Plot.

Now being married anew and having moved to 112 Mercer Street, which is a house formerly owned by Albert Einstein, Rob and Chris have an infant son named Robbie and Rob operates a vet shop in a barn outside their house. At first the appliances all fear that their masters will pay more attention to Robbie but later grow accustomed to him. One night, Toaster awakes to find the hearing aid in the attic receiving a message which appears to be transmitted from space. The next morning, Toaster informs the other appliances and Ratso, the family's pet rat, of the events occurring the previous night, leading to the appliances and Ratso agreeing to carefully watch the junk drawer in case of Hearing Aid suspiciously escaping again. The following night, Hearing Aid escapes from the drawer and to the attic once more. Robbie, awakened by the sound of the transmission, climbs out of his crib and follows Hearing Aid. The appliances awaken, find Robbie going up the stairs and pursue him, leading them to enter the attic just as a beam of light appears. The shocked appliances pursue Hearing Aid, but in spite of this, Robbie is beamed into space. After grilling Hearing Aid and learning that Robbie has accidentally been transported to Mars in his place, the appliances contact Wittgenstein, an old supercomputer and friend from their days in college, for advice by connecting a computer to a security camera in the museum that acts like a phone. The appliances, as per a plan by Wittgenstein, create a makeshift spacecraft with the ceiling fan, a laundry basket, the microwave, and microwaveable popcorn as fuel (Calculator is also provided with the required data to be their navigator) and launch themselves into space, leaving only Ratso to prevent two baby monitor intercoms from alerting Rob and Chris. During their flight through space, the appliances meet a pack of sentient balloons who have been let go by human hands and now float endlessly through the cosmos.  Eventually, the appliances reach Mars and, upon a rough landing due to Blanky foolishly turning off the microwave, encounter multiple satellites sent from Earth, among them being Viking 1, in addition to a Christmas angel named Tinselina who was sent to Mars with the former. However, soon after their arrival, the appliances and Tinselina are taken hostage by an army of military toasters who escort them to their 'Supreme Commander', a colossal refrigerator. As revealed by Tinselina, the appliances Mars were built on Earth by a corrupted Alpine manufacturer named "Wonderluxe" and designed to fail from the get-go under a scheme of planned obsolescence. Angered with their design flaws, the Wonderluxe appliances escaped, left to Mars, and built a missile rocket set to destroy the Earth. Intent on averting the earth's destruction, and with an upcoming election, Toaster decides to challenge the Supreme Commander for his seat, appointing Hearing Aid as his running mate. As Toaster and the Supreme Commander engage in a heated debate, Robbie is able to push a hand out of his bubble and touch the Supreme Commander, who is briefly overcome with warmth.  The election ends with Toaster the victor. They then meet with the defeated Supreme Commander, who allows the appliances to discover what is behind his doors. As they venture into the icy interior of the Supreme Commander, they find the true form of Supreme Commander, who Hearing Aid recognizes as his long lost brother, who he has not seen in sixty years. Hearing Aid's brother then reveals that he also originally belonged to Albert Einstein, who left him in the wake of World War II, during which he fell into the hands of a Nazi leader, whose ideals influenced him, leading him to become disillusioned with mankind and to escape to Mars, where he assumed an alternate identity to rule through fear. Only after experiencing "the touch of the small boy's hand", combined with Toaster's convicted campaign, did he realize that not all humans are bad. With the conflict resolved, the appliances and Robbie, now joined by Tinselina and Hearing Aid's reformed brother, are about to return to Earth while the Wonderluxe appliances stay behind to wait for the next generation of humans to arrive in the future. After clearing the ground on their spacecraft, Hearing Aid's brother realizes that he forgot to deactivate the missile. Risking being left behind on Mars, Toaster and the ex-Commander jump out of the spacecraft, race to the missile's control panel and successfully abort its launch. The others turn back to rescue Toaster and the commander, and after the two are back on board, Tinselina gives up her clothes and hair so the spacecraft can be provided with organic fuel necessary to return to Earth. The appliances happily ride back to Earth and manage to return Robbie to his room as well as returning themselves to their original posts by sunrise. Tinselina, now stripped of her beauty and deemed 'worthless' by herself, throws herself into a trash can.  Later, on Christmas morning as Robbie is unwrapping his presents, Rob and Chris hear him speak his (second) first word: "toaster". Then, they watch as Robbie gathers Toaster, Blanky, Lampy, Kirby, and Radio around the Christmas tree. As the gang celebrates, Toaster turns on the lights on the tree, on top of which is Tinselina, who was previously rediscovered and restored by Rob and Chris. Meanwhile, Ratso and the other appliances celebrate Christmas in their own ways.

Music.

The film score was composed and conducted by Alexander Janko. The film contains four original songs;

Comparisons to book.

In the book, only the fan, the computer, the microwave, the hearing aid, Toaster, Radio and Blanky (after stowing away in the laundry basket) travel to Mars, with Kirby, Lampy and Calculator staying behind, whilst in the film, all the main cast go to Mars, excluding Ratso, who was not included in the book.

Reception.

"The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars" was met with mixed to negative reviews from critics and fans of the original film, with criticism concentrated on its contrived plot and its perceived inferiority to its predecessor.

The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars is the name of both a children's book by Thomas M. Disch and a film based on it. Both are sequels to the book, "The Brave Little Toaster". The film was produced by Hyperion Animation and distributed for video by Walt Disney Home Video, It was released in 1998 in United States. It featured the last performances of actors DeForest Kelley, Paddi Edwards, Thurl Ravenscroft, and Carol Channing, before their deaths in 1999, 2005 and 2019, respectively.


Hosts.

Kylie Minogue, Mathew Horne and James Corden hosted the 2009 edition of the Brit Awards, with Fearne Cotton presenting backstage. Fearne also hosted the launch party for ITV2 in January.  Johnny Vegas introduced and closed the event, as well as reading out the nominees in a pre-recorded voiceover. Emma B provided the live voiceovers as the artists came to the stage.  Rufus Hound, Sara Cox, Melanie Blatt and Nicole Appleton presented the Red Carpet and Encore events on ITV2.  Alesha Dixon presented a backstage programme, screened on ITV two days after the ceremony.

Memorable moments.

Girls Aloud.

British reality band, Girls Aloud, marked their first ever performance at the 2009 ceremony, by performing their single, "The Promise". The performance saw the band members, including Cheryl and Nicola Roberts appear as though they were naked, with their modesty being covered by pink feathers. This performance was nominated in the 2010 ceremony for the "BRITs Hits 30 – Best Live Performance at the BRIT Awards", alongside Oasis and The Who, which the Spice Girls eventually went on to win. "The Promise" won best British single, their first ever BRIT award.

Mick Kluczynski.

Ten days before the 2009 Brits, Mick Kluczynski, the production manager for the Brits since 1995 who assisted with the transition from the Fleetwood/Fox debacle to the scale of the current ceremony, died. Despite this setback the team he put in place ensured that everything went as planned, and the show was dedicated to his memory.

The 2009 Brit Awards ceremony took place on Wednesday 18 February 2009. It was the 29th edition of the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. The awards ceremony was held at Earls Court in London, and was broadcast live on ITV on 18 February at 8pm (GMT). Duffy became the first female artist to ever win three awards in the same year, and only Blur, in 1995, have ever won more awards at a single ceremony. The show was advertised as live by ITV but the broadcast included several audio deletions which means the show was shown on a time delay system. The 2009 Brit Awards ceremony was watched by 5.49 million people and was the 32nd most watched programme on TV on the week ending 22 February.


Museum layout.

The Åland Maritime Museum is considered one of the world’s finest museums related to merchant sailing ships. The building is laid out on two floors with objects relevant to the past glory of the shipping era. The museum has a library wing which has a large collection of books and photos. Souvenirs of books and picture post cards are available in the museum shop.

Exhibits in the museum.

The museum created the central core of a ship depicting a mast, saloon, galley and cabins. The ships figureheads are on display along with the boats; the prominent figurehead displayed, a male figure, once decorated the ship, the "California". In addition, nautical trappings, a number of ships in bottles and sea chests are also on display. Paintings of ships (docked either in Hull, Antwerp, Hong Kong or elsewhere), done by local artists who were specially commissioned by the captain of every ship, are exhibited in the museum. Models of ships of different time periods are displayed on a uniform scale so that the difference between a Baltic schooner and an ocean-going windjammer could be easily discerned.

"Pommern" – the museum ship.

The museum ship, "Pommern", a four masted merchant barque and windjammer which regularly operated on the grain trade route between Australia and England during the interwar years, is now anchored behind the museum as a display. This is considered as the symbol of Mariehamn, the capital of Åland. It is very well preserved. It was launched in 1903 in Glasgow, Scotland, under the name "Mneme", and was later renamed "Pommern". Gustaf Erikson bought the ship in 1929. With a 26-member crew, it carried several tonnes of merchandise (mostly wheat during World War II). It won the grain race twice in the 1930s, and completed the route under 100 days at least four times. It has a record for running for 110 days at a stretch. It is the centrepiece of the museum since 1957 at its present mooring in the western harbour of Mariehamn, after sailing for over 70 years. Cabinets in the museum display curios collected by the sailors from different lands; including piranhas and sharks’ jaws, shells and corals. A unique display is a pirate's flag which is one of a kind.

The Åland Maritime Museum () is a museum in Mariehamn in the Åland Islands, Finland. It is located in the western part of the town on the sea on Hamngatan, about at the other end of Storagatan. Along with Ålands Museum, it is the most important museum in the islands and a monument to history of Aland as the holder the world’s largest fleet of wooden sailing ships. The foremost exhibit is a four-masted barque named "Pommern," built in Glasgow in 1903, which is anchored behind the museum. The museum designed building is built like a ship’s prow cutting into the land. It has been called the “kitsch museum of fishing and maritime commerce.”


