Life and career.

Frank Chin was born in Berkeley, California on February 25, 1940; until the age of six, he remained under the care of a retired vaudeville couple in Placerville, California. At that time, his mother brought him back to the San Francisco Bay Area and thereafter Chin grew up in Oakland Chinatown. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, and graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1965. According to Chin, who had returned from a sabbatical working as the first Chinese brakeman for the Southern Pacific railroad, he intimidated a dean into graduating him with a bachelor's degree in English: "[I said] 'I want a decision by Friday' and he said, 'Well, I'm a very busy man,' and I said, 'You're a working stiff like me - you have a decision Friday and I don't care what it is. Either I've graduated or I haven't graduated because I have to get back to work.' Friday, I walked by the office and the secretary jumps up and says: 'You've graduated!' I said, 'That's all I want to know'."  Early in his career, Chin worked as a story editor and scriptwriter on Sesame Street and as a reporter for KING-TV in Seattle.  Chin is considered to be one of the pioneers of Asian-American theatre. He founded the Asian American Theater Workshop, which later became the Asian American Theater Company in 1973. He first gained notoriety as a playwright in the 1970s. His play "The Chickencoop Chinaman" was the first by an Asian American to be produced on a major New York stage. As an author, Chin has won three American Book Awards: the first in 1982 for his plays "The Chickencoop Chinaman" and "The Year of the Dragon", the second in 1989 for a collection of short stories entitled "The Chinaman Pacific and Frisco R.R. Co.", and the third in 2000 for lifetime achievement.  Stereotypes of Asian Americans and traditional Chinese folklore are common themes in much of his work. Many of his works revolve around criticism of the racism in the United States. Frank Chin has accused other Asian American writers, particularly Maxine Hong Kingston, of furthering such stereotypes and misrepresenting the traditional stories. Chin also has been highly critical of American writer Amy Tan for her telling of Chinese-American stories, indicating that her body of work has furthered and reinforced stereotypical views of this group. On a radio program, Chin has also debated the scholar Yunte Huang regarding the latter's evaluation of Charlie Chan in his writing. This discussion was later evaluated on the activist blog "Big WOWO."  In addition to his work as an author and playwright, Frank Chin has also worked extensively with Japanese American resisters of the draft in WWII. His novel, "Born in the U.S.A.", is dedicated to this subject. Chin was one of several writers (Jeffery Paul Chan, Lawson Fusao Inada, and Shawn Wong of CARP, Combined Asian American Resources Project) who worked to republish John Okada's novel "No-No Boy" in the 1970s; Chin contributed an afterword which can be found in every reprinting of the novel. Chin has appeared in Jeff Adachi's "The Slanted Screen", a 2006 documentary film about stereotypical depictions of Asian males in American cinema. Chin was also an instrumental organizer for the first Day of Remembrance.  Chin is also a musician. In the mid-1960s, he taught Robbie Krieger, a member of The Doors, how to play the flamenco guitar. After a stroke in 1990, he lost his ability to play the guitar and, temporarily, to laugh. Chin was married for five years to Kathy Chang in the 1970s. Kathleen Chang (October 10, 1950 – October 22, 1996), was better known by her performance name Kathy Change. She was a Sino-American political activist, writer, and performance artist.

Movies.

"The Year of the Dragon" was an adaptation of Chin's play of the same name. Starring George Takei, the film was televised in 1975 as part of the PBS Great Performances series.  As an actor, Chin, appeared as an extra in the riot scene of the made-for-TV movie adaptation of "Farewell to Manzanar". Chin was one of several Asian American writers who appeared in the movie; Shawn Wong and Lawson Fusao Inada, who, like Chin were co-editors of the anthology "Aiiieeeee!", also acted in the riot scene.

Documentaries.

