Overview.

According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,715, which had fallen to 1,650 by the time of the 2011 census. Bramham is located south of Wetherby, midway between Leeds and York and about south of Harrogate in the so-called Golden Triangle. Bramham is a part of the Wetherby Ward of Leeds Metropolitan Council and is at the north-eastern edge of West Yorkshire where it borders North Yorkshire at Tadcaster, away. Bramham was in the Elmet constituency until the 2010 general election when it became part of the newly created Elmet and Rothwell constituency and the local Conservative M.P. is Alec Shelbrooke.  Bramham Park (at ), to the south-west of the village, is home to the Leeds Festival, an annual music and arts festival, which is held over the August Bank Holiday weekend each year.

History.

Bramham is at the crossroads of the east-west Roman road from York through Tadcaster to Ilkley and the north-south Great North Road, now the A1 road, giving it a history that goes back to the Romans. Anglian (English) place name elements "ham", "inga" and "ingaham" are often closely related those of Roman sites and Roman roads. Running north south and following approximately, the Magnesian Limestone belt, a line of ingaham (Collingham "homestead of Cola's folk") and ham (Bramham "homestead amongst the broom") names can be identified, which also coincide with the distribution of seventh century burials.  Bramham is recorded in the "Domesday Book" as the Manor of Bramham and the Holder in 1066 was Ligulfr. The amount of land to be taxed (geld) was 12 carucates and there were eight ploughs in the village. By 1086, Bramham was held by Nigel from Count Robert of Mortain and Demesne ploughs (for lord’s needs) were three. There were 15 villeins or tenant farmers holding a total of 5.5 ploughs between them. An estimate of the total population of Bramham in 1086 was 68. Bramham's value in 1066 was 160 shillings but only 50 shillings in 1086 after the Harrying of the North, indicating quite a severe levels of destruction. Bramham was a mill site in 1086. In comparison, Wetherby had a population of 41 and was valued at only 20 shillings in both 1066 and 1086.  The oldest part of All Saints Parish Church in Bramham was built in about 1150 by the Normans. The church consists of nave, aisles, and chancel, with tower and short spire; and has a fine pointed doorway. The churchyard is oval in shape and therefore Anglian in origin.  Older houses in the centre of the village are constructed of Magnesian Limestone quarried in the parish. Stone from Bramham was used for the pendants and hanging ornaments on the vaults and ceilings of York Minster, and in records of the building of the Minster, Bramham stone is specially referred to as being used for this purpose. The Bramham limestone was transported to York by water from Tadcaster or Cawood. The Battle of Bramham Moor was fought, in the snow, on 19 February 1408. Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, who with other nobles had rebelled against King Henry IV, was met here by Sir Thomas Rokeby; the rebels were cut to pieces and Percy was killed, his head, with its silver locks, being carried off and set on a stake on London Bridge.  There is a memorial stone marking where the Earl of Northumberland fell and was killed at Blackfen Wood, Bramham, but the stone was moved from the actual site of the battle some years ago. A plaque erected to denote the significance of the stone has been vandalised and nowadays is difficult to find or decipher. In 2008, to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the battle, an information board and a two-sided limestone memorial stone bearing "Bramham" and "Site of Battle" signs was erected on Paradise Way, the new local access road, which crosses the battlefield site.  It is known that English Civil War soldiers who died during the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, a few miles to the north-east, are buried in the churchyard at Bramham. Records show that three soldiers rest there: Samuell Allan, Robert Johnson and Thomas Mirole. Prior to the battle, Cromwell is reputed to have trained his Ironsides on Bramham Moor, and to have recruited local young farmers whose riding skills made them ideal cavalry soldiers.  By 1686, Bramham was a staging post on the London to Edinburgh coaching route and had a population of 291, which was higher than that of Wetherby at only 279. In 1801, the population of Bramham was around 800, reaching 1,300 by 1861. However, a significant decline led to the population falling back to 950 in 1901. The population has gradually been increasing since then, although the 1861 peak was only overtaken in 1981. By 2001, the village had a population of about 1,750, about a quarter of whom were under the age of 19 and well over half (62%) were under the age of 44, making it a village of young people. There were 674 households, a growth of 20% on the 1991 census.  Arthur Mee's "The King's England: Yorkshire West Riding", first printed in 1941, describes Bramham: During the First World War there was an aerodrome at Bramham Moor at Headley Bar, which opened on 18 March 1916. The aerodrome was set in of land of which was occupied by station buildings. Initially, "B" and "C" flights, 33 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps were based at the new aerodrome with "A" flight detached to nearby York Racecourse. Following a bombing raid on York on 2 May 1916 by Zeppelin airships, the airfield on York Racecourse was closed, and 33 Squadron at RFC Bramham Moor became responsible for the air defence of Leeds, Sheffield and York against further Zeppelin attack. 33 Squadron's aircraft were the RAF BE 2c and BE 2d biplanes, these later being replaced by the much better FE 2b biplane. In early 1918, after the RAF was formed, RFC Bramham Moor became known as RAF Tadcaster. In July 1918, a group of American pilots and ground staff were based at Bramham Moor for training. When the USA had entered the First World War in 1917, their pilots had gone straight into action with a lack of combat experience and had suffered heavy losses. It was subsequently decided that all American pilots should pass through the British training schools such as the one at Bramham. After the First World War, with a reduced need for warplanes, the aerodrome was closed down in December 1919. One large hangar remains, as a listed building, among the barns of Headley Hall Farm. During the Second World War, dummy aeroplanes were left on the old runway so that from the air, it looked like an operational airfield.  For many years, the village had a rural emphasis although as the Great North Road grew in importance, the number of coaching inns and stables increased to service the passing trade. Over the years, a significant amount of employment has been provided by the local estates, particularly Bramham Park and the other grand houses in the village. In the late 20th century there was a decline in employment in agriculture that coincided with the growth of the village as home to a significant number of commuters. As a result, the village has become increasingly diverse in nature. A large part of the village is included in a conservation area and all the land outside the present built area is currently designated green belt.  The army officer, ethnologist and anthropologist General Augustus Pitt Rivers was born in Bramham cum Oglethorpe on 14 April 1827.

Present-day.

Description.

The annual report by the chairman of the Parish Council in 2004 states:

Education.

Bramham Primary School, just outside the parish boundary, provides the village's primary education, mainly feeding Boston Spa Comprehensive School.

Healthcare.

Bramham's Medical Centre is situated on Clifford Road, near the centre of the village. Hospital treatment is usually provided by hospitals in Leeds or Harrogate. Bramham has an ambulance station, however Yorkshire Ambulance have considered moving the station to Wetherby, since the upgrade to the A1(M) has meant the Bramham site no longer has efficient access to the motorway.

Community activities.

Community-based activities take place in Bramham Village Hall, and include groups and classes for drama, dance and fitness, Guides and Brownies, youth, and ramblers, and provides for church functions, senior citizens, parties, Bramham in Bloom, the NSPCC, and the Yorkshire Countrywomen's Association. Entertainment has included bands from the US and Sweden, comedian Dominic Holland, an evening with Indian musicians, and New Year's Eve parties.  Bramham Community Action Group was established in 2005 and is implementing elements of a Parish Plan. In 2006 the group organised the Bramham Gala, which was held on the playing fields on Aberford Road. This was the first time the event has been held for over 20 years. Bramham Gala took place again in June 2007 and is now scheduled as a yearly event.  Since 2003 the Leeds Music Festival has been held on the three days of the August Bank Holiday weekend in the grounds of Bramham Park. Under an agreement between Leeds City Council, the Parish Council, the promoter (Festival Republic), and the Bramham Park Estate. A number of free tickets are available to residents of the parish who make a financial contribution to the Bramham Community Fund, and to residents of Bardsey and Clifford. Festival Republic, formerly Mean Fiddler, specified that the Community Fund should be used to benefit the residents of the village, and Bramham's local community groups. The Fund has made grants of over £300,000 reports the Secretary of the Fund (December 2017)  There are two public houses: The Red Lion and The Swan. The Red Lion's darts and pool teams play in the Wetherby and District Pub League. The Swan has a dominoes team. A former public house, the White Horse, closed in 2010 and is now a private residence.

Sport.

Bramham Football Club was founded in 1907, and plays home games at Freely Lane. It has two teams in the Harrogate and District League. The club reformed in 2005, and won the Barkston Ash Cup in 2005 and the Harrogate and District League Division One title in 2006, and again in 2007. Bramham FC also has Junior and Girls football teams.  Bramham and Clifford Cricket Club has one team in the local Wetherby and District League (division 4) and a Thursday evening team in the Whixley Evening League. It plays at Rhodes Lane in nearby Clifford village.  The Bramham Horse Trials are held at Bramham Park every June and form one of the UK's leading 3-day horse riding events, attracting international competitors. In 2006, over 35,000 visitors attended the event. Bramham International Horse Trials was voted the best event in the British Equestrian Trade Awards in February 2006.  Levi Whitehead of Bramham was the fastest runner in England in his day. He ran in 19 minutes, and when 96 walked four miles an hour. He died, aged 100, in 1787.  Neil Hudson is the current founding member of the Bramham dodgers dodge ball team - winning 5 major accolates, most recently at Crewes tournament during the May bank holiday of 2017.

Bramham College.

Bramham College was a public school opened in January 1843 when Dr. Benjamin Haigh leased Bramham Biggin plus of parks and gardens. The college was extended to include a hall, theatre, gymnasium and cloisters, and a Grecian-style refectory with a glass dome. The College gained a good reputation and during its short life and attracted the sons of leading Yorkshire families. It closed after falling into decline following a severe epidemic of cholera in 1869. Several pupils died and are buried next to their headmaster under the yew tree at the eastern end of Bramham churchyard. Former pupils of Bramham College formed Bradford Football Club in 1863, and in 1880 joined Bradford Cricket Club at Bradford Park Avenue.

Bramham Moor Hunt.

