jonah at work, stating that she feels empty and doesn't know why she's there. Jonah asks her to come away to Tijuana with him for the weekend, she agrees. The next morning, the private investigator watches from his parked car as they pull out of the driveway together. They proceed to drink lots of tequila and drunkenly kiss in the hotel room, which leads to sex, during which Sara asks Jonah to stop and he does not. Afterwards, she is clearly distraught and demands to be taken home. They return to California that evening. The next day at work, Lucas storms in and informs Jonah's boss that Jonah has been stealing pills and selling them. Jonah is not able to deny this and is subsequently fired. He shows up in Sara's backyard uninvited later that night, ignoring her requests that he leave, and confesses that he was the one who bought the drugs for Troy. He asks her if she will run away to Mexico with him, saying he'll rob the pharmacy for pills and money. She says "okay", primarily to get him the hell out of her backyard. On the day they are scheduled to depart. Jonah loses his temper and physically abuses his mother. He later meets Sara in the bathroom of Lucas' house. He tries to convince her that she has feelings for him; she doesn't. Jonah attempts to give her drugs but she is reluctant to taking them. During this time the private investigator comes to Lucas' house and asks for Sara. Erin goes looking for her. After realizing that Sara will never love him, Jonah commits suicide by stabbing himself with a pair of scissors. The film is ended with Lucas, Erin, and the private investigator walking into the bathroom and seeing Jonah's dead body with Sara frightened in the corner.

Release.

"Love Is the Drug" debuted as an entry in the January 2006 Slamdance Film Festival. It was given a limited theatrical release in Seattle, Washington on October 6, 2006. It was released to Region 4 DVD in Australia.

Reception.

"Love Is the Drug" holds a rating of 60% and an average rating of 5.2 out of 10 on the film aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews from five critics. "Variety"s Justin Chang called the film "darkly compelling" and a "smartly acted and strikingly confident feature", he praised the cinematography and screenplay. He also praised Caplan's performance as Sara and felt Cotrona was "explosively charismatic", but he criticized the film's ending as "repetitive and overwrought" and found that the final moments "played like a cheap stunt". While "Seattle Times" reviewer Ted Fry praised the film as a "small, earnest and generally well-acted movie [that] infuses a horrifying sense of realism in the sexual and drug-fueled behavior of kids who believe they are mature beyond their years", he also criticized the characters as being hard to identify or sympathize with and found Johah's eventual actions to be "unpleasantly erratic". Soren Andersen of "The News Tribune" panned the film, feeling the characters were sympathetic. In particular, he felt Sara was "vapid" and Lucas a "Robert Downey, Jr. doppelgänger" and "heartlessly manipulative substance abuser". The "Seattle Post-Intelligencer"'s Bill White gave the film a grade of "D" and stated that Lester "aim[ed] for an edgy teen melodrama and finishe[d] with something less than a spineless horror flick". In particular, he felt the ending was "as predictable as it is improbable" and stated that it seemed like "an alternate ending to 'Beyond the Valley of the Dolls,' shot by the gaffers during a meal break."

Love Is the Drug (also known as Addicted to Her Love) is a 2006 American drama produced by Box Office Productions and Alpine Pictures. Directed by Elliott Lester, it was filmed in Los Angeles, California. It was previewed at the Slamdance Film Festival in January 2006 before being released theatrically on a limited basis in Seattle, Washington on October 6, 2006. Starring John Patrick Amedori, Lizzy Caplan, and D.J. Cotrona, the film tells the story of a social outcast who becomes obsessed with a pretty wealthy girl and begins stealing drugs for her friends to be near her. It received mixed reviews from critics.


History.

Sight and Life was founded in 1986 by the Swiss global health-care company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. As a humanitarian initiative of Roche, Sight and Life focused on providing assistance to address the problem of vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. This assistance was provided mostly in the form of free vitamin A capsules to vitamin A supplementation projects and grants or scholarships for health-care professionals in developing countries to attend international conferences, workshops, and courses or academic programs. Other types of support included grants for small-scale projects and/or programmatic research. Sight and Life also began publishing the Sight and Life Newsletter, which disseminated news from the projects and research it supported as well as general news and specific features relating to vitamin A.  When DSM acquired Roche’s Fine Chemicals division, Roche Vitamins, in 2003, the company continued the Sight and Life Initiative and Newsletter (which it repackaged as the Sight and Life Magazine), and broadened the Initiative’s focus to addressing a wider range of micronutrient deficiencies, not just vitamin A deficiency. This broader focus is reflected in Sight and Life’s current programming and grantmaking policies as well as the Magazine’s editorial content. Sight and Life is also active in promoting greater awareness of the problems of nutritional anemia (or iron deficiency anemia), and the ‘double burden of malnutrition,’ an emergent phenomenon in settings of nutritional transition in which both malnutrition and over-nutrition (e.g. obesity), and the diseases associated with them, are found in the same population.

Cooperation partners.

Since its founding, Sight and Life has supported over 3,200 research and project activities in over 80 countries in Africa, Asia Pacific and Latin America. These activities are conducted in collaboration with universities, UN agencies, and non-government and government organizations. Organizational partners include Johns Hopkins University, ETH Zürich (the Swiss Federal Research Institute), the North-West University (South Africa), the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Micronutrient Forum, the Micronutrient Initiative, Groupe de Recherches et d'Echanges Technologiques (GRET), the Swiss Red Cross, and the Christian Blind Mission.  A current partnership with WFP focuses on improving and increasing nutritious food for people in poor countries and during humanitarian crises, toward which DSM and Sight and Life have provided WFP with technical expertise, nutritional products and financial assistance.

Sight and Life is a humanitarian nutrition think tank delivering innovative solutions to eliminate all forms of malnutrition in children and women of childbearing age and improve the lives of the world’s most vulnerable population.


Background.

"The Magus" was the first novel John Fowles wrote, but his third to be published, after "The Collector" (1963) and "The Aristos" (1964). He started writing it in the 1950s, under the original title of "The Godgame". He based it partly on his experiences on the Greek island of Spetses, where he taught English for two years at the Anargyrios School. He worked on it for twelve years before its publication in 1965. Despite gaining critical and commercial success, he continued to rework it, publishing a final revision in 1977.

Plot summary.

The story reflects the perspective of Nicholas Urfe, a young Oxford graduate and aspiring poet. After graduation, he briefly works as a teacher at a small school, but becomes bored and decides to leave England. While looking for another job, Nicholas takes up with Alison Kelly, an Australian girl he met at a party in London. He still accepts a post teaching English at the Lord Byron School on the Greek island of Phraxos. After beginning his new post, he becomes bored, depressed, disillusioned, and overwhelmed by the Mediterranean island; Nicholas struggles with loneliness and contemplates suicide. While habitually wandering around the island, he stumbles upon an estate and soon meets its owner, Maurice Conchis, a wealthy Greek recluse. They develop a sort of friendship, and Conchis slowly reveals that he may have collaborated with the Nazis during World War II.  Nicholas is gradually drawn into Conchis's psychological games, his paradoxical views on life, his mysterious persona, and his eccentric masques. At first, Nicholas takes these posturings of Conchis, what the novel terms the "godgame", to be a joke, but they grow more elaborate and intense. Nicholas loses his ability to determine what is real and what is artifice. Against his will and knowledge, he becomes a performer in the godgame. Eventually, Nicholas realises that the re-enactments of the Nazi occupation, the absurd playlets after Sade, and the obscene parodies of Greek myths are about his life, not Conchis's life.

Ending.

The book ends indeterminately. Fowles received many letters from readers wanting to know which of the two apparently possible outcomes occur. He refused to answer the question conclusively, however, sometimes changing his answer to suit the reader. The novel ends quoting the refrain of the "Pervigilium Veneris", an anonymous work of fourth-century Latin poetry, which has been taken as indicating the possible preferred resolution of the ending's ambiguity.

Literary precedents.

John Fowles wrote an article about his experiences in the island of Spetses and their influence on the book. He acknowledged some literary works as influences in his foreword to the 1977 revised edition of "The Magus", including Alain-Fournier's "Le Grand Meaulnes," for showing a secret hidden world to be explored, and Richard Jefferies's "Bevis" (1882), for projecting a very different world. In the revised edition, Fowles referred to a Miss Havisham, a likely reference to the character Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens's "Great Expectations" (1861).

Representation in other media.

In Jasper Fforde's comic detective novel "The Well of Lost Plots" (part of the Thursday Next series), "The Magus" wins the "Most Incomprehensible Plot" Award at the annual "Bookie" Awards, the awards programme that characters in literature give one another.

Film adaptation.

The novel was adapted for film with a screenplay by Fowles, directed by Guy Green, and released in 1968. It starred Michael Caine as Nicholas Urfe, Anthony Quinn as Maurice Conchis, Anna Karina as Alison, Candice Bergen as Lily/Julie, and Julian Glover as Anton. It was filmed on the island of Majorca. The adaptation generally was considered a failure as film.  Caine said that it was one of the worst films he had been involved because no one knew what it was about. Despite the critical failure, the film was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography.

The Magus (1965) is a postmodern novel by British author John Fowles, telling the story of Nicholas Urfe, a young British graduate who is teaching English on a small Greek island. Urfe becomes embroiled in the psychological illusions of a master trickster, which become increasingly dark and serious. Considered an example of metafiction, it was the first novel written by Fowles, but the third he published. In 1977 he published a revised edition. In 1999 "The Magus" was ranked on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 93 on the editors' list, and 71 on the readers' list. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 67 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.


Early life.