History.

The origins of the village settlement lie in the Nine Years' War (1594-1603), also called Tyrone's Rebellion. In 1597 there was a battle in Tyrrellspass and the Irish, between 300 and 400 strong and led by Richard Tyrrell, attacked and defeated the English army. Out of 1,000 English troops only one survived. There is a historic castle on the edge of the town, built by Richard Tyrrell, a chief ally of Aodh Mór Ó Néill in the Nine Years' War. It is the only remaining castle of the Tyrrells, who came to Ireland around the time of the Norman invasion.  The village has a distinctive green and crescent of houses, including the Church of Ireland church and what was previously the court house, which was redeveloped c. 1820 under the patronage of Jane MacKey, Countess of Belvedere (d. 1836). The Catholic Church of St. Stephen is located across from Tyrrellspass Castle and the Church of Ireland church is St. Sinian's.  The Belvedere Protestant Children's Orphanage operated in Tyrellspass from 1842 until 1943.  During the 1916 Easter Rising, some rebels barricaded a house in Meedin, Tyrrellspass, with the intention of waiting for reinforcements and then attacking surrounding police barracks. Local legend has it that Michael Collins stayed in this house, the home of the Malones, who still occupy it. The RIC attempted to capture the house three times. Twice they were repelled with gunfire, before they eventually succeeded on the Wednesday after Easter week, and arrested the two remaining rebels, Thomas and Joseph Malone. They were the last two men captured under arms during the Rising.

Sport.

The local Gaelic football team, Tyrrellspass GAA, team won the Westmeath Senior Football Championship in 1999, 2006 and defended their title in 2007. In the 2007 Leinster Club Football Championship they progressed as far as the final, where they were beaten by the eventual All Ireland Club champions St. Vincents of Dublin.  The village also has a golf course, New Forest Golf Resort, which is located a mile outside the village. It is designed by golf course designer Peter McEvoy.

Tyrrellspass () is a Georgian village in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is from Dublin, in the south of the county on the R446 (formerly the N6) road. Tyrrellspass won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition in 1969. As of the census in April 2016, the population of Tyrrellspass was 483.


Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Background.

The Democratic National Committee has determined that candidates may qualify for the first two Democratic primary debates either by polling at 1% or higher in at least three national or early-state (Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, and South Carolina) polls sponsored or conducted by designated organizations (in different regions if by the same organization) published after January 1, 2019 up until June 12, 2019, or by a fundraising threshold requiring at least 65,000 unique donors with at least 200 in 20 different states. Should more than 20 candidates meet either threshold, then candidates meeting both thresholds will be given highest priority for entry into the debates, followed by those with the highest polling average and those with the most donors. The pollsters and sponsors of polls designated for consideration by the DNC are the Associated Press, ABC News, CBS News, CNN, "The Des Moines Register", Fox News, the "Las Vegas Review-Journal", Monmouth University, NBC News, "The New York Times", National Public Radio, Quinnipiac University, Reuters, the University of New Hampshire, "USA Today", "The Wall Street Journal", "The Washington Post", and Winthrop University. Open-ended polls do not count towards the polling threshold.  For the third and fourth primary debates, candidates will be required to meet both polling and fundraising thresholds, with the prior considering only polls between June 28 and August 28, 2019 and increased to 4 qualifying polls at 2% support, now excluding surveys sponsored by the "Las Vegas Review-Journal" and Reuters; the latter requirement has also been increased, to 130,000 unique donors with at least 400 in 20 different states.  Individuals who have been included in national Democratic primary polls but have either ruled out their candidacy or not expressed interest in running include Stacey Abrams, Michael Avenatti, Sherrod Brown, Hillary Clinton, Mark Cuban, Andrew Cuomo, Al Franken, Eric Garcetti, Tim Kaine, Jason Kander, Joe Kennedy III, John Kerry, Mitch Landrieu, Terry McAuliffe, Chris Murphy, Gavin Newsom, Michelle Obama, Howard Schultz, Oprah Winfrey, and Mark Zuckerberg.

Polling in the four early primary states.

The following Morning Consult weekly poll archive graph depicts the evolution of the standing of each candidate in the early primary states (Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina) since February 2019.

Polling for Super Tuesday.

The following Morning Consult graph depicts the evolution of the standing of each candidate in the March 3, 2020 Super Tuesday states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) since January 7, 2020.

Primary and caucus calendar.

The following dates reflect either the confirmed or expected dates of Democratic primaries and caucuses in 2020. Those for contests in U.S. territories with no date yet set are based on dates estimated by The Green Papers based on past years. The pledged delegate numbers listed below are based on the presidential votes in 2008, 2012, and 2016, as well as the number of electoral votes of each state in 2020. The number of DNC members and distinguished party leaders in the count of unpledged PLEO (party leaders and elected officials) delegates is based on the 2016 Democratic National Convention, while the number of unpledged officeholders (governors, members of Congress, and their equivalents in non-state jurisdictions) reflects their current total. The numbers of pledged delegates do not yet account for delegate bonuses or penalties from timing or clustering.  States listed with a lavender background and an asterisk (*) do not yet have a date set by existing statute. States with a light yellow background and a dagger (†) are set to shift their primary or caucus date following the expected passage of legislation moving the dates of their contests. If not already listed as such, the date to which the contest is expected to be moved is listed in parentheses. Party-run primaries (also described as either a firehouse primary or caucus in some jurisdictions) are listed with two asterisks (**).

Iowa caucus.

The Iowa Democratic caucus was held on February 3, 2020.

New Hampshire primary.

The New Hampshire Democratic primary was held on February 11, 2020.

Nevada caucus.

The Nevada Democratic caucus was held on February 22, 2020.

South Carolina primary.

The South Carolina Democratic primary was held on February 29, 2020.

Alabama primary.

The Alabama Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Arkansas primary.

The Arkansas Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

California primary.

The California Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Colorado primary.

The Colorado Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Maine primary.

The Maine Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Massachusetts primary.

The Massachusetts Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Minnesota primary.

The Minnesota Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

North Carolina primary.

The North Carolina Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Oklahoma primary.

The Oklahoma Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Tennessee primary.

The Tennessee Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Texas primary.

The Texas Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Utah primary.

The Utah Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Vermont primary.

The Vermont Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Virginia primary.

The Virginia Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020.

Idaho primary.

The Idaho Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Michigan primary.

The Michigan Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Mississippi primary.

The Mississippi Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Missouri primary.

The Missouri Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

North Dakota caucus.

The North Dakota Democratic caucus is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Washington primary.

The Washington Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 10, 2020.

Arizona primary.

The Arizona Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020.

Florida primary.

The Florida Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020.

Illinois primary.

The Illinois Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020.

Wisconsin primary.

The Wisconsin Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on April 7, 2020.

Ohio primary.

The Ohio Democratic primary was originally scheduled to take place on March 17, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the primary was delayed. Initially, the Governor suggested the primary be held on June 2, 2020, however, further deliberations resulted in the legislature and Governor agreeing on suspending in-person voting, and selecting a mail-in ballot deadline of April 28, 2020.

Kansas primary.

The Kansas Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on May 2, 2020.

Oregon primary.

The Oregon Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on May 19, 2020.

Delaware primary.

The Delaware Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and will instead occur on June 2, 2020.

Indiana primary.

The Indiana Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on May 5, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and will instead occur on June 2, 2020.

Maryland primary.

The Maryland Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and will instead occur on June 2, 2020.

Montana primary.

The Montana Democratic primary is scheduled to take place on June 2, 2020.

New Mexico primary.

The New Mexico democratic primary is scheduled to take place on June 2, 2020.

Pennsylvania primary.

The Pennsylvania Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is instead scheduled for June 2, 2020.

Georgia primary.

The Georgia Democratic primary was originally scheduled to take place on March 24, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, first to May 19, 2020, and then further delayed to June 9, 2020.

New York primary.

The New York Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is instead scheduled for June 23, 2020.

New Jersey primary.

The New Jersey Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on June 2, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is instead scheduled for July 7, 2020.

Connecticut primary.

The Connecticut Democratic primary was scheduled to take place on April 28, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, first to June 2, 2020, and then further delayed to August 11, 2020.

This is a list of statewide public opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the Democratic primaries for the 2020 United States presidential election. The persons named in the polls are declared candidates or have received media speculation about their possible candidacy.


Motivation.

Numerical methods such as the finite difference method, finite-volume method, and finite element method were originally defined on meshes of data points. In such a mesh, each point has a fixed number of predefined neighbors, and this connectivity between neighbors can be used to define mathematical operators like the derivative. These operators are then used to construct the equations to simulate—such as the Euler equations or the Navier–Stokes equations.  But in simulations where the material being simulated can move around (as in computational fluid dynamics) or where large deformations of the material can occur (as in simulations of plastic materials), the connectivity of the mesh can be difficult to maintain without introducing error into the simulation. If the mesh becomes tangled or degenerate during simulation, the operators defined on it may no longer give correct values. The mesh may be recreated during simulation (a process called remeshing), but this can also introduce error, since all the existing data points must be mapped onto a new and different set of data points. Meshfree methods are intended to remedy these problems. Meshfree methods are also useful for:

Example.