The Bramham Moor Hunt was founded in the 1740s by George Fox Lane, the son-in-law of Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley (1676–1731) who had built Bramham Park in the late 17th century. George Fox Lane was Member of Parliament for York from 1742 to 1761 and was created Lord Bingley in 1762. His only son Robert Fox Lane pre-deceased him and, in 1792, the Bramham Park estate came to James Fox (1758–1821), the nephew of George Fox Lane. James 'Jemmy' Fox was a scholar, a raconteur and, for a time, Member of Parliament for Horsham. He was a horseman who devoted himself to the estate and organised the Bramham Moor Hunt, collecting the hounds into a pack and hunting on set days over recognised hunting country. The hunting man's toast, "The Bramham Moor and five-and-twenty couple", was initiated by Jemmy Fox. It was Fox's idea to reverse the 'Fox Lane' name he had adopted to 'Lane Fox'.  In 2002, the Bramham Moor Hunt merged with the Badsworth Hunt to become the Badsworth and Bramham Moor Hunt. The Bramham fox hounds, which, for many years, had been kennelled at Hope Hall, Bramham moved to Thorpe Audlin, near Pontefract. The Badsworth and Bramham Moor Hunt is active in areas that the two separate hunts covered previously.  During the Second World War, two Hunt-class destroyers of the Royal Navy were named after the two hunts; "HMS Badsworth" and "HMS Bramham" respectively.  A LNER Class D49 locomotive, "The Bramham Moor", was built in April 1932 by the London & North Eastern Railway's Darlington Works as number 201 (later British Railways 62736), typically hauling seven to ten coach trains on moderate length (50–100 mile) journeys in the north-east of England and remained in service until June 1958 when it was scrapped.

TV.

Between 1979 and 1986, Bramham with fellow nearby Luddenden was used as filming locations for external scenes in the 1980s ITV Yorkshire Television situation comedy series "In Loving Memory", starring Dame Thora Hird and Christopher Beeny.

Bramham is a village in the civil parish of Bramham cum Oglethorpe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, West Yorkshire, England.


Interventions.

Many methods have been developed to prevent suicide. The general methods include: direct talks, screening for risks, lethal means reduction and social intervention. Individuals with access to proper mental health care, a sense of belonging, good problem-solving skills, and a system of beliefs that discourages suicide are less likely to attempt suicide.

Lethal means reduction.

Means reduction — reducing the odds that a suicide attempter will use highly lethal means — is an important component of suicide prevention. This practice is also called "means restriction".  It has been demonstrated that restricting lethal means can help reduce suicide rates, as delaying action until the desire to die has passed. In general, strong evidence supports the effectiveness of means restriction in preventing suicides. There is also strong evidence that restricted access at so-called suicide hotspots, such as bridges and cliffs, reduces suicides, whereas other interventions such as placing signs or increasing surveillance at these sites appears less effective. One of the most famous historical examples of means reduction is that of coal gas in the United Kingdom. Until the 1950s, the most common means of suicide in the UK was poisoning by gas inhalation. In 1958, natural gas (virtually free of carbon monoxide) was introduced, and over the next decade, comprised over 50% of gas used. As carbon monoxide in gas decreased, suicides also decreased. The decrease was driven entirely by dramatic decreases in the number of suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning. A 2020 Cochrane review on means restrictions for jumping found tentative evidence of reductions in frequency.  In the United States, firearm access is associated with increased suicide completion. About 85% of attempts with a gun result in death while most other widely used suicide attempt methods result in death less than 5% of the time. Although restrictions on access to firearms have reduced firearm suicide rates in other countries, such restrictions are difficult in the United States because the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution limits restrictions on weapons.

Crises hotline.

Crisis hotlines connect a person in distress to either a volunteer or staff member. This may occur via telephone, text messaging, online chat, or in person. Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not been well studied. One study found a decrease in psychological pain, hopelessness, and desire to die from the beginning of the call through the next few weeks; however, the desire to die did not decrease long term.

Social intervention.

In the United States, the 2012 National Strategy for Suicide Prevention promotes various specific suicide prevention efforts including:

Media guidelines.

Recommendations around media reporting of suicide include not sensationalizing the event or attributing it to a single cause. It is also recommended that media messages include suicide prevention messages such as stories of hope and links to further resources. Particular care is recommended when the person who died is famous. Specific details of the method or the location are not recommended.  There; however, is little evidence regarding the benefit of providing resources for those looking for help and the evidence for media guidelines generally is mixed at best.  TV shows and news media may also be able to help prevent suicide by linking suicide with negative outcomes such as pain for the person who has attempted suicide and their survivors, conveying that the majority of people choose something other than suicide in order to solve their problems, avoiding mentioning suicide epidemics, and avoiding presenting authorities or sympathetic, ordinary people as spokespersons for the reasonableness of suicide.

Medication.

The medication lithium may be useful in certain situations to reduce the risk of suicide. Specifically it is effective at lowering the risk of suicide in those with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Counseling.

There are multiple talk therapies that reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors including dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Cognitive behavior therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP) is a form of DBT adapted for adolescents at high risk for repeated suicide attempts. The brief intervention and contact technique developed by the World Health Organization also has shown benefit.  The World Health Organization recommends "specific skills should be available in the education system to prevent bullying and violence in and around the school".

Coping planning.

Coping planning is an strengths-based intervention that aims to meet the needs of people who ask for help, including those experiencing suicidal ideation. By addressing "why" someone asks for help, the risk assessment and management stays on what the person needs, and the needs assessment focuses on the individual needs of each person. The coping planning approach to suicide prevention draws on the health-focused theory of coping. Coping is normalized as a normal and universal human response to unpleasant emotions and interventions are considered a change continuum of low intensity (e.g. self-soothing) to high intensity support (e.g. professional help). By planning for coping, it supports people who are distressed and provides a sense of belongingness and resilience in treatment of illness. The proactive coping planning approach overcomes implications of ironic process theory. The biopsychosocial strategy of training people in healthy coping improves emotional regulation and decreases memories of unpleasant emotions. A good coping planning strategically reduces the inattentional blindness for a person while developing resilience and regulation strengths.

Strategies.

The traditional approach has been to identify the risk factors that increase suicide or self-harm, though meta-analysis studies suggest that suicide risk assessment might not be useful and recommend immediate hospitalization of the person with suicidal feelings as the healthy choice. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, published the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, establishing a framework for suicide prevention in the U.S. The document, and its 2012 revision, calls for a public health approach to suicide prevention, focusing on identifying patterns of suicide and suicidal ideation throughout a group or population (as opposed to exploring the history and health conditions that could lead to suicide in a single individual). The ability to recognize warning signs of suicide allows individuals who may be concerned about someone they know to direct them to help.  Suicide gesture and suicidal desire (a vague wish for death without any actual intent to kill oneself) are potentially self-injurious behaviors that a person may use to attain some other ends, like to seek help, punish others, or to receive attention. This behavior has the potential to aid an individual's capability for suicide and can be considered as a suicide warning, when the person shows intent through verbal and behavioral signs.

Specific strategies.

Suicide prevention strategies focus on reducing the risk factors and intervening strategically to reduce the level of risk. Risk and protective factors, unique to the individual can be assessed by a qualified mental health professional.  Some of the specific strategies used to address are:  Psychotherapies that have shown most successful or evidence based are dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), which has shown to be helpful in reducing suicide attempts and reducing hospitalizations for suicidal ideation and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which has shown to improve problem-solving and coping abilities.

After a suicide.

Postvention is for people affected by an individual's suicide. This intervention facilitates grieving, guides to reduce guilt, anxiety, and depression and to decrease the effects of trauma. Bereavement is ruled out and promoted for catharsis and supporting their adaptive capacities before intervening depression and any psychiatric disorders. Postvention is also provided to minimize the risk of imitative or copycat suicides, but there is a lack of evidence based standard protocol. But the general goal of the mental health practitioner is to decrease the likelihood of others identifying with the suicidal behavior of the deceased as a coping strategy in dealing with adversity.

Risk assessment.

Warning signs of suicide can allow individuals to direct people who may be considering suicide to get help.  Behaviors that may be warning signs include:  Additionally, the National Institute for Mental Health includes feeling burdensome, and strong feelings of pain—either emotional or physical—as warning signs that someone may attempt suicide.

Direct talks.

An effective way to assess suicidal thoughts is to talk with the person directly, to ask about depression, and assess suicide plans as to how and when it might be attempted. Contrary to popular misconceptions, talking with people about suicide does not plant the idea in their heads. However, such discussions and questions should be asked with care, concern and compassion. The tactic is to reduce sadness and provide assurance that other people care. The WHO advises to not say everything will be all right nor make the problem seem trivial, nor give false assurances about serious issues. The discussions should be gradual and specifically executed when the person is comfortable about discussing their feelings. ICARE (Identify the thought, Connect with it, Assess evidences for it, Restructure the thought in positive light, Express or provide room for expressing feelings from the restructured thought) is a model of approach used here.

Screening.

The U.S. Surgeon General has suggested that screening to detect those at risk of suicide may be one of the most effective means of preventing suicide in children and adolescents. There are various screening tools in the form of self-report questionnaires to help identify those at risk such as the Beck Hopelessness Scale and Is Path Warm?. A number of these self-report questionnaires have been tested and found to be effective for use among adolescents and young adults. There is however a high rate of false-positive identification and those deemed to be at risk should ideally have a follow-up clinical interview. The predictive quality of these screening questionnaires has not been conclusively validated so it is not possible to determine if those identified at risk of suicide will actually die by suicide. Asking about or screening for suicide does not create or increase the risk.  In approximately 75 percent of completed suicides, the individuals had seen a physician within the year before their death, including 45 to 66 percent within the prior month. Approximately 33 to 41 percent of those who completed suicide had contact with mental health services in the prior year, including 20 percent within the prior month. These studies suggest an increased need for effective screening. Many suicide risk assessment measures are not sufficiently validated, and do not include all three core suicidality attributes (i.e., suicidal affect, behavior, and cognition). A study published by the University of New South Wales has concluded that asking about suicidal thoughts cannot be used as a reliable predictor of suicide risk.