Baker was born on January 25, 1941, in Florence, South Carolina, the son of two-time NASCAR champion Buck Baker. A high school athlete, Baker began racing in 1958 at age 17, and started his NASCAR career the following year. As a teenager, he idolized many of NASCAR's top drivers, including his father and Fireball Roberts, and he studied them closely during his early NASCAR career.

Career.

Baker won his first race in 1967, winning the National 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. On March 24, 1970, he became the first driver ever to exceed 200 mph (320 km/h) on a closed course, accomplishing the feat while testing his blue Dodge Daytona. He became known for his skill at superspeedways; in his career, he won four races at Talladega and two at Daytona, including the 1980 Daytona 500. Baker's victory in that race remains the fastest Daytona 500 in NASCAR history, posting an average speed of 177.602 mph (285.809 km/h).  He is one of nine drivers to have accomplished a Career Grand Slam, a feat which involves winning NASCAR's four most prestigious races: the Daytona 500, Aaron's 499, Coca-Cola 600, and Southern 500. The only other drivers to have accomplished this feat are Richard Petty, David Pearson, Bobby Allison, Darrell Waltrip, Dale Earnhardt, Jeff Gordon, Jimmie Johnson, and Kevin Harvick. Of the nine, Baker is the only driver never to have won a championship. He generally raced part-time, having only raced three full seasons, and co-owned his car from 1985 to 1989. He competed in two International Race of Champions series, IROC IV and IROC VII, and helped run the Buck Baker Racing School with his brother for a number of years.  Baker retired from NASCAR in 1992, finishing with 19 career victories. His 1,099 laps led at Talladega Superspeedway remain the track's all-time career record.

Broadcasting career and later life.

After his retirement, Baker signed on as a racing analyst for The Nashville Network and CBS. In 2007, Baker became the part-time co-host of "The Driver's Seat" with John Kernan on Sirius XM's new NASCAR Radio channel. He later became a regular on "Tradin' Paint" with Steve Post and co-host on "Late Shift" with Alex Hayden.  On July 7, 2015, Baker announced his retirement from broadcasting, and revealed that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer. During his final broadcast, he told his audience, "Do not shed a tear. Give a smile when you say my name".  Baker died on August 10, 2015, at his home in Catawba County, North Carolina. During the August 2015 race weekend at Michigan International Speedway, the drivers in all three NASCAR series placed stickers on their cars to honor Baker's legacy.

Awards.

In 1997, Baker was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in Talladega, Alabama, and the National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame. He was named one of NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers in 1998.  He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2008, and the NASCAR Hall of Fame in January 2020.

Elzie Wylie "Buddy" Baker, Jr. (January 25, 1941 – August 10, 2015) was an American professional stock car racing driver and commentator. Over the course of his 33-year racing career, he won 19 races in the NASCAR Cup Series, including the 1980 Daytona 500. Known by the nickname "Gentle Giant," Baker was noted for his prowess at NASCAR's superspeedways, Daytona and Talladega, at which he won a combined six races. After his racing career, he worked as a broadcaster and co-hosted a number of radio shows on Sirius XM.


History.

Origins.

First attempts to have a railway built between Waldheim and Rochlitz were made in the 1870s. The towns of Geringswalde and Hartha had a particular interest in it, as they expected advantages for their further economic development. A first petition to the Saxon parliament in 1871 was rejected by the First Chamber. Another petition in 1872, supported by Geringswalde, Hartha, Rochlitz, and Waldheim unterstützt wurde, was also rejected, and further attempts in the following years remained without success. Instead of the Waldheim–Rochlitz line, a railway from Schweikershain to Colditz via Geringswalde and Lastau and a branch line connecting Hartha to Waldheim were discussed in the 1870s.  While first rentability studies were permitted in 1882, the project was rejected again in 1883. In a new petition of 12 November 1883 the communities declared themselves ready to purchase the necessary land at their own expenses. In December 1883 the mayor of Geringswalde presented himself at ministries and railway deputations in Dresden. With a petition dated 7 November 1887 the towns of Geringswalde, Hartha, Rochlitz, and Waldheim complained to the Second Chamber of the Saxon Parliament about the slow progress.  Finally, preparatory work for a branch line was permitted in 1888 and began in 1889. Permission for the actual construction was given on 13 March 1890 by the Second Chamber of the Saxon Parliament, and shortly thereafter by the First Chamber. However, the exact route, in particular the location of Hartha station, had not been decided upon yet. A station close to the town center would have made the line about one kilometre longer, and would have required two more bridges, while a shorter, more southern route would have meant a greater distance of the station from the town. Despite the wishes of neighbouring communities, the supporters of the southern route prevailed. As a consequence, Geringswalde station was also built south of the town. Two options were considered for the route to Rochlitz, a northern one along Auenbach brook or a southern one along Aubach brook; due to the larger number of communities and the more favourable gradients along the latter, the southern route was selected.

Construction and opening.

Construction started on 1 April 1891. Site offices were established in Waldheim and Rochlitz, their first tasks were surveying work, purchase of land, provision of materials, and hiring of workers. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 27 October 1891 on the site of the bridge across Zwickauer Mulde, the largest engineering structure on the line. Substantial work, however, started only in June 1892. Part of Hausberg hill in Döhlen needed to be removed to make room for railway and road. The rock masses were used to raise the ground on the site of Döhlen station. Work in Geringswalde (where 96,000 m of earth had to be moved to level the ground for the station) and Hartha started in August 1892, and in Waldheim in November 1892. There, the expansion of the station in 1888, together with the removal of rock on its north-western edge, had created favourable conditions for further construction work.  Considering that only two major engineering structures needed to be built, the initial plan was to complete the line within a year. However, the deadline of 1 July 1893 could not be met, and tracklaying only started in August 1893. Although a first timetable was published for September 1893, the line was only completed in November 1893. The first engine reached Hartha on 6 October 1893. After two postponements, the line was opened with a delay of almost half a year on 6 December 1893 with a special train, the stagecoach route between Geringswalde and Rochlitz having ceased operation before. Upon opening, the line was given - as usual for Saxon railway lines - its route initials "WR", derived from the initials of the termini.

Operation.

The line catered mainly to local demand. The first timetable provided for four trains daily in each direction. In 1914 there were eight trains towards Waldheim and six towards Rochlitz on workdays, taking 60 to 70 minutes to travel the 21 km long line, and one train from Waldheim to Geringswalde. Before World War I there were also so-called "theatre trains" running through to and from Döbeln. The use of locomotives of Saxon Class V V has been recorded photographically. The traffic volume declined after World War I, for a limited period there was no passenger traffic on Sundays. Further disruptions were caused by a strike of railway workers in 1922. Traffic only stabilised in the late 1920s. At this time, the timetable arrangements were found unsatisfactory by the travelling public who requested through trains between Waldheim and Narsdorf as well as better connections, and considered the passenger rolling stock to be outdated. The travel time for passenger trains had remained between 60 and 70 min, and the number of trains had hardly changed (8 trains each way on workdays and one train from Waldheim to Geringswalde only).  On 26 September 1940 the bridge across the road between Arras and Milkau was exchanged for a new one with the help of a railway crane. The line did not suffer damage during World War II; unlike on other lines in the region, no bridges were destroyed by explosives.  Around 1980 there were three locomotive-hauled passenger trains each way between Waldheim and Rochlitz from Monday to Friday, needing about 40 min for one trip, and two locomotive-hauled passenger trains each way between Waldheim and Rochlitz, as well as two trains operated by diesel railcar each way between Waldheim and Altenburg. The morning train from Waldheim to Rochlitz continued from Monday to Friday to Narsdorf. Additionally, a mixed train ran from Monday to Saturday from Geringswalde to Rochlitz and back; a freight-only train was operated in its stead on Sundays. Typical locomotives at this time were classes 110 and 106, occasionally class 118 (six-axled) was used. Railcars were class 171/172.  Beginning in 1987, the section between Waldheim and Döhlen was overhauled and strengthened for an axle load of 21 t. This required the replacement of almost all bridges. The bridge across Klosterbach in Geringswalde was replaced by a temporary bridge with full load-bearing capacity, which was never replaced by a permanent one. Neither was the bridge across Zwickauer Mulde between Döhlen und Rochlitz renewed. These works were caused by the construction of a combined heat and power station in Döhlen, which was to serve the town of Rochltz, and which was to be supplied with lignite from surface mines in Lusatia. Railway troops and construction soldiers of Nationale Volksarmee were heavily involved. The line was fully closed to traffic for several months during summer 1988. However, the power station was not completed in the aftermath of the political changes of 1989/1990.  After 1989, the line quickly lost its importance in passenger and freight traffic. Due to increasing wear and tear and reduced maintenance, the travel time for the total distance increased to about one hour. Special trains ran on occasion of the country festival Tag der Sachsen 1995 in Rochlitz region, some of which continued via Waldheim to Riesa. For some years, through trains ran from Chemnitz via Waldheim, Rochlitz and Narsdorf back to Chemnitz (oder vice versa). Passenger traffic ceased on 1 June 1997 as a consequence of the sharp decline in ridership. Freight traffic had already stopped on 1 January 1996.  Eisenbahnbundesamt permitted the decommissioning of the line on 2 Juni 1998, it was officially carried out on 15 August 1998.  Deutsche Bahn offered in late 2011 to sell the grounds of the line in order to facilitate the construction of a bike path. The adjoining communities bought those sections of the line that lay on their territory. The dismantling of tracks and signalling equipment started in early 2012.

Description of the line.