In a traditional finite difference simulation, the domain of a one-dimensional simulation would be some function formula_1, represented as a mesh of data values formula_2 at points formula_3, where We can define the derivatives that occur in the equation being simulated using some finite difference formulae on this domain, for example and Then we can use these definitions of formula_10 and its spatial and temporal derivatives to write the equation being simulated in finite difference form, then simulate the equation with one of many finite difference methods.  In this simple example, the steps (here the spatial step formula_11 and timestep formula_12) are constant along all the mesh, and the left and right mesh neighbors of the data value at formula_3 are the values at formula_14 and formula_15, respectively. Generally in finite differences one can allow very simply for steps variable along the mesh, but all the original nodes should be preserved and they can move independently only by deforming the original elements. If even only two of all the nodes change their order, or even only one node is added to or removed from the simulation, that creates a defect in the original mesh and the simple finite difference approximation can no longer hold.  Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH), one of the oldest meshfree methods, solves this problem by treating data points as physical particles with mass and density that can move around over time, and carry some value formula_16 with them. SPH then defines the value of formula_10 between the particles by  where formula_19 is the mass of particle formula_20, formula_21 is the density of particle formula_20, and formula_23 is a kernel function that operates on nearby data points and is chosen for smoothness and other useful qualities. By linearity, we can write the spatial derivative as  Then we can use these definitions of formula_10 and its spatial derivatives to write the equation being simulated as an ordinary differential equation, and simulate the equation with one of many numerical methods. In physical terms, this means calculating the forces between the particles, then integrating these forces over time to determine their motion.  The advantage of SPH in this situation is that the formulae for formula_10 and its derivatives do not depend on any adjacency information about the particles; they can use the particles in any order, so it doesn't matter if the particles move around or even exchange places.  One disadvantage of SPH is that it requires extra programming to determine the nearest neighbors of a particle. Since the kernel function formula_23 only returns nonzero results for nearby particles within twice the "smoothing length" (because we typically choose kernel functions with compact support), it would be a waste of effort to calculate the summations above over every particle in a large simulation. So typically SPH simulators require some extra code to speed up this nearest neighbor calculation.

History.

One of the earliest meshfree methods is smoothed particle hydrodynamics, presented in 1977. Libersky "et al." were the first to apply SPH in solid mechanics. The main drawbacks of SPH are inaccurate results near boundaries and tension instability that was first investigated by Swegle.  In the 1990s a new class of meshfree methods emerged based on the Galerkin method. This first method called the diffuse element method (DEM), pioneered by Nayroles et al., utilized the MLS approximation in the Galerkin solution of partial differential equations, with approximate derivatives of the MLS function. Thereafter Belytschko pioneered the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, which employed MLS with Lagrange multipliers to enforce boundary conditions, higher order numerical quadrature in the weak form, and full derivatives of the MLS approximation which gave better accuracy. Around the same time, the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) emerged, the approximation motivated in part to correct the kernel estimate in SPH: to give accuracy near boundaries, in non-uniform discretizations, and higher-order accuracy in general. Notably, in a parallel development, the Material point methods were developed around the same time which offer similar capabilities. Material point methods are widely used in the movie industry to simulate large deformation solid mechanics, such as snow in the movie Frozen. RKPM and other meshfree methods were extensively developed by Chen, Liu, and Li in the late 1990s for a variety of applications and various classes of problems. During the 1990s and thereafter several other varieties were developed including those listed below.

List of methods and acronyms.

The following numerical methods are generally considered to fall within the general class of "meshfree" methods. Acronyms are provided in parentheses.  Related methods:

Recent development.

The primary areas of advancement in meshfree methods are to address issues with essential boundary enforcement, numerical quadrature, and contact and large deformations. The common weak form requires strong enforcement of the essential boundary conditions, yet meshfree methods in general lack the Kronecker delta property. This make essential boundary condition enforcement non-trivial, at least more difficult than the Finite element method, where they can be imposed directly. Techniques have been developed to overcome this difficulty and impose conditions strongly. Several methods have been developed to impose the essential boundary conditions weakly, including Lagrange multipliers, Nitche's method, and the penalty method.  As for quadrature, nodal integration is generally preferred which offers simplicity, efficiency, and keeps the meshfree method free of any mesh (as opposed to using Gauss quadrature, which necessitates a mesh to generate quadrature points and weights). Nodal integration however, suffers from numerical instability due to underestimation of strain energy associated with short-wavelength modes, and also yields inaccurate and non-convergent results due to under-integration of the weak form. One major advance in numerical integration has been the development of a stabilized conforming nodal integration (SCNI) which provides a nodal integration method which does not suffer from either of these problems. The method is based on strain-smoothing which satisfies the first order patch test. However, it was later realized that low-energy modes were still present in SCNI, and additional stabilization methods have been developed. This method has been applied to a variety of problems including thin and thick plates, poromechanics, convection-dominated problems, among others. More recently, a framework has been developed to pass arbitrary-order patch tests, based on a Petrov–Galerkin method.  One recent advance in meshfree methods aims at the development of computational tools for automation in modeling and simulations. This is enabled by the so-called weakened weak (W2) formulation based on the G space theory. The W2 formulation offers possibilities to formulate various (uniformly) "soft" models that work well with triangular meshes. Because a triangular mesh can be generated automatically, it becomes much easier in re-meshing and hence enables automation in modeling and simulation. In addition, W2 models can be made soft enough (in uniform fashion) to produce upper bound solutions (for force-driving problems). Together with stiff models (such as the fully compatible FEM models), one can conveniently bound the solution from both sides. This allows easy error estimation for generally complicated problems, as long as a triangular mesh can be generated. Typical W2 models are the Smoothed Point Interpolation Methods (or S-PIM). The S-PIM can be node-based (known as NS-PIM or LC-PIM), edge-based (ES-PIM), and cell-based (CS-PIM). The NS-PIM was developed using the so-called SCNI technique. It was then discovered that NS-PIM is capable of producing upper bound solution and volumetric locking free. The ES-PIM is found superior in accuracy, and CS-PIM behaves in between the NS-PIM and ES-PIM. Moreover, W2 formulations allow the use of polynomial and radial basis functions in the creation of shape functions (it accommodates the discontinuous displacement functions, as long as it is in G1 space), which opens further rooms for future developments. The W2 formulation has also led to the development of combination of meshfree techniques with the well-developed FEM techniques, and one can now use triangular mesh with excellent accuracy and desired softness. A typical such a formulation is the so-called smoothed finite element method (or S-FEM). The S-FEM is the linear version of S-PIM, but with most of the properties of the S-PIM and much simpler.  It is a general perception that meshfree methods are much more expensive than the FEM counterparts. The recent study has found however, some meshfree methods such as the S-PIM and S-FEM can be much faster than the FEM counterparts.  The S-PIM and S-FEM works well for solid mechanics problems. For CFD problems, the formulation can be simpler, via strong formulation. A Gradient Smoothing Methods (GSM) has also been developed recently for CFD problems, implementing the gradient smoothing idea in strong form. The GSM is similar to [FVM], but uses gradient smoothing operations exclusively in nested fashions, and is a general numerical method for PDEs.  Nodal integration has been proposed as a technique to use finite elements to emulate a meshfree behaviour. However, the obstacle that must be overcome in using nodally integrated elements is that the quantities at nodal points are not continuous, and the nodes are shared among multiple elements.

In the field of numerical analysis, meshfree methods are those that do not require connection between nodes of the simulation domain, i.e. a mesh, but are rather based on interaction of each node with all its neighbors. As a consequence, original extensive properties such as mass or kinetic energy are no longer assigned to mesh elements but rather to the single nodes. Meshfree methods enable the simulation of some otherwise difficult types of problems, at the cost of extra computing time and programming effort. The absence of a mesh allows Lagrangian simulations, in which the nodes can move according to the velocity field.


Morphology.

"Morus indica," as with other members of the mulberry family, is often described as either a small tree or a shrub, rarely exceeding 10-15 meters. When young, the branches are covered in fine, soft hairs known as; however, the plant loses these hair as they grow older. The branches are a light grey-brown color.  The leaves of the "M. indica" plant range from 1 1/2 – 5 inches long and 1 – 3 inches wide, and are attached to the tree via petioles. The leaves themselves are usually ovate but sometimes lobed, coming to a narrow point, making them somewhere between caudate and acuminate. The leaves are retuse to slightly cordate, having a small lobe at the base. The leaves are shortly serrated, with each tooth narrowing to a thin point, making them apiculate. The leaves are dark green, with a paler underside covered in fine hairs.

Flowers and fruit.

"Morus indica" is a monoecious flowering plant, having male and female flowers growing on the same tree, although often on distinct branches. The male inflorescence is narrow, between 9 – 11.5 mm long, and covered in fine hairs. The female flowers are subglubose, or just shy of spherical. They measure 6 – 9.5 mm long. The stigma of these flowers is about 3.5 mm long with dense, short hair.  The female flower, after being fertilized, forms a fleshy compound fruit known as a syncarp. This syncarp, which is black when fully ripe, looks like that of "Morus nigra," commonly known as a black mulberry.

Uses and health effects.

"Morus indica" is often grown for its medicinal properties. As with most berries, the mulberries of "M. indica" have potent antioxidant properties. The primary medicinal use of "Morus indica" is as a method of regulating blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Multiple studies in humans and mice have found that the use of "Morus indica" lowered the blood glucose levels of diabetics through multiple different pathways.

Morus indica is a member of the genus "Morus", of the family of flowering plants Moraceae, commonly known as the mulberry family. As with other mulberries, "Morus indica" is a deciduous tree. "Morus indica" is native to the temperate and sub-tropical Himalayan region. It is currently cultivated in India, China, Japan, and East Africa.


High school career.

Gafford was a four star recruit in high school, and received offers in 2015 from several schools, including Kansas, Vanderbilt, and Florida. On August 1, 2015, Gafford committed to Arkansas. Gafford also played football growing up and was a wide receiver until ninth grade at El Dorado High School. He also was in the marching band and credits that to the development of his skill set.

College career.