Underlying condition.

The conservative estimate is that 10% of individuals with psychiatric disorders may have an undiagnosed medical condition causing their symptoms, with some estimates stating that upwards of 50% may have an undiagnosed medical condition which if not causing is exacerbating their psychiatric symptoms. Illegal drugs and prescribed medications may also produce psychiatric symptoms. Effective diagnosis and if necessary medical testing which may include neuroimaging to diagnose and treat any such medical conditions or medication side effects may reduce the risk of suicidal ideation as a result of psychiatric symptoms, most often including depression, which are present in up to 90–95% of cases.

Risk factors.

All people can be at risk of suicide. Risk factors that contribute to someone feeling suicidal or making a suicide attempt may include:

Support organizations.

Many non-profit organizations exist, such as the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention in the United States, which serve as crisis hotlines; it has benefited from at least one crowd-sourced campaign. The first documented program aimed at preventing suicide was initiated in 1906 in both New York, the National Save-A-Life League and in London, the Suicide Prevention Department of the Salvation Army.  Suicide prevention interventions fall into two broad categories: prevention targeted at the level of the individual and prevention targeted at the level of the population. To identify, review, and disseminate information about best practices to address specific objectives of the National Strategy Best Practices Registry (BPR) was initiated. The Best Practices Registry of Suicide Prevention Resource Center is a registry of various suicide intervention programs maintained by the American Association of Suicide Prevention. The programs are divided, with those in Section I listing evidence-based programs: interventions which have been subjected to in depth review and for which evidence has demonstrated positive outcomes. Section III programs have been subjected to review.  If you or someone you know displays sign or symptoms of suicidal thoughts or actions these prevention organizations are available:

Economics.

In the United States it is estimated that an episode of suicide results in costs of about $1.3 million. Money spending on appropriated interventions is estimated to result in a decrease in economic losses that are 2.5 fold greater than the amount spent.

Suicide prevention is a collection of efforts to reduce the risk of suicide. These efforts may occur at the individual, relationship, community, and society level. Suicide is often preventable.


Geography.

Flemington is located at (39.266749, -80.129378), along Simpson Creek.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

At the 2010 census there were 312 people, 124 households, and 90 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 139 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.7% White, 0.6% African American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6%.  Of the 124 households 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.4% were non-families. 23.4% of households were one person and 13.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.94.  The median age in the town was 45 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 20.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census.

At the 2000 census there were 287 people, 108 households, and 77 families living in the town. The population density was 943.5 inhabitants per square mile (369.4/km2). There were 117 housing units at an average density of 384.7 per square mile (150.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.26% White, 1.05% African American, 0.35% Native American, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.44%.  Of the 108 households 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 24.1% of households were one person and 14.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.19.  The age distribution was 23.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.  The median household income was $27,917 and the median family income was $40,417. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,563 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,540. About 22.7% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 10.5% of those sixty five or over.

Flemington is a town in Taylor County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 312 at the 2010 census. Flemington was incorporated in 1922 by the West Virginia Circuit Court, and named for James Fleming, an early settler in the area originally from Hampshire County.


Significance.

The Graph Drawing symposia have been central to the growth and development of graph drawing as a research area: as Herman et al. write, "the Graph Drawing community grew around the yearly Symposia." Nguyen lists Graph Drawing as one of "several good conferences which directly or indirectly concern with information visualization", and Wong et al. report that its proceedings "provide a wealth of information". In a 2003 study the symposium was among the top 30% of computer science research publication venues, ranked by impact factor.

History.

The first symposium was held in Marino, near Rome, Italy, in 1992, organized by Giuseppe Di Battista, Peter Eades, Pierre Rosenstiehl, and Roberto Tamassia. The first two symposia did not publish proceedings, but reports are available online. Since 1994, the proceedings of the symposia have been published by Springer-Verlag's Lecture Notes in Computer Science series.  Countries in which the conference has been held include Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany (twice), Greece, Ireland, Italy (three times), and the United States (five times).

Citation data and its analysis.

A citation graph having vertices representing the papers in the 1994–2000 Graph Drawing symposia and having edges representing citations between these papers was made available as part of the graph drawing contest associated with the 2001 symposium. The largest connected component of this graph consists of 249 vertices and 642 edges; clustering analysis reveals several prominent subtopics within graph drawing that are more tightly connected, including three-dimensional graph drawing and orthogonal graph drawing.

The International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD) is an annual academic conference in which researchers present peer reviewed papers on graph drawing, information visualization of network information, geometric graph theory, and related topics.


History.

2006–2017: Founding and growth.

Beddit was founded on October 12, 2006 by Lasse Leppäkorpi. The company originally performed basic monitoring in hospitals by tracking the heart rate and breathing of patients without touching them and was unable to release a sleep-tracking product to the public due to the expensive cost of manufacturing one at the time.  Beddit released their first sleep-tracker in November 2013 for early backers after a successful crowd-funding campaign on Indiegogo, where crowd-funders raised over $500,000.  Misfit's Shine fitness tracker announced support for Beddit's sleep-trackers as part of a partnership between the two companies in July 2014. Beddit released a sleep-tracking app for the Apple Watch on October 6, 2015. On October 4, 2016, Beddit released the Beddit 3 sleep-tracker at select Apple Stores, on Amazon, and on Beddit's website.  On April 28, 2017, Beddit announced that they would be phasing out older Beddit devices and that the older devices would soon be incompatible with the Beddit app, while giving users the option to upgrade to Beddit 3 for free. At the time of the announcement, 80% of Beddit's users were Beddit 3 users.

2017–present: Acquisition by Apple and Apple ownership.

On May 8, 2017, Apple Inc. acquired Beddit for an undisclosed amount.  In September 2018, Beddit announced in an App Store update that their cloud service will shut down on November 15, 2018 for existing users and that new users will not be able to access its cloud service starting on September 21, 2018. Beddit's cloud service shut down as planned on November 15 in update to the Beddit app.  On December 7, 2018, Beddit released its first sleep tracker Beddit 3.5 since being acquired by Apple in 2017 on Apple's website and in stores. Beddit 3.5 is similar to its predecessor Beddit 3, but it now has a dedicated opening for its USB cable and hides its stitches.  Beddit 3.5 only works with the Beddit (for Model 3.5) app, which requires iOS 12 and the original app was rebranded as Beddit (for Model 3.0), which supports iOS 9. Beddit 3.5 has the ability to sync with HealthKit and will function with one or two people in a bed, however, the second person cannot be tracked unless they have their own Beddit 3.5 device. Beddit 3.5 retains the Beddit brand and does not have the Apple logo, but is labeled "Designed by Beddit in California, Assembled in China" according to an FCC filing, which is an adaption of the phrase that is printed on most Apple products.

Beddit Oy (formerly Finsor Oy) is a Finnish-based technology company that makes sleep-tracking devices and a sleep-tracking app to help monitor sleep. The company was founded in October 2006 and was acquired by Apple in May 2017.


Early career.

Born and raised in New Plymouth on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, Coltman was educated at Francis Douglas Memorial College in his hometown, where he played first XV rugby. Coltman's All Black teammate Beauden Barrett was also his teammate in their first XV. During his high school years, he represented his local province, at under-16 and under-18 level.  After graduating high school, he moved south to Dunedin to attend the University of Otago and while there he began playing for Alhambra Union in Dunedin's Premier club rugby competition as well as turning out for's under-18, under-19 and academy sides.

Senior career.

Coltman first played provincial rugby for Otago during the 2010 ITM Cup, debuting in a match away to and making six appearances during what was a dismal year for the Razorbacks in which they finished 14th and last on the log to consign themselves to the Championship division in the newly formatted 2011 ITM Cup.  Aged just 21 in 2011, he began to establish himself as Otago's first choice in the number 2 jersey, playing in all 10 regular season games, including 6 starts as the men from Dunedin finished 3rd in the Championship, just missing out on the play off spots as New Zealand's domestic season was cut short to accommodate the 2011 Rugby World Cup which was taking place in the country.  Otago finished 2nd on the Championship log in both 2012 and 2013 and were defeated in the final by in 2012 before going down to in the semi-finals the following year. Coltman played 22 of the Razorbacks 23 games across the 2 seasons and this included 18 starts.  2014 was a difficult year for Otago, with an inexperienced side finishing 6th out of 7 teams on the log to miss out on the playoffs altogether, although they did bounce back the following year, ending up in 3rd place before being bettered by in the semi-finals, their 3rd playoff defeat in 4 years. Coltman played 18 games across the 2 seasons and scored 3 tries.  He spent a large part of the 2016 Mitre 10 Cup season training with the All Blacks so was only able to feature in 4 matches for the Razorbacks as they topped the Championship log and made it all the way to the playoff final before being surprisingly defeated at home by.

Super Rugby.

A member of the wider training group in 2011 and 2012, Coltman finally made the full squad ahead of the 2013 Super Rugby season. Serving as back up to experienced All Black, Andrew Hore, he managed an impressive 13 appearances, mainly from the replacements bench, during his first campaign of Super Rugby. This apprenticeship served him well as Hore's retirement at the end of 2013 left Coltman as the Highlanders first choice hooker for 2014 Super Rugby season and he started 11 times as his franchise reached the tournament quarter finals before being defeated 31-27 by the in Durban.  2015 was an historic year for the Highlanders as they lifted their first ever Super Rugby title after a 21-14 victory over the in the final. Ash Dixon had been brought in from to provide competition for the number 2 shirt, however Coltman started 15 games to Dixon's 4 and featured in all 19 fixtures during the 'Landers maiden Super Rugby winning season. The competition between Coltman and Dixon continued through 2016 and with the Highlanders unable to hold on to their title, losing 42-30 to the in the semi-finals, Coltman only started 6 games through the year out of a total of 10 appearances.  Coltman started for the Highlanders against the touring British and Irish Lions team on 13 June 2017, contributing heavily towards the Highlanders' narrow 23-22 win and scoring a try in the 59th minute. Coltman was replaced by Greg Pleasants-Tate in the 67th minute.