"What's Wrong with Frank Chin" is a 2005 biographical documentary, directed by Curtis Choy, about Chin's life.  Frank Chin was interviewed in the documentary "The Slanted Screen" (2006), directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian American men in Hollywood.  Chin wrote the script for the 1967 documentary "And Still Champion! The Story of Archie Moore". Chin's script was narrated by actor Jack Palance. Some of Chin's experiences would be worked into his first play, in which the protagonist is making a documentary about a boxer.  Chin researched and hosted "Chinaman's Chance" (1972) an Ene Riisna directed documentary focusing on the conditions of Chinatown communities in America. Interview subjects included Roland Winters, Betty Lee Sung, and Ben Fee.  Chin also directed a documentary short in 1972, "The Last Temple" about the Taoist temple in Hanford, California, which dates back to 1893, and the effort to preserve and restore it.  Theatre Communications Group produced the "Legacy Leaders of Color Video Project", a series highlighting influential figures in the American minority theaters. Set to be released in 2017, one of the episodes focuses on Frank Chin, his time with the Asian American Theater Company, and Chin's influence.  In 2019, "It Takes a Lunatic" a Netflix distributed documentary about Wynn Handman was released. Handman had produced Chin's two plays at the American Place Theatre, and Chin was one of the interview subjects.  "Be Water" a 2020 episode of the ESPN documentary series 30 for 30 about Bruce Lee featured archival footage of Chin.

Frank Chin (born February 25, 1940) is an American author and playwright. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Asian-American theatre.


History.

The present chapel, which replaced a smaller previous building, was probably built between 1682 and 1683 according to plans by Thomas Gampfer or "Camper". Local official Johann Simon Rosinus was responsible for the construction supervision.  The patrons for the chapel's construction were the barons Carl Caspar and Damian Adolph von der Leyen, who had moved their residence from Blieskastel to Koblenz a few years earlier. According to the dedication inscription, the church was to serve "(f)or the increased sewing of Christian-Catholic thought amongst the subjects." The chapel had a relic of the True Cross that generated many pilgrimages and which also became the namesake of the chapel. Long before the arrival of the “Arrow Madonna” from the Gräfinthal monastery, the Holy Cross Chapel was a regionally important pilgrimage site. The priest and royal visitator Carl Desiderius de Royer, reorganizer of Catholic life in the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrucken, published a booklet on this pilgrimage in 1692.  In the course of the French Revolution, the church was desecrated in 1793 and pilgrimages came to a standstill. The new revolutionary owners temporarily used it as a guard room and powder magazine. Ultimately, the chapel was reconsecrated in 1804, and regular services resumed. A quarter century later in 1829, the famous votive picture "Our Lady with the Arrows" arrived at the chapel from the Gräfinthal monastery. Pilgrimage to the chapel was revived in 1913 - this time with a focus on the votive image of the Madonna. Since that time, the little church has been one of the most famous pilgrimage sites in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer.  The first restoration of the chapel was carried out in 1958, which led to the discovery of a ribbed vault that was fully uncovered and painted in its original colors from 1965–66. The chapel roof was restored in 2008–09, however, further building work was urgently required.  Meanwhile, the Capuchins, who worked here until 2005, have been replaced by Franciscans who are tenants in the monastery complex after founding a monastery foundation. The Catholic Cross Chapel Association, a recognized non-profit founded in December 2007, is responsible for maintaining the building's condition.  The interior renovation of the chapel began on May 16, 2013. The chapel was ceremoniously reopened by the auxiliary bishop Otto Georgens of Speyer on December 1, 2013.

Church organ.

In a corner next to the chapel's entrance is an organ built in 1972 by the organ maker firm Hugo Mayer (Heusweiler). The instrument has 5 registers and a free-standing organ console.

The Holy Cross Chapel (German: "Heilig-Kreuz-Kapelle") also known as the "Gnadenkapelle" is located on the Han ("Hain") above Blieskastel in Saarland. As a place of pilgrimage, it belongs to the Blieskastel Monastery, built in 1929, and is visited by around 80,000 pilgrims annually. The chapel was built as a place of veneration for a relic of the True Cross, but today it is closely related to the 14th century Pietà "Our Lady with the Arrows". In the list of monuments of the Saarland, the chapel is listed as an individual monument within the ensemble of the monastery complex "Auf dem Han".


β-1.6D<br>.