In his first start for the Razorbacks, Gafford finished a perfect 8 for 8 shooting, along with 7 rebounds and 6 blocks against Minnesota. Gafford posted 21 points, 10 rebounds and seven blocks against No. 14 Auburn. After a freshman season where he averaged 11.8 points 6.2 rebounds per game, Gafford announced that he would return to Arkansas for his sophomore year rather than declare for the 2018 NBA Draft. After his freshman season, Gafford was named to the SEC All-Freshman team. On March 18, 2019, after Gafford's sophomore season, it was announced that Gafford would skip the 2019 National Invitation Tournament to prepare for the 2019 NBA draft. Gafford improved his statistics during his second year at Arkansas, averaging 16.9 points, 8.6 rebounds, and 1.9 blocks per game. He was named to the 2019 SEC All-Defensive Team, as well as a 1st Team All-SEC pick. Gafford was known for his thunderous dunks, especially alley-oops, and his shot blocking ability. He was a crowd favorite during Razorback home games at Bud Walton Arena.

Professional career.

Chicago Bulls (2019–present).

Gafford was selected 38th pick overall by the Chicago Bulls in the 2019 NBA Draft. On July 8, 2019, the Chicago Bulls announced that they had signed with Gafford. On October 26, 2019, Gafford made his debut in NBA, coming off from bench in an 84–108 loss to the Toronto Raptors with a rebound. He was assigned to the Windy City Bulls for opening night of the NBA G League season. Gafford began to see more playing time for the Bulls in January 2020 and received more lobs and blocked shots. On January 16, 2020, it was announced that Gafford would miss two to four weeks with a dislocated thumb.

Daniel Gafford (born October 1, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Arkansas Razorbacks.


Location.

The village was located on the north bank of Wadi Karkara, about 1 km south of the Lebanese border, and with a view to the Mediterranean Sea in the west.

History.

A three-aisled Byzantine church (from the 6th or 7th century CE) had been reused as a village house.

Ottoman era.

In 1875 Victor Guérin inspected the place, which he described: "The ruins of this name are scattered over the flanks and summit of a hill, bordered on the south by the deep ravine of Wady Kerkera. Terraces, once regulated by the hand of man and now overgrown with thick underwood, were formerly covered with dwelling-houses whose remains cumber the soil. The foundations of some are still visible. They were small, but tolerably well-built, with regular stones of fair dimensions. On the door, still standing, of one of them, we observe a cross with standing, equal arms set in a niche. Besides these, the ruins of a building measuring twenty-six paces long from west to east, and twenty from north to south, deserve particular attention. It was built with cut stones worked in with much care and without cement. The southern facade was pierced with these doors. Another door, the only one on that side, was constructed in the middle of the western facade; its lintel is lying on the ground. On the east was an apse, whose interior are in place. Within this ancient church are several monolithic columns half hidden by the bushes; they measure 2.50 metres in length, by thirty-five centimetres in diameter. The capitals and the base are wanting, or at all events no longer visible. By the side of this building is observed a sort of subterranean magazine arched in stone with a circular arch. It is partly filled up. On the sumrnit of the hill the vestiges of a town can be recognised. It was approached by a number of steps.'

British Mandate era.

In the 1945 statistics, the village (including Arab al-Aramisha, Jurdayh and Khirbat Idmith) had a population of 360 Muslims. A total of 2,637 dunums of village land were used for cereals, and 16 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards.

1948 and aftermath.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was captured by Israel's Oded Brigade on October 31, 1948 during Operation Hiram.  Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. Kibbutz Adamit was founded in 1958 on village land, to the west of the village site. The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village site in 1992: "The site is covered with the debris of houses. It also has a number of wells and caves. The remains of animal shelters are located about away, and about to the east is the rubble of houses used by the Arab al-Qulaytat."  Petersen inspected the place in 1991, and found that the remains of the village consisted of several widely spaced rectangular houses, one storey high. Most houses were made of rough field stones laid dry, but with traces of older coursed masonry in places. The roofs were flat, made of earth on top of short branches, resting on transverse arches.

Khirbat Iribbin () or Khurbet 'Arubbin (meaning "The ruin of Arubbin"), was a Palestinian Arab village in the Upper Galilee, located northeast of the city of Acre. In 1945, it had a built-up land area of over 2,000 dunums and a population of 360 Arab Muslims.


History.

The original attraction at Universal Studios Florida was inspired by a small attraction on the long-running Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood, in which the Studio Tour tram passed through several sets from the film and was then attacked by an animatronic shark known as "Jaws" while driving by the Amity Harbor shoreline. This attraction opened in 1976 and continues to operate to this day. For the Universal Studios Florida park/studio project, Universal sought to take the components of the Hollywood tram stop and turn it into its own ride. The original ride was designed by MCA/Universal Planning and Development, in association with Ride & Show Engineering, Inc., which designed the original tour scene. Steven Spielberg, who directed the first film in the series, also served as a creative consultant for the ride.  Following the opening of Jaws within the park on June 7, 1990, it experienced extensive and persistent breakdowns as a result of the elaborate special effects involved, as did fellow original rides Kongfrontation and. However, while Universal was able to eventually contain the technical bugs in the Kong and Earthquake rides at "utmost consistency", the effects in the Jaws ride constantly refused to work at all, resulting in the ride having to be evacuated almost daily. Following the Summer opening of the park, Universal temporarily shut down the ride in August 1990 and sued Ride & Show Engineering, Inc. for failing to properly design the ride. Throughout 1991 and early 1992, Universal attempted to refurbish the effects of the ride for an eventual re-opening, but with no success. Some reports leaked that the high-tech electronics used in the sharks was damaged due to inadequate waterproofing.  Eventually, Universal collaborated with Totally Fun Company, ITEC Entertainment, Intamin and Oceaneering International, who together installed an entirely new ride system and special effects to create an almost entirely new version of the ride. Some of the changes, which resulted in a re-design of the ride, included the replacement of two major ride scenes; the first being where "Jaws" bit onto the tour boat and turned it by 180-degrees (which was replaced with a Gas dock explosion scene); and the second being the finale, which was originally loosely based on the first "Jaws" where the skipper shot a grenade into the shark's mouth causing it to explode underwater (which was replaced by a finale loosely based on the ending for "Jaws 2" where the shark was electrocuted after biting onto an underwater cable attached to a high-voltage barge). Oceaneering provided the animatronic shark for the redesigned ride, their first theme park-based project. The ride was then officially re-opened by Roy Scheider, Lorraine Gary and Steven Spielberg in Spring of 1993.  On March 31, 2001, Jaws officially opened at Universal Studios Japan. The ride system for the attraction was developed by MTS Systems Corporation.  Following the hurricanes that struck Central Florida in 2004, Universal was forced to temporarily close the ride in January 2005 due to the rising cost of petroleum, which was used to fuel the numerous pyrotechnical effects throughout the attraction as well as the tour boats. The ride finally reopened in December 2005, but was listed as "seasonal" and only open on busier days. This lasted until February 2007 when the ride was finally opened full-time again after numerous guest complaints. During the 2005 closure, several renovations were made to the ride. The attraction was further refurbished every year from 2008-2011.  On December 2, 2011, Universal Orlando Resort announced that the Jaws attraction along with the entire Amity area of Universal Studios Florida would close permanently on January 2, 2012, to "make room for an exciting, NEW, experience." (the second phase of The Wizarding World Of Harry Potter.) Severe backlash followed after the announcement. The attraction officially closed on January 2, 2012, at 9:00 pm with Michael Skipper aka "Skip" giving the final voyage to the last lucky group of 48 guests. By the next morning, the entire Amity area was walled off and completely demolished in the following months. The hanging shark statue from the town square remains as a tribute to the ride and can be found in the Fisherman's Wharf area of the San Francisco section of the park. The attraction remains open at Universal Studios Japan as well as the original tram stop at Universal Studios Hollywood.

Ride synopsis.

After the shark nicknamed as "Jaws" was eventually destroyed by Chief Brody, Matt Hooper and Quint in 1974, Brody became a legend in Amity Harbor, and the "Jaws" incident inspired Steven Spielberg's big Hollywood movie. However, the tourism on Amity Island strongly decreased following the incident due to a fear of sharks. However, resident seaman Jake Grundy decided to open a new boat tour on the island which would take guests out to the historic areas where the shark attacks actually occurred, which ultimately brought back tourism to the island.

Queue.

As guests enter "Captain Jake's Amity Boat Tours", they walk through a series of boathouses located near Amity Harbor, which hold various fishing supplies, nautical artifacts and feature numerous overhead television monitors that are tuned to Amity's local TV station, WJWS13: The Station That BITES (which also has the tagline "The station that plays the hits"). The station features a low-budget local talk show entitled "Hey There, Amity!", children's and news programming, ads for local businesses, and promos for classic movies and television shows, many of them from the Universal library. Upon reaching the end of the queue, guests are loaded onto one of Captain Jake's tour boats.

Ride.