International.

Coltman was a member of the New Zealand Under-20 side which won the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship held in Argentina, scoring 1 try in 5 matches.  He was called up to the All Blacks squad to provide injury cover for Nathan Harris during the 2016 Rugby Championship, but didn't get any game time during the tournament as Dane Coles and Codie Taylor remained fit and in good form. However, during the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals, he made his debut, coming on as a 65th minute replacement for Codie Taylor in a 68-10 victory against in Rome.  Coltman failed to make the field for the All Blacks during 2017, due to injury, but was re-selected for the three-test 2018 Steinlager series against France after an outstanding Super Rugby season. Coltman replaced Codie Taylor in the 71st minute of the series' final test, on 23 June 2018. Coltman did not make a mistake as the All Blacks beat France 49-14, winning the series 3-0.  After a series of excellent performances throughout the 2019 Super Rugby season, Coltman overtook Nathan Harris as New Zealand's third-choice hooker. He made two appearances off the bench during the 2019 Rugby Championship, with Dane Coles still struggling with injuries.  On 28th August 2019, All Blacks Head Coach, Steve Hansen, named Coltman in New Zealand's 31-man squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Coltman made his first-ever start for New Zealand during the pool stages, in a 63-0 win over Canada. Although Coltman didn't play in any other tests during the pool stages, he replaced Dane Coles off the bench during the 24th minute of the Bronze Final. Coltman was one of the star performers of the match, with New Zealand beating Wales 40-17 in the bronze final, claiming third place at the World Cup.

Career Honours.

University of Otago Hardmen  New Zealand Under-20  Highlanders

Liam James Coltman (born 25 January 1990) is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays as a hooker for in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the in the international Super Rugby competition.


Career.

Rogers was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 37th round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft out of Chatfield Senior High School in Littleton, Colorado. He did not sign with the Orioles, and instead attended the University of Kentucky to play college baseball. In 2010, he tied for the Southeastern Conference lead in losses (7) and runs allowed (68), as he went 4-7 with a 6.40 ERA. In 2011, he tied for second in the Southeastern Conference in losses (7), and was third-highest in runs allowed (56). After the 2011 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. In 2012, he was fourth in the Southeastern Conference in runs allowed (45). Pitching in college from 2010-12, he was 13-18 with a 5.35 ERA. After his junior season, Rogers was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 11th round of the 2012 MLB draft.  Rogers signed with the Twins and made his professional debut that season with the Elizabethton Twins and also played for the Beloit Snappers. In 15 games (ten starts) between both teams, he was 4-3 with a 2.27 ERA. Rogers started 2013 with the Cedar Rapids Kernels and was promoted to the Fort Myers Miracle during the season. In 25 games between the two clubs, 24 of which were starts, Rogers was 11-7 with a 2.88 ERA. In 2014 he pitched for the New Britain Rock Cats where he compiled an 11-6 record with a 3.29 ERA in 24 games started, and in 2015 he played for the Rochester Red Wings where he posted an 11-12 record with a 3.98 ERA in 28 games (27 starts). The Twins added Rogers to their 40-man roster after the 2015 season. He began 2016 with Rochester.  Rogers was called up to the major leagues on April 13, 2016, and he made his major league debut the next day. He was optioned to Rochester on April 19, and recalled to Minnesota on May 17. After his May 17 promotion, he spent the rest of the season with Minnesota, going 3-1 with a 3.96 ERA in 57 relief appearances.  Rogers spent all of the 2017 season with the Twins, pitching to a 7-3 record, a 3.07 ERA, and a 1.31 WHIP in innings pitched, with a major-league-leading 30 holds. The following season, Rogers appeared in 72 games for Minnesota, pitching to a 1-2 record in innings. In 2019, Rogers began as the setup man before being installed as the closer. He recorded 30 saves in 36 opportunities, striking out 90 in 69 innings with an ERA of 2.61.

Personal life.

Rogers' identical mirror image twin brother, Tyler, is a pitcher for the San Francisco Giants. The brothers became the 10th set of twins to play in MLB.

Taylor Allen Rogers (born December 17, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his major league debut in 2016.


History.

The European School of Strasbourg was inaugurated on 4 September 2008 in a ceremony attended by, amongst other dignatories, the French Minister of Education, Xavier Darcos, the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe, Terry Davis, and the Mayor of Strasbourg, Roland Ries.  The school originally shared a campus with another local French secondary school, the "Collège Vauban", before moving into its current purpose built campus, located in the Strasbourg quarter of Robertsau, in 2015. It is based in proximity to Strasbourg's European district, the location of various institutions, agencies, and other bodies of the European Union, and the seat of the Council of Europe.

Legal status.

The school received its initial status as an Accredited European School from the Board of Governors of the European Schools in November 2009, and received accrediation to offer the European Baccalaureate programme in May 2013.  EES is recognized as public school under French law, with an agreement with the European Union obliging it to priortise, for enrolment purposes, the children of EU staff, in return for the receipt of funds proportional to the number of children of EU staff enrolled in the school.

Multilingual curriculum.

Students at the European School of Strasbourg must enrol in either the English, French or German sections of the school. Students enrolled in the school are generally instructed in the language of the respective section. Students must then choose from either English, French or German for their second language, which becomes the language of instruction for the History, Geography and Ethics curriculum from the third-year secondary. Students are also expected to take a third language upon entering the secondary school.  In 2019, students enrolled in the school represented 48 different nationalities, whilst teachers represented 13 different nationalities.

The European School of Strasbourg (), or EES, is a public Accredited European School in Strasbourg, France. Founded in 2008, it is an all-through school, which offers a multicultural and multilingual education leading to the European Baccalaureate as its secondary leaving qualification.


Gameplay.

"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2" is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The game features a similar gameplay to its predecessors and other Lego video games, alternating between various action-adventure sequences and puzzle-solving scenarios. The ability to manipulate time is allowed to players directly from the new open world of Chronopolis, which is a myriad of 17 different Marvel locations (consisting of a variation of Ancient Egypt, an apocalyptic Asgard, Attilan, Hala, the Hydra Empire, K'un-L'un, Knowhere, Lemuria, Man-Thing's Swamp, Manhattan, an, a Marvel Noir version of New York City called Manhattan Noir, Nueva York, a variation of the Old West, Sakaar, Wakanda, and Xandar) linked through time and space and surrounding Kang the Conqueror's Citadel. The game also introduces a new four-player competitive Super Hero battle mode, allowing players to fight each other cooperatively in battle arenas.

Characters.

Much like the two previous Lego Marvel games, the players are able to take control of a roster of iconic characters from the Marvel Universe, each with their own unique abilities. For example, Star-Lord is capable of flight, Black Panther can activate claw switches, and Spider-Man can swing on his webs, crawl on walls and use his spider-sense to detect hidden objects. The game also features characters from different time periods and realities over the Marvel Universe, which includes Spider-Gwen, a cowboy version of Captain America, a Hulk, and many others. In addition, the game also features variations of sundry characters, like Iron Duck (who is merely Howard the Duck wearing the Iron Man's armor) and Carnom (a fusion of the Venom symbiote and the Carnage symbiote that is exclusive to the game).  While some characters are just based on the comic books, others have their visuals taken from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, such as the Guardians of the Galaxy, Doctor Strange, and Ant-Man. Using the ability to manipulate time, the players can change the look and abilities of certain characters. For instance, they can take Baby Groot (from the "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2") and move time forward for him to become his adult version, and Spider-Man can go both ways with his Noir and 2099 counterparts.

Downloadable content.

On 6 October, ten DLC packs were announced for the game. Of these ten, there are six level packs and four character packs based on Marvel Cinematic Universe films, superhero teams, and time variant heroes.

Plot.

