Information.

"Trick" is Kumi Koda's seventh studio album and eleventh overall album. It continued her streak of #1 albums on the weekly Oricon Albums Charts, which began in 2005 with her compilation album "." "Trick" debuted at #1 on Oricon's Daily Chart with over 100,000 units sold in its first day. By the end of its first week, "Trick" sold over 253,000 copies, placing it at #1 on charts, being her third album to reach the top spot. However, it was one of her lowest first week sales for a studio album since her 2005 album "secret".  The album was released as CD and CD+2DVD. CD+2DVD was a limited release and carried the "Special Live "Dirty Ballroom" ~One Night Show~" concert she performed at Studio Coast in the Shin-Kiba district of Koto, Tokyo on October 23, 2008. The bonus secret feature on the second DVD could be accessed by clicking on the clown's nose on the menu screen, which was the rehearsals and setup for the show.  The first DVD carried six music videos, two of which were new and one, which was reedited for the album. The two new videos were "Just The Way You Are" (stylized as "JUST THE WAY YOU ARE") and "show girl." The reedited music video was the album version of "That Ain't Cool," which featured American singer Fergie - the original was released on her "Moon" EP. Bonus features on the first DVD included six secret videos, which could be accessed by clicking on Kumi's left eye on the menu screen.  A full version for the album's introduction was later performed during her "".

Editions.

The album was released in only two editions: CD and CD+2DVD - a CD+DVD combo was never released.  The CD+2DVD also carried one bonus track on the CD: "Venus," originally released by Shocking Blue in 1969. Only limited editions of the CD only version carried this track.

Music videos.

Two new videos were made for the album: "Just The Way You Are" and "show girl." There was also the album version of "That Ain't Cool" feat. Fergie," which carried more of a story compared to its single-released predecessor.  "show girl" carried a Moulin Rouge theme. "Just The Way You Are" was filmed at the Nasu Highland Park in the Tochigi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

Promotion.

"show girl" was used as the television commercial for music.jp.  "Your Love" was the promotional theme for Lixil Group's Tostem Group Home Finance.  "Venus" was used to advertise Gillette's Venus Breeze razor.

Commercial performance.

"Trick" debuted at #1 on Oricon's Daily Chart with over 100,000 units sold in its first day. By the end of its first week, "Trick" sold over 253,000 copies, placing it at #1 on Oricon's Weekly Chart, being her third album to reach the top spot. However, it was one of Kumi's lowest first week sales for a studio album since her 2005 album "secret".

Chart Ranking.

Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

Alternate Versions.

show girl  This is not a love song  Driving  Bling Bling Bling feat. AK-69  Ai no Kotoba

Trick (stylized as "TRICK") is the seventh studio album released by J-Urban singer-songwriter Kumi Koda. The album continued her #1 streak and stayed on the Oricon charts for twenty-nine weeks. It was released on January 28, 2009 and came in CD and CD+2DVD with the latter being a limited edition and the second DVD containing her "Live DVD "Koda Kumi Special Live "Dirty Ballroom" ~One Night Show~"". The limited editions of both versions carried the bonus track "Venus," originally released by Shocking Blue in 1969.


Professional career.

San Diego Padres.

Frieri was signed by scouts Robert Rowley and Marical DelValle. He began his professional career in 2005, splitting the season between the AZL Padres and Lake Elsinore Storm. For the AZL Padres, he went 7–1 with a 1.17 earned run average (ERA) in 17 games in five starts. In 46 innings pitched, he struck out 59 batters. In two relief appearances with the Storm, he went 0–0 with a 2.70 ERA. In 2006, Frieri split the season between the Eugene Emeralds, Fort Wayne Wizards and Lake Elsinore Storm. With the Emeralds, he went 3–3 with a 3.82 ERA in 27 appearances in one start. In one game with the Wizards he had a 9.00 ERA, and in two games with the Storm he had a 6.00 ERA.  In 2007, Frieri played for the Wizards, appearing in 40 games, and Storm, appearing in 13 games, going a combined 2–2 with a 1.98 ERA and 92 strikeouts in 86 innings. In 2008, he played for the Storm, the Double-A San Antonio Missions and the Triple-A Portland Beavers. He went 8–6 with a 4.00 ERA in 33 games, appearing in 18 starts with the Storm. With the Missions, he went 1–0 with a 4.09 ERA in two games, and with the Beavers he went 1–0 with a 1.50 ERA in one game.  Frieri had a break-out year in 2009 playing for the Missions and the Padres. With the Missions, he went 10–9 with a 3.59 ERA with 118 strikeouts in 140 innings pitched appearing in 27 games, 26 for starts. He made the Texas League All-Star team and on July 27 was named as the Texas League Pitcher of the Week. On September 14 he and Luis Durango were called up to the Major Leagues. He made his Major League debut on September 26 against the Arizona Diamondbacks, pitching one inning of no-run ball and throwing two strikeouts. Frieri finished the 2009 season appearing in two games without giving up a run.  In 2010, Frieri made 33 appearances, sporting an ERA of 1.71 with 41 strikeouts. He became a permanent bullpen piece in 2011, appearing in 59 games for the Padres.  Frieri's pitching repertoire consists of a four-seam fastball (90–94 mph), which is his primary pitch, as well as a breaking ball (77–80) that is referred to variously as a curveball or a slider.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

On May 3, 2012, the Padres traded Frieri to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for second baseman Alexi Amarista and minor league pitcher Donn Roach. Frieri earned his first career save on May 23, 2012 against the Oakland Athletics. On September 25, 2012, Frieri was one of five pitchers (Zack Greinke, Garrett Richards, Scott Downs, Kevin Jepsen) to combine for 20 strikeouts in a nine-inning game, tying a Major League Baseball record. For the season, Frieri notched 23 saves while striking out 80 batters in 54.1 innings for the Angels.  Frieri became the full-time closer for the Angels in 2013. He had a 3.80 ERA and recorded 37 saves, despite allowing 11 home runs.  On April 25, 2014, Frieri was pulled from the closer role in favor of Joe Smith after multiple poor outings. After a few questionable outings from Smith, Frieri and Smith began splitting the role. Through late June 2014, Frieri had an ERA of 6.39 and allowed eight home runs in 31 innings.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

On June 27, 2014, Frieri was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for relief pitcher Jason Grilli.  Frieri did not recover his control, as he surrendered 12 runs in 10.2 innings for the Pirates and was designated for assignment on August 8, 2014, then outrighted to Triple-A Indianapolis Indians on August 13. On September 8, Frieri was released.

Tampa Bay Rays.

Frieri signed a one-year deal with the Tampa Bay Rays on November 26, 2014. On June 2, Frieri was designated for assignment by the Rays after once again suffering through bouts of extreme inconsistency. In 23.1 innings, Frieri struck out 19 while permitting 11 walks and 20 hits.

Philadelphia Phillies.

On December 14, 2015, Frieri signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was released on April 5, 2016. Frieri took off the 2016 season to work on his pitching mechanics.

New York Yankees.

Frieri pitched in the 2017 World Baseball Classic for the Colombian national baseball team. After Colombia's elimination, he signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. He exercised his opt out clause and became a free agent.

Texas Rangers.

On June 6, Frieri signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers. He had his contract purchased on June 17, 2017.

Seattle Mariners.

Frieri was traded to the Seattle Mariners on August 8, 2017 for $1.

Milwaukee Brewers.

On January 18, 2018, Frieri signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was released on March 18.

Acereros de Monclova.

On April 5, 2018, Frieri signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on April 21, 2018.

Ernesto Frieri Gutiérrez [free-eh'-ree] (born July 19, 1985) is a Colombian former professional baseball relief pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Pittsburgh Pirates, Tampa Bay Rays, and Texas Rangers.


Description.

Modern accident investigators avoid the words "pilot error", as the scope of their work is to determine the cause of an accident, rather than to apportion blame. Furthermore, any attempt to incriminate the pilots does not consider that they are part of a broader system, which in turn may be accountable for their fatigue, work pressure, or lack of training. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and its member states, therefore adopted James Reason's model of causation in 1993 in an effort to better understand the role of human factors in aviation accidents.  Pilot error is nevertheless a major cause of air accidents. In 2004, it was identified as the primary reason for 78.6% of disastrous general aviation (GA) accidents, and as the major cause of 75.5% of GA accidents in the United States. There are multiple factors that can cause pilot error; mistakes in the decision-making process can be due to habitual tendencies, biases, as well as a breakdown in the processing of the information coming in. For aircraft pilots, in extreme circumstances these errors are highly likely to result in fatalities.

Causes of pilot error.

Pilots work in complex environments and are routinely exposed to high amounts of situational stress in the workplace, inducing pilot error which may result in a threat to flight safety. While aircraft accidents are infrequent, they are highly visible and often involve significant numbers of fatalities. For this reason, research on causal factors and methodologies of mitigating risk associated with pilot error is exhaustive. Pilot error results from physiological and psychological limitations inherent in humans. "Causes of error include fatigue, workload, and fear as well as cognitive overload, poor interpersonal communications, imperfect information processing, and flawed decision making." Throughout the course of every flight, crews are intrinsically subjected to a variety of external threats and commit a range of errors that have the potential to negatively impact the safety of the aircraft.

Threats.