After boarding the tour boat, guests learn that they are taking a guided scenic cruise to visit the actual locations of the shark attacks that occurred during that fateful summer of 1974, which were made famous in a popular Hollywood movie that was made not long afterward. The tour boat is piloted by one of Captain Jake's skippers, and is protected by an army surplus 40mm grenade launcher. However, guests are reassured by their skipper that they won't need to use it because no one has seen a shark in the area since 1974.  The tour begins in Amity Harbor as the tour boat passes the homes of Chief Brody, Mayor Larry Vaughn, and various harbor side businesses. As the tour boat approaches a lighthouse situated on top of a rocky jetty, the tour is suddenly interrupted by a radio distress call from a fellow tour boat skipper named Gordon. His call for help turns into screams of horror, followed by mysterious silence. As the skipper contacts the home base in an attempt to find out what is going on with Gordon's boat, the tour boat crosses the jetty to reveal the remains of Gordon's tour boat, "Amity 3", sinking under the water.  Suddenly, a dorsal fin appears out of the water, the fin of what appears to be a great white shark. The fin submerges and swims under the tour boat, rocking it back and forth. Worried, the skipper pulls out the grenade launcher as the dorsal fin rises out of the water on the starboard. Not realizing that it is actually loaded, the skipper fires at the shark, but misses. They try firing the second shot but miss again as the fin sinks back beneath the surface of the water.  The skipper then comes up with the idea to try to hide the tour boat in a nearby boathouse and wait for Chief Brody's arrival. As the skipper brings the tour boat to a stop inside the boathouse and looks for somewhere to tie it up, a sound is heard somewhere near the back of the boathouse. As the nervous skipper tries to figure out what it was, a loud crashing noise breaks the silence as the walls of the boathouse begin to shake. The skipper realizes that the shark is barging itself against the outside of the boathouse trying to break in. The skipper starts to drive off but is unable to get the tour boat to drop into gear. After several tense seconds of fighting with the tour boat's throttle, the skipper finally gets it to drop into gear just as the shark finally breaks a hole through the wall and surfaces inside of the boathouse, grazing the side of the tour boat.  As the tour boat leaves the boathouse, the skipper is informed by Chief Brody over the radio that he'll be there in ten minutes. The skipper replies with "we'll be shark bait in ten minutes" and picks up the grenade launcher again, just as the shark attacks the tour boat near Bridewell's Gas Dock. Unfortunately, the next grenade that the skipper fires strikes the nearby gas dock, which erupts into flames, threatening to engulf the tour boat and its passengers. However, the skipper manages to pilot an escape before the flames reach the tour boat.  As a last resort, the skipper decides to unload everyone at an old fishing pier that happens to be located near a high voltage barge. But just as they reach the pier, the shark's fin reappears heading straight for the tour boat. Suddenly, the shark emerges right next to the tour boat but accidentally bites down onto a submerged power cable from the barge and electrocutes itself. The smell of roasted shark fills the air as the shark disappears into a cloud of steam that engulfs the tour boat. As the steam cloud clears, the burnt corpse of the shark resurfaces and makes one final lunge at the tour boat. But the skipper immediately takes one last shot at it with the grenade launcher and finally hits it, decimating the shark. The guests cheer on the skipper for saving Amity Island and killing the shark.

Jaws is an amusement ride attraction based on the "Jaws" film series and is located at Universal Studios Japan. It originally opened at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando in 1990, and another installation later opened at Universal Studios Japan in 2001. The ride uses tour boats to take guests through a harbor of the fictional Amity Island, which begins as a leisurely tour that is abruptly interrupted by an attack of the famous great white shark. The concept is an expanded version of the "Jaws" miniature attraction featured in the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood in California. In 2012, the attraction was removed from the Florida theme park to make room for the second phase of expansion for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.


Background and education.

Gallagher was born on December 16, 1965 in Providence, Rhode Island. Referred to as African American, she is of biracial ethnicity; her father's heritage was from Cape Verde, in Western Africa (but he was born in the United States), and her mother's background was Caucasian Irish Catholic. Gallagher's mother was a working-class Irish-American and her father was a professional boxer.  In Rhode Island, Gallagher attended Moses Brown, an elite, Quaker college preparatory school. At sixteen, Gallagher entered her first year at Oberlin College in Ohio (1982–1984) and studied writing. Gallagher did not finish her education at Oberlin College and ended up joining a carpenters' union in Seattle. Gallagher studied writing at Oberlin College in Ohio (1982–84). In 1989 she attended Studio 70 in Fort Thomas, Kentucky before earning a degree in fine arts from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston in 1992. Her art education further continued in 1993 at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine.

Career.

Gallagher became recognized as an artist in 1995. Prior to her Gagosian showing, Gallagher had solo shows at Mary Boone in Soho, New York and Anthony D'Offay in London, with Mary Boone being her first solo show in New York. Before her art career, Gallagher worked as a commercial fisherman in Alaska and Maine. As her first solo show in New York, Gallagher chose Mary Boone's space because of its neutrality, in which she stated, "because there the abstract qualities of my work stand out first". In 1993, Gallagher continued her art studies at the Skowhegan School of Paintings and Sculpture in Maine.

Work.

Gallagher is an abstract painter and multimedia artist creating minimalist work with subject narratives. Gallagher's influences include the paintings of Agnes Martin and the repetitive writings of Gertrude Stein. Some of Gallagher's work involves repetitively modifying advertising found in African American focused publications such as "Ebony", "Sepia", and "Our World". Her most famous pieces are her grid-like collages of magazines grouped together into larger pieces. Examples of these are "eXelento" (2004), "Afrylic" (2004), and "DeLuxe" (2005). Each of these works contains as many as or more than 60 prints employing techniques of photogravure, spit-bite, collage, cutting, scratching, silkscreen, offset lithography and hand-building. Gallagher also glues notebook paper drawings onto her canvas to create textured surfaces.  Some of Gallagher's early influences while attending the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston were the Darkroom Collective, a group of poets living and working out of Inman Square in Cambridge, MA and would go on to become the art coordinator of the collective. The Darkroom collective allowed Gallagher to explore her talent and apply her culture as an African-American woman to her work. One of her first exhibits took place at the Dark Room in 1989. Some other influences at the Museum School were Susan Denker, Ann Hamilton, Kiki Smith and Laylah Ali.  Themes related to race are often evident in Gallagher's work, sometimes using pictographs, symbols, codes and repetitions. "Sambo lips" and "bug eyes," references to the Black minstrel shows, are often scattered throughout Gallagher's works. Additionally, Gallagher would use these symbols in her collage pieces, inspired by lined yellow paper schoolchildren use. Certain characters are also used repeatedly, such as the image of the nurse or the "Pegleg" character that sometimes populate her page's iconography. Some of her pieces may explicitly reference the issue of race while also having a more subtle undercurrent related to race. She was inspired by the New Negro movement as well as modernist abstraction. Gallagher also uses found historical images in her work. She combines formality (grid lines, ruled paper) with the racial stereotypes to depict the "ordering principles" society imposes."Blackface minstrel is a ghost story, " Gallagher has noted. "It's about loss; there's a black mask and sublimation...[B]lackface minstrel was the first great American abstraction, even before jazz. It's the literal recording of the African body into American public culture. Disembodied eyes and lips float, hostage, in the electric black of the minstrel stage, distorting the African body into American blackface." As well as using racially charged imagery, Gallagher is known to portray bodies and include elements of poetry and pop culture in her work. She uses golden tones to portray the racial binary in society. Her media includes paintings, works on paper, film and video. She has made innovative use of materials, such as creating a unique variation on scrimshaw by carving images into the surface of thick sheets of watercolor paper and drawing with ink, watercolor and pencil. These works depict sea creatures, of the mythical undersea world of Drexciya, which were the progeny of slaves who had drowned. This mythology had been conceived by a musical duo of that name, from Detroit. Gallagher commented upon the process of creating these pieces: "The way that these drawings are made is my version of scrimshaw, the carving into bone that sailors did when they were out whaling. I imagine them in this overwhelming, scary expanse of sea where this kind of cutting would give a focus, a sense of being in control of something." Some of Gallagher's work would also consist of codes made from cut out letters. In some of her early pieces, she painted and drew on sheets of penmanship paper (ruled paper used for handwriting practice) she had pasted onto canvas. Her choice of penmanship paper is significant, in an interview with Jessica Morgan, she says "the sense of a neutral surface that can accommodate any mark seems an ideal way of communicating freedom," which is described by her as "idiosyncratic" and "inscrutable". As her previous work has been critiqued for being too racially charged, her newer work contains less explicit racial images to challenge viewers.  In 1995, Gallagher's work was exhibited at the Whitney Biennial and the Venice Biennale in 2003. Artist Chuck Close created a 2009 tapestry portrait of Gallagher. Gallagher is represented by Gagosian Gallery (New York) and Hauser & Wirth (London). She is based in the United States (New York City) and the Netherlands (Rotterdam).

Awards and fellowships.

Among the honors which Gallagher has earned are:

Selected exhibitions.

Ellen Gallagher's work has been featured in solo exhibitions at numerous galleries and institutions including:  Group exhibitions have included:

Publications.

"Murmur. Orbus" in collaboration with Edgar Cleijne. Hauser & Wirth London/Fruitmarket Gallery Edinburgh (ed.) 2005. English, 5 books holding together with magnet, 990 pages. With "Blizzard of White" (2003, 55 min loop, 16 mm).

Collections.

Gallagher's work is held in many permanent collections including the Addison Gallery of American Art, Goetz Collection, Hamburger Bahnhof, Studio Museum in Harlem, Walker Art Center, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Moderna Museet, Sammlung Goetz and the Centre Georges Pompidou.  Specific works include:

Ellen Gallagher (born December 16, 1965) is an American artist. Her work has been shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions and is held in the permanent collections of many major museums. Her media include painting, works on paper, film and video. Some of her pieces refer to issues of race, and may combine formality with racial stereotypes and depict "ordering principles" society imposes.


Creation.

The Mexican National Guard was launched by President of Mexico Andrés Manual López Obrador in 2019. It has since played a major part in intensifying the enforcement of their immigration policy. Before becoming President of Mexico, Obrador campaigned on a promise to take the military off the streets of Mexico. Shortly after getting into office, Obrador released a plan to create the National Guard under control of the Mexican Armed Forces which would be in charge of "preventing and combating crime". Obrador stated that the new National Guard would be critical to solving Mexico's ongoing security crisis.  On 28 February, Mexico's national legislature voted to approve a 60,000-member national guard. On 30 June 2019, the National Guard was officially established.  A 2019 survey sponsored by "The Washington Post" and Mexico’s newspaper "Reforma" gathered information on public opinion regarding both the new National Guard and illegal immigration to Mexico. The survey was conducted through July 9 to July 14, 2019, among 1,200 Mexicans adults across the country in 100 election districts by way of face-to-face interviews. A 53% majority of Mexicans have voiced their trust in the national guard, with two-thirds of Mexicans saying that they would like the national guard to be in their city, whereas 45% report that they feel more safe with the domestic force.