The line branches off the Riesa–Chemnitz railway at the northern end of Waldheim station. At its southern end the line to Kriebethal branched off which has also been closed down in the 1990s.  The line to Rochlitz left Waldheim in a long curve in a north-western direction. After crossing under the Waldheim bypass road it passed Richzenhain and crossed the road between Waldheim and Hartha on a level crossing that was equipped with halfway gates in the last years of the operation. It continued to Hartha at a distance of about 50 m from State road S 36 and crossed another road (now K 7533) at the station entrance on a level crossing with full barriers.  From Hartha station at the southern edge of the town the line turned left in a southwestern direction and passed the forest Fröhne, where it traversed the watershed between Zschopau und Zwickauer Mulde. From there, the line descended steadily towards Rochlitz. Passing a pond (Fröhnteich) and the bridge across Klosterbach, it reached Geringswalde station, likewise situated at the southern edge of the town. Then the line turned southwards to Arras and after this station towards the south-west, crossing another forested area. After Obstmühle station the line continued westwards to Rochlitz. It passed through Döhlen whose station was situated at the western edge of the village, directly after the level crossing with "Bundesstraße" B175 (). Although this crossing was protected by no less than six halfway gates in the later years of the line, accidents were common there. Turning left, and crossing Zwickauer Mulde on a curved bridge, the line reached Rochlitz station.

Stations.

Waldheim () Waldheim station was opened in 1852 when the line between Limmritz and Chemnitz, the last section of the Riesa–Chemnitz railway, was opened. Despite the fact that two branch lines — the Waldheim–Rochlitz railway and the Waldheim–Kriebethal railway which was opened 1896 - joined the mainline here, the track plan of this junction station remained comparatively simple. In the last years of the line there was only one track with a run-around loop for the locomotives of the Rochlitz trains. They used the island platform which at this time had remained the only platform in the station (a second platform without a canopy had been removed when the mainline was re-doubled and electrified). The opposite side of the island platform was and still is used by the mainline trains between Riesa and Chemnitz. With the building work progressing, the Rochlitz track was joined to the mainline, too, but is hardly used any more. The station building had stood empty and suffered from increasing decay for several years until most of it was demolished in 2015, leaving only the porticus. The long goods shed and the engine shed that was accessible via a turntable are also abandoned and decaying. The engine shed used to house locomotives for shunting duties and for the freight services to the paper mills in the Zschopau valley. Some team tracks have remained in use for a few years after closure of the WR line, but now (2016) only a passing loop and two crossovers between the mainline tracks are left beside the latter.  Hartha (Kr Döbeln) ()  After Geringswalde, Hartha was the second most important intermediate station on the line. It had two passenger platforms to enable occasional train crossings. It was more important for freight traffic, as there were four sidings serving the local industry, three of which remained in operation until shortly before the closing of the line. Main customers were the agricultural co-operative warehouse and the textile industry. The following buildings existed: a station building with two and a half stories (Saxon standard design, built in brick), a goods shed, a non-residential and a residential building and a loading dock. In order to cope with the increasing shunting demands, a new Kö I with Number 0236, built by Windhoff, based in Riesa depot, was stationed here at least until 1945.  The name of the station changed over time:  Geringswalde ()  The station had an island platform where trains could cross and which could be accessed from the station building through a pedestrian tunnel. The ticket barrier at the tunnel entrance was last used in the 1970s. The station building was of the same type as that in Hartha, but had been extended by a spacious waiting room, whose eastern interior wall was decorated with a mural with railway motives.  After the first goods shed on the southern side of the station proved too small, a second, larger one was built on the northern side. A small shunting engine was stationed in Geringswalde in the 1930s, too. After World War II two tracks were removed as war reparations.  Freight customers were the local industry and the agricultural warehouse. The latter had its own siding. Another siding served a toolmaking factory and linked the animal fodder mill to the railway network via an asymmetric turntable. Level crossings were situated at both ends of the station. The eastern one had been kept closed for vehicles since the mid-1970s, and could only used by pedestrians. When the line was upgraded to carry higher axle loads in the 1980s, a work train with accommodations for the workers was stationed in Geringswalde.  Arras ()  Until the end of World War II there was a private siding at Arras halt. The waiting room was paved with wood.  Obstmühle (  This station once had an extra team track that also served a loading dock. After its removal, the station became a mere halt. Next to the waiting room with a wooden floor stood the body of a covered goods wagon of type Stettin which was used as a storage room.  Döhlen (b Rochlitz/Sachs) ()  Döhlen halt (with a masonry-built waiting room) kept its team track until the closure of the line. Freight traffic originated from the local branch of VEB Orsta-Hydraulik Rochlitz and from agriculture.  Rochlitz (Sachs) () Rochlitz station opened in 1872 together with the Rochlitz–Penig railway. The Rochlitz–Großbothen section of Glauchau–Wurzen railway ("Muldentalbahn") opened in 1875 and was extended to Penig in 1876 and to Glauchau in 1877, making Rochlitz an interchange station. A motive power depot developed from supply facilities for locomotives. Aside from trains from Waldheim, from 1902 on also trains from Chemnitz via Wechselburg reached Rochlitz.  The decades following the opening of the railway lines saw lively traffic. Much of the freight originated from sandpits in the Mulde valley and from the paper and textile industry. Passenger traffic mainly served commuters. After having been extended several times until 1900, the station layout remained almost unchanged until 1990. Traffic volume decreased sharply as an economic consequence of the political changes of 1989/1990, and until 2001, all railway traffic around Rochlitz had ceased.

Major engineering structures.

The parts of the original bridges on the Waldheim–Rochlitz line were supplied by the foundry Lauchhammerwerk.  Muldenbrücke ()  Construction of this lattice truss bridge started on 27 October 1891 and finished in March 1893. It is situated in a curve. It is 111 m long and 11 m high. Its weight was 5000 Zentner (250 t). Two masonry piers support the bridge between its abutments. The replacement, planned for between 1991 and 1995, was not carried out following the German reunification, even though wear and tear required restrictions of the permitted axleload to 16 t, and the maximum velocity to 10 km/h.  Klosterbachbrücke ()  The lattice truss bridge between Geringswalde and Klostergeringswalde had a length of 96 m and a height of 9 m, and was thus the second largest engineering structure on the line. On occasion of the upgrade of the line in 1988 it was replaced by a temporary structure. Replacement of the abutments and construction of a new bridge, planned for between 1991 and 1995, were not carried out.

The Waldheim–Rochlitz railway was a single-track branchline of about 21 km length in Saxony, connecting the towns of Waldheim and Rochlitz via Hartha and Geringswalde. It was opened in 1893, closed in 1998 and served mainly the purposes of the local industry and population.


Life.

Akroyd-Stuart had lived in Australia in his early years. He was educated at Newbury Grammar School (now St. Bartholomew's School) and Finsbury Technical College in London. He was the son of Charles Stuart, founder of the Bletchley Iron and Tinplate Works, joining his father in the business in 1887.

Oil engines.

In 1885, Akroyd Stuart accidentally spilt paraffin oil (kerosene) into a pot of molten tin. The paraffin oil vaporised and caught fire when in contact with a paraffin lamp. This gave him an idea to pursue the possibility of using paraffin oil (very similar to modern-day diesel) for an engine, which unlike petrol would be difficult to be vaporised in a carburettor as its volatility is not sufficient to allow this.  His first prototype engines were built in 1886. In 1890, in collaboration with Charles Richard Binney, he filed Patent 7146 for Richard Hornsby and Sons of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. The patent was entitled: ""Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air"". One such engine was sold to Newport Sanitary Authority, but the compression ratio was too low to get it started from cold, and it needed a heat poultice to get it going.

Hornsby-Akroyd engine.

Akroyd-Stuart's engines were built from 26 June 1891 by Richard Hornsby and Sons as the "Hornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine" under licence and were first sold commercially on 8 July 1892. It was the first internal combustion engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system.  The Hornsby-Akroyd engine used a comparatively low compression ratio, so that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion. Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion chamber, the "vaporizer" (also called the "hot bulb") mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer. By contracting the bulb to a very narrow neck where it attached to the cylinder, a high degree of turbulence was set up as the ignited gases flashed through the neck into the cylinder, where combustion was completed. As the engine's load increased, so did the temperature of the bulb, causing the ignition period to advance; to counteract pre-ignition, water was dripped into the air intake.  Hot bulb engines were produced until the late 1920s, often being called "semi-diesels", even though they were not as efficient as compression ignition engines. They had the advantage of comparative simplicity, since they did not require the air compressor used by early Diesel engines; fuel was injected mechanically (solid injection) near the start of the compression stroke, at a much lower pressure than that of Diesel engines.

Oil-engined locomotive.

Richard Hornsby and Sons built the world's first oil-engined railway locomotive LACHESIS for the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, England, in 1896. They also built the first compression-ignition powered automobile.  Similar engines were built by Bolinder in Sweden and some of these still survive in canal boats.  Hot bulb engines were built in the USA by the De La Vergne Company of New York City, later the New York Refrigerating Company - inventing the modern refrigerator in 1930, who purchased a licence in 1893.

Akroyd engine and Diesel engine.