The term "threat" is defined as any event "external to flight crew's influence which can increase the operational complexity of a flight." Threats may further be broken down into environmental threats and airline threats. Environmental threats are ultimately out of the hands of crew members and the airline, as they hold no influence on "adverse weather conditions, air traffic control shortcomings, bird strikes, and high terrain." Conversely, airline threats are not manageable by the flight crew, but may be controlled by the airline's management. These threats include "aircraft malfunctions, cabin interruptions, operational pressure, ground/ramp errors/events, cabin events and interruptions, ground maintenance errors, and inadequacies of manuals and charts."

Errors.

The term "error" is defined as any action or inaction leading to deviation from team or organizational intentions. Error stems from physiological and psychological human limitations such as illness, medication, stress, alcohol/drug abuse, fatigue, emotion, etc. Error is inevitable in humans and is primarily related to operational and behavioral mishaps. Errors can vary from incorrect altimeter setting and deviations from flight course, to more severe errors such as exceeding maximum structural speeds or forgetting to put down landing or takeoff flaps.

Decision making.

Reasons for negative reporting of accidents include staff being too busy, confusing data entry forms, lack of training and less education, lack of feedback to staff on reported data and punitive organizational cultures. Wiegmann and Shappell invented three cognitive models to analyze approximately 4,000 pilot factors associated with more than 2,000 U.S. Navy aviation mishaps. Although the three cognitive models have slight differences in the types of errors, all three lead to the same conclusion: errors in judgment. The three steps are decision-making, goal-setting, and strategy-selection errors, all of which were highly related to primary accidents. For example, on 28 December 2014, AirAsia Flight 8501, which was carrying seven crew members and 155 passengers, crashed into the Java Sea due to several fatal mistakes made by the captain in the poor weather conditions. In this case, the captain chose to exceed the maximum climb rate for a commercial aircraft, which caused a critical stall from which he was unable to recover.

Threat and error management (TEM).

TEM involves the effective detection and response to internal or external factors that have the potential to degrade the safety of an aircraft's operations. Methods of teaching TEM stress replicability, or reliability of performance across recurring situations. TEM aims to prepare crews with the "coordinative and cognitive ability to handle both routine and unforeseen surprises and anomalies." The desired outcome of TEM training is the development of'resiliency'. Resiliency, in this context, is the ability to recognize and act adaptively to disruptions which may be encountered during flight operations. TEM training occurs in various forms, with varying levels of success. Some of these training methods include data collection using the "line operations safety audit" (LOSA), implementation of crew resource management (CRM), cockpit task management (CTM), and the integrated use of checklists in both commercial and general aviation. Some other resources built into most modern aircraft that help minimize risk and manage threat and error are airborne collision and avoidance systems (ACAS) and ground proximity warning systems (GPWS). With the consolidation of onboard computer systems and the implementation of proper pilot training, airlines and crew members look to mitigate the inherent risks associated with human factors.

Line operations safety audit (LOSA).

LOSA is a structured observational program designed to collect data for the development and improvement of countermeasures to operational errors. Through the audit process, trained observers are able to collect information regarding the normal procedures, protocol, and decision making processes flight crews undertake when faced with threats and errors during normal operation. This data driven analysis of threat and error management is useful for examining pilot behavior in relation to situational analysis. It provides a basis for further implementation of safety procedures or training to help mitigate errors and risks. Observers on flights which are being audited typically observe the following: LOSA was developed to assist crew resource management practices in reducing human error in complex flight operations. LOSA produces beneficial data that reveals how many errors or threats are encountered per flight, the number of errors which could have resulted in a serious threat to safety, and correctness of crew action or inaction. This data has proven to be useful in the development of CRM techniques and identification of what issues need to be addressed in training.

Crew resource management (CRM).

CRM is the "effective use of all available resources by individuals and crews to safely and effectively accomplish a mission or task, as well as identifying and managing the conditions that lead to error." CRM training has been integrated and mandatory for most pilot training programs, and has been the accepted standard for developing human factors skills for air crews and airlines. Although there is no universal CRM program, airlines usually customize their training to best suit the needs of the organization. The principles of each program are usually closely aligned. According to the U.S. Navy, there are seven critical CRM skills: These seven skills comprise the critical foundation for effective aircrew coordination. With the development and use of these core skills, flight crews "highlight the importance of identifying human factors and team dynamics to reduce human errors that lead to aviation mishaps."

Application and effectiveness of CRM.

Since the implementation of CRM circa 1979, following the need for increased research on resource management by NASA, the aviation industry has seen tremendous evolution of the application of CRM training procedures. The applications of CRM has been developed in a series of generations: Today, CRM is implemented through pilot and crew training sessions, simulations, and through interactions with senior ranked personnel and flight instructors such as briefing and debriefing flights. Although it is difficult to measure the success of CRM programs, studies have been conclusive that there is a correlation between CRM programs and better risk management.

Cockpit task management (CTM).

Cockpit task management (CTM) is the "management level activity pilots perform as they initiate, monitor, prioritize, and terminate cockpit tasks." A 'task' is defined as a process performed to achieve a goal (i.e. fly to a waypoint, descend to a desired altitude). CTM training focuses on teaching crew members how to handle concurrent tasks which compete for their attention. This includes the following processes: The need for CTM training is a result of the capacity of human attentional facilities and the limitations of working memory. Crew members may devote more mental or physical resources to a particular task which demands priority or requires the immediate safety of the aircraft. CTM has been integrated to pilot training and goes hand in hand with CRM. Some aircraft operating systems have made progress in aiding CTM by combining instrument gauges into one screen. An example of this is a digital attitude indicator, which simultaneously shows the pilot the heading, airspeed, descent or ascent rate and a plethora of other pertinent information. Implementations such as these allow crews to gather multiple sources of information quickly and accurately, which frees up mental capacity to be focused on other, more prominent tasks.

Checklists.

The use of checklists before, during and after flights has established a strong presence in all types of aviation as a means of managing error and reducing the possibility of risk. Checklists are highly regulated and consist of protocols and procedures for the majority of the actions required during a flight. The objectives of checklists include "memory recall, standardization and regulation of processes or methodologies." The use of checklists in aviation has become an industry standard practice, and the completion of checklists from memory is considered a violation of protocol and pilot error. Studies have shown that increased errors in judgement and cognitive function of the brain, along with changes in memory function are a few of the effects of stress and fatigue. Both of these are inevitable human factors encountered in the commercial aviation industry. The use of checklists in emergency situations also contributes to troubleshooting and reverse examining the chain of events which may have led to the particular incident or crash. Apart from checklists issued by regulatory bodies such as the FAA or ICAO, or checklists made by aircraft manufacturers, pilots also have personal qualitative checklists aimed to ensure their fitness and ability to fly the aircraft. An example is the "IM SAFE" checklist (illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue/food, emotion) and a number of other qualitative assessments which pilots may perform before or during a flight to ensure the safety of the aircraft and passengers. These checklists, along with a number of other redundancies integrated into most modern aircraft operation systems, ensure the pilot remains vigilant, and in turn, aims to reduce the risk of pilot error.

Notable examples.

One of the most famous examples of an aircraft disaster that was attributed to pilot error was the night-time crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 near Miami, Florida on 29 December 1972. The captain, first officer, and flight engineer had become fixated on a faulty landing gear light and had failed to realize that one of the crew had accidentally bumped the flight controls, altering the autopilot settings from level flight to a slow descent. Told by ATC to hold over a sparsely populated area away from the airport while they dealt with the problem (with, as a result, very few lights visible on the ground to act as an external reference), the distracted flight crew did not notice the plane losing height and the aircraft eventually struck the ground in the Everglades, killing 101 of the 176 passengers and crew. The subsequent National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report on the incident blamed the flight crew for failing to monitor the aircraft's instruments properly. Details of the incident are now frequently used as a case study in training exercises by aircrews and air traffic controllers.  During 2004 in the United States, pilot error was listed as the primary cause of 78.6% of fatal general aviation accidents, and as the primary cause of 75.5% of general aviation accidents overall. For scheduled air transport, pilot error typically accounts for just over half of worldwide accidents with a known cause.

Historically, the term pilot error has been used to describe an accident in which an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause or a contributing factor that led to the accident, but also includes the pilot's failure to make a correct decision or take proper action. Errors are intentional actions that fail to achieve their intended outcomes. Chicago Convention defines accident as "An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft [...] in which [...] a person is fatally or seriously injured [...] "except when the injuries are [...] inflicted by other persons."" Hence the definition of the "pilot error" does not include deliberate crash (and such crash is not an accident).


In humans.

History.

The first recorded case of artificial insemination was John Hunter in 1790, who helped impregnate a linen draper's wife. The first reported case of artificial insemination by donor occurred in 1884: Dr. William H. Pancoast, a professor in Philadelphia, took sperm from his "best looking" student to inseminate an anesthetized woman. The case was reported 25 years later in a medical journal. The sperm bank was developed in Iowa starting in the 1920s in research conducted by University of Iowa medical school researchers Jerome Sherman and Raymond Bunge.  In the United Kingdom, the British obstetrician Mary Barton founded one of the first fertility clinics to offer donor insemination in the 1930s, with her husband Bertold Wiesner fathering up to 1000 offspring.  In the 1980s, direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) was occasionally used, where doctors injected sperm into the lower abdomen through a surgical hole or incision, with the intention of letting them find the oocyte at the ovary or after entering the genital tract through the ostium of the fallopian tube.