The Guardians of the Galaxy help defend Xandar from an attack by Kang the Conqueror, who wields a time crystal. Kang's ship, the "Damocles", launches devices which cause a section of Xandar to disappear. Meanwhile, at Avengers Mansion, Nick Fury presents the Avengers with several missions: Captain America, She-Hulk, and Thor fight the Presence in Siberia; Iron Man and Captain Marvel defeat Attuma at his underwater base; and Spider-Man, Ms. Marvel, and White Tiger battle several escaped supervillains on the Brooklyn Bridge. The Guardians arrive just before Kang, who uses his devices to steal Manhattan with the heroes inside it and makes it part of his battle arena called Chronopolis, consisting of various locales that he has stolen from across time and space with his citadel at its center.  Captain America leads a team through a portal to Medieval England, where they help Sir Percy reclaim his castle from the Enchantress and Nathan Garrett. A team led by She-Hulk follows Klaw through a portal to Wakanda, where Black Panther joins them to fight Man-Ape in the vibranium mines. The heroes converge in a version of Manhattan ruled by Hydra, where they battle Klaw and vibranium soldiers created by Arnim Zola, and defeat Baron Zemo in a dogfight. Thor, Captain Marvel, and She-Hulk travel to a swamp where they vanquish Man-Thing. Kang reveals that Man-Thing was guarding the Nexus of All Realities, which kept the various realms of Chronopolis separated. Kang destroys the Nexus and challenges the heroes to rise up and face him.  Regrouping at Avengers Mansion, the heroes detect a faint signal from outside Chronopolis. Searching for a device to boost its strength, the Guardians travel to the Old West where they battle MODOK and the Circus of Crime. Retrieving the device, they learn that the signal is being sent from Knowhere by Cosmo the Spacedog. The heroes plan to retrieve the fragments of the Nexus in order to bring Knowhere into Chronopolis and use its energies to bring down the barrier surrounding Kang's citadel. In preparation, Doctor Strange leads a team to the Sanctum Sanctorum where they fight Baron Mordo and retrieve the Book of the Vishanti, while Thor leads a party to apocalyptic Asgard to enlist the aid of Heimdall, facing Surtur in the process.  The search for the five Nexus fragments again splits the heroes into teams. Captain America's group travels to the underwater city of Lemuria, but falls into a trap and must battle the Red King and several versions of the Hulk in Sakaar. Joined by the Hulk and Stingray, they return to Lemuria and defeat Attuma, retrieving a fragment. Moving on to Ancient Egypt, they enter a Sphinx and join Horus of the Heliopolitans in facing Loki and N'Kantu, the Living Mummy to obtain another. Spider-Man's group visits the "Marvel Noir" version of Manhattan, where they help Iron Fist, Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Spider-Man Noir defeat the Kingpin. Iron Fist accompanies them to K'un-L'un, where they fight Steel Serpent to free Shou-Lao and retrieve a Nexus fragment. Proceeding to the Alchemax building in "Marvel 2099"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Nueva York, Spider-Gwen and Spider-Man 2099 help them defeat the "2099" version of Green Goblin and a fusion of Venom and Carnage to obtain another fragment. In the Kree home world of Hala, the Guardians battle Ronan the Accuser. Meanwhile, in Attilan, the Inhumans defeat Maximus. Black Bolt and Medusa then head to Hala, where they free the Guardians from the control of the Supreme Intelligence and help them retrieve another fragment. As Kang observes the heroes' exploits and plots to destroy them, his assistant Ravonna becomes increasingly disturbed by his actions.  With the fragments gathered, the heroes assemble a device to bring Knowhere through a portal opened by Doctor Strange. Their first attempt nearly brings Ego the Living Planet through instead. Once Knowhere is in Chronopolis, they use an electromagnetic pulse to knock out the energy shield protecting Kang's citadel. As they begin their assault, Kang summons the "Damocles". Iron Man, Spider-Man, and Star-Lord disable the ship, battling Korvac and escaping before it crashes. Captain America, Captain Marvel, Doctor Strange, and Star-Lord enter the citadel and face Kang, who grows to gigantic size, uses the time crystal to reverse the "Damocles"<nowiki>'</nowiki> destruction, and wields it as a sword. Captain America creates a giant solid hologram of himself and uses it to defeat Kang. Ravonna betrays Kang and uses the time crystal to turn him into a baby. The heroes celebrate their victory, and Ravonna promises to return the components of Chronopolis to their original places in time and space once the remaining villains are dealt with.  In a post-credits scene, with everything restored to normal, Iron Man, Captain America, and Captain Marvel are visited by Ravonna in her new alias as Terminatrix. She is accompanied by an elderly Kang, the Supreme Intelligence, Cosmo, and Man-Thing, who inform the Avengers of a "chronal fracture incident".

Audio.

Due to the game being affected by the 2016–17 video game voice actor strike, the cast from the previous game as well from "Lego Marvel's Avengers" did not return to reprise their roles as they were affiliated with the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). While in favor of a new voice cast, Greg Miller voices Howard the Duck, Peter Serafinowicz voices the game's antagonist Kang the Conqueror, Sacha Dhawan reprised his role as Steel Serpent from the "Iron Fist" Netflix television series and Marvel Comics writer Stan Lee returned to voice himself.

Reception.

The game was well received by critics, who praised the game's linguistic content as well as the possibility to play with various Marvel characters.

External links.

Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on 14 November 2017, and by Feral Interactive for macOS on 2 August 2018. It is the sequel to 2013's "Lego Marvel Super Heroes" and the third installment of the "Lego Marvel" franchise.


Early life and education.

She was born on 18 December 1986 in Amritsar, Punjab. Her father owns a management firm and her mother, is a professor at PGDAV College of Delhi University, who has authored two books and also works with Gandhi Smriti.  Chadda was brought up in Delhi, India. After completing her schooling from Sardar Patel Vidyalaya in 2002, she took a Diploma in Social Communication Media from St. Stephen's College, Delhi.

Career.

Chadda began her career as a model and then she moved to theater. She has performed plays touring in India and Pakistan. Later, she also received her training under Barry John.

Initial struggles (2008–2011).

Chadda made her acting debut in a supporting role as Dolly in Dibakar Banerjee-directed 2008 film "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!". Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN described her as a "revelation " in the film. She appeared in the 2010 comedy film "Benny and Babloo" as Fedora. Taran Adarsh reviewing for Bollywood Hungama stated that Chadda "stand[s] out with confident portrayal" and Komal Nahta from Koimoi stated that she lend[s] "fine support" in the film. In the meanwhile, a Kannada movie in which she had acted, titled "Nirdoshi" was released in 2010 after a delay of almost 3 years.

Breakthrough (2012).

In 2012, she played a pivotal role in Anurag Kashyap's crime drama "Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1". The plot (spanning 50 years) tells a story of power struggles, politics and vengeance among three crime families. She stated in an interview that this role as 'Nagma Khatoon' helped her get 11 film roles. The film premiered at the 65th Cannes Film Festival and she was universally praised for her performance. Taran Adrash found Chadda "simply brilliant from the very inception". Mansha Rastogi of Now Running said "Chadda brings a perfect blend of the strength and helplessness of a woman in the yesteryears". She reprised her role as Nagma Khatoon in the sequel "Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2". The film premiered in the Cannes Directors' Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival with its prequel. According to Madhureeta Mukherjee of "The Times of India" "Chadda holds fort in the sequel too, strong and poised, she's fab", and Taran Adarsh stated she "fetches dignity to her character". Chadda received a Filmfare Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actress category and won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.

Recognition (2013–2015).

Chadda's first release of 2013 came in the Mrighdeep Singh Lamba-directed coming of age comedy film "Fukrey", in which she portrayed a tough-talking female don Bholi Punjaban. Taran Adarsh wrote "Richa Chadda is in terrific form and from her introduction itself, the graph of the film steers Northwards". She then appeared in one of the segments in the Anurag Kashyap-produced anthology film "Shorts" titled "Epilogue". Chadha and Shirvastav play a dysfunctional couple who seem extremely unhappy with each other. The segment featuring Chadda, received mixed reviews from critics.  Chadda next appeared in a supporting role as Rasila in Sanjay Leela Bhansali-directed drama film "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela", an adaptation of the Shakespearean tragedy of "Romeo and Juliet". Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" said "You have to applaud Richa Chadda... for being the talent [she is]". Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote "Richa Chadda doesn’t have a big role but she owns the scenes she walks in with her inbuilt fire". She received a nomination in IIFA Best Supporting Actress category for the role.  Chadda next appeared in Navneet Behal-directed 2014 film "Tamanchey" in the role of Babu, a criminal. Chadda's role received mixed reviews, being compared to her earlier works. Saibal Chatterjee reviewing for NDTV criticized: "Chadda, coming off a string of well-received screen performances, is completely off-colour here. There is far less meat in the role than she imagines", though Mohar Basu from Koimoi found Chadda "feisty and brilliant in the film". Chadda has worked with director Mira Nair in a Mexican-American anthology film "Words with Gods" which is directed by nine different directors. Chadda plays the role of Meghna in the segment titled "God Room". It was screened out of competition at the 71st Venice International Film Festival.  "Masaan" was appreciated at 2015 Cannes Film Festival and won two prestigious awards. NDTV's Saibal Chatterjee gave "Masaan"(2015) 4.5 stars, saying "Richa Chadha inhabits not just the body of Devi Pathak, but her entire soul. The result is as powerful a screen heroine as any we have seen in years." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN, said- "Masaan is a deeply affecting film that is brought to life by its remarkable cast, particularly Sanjay Mishra, Richa Chadha, and terrific new-find Vicky Kaushal."  Richa Chadda talks about ‘HER’ kind of cinema after Masaan release- "People ask me what kind of cinema I ‘represent’, don’t know the answer to that. All I know is that I want to be a part of change in Indian cinema. Just a tiny dent."  After a massive appreciation for Masaan, her next movie was a biopic of Charles Sobhraj, "Main Aur Charles". She played the role of Charles’ girlfriend. Being a law student, she defended Charles in legal proceedings as she tries to convince police how misunderstood the criminal Sobhraj really is. Her blind love and faith is well captured in her adamant expressions and lines. "He (Charles) can escape but no one can escape him," she says.

Critical and commercial success (2016–present).

In January 2016, Chadda appeared as a journalist in social-drama "Chalk n Duster". Gayatri Gauri of Firstpost remarked <nowiki>"Richa Chadda, in a supporting role as a news anchor, looks equally uncomfortable. In an effort to add aunthenticity, she is given a Gujarati dialogue, which only adds to the actor’s apparent discomfort."</nowiki>  She later appeared in "Sarbjit", a biographical-drama film based upon the life of Sarabjit Singh. She portrayed the role of Sukhpreet, and share screen alongside Aishwarya Rai and Randeep Hooda. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a moderate commercial success. Surabhi Redkar from Koimoi.com praised Chadda<nowiki>'s performance and said "Richa Chadha as Sukhpreet, the wife does a fabulous job. She hardly speaks but emotes extremely powerfully with her eyes. As a wife longing for her husband’s return, she is spot on."</nowiki>  In 2017, Richa acted in an Indian web-series "Inside Edge", playing the lead character of a struggling actress. The series was positively received by both critics and audience. In the same year, "Jia Aur Jia" was released. The film received unfavorable reviews from critics and did not perform well at box office too.  After that, she reprised her role as "Bholi Punjaban" in "Fukrey Returns", a much-awaited sequel to 2013 film "Fukrey". Just like its prequel, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics and became a huge commercial success, grossing more than 70 crore in just 12 days. The film has become the highest grossing film of Chadda. Umesh Punwani of Koimoi.com describes Richa's performance as <nowiki>"</nowiki>Richa Chadha retains the swag and is as badass as she was in the first one. Her unconventional chemistry with Varun Sharma shines brighter in this one taking forward the dreamy pair of Choocha-Bholi.<nowiki>"</nowiki>  Richa Chadda worked in Sudhir Mishra's version of the "Devdas" saga, entitled "Aur Devdas" as Paro. Her much delayed film with Pooja Bhatt, "Cabaret", released on 9 January 2019. Chadda also worked for David Womark's Indo-American production "Love Sonia". The film had its world premiere at the London Indian Film Festival on 21 June 2018. The film was released in India on 14 September, 2018.[6]

Upcoming projects.