Deployment at border.

In early June 2019, as part of a deal the United States, Mexico agreed to deploy the newly formed National Guard to their border with Guatemala. While the guard was always intended to enforce immigration policy, it was not intended to do so as soon as announced. President of the United States, Donald Trump, threatened to raise tariffs on Mexico if it did not help to curb Illegal Immigration.  A "Post"-"Reforma" survey was conducted among Mexican adults after a dramatic increase in Mexico’s immigration enforcement following the agreement made in June with the United States. Several analysts had predicted the base for the President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador to be disillusioned when he agreed to heighten Mexico’s immigration enforcement. But he currently maintains a strong 70% job approval rating eight months after assuming office. A 54% majority say that President Obrador is standing up for the interests of Mexico in his dealings with the United States and illegal immigration. Furthermore, 51% of Mexicans support utilizing the country’s recently formed National Guard to repel the migration of illegal immigrants in Mexico.

Command structure.

The law assigns full control of the National Guard to the Secretary of Security and Civilian Protection, who is in charge of all matters related to the work of the NG.  According to article 12 of the Law of the National Guard, the National Guard is organized on five command levels:

Ranks.

According to article 29 of the Law of the National Guard, the ranks are:

The National Guard () is a Mexican gendarmerie with national police functions created in 2019. The National Guard was formed by absorbing units and officers from the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police.


Relevance.

PFE is essential to bank regulation under Basel III and Dodd Frank. Fundamentally, to assess the safety of a bank's asset portfolio and the adequacy of its Tier 1 capital (and Tier 2 capital), one needs to evaluate whether it is resilient under severely stressing market moves. Because PFE is a measure of credit exposure, the most relevant stress move for PFE are not those where a large trading loss occurs (as they are when considering an institution's market risk). Instead, the scenarios of significant PFE can often be where the institution makes a large "paper" profit with a counterparty; and therefore accrues a large unsecured claim on that counterparty (a claim that the counterparty may be unable to pay). For example, a trader might buy cheap insurance contracts against a rare but catastrophic risk. The vast majority of the time – and for many years running – the trader will make a small annual loss (the CDS premium) even if the trade has positive expected value. When the rare event occurs, the trader may suddenly have a huge windfall "profit" claim against whoever wrote the "insurance". And this would mean a sudden increase in the relevance of whether or not the 'insurance writing' counterparty can actually pay. The possibility that the counterparty cannot pay (this huge new claim) would create a systematically important "difference" between the theoretical-credit-risk-free profits of the trader (and his institution) and his realized year end profit. Since institutional market risks are hedged, this "difference" could impact the institution's capital not merely as a failure to make excess profits, but actually as a significant net loss (due to losses on the offsetting hedge position). And potentially, exposure to such credit losses could make the "profit-making" trader's institution fail (and default on its own obligations to other companies) thereby causing other companies to suffer credit risk losses and fail (in the same way). The theoretical potential for a cascading series of institutional failures (caused by sudden rises in PFE) is apparent. The cost of avoiding or dealing with these risks can fall on the public (the vast majority of whom will not gain directly from the institutional profits made while accruing large PFE claims). This is for two main reasons. First, government directly (or indirectly) insures many retail deposits (to prevent bank runs and to promote savings), and many quasi-government agencies (e.g.: FNMA, Freddie Mac) have de facto government backing. Second, even when a major firm does not have government insured deposits, it can be "systemically important" (such as AIG) – its failure would potentially cause panic, destroy market liquidity, and precipitate a crash and potential widespread economic contraction / depression. One plan that is intended to reduce the public cost (& private benefit) of the implicit support to "too big to fail" institutions is to reduce the variability and scale of PFE by incentivizing collateralization.

Expected exposure.

The expected exposure (EE) is defined similarly to the PFE, except that the average is used instead of a specific quantile.  The EE represents the estimated average loss at a specific future point of time that a lender would suffer from if the borrower (counterparty) fully defaults on his debt (i.e. if the loss given default (LGD) was 100%).

Potential future exposure (PFE) is the maximum expected credit exposure over a specified period of time calculated at some level of confidence (i.e. at a given quantile).


History.

All commercial, fruit-bearing Hass avocado trees have been grown from grafted seedlings propagated from a single tree that was grown from a seed bought by Rudolph Hass in 1926 from A. R. Rideout of Whittier, California. At the time, Rideout was getting seeds from any source he could find, even restaurant food scraps. The cultivar this seed came from is not known and may already have been cross-pollinated when Hass bought it.  In 1926, at his 1.5-acre grove at 430 West Road, La Habra Heights, California, Hass planted three seeds he had bought from Rideout, which yielded one strong seedling. After trying and failing at least twice to graft the seedling with branches from Fuerte avocado trees (the leading commercial cultivar at the time), Hass thought of cutting it down but a professional grafter named Caulkins told him the young tree was sound and strong, so he let it be. When the tree began bearing odd, bumpy fruit, his children liked the taste. As the tree's yields grew bigger, Hass easily sold what his family didn't eat to co-workers at the post office. The Hass avocado had one of its first commercial successes at the Model Grocery Store on Colorado Street in Pasadena, California, where chefs working for some of the town's wealthy residents bought the new cultivar's big, nutty-tasting fruit for $1 each, a very high price at the time ().  Hass patented the tree in 1935 (the first US patent on a tree) and made a contract with Whittier nurseryman Harold Brokaw to grow and sell grafted seedlings propagated from its cuttings with Brokaw getting 75% of the proceeds. Brokaw then specialized in the Hass and often sold out of grafted seedlings since, unlike the Fuerte, Hass yields are year-round and also more plentiful, with bigger fruit, a longer shelf life and richer flavor owing to higher oil content. However, Hass made a profit of less than US$5,000 through the patent because cuttings from single trees sold by Brokaw were then propagated to graft whole orchards.  Rudolph Hass carried on as a postman throughout his life and died of a heart attack at Fallbrook Hospital in Fallbrook, California, in 1952, the same year his patent expired and not long after he had established a new orchard.  By the early 21st century the US avocado industry took in over $1 billion a year from the heavy-bearing, high quality Hass cultivar, which accounted for around 80% of all avocados grown worldwide.

The mother tree.

Owing to later suburban sprawl in Southern California, the mother tree stood for many years in front of a residence in La Habra Heights. The tree died when it was 76 years old and was cut down on 11 September 2002 after a ten-year fight with phytophthora (root rot), which often kills avocado trees. Two plaques by the private residence at 426 West Road mark the spot where it grew. The wood was stored in a tree nursery and from this stock, a nephew of Rudolph Hass, Dick Stewart, made keepsakes, jewelry and other gifts. From 2010 to 2013, in mid-May, and starting again in September 2018, the city of La Habra Heights celebrated the Hass avocado at its Annual La Habra Heights Avocado Festival.

Bearing pattern.

Hass avocado trees, like some other cultivars, may only bear well every other year. After a year with low yield, often because of cold, for which the tree does not have much tolerance, yields may be very high the next year. However, the heavy crop can deplete stored carbohydrates, lowering the following season's yield and this can set the tree into a lifelong alternate bearing pattern. Southern California Hass Avocado groves have good soil and drainage, plentiful sunlight and cool gentle winds from the oceans which help the fruit grow. These conditions hold throughout the year, so there are always fresh harvests of Hass avocados in Southern California.

Nutritional value.

Raw avocado is 73% water, 15% fat, 9% carbohydrates, and 2% protein (table). As reliable sources are not available for the micronutrient content specifically of Hass avocados, US Department of Agriculture data for a "commercial variety" is used. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 160 calories and is rich (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) in several B vitamins and vitamin K, with moderate content (10-19% DV) of vitamin C, vitamin E, and potassium (right table, USDA nutrient data). Hass avocados contain phytosterols and carotenoids, including lutein and zeaxanthin.  Avocados have diverse fats. For a typical avocado:

The Hass avocado is a cultivar of avocado with dark green–colored, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.


Participation in the Invincible Armada.

Charge.

Hugo of Montcada was appointed commander of the fleet of Naples. The flagship was the San Lorenzo "Galleass". The "Galleass-galleon" La Girona was part of that fleet. The four "Galleasses" were:

Galleass San Lorenzo.

This ship had 124 sailors, 50 artillery units, 300 sailors and 270 soldiers.  It was built in Naples. It displaced 762 tones and was the largest ship and, according to some, the most splendid of the entire army.

Nautical difficulties.

One of the most difficult variables that made navigating the British Channel so dangerous were (and still are) were the currents caused by the tides. Local pilots had good knowledge of those currents.

Final disaster.

The references to the fact are numerous and not always coincident.  In the confusion brought about by the collisions, a shock rendered unusable the rudder of San Lorenzo. The maneuver with the oars was not sufficiently agile to fight under the attack of the enemies (from the Ark Royal in particular). Hugo of Montcada decided to go to refuge in the port of Calais (under French control and, in theory, neutral). He did not reach the entrance by sailing and the oars, the Galleass tried to enter the port of Calais but bog down near the entrance. Being half lying sideways. The soldiers (probably terrified by the incident) deserted the ship, jumping to the water. Many of them were drowned. Only a few faithful remained aboard.  The English, sent a few bots with soldiers to seize the galeass. Finally Howard sent a reinforcement with the Ark Royal's Panescalm boat and could reduce the last resistance. Hugo of Montcada was shot down with an arquebus shot in his head, and Joan Setantí and other Catalans defenders died as well.