General.

The sperm used in artificial insemination may be provided by either the woman's husband or partner (partner sperm) or by a known or anonymous sperm donor (see sperm donation (donor sperm)).  If the procedure is successful, the woman will conceive and carry a baby to term in the normal manner. A pregnancy resulting from artificial insemination is no different from a pregnancy achieved by sexual intercourse. In all cases of artificial insemination, the recipient woman will be the biological mother of any child produced, and the male whose sperm is used will be the biological father.  There are multiple methods used to obtain the semen necessary for artificial insemination. Some methods require only men, while others require a combination of a male and female. Those that require only men to obtain semen are masturbation or the aspiration of sperm by means of a puncture of the testicle and epididymus. Methods of collecting semen that involve a combination of a male and female include interrupted intercourse, intercourse with a 'collection condom', or the post-coital aspiration of the semen from the vagina.  There are a number of reasons why a woman with a male partner would use artificial insemination to achieve pregnancy. For example, a woman's immune system may be rejecting her partner's sperm as invading molecules. Women who have issues with the cervix – such as cervical scarring, cervical blockage from endometriosis, or thick cervical mucus – may also benefit from artificial insemination, since the sperm must pass through the cervix to result in fertilization.  In the case of heterosexual couples who are finding it difficult to conceive, before artificial insemination is turned to as the solution, doctors will require an examination of both the male and female involved in order to remove any and all physical hindrances that are preventing them from naturally achieving a pregnancy. The couple is also given a fertility test to determine the motility, number, and viability of the male's sperm and the success of the female's ovulation. From these tests, the doctor may or may not recommend a form of artificial insemination.

Preparations.

Timing is critical, as the window and opportunity for fertilization is little more than twelve hours from the release of the ovum. To increase the chance of success, the woman's menstrual cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests, such as basal body temperature tests over, noting the color and texture of the vaginal mucus, and the softness of the nose of her cervix. To improve the success rate of AI, drugs to create a stimulated cycle may be used, but the use of such drugs also results in an increased chance of a multiple birth.  Sperm can be provided fresh or washed. The washing of sperm increases the chances of fertilization. Pre- and post-concentration of motile sperm is counted. Sperm from a sperm bank will be frozen and quarantined for a period, and the donor will be tested before and after production of the sample to ensure that he does not carry a transmissible disease. For fresh shipping, a semen extender is used.  If sperm is provided by a private donor, either directly or through a sperm agency, it is usually supplied fresh, not frozen, and it will not be quarantined. Donor sperm provided in this way may be given directly to the recipient woman or her partner, or it may be transported in specially insulated containers. Some donors have their own freezing apparatus to freeze and store their sperm.

Techniques.

Semen used is used either fresh, raw, or frozen. Where donor sperm is supplied by a sperm bank, it will always be quarantined and frozen, and will need to be thawed before use. The sperm is ideally donated after 2–3 days of abstinence, without lubrication as the lubricant can inhibit the sperm motility. When an ovum is released, semen is introduced into the woman's vagina, uterus or cervix, depending on the method being used.  Sperm is occasionally inserted twice within a 'treatment cycle'.

Intracervical insemination.

Intracervical insemination (ICI) simulates the ejaculation of semen by the penis into the vagina during intercourse. It is painless and is the simplest, easiest and most common method of artificial insemination. ICI involves the introduction of unwashed or raw semen into the vagina at the entrance to the cervix, usually by means of a needleless syringe.  ICI is commonly used in the home, by self-insemination and practitioner insemination. Raw semen from a private donor may be used for ICI. Semen supplied by a sperm bank prepared for ICI or IUI use is suitable for ICI. It is a popular method amongst single and lesbian women purchasing donor sperm on-line, and was previously used in many fertility centers as a method of insemination, although its popularity in this context has waned as other, more reliable methods of insemination have become available. During ICI, air is expelled from a needleless syringe which is then filled with semen which has been allowed to liquify. A specially-designed syringe, wider and with a more rounded end, may be used for this purpose. Any further enclosed air is removed by gently pressing the plunger forward. The woman lies on her back and the syringe is inserted into the vagina. Care is optimal when inserting the syringe, so that the tip is as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. A vaginal speculum may be used for this purpose. The plunger is then slowly pushed forward and the semen in the syringe is gently emptied deep into the vagina. It is important that the syringe is emptied slowly for best results. The syringe may be left in place for several minutes before removal. The woman can bring herself to orgasm so that the cervix 'dips down' into the pool of semen, again replicating closely vaginal intercourse, and this may improve the success rate. The woman is advised to lie still for about half-an-hour to improve the success rate.  One insemination during a cycle is usually sufficient. Additional inseminations may not improve the chances of a pregnancy.  Ordinary sexual lubricants should not be used in the process, but special fertility or'sperm-friendly' lubricants can be used for increased ease and comfort.  When performed at home without the presence of a professional, aiming the sperm in the vagina at the neck of the cervix may be more difficult to achieve and the effect may be to 'flood' the vagina with semen, rather than to target it specifically at the entrance to the cervix. This procedure is therefore sometimes referred to as intravaginal insemination (IVI). Sperm supplied by a sperm bank will be frozen and must be allowed to thaw before insemination. The sealed end of the straw itself must be cut off and the open end of the straw is usually fixed straight on to the tip of the syringe, allowing the contents to be drawn into the syringe. Sperm from more than one straw can generally be used in the same syringe. Where fresh semen is used, this must be allowed to liquefy before inserting it into the syringe, or alternatively, the syringe may be back-loaded.  A conception cap, which is a form of conception device, may be inserted into the vagina following insemination and may be left in place for several hours. Using this method, a woman may go about her usual activities while the cervical cap holds the semen in the vagina close to the entrance to the cervix. Advocates of this method claim that it increases the chances of conception. One advantage with the conception device is that fresh, non-liquefied semen may be used. The male may ejaculate straight into the cap so that his fresh semen can be inserted immediately into the vagina without waiting for it to liquefy, although a collection cup may also be used. Other methods may be used to insert semen into the vagina notably involving different uses of a conception cap. This may, for example, be inserted filled with sperm which does not have to be liquefied. Alternatively, a specially designed conception cap with a tube attached may be inserted empty into the vagina after which liquefied semen is poured into the tube. These methods are designed to ensure that semen is inseminated as close as possible to the cervix and that it is kept in place there to increase the chances of conception.

Intrauterine insemination.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves injection of washed sperm into the uterus with a catheter. If unwashed semen is used, it may elicit uterine cramping, expelling the semen and causing pain, due to content of prostaglandins. (Prostaglandins are also the compounds responsible for causing the myometrium to contract and expel the menses from the uterus, during menstruation.) Resting on the table for fifteen minutes after an IUI is optimal for the woman to increase the pregnancy rate.  The indications to perform an intrauterine insemination are usually a moderate male factor, the incapability to ejaculate in vagina and an idiopathic infertility.  Unlike ICI, intrauterine insemination normally requires a medical practitioner to perform the procedure. One of the requirements is to have at least one permeable tube, proved by hysterosalpingography. The infertility duration is also important. A female under 30 years of age has optimal chances with IUI; for the man, a TMS of more than 5 million per ml is optimal. In practice, donor sperm will satisfy these criteria. A promising cycle is one that offers two follicles measuring more than 16 mm, and estrogen of more than 500 pg/mL on the day of hCG administration. A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates. However, GnRH agonist administration at the time of implantation does not improve pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles according to a randomized controlled trial.  IUI is a more efficient method of artificial insemination than ICI and, because of its generally higher success rate, is usually the insemination procedure of choice for single women and lesbians using donor semen in a fertility centre and who are less likely to have fertility issues of their own. Enabling the sperm to be inserted directly into the womb will produce a better chance of conceiving.  It is also a method used by couples using donor sperm in a fertility centre.  The steps to follow in order to perform an intrauterine insemination are:  IUI can be used in conjunction with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Clomiphene Citrate is the first line, Letrozole is second line, in order to stimulate ovaries before moving on to IVF. Still, advanced maternal age causes decreased success rates; women aged 38–39 years appear to have reasonable success during the first two cycles of ovarian hyperstimulation and IUI. However, for women aged over 40 years, there appears to be no benefit after a single cycle of COH/IUI. Medical experts therefore recommend considering in vitro fertilization after one failed COH/IUI cycle for women aged over 40 years.  A double intrauterine insemination theoretically increases pregnancy rates by decreasing the risk of missing the fertile window during ovulation. However, a randomized trial of insemination after ovarian hyperstimulation found no difference in live birth rate between single and double intrauterine insemination. A Cochrane found uncertain evidence about the effect of IUI compared with timed intercourse or expectant management on live birth rates but IUI with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is probably better than expectant management.  Due to the lack of reliable evidence from controlled clinical trials, it is not certain which semen preparation techniques are more effective (wash and centrifugation; swim-up; or gradient) in terms of pregnancy and live birth rates.

Intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination.

Intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination (IUTPI) involves injection of washed sperm into both the uterus and fallopian tubes. The cervix is then clamped to prevent leakage to the vagina, best achieved with a specially designed double nut bivalve (DNB) speculum. The sperm is mixed to create a volume of 10 ml, sufficient to fill the uterine cavity, pass through the interstitial part of the tubes and the ampulla, finally reaching the peritoneal cavity and the Pouch of Douglas where it would be mixed with the peritoneal and follicular fluid. IUTPI can be useful in unexplained infertility, mild or moderate male infertility, and mild or moderate endometriosis. In non-tubal sub fertility, fallopian tube sperm perfusion may be the preferred technique over intrauterine insemination.

Intratubal insemination.

Intratubal insemination (ITI) involves injection of washed sperm into the fallopian tube, although this procedure is no longer generally regarded as having any beneficial effect compared with IUI. ITI however, should not be confused with gamete intrafallopian transfer, where both eggs and sperm are mixed outside the woman's body and then immediately inserted into the fallopian tube where fertilization takes place.

Pregnancy rate.

The rate of successful pregnancy for artificial insemination are 10-15% per menstrual cycle using ICI, and 15–20% per cycle for IUI. In IUI, about 60 to 70% have achieved pregnancy after 6 cycles.  However, these pregnancy rates may be very misleading, since many factors have to be included to give a meaningful answer, e.g. definition of success and calculation of the total population. These rates can be influenced by age, overall reproductive health, and if the patient had an orgasm during the insemination. The literature is conflicting on immobilization after insemination has increasing the chances of pregnancy Previous data suggests that it is statistically significant for the patient to remain immobile for 15 minutes after insemination, while other review article claims that it is not. A point of consideration, is that it does cost the patient or healthcare system to remain immobile for 15 minutes if it does increase the chances. For couples with unexplained infertility, unstimulated IUI is no more effective than natural means of conception.  The pregnancy rate also depends on the total sperm count, or, more specifically, the total motile sperm count (TMSC), used in a cycle. The success rate increases with increasing TMSC, but only up to a certain count, when other factors become limiting to success. The summed pregnancy rate of two cycles using a TMSC of 5 million (may be a TSC of ~10 million on graph) in each cycle is substantially higher than one single cycle using a TMSC of 10 million. However, although more cost-efficient, using a lower TMSC also increases the average time taken to achieve pregnancy. Women whose age is becoming a major factor in fertility may not want to spend that extra time.

Samples per child.

The number of samples (ejaculates) required to give rise to a child varies substantially from person to person, as well as from clinic to clinic. However, the following equations generalize the main factors involved:  For intracervical insemination:  The pregnancy rate increases with increasing number of motile sperm used, but only up to a certain degree, when other factors become limiting instead.  With these numbers, one sample would on average help giving rise to 0.1–0.6 children, that is, it actually takes on average 2–5 samples to make a child.  For intrauterine insemination, a "centrifugation fraction" ("f") may be added to the equation:  On the other hand, only 5 million motile sperm may be needed per cycle with IUI ("n"=5 million)  Thus, only 1–3 samples may be needed for a child if used for IUI.

Social implications.

One of the key issues arising from the rise of dependency on assisted reproductive technology (ARTs) is the pressure placed on couples to conceive; 'where children are highly desired, parenthood is culturally mandatory, and childlessness socially unacceptable'.  The medicalization of infertility creates a framework in which individuals are encouraged to think of infertility quite negatively. In many cultures donor insemination is religiously and culturally prohibited, often meaning that less accessible "high tech" and expensive ARTs, like IVF, are the only solution.  An over-reliance on reproductive technologies in dealing with infertility prevents many – especially, for example, in the "infertility belt" of central and southern Africa – from dealing with many of the key causes of infertility treatable by artificial insemination techniques; namely preventable infections, dietary and lifestyle influences.  If good records are not kept, the offspring when grown up risk accidental incest.

Legal restrictions.

Some countries restrict artificial insemination in a variety of ways. For example, some countries do not permit AI for single women, and some Muslim countries do not permit the use of donor sperm. As of May 2013, the following European countries permit medically assisted AI for single women:

In animals.

AI is used for pets, livestock, endangered species, and animals in zoos or marine parks difficult to transport.

Reasons and techniques.

It may be used for many reasons, including to allow a male to inseminate a much larger number of females, to allow the use of genetic material from males separated by distance or time, to overcome physical breeding difficulties, to control the paternity of offspring, to synchronize births, to avoid injury incurred during natural mating, and to avoid the need to keep a male at all (such as for small numbers of females or in species whose fertile males may be difficult to manage).  Semen is collected, extended, then cooled or frozen. It can be used on-site or shipped to the female's location. If frozen, the small plastic tube holding the semen is referred to as a "straw". To allow the sperm to remain viable during the time before and after it is frozen, the semen is mixed with a solution containing glycerol or other cryoprotectants. An "extender" is a solution that allows the semen from a donor to impregnate more females by making insemination possible with fewer sperm. Antibiotics, such as streptomycin, are sometimes added to the sperm to control some bacterial venereal diseases. Before the actual insemination, estrus may be induced through the use of progestogen and another hormone (usually PMSG or Prostaglandin F2α).

History.

The first viviparous animal to be artificially fertilized was a dog. The experiment was conducted with success by the Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1780. Another pioneer was the Russian Ilya Ivanov in 1899. In 1935, diluted semen from Suffolk sheep was flown from Cambridge in Britain to Kraków, Poland, as part of an international research project. The participants included Prawochenki (Poland), Milovanoff (USSR), Hammond and Walton (UK), and Thomasset (Uruguay).  Modern artificial insemination was pioneered by John O. Almquist of Pennsylvania State University. He improved breeding efficiency by the use of antibiotics (first proven with penicillin in 1946) to control bacterial growth, decreasing embryonic mortality, and increase fertility. This, and various new techniques for processing, freezing, and thawing of frozen semen significantly enhanced the practical utilization of AI in the livestock industry and earned him the 1981 Wolf Foundation Prize in Agriculture. Many techniques developed by him have since been applied to other species, including humans.

Species.

Artificial insemination is used in many non-human animals, including sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, pedigree animals generally, zoo animals, turkeys and creatures as tiny as honeybees and as massive as orcas (killer whales).  Artificial insemination of farm animals is common in the developed world, especially for breeding dairy cattle (75% of all inseminations). Swine are also bred using this method (up to 85% of all inseminations). It is an economical means for a livestock breeder to improve their herds utilizing males having desirable traits. This procedure is condemned by animal rights campaigners such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and Joey Carbstrong, who identify the practice as a form of rape due to its sexual, involuntary and perceived painful nature.  Although common with cattle and swine, AI is not as widely practiced in the breeding of horses. A small number of equine associations in North America accept only horses that have been conceived by "natural cover" or "natural service" – the actual physical mating of a mare to a stallion – the Jockey Club being the most notable of these, as no AI is allowed in Thoroughbred breeding. Other registries such as the AQHA and warmblood registries allow registration of foals created through AI, and the process is widely used allowing the breeding of mares to stallions not resident at the same facility – or even in the same country – through the use of transported frozen or cooled semen.  In modern species conservation, semen collection and artificial insemination are used also in birds. In 2013 scientist of the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany, from the working group of Michael Lierz, Clinic for birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, developed a novel technique for semen collection and artificial insemination in parrots producing the world's first macaw by assisted reproduction.  Scientists working with captive orcas were able to pioneer the technique in the early 2000s, resulting in "the first successful conceptions, resulting in live offspring, using artificial insemination in any cetacean species". John Hargrove, a SeaWorld trainer, describes Kasatka as being the first orca to receive AI.

Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatment for humans, and is common practice in animal breeding, including dairy cattle (see Frozen bovine semen) and pigs.


Career.

Born in Hammersmith, Ward is the eldest of the three daughters of Alexandra (née Malcolm) and actor Simon Ward.  Ward started work as an actress when she was aged 10, and has worked in film, television and theatre. She trained as a dancer under ballerina Merle Park. One of Ward's early film roles was in the film "Young Sherlock Holmes" directed by Barry Levinson. Other early films included "Full Circle", "Return to Oz" playing beautiful princess Mombi II, "Little Dorrit" and "A Summer Story", and she also portrayed a dancer in Roxy Music's music video "Avalon".  She has appeared in several Glasgow Citizens' Theatre productions including "Private Lives" (as Amanda), "Don Carlos" (as Queen Elizabeth) and most strikingly in "Hamlet" as Ophelia.  Her most recent films are "Out of Bounds" (2003), in which she co-stars with Sophia Myles and Celia Imrie, and "Book of Blood" (2008), co-starring Jonas Armstrong and Reg Fuller. She also recently appeared in Cary Fukunaga's "Jane Eyre" (2011). She has worked with Susan Sarandon in "The Hunger" directed by Tony Scott, Liv Ullmann in "" directed by Mauro Bolognini and Elizabeth Taylor in "Young Toscanini" directed by Franco Zeffirelli.  Her television work includes the mini-series "A Dark-Adapted Eye" with Helena Bonham Carter and the fantasy, "Dinotopia". More recently, Sophie had the recurring role of Helen Trent in long-running ITV drama "Heartbeat". In 2008, Ward joined the cast of "Holby City" in a recurring role as Sophia Byrne.  For the past 4 years, Ward has hosted the European Diversity Awards.