Her two films, "Section 375" a courtroom drama produced by Kumar Mangat Pathak, Abhishek Pathak and directed by Ajay Bahl, co-starring Akshaye Khanna is releasing on 13 September 2019. And her second film "Panga" directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari with Kangana Ranaut as main lead, is due for release on 24 January 2020.  As of August 2019, Richa Chadda is working on two projects - "Abhi toh Party Shuru Hui Hai", "Ghoomketu, and Shakeela" both are slated to be released in 2019.

Modeling and endorsements.

In 2014, she posed as a mermaid for a People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ad campaign, encouraging people to avoid eating fish and to go vegetarian. The same year, she walked the ramps of Lakme Fashion Week and performed in a play called "Trivial Disasters". Although she appeared in PETA ads supporting vegetarianism, she opposed the beef ban in Indian state of Maharashtra.  In 2015, Richa Chadda represented India at the 18th Marrakech International Film Festival. The festival representatives invited her as a Jury member alongside Hollywood film-maker and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, the president of the Marrakech Film Festival.  She had also done advertisements for Minute Maid, Tata Sky, Archies Gallery, Virgin Mobile and Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate.

Off-screen work.

Activism.

In January 2020, the actress had expressed solidarity with the students victimized in the JNU attack joining other actors from the film fraternity like Taapsee Pannu participating in a protest in Mumbai.

Richa Chadda is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films, Best known in Fukrey Series. After Debuting in a small role in the comedy film "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!" (2008), she worked as a supporting actress in several films. Her major breakthrough was a supporting role in the film noir gangster saga "Gangs of Wasseypur" (2012), where her role as the bellicose and extremely foul-tongued wife of a gangster earned her a Filmfare award. Her sole foray into mainstream cinema has been as a supporting character in "Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram-Leela" (2013).


Gameplay.

"Charlie Murder" is a side-scrolling beat 'em up game with role-playing game elements. Players select one of five band members to play as; the lead vocalist and band namesake Charlie Murder, guitarist Lester Deth, bassist Tommy Homicide, backup vocalist Kelly "Skelekitten" Skitten, or drummer The Rexecutioner. Players can complete the game alone, or can team together with up to three other people, through either offline (with all of the players using the same Xbox 360) or online cooperative gameplay (co-op). With each additional player, the number of enemies that appear on screen at once increases. Players can also fight each other in special areas of the game. The game takes place across several different areas, including a construction site, a graveyard, a pirate ship, and a mall. Players are pitted against a large variety of enemies, including zombies, witches, ninjas, giant rats, yetis, and sharks with dynamite strapped to their heads. Interspersed between the normal combat levels are a number of minigames and special levels, including driving and flying levels.  Players fight using two buttons to string together combinations of light and heavy melee attacks. Players can also use grabs, launch enemies into the air, use character-specific special attacks, and pick up and use weapons. In co-op mode, players can also team up to execute highly damaging group attacks. Scattered throughout the game are bosses, unique and challenging enemies that have more health and are more difficult to fight than normal enemies. There are also "minibosses", enemies that are less challenging than bosses but more challenging than regular enemies. Minibosses have the ability to block and counter players' attacks, which few other enemies in the game do.  Each of the five band members has a unique character class, which vary from one another mainly by the special magical attacks, called Anar-chi, that they can use. Anar-chi attacks include Tommy Homicide's ability to summon acid-coated buzzsaws and The Rexecutioner's ability to summon and use a debris-spitting drum kit. Players are able to use new abilities by visiting an in-game tattoo parlor. Tattoos, and the special abilities that they unlock, are character-specific. Players can also unlock new abilities, including additional combination attacks, group attacks, and the ability to use two weapons at once, by leveling up.  Players use an in-game Windows 8 phone to manage their inventory, level up, read emails that explain game mechanics, and scan QR codes that unlock items and give the character money or followers (the game's experience point equivalent). Players earn money by defeating enemies, and outside of combat, they can purchase weapons and armor (all of which is visible on the character), stat-boosting food and alcohol, and the aforementioned tattoos from shops.

Plot.

The game's protagonist, Charlie Murder, is a member of a garage punk band of the same name. Charlie kicks one of the founding members, Paul, out of the band, and begins to experience chart-topping success creating music in a new genre with new bandmates. Under the name Lord Mortimer, Paul forms his own band, Gore Quaffer, and makes a pact with a demon, raising an army of demons and undead in order to destroy Charlie Murder. Charlie and his band are killed at the beginning of the game, fight out of hell, and are reborn on Earth amidst an apocalypse caused by Lord Mortimer and his army. In order to stop the apocalypse, Charlie Murder must defeat Gore Quaffer in a Battle of the Bands.  During the game, a series of flashbacks detail the game's backstory. As Charlie and his new bandmates experience success without Paul, the latter becomes increasingly upset, eventually vowing revenge. The flashbacks neither paint Charlie Murder in a wholly positive light, nor Paul in a wholly negative light. "Charlie Murder" has an in-game talk radio station, which plays in enemy-free areas. Additional information about the band and about the game's world is presented in the form of people calling into the radio program.  The game has two endings that depend on whether or not the player has acquired all of the hidden pieces of Smockula by the time of the final battle. If the player has not gathered the pieces, then the game immediately ends upon Lord Mortimer's defeat, and a credits montage reveals that, back when Mortimer was Paul, he was childhood friends with Charlie. This is considered the "Bad Ending".  If the player collects all the pieces of Smockula and has them equipped during the final battle, then Lord Mortimer is incapacitated instead of killed, and Charlie Murder confronts the demon who granted Mortimer his power, a being known as the Angel of Chaos. After the Angel's death, Mortimer turns back into Paul and he and Charlie reconcile. The credits montage shows how each of the surviving band members now live comfortable, happy lives. This is considered the "Good Ending".

Development.

"Charlie Murder" was first announced in January 2010 in a Ska Studios blog post as an Xbox Live Indie Games title set for release in March 2010. The game's plot was a four-member band's journey to save Skelekitten (Murder's girlfriend) from a rival metal band. A demo of the game was showcased at PAX East 2010. In April, Ska Studios founder James Silva announced that the game was in development for an unidentified platform and would no longer be released through Xbox Live Indie Games. Joystiq noted that the demo ran on Microsoft XNA Game Studio 4.0, which is designed for the Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows computers, and Windows Phone 7. Ska Studios announced in May that the game was to undergo a "complete overhaul", and would be released through Xbox Live Arcade in 2012. The game was eventually released in August 2013 as part of Summer of Arcade, an annual Xbox Live Arcade promotion known for releasing several of the platform's most acclaimed games.  Ska Studios' first games, including the Xbox Live Arcade game "" (April 2009), were developed entirely by James Silva. Michelle Juett was a tester for "The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai", and the two met in person for the first time at the September 2009 Penny Arcade Expo. They began to date a year later, and Juett eventually left ArenaNet to join Ska Studios, becoming its second employee. "Charlie Murder" was one of the first games that the two worked on together. Silva did all of the game's programming work, while Juett handled its marketing. Silva and Juett worked together to design the art and compose the soundtrack. "Charlie Murder" music was produced by Silva and sung by the pair. In an interview with Joystiq, James Silva explained that he used major game conferences, such as PAX East, as public betas. The conferences allowed Silva to expose a large number of people to the game, providing him with the opportunity to solicit feedback and discover issues. The couple also invited friends over for parties in order to test the game while it was in development. Silva proposed to Juett at the "Charlie Murder" booth at PAX 2011, using an in-game cutscene built in as a secret for the occasion.  "Charlie Murder" was the third Ska Studios game published by Microsoft Studios. During development, Microsoft Studios provided Ska Studios with usability testing and play testing feedback, handled localization, and found and suggested bug fixes. Microsoft required Ska Studios to create picture packs (Xbox Live account customizations), but was not responsible for the Windows Phone 8 game mechanic. Ska Studios had complete creative control over the game itself. "Charlie Murder" was promoted as a free Xbox download with Microsoft's Games with Gold program during the month of June 2014.

Reception.

"Charlie Murder" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The game's music was highly praised. The game's hand-illustrated visuals were also praised by reviewers. Critics felt that the music and visual style complemented the game's punk rock theme, and "Official Xbox Magazine"s Cameron Lewis praised the game for being rich in personality and detail without being over-polished.  Reviewers were less enthused about the game's user interface, and found that many gameplay details went unexplained. IGN's Jose Otero found the inventory management system, which lacks an easy way to sort items, to be problematic. Chris Carter from Destructoid noted that the game's intricacies are described in messages on the in-game phone, which he considered difficult to navigate and read, and that the messages were often insufficiently clear and detailed.  Critics compared the game to Ska Studios' previous side-scrolling beat 'em up games, "" and "". Game Informer noted "Charlie Murder"s similarity to the "Dishwasher" series, and Destructoid's Chris Carter believed that "Charlie Murder" was an improvement over the previous games, in both presentation and in the amount of personality that the characters had. There was a consensus among reviewers that the game was more enjoyable in multiplayer, with Hardcore Gamer saying that the game felt designed for cooperative play.

Charlie Murder is an action role-playing beat 'em up video game developed by Ska Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 and Ska Studios for PC. First revealed in January 2010 as an Xbox Live Indie Games title, the studio announced in May 2010 that the game would undergo a "complete overhaul" and be published in 2012 through Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360. "Charlie Murder" was eventually released on 14 August 2013 to positive reviews, with critics praising the game's soundtrack and hand-illustrated visuals. Versions for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS were released on May 12, 2017 via Steam.