Important testimonial.

According to the work "Armada Invencible", by Cesáreo Fernández Duro, there is a description of the final attack and the death of Hugo of Montcada according to the statements of a slave of the Marquis de Santa Cruz (Volume I, page 118, document K.1467, item 18).

Hugo of Montcada i Gralla was the commander of the "Galleasses" of the Spanish Armada. He was the second son of Francesc I de Montcada, first Marquess of Aitona and Count of Osona, and his wife, Lucrècia Gralla.


History.

PureScript was initially designed by Phil Freeman in 2013. He started to work on PureScript as various attempts to compile Haskell to JavaScript while preserving its semantics (e.g. using Fay, Haste, or GHCJS) didn't work to his satisfaction.  Since then it has been picked up by the community and is developed on GitHub. Additional core tools developed by the community include the dedicated build tool "Pulp", the documentation directory "Pursuit", and the package manager "Spago"

Features.

PureScript features strict evaluation, persistent data structures and type inference. The PureScript type system shares many features with those of similar functional languages like Haskell: algebraic data types and pattern matching, higher kinded types, type classes and functional dependencies, and higher-rank polymorphism. PureScript's type system adds support for row polymorphism and extensible records. However, PureScript lacks support for some of the more advanced features of Haskell like GADTs and type families.  The PureScript compiler attempts to produce readable JavaScript code, where possible. Through a simple FFI interface, it also allows the reuse of existing JavaScript code.  PureScript supports incremental compilation, and the compiler distribution includes support for building source code editor plugins for iterative development. Editor plugins exist for many popular text editors, including Vim, Emacs, Sublime Text, Atom and Visual Studio Code.  PureScript supports type-driven development via its typed holes feature, in which a program can be constructed with missing subexpressions. The compiler will subsequently attempt to infer the types of the missing subexpressions, and report those types to the user. This feature has inspired similar work in the GHC Haskell compiler.

Code Examples.

Here is a minimal "Hello world" program in PureScript: module Main where  import Effect.Console (log)  main = log "Hello World!" Here, the type of the program is inferred and checked by the PureScript compiler. A more verbose version of the same program might include explicit type annotations: module Main where  import Prelude  import Effect (Effect) import Effect.Console (log)  main :: Effect Unit main = log "Hello World!"

PureScript is a strongly-typed, purely-functional programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It can be used to develop web applications, server side apps, and also desktop applications with use of Electron. Its syntax is mostly comparable to that of Haskell. In addition, it introduces row polymorphism and extensible records. Also, contrary to Haskell, PureScript adheres to a strict evaluation strategy.


Gameplay.

"Counter-Strike" is an objective-based, multiplayer first-person shooter. Two opposing teams—the Terrorists and the Counter Terrorists—compete in game modes to complete objectives, such as securing a location to plant or defuse a bomb and rescuing or guarding hostages. At the end of each round, players are rewarded based on their individual performance with in-game currency to spend on more powerful weapons in subsequent rounds. Winning rounds results in more money than losing, and completing objectives such as killing enemy players gives cash bonuses. Uncooperative actions, such as killing teammates, results in a penalty.

Main series.

"Counter-Strike".

Originally a modification for "Half-Life", the rights to "Counter-Strike", as well as the developers working on it, were acquired by Valve in 2000.  The game received a port to Xbox in 2003. It was also ported to OS X and Linux in the form of a beta in January 2013. A full release was published in April 2013.

"Condition Zero".

"Counter-Strike" was followed-up with "Counter-Strike: Condition Zero", developed by Turtle Rock Studios and released in 2004. It used the "Half-Life" GoldSrc engine, similar to its predecessor. Besides the multiplayer mode, it also included a single-player mode with a "full" campaign and bonus levels. The game received mixed reviews in contrast to its predecessor and was quickly followed with a further entry to the series titled "".

"Source".

"Counter-Strike: Source" was the first publicly released game by Valve to run on the Source engine. "Counter-Strike: Source" was initially released as a beta to members of the Valve Cyber Café Program on August 11, 2004. On August 18, 2004, the beta was released to owners of "" and those who had received a "Half-Life 2" voucher bundled with some ATI Radeon video cards. While the original release only included a version for Microsoft Windows, the game eventually received a port to OS X on June 23, 2010 with a Linux port afterwards in 2013.

"Global Offensive".

"Counter-Strike: Global Offensive" was the fourth release in the main, Valve-developed "Counter-Strike" series in 2012. Much like "Counter-Strike: Source" the game runs on the Source engine. It is available on Microsoft Windows, OSX, and Linux, as well as the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles, and is backwards compatible on the Xbox One console.

Spin-offs.

"Neo".

A Japanese arcade adaptation of "Counter-Strike", the original "Half-Life" multiplayer modification. It is published by Namco, and runs on a Linux system. The game involves anime-designed characters in a futuristic designed version of "Counter-Strike". A selection of single-player missions, mini-games, and seasonal events were added to prolong the game's interest with players.

"Online" series.

"Counter-Strike Online" is a free-to-play spin-off available in much of eastern Asia. It was developed by Nexon, with oversight from Valve. It uses a micropayment model that is managed by a custom version of the Steam back-end. Announced in 2012 and aimed at the Asian gaming market, a sequel titled "Counter-Strike Online 2" was developed by Nexon on the Source game engine, and released in 2013.

"Nexon: Studio".

In August 2014, Nexon announced "Counter-Strike Nexon: Zombies", a free-to-play, zombie-themed spin-off, developed on the GoldSrc game engine. On September 23, 2014, an open beta was released on Steam. The game launched on October 7, 2014, featuring 50 maps and 20 game modes. The game features both player versus player modes such as team deathmatch, hostage rescue, bomb defusal, and player versus environment modes such as cooperative campaign missions and base defending. Reception from critics was generally negative with criticism aimed at the game's poor user interface, microtransactions, and dated graphics. On October 30, 2019, "Counter-Strike Nexon: Zombies" was renamed to "Counter-Strike Nexon: Studio".

Competitive play.

"Counter-Strike" has had nearly 20 years of competitive play beginning with the original "Counter-Strike". The first major tournament was hosted in 2001 at the Cyberathlete Professional League. Cyberathlete Professional League, along with World Cyber Games and Electronic Sports World Cup were among the largest tournaments for the "Counter-Strike" series until 2007. In 2013, Valve hosted which became the most prestigious tournament in CS:GO.

Reception.

"Counter-Strike" is considered one of the most influential first person shooters in history. The series has a large competitive community and has become synonymous with first person shooters., the "Counter-Strike" franchise has sold over 25 million units.

Counter-Strike (CS) is a series of multiplayer first-person shooter video games in which teams of terrorists battle to perpetrate an act of terror (bombing, hostage-taking, assassination) while counter-terrorists try to prevent it (bomb defusal, hostage rescue). The series began on Windows in 1999 with the release of the first game, "Counter-Strike". It was initially released as a modification ("mod") for "Half-Life" that was designed by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess "Cliffe" Cliffe before the rights to the mod's intellectual property were acquired by Valve, the developers of "Half-Life", who then turned "Counter-Strike" into a retail product.


Early life and education.

On March 25, 1876, Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois to a wealthy family. He showed early artistic talent and by age 11 he was taking art classes at Art Institute of Chicago. Clark's art education included training at the Académie Julian (1899). In addition he studied in the atelier of William Merritt Chase and Chase School of Art and Académie Carmen with James MacNeill Whistler.

Career.

Clark spent much of his early career working in Paris, France. Clark served in the United States Army as an aerial photographer during World War I. In the 1920s, Clark taught fine art at Occidental College, and by 1919 he was director of the Stickney Memorial Art School in Pasadena.  His memberships in arts organizations included the Pasadena Society of Artists and the California Art Club. His work was included in the Tonal Impressionism exhibition curated by Harry Muir Kurtzworth in 1937, along with the works of Frank Tenney Johnson, Frank Tolles Chamberlain, and Theodore Lukits which was held in the Los Angeles Art Association Gallery at the Los Angeles Public Library.

Murals.

In addition to landscape paintings, Alson Clark painted murals for the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles, and the fire curtain of the Pasadena Playhouse, depicting a Spanish galleon in full sail.  A group of murals completed in 1929 can still be seen at the former 1st Trust & Savings Bank at 587 East Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena, California. The murals consist of four panels standing approximately ten feet in height, each depicting a major southern California industry: oil drilling, citrus farming, the movies, and shipping.

Personal life.

In 1898, Clark traveled to France. In 1902, Clark returned to the United States. In 1920, Clark married Atta Medora McMullin (1881–1962). In 1920, Clark and his wife moved to the Arroyo Seco area in Pasadena, California.  On March 23, 1949, Clark died while painting in his studio in Pasadena, California. He was 72 years old. Clark is buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.

Alson Skinner Clark (March 25, 1876 – March 23, 1949) was an American Impressionist painter best remembered for his landscapes. Clark was also a photographer, "plein-aire" painter, art educator and muralist.


History.