Personal life.

Ward has a degree in Literature and Philosophy from the Open University.  She married veterinary surgeon Paul Hobson in 1988, and the couple have two sons, Nathanial (b. 1989) and Joshua (b. 1993). They divorced in 1996 after Ward became involved with Korean-American writer Rena Brannan, and came out as a lesbian. Ward and Brannan had a civil partnership ceremony in 2005, followed by marriage after it was legalised in 2014.  Ward had long been considered a 'Face of the 1980s' as a "Vogue" model.  Ward's sister, Kitty, is married to stand-up comedian Michael McIntyre.

Sophie Anna Ward (born 30 December 1964) is an English actress. Early in her career she played Elizabeth Hardy, the love interest of Sherlock Holmes in the film "Young Sherlock Holmes". Even earlier, in 1983, at the age of 19, she had a brief, non-speaking role at the very end of the Tony Scott vampire movie, "The Hunger". In the credits, her character is listed as "Girl In London House".


History.

The airline was set up in 1994 as Vision Air.  On January 19, 2011, Vision Airlines announced that it would begin commercial flights to 17 U.S. destinations beginning March 25, 2011 from Northwest Florida Regional Airport (VPS) located near Fort Walton Beach, FL and Destin, FL using Boeing 737 jet and Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft. Vision was operating nonstop flights between its hub at VPS and Asheville, NC; Atlanta, GA; Baton Rouge, LA; Columbia, SC; Fort Lauderdale, FL; Fort Myers, FL; Greenville/Spartanburg, SC; Huntsville, AL; Knoxville, TN; Lafayette, LA; Little Rock, AR; Louisville, KY; Orlando/Sanford, FL; Savannah, GA; Shreveport, LA; St. Louis, MO; St. Petersburg, FL and Tunica, MS. The airline also began operating nonstop Boeing 737 flights between Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Las Vegas, Nevada with these flights being an extension of the Baton Rouge service from the Northwest Florida Regional Airport, but then suspended all service on the route.  On June 16, 2011, Vision Airlines announced new service from Freeport, Bahamas to the United States beginning on November 11, 2011. The scheduled service to and from the Bahamas included new cities of Baltimore, Maryland; Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia.  In early 2012, Vision Airlines announced that it would begin commercial flights to 11 U.S. cities beginning May 31, 2012, based in Myrtle Beach International Airport in South Carolina. Eight flights a day were to be operated from Myrtle Beach with Vision's other destinations consisting of flights between St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport and Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport. This schedule was effective May 31, 2012, through October 31, 2012.  Throughout 2013, Vision's only scheduled flights were from Gulfport-Biloxi to St. Petersburg and Orlando, Florida. According to the airline's website, these flights have been discontinued and Vision currently does not operate any scheduled passenger service as an independent airline.  Vision Airlines began operating flights with three Boeing 737-400 jetliners for the new People Express Airlines ("PEOPLExpress") on June 30, 2014 from the start-up airline's hub at Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport (PHF). The original People Express Airlines operated a hub at Newark International Airport (EWR) from 1981 to 1987 before being merged into Continental Airlines. However, according to a USA Today news article dated September 26, 2014, the new version of People Express then cancelled all flights on this same date and no longer operates any scheduled passenger service.  In November 2014 the airline began charter flights for Sandals Resorts between Toronto and the Bahamas using a Boeing 767-200.

Destinations.

Vision had served three destinations, being (Gulfport, MS; Orlando, FL; and St. Petersburg, FL) in the United States, and had formerly flown scheduled passenger service to a number of other U.S. cities as well as to Freeport, Bahamas in the past.

Fleet.

As of May 2017, Vision Airlines does not operate any aircraft.  Before ceasing operations, Vision Airlines previously operated the following aircraft:

Relief efforts.

Pilots and flight attendants from Vision Airlines volunteered to fly in supplies and emergency crews to Haiti after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Vision Airlines loaded planes in Miami and Atlanta with rescue workers, search dogs, water and medicine.

Spy swap.

On July 9, 2010, the United States government chartered a Vision Airlines jet to transport ten Russian "illegals" (spies) to Vienna and collect four alleged Western spies in the largest known prisoner swap since the Cold War.

NASCAR sponsorship.

In 2011, Vision Airlines sponsored the 15 and 51 trucks (driven by Justin Johnson and Dusty Davis, respectively) in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series as Vision Aviation Racing.

Dissolution.

A Virginia Department of Transportation audit of the loan by Peninsula Airport Commission's to repay a People Express Airlines debt discovered that the airline providing the air service on behalf of People Express (Vision Airlines) had its Virginia Incorporation revoked more than a year earlier.

Vision Airlines, formerly Vision Air, was an airline that had its operations headquartered in North Las Vegas, Nevada. The airline also operated charter flights for their tour services in northern Arizona and Nevada including the Grand Canyon, Marble Canyon, Hoover Dam, and Monument Valley out of North Las Vegas Airport utilizing Boeing 737 and Dornier 228 aircraft. In addition, during the summer months, Vision Airlines transported white water rafters to various destinations along the Colorado River. They also operated charter service for TravelSpan Vacations to Georgetown, Guyana and Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago and were operating Boeing 737 jetliners on behalf of People Express Airlines until this new start up air carrier ceased all flights.


Information.

"Candy" is singer-songwriter Kumi Koda's seventh single released in her "12 Singles Collection" and twenty-fifth overall single. The single became her second in the series to feature an artist - her first being "D.D.D.," which featured sister-duo Soulhead - and featured rapper Mr. Blistah from the rap duo Clench & Blistah (known as CLENCH&BLISTAH in Japan). Kumi had worked with both rappers in 2003 for her song "Teaser," which was the first track on her second studio album "grow into one."  The single ranked in the top five on the charts, taking the #3 spot on the Oricon Singles Charts, and remained on the charts for seven weeks. As with many of the other singles in the collection, this single was also limited 50,000 copies.  Each single in the "12 Singles Collection" had unique cover art based on certain cultures in various countries. The back cover of each single was a piece to a puzzle, which could only be completed by purchasing all twelve singles. The same was done for the obi strips, which contained a full image when arranged together in order. However, the obi strip image was omitted on the Hong Kong versions.  The song was written and produced by Daisuke "D.I" Imai, who had worked with Kumi several times in the past and would work with her many times in the future. Daisuke has been producing music in Japan and for avex artists since 1999. While the song's score was written by Daisuke, Kumi and Blistah co-wrote the lyrics. Kumi's lyrical portion was about wanting something beyond appearances, money and sex, while Blistah's portion was about offering money and pleasure.  While "Candy" was the seventh single released in the collection, its accompanying music video was the prelude to the story-line driven videos, "you," "Lies," "feel" and, ultimately, "Someday." The video opened with narration, done in English.

Music video.

The music video for the song was the first in the story-line driven videos; the continuing stories being "you," "feel" and "Lies."  Unlike the other music videos, which featured the love interests discussing heartbreak, "Candy" opened with narration spoken in English. The video carried the theme of a wealthy prince from the Underworld, played by Mr. Blistah, attempting to buy the affection and love of the princess of the sky, played by Kumi, who had no desire of love or power. He attempts to seduce her by giving her the powers of fire and ice, but ultimately fails. Towards the end, the dragon turns back into a dog who runs down the hallway. Dissatisfied with monetary possessions, the princess travels to Earth and splits herself into several different personas to find what love is and why it is considered special.  This leads her to the loves in the following videos "you," "Lies," "feel" and the conclusion in "Someday."

Cover.

For the collection, each single was given its own unique cover art, each which represented a dress from a different culture.  The cover of "Candy" represented an African theme, whereas Africa is a large continent with many different cultures.  Along with differing cover art, each obi strip contained a piece of an image, which when put together in order, would reveal a full picture of Kumi. The same was done for the back covers of each single.

Alternate Versions.

Candy feat. Mr. Blistah

Candy is the seventh single of the "12 Singles Collection" by Japanese artist Kumi Koda. The single featured rapper Mr. Blistah from Clench & Blistah, and became her second to feature an artist - her first being "D.D.D.," which featured Soulhead. As with the majority of the singles in the collection, the single was limited to 50,000 copies. The single peaked at #3 on the Oricon charts and charted for seven weeks.


Synopsis.

The Rape of the Vampire.

Four sisters living in an old château are convinced that they are vampires. One believes she was raped by the villagers years before, and is blind. Another is afraid of sunlight. They all react violently to crucifixes. The sisters are being manipulated by a sinister old man who alternates between admonishing them to kill newcomers that threaten their exposure, and groping their breasts. The four seem to worship a bestial idol in the forest who speaks to them with a disembodied voice.  The newcomers are three Parisians, Thomas (Bernard Letrou), Brigitte (Solange Pradle) and Marc (Marquis Polho), who have come to the countryside to cure the sisters of their so-called illness. They do not believe that the sisters are vampires, and don't believe in vampires at all. Thomas is a psychoanalyst, determined to cure them from their madness. He believes it has been induced by the superstitious villagers, who have driven the confused women insane with their religious symbols and persecution. He tries to convince them that crucifixes and sunlight won't harm them, and that the blind sister can actually see. He takes all of this as proof that their vampirism is all in their minds. When one of the sisters fall for Thomas' charms, the old man orders another sister to kill him, Brigitte and Marc. When this fails, he unleashes the peasants, who brutally murder all the women they can find, which also includes Brigitte.  Thomas asks one of the sisters to bite him to prove her wrong, and discovers she is, in fact, a vampire, and that he was misled by his own preconceptions. The two flee to the beach and are gunned down by Marc, who is distraught by Brigitte's death at the hands of the peasants.