Both the Diesel engine, and the Akroyd engine run the same kind of fuel, petroleum oil, which has led to a dispute about whether or not the Diesel engine is based upon the Akroyd engine. The fact that the Diesel engine's operating principle differs from the operating principle Rudolf Diesel describes in his essay "Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor" further contributed to this. The Akroyd engine was the first functional internal combustion engine that could use petroleum oil as fuel. It was operational in 1891, six sears before the Diesel engine ran for the first time. However, after the Diesel engine had proven successful, "Diesel engine" became the synonym for an engine that ran on any sort of petroleum oil. "Oil engines" that used the Akroyd operating principle were called "Semi-Diesel", and the name "Akroyd", which had been associated with oil engines, fell out of use. Therefore, Herbert Akroyd Stuart sought to replace the term Diesel engine with Akroyd engine in the early 20th century.  Herbert Akroyd Stuart had two patents, No. 7146 "Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air", and No. 15994. In the former, the Akroyd engine's operating principle is described as follows: "... at the desired part of this compression stroke, the supply of liquid hydrocarbon is forced, in a spray form, on to the heated vaporiser, which almost instantly changes it into a gas...". Early Akroyd engines indeed operated on this principle. Rudolf Diesel had a patent on the combustion process described in his essay (DRP 67207). The Diesel engine does neither operate on the process described in the Akroyd patent, nor on the process described in the DRP 67207 patent. It operates on a different operating principle, also invented by Rudolf Diesel (patented in 1893, DRP 82168), which is why Diesel is in fact the Diesel engine's inventor. However, Diesel never admitted that his engine operated on a "secret" operating principle, and claimed that the Diesel engine operates on the (impossible) operating process described in the DRP 67207 patent.  The key difference between Akroyd and Diesel engine is the ignition: In an Akroyd engine, an ignition device – the so-called "hot bulb" – ignites the fuel, because the compression is too low for compression ignition (<300 kPa). A Diesel engine on the other hand has no ignition devices, the fuel ignites only because of the engine's high compression (>3000 kPa). Since high compression is a key to good efficiency, the Akroyd engine has a much higher fuel consumption (approximately 80% higher) than a Diesel engine.

Death.

In 1900, he moved to Australia and set up a company Sanders & Stuart with his brother Charles, late in life moving back to Yorkshire, England. He died on 19 February 1927 of throat cancer and was buried in All Souls church in Boothtown, Halifax.  The University of Nottingham has hosted the Akroyd-Stuart Memorial Lecture on occasional years in his memory since 1928. One was presented by Sir Frank Whittle in 1946. Akroyd Stuart had worked with Professor William Robinson in the late 19th century, who was professor of engineering from 1890 to 1924 at University College Nottingham.  Akroyd-Stuart also left money to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Royal Aeronautical Society and Institute of Marine Engineering, which provided for their respective bi-annual Akroyd-Stuart Prizes.

Herbert Akroyd-Stuart (28 January 1864, Halifax, Yorkshire, England – 19 February 1927, Halifax) was an English inventor who is noted for his invention of the hot bulb engine, or heavy oil engine.


Early life.

Tallmadge was born in Chatham, New York on February 8, 1795, the son of Joel Tallmadge (1756-1834) and Phoebe (Potter) Tallmadge (1779-1842). Joel Tallmadge was a veteran of the American Revolution and a blacksmith before attaining success as a farmer and lumber merchant at his home on Tallmadge Hill in Barton, New York. Nathaniel Tallmadge attended Williams College before transferring to Union College, from which he graduated in 1815. He then moved to Poughkeepsie to study law with a relative, James Tallmadge Jr. He attained admission to the bar in 1818, and practiced in Poughkeepsie as the partner of James Tallmadge until James Tallmadge's election as Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1825, after which Nathaniel Tallmadge continued to practice on his own.

Career.

Tallmadge became active in politics as a Democratic-Republican. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Dutchess Co.) in 1828, and he served in the New York State Senate (2nd D.) from 1830 to 1833, sitting in the 53rd, 54th, 55th and 56th New York State Legislatures.

United States Senator.

In 1833, he was elected as a Jacksonian Democrat to the United States Senate for the term beginning on March 4, 1833. In 1838, he was a member of the "Conservatives," a faction of former Democrats unhappy with the policies of Andrew Jackson's successor, Martin Van Buren and Van Buren's grip on New York politics as head of the Albany Regency political machine. The conservatives endorsed the Whig candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, William H. Seward and Luther Bradish, who were narrowly elected over incumbents William L. Marcy and John Tracy. The defection of the conservatives was considered a harbinger for the 1840 presidential election, at which Van Buren was defeated by William Henry Harrison.  By the time of New York's 1839 election for U.S. Senator, Tallmadge had become identified with the Whigs, who nominated him for reelection. Democrats controlled the State Senate, and they objected to Tallmadge because of his decision to abandon Van Buren. By refusing to vote, the Democrats in the State Senate prevented any candidate from obtaining a majority. As a result of the legislature's failure to make a choice, Tallmadge's seat became vacant on March 4, 1839. By 1840, the Whigs controlled both houses of the legislature. On January 13, 1840, they reelected Tallmadge to the Senate, and indicated in their approved resolutions that the effective date was as of March 4, 1839. He took his seat on January 27, 1840, and served until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to accept appointment as a territorial governor.  In 1840, Tallmadge was offered the Whig nomination for vice president. He declined, and John Tyler was nominated and elected on the Whig ticket with Harrison. According to published accounts in 1841, Tallmadge also declined a cabinet post and an ambassadorship, because he preferred to remain in the Senate.

Governor of Wisconsin Territory.

In the early 1840s, Tallmadge purchased a large tract of land in what became Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, in anticipation of constructing a home for his retirement. In 1844, John Tyler, who had become president following Harrison's death, offered Tallmadge the governorship of Wisconsin Territory. He accepted, and moved to Fond du Lac. The Senate confirmed the appointment in June, and Tallmadge arrived in Wisconsin in August. James Duane Doty, who had been governor since 1841, had a contentious relationship with the territorial legislature. Although legislators were initially suspicious of Tallmadge, who had not lived in Wisconsin prior to his appointment, he won them over by taking a conciliatory approach in his initial message. Promising not to take an overly partisan approach, he advocated for the expansion of railroads, in keeping with the position he had taken as a state legislator and a U.S. Senator. He also argued against extending the naturalization period for Wisconsin citizenship to 21 years, and promoted experimental farms and agricultural societies. The legislature authorized printing and distribution of his message, including 750 copies in German, the first time Wisconsin legislators had ever taken such an action.  The 1844 presidential election was won by Democrat James K. Polk. In April 1845, Polk nominated Henry Dodge to serve as territorial governor. Dodge, who had also been Wisconsin Territory's first governor, was easily confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and assumed his new post on April 8, 1845.

Later years.

Tallmadge decided to stay in Wisconsin, and built his planned residence in Fond du Lac, where he practiced law while living in semi-retirement. He also maintained a home in Washington, DC, where he frequently traveled to serve as an unofficial ambassador for Wisconsin to the federal government and lobbyist for its interests.  Later in his life Tallmadge became a spiritualist, and was convinced of the existence of the afterlife. He had previously been a believer in premonitions, and claimed he had one that resulted in him narrowly escaped death aboard the USS "Princeton" when a cannon exploded and took the lives of five people. In the 1840s, he began to claim that he was visited by spirits, and he authored introduction to Charles Linton's "The Healing of the Nations", a book which Linton claimed had been dictated to him by ghosts. He also wrote an Appendix to the first volume of "Spiritualism" by John W. Edmonds and George T. Dexter. After the death of John C. Calhoun, Tallmadge claimed to be visited by his spirit, and said that it could communicate with him. Tallmadge was also reported to be a believer in other supposed spirit communications, including the floor and table rappings that typically accompanied séances.

Personal life.

In 1824, Tallmadge was married to Abigail Lewis Smith (1804-1857), the daughter of Judge Isaac Smith of Washington, New York. In 1864, he married Clementine Ring. With his first wife, Tallmadge's children were:  In his later years, Tallmadge resided in Harmonia, a planned community for spiritualists in Battle Creek, Michigan. He died in Battle Creek on November 2, 1864, and was buried at Rienzi Cemetery in Fond du Lac.  The first person to be buried at Rienzi Cemetery was Tallmadge's son William, who died in 1845. In 1853, Tallmadge donated eight and a half acres from his home to be used in creating the cemetery. Its trustees subsequently purchased 24 additional acres, which it used for a planned expansion.

Descendants.

Through his daughter Mary Louisa Tallmadge (wife of Napoleon Boardman), he was a grandfather of Charles Ruggles Boardman, an adjutant general of Wisconsin.

Nathaniel Pitcher Tallmadge (February 8, 1795 – November 2, 1864) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a U.S. Senator from New York and Governor of the Wisconsin Territory.


History and construction.

NASCAR committed to building a Hall of Fame and on March 6, 2006, the City of Charlotte was selected as the location. Ground was broken for the $160 million facility on January 26, 2007, and it officially opened on May 11, 2010, with the inaugural class inducted the day following the 2010 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race. The new Hall of Fame brings hundreds of jobs and an increase in tourism to Charlotte. In addition to the Hall of Fame, the NASCAR Plaza, a 20-story office building, opened in May 2009. The structure serves as the home of Hall of Fame-related offices, NASCAR Digital Media, NASCAR's licensing division, as well as NASCAR video game licensee Dusenberry Martin Racing (now known as 704Games). Other tenants include the Charlotte Regional Partnership and Lauth Property Group. Richard Petty and Dale Inman helped unveil the first artifact at the Hall of Fame — the Plymouth Belvedere that Petty drove to 27 wins in 1967.  The City of Charlotte was responsible for the construction of the building and is the owner of the NASCAR Hall of Fame. However, it is operated by the Charlotte Regional Visitors Authority. Winston Kelley is the NASCAR Hall of Fame executive director. Internationally renowned Pei Cobb Freed & Partners led the design effort, and Leslie E. Robertson Associates were the structural engineers. Little Diversified Architectural Consulting based in Charlotte is the local architectural firm overseeing many aspects of design and construction of the project. LS3P Associates, Ltd. was the associate architect for the office tower. Tobin Starr + Partners served as site architect, providing full-time representation for Pei Cobb Freed & Partners during construction. Engineering and fabrication of the stainless steel möbius that wraps around the structure was completed by Zahner, of Kansas City. Exhibition design is by Ralph Appelbaum Associates, and exhibition lighting by Technical Artistry. Tobin Starr + Partners is architect-of-record for exhibit and auditorium spaces. Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) was the mechanical, electrical and plumbing engineer. Site excavation and grading services started on May 21, 2007. The facility features a Hall of Fame and a 19-story office tower. The NASCAR Hall of Fame is set on a 150,000 square feet surface. In June 2008, NASCAR announced that the inauguration is planned in May 11, 2010. In 2009, Nascar Hall of Fame established a partnership with Buffalo Wild Wings to be its exclusive restaurant partner in Charlotte.