The 1.6-liter Hyundai G4GR (β-1.6D) engine was assembled from 1995 to 2001 at the Ulsan plant. Unlike other representatives of the Beta series, this engine did not receive the second generation and was replaced by the power unit Alpha II. In a number of markets, a deferred version of 90 hp was sold.  The β-1.6D (Engine code: G4GR) is an in-line, spark-ignition 4-stroke, dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) 16 valve engine and had two (2) variants depending on the vehicle's sub-model. There was a Beta I G4GR version for the GL sub-models (Europe Germany market) with an advertised power of 66 kW/ 89 hp/ 90 PS (ECE) and 126 Nm/ 93 lb-ft of torque and the Beta I G4GR version for the GLSi and LSi sub-models ("") advertised power of 84 kW/113 hp/114 PS (ECE) with 143 Nm / 105 lb-ft of torque.  SPECIFICATIONS:  Cylinder bore: 77.40 mm/ 3.051 in Stroke: 85.00 mm/ 3.346 in Engine Displacement: 1599 cm3 / 97.9 cui Compression Ratio: 9.85 Firing Order: 1-3-4-2Idle RPM: 800°± 100 Ignition Timing at idling speed: BTDC 7°± 5°/800 rpm "(Limit: BTDC 10°± 5°/800 rpm"'  PISTON  VALVE GUIDE  Installed dimension O.D. (Intake): 14 mm (0.551 in.) Installed dimension O.D. (Exhaust): 14 mm (0.551 in.) Service size: 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 mm (0.002, 0.010, 0.020 in.) oversize  The 2nd generation Elantra (J2) and 1997-2000 Hyundai Coupe-I (RD) were equipped with Beta I G4GR engine and were distributed primarily within the European, Russian, Middle East and parts of Asian General Market. The vehicles sold in this market were equipped with an Adjusting Potentiometer, idle mixture  All models except the Hyundai Coupe-I equipped with the Beta-I G4GR DOHC did not include a Mass Air Flow (Air Mass) sensor which can be purchased separately.  For aftermarket barometric pressure (MAP) sensor installation, an integrated Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) and the Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor is available.  The Beta-I series G4GR engine was equipped on the following vehicles listed below:  The Beta-I series G4GR engine was equipped on the following vehicles listed below:  Hyundai Coupe-I (RD) 1.6 16v from 03-

β-1.8D<br>.

The 1.8-liter Hyundai G4GM engine (β-1.8D) was manufactured from 1995 to 2003 at the Ulsan enterprise and was put on several popular models of the Korean concern, for example the Elantra and Coupe. The motor was assembled for eight years and after it was replaced with a similar in volume unit of the Beta II series.  SPECIFICATIONS:  Cylinder bore: 82 mm (3.228 in.) Stroke: 85 mm (3.346 in.) Engine Displacement: 1795cc (109.54 cu.in.)Compression Ratio: 10.0

β-2.0D<br>.

The 2.0-liter Hyundai G4GF engine was assembled from 1996 to 2001 at an enterprise in Ulsan and was put on two models of the concern: Elantra, as well as the Coupe. The motor was produced only five years and after it gave way to the power unit of the Beta II series, which became a real bestseller.  The G4GF (also called the 2.0 D) is the 2.0L (1975cc) version, having debuted in 1997 as the uplevel engine for the original Hyundai Tiburon. It shares the 82 mm bore of the 1.8 but is stroked to 93.5 mm. It has a cast iron engine block and aluminum DOHC cylinder head. It uses MFI fuel injection, has four valves per cylinder and features powdered cast steel connecting rods. OPA Output is 140 hp (102 kW) at 6000 rpm and

β-1.8D<br>.

The 1.8-liter Hyundai G4GB engine was manufactured from 2000 to 2010 in Korean Ulsan and was put on such popular models of the concern as Elantra, Cerato and Matrix. The motor belonged to the Beta II series therefore had an upgraded design relative to its predecessors.

β-2.0D<br>.