Queen of the Vampires/The Vampire Woman.

The vampire queen (Jacqueline Sieger) is introduced. She briefly arrives by boat to the beach where the dead couple lies. She commands her hooded cohort to grab the old man and pin him down to the slab of rock, then proceeds to sacrifice him, and licks the knife covered in his blood. The vampire queen tells her leading female minion to dismember the bodies of Thomas and the vampire sister so that they don't come back to life, but she fails. It is later revealed that she is in rebellion against the vampire queen. The blood from the old man revives Thomas and the vampire sister.  The human doctor who runs the demented clinic is under the supervision of the vampire queen and he has been secretly searching for a cure for vampirism.  The vampires abduct Brigitte's body from the cenotaph, and Thomas later discovers that Brigitte is alive. She tells him that he imagined the entire trip, but he doesn't believe her. He follows her to the hospital where she is listening to an instruction tape. He stops the tape and kills her.  The doctor's plot is later uncovered. While the vampire queen stages a ceremony to marry the doctor to his assistant, her minions strip the assistant and whip her on the beach. The malcontents have not bowed to her rule and the revolution explodes, which ends with the vampires being killed and the vampire queen poisoned. Thomas and the vampire wall themselves in the cellar to await death. They do not wish to feed on the living, but are too afraid that if they stay free, their thirst will drive them to murder, so they sacrifice themselves instead, ending their freedom in each other's arms.

Production.

In 1967, French retailer Jean Lavie, owner of a Paris network of small theatres including The Scarlett, Styx and Midi Minuit, commissioned a short film from Rollin on the theme of vampires. It was to serve as a prologue to an old American fantasy film of the 1940s, "The Vampire, a Creature of the Devil", which he had bought the rights to and planned to rebroadcast. At the time, Rollin was still an apprentice film director, having only done his early short films and documentaries, but he wanted to embark on more ambitious projects and specialize in particular in the fantasy genre. He accepted the proposal from Lavie enthusiastically. With producer Sam Selsky, he was given a budget of 200,000 francs, which gave him the opportunity to assemble a small team and start shooting the film.

Casting.

Rollin could not bring in professional actors due to the low budget. Among the cast playing the four vampire sisters were Ursule Pauly, a model, and Nicole Romain, a stripper. Pradel, Letrou and Polho, who played the three heroes, had never acted in a movie before; nor had the rest of the cast. None had undergone training in drama except Ariane Sapriel.

Filming.

The filming of "Le Viol du Vampire" began in 1967 and took place almost entirely around an old abandoned house which served as the home of the four vampire sisters. The surrounding woods and fields furnished the framework for the outdoor sequences. This abandoned house, Château de Gressy, was located in the Paris suburbs at Gressy, Claye-Souilly. According to Rollin, this château was destroyed in a fire. Later, the city hall of Gressy was built on this location. Only the death scene of Thomas and the vampire sister was not filmed in Île-de-France. Instead, Rollin chose Pourville-lès-Dieppe, a beach near Normandy which was dear to his heart since his teens and had already been used as a setting in 1958 for his first short film, "Les Amours Jaunes" ("The Yellow Lovers"). The beach was seen again on numerous occasions throughout the filming, and the same beach was used as a setting in his later films. During the scene, in which the four vampire sisters were attacked, the peasants were played by Polho and several members of the crew, who had been employed for the occasion as actors because Rollin could not hire extras.

Release.

Controversy.

On 27 May 1968, "Le Viol du Vampire" was released to theaters in Paris by Jean Lavie and his associates. Its release coincided with local political events, which resulted in it drawing large audiences. Due to strikes and riots, it was one of few theatrical productions available for viewing at the time. Screenings of the film unleashed taunts, jeers and threats of damage against Rollin.  Jean Rollin explained in an interview: ""Le Viol" was a terrible scandal here in Paris. People were really mad when they saw it. In Pigalle, they threw things at the screen. The principal reason was that nobody could understand the story".

Home media.

Unlike other Rollin films, "Le Viol du Vampire" remained unreleased on VHS in France for a very long time, due to it being shot in black and white. It was not until 2000 that Norbert Moutier, a friend of the director, finally issued it on VHS via NG Mount International.  A VHS edition was released in the UK on 1 May 2000 by Salvation Films.  The film was released on DVD in the US on 19 March 2002 by Image Entertainment. It was presented in 1.66:1, which was not enhanced for widescreen televisions. Another DVD edition was released in France in 2003 by CRA. It was released again on DVD in Europe on October 20, 2007 by Encore Films in a restored version with a new aspect ratio of 1.78:1 and extra materials including a 28-page booklet.  "Le viol du vampire" was released on Blu-ray in the US via Redemption on 29 May 2012. The Blu-ray, as well as a DVD reissue, contained the film presented uncensored in its original 1.66:1 aspect ratio from a newly remastered negative in HD. Special features included an introduction from Rollin; two short films from Rollin ("Les amours jaunes" and "Le pays loin"); an alternate version of one scene; "Fragments of Pavements Under the Sand", documentary by Daniel Gouyette featuring interviews with Rollin, Jean-Denis Bonan and Jean-Pierre Bouyxou; additional interviews with Rollin and Jean-Loup Philippe; original theatrical trailers; and a 16-page booklet with an essay by "Video Watchdog" editor Tim Lucas.

Le Viol du Vampire (English: "The Rape of the Vampire", also known as "The Queen of the Vampires") is a 1968 film directed by Jean Rollin. It was his directorial debut. The film consists of two parts: "The Rape of the Vampire" and "The Vampire Woman/Queen of the Vampires". Originally, the film was only supposed to be a short, but a second part was filmed and added later so that it could be released as a feature film.


Plot.

The film follows various plot arcs all occurring on New Year's Eve of 1981. Monica is throwing a big New Year's bash and is desperately afraid no one will attend. Early on the only person to have arrived is her friend Hillary. As she tries to convince Hillary to stay, various other groupings of individuals are shown making their way to the celebration.  The film follows several characters as they spend New Year's Eve in New York City before eventually showing up at Monica's party. The party guests are: Val and Stephie, teens from Ronkonkoma who get lost in the seedy Alphabet City section of the borough and wander into a punk club where they meet Dave and Tom, who have a "package" they need to deliver; ditsy and awkward Cindy, who is on a dinner date with the paranoid Jack; Lucy and her best friend Kevin, who are struggling with the sexual tension between them; Kevin's feminist ex-girlfriend Ellie, who walks in on Kevin and Lucy making out in a restroom stall; a dim-witted and flirtatious bartender; competitive friends Bridget and Caitlyn who attempt to ditch Bridget's boyfriend Eric, (who is also Monica's ex-boyfriend); and the eccentric cab driver who takes them all around town throughout the evening in his disco-themed taxi.  Eventually, all the characters find their way to the party, although in the meantime Monica has passed out after drowning her sorrows in alcohol. She wakes up the next morning to find many unrecognizable people on her floor, including Stephie who tells her what a big hit her party was. Monica is thrilled (even though she missed it all), especially when she finds out that Elvis Costello showed up. The final montage shows Polaroids of the party, narrated by the disco cabbie, mostly featuring the unlikely romances from the party and the unconscious Monica being propped up by her party guests.

Release.

The film received generally negative reviews and grossed $6.8 million in the United States before video release.  On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 60 reviews. On Metacritic the film has a score of 33% based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews",  Todd McCarthy of "Variety magazine" called the film "dismally unfunny" and questions "if any director could have surmounted the script’s limitations" and of the acting performances he says "only Garofalo and Ben Affleck manage to project any wit that cracks through the prevailing humorlessness."  Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave it a positive review, saying "200 Cigarettes doesn't have a bad scene or a false note. The picture is a succession of pointed little moments, nicely written by Shana Larsen and acted with comic assurance and sensitivity."

200 Cigarettes is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Risa Bramon Garcia and written by Shana Larsen. The film follows multiple characters in New York City on New Year's Eve 1981. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Ben Affleck, Casey Affleck, Dave Chappelle, Guillermo Díaz, Angela Featherstone, Janeane Garofalo, Gaby Hoffmann, Kate Hudson, Courtney Love, Jay Mohr, Martha Plimpton, Christina Ricci and Paul Rudd. The film also features a cameo by Elvis Costello, as well as paintings by Sally Davies.


Life.