Site selection.

Because of stock car racing's roots in and wealth of famous drivers from North Carolina, Charlotte was considered the favorite by many fans and commentators. There are many NASCAR offices in the area and many teams in the three major NASCAR series (Cup, Xfinity and Truck Series) totaling over 73% of motorsports employees in the United States, in what the committee called "NASCAR Valley." The Hall of Fame is in Uptown Charlotte, about 25 minutes south of Charlotte Motor Speedway. The bid was led by NASCAR car owner Rick Hendrick, then Mayor Pat McCrory, and business leaders in Charlotte. Pei Cobb Freed & Partners were enlisted to design the complex, which is near the Charlotte Convention Center.

Hall of Fame building.

The building contains the following:  There is a gift shop, the Hall of Fame Café and a Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant on site. An expansion, which includes a new ballroom, is part of the project.  While most information on the Charlotte bid has been released voluntarily, the "Charlotte Observer" has asked the state Attorney General for an opinion requiring full disclosure of the financial details.  The self-proclaimed slogan used by Charlotte for the Hall of Fame was "Racing Was Built Here. Racing Belongs Here."

Other final candidates.

The other two cities at the time of the announcement that were in the running were the cities of Atlanta and Daytona Beach.

Other bids.

The state of Alabama had been mentioned as a potential candidate location, and was no longer seen as a contender, possibly because Lincoln, Alabama is home to the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, which is not affiliated with NASCAR. The only northern area that considered bidding was in the state of Michigan. Detroit prepared bids, but state officials decided not to submit the proposals. The cities of Richmond, Virginia and Kansas City, Kansas, were among the five finalists, but on January 5, 2006, NASCAR announced they had been eliminated from the running, leaving just Atlanta, Charlotte and Daytona Beach as the remaining cities.

Eligibility and selection process.

Eligibility.

Former drivers must have been active in NASCAR for at least 10 years and retired for at least three. Starting with the 2015 Hall of Fame nominations that were voted in the 2014 nomination process, the three-year rule is waived for drivers who compete in 30 or more years in NASCAR-sanctioned competition or turn 55 years of age. The rule applies to all NASCAR-sanctioned competitions; some drivers in the Hall of Fame did not participate in the Cup Series.  Non-drivers must have been involved in the industry at least ten years. Some candidates with shorter careers will be considered if there were special circumstances.

Selection process.

Nomination.

A 20-member nominating committee chooses nominees from those who are eligible. The committee consists of:

Induction.

After the nomination committee selects the list of candidates, a total of 48 votes are cast by a voting committee consisting of the nominating committee and the following:

Inductees.

A total of 58 individuals have been inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. 43 were inducted as drivers, 24 of whom were inducted solely as drivers. The other 19 were inducted for their accomplishments as drivers, owners and/or broadcasters. Among non-drivers, 8 were inducted for being owners, 4 as promoters, and 4 for being crew chiefs.

The NASCAR Hall of Fame, located in Charlotte, North Carolina, honors drivers who have shown exceptional skill at NASCAR driving, all-time great crew chiefs and owners, broadcasters and other major contributors to competition within the sanctioning body.


History and boundaries.

The constituency, numbered constituency 78 by the German electoral authorities, contains the whole of the Berlin borough of Reinickendorf. It has been a marginal constituency, being held by the CDU from 1990 to 1998 and from 2009 to the present, with the SPD holding the seat from 1998 to 2009, though their majority in 2002 was 635 votes which was just 0.5% of the total.  A suburban constituency, it includes Tegel airport, currently Berlin's main airport, together with a number of Berlin lakes.

Profile.

The number of residents with German citizenship was 91.0%, a figure above the Berlin average of 86.6%. 38.9% of residents had University qualifications.

Electoral system.

Elections in Germany take place using the Additional Member System. Voters have two votes, one for a constituency MP and one for a regional list to elect representatives for the whole of Berlin city. Elections for the Reinickendorf constituency take place using the first past the post system.

Results.

2009 election.

Out of a total electorate of 183,112, the total number of votes cast was 132,532 (72.4%) of which 3,039 votes were invalid.  Source:

2005 election.

Out of a total electorate of 185,854, the total number of votes cast was 147,047 (79.1%) of which 3,294 votes were invalid.  Source:

2002 election.

Out of a total electorate of 187,183, the total number of votes cast was 150,276 (80.3%) of which 2,042 votes were invalid.  Source:

Berlin Reinickendorf is one of the 299 single member constituencies used for the German parliament, the Bundestag. Located in north-west Berlin, the constituency was created for the 1990 election, the first following German reunification. The first two elections in 1990 and 1994 were won by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The constituency was then regained by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1998 but was one of several Berlin districts which the CDU gained at the 2009 election. The current MP is Frank Steffel.


Geography.

All but 25 of the district's 65 acres (6 of 26 ha) are accounted for by the Main Street District, which includes all property along that Street between Glen Avenue and the intersection with East Broadway. The Roslyn Village district includes most of the remaining properties within the triangle created by Main, East Broadway and Old Northern, and some areas to the northeast along Glen Avenue going up to Route 25A and the old northern mill pond.

History.

Since the settlement's earliest days, in the mid-17th century, its development had clustered around Main Street. That growth took off in the early 19th century after independence, when most of the houses on Main were built. After the Civil War, demand still existed for houses in Roslyn, and buyers and builders turned to East Broadway, which shared the steep hillside and Roslyn Pond shoreline as Main, although in opposite directions.  As a result, the East Broadway houses skew to the late 19th century, with Victorian styles predominating. James K. Davis, who had earlier designed some of the Main Street houses, embraced the new Second Empire mansard roofed look in 1876 for his own house at 139 East Broadway. The Queen Anne style is exemplified by Evangeline Charman's 207 East Broadway home, built in 1895.  In the early 20th century there was still some room left to build on at the edges of the district, and in 1921 the Bryant Library on East Broadway gave the future district its major Colonial Revival building. By 1930 the East Broadway area was as developed as Main Street had been several decades before, and builders turned elsewhere, leaving the district to retain its own historic character.  As Roslyn's Landmark Society began to focus local attention on identifying and preserving the village's historic buildings in the 1960s, leading to the creation of the Main Street district, threatened older houses from elsewhere in the village and greater Roslyn area were moved to East Broadway to better protect them. An expanded historic inventory in 1979 led to a local Multiple Property Submission, which included the Roslyn Village district. The reviewers of the National Park Service initially balked at the idea of having two separate districts, suggesting instead that the state Office of Historic Preservation apply to expand the boundaries of the existing district. The state resubmitted the application, carefully explaining how Main Street constituted a visually and historically distinct collection of properties even within the proposed new district, and the Roslyn Village Historic District was added to the National Register.

Preservation.

Roslyn has added to its ordinances a provision protecting the buildings in both its historic districts. They are recognized in its zoning and any additions, demolition or alterations are subject to approval by the six-member Historic District Board. The Roslyn Landmark Society also holds a restrictive covenant on some of the properties.

The Roslyn Village Historic District encompasses the center of that village in the U.S. state of New York. It includes within its boundaries the earlier Main Street Historic District, although that is considered a separate district by the National Park Service, which added the Roslyn Village district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.


Life and career.