The history of Carrara started in 1989 when a group of individuals founded Ray Dream, Inc., with the idea of creating graphic software for the new Macintosh computers with color displays. Two years later, the first version of their new 3D graphics program, which they named Ray Dream Studio, was released.  In the years that followed, Ray Dream Studio became a successful product having at one time over 200,000 users. In 1996, Ray Dream, Inc., was sold to Fractal Design Corporation (then the developer of Corel Painter and Poser). Fractal Design was in turn acquired by MetaTools (developer of Bryce and KPT) shortly thereafter. The combination of the two companies was given the new name MetaCreations. Around the same time, another 3D graphics program, named Infini-D, was acquired from Specular International. Now owning two 3D graphics programs, MetaCreations decided to merge Ray Dream and Infini-D into one application, giving it the new name Carrara.  MetaCreations released version 1.0 of Carrara with significant bugs. They soon released a patch for the code, then afterwards stopped support of the package. For a short period, the only way Carrara users could get the patch was through other internet sites or Carrara interest groups in different places on the web.  Around the year 2000, when MetaCreations was divesting itself of most of its products, it sold Carrara to a new company named Eovia, founded by former employee Antoine Clappier. Eovia developed Carrara for several versions, culminating with version 5 in 2005. That same year, Eovia shipped a new 3D modeling application, Hexagon.  Eovia made significant upgrades to Carrara, which included the Ray Dream physics engine, originally not licensed in the MetaCreations version of the code. Improvements included soft shadows, caustics, global illumination, and better atmosphere models.  In 2006, Daz 3D (developers of Daz Studio and a line of articulated 3D figures) acquired Eovia along with Carrara and Hexagon. Several former MetaCreations employees moved over to Daz and continued development on Carrara. Daz 3D added posable figures, models for hair, and animation tools. Daz 3D works in an "open development" environment, releasing early and turning to its users for bug reports and feature input.  In May 2010, the company released Carrara 8.0. It included the addition of the Bullet physics engine, with which Carrara can more realistically animate scenes involving collisions of multiple bodies or particles. Daz has also added models for soft-body dynamics, for better cloth and clothing animation.

Carrara is a full-featured 3D computer graphics application featuring figure posing and editing, as well as nature modeling, in addition to traditional modeling, animation, texturing and rendering. The software is also capable of dynamic hair and fur simulations, particle effects, soft body and rigid body dynamics. Carrara is now owned and developed by Daz 3D. Carrara is compatible with Poser and Daz Studio formats of 3D figures and props. It is further supported by a number of 3rd party plug-ins and add-ons.


Naval career.

He entered the navy in 1731, serving in HMS "York" under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh, HMS "Scarborough", and HMS "Oxford" before becoming a lieutenant in 1737. On 23 February 1738, he was sent to HMS "Chatham", again under Capt. Vanbrugh, where he served for two years. He was briefly transferred to HMS "Cumberland" in March 1740 before promotion to captain on 15 July 1740 aboard HMS "Rose".  He was promptly assigned to carry the newly appointed Governor of the Bahamas, John Tinker, to the islands, and remained in the Bahamas until 1746, fighting Spanish privateers and taking a number of prizes. He then returned home and was given command of HMS "Dragon" and sent to the West Indies. On 31 July 1755, he was given command of the Leeward Islands Station as a commodore, arriving aboard HMS "Winchester" in October. Able but stubborn and of a difficult temper, he was involved in quarrels with his predecessor, Thomas Pye, and the local authorities in Antigua. He was promoted rear admiral while there, but refusing to accede to the admiralty’s wish to control some of the patronage at his disposal (declaring in a letter to the secretary “I have friends of my own to provide for”) fell into immediate disfavour with his superiors. On 5 May 1757, he was replaced by Commodore John Moore, and returned to England in October, never to return to active duty. His promotions, however, continued in the usual manner as he gained seniority, culminating in the rank of Admiral of the White. During his stay in the West Indies he profiteered actively from slave trade.  He had entered Parliament for the family's borough of Thirsk in 1747, and held the seat until 1780, when he sought the governorship of Greenwich Hospital. Unsuccessful, he returned as member for Thirsk in April 1784, but died in November of that year. He had inherited the baronetcy from his older brother in 1768.  The Frankland Islands off Queensland were named after him.

Family.

He married Sarah Rhett (of South Carolina, d. 1808) in May 1743 and had a large number of children, of whom nine survived him:

Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 5th Baronet (26 June 1718 – 21 November 1784) was a British naval officer, MP and slave trader. He was the second son of Henry Frankland and Mary Cross. Frankland was born in the East Indies (probably India), his father being a member of the East India Company and briefly Governor of Bengal.


Early life.

Aisha was born in present day Kassala, close to the present-day border with Eritrea. Both her parents were immigrants to Sudan from Sokoto, Nigeria, having initially passed through the area as pilgrims and then later decided to settle there. Her mother, Hujra, belonged to the Hausa people, while her father, Musa Ahmad Yahiyya, was a "faqīh" (religious scholar) of Fulani origin. The oldest of seven children, Aisha was schooled at her father's "khalwa" (religious school) in Omdurman, where she learned to memorise and recite the Quran. Her later skill in singing has been attributed to her lessons in recitation.

Singing career and later life.

Aisha began to sing professionally at the age of fourteen, and soon achieved a degree of fame as a wedding singer. Her father disapproved of her activities, as female singers were stigmatised in Sudanese society at the time. He attempted to end her career by arranging her marriage, but she subsequently divorced her husband and continued working as a singer. Aisha's career only progressed in the late 1930s, when she was discovered by a representative of an Egyptian record company. She recorded several songs for the company in Cairo, and her music subsequently became popular in Sudanese coffeehouses. Her recordings were done under the name "Aisha al-Falatiya", a reference to her Fulani ancestry.  During World War II, Aisha worked as a troop entertainer, singing for Sudanese soldiers active in the East African and North African Campaigns. In 1942, she became the first female Sudanese singer to perform on radio, singing a selection of her songs for Omdurman Radio (established by the British the previous year). She performed alongside her sister, Jidawwiya, who played the oud and had her own orchestra. The sisters' performance was well-received by the station's listeners, but was condemned by conservative commentators, and several male singers subsequently boycotted the station in protest. At one point, the enduring hostility she faced (both due to her gender and her ethnicity) led her to contemplate moving to Nigeria.  Aisha's continued popularity eventually legitimised the presence of women on public radio, and in her later years she even performed duets with male singers. In total, she recorded over 150 songs during her career, mainly for Omdurman Radio, and remained active into the 1960s. She was best known for her love songs (referred to as "tom-tom" songs, and generally written by male poets), but some of her music was political in nature, and she was known as an advocate of women's rights, workers' rights, anti-colonialism, and Sudanese independence. Aisha lived in Omdurman until her death in 1974, but was also a frequent visitor to Egypt. She was married twice in her life: She got divorced from her first husband, Ibrahim Adbarawi, after two years without having a child. Subsequently, she married Jiddu Kabli with whom she had all her children.

Aisha Musa Ahmad (, b. 1905 – 24 February 1974), better known as Aisha al-Falatiya (also transliterated as Aisha El Falatia (), was a Sudanese singer. Her early career was hindered by prejudice against female performers, but in 1942 she became the first woman to sing on Sudanese radio. Aisha's career continued into the 1960s, and she recorded over 150 songs in total, achieving popularity in both Sudan and Egypt.


Life.

Du Bois was the youngest son of Hendrick Du Bois, and his wife Helena Leonora Sieveri. Born at Antwerp, the family lived in Rotterdam by 1643, where Hendrick was described as a painter and dealer in works of art and where he died in 1647.  From 1646 to 1653 Dubois lived in Haarlem, where he was a pupil of Van Berchem and Wouwermans, and took to painting horses and cattle pictures. In 1653 he traveled with his 13-year older brother Eduard (1619-1696). Here Simon began his career as a painter of small battle-pieces in the Italian fashion. In 1657 he was active in Venice, in 1661 he was back in Rotterdam, but in 1667 he was paid for a portrait he painted in Rome of Alexander VII. He gained a great reputation for his works in this style, and so nearly approached the manner of the great masters then in vogue, that he was able to sell many of his pictures as their works, excusing himself on the ground that, if he put his own name to them, their merit would never be recognised. He had a curious neat way of finishing his figures, which he also employed in portrait-painting; according to Vertue he was induced to turn his hand to this by the advice of a lady friend.  He came to England in 1680, and was fortunate in securing the patronage and friendship of Lord-chancellor Somers, who sat to him for his portrait and paid him liberally. James Elsum wrote an epigram on this portrait of the lord chancellor. Du Bois lived in Covent Garden with his brother, and had plenty of practice, amassing considerable sums of money, which they hoarded together. Late in life, and after his brother's death, about 1707, he married Sarah, daughter of William Van de Velde the younger, but only survived a year, dying in May 1708.  In his will, among legacies to his wife and relations, he left to Lord Somers "my father's and mother's pictures drawn by Van Dyke, and my case of books and the books therein"; and further to his wife "the copper-plates of my father and mother, and the prints printed from the same". These portraits by Vandyck were noted by Gustav Waagen as being in the collection of the Earl of Hardwicke at Wimpole Hall, and were engraved by Cornelis Visscher.

Works.

Among the portraits painted by Du Bois in England were those of Archbishop Tenison, at Lambeth Palace; John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, at Knole Park; Lord Berkeley of Stratton; William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (engraved in mezzotint by Robert Williams, and in line by Jacobus Houbraken); Adrian Beverland (engraved in mezzotint by Isaac Beckett); four portraits of Sir Richard Head, bart., his wife and family (destroyed by A fire at the Pantechnicon in 1874) and others. His widow remarried a Mr. Burgess. Vertue mentions various portraits of Du Bois himself.

Family.

His elder brother, Edward Dubois (December 1619, Antwerp – October 1696, London), was also a painter. He was a "history and landskip painter", according to Vertue, born at Antwerp, and "disciple to one Groenwegen, a landskip painter likewise". He travelled with his brother from Haarlem to Italy, and remained there for 27 years. He also worked some time in Paris, and on his way to Italy executed some works for Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy.  In 1680, he came to London, presumably with his brother, and lived with Simon in Covent Garden, where he died at the age of 76. His name appears as publisher on Visscher's prints of the portraits of his parents mentioned above.

Simon Du Bois or Dubois (baptized 26 July 1632, Antwerp – buried 26 May 1706, London) ), was a portrait painter, of Flemish or Dutch origin, active in England from 1685 until his death.