Pietro Marcellino Corradini was born to bourgeois parents on 2 June 1658 in Sezze to Torquato Corradini and Porzia Ciammarucone. He was baptized on 3 June and his godmother was Caterina Savelli. He was educated at home and was later sent to Rome where he earned a doctorate in "utroque iure" both civil and canon law. He also underwent archaeological studies.  Corradini later became the auditor to Cardinal Benedetto Pamphilj in 1685 and was later exposed to the Roman Curia where he held a post he was reconfirmed in under Pope Clement XI on 7 December 1700 (as is the norm after the elevation of a new pope). Pope Innocent XII - in 1699 - appointed him as a canon of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran despite the fact that he had not been ordained to the priesthood at that stage. He was ordained as a priest in Rome on 10 June 1702 and was appointed as a member of the Apostolic Signatura in mid 1706. Cardinal Leandro Colloredo named him as a canonist and auditor in 1706 for the Apostolic Penitentiary also in 1706 and was confirmed as such in a papal bull on 19 August 1706.  Corradini was appointed as the Titular Archbishop of Atens on 7 November 1707 which warranted his episcopal consecration. He was also made a monsignor on 23 November 1707 prior to his consecration; Cardinal Fabrizio Paolucci consecrated him on 27 November 1707 in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran.  During the years 1705-1711 the jurist defends of the papacy against various political and military interference on the part of Joseph I of Austria, who pursues continuous retaliation and arbitrary acts against the papal States. He also successfully opposed the empero's attempt to impose as bishop of Hildesheim (without the approval of Pope Clement XI) his favorite Hugh Francis Fustenberg.  Pope Clement XI reserved Corradini as a cardinal in pectore in mid 1712 and revealed his name (therefore his status as cardinal took effect) on 26 September 1712 and received the red hat and status as Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina on 21 November 1712. The pope also appointed Corradini as the Pro-Prefect of the Congregation of the Council in April 1718 and as its full prefect on 26 November 1718 until 1721. He also held the post of Camerlengo from 1719 until 4 March 1720.  He participated in the papal conclave of 1721 that saw the election of Pope Innocent XIII and also served as an elector in the papal conclave of 1724 that saw the election of Pope Benedict XIII. Around this time on 11 September 1726 the pope allowed for Corradini to hold his titular church "in commendam" with the status of being the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere. He also participated in the conclave of 1730 that saw the election of Pope Clement XII and declined the pope's offer of reconfirmation in his work in the Apostolic Dataria; this meant an end to his work in the completion of treaties with Spain and Austria. In 1717 he established a religious order that was devoted to the education of girls in religious education. On 10 April 1734 he resigned as Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina and opted for the Roman diocese of Frascati as a Cardinal-Bishop on 15 December 1734. In the conclave of 1740 Cardinal Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragon presented the veto of King Felipe V against Corradini; the conclave resulted in the election of Pope Benedict XIV.  Corradini died at 11:45am on 8 February 1743 after a long and protracted illness in Rome in Via Lata. His remains were moved to Santa Maria in Trastevere, in accordance with his will, on the following 10 February, prompting an outpouring of grief and condolence messages.

Legacy.

At present, Corradini's religious congregation has spread across the world and now operates in Albania, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Romania, Tanzania and in Kenya.

Beatification process.

The beatification process commenced on 30 October 1992 under Pope John Paul II with the declaration of "nihil obstat" (nothing against) for the cause. It was opened in 1993 in a Mass that Cardinal Salvatore Pappalardo presided over and it concluded its business on 17 October 1999 in a Mass that Cardinal Salvatore De Giorgi celebrated which acted as the formal conclusion. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the diocesan process on 16 March 2001.  The postulator assigned to the cause is Father Paolo Lombardo, O.F.M.

Pietro Marcellino Corradini (2 June 1658 - 8 February 1743) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal. Corradini served in various departments of the Roman Curia under several popes and founded the Collegine Sisters of the Holy Family as a response to the demand for religious instruction for girls.


Pre-season.

Following Hong Kong-based businessman Carson Yeung's takeover of the club in 2009, Birmingham travelled to China for their 2010–11 pre-season tour. They began with a 3–2 victory against a Hong Kong League XI to win the inaugural Xtep Cup. The winning goal was scored by Garry O'Connor, set up by debutant Nikola Žigić from a Stuart Parnaby cross. In the second match, O'Connor scored the only goal of the game against Beijing Guoan on a dreadful pitch in the Bird's Nest Stadium, and Birmingham then beat Liaoning Whowin with goals from O'Connor and Sebastian Larsson to achieve a hat-trick of victories over Chinese opposition. While in

Premier League.

August.

Birmingham opened their Premier League campaign with a visit to Sunderland. Garry O'Connor returned to the team after two operations on a chronic hip problem caused him to miss most of the previous season, and goalkeeper Ben Foster made his debut. Captain Stephen Carr fouled Fraizer Campbell to concede a penalty which Darren Bent converted, though the foul appeared to have been committed outside the penalty area. Home captain Lee Cattermole had already avoided punishment for cutting O'Connor's head open with an elbow, but still received two yellow cards and was sent off before half-time. Carr doubled Sunderland's lead with an own goal when an attempted headed clearance looped over Foster. Alex McLeish brought on new signing Nikola Žigić, who "injected a note of panic hitherto undetected" in the home team's defence as Sebastian Larsson's crosses produced goals from Scott Dann and a late equaliser from Liam Ridgewell after a goalmouth scramble.  Žigić marked his first start, at home to Blackburn Rovers, by pulling Christopher Samba's shirt to concede a penalty. After Foster saved Morten Gamst

September.

McFadden and Ferguson were instrumental as Birmingham extended their unbeaten Premier League home record to 17 matches with a goalless draw with Liverpool. Pepe Reina kept the visitors in the game with a succession of fine saves from Jerome, Gardner and others. In the run-up to the visit to West Bromwich Albion, McFadden suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury which was to keep him out for the season, football consultant Sammy Yu left the club, and McLeish signed a new three-year contract. The home side appeared to have no answer to

October.

Having gone 18 top-flight games unbeaten to equal the club record, Birmingham made little impression as Everton won their first match of the season. After Johnson's mistake allowed Yakubu in, Foster took enough pace off his shot to give Ridgewell time to make a goalline clearance, but Johnson then gave Everton the lead when he prodded Leon Osman's cross past Foster, and Tim Cahill's stoppage-time header doubled their advantage.  Two weeks later, Birmingham took the lead through a Žigić header, Arsenal equalised from the penalty spot after Marouane Chamakh went down after minimal contact from Dann, and Chamakh himself scored the winner just after half time. On a day when manager Arsène Wenger used his programme notes to highlight the problem of reckless tackling, England hopeful Jack Wilshere was sent off for a two-footed lunge

November.

West Ham United co-owner David Gold, formerly Birmingham's co-owner, was banned from attending the clubs' meeting on 6 November for referring to vice-chairman Peter Pannu in the press as "disgusting." The club later accepted Gold's apology. On the field, Birmingham played the diamond formation that had been effective against Blackpool. Apart from the sprinklers suddenly coming on soon after kickoff, the highlight of the first half was Foster's fine save to tip a short-range shot from Carlton Cole onto the post. Early in the second half, West Ham took a two-goal lead and nearly scored a third when Victor Obinna's shot from distance hit the woodwork. After Gardner and Beauseajour replaced Hleb and Keith Fahey, Birmingham came back to draw with a Jerome goal from a Žigić knockdown and a characteristic Ridgewell tap-in when Robert Green failed to gather a Larsson free kick. They could have won it late on when Jerome's shot was deflected on to the crossbar by Danny Gabbidon, and West Ham's penalty appeal against Jean Beausejour for shirt-pulling was turned down.  Birmingham went two

December.

Gardner was central to Birmingham achieving a draw at home to Tottenham Hotspur. Sébastien Bassong scored after Foster failed to deal with Gareth Bale's free kick, but the introduction of Žigić, a hero after scoring the winner against Aston Villa in the League Cup quarter-final in the week, made the difference. Ridgewell's powerful shot was blocked by Heurelho Gomes' groin, before Johnson's long ball found Žigić, who headed into the penalty area for Gardner to head home after a well-timed run. Speaking

January.

Birmingham began the new year outplayed by Arsenal by three goals to nil. Television replays highlighted incidents, unnoticed by the referee, in which Bowyer stamped on Bacary Sagna and seemed to rake his studs down the same player's achilles. Suggestions in the media that he might be banned for six matches prompted Alex McLeish to argue that the football authorities were not treating all clubs equally when using television evidence. Bowyer received the standard three-match ban for violent conduct.  Birmingham went to Blackpool as the only Premier League team without an away win. After Blackpool lost at St Andrew's in October, manager Ian Holloway had promised that if Birmingham used the same attacking tactics when they came to Bloomfield

February.

Martin Jiránek made his Premier League debut at home to Manchester City in a match moved to the Wednesday at short notice because City's FA Cup-tie was being televised the previous Sunday. City's Micah Richards was knocked unconscious in collision with teammate Nigel de Jong, and manager Roberto Mancini accused Kevin Phillips of diving to earn the penalty from which Gardner gave Birmingham what BBC Sport's reporter termed a "deserved equaliser." Returning to West Ham United having beaten them to reach the League Cup final,

March.

Beausejour scored his first Premier League goal in a losing cause at home to West Bromwich Albion, in Birmingham's first league match after the League Cup win. His second, a header from Mutch's cross, took the lead at Everton, but the match was drawn. In the second half, referee Peter Walton had taken the field without his yellow card, so had to

April.