Lucien was born on the island of Tortola in 1942, and raised in St. Thomas by a guitar-playing dad and greatly inspired by Nat "King" Cole. Arriving in New York by the mid-60s, he set about sharing the music in his head with the world at large. His 1970 RCA debut, "I Am Now", was a formative step in the direction for which he would subsequently be known, presenting him as a romantic crooner with an exotic accent, but sticking largely to string-laden easy-listening arrangements. By the release of his second album, "Rashida", in 1973, he had arrived at his artistic cruising speed, creating a style of R and B where the "B" stood more for bossa nova than blues, with languid samba rhythms, understated nylon-string acoustic guitar, fluid bass lines and his trademark unique scatting, occasionally eschewing lyrics altogether. This approach yielded a number of classic cuts like "Would You Believe In Me," "Lady Love" and the title track, which all found a home on the airwaves in those waning days of progressive FM.  For the follow-up, 1974's "Mind's Eye", Lucien and producer Dave Grusin crafted an album that fulfilled and expanded upon Rashida's promise, a scintillating song cycle combining the diverse sources of Lucien's inspiration in a seamless manner. Unfortunately, this album would mark the beginning of Lucien's rather adversarial relationship with the music business establishment, with tracks like "Listen Love" and "World Of Joy" being considered too hard to pigeonhole for any one radio format.  A move to CBS the following year yielded "Song For My Lady", an effort to reach the broader audiences that had proven elusive to his previous RCA efforts. Recorded with an array of studio session heavy-hitters, "Song" fared somewhat better, with "Creole Lady" receiving significant air play on the AC format of the era, although still falling a bit short of making Lucien a household name. The album remains, however, fondly remembered by all who have heard it, as does its 1976 follow-up, "Premonition", featuring such evergreen favorites as "Laura" and "Hello Like Before" with a similar stellar session lineup. After two albums, however, it became increasingly apparent that CBS scarcely understood Lucien's music and where he was trying to go with it better than RCA, especially with the disco onslaught then beginning to take place.  Feeling a tad disillusioned that music as easily likable as his should experience such difficulties gaining a wider and wider audience, Lucien stopped recording for a while and was not heard from again until the release of 1991's "Listen Love" on Mercury, followed by 1993's "Mother Nature's Son". Both albums went a long way toward refreshing his original fans' memories of his unique artistry, picking up some new ones along the way as well. Jon explains: "Wherever I perform, I hear all the time, 'I'm 18, I'm 19, but my mom turned me on to your music when I was 10, and this is the first chance I got to see you.'"  After a four-year absence from the recording studio, Lucien returned to debut "Endless Is Love" for Shanachie. The spiritual warmth and romantic grace that have always been Jon's trademarks are even more powerful and profound permeating the songs and enveloping the listener in a mood best described as peaceful intensity on this release. A few months after his 17-year-old daughter Dalila perished on Flight 800 in July 1996, Jon went into the studio and began recording "Endless Is Love". His music has always been his sanctuary. "My daughter doesn't want me sitting around being unhappy. I look at her and we communicate. We make music. The music is a special force." And Lucien's message hasn't wavered since his earliest days. "I hope to heal people who are sad and spiritually dead, because even though I don't pray in the music, the spirit is still there."  1999 marked the issue of four new CDs: Jon Lucien's own production, "By Request for Shanachie", and the compilations of some of Lucien's classic recorded material under the titles of "Sweet Control -The Best of Jon Lucien" (Razor and Tie/BMG) "Love Everlasting - The Very Best of Jon Lucien" (BMG/Camden UK) and "Precious Is Love" (Arts Records International) - all compilations taken from previously recorded material over the years. "Love Everlasting..." and "Precious..." containing several never-released cuts from original recording dates back in the '69 and early '70 days of youth and exuberance. The simultaneous release of these four CDs on four different labels is further evidence of Lucien's vision and his appeal that bridges generations and genres of musical tastes.  2001 signaled a new era for Jon Lucien with the release of Lucien Romantico on Jon's own Sugar Apple label. "This," he says, "opens up an entirely new avenue for me, now along with so many of my unreleased music compositions, I can also expose and introduce new talent of quality."  Released in 2002, "Man From Paradise", is all original material with a Caribbean Roots feel, songs such as "Let's Go To The Carnival" makes you want to march along in the parade. "My Passion's" steel drum, played by Andy Narell, and dramatic lyrics by Maria Juliana Villafane, helps to display Lucien's deep passion for love. In this package Jon exposes his many talents as an instrumentalist, his arranging abilities as well as his unlimited vocal styles.  2003 brings the first live performance of his entire career, "Live in NYC". If you thought you knew Jon Lucien, now is a good time to discover how he commands many genres of music. You can't "pigeon-hole" Jon Lucien, he just makes good music.  He has garnered younger fans through samplings from the old albums turning up regularly in hip-hop and acid jams, and mint copies of Rashida and Mind's Eye exchanging hands at often absurd prices. It is a testament to that vision and vindication of his commercial struggle that his audience now encompasses jazz buffs, R and B fans, acid-jazzers, world music types and fair-weather music fans in between all of the above, all of whom continued to pack his shows in the later years. All drawn by the sound...THAT sound...the Jon Lucien sound.  A "Best Of" compilation of his earlier work was released in 2001.  Jon Lucien died in Orlando, Florida, on August 18, 2007, from respiratory failure and other complications following surgery at the age of 65. Almost seven years to the day, his wife Delesa died August 20, 2014. She was Jon’s business partner and muse for so many of his '90s hit songs. Delesa handled many details including management of Sugar Apple Music, singing backup vocals for his songs and documenting his work. Jon is survived by his son, and daughter, Celesa Jane Lucien; granddaughter, Misty Rene Incontrera and Great grandsons, Alexander H. Singleton and Wilder M. Incontrera.

Discography.

The following titles were released on Jon Lucien's own label, Sugar Apple Music:

Quote.

"The record company was attempting to package me as a sort of 'black Sinatra'. Once the white women started to swoon at my performances, their attitudes quickly changed."

Jon Lucien (January 8, 1942 – August 18, 2007) was a vocalist and musician, born Lucien Harrigan on the island of Tortola, the main island of the British Virgin Islands, and raised in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands by his musician father. Lucien was best known for his song "Rashida", the title track of an album released in 1973, and one of two Grammy nominated songs on that album. He was also well known for his cover of "Dindi" by Brazilian composer Antonio Carlos Jobim. His smooth baritone drew comparisons with Nat King Cole and Lou Rawls. He was often heard on traditional jazz stations in the United States such as WJZZ in Detroit, Michigan (now WDMK).


Political offices.

On May 1, 1976, Bartlett was defeated as a delegate in the Republican presidential primary pledged to then U.S. President Gerald R. Ford, Jr. His defeat occurred ironically in Texas's 3rd congressional district, which he later represented in Congress. Victory went to a slate of delegates pledged to Ronald W. Reagan and headed by future State Senator John N. Leedom and Barbara Staff, one of three Reagan co-chairmen in the Texas campaign that year.  Bartlett served as a U.S. Representative from 1983 until his resignation in 1991. He won the open seat over former state Representative Kay Bailey Hutchison, later the state treasurer, U.S. Senator, and an unsuccessful gubernatorial candidate in 2010. The position became vacant when the long-term Republican incumbent, James M. Collins ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate against the Democrat Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr., of Houston.  While in Congress, Bartlett served as a member of the House Banking Committee, where he "led the successful push to let the market set interest rates on government-insured mortgages." He served as Deputy Whip and was a sponsor or principal cosponsor of nearly 20 major pieces of legislation, including the Enhanced Secondary Mortgage Market Act, Fair Labor Standards Act Reforms, FHA Deregulation and the Americans with Disabilities Act.  Bartlett left the House when he was elected to the nonpartisan position as mayor of Dallas. As mayor, Bartlett led an effort to reduce violent crime and adopted a $5 billion capital improvements plan. He worked to improve an economic revitalization, a downtown renaissance, and 30,000 new residential units in or adjacent to downtown Dallas. Bartlett served as the city's executive until 1995.

Private sector and lobbying.

Bartlett was hired to head the Financial Services Roundtable in 1999. In 2012, he was replaced as president and CEO by former Republican presidential candidate and the former Governor Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota.  Following his government service, Bartlett served on a number of boards of directors, including IMCO Recycling, Kaufman and Broad Home Corporation, Sun Coast Industrial and the YMCA of Metropolitan Washington. He is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of RespectAbility. In addition, he also served on the board of governors of the National YMCA, the Fannie Mae National Advisory Council and the board of the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. In 2001 he served on the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education.  Bartlett has been recognized for his leadership skills by the National Association of Manufacturers, National Federation of Independent Business; "Ebony", "Essence", and "Jet magazines; Texas Association for Retarded Citizens; Anti-Defamation League; National Council of La Raza; American Electronics Association; Watchdogs of the Treasury; and Best Dad by the NF Foundation.  In 2011, Bartlett earned about $2 million a year at Financial Services Roundtable.

Other activities.

Bartlett has served as an adjunct professor at the University of Texas Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs and as a member of the Leadership Group on U.S.-Muslim Engagement.

Personal life.

Bartlett was born in Los Angeles, California and reared in Lockhart in Caldwell County, Texas. He attended Kimball High School in Dallas, at which he met his future wife at a Young Republicans bake sale; he graduated in 1966. Barlett attended the University of Texas at Austin, from which he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1971. He also became a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon.  Bartlett is married to the former Gail Coke; the Bartletts have three children and three grandchildren. They reside in McLean, Virginia.

Harry Steven Bartlett, known as Steve Bartlett (born September 19, 1947), is an American politician and former President and CEO of the Financial Services Roundtable, an advocacy group lobbying the U.S. federal government on financial services legislation, a position which he held from 1999 to 2012. He is the former U.S. Representative for Texas's 3rd congressional district, the former 56th mayor of Dallas, Texas, and is a former member of the Dallas City Council.


Career.

Somjit won the Asian Games 2002.  In the 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships final in his home country he beat Frenchman Jérôme Thomas, who went on to win Olympic silver in 2004.  At the Olympics 2004, Somjit had bad luck with the draw and was outpointed by Cuban eventual winner Yuriorkis Gamboa.  At the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships he was surprised in his first match by Cuban southpaw Andry Laffita and lost 14:16. In 2005 he also competed for Thailand at the Boxing World Cup in Moscow, Russia, winning both his matches in the preliminary round.  He won silver at the 2006 Asian Games in the Flyweight (-51 kg) division when he was upset by Filipino boxer Violito Payla 15-31. He had beaten the Filipino three times before. He beat Vincenzo Picardi to reach the finals in the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships where he lost against local southpaw Raushee Warren.  He represented Thailand in the Beijing 2008 Olympics Flyweight category and said that it would be his last contest after which he would continue his boxing career as a national team coach.  He won his first gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Olympics Flyweight category 51 kg defeating Andry Laffita of Cuba 8-2.  In Muay thai his name is Silachai Wor preecha. ()

Olympic games results.

2004 (as a flyweight)  2008 (as a flyweight)

World amateur championships results.

2003 (as a flyweight)  2005 (as a flyweight)  2007 (as a flyweight)

Somjit Jongjohor (,, ; born January 19, 1975) is an amateur Thai boxer best known for winning gold medals in the flyweight division at the 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships and at the Beijing 2008 Olympics.


Biography.

Early life.