History.

The company was formed in 1988 by Rodney Stiff and Phil Ainsworth to manufacture affordable light aircraft in kit and certified forms.  In October 1991, the first aircraft (Jabiru LSA 55/2k), was certified by the Australian Civil Aviation Authority.  Due to the original engine manufacturer, Italian American Motor Engineering ceasing production of the KFM 112M aero engines used, the company started development of its own engines, and by 1995 the Jabiru 2200, a horizontally opposed four-cylinder air-cooled aviation engine, was available for delivery. Since then the six-cylinder Jabiru 3300 and eight-cylinder Jabiru 5100 have been added to the range.  Also in 1995, it was decided to offer the aircraft range as amateur-build or experimental self-build kits.  The microlight version of the Jabiru two-seater aircraft, the Jabiru UL, holds two world speed records for three-axis microlight aircraft. These were set over 50- and 100-kilometre predefined courses and certified by the FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale).

Engines.

Jabiru produces its own range of lightweight, four-stroke, horizontally opposed, air-cooled engines, specifically designed and engineered for use in aircraft. All engines are direct drive and are fitted with alternators, mufflers, and dual ignition systems as standard. Over 3,900 four-cylinder engines and over 2,900 of the six-cylinder engines have been produced.

Current Models.

In November 2014 the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA required passengers to sign an acknowledgement of risk before flying and restricting equipped aircraft to day VFR flight and within gliding distance of a safe place to land. In the following two years, CASA inspectors witnessed the tear-downs of failed Jabiru engines and also high time engines that had not failed. This resulted in exemptions to these restrictions in 2016, for all aircraft that complied with the manufacturer's engine maintenance manuals, service letters, bulletins, flight operation manuals and had no unapproved modifications.  Both the manufacturer and Recreational Aviation Australia (RA-Aus) opposed the restrictions as unnecessary and unwarranted. RA-Aus reported that it was supplied with only a fraction of CASA's source data – just a day before submissions closed – and that CASA seemed to have excluded all engine reliability data post-"early 2014".

Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd is an Australian aircraft manufacturer that produces a range of kit- and ready-built civil light aircraft in Bundaberg, Queensland. The company also designs and manufactures a range of light aircraft engines. Types past and present include microlights (Ultralight or ULM), including the "Calypso", two-seat trainers and recreational aircraft (J120/J160/ J170/J230) and four-seat aircraft (J400/J430/J450).


Plot.

Lord Alwin (LeRoy Mason), Earl of Northumbria, is captured in a Viking raid and taken to Norway as a slave. There he is bought by Helga (Pauline Starke), an "orphan of noble blood" under the guardianship of Leif Ericsson (Donald Crisp). He proves a troublesome slave, and Leif's sailing master, Egil the Black (Harry Woods), prepares to kill him for his insolence, but Helga stops him. When Alwin challenges Egil to a sword fight, Leif is impressed by his courage and permits it. Alwin manages to break Egil's sword, but spares him. Helga then gives Alwin to Leif.  Leif, with the support of King Olaf (Roy Stewart), the first Christian king of Norway, sets out to search for lands beyond Greenland, which was discovered by his pagan father, Eric the Red (Anders Randolf). Back in Greenland, Eric kills one of his men after he discovers that the man is a Christian. When Leif stops there to pick up supplies, Eric gives his blessing for his marriage to Helga (unbeknownst to her). However, after it is revealed that Leif is himself a Christian, Eric disowns him and refuses to give him any supplies. Fighting breaks out after Leif instructs Alwin to take the supplies anyway. In the confusion, Helga stows away on Leif's ship.  Leif has no choice but to take her along. During the voyage, she and Alwin confess their love for each other. Unaware of this, Leif informs her that he will marry her on the "second change of the moon". Egil, in love with Helga himself, foments a mutiny among the crew, who fear sailing off the edge of the world. When Egil prepares to stab Leif in the back during the wedding ceremony, Alwin leaps in the way and is wounded. Leif kills Egil, but is enraged when Helga reveals that she loves Alwin. He raises his sword to kill the unconscious Alwin, but his Christian faith stops him. Just then, land is sighted, and the mutiny dissolves.  Leif steps ashore bearing a makeshift cross. He has a stone tower built and makes friends with the natives. When Leif leaves for home, Alwin, Helga and a few others remain behind. A final,'modern day,' scene, with "God Bless America" sung in the background, implies that the stone tower still stands somewhere in a coastal city on the northeast coast of America.

Production.

"The Viking" was the first feature film to use Technicolor's dye-transfer process because of the technical limitation of the previous process with printing sound, which used two prints cemented base-to-base. The film was considered the finest use of color cinematography at the time of release.

Early sound and color technology.

The sound was recorded in the Movietone sound-on-film system originally developed by Fox Film Corporation, with color by Technicolor in their new dye transfer process, now known as Process 3.  The film was produced by the Technicolor Corporation, but was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, after production chief Irving Thalberg became impressed with the technology. The film carries MGM's Leo the Lion logo in color, featuring a different lion then the one shown on Black-and-White films. In 1930, MGM reissued the film as a color sound musical film titled "The Private Life of Leif Ericson". The sound film survives today as well as the silent version.

Reception.

Critical response.

Film critic Mordaunt Hall of "The New York Times" wrote in his review: "the figures often look as if they had stepped out of an opera comique.... The make-up of the players is often more than a trifle overdone, especially when the villain reveals on close inspection his mouse-colored eyelids."  In 1938, Technicolor president Herbert Kalmus wrote: There seemed to be two principal troubles with "The Viking", both of which I suspected but without certainty. First it came out among the very last silent pictures in 1929, and second, whiskers. Leif Ericson, the Viking hero true to character had a long curling mustache, whereas American audiences prefer their lovers smooth-shaven. At times the whole screen seemed filled with Viking whiskers.  Film historians Sheldon Hall and Steve Neale wrote in their book "Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters": ""The Viking" was neither a talkie nor a musical", as the other two Technicolor films of "the late 1920s and early 1930s".

The Viking (1928) was the first feature-length Technicolor film that featured a soundtrack, and the first film made in Technicolor's Process 3. It stars Pauline Starke, Donald Crisp and LeRoy Mason. The film is loosely based on the 1902 novel "The Thrall of Leif the Lucky" by Ottilie A. Liljencrantz. "The Viking" was directed by Roy William Neill.


Design and development.

The 1923 Schneider Trophy race for seaplanes had been won by the United States Navy with the Curtiss CR-3, a floatplane which outclassed Britain's entry, the Supermarine Sea Lion III flying boat. In a change from previous years, where Britain's entries had been privately funded, the British Air Ministry ordered two racing seaplanes from the Gloster Aircraft Company to compete for the 1924 race.  The resulting aircraft, designated the Gloster II, was a floatplane development of Gloster's earlier Gloster I racing aircraft, which had won the annual Aerial Derby air race three years running between 1921 and 1923, and had attempted unsuccessfully to break the World airspeed record in 1922. It was a small single-seat biplane of fabric covered wooden construction, powered by a closely faired Napier Lion engine. It had short-span single bay wings and a twin float undercarriage, with radiators mounted on the struts supporting the floats.  The first aircraft, with the serial number "J7504", was ready for flight testing in September 1924. However, when attempting to land after its first test flight, on 19 September 1924, the undercarriage collapsed and the aircraft sank, with pilot Hubert Broad escaping unhurt. There was insufficient time to prepare the second aircraft for the race, scheduled for October, but as no other European nation had an entry ready to compete, the Americans postponed the race until 1925.  The second aircraft was converted to a landplane and used for flight testing equipment to be used for the Gloster III racer being designed for the 1925 competition. It was lost in a high-speed crash landing at RAF Cranwell following elevator flutter in June 1925, the pilot, Larry Carter, being seriously injured, fracturing his skull.

The Gloster II was a British racing floatplane of the 1920s. A single-engined biplane, two were built to compete in the 1924 Schneider Trophy air race. However the crash of the first prototype during testing meant that it could not be made ready for the race, which was postponed. The second aircraft was also lost in a crash.


Plot summary.

One day, writer Lutz Ventura receives news that his sister has died. She leaves behind two children, whom he temporarily takes in after the funeral because Frau Roeckel, the sister of the children's father, deceased five years earlier, is taking a holiday with her husband.  Lutz and the children become good friends. The children want to stay with their uncle, but he does not have much room in his tower apartment, has little money, and wants to get married soon.  The children must return to the Roeckel family, but they run away, because there is always trouble there. The soft-hearted uncle takes them in, but his fiancée has definite ideas about their future, and they don't include other people's children. On the spur of the moment, she tells him that she no longer wants to marry him.  The writer gets in trouble with the authorities; the children are not allowed to live with him since he is an unmarried man. The situation escalates as the child welfare authorities require the niece and nephew to be ready for transfer to an orphanage that evening. Lutz goes to the parish priest and explains to him his new idea to seek sanctuary in order to make the public aware of his problem. The priest rejects this but secretly talks to Margot, Lutz's fiancé. She tells the priest that she had been waiting for an opportunity to change her mind and the couple is married on the same day.

Location.

The film was shot in rural Franconia, among other locations. The tower is part of the city wall in Sommerhausen. Ventura's marriage took place in the Würzburg Adalberokirche. Cities like Würzburg, Ochsenfurt or Marktbreit pop up in the film repeatedly.

Reception.

– Encyclopedia of the International film  – Protestant film observers [2]

Vater sein dagegen sehr (English: "Being a father however, is hard") is a 1957 West German film directed by Kurt Meisel.


Development.

On May 12, EA Sports uploaded a trailer to YouTube. They also revealed the new features that were added to the game, which include an upgrade of the Ground Game, a redesigned and better Franchise Mode, "Madden 365", new Ball Carrier UI Prompts help teach moves available to you, while the new Path Assist helps you navigate and anticipate down field and more. They have also announced that they would hire new announcers, Brandon Gaudin and Charles Davis.