After goals by Phillips from a Larsson corner and by Gardner after a one-two with Jerome, a Larsson goal disallowed for offside and a Johnson volley drawing a good save from Jääskeläinen, Birmingham should have been comfortable. However, Johan Elmander scored an excellent volleyed goal from distance, Bolton Wanderers took heart, and only fine goalkeeping from Foster kept the visitors at bay. Bowyer's tap-in from Jerome's pass took the lead at Blackburn Rovers, and shortly before half-time, Johnson received lengthy treatment for a head injury before leaving the pitch for further attention. Seven minutes into stoppage time, he returned to the field, apparently distracting defensive partner Ridgewell who allowed Junior Hoilett to steal the ball and

May.

Bentley left the ground "in a huff" when not included in the matchday squad for the home game with Wolverhampton Wanderers. Wolves took an early lead from the penalty spot before Michael Mancienne failed to deal with Foster's clearance. Larsson, having run the length of the field, collected the loose ball and clipped it past the goalkeeper. In an aggressive game, Gardner was booked after an altercation with Jamie O'Hara, and after suffering a wild tackle by Richard Stearman, who went unpunished, he "went down under pressure" from Jody Craddock and received a second yellow card for simulation. His second dismissal of the season meant he would miss two of the club's last three games. Birmingham's ten men held on for the draw, which left them four points clear of the relegation zone.  Foster kept Birmingham in the game at Newcastle United until Ridgewell was sent off for handling the ball on the goalline. Newcastle scored the resultant penalty, doubled their lead from Steven Taylor's header, then Bowyer pulled a goal back just before half-time when Jerome's shot was parried. Larsson missed a clear chance

Match details.

Match content not verifiable from these

FA Cup.

Birmingham were drawn away against Millwall for their opening match in the 2010–11 FA Cup. With the League Cup semi-final scheduled for three days later, McLeish made seven changes from the side that had beaten Blackpool in midweek, including a first start for Jordon Mutch after his successful loan spell at Watford. They might have expected more competition from a team just outside the play-off positions in the Championship, but two goals from Derbyshire, a precise free kick from Murphy, and a powerful header by Jerome shortly after coming on a late substitute gave them a 4–0 lead. Had Millwall's finishing been betterSteve Morison failed to take an early chance when through on goalkeeper Maik Taylor, James Henry had an attempt disallowed for offside, and Taylor saved Morison's weak penaltythey might well have achieved more than Danny Schofield's consolation.  In the fourth round, Birmingham made nine changes from the eleven that had started the League Cup semi-final three days before. After Žigić headed wide and Phillips' header was deflected onto the crossbar, they went two goals down at home to mid-table Championship club Coventry City. Bentley's shot was too hot for Keiren Westwood and went in off the underside of the bar, then in the second half Parnaby scored his first senior goal for nearly five years

League Cup.

Birmingham began their League Cup campaign in the second round, drawn at home to Rochdale of League One in the first competitive meeting between the clubs. They made eight changes to the previous starting eleven, giving debuts to Enric Vallès and, from the substitutes' bench, Nathan Redmond, at 16 years 173 days the club's second-youngest first-team debutant after Trevor Francis. A goal down after 26 minutes, Birmingham equalised two minutes later through a "harsh" penalty scored by McFadden, as Marcus Holness was adjudged to have fouled Derbyshire. Goals followed from Murphy, playing his first game since breaking his kneecap in April 2009, and Derbyshire, but a second Rochdale goal made for a tense last quarter of an hour.  Third-round opponents Milton Keynes Dons proved less of an obstacle. Birmingham made nine changes from their previous match, including a debut for Jiránek, a first start for Beausejour, and first games of the season for Phillips and Parnaby. Hleb, making his home debut, and Žigić each scored their first goal for the club and substitute Gardner made the score 3–0 in a four-minute spell midway through the first half. Though MK Dons scored late on, Birmingham's victory was comfortable.  Brentford, Birmingham's third consecutive visitors from League One, had beaten Premier League Everton on penalties in the third round. Sam Wood gave them the lead with a volley after 68 minutes, goalkeeper Richard Lee produced a fine save to deny Gardner's curling shot, and after Žigić headed over the bar with four minutes of normal time remaining, it seemed as though they were going to repeat the upset. But after two minutes of stoppage time, Ridgewell squared the ball to Phillips who scored with a low shot. In extra time, Lee saved a header from Žigić, and the tie went to penalties. On Brentford's last attempt before sudden death, Craig Woodman hit the ball straight at Taylor, who was able to deflect it onto the bar, so Birmingham scraped through to the fifth round.  The quarter-final pitted Birmingham against local rivals Aston Villa, again at home. West Midlands Police had been sufficiently concerned about the potential for trouble and possible adverse effects on England's World Cup bid that they made an unsuccessful request for a change of date and had four times the usual number of officers on duty. Larsson opened the scoring with a penalty after Richard Dunne fouled Bowyer, then Gabriel Agbonlahor equalised for Villa on the break after Žigić had an apparently valid goal disallowed. Jerome shot wide when one-on-one with goalkeeper Brad Friedel, and Foster saved well from Ashley Young after parrying a shot from Agbonlahor, but neither side could make the breakthrough until, on 86 minutes, Žigić scrambled home a shot deflected off Luke Young. At the end of the match, large numbers of Birmingham fans invaded the pitch and were separated from the visiting support by riot police. Missiles, including seats and a flare, believed by police to have originated in the visitors' section, were thrown back and forth, and the violence continued outside the ground.  Birmingham were drawn against West Ham United in the two-legged semi-final. In the first leg, at Upton Park, West Ham had much the best of the first half, and took a deserved lead when Mark Noble scored from a tight angle with Foster's view at the near post obscured by Dann. Dann sustained an injury just before half-time which was to keep him out for the rest of the season. Early in the second half, Birmingham equalised through Ridgewell's header from a corner, then took a man advantage when Victor Obinna was sent off for kicking Larsson in the groin. Even after a penalty was denied when Ferguson was knocked flying by Matthew Upson, it looked as Birmingham would go on to win, but goalkeeper Foster blundered when he allowed a weak shot from Carlton Cole to go through him. West Ham increased their lead to 3–1 on aggregate in the first half of the second leg when Cole collected a throw-in and shot past Foster from. The half-time introduction of Žigić put pressure on West Ham's defence. A penalty appeal against Wayne Bridge for handball was rejected, but from the resultant corner, Bowyer tied the scores on the night, and prolonged pressure led to Johnson's 79th-minute headed goal which tied the scores overall. With the last play of normal time, Gardner's shot was touched onto the post by Green, and the game went into extra time. Four minutes later, Gardner repeated the shot with enough power and accuracy to beat Green and give Birmingham the 4–3 aggregate lead which took them into the final.

Transfers.

At the end of the 2009–10 season, Birmingham released first-team players Gary McSheffrey, Grégory Vignal, Franck Queudrue and Lee Carsley, and chose not to sign loanee Christian Benítez on a permanent basis. Goalkeeper Joe Hart returned to parent club Manchester City, to be replaced by Birmingham's first signing of the new season, Manchester United's Ben Foster, who joined for an estimated initial fee of £4 million. Next to arrive was striker Nikola Žigić, who signed from Valencia shortly before joining up with the Serbian national team at the World Cup. After young Spanish midfielder Enric Vallès joined on a one-year contract and Matt Derbyshire returned to England on loan from Olympiacos, there were no more signings until transfer deadline day, when Barcelona midfielder Alexander Hleb arrived on a season-long loan and Chilean winger Jean Beausejour and Spartak Moscow captain and defender Martin Jiránek agreed permanent deals. Jordon Mutch joined Championship club Watford on an initial one-month loan, later extended until January 2011, and several fringe players left on loan. Garry O'Connor had two separate loan spells at Barnsley, initially to regain match fitness after injury, but was released in December to join that club on a permanent contract.  In the January transfer window, Míchel joined AEK Athens on loan until the end of the season. League Two club Burton Albion intended to take 16-year-old winger Nathan Redmond on loan, but the move fell foul of regulations forbidding first-year scholars to sign on loan for League clubs. Tottenham Hotspur winger David Bentley and Nigerian international striker Obafemi Martins came in on loan, and Aston Villa defender Curtis Davies signed a three-and-a-half-year deal for an estimated £3.5M fee. Sebastian Larsson, whose contract was due to expire at the end of the season, was given permission to speak to Newcastle United about a possible transfer, but personal terms were not agreed, and Kevin Phillips was told he could leave if "the right offer" were received.  Among those players released at the end of the season when their contracts expired were first-teamers Larsson, Phillips, Jiránek, Lee Bowyer, Maik Taylor and Stuart Parnaby and fringe players Marcus Bent, Jay O'Shea, Dan Preston and Robin Shroot. All the loanees returned to their owning clubs.

The 2010–11 season was Birmingham City Football Clubs seventh season in the Premier League and their 57th in the top tier of English football. It ran from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. Led by former Scotland national team manager Alex McLeish, the team finished in 18th place in the league, thus being relegated to the Championship for the 2011–12 season. They reached the quarter-final of the FA Cup and won the League Cup, their first major trophy since 1963, by beating favourites Arsenal 2–1 in the final with goals from Nikola Žigić and Obafemi Martins. The League Cup win brought Birmingham qualification for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League, their first appearance in European competition since 1961. The top scorer for the season was Craig Gardner with ten goals in all competitions, of which eight were in the Premier League. McLeish resigned as manager on 12 June 2011.