Born in New York, Crane graduated from Tulane University, where he was an English major. He spent four years in the United States Air Force, as a jet pilot and helicopter flight instructor.

Radio.

He began his radio career in 1958 at KONO in San Antonio and later worked at WPEN (now WKDN) in Philadelphia. In 1961, he became a popular and controversial host for the radio powerhouse KGO in San Francisco. With KGO's strong nighttime 50,000 watt signal reaching as far north as Seattle, and as far south as Los Angeles, he attracted a regional audience in the West. "Variety" described him as "the popular, confrontational and sometimes controversial host of San Francisco's KGO. Helping to pioneer talk radio, he was outspoken and outraged some callers by hanging up on them."  A late-night program airing weekdays from 11pm to 2am, "Crane at the hungry i" (1962–63) found Crane interacting with owner and impresario Enrico Banducci and interviewing such talents as Barbra Streisand and Professor Irwin Corey.  Crane, along with KRLA general manager John Barrett, were the original people "responsible for creating the Top 40 (list of the most requested pop songs)," said Casey Kasem in a 1990 interview.

Television.

In 1963, Crane moved to New York City to host "Night Line," a 1:00 a.m. talk show on WABC-TV, the American Broadcasting Company's flagship station. The first American TV appearance of The Rolling Stones was on Crane's program in June 1964 when only New Yorkers could see it. The program debuted nationwide with a trial run (telecast nightly for a week) in August 1964 starting at 11:15 p.m. on the ABC schedule and titled "The Les Crane Show". It was the first network program to compete with "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson".  ABC network officials used kinescopes of two episodes from the August 1964 trial run to pitch the show to affiliates that had not yet signed up to carry the program. One episode featured the mother of Lee Harvey Oswald debating Oswald's guilt with noted attorney Melvin Belli, Crane and audience members. The other featured Norman Mailer and Richard Burton. Burton encouraged Crane to recite the "gravedigger speech" from "Hamlet", and Crane did.  More affiliates signed up for a November relaunch of "The Les Crane Show", and "Look" ran a prominent feature story with captioned still photographs from the August episodes. One image shows Shelley Winters debating a controversial issue with Jackie Robinson, May Craig and William F. Buckley.  While some critics found Crane's late-night series innovative (indeed, two and a half years later "The Phil Donahue Show" would follow a similar format to much greater success on a local station in Dayton, Ohio during its daytime schedule), it never gained much of an audience.  In late June 1965, following Crane's three-month absence from television, "The Les Crane Show" was retitled "ABC's Nightlife", sometimes advertised in newspapers as "Nightlife", and it returned to the late-night schedule of the ABC network. Network executives removed most of the controversy and emphasized light entertainment. Producer Nick Vanoff started forbidding guests from broaching controversial topics. After the summer 1965 run ended, network executives relocated the show from New York to Los Angeles, and the fall season began there. The Paley Center for Media has available for viewing the first 15 minutes of one of the last episodes before executives finally cancelled "ABC's Nightlife" in early November 1965. Crane can be seen and heard delivering his monologue, joking about words that could be censored and bantering with his sidekick Nipsey Russell.  The two kinescopes that ABC used to pitch "The Les Crane Show" to its affiliates in 1964 constitute most of the surviving "video and audio" of Crane's show. The UCLA Film and Television Archive has a digitized collection of clips from the "Les Crane Show" early episodes in August 1964. It was assembled using 16 millimeter editing equipment, probably so network executives could use the collection of clips, in addition to the two entire episodes, to pitch the show to affiliates around the United States who had not yet signed up to carry the show.  An archive of source material on Malcolm X has only the audio of the civil rights leader's December 1964 appearance with Crane. Audio of Bob Dylan's February 17, 1965 appearance is circulated online, and transcribed. Videotape of that broadcast was erased but still photographs and portions in silent 8mm film survive.  The National Archives has a transcript of the August 1964 Oswald/Belli episode in its documents related to the JFK assassination that were declassified and released publicly in 1993 and 1994. Crane's daughter Caprice Crane has said she believes her father saved until he died a kinescope of this entire episode.  The collection culled from various episodes (preserved digitally at UCLA Film and Television Archive) includes a short clip from the episode with Shelley Winters, Jackie Robinson, May Craig and William F. Buckley. Several people seem to be ridiculing Winters, and the studio audience cheers efforts to keep her quiet, but not enough of the kinescope was saved for viewers to understand exactly why. A transcript of the rest of this episode does not exist, and what the participants said during the remainder is unknown. The collection excludes Malcolm X, evidently because the collection has only clips from August 1964, and he appeared in December 1964.  Les Crane's confrontational interview technique, along with a "shotgun microphone" he aimed at audiences, earned him the name "the bad boy of late-night television." The profile in the "Look" magazine edition of November 3, 1964 called him "television's new bad boy," but critical opinion was divided. "The New York Times"' media critic Paul Gardner considered him an incisive interviewer who asked tough questions without being insulting. One critic who did not like his show found Crane's trademark shotgun microphone distracting. "Each time he points this mike into the audience, it looks as though he's about to shoot a spectator." (Laurent, 1964) Nearly every critic described Crane as photogenic. One described him as "a tall, handsome and personable lad..." (Smith, 1964)  Crane was unable to dent Carson's ratings, and his show lasted 14 weeks before ABC executives transformed it into the more show-business-oriented "ABC's Nightlife".  In addition to Dylan, who rarely appeared on American television, Malcolm X and Richard Burton, Crane's guests on "The Les Crane Show" included Martin Luther King Jr., Ayn Rand, Judy Collins, Sam Levene, George Wallace, Robert F. Kennedy, and the voice of radio's "The Shadow", Bret Morrison.  Immediately after the November 1965 cancellation of "ABC's Nightlife", Crane tried acting, but his career was brief. He appeared in the unsuccessful film "An American Dream" (1966), which was based on the Norman Mailer novel, and made a few guest-star appearances on network television shows, including a 1966 appearance on the western series "The Virginian".  Folksinger Phil Ochs mentioned Crane in the lyrics of his satirical 1966 song "Love Me, I'm a Liberal".  Some sources say that Crane gave the rock group The Mamas and the Papas their name, but this is disputed in other sources, including John Phillips' 1986 memoir, which says he and Cass Elliot (both founding members of the group) came up with the name while they were watching a television news segment about the Hells Angels. (see Bronson, 2003)  Les Crane was known as an advocate for civil rights, and was praised by black journalists for his respectful interviews with such black newsmakers as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali (Young, 1968).  Crane was one of the first interviewers to have an openly gay guest, Randy Wicker, on his television show. This occurred in January 1964, when Crane's show that was titled "Night Line" aired locally on WABC Channel 7 in New York City. But when Crane tried to invite members of a lesbian advocacy group, the Daughters of Bilitis, to be guests on "Night Line" in June 1964 when it was still a local show, WABC officials ordered him to cancel the booking, and he did.  After Crane's final television appearance in the early 1970s, he refused to discuss his television career and did not respond to queries about any kinescopes he may have owned of his late-night ABC show from 1964.  His daughter Caprice Crane has said he had two August 1964 episodes in their entirety: the one with Richard Burton that is represented by a large still photograph of Burton and Crane in Crane's "Look" magazine profile (Norman Mailer supposedly appears in the episode, too), and the one in which Melvin Belli debates Lee Oswald's guilt with Lee's mother Marguerite.  When Caprice was informed about the reel of clips from a handful of episodes that can be viewed at the UCLA Film and Television Archive, she replied that she had never seen it and she did not know whether her father was ever aware of it.

Later career.

In 1968, Les Crane was back on the West Coast, hosting a radio talk show on KLAC in Los Angeles. Critics noted that in the style of the 1960s, he now dressed in a turtleneck and moccasins, sprinkling his speech with words like "groovy." ("Communicasters," 1968). However, he was still doing interviews with major newsmakers and discussing topics like civil disobedience, hippies and the rising popularity of meditation. (Sweeney, 1968) He also did some local TV talk. Crane left KLAC when the station switched to a country music format.  In late 1971, the 45rpm recording of Crane's reading of "Desiderata" reached No. 8 on the "Billboard" charts. It became what one writer called "a New Age anthem" and won him a Grammy.  Though Crane thought the poem was in the public domain when it was recorded, the rights belonged to the family of author Max Ehrmann, and royalties were distributed accordingly. When asked about the recording during an interview by the "Los Angeles Times" in 1987, Crane replied, "I can't listen to it now without gagging."  In the 1980s, Crane transitioned to the software industry and became chairman of The Software Toolworks, creators of the three-dimensional color chess series, "Chessmaster" and the educational series "Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing". Toolworks was also responsible for such games as "The Original Adventure" and the PC version of "Pong". The company was sold and renamed Mindscape in the early 1990s.

Marriages.

Crane was married five times. The 1964 "Look magazine" profile includes a photograph of him with his wife Eve, maiden name King, on the lawn of their home in Oyster Bay, Long Island. The text of the article says he is helping raise her three children from her previous marriage that had ended in divorce.  Crane's fourth wife was "Gilligan's Island" cast member Tina Louise, whom he married in 1966 and divorced in 1971. Their only child together was Caprice Crane (b. 1970), who became an author, screenwriter and television producer.  Les Crane and Tina Louise can be seen as actors in a joint appearance on a 1969 segment of "Love, American Style".  Crane died on July 13, 2008, in Greenbrae, California, north of San Francisco, at age 74. At the time of his death, he had been living in nearby Belvedere, California with his wife Ginger.

Les Crane (born Lesley Stein; December 3, 1933 – July 13, 2008) was a radio announcer and television talk show host, a pioneer in interactive broadcasting who also scored a spoken word hit with his 1971 recording of the poem "Desiderata", winning a "Best Spoken Word" Grammy. He was the first network television personality to compete with Johnny Carson after Carson became a fixture of late-night television.