Cover athlete.

EA decided not to allow Madden players to vote for the "Madden NFL 17" cover athlete, announcing it on May 12, 2016 via the "SportsCenter" Twitter account. After losing the "Madden NFL 16" cover vote to New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr., New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski was announced as the cover athlete of "Madden NFL 17".

Features.

"Madden NFL 17" has developed a new ground game mechanic that provide players a more balanced experience. In addition to this, the new defensive AI puts players' teammates into positions to stop the run or pass game. Features such as Ultimate Team and Franchise mode will make a return, however, many of their features have been revamped and upgraded.

Soundtrack.

On August 3, 2016, EA Sports announced the soundtrack for the game, which would feature 40 songs, including 2 Chainz, Flume, Steve Aoki, Logic, Blake Shelton, Brantley Gilbert, Bishop Briggs, Flo Rida, Flux Pavilion, Pusha T and Lil' Wayne. The soundtrack was also made available for streaming on Spotify. The original score of "Madden NFL 15" also returns in game and can be played through EA Trax.

Reception.

According to review aggregator Metacritic, "Madden NFL 17" received generally favorable reviews. IGN awarded the game an 8.6/10, praising the improved franchise mode and defense, but were disappointed in the game's commentary. GamesRadar gave it 4/5, saying: "With major changes to some of the game’s core mechanics, and an impressive revamp of the now marquee Franchise Mode, "Madden 17" has done its best to avoid [accusations of phoning it in and failing to make significant progress], and succeeded."  According to the NPD Group, "Madden NFL 17" was the best-selling retail game in the US in its month of release, but its launch month sales failed to surpass that of its predecessor, "Madden NFL 16".

Madden NFL 17 is an American football sports video game based on the National Football League and published by EA Sports for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One and Xbox 360. As the 28th installment of the "Madden NFL series", the game was released on August 23, 2016 and features New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski on the cover. It was the last "Madden NFL" game to be made on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.


History.

Background.

The Mauro-Roman Kingdom was established in the early fifth century after following partial Berber conquests of Roman Mauretania. Direct Roman rule had already become confined to a few coastal cities (such as Septem in Mauretania Tingitana and Caesarea in Mauretania Caesariensis) by the late 3rd century. Historical sources about inland areas are sparse, but these were apparently controlled by local Berber rulers who, however, maintained a degree of Roman culture, including the local cities, and usually nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Roman Emperors.  After the Vandal conquest of Northern Africa and the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom, these cities became completely isolated and eventually fell into the control of the romanized berber people of the region. The berbers would form an independent barbarian kingdom, dubbed the "Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum", the "Kingdom of the Moors and Romans". This kingdom would be a local power, often finding itself at war with the neighboring Vandal Kingdom. When the Eastern Roman Empire invaded the Vandals in their successful attempt at reconquering Northern Africa, the Mauro-Roman Kingdom under Masuna allied with them against the Vandals. However, subsequent rulers would come into conflict with the Empire. After a failed military campaign under King Garmul against the Eastern Roman Empire, the Empire reincorporated some coastal territories and the Kingdom collapsed.

Altavan rump-state.

Though the domain of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom had collapsed and other Kingdoms had risen from its ruins, such as the Kingdom of the Ouarsenis and the Kingdom of the Hodna, a romanized berber kingdom continued to be ruled from the city of Altava, though it was significantly smaller in size than the Kingdom ruled by Garmul had been. During this period, Christianity became the predominant religion in the Altava kingdom, with syncretic influences from the traditional Berber religion. A new church was built in the capital Altava in this period.  The last recorded ruler of the Kingdom of Altava was Caecilius, called Koceila or Kusaila ("leopard" in Tamazight). He died in the year 690 AD fighting against the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. He was also leader of the Awraba tribe of the Imazighen and possibly Christian head of the Sanhadja confederation. He is known for having led an effective Berber martial resistance against the Umayyad Caliphate's conquest of the Maghreb in the 680s.  Indeed, in 683 AD Uqba ibn Nafi was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Vescera near Biskra by Kusaila, who forced all Arabs to evacuate their just founded Kairouan and withdraw to Cyrenaica. But in 688 AD Arab reinforcements from Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan arrived under Zuhair ibn Kays. Caecilius met them in 690 AD -with the support of Byzantine troops- at the Battle of Mamma. Vastly outnumbered, the Awraba and Byzantines were defeated and Caecilius was killed.  With the death of Caecilius, the torch of resistance passed to a tribe known as the Jerawa tribe, who had their home in the Aurès Mountains: his Christian berber troops after his death fought later under Kahina, the last Queen of the romanized Berbers.

The Kingdom of Altava was an independent Berber kingdom centered on the city of Altava in present-day northern Algeria. The Kingdom of Altava was a successor state of the previous Mauro-Roman Kingdom which had controlled much of the ancient Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis. This Kingdom collapsed following Eastern Roman military campaigns to decrease its influence and power after Garmul invaded the Exarchate of Africa.


Context.

After capturing Oujda, French forces turned their sights to Casablanca, domain of the tribes of the Chaouia, known for producing ferocious soldiers.  Five years before the "Protectorat", Casablanca was occupied, but the battles continued. Dozens of battles took place within the city, in the periphery, and finally, deeper into the Chaouia.  In 1907, the presence of French agents controlling customs duties, in addition to the start of intense, alienating, and clearly colonial construction, came to a head.  On July 29, a delegation of Chaouia tribes presented itself to Moulay Lamine—governor of the province and uncle of Morocco's young sultan, Abdelaziz El-Alawi—with the desire to demolish the works under way. Another delegation met with the city's pasha, Si Boubker Ben Bouzid Slaoui, protesting and demanding an end to the construction on the port, the destruction of the railroad, and the removal of the French supervisors at the customs house. On July 30, the turmoil in the city increased. In the morning, a public crier sent by the Oulad Hriz tribe called the population to end all relations with the French.  Hajj Hammou, qa'id of the Oulad Hriz tribe, called for jihad and prepared for battle with the French and the Spanish and their associates. People of the Chaouia took to the streets and violence broke out that afternoon, leading to the death of nine European laborers working for la Compagnie Marocaine, the French company chosen to build the port. The protesters stopped the train, the tracks of which ran over the Sidi Belyout necropolis on the way to a quarry up the shore, with a pile of rocks on the track, and attacked the European workers aboard—four French, three Italian, and two Spanish.

Bombardment.

Following the insurrection of July 30, 1907, thousands of warriors from the Chaouia, apparently allied with Ma al-'Aynayn, took Casablanca. France, surprised due to poor intelligence, urgently sent for a fleet, which left from Algeria. Saint Aulaire, the diplomat in charge of the French Legation in Tangier, under instruction from Paris, called a number of warships to Casablanca, including the which was dispatched from Tangier that very night and which arrived on August 1, and the cruiser which arrived on August 4 from Toulon. The morning of August 5, 66 men disembarked from "Galilée" to protect the French consulate, a move which was criticized by other European powers present in Casablanca, as it aggravated the situation in the city. Foreign warships arrived on the scene, including the English cruiser and the Spanish gunboat, which landed 30 men to protect the Spanish consulate. The French protected cruiser arrived from the Azores. In the late afternoon, once French forces had occupied the French, Swedish, and Portuguese consulates in Casablanca, entering through the Portuguese consulate, "Galilée" commenced bombardment. On August 7, a French squadron coming from Algeria arrived:,,, and. They were soon joined by, "Nive", and the hospital ship "Shamrock" transporting terrestrial forces.  "Galilée" and "Gloire" bombarded the qasbah causing numerous casualties—"rebels" and civilians alike. The working class neighborhood known as Tnaker (تناكر), located near the port, paid the heftiest price, taking shrapnel from shells filled with "mélinite," a nitric compound adopted by the French government. Houses of worship, including the great mosque and the sanctuary of Sidi Qairawani, were not spared.  The gates to the medina were especially targeted to prevent the entrance of Chaoui combatants.  The bombardment continued through the night and into the morning of August 6. 31 soldiers disembarked from "Du Chayla"; 44 from "Forbin". The Moroccans, despite the considerable losses suffered from the incessant bombardment, continued to fight, inspiring unease within the French troops. The squadron of Rear-Admiral Joseph-Alphonse Philibert brought General Antoine Drude's troops, including first French and Algerian tirailleurs, to shore at the beach of Sidi Belyout, where they were met with Moroccan fire.  On August 7, the disembarked troops of General Drude and the marine riflemen of Rear-Admiral Philibert were able, after fierce combat, to retake control of the city. According to eyewitnesses and diplomatic sources, a "revolution" seemed to have started in Morocco. Some had the premonition that this was only the beginning of a long war between the French and the Moroccans.  Over three days of bombs raining down from the French warships, then carnage and pillaging from troops on the ground, what had been a prosperous city of 30,000 inhabitants was transformed into a field of rubble with nothing spared, with the exception of the European neighborhood.  French sources put the death toll at a conservative 600–1,500, while German sources estimate 2,000–3,000. Moroccan sources, supported by European testimonies, attest that only few rare inhabitants of the city survived after the carnage.  On September 6, the commercial ship "Magnus" brought the 400 Jews who had fled at the beginning of the insurrection, back to Casablanca from Tangier and Gibraltar.

The Bombardment of Casablanca (; ) was a French naval attack taking place from August 5–7 in 1907 that destroyed the Moroccan city of Casablanca. France used mainly artillery fire from battleships to bomb the city and targets in the surrounding area, causing an estimated 1,500–7,500 deaths. The bombing followed the insurrection of Casablanca of July 30, 1907, in which tribes of the Chaouia revolted and took control of the city in opposition to French presence in the customs house and the construction of a railroad over a sacred gravesite specifically, and to French colonization generally.