The 2.0-liter Hyundai β-2.0D engine was produced from 2001 to 2012 at the company in Ulsan and was put on numerous popular models of the concern, such as Elantra, Sonata and Tucson. The power unit belonged to the β-2.0D (Beta II) series and since 2003 it was equipped with a phase regulator at the inlet.  The β-2.0D engine is equipped with the CVVT timing system. The engine is reliable and unpretentious, has a high resource of more than 300 thousand km. The β-2.0D is the oldest model of the 2nd generation β-series (Beta II) family.  Four-stroke, four-cylinder petrol with electronic control system of fuel injection and ignition, with in-line arrangement of cylinders and pistons rotating one common crankshaft, with the top arrangement of two camshafts (with the CVVT system). The engine has a closed-type liquid cooling system with forced circulation. The lubrication system is combined: under pressure and spraying.  The head of the block of cylinders' "β-2.0D "' is made of an aluminum alloy. The drive of the camshafts is carried out by a toothed belt. The belt itself drives only the exhaust camshaft and the intake camshaft is driven from the exhaust by means of a chain, it is in the rear of the cylinder head as is the mechanism for changing the valve timing. On the engine there are no hydraulic compensators, adjustment of backlashes of valves is required at run in 90 thousand in km.  During 2001-2002, the new β-2.0D engine made its debut in models such as the XD Elantra and GK Tiburon. Output is 138 hp (102 kW) at 6000 rpm with of torque at 4500 rpm. It has a cast iron engine block and aluminum DOHC cylinder heads. The latest version of the 2.0L Beta engine (G4GC) features CVVT, which exists only on the intake side, a first for Hyundai/Kia. The following changes were noted.  In 2008 the Beta II was modified to produce and of torque.

The Hyundai β-series engines are 1.6 L to 2.0 L straight-4 built in Ulsan, South Korea. All β-series engines are dual overhead camshaft valvetrain (DOHC) design. The β-series engine uses a direct-acting overhead cam valvetrain arrangement which places the camshaft in the cylinder head above the pistons and combustion chamber and operates the valve tappets/lifters directly.


History.

Ashley Laminates was founded in 1955 by Peter Pellandine and Keith Waddington. The name "Ashley" was chosen as it was the name of Peter Pellandine's house in Woodford Green. They designed and built their first car using GRP for the bodyshell. The two set up a small factory in a garage next to the Robin Hood Inn at Loughton, Essex to produce shells. The garage has now made way for the pub car park.  In late 1956 Pellandine left the company to found Falcon Shells, another specials company. Pellandine took with him the rights and tooling to manufacture the short-wheelbase bodyshell for the Ashley 750 and the Sports Racer which he continued in production as the Falcon Mark 1 and Mark 2 respectively.  In 1958, to increase manufacturing space, Ashley Laminates moved to the Potteries in Upshire, whilst retaining the Loughton premises as a showroom. He also introduced a new bodyshell, the 1172, and the Regent chassis. 1960 saw the introduction of the Sportiva.  In 1961 the company moved again, this time to Bush Fair, Harlow, but the following year production of body shells ceased when the specials market waned, due to a change in Sales Tax rules. The company, however, continued to manufacture GRP hardtops and bonnets for sports cars.  Adverts from 1963 onwards indicate that the company changed names to Ashley Auto Improvements and moved, this time to Bishops Stortford in Hertfordshire. Although Keith Waddington died in the mid-1960s, the company continued until 1972. The Ashley range of bodyparts has been re introduced in 2010 by Moto-Build Racing in Sutton in Surrey and whilst at present it focuses mainly on the MG Midget and Austin Healey Sprite there are moulds in progress for the Triumph Spitfire Mk1, 2 and 3, there is a website dedicated to this at www.ashleygt.co.uk

Models.

Ashley 750.

Based on the short-wheelbase (6-foot 3 inch) Austin Seven chassis, with its 747 cc engine (hence the model name). Later a long-wheelbase (6-foot 9 inch) version was offered. The price of both was the same: £78 for the shell and £25 for the hard top. The early hardtops had gull wing doors but it is believed that none have survived. When Pellandine left, he took the rights to build the short-wheelbase version, while Ashley just manufactured the long version.

Ashley Sports Racer.

Introduced shortly after the 750 for £90, it was made to accommodate wheelbases from to As the name suggests the shell was primarily designed for track rather than everyday road use and could be mated to an Elva chassis. A number of contemporary racing cars used it.

Ashley 1172.

Launched in August 1958, it was initially a roadster with a detachable hard top, to fit the Ford 8 and 10hp chassis of wheelbase with the Ford Sidevalve engine. It had a displacement of 1172 cc from which the model took its name. The Regent chassis was advertised as an alternative underpinning for the shell. Early in 1959 a fixed head coupe was offered whilst from January 1960 the 1172 was also available to fit the Prefect ladder frame. The roadster shells retailed for £105 and the coupes for £160. The rights to the 1172 body were acquired by Yitzhak Shubinsky of the Israeli Autocars Co. and modified, becoming both the