Biography.

Maria Zentia "Senta" Geißler was born in Heidelberg where her father held a senior position with the Schroedl Brewery. She had a brother who died when only a few months old, with the result that she benefitted from all the very considerable parental and family support that might otherwise have been devoted to (or at least shared with) her brother. Sources assert that this is why she was able to receive specialist education for an artist's career. Her great uncle,, who taught art both at the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe and at the, was able to bring her closer to the world of painting on the painting expeditions into the surrounding countryside that they undertook together. They painted landscapes.  Very little is known of Geißler's school years. A biographer speculates persuasively that having decided, during those painting trips with her great-uncle through the nearby Odenwald, that she wanted to make art her career, she left school when she was seventeen without ever completing the curriculum. The larger challenge, but one in which she was supported by Wilhelm Nagel, probably involved persuading her parents that her talent was sufficient to support her ambition, not withstanding the additional hurdles presented by her being a woman. That meant it was out of the question for her to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts, so she enrolled, instead, at the. The aftermath of World War I brought widespread hunger and hardship, along with an outburst of revolutionary activity on the streets of ports and cities, as the soldiers returned defeated and unemployed from the battlefront. Revolution also brought progress, however. In 1919 the Karlsruhe Academy of Fine Arts was renamed and relaunched. For the first time, women were to be admitted, and Senta Geißler switched to the academy, joining a course in drawing for the winter term of 1919/1920. The focus of the next year was on art-teaching ("Vorbildungskurs"), and in 1921/22 she took part on a specialist course for painters under the direction of. The year after that she stayed on at the academy and was for a period a special student (Meisterschulerin) of whom she greatly impressed, and with whom she remained in contact long after the conclusion of her formal education. It was Haueisen who gave her insights into the power of colours, sharpened her visual perception and awoke her creative enthusiasm for presenting landscapes and nature. In 1925 Senta Geißler returned to Heidelberg and set up her own studio at her parents' house.  In Winter 1926 she met the man who later became her husband. Albert Rohrbach was a physician from Ludwigshafen, a nearby industrial city that had grown prosperous though the rapid expansion of the Pharmaceuticals sector. Dr. Rohrbach was passionate about art. He was a member of various arts-relate associations: he was chairman of the "Kunstverein Ludwigshafen". And he was a collector, described in more than one source as an "avante-garde collector". Till this point Geißler had drawn inspiration from the German impressionists, notably Max Liebermann. Rohrbach helped her come to terms with influences from across the Rhine, notably Paul Cézanne and Henri Matisse. Her work became more "laid-back", individualistic and "dabby", with a growing attention to the reflections of light that references the work of the French impressionists. Rohrbach was a positive influence artistically and, more especially after they married, hugely supportive administratively. He kept meticulous records detailing where, when and how his wife's works had been included in exhibitions, and he organised her daily life in a way that seems to have suited them both.  Towards the end of the 1920s Senta Geißler began to gain public recognition. Her first significant exhibition involvement came in 1927 when 11 of her pictures were included in an exhibition at the "Kunsthandlung Vogel" gallery in Heidelberg. A year later her 1926 work "Frühling ("Spring") in Rohrbach" was exhibited at the major annual art exhibition in Baden-Baden and was purchased, in the end, by the state for 300 marks. In 1930 the city of Heidelberg purchased her work "Rosen" (""Roses""), after which she held an exhibition at the, which then as now placed its focus on contemporary art. She exhibited delicately colorful drawings, many in the Japonisme style, from which several of the more immediately appealing motifs were reproduced as picture postcards. In 1932 Senta Geißler and Albert Rohrbach finally got married, setting up home in Ludwigshafen, on the west bank of the Rhine which had been vacated by French occupation forces a couple of years earlier. It was also in 1932 that the city of Ludwigshafen purchased Geißler's 1930 painting "White anemones".  The Nazi take-over in January 1933 ushered in a difficult period. Albert Rohrbach was an outspoken government critic who never troubled to hide his political beliefs. He was neither Jewish nor a Communist, but his candour nevertheless placed him in constant danger. He had also developed a drug dependency, and around this time lost his medical practice license. The surgery was closed and their home, which had been part of the same building, was lost. The couple moved back to Heidelberg and went to live with Senta's parents. From the twelve National Socialist years, which included six years of war, only two works by Senta Geißler have been identified. These are both landscapes dating from around 1940. She sent a few works from earlier periods to exhibitions, but most of her energies were devoted to supporting her husband who underwent several drug withdrawal crises: he eventually had his medical licence returned and was again able to work as a physician.  In 1956 Albert Rohrbach died. For a year and a half Geißler was plunged into aimlessness, loneliness and depression. Then, encouraged by a neighbour whom she had befriended, she took up her painting again. Initially she returned to the style she had followed when she had left off painting. There were a lot of still lifes. But there seemed to be a greater focus on individual objects: the works were more concentrated and fuller, and she began to work with different colours and surfaces. Gradually artistic strength and confidence returned. She began to wander out into Ludwigshafen's destroyed streetscapes and then to record the postwar reconstruction. It is striking, however, that human figures become ever rarer in Geißler's work, and in the end they disappear completely from her paintings.  Om Summer 1958 she traveled to Italy. During this time she developed a new way of working. She was less and less inclined to produce a finished canvas directly, and worked more from sketches. Later she also used photographs or even postcards. Her style also changed: Impressionist elements disappeared, while her pieces became more carefully structured and arranged. There was another Italian trip in 1959. Following her mother's death that year she took the decision to settle in Italy. She based herself in a succession of locations before ending up in Agrigento on the southern coast of Sicily. Here she produced numerous sketches, generally with architectural features in view, but nature remained a defining inspiration. There were also still lifes, now with the elements carefully arranged. After 1970 she often photographed these. Over the years her style continued to evolve. The architectural pieces became more abstract and more compact, with careful colour choices to emphasize different moods. By now she was almost always using photographs as templates for her paintings. Back in Germany Geißler was honoured with a solo exhibition in 1964. She also took part in various exhibitions in Italy and received various awards during the 1960s.  After fifteen years Senta Geißler returned to Ludwigshafen in 1974 and involved herself in the arts community there, working with various arts related organisations. She also made a start on sorting out her late husband's art-related legacy. She herself no longer painted much. Senta Geißler died in 2000 a few months after her 98th birthday.

Legacy.

Her artistic archive is held by the in Ludwigshafen. They also hold the art collection built up by her husband, Albert Rohrbach. In 2008 the Rudolf Scharpf Galery at the teamed up with the to present a retrospective exhibition of Geißler's work.

Senta Geißler (24 July 1902 - 19 October 2000) was a German painter. Despite her gender, in 1919 she enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe. She was one of the first women to be permitted to do this.


Background.

It was prepared by the Grand National Assembly that was elected both as a Constitutional Convention and as an acting Parliament on April 23, 1920, following the de facto collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the First World War. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who would later become the first president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, was the major driving force behind the preparation of a Constitution that derived its sovereignty from the nation and not from the Sultan, the absolute monarch of the Ottoman Empire. The National Assembly convened with the purpose of writing a would prepare the ground for the proclamation of a Republic and consecrate the principle of national sovereignty. This Constitution would also serve as the legal basis for the Turkish War of Independence during 1919-1923, since it would refute the principles of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1918 signed by the Ottoman Empire, by which a great majority of the Empire's territory would have to be ceded to the Entente powers that had won the First World War.

Overview.

The National Assembly commenced the debates for a new constitution on November 19, 1920 and it was ratified during the session of January 20, 1921. It was the first Turkish Constitution that consecrated the principle of national sovereignty.  It was a relatively short text consisting of twenty-three articles, the first nine articles laying out the principles upon which the state would be founded. It delegated the executive and legislative prerogatives to "the only true delegate of the sovereignty of the Nation", the National Assembly that was to be elected by direct popular vote. After the proclamation of the Republic on October 29, 1923, the executive powers were to be exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers on behalf of the National Assembly.  Because of the larger geopolitical conjecture of the time and the lack of a formal declaration of a republic, it failed to mention anything about the role the Sultan might play under this new constitution. From a technical point of view, it could be argued that it left open the possibility that the Sultanate might not be abolished and that it could have been amended to make way for a constitutional monarchy, similar to one founded by the French Constitution of 1791. On hindsight, however, it is clear that this omission was on purpose awaiting the outcome of the Independence War and the cessation of hostilities before the proclamation of the Republic.  It also didn't include any references to the judicial system for similar reasons, nor did it define the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

Timeline.

After having come into force on January 20, 1921, it stayed as the law of the land for three years until the adoption of the Constitution of 1924. During this time it witnessed many extremely important and fundamental events in the history of the Republic of Turkey:

Text (as enacted).

The text of the first nine articles may be translated as follows: Article 10 is headed "Administration". Articles 11 to 21 concern local government units. These subdivisions are called "Vilâyet" (Art. 11-14), "Kaza" (Art. 15) and "Nahiye" (Art. 16-21). Articles 22 to 23 provide for the General Inspectorate ("Umumi Müfettişlik"). There is also a final provisional article, which is unnumbered.

The Constitution of 1921 (Ottoman Turkish: "Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu"; ) was the fundamental law of Turkey for a brief period from 1921 to 1924. The first constitution of the modern Turkish state, it was ratified by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in January 1921. It was a simple document consisting of only 23 short articles. In October 1923 the constitution was amended to declare Turkey to be a republic. In April the following year the constitution was replaced by an entirely new document, the Constitution of 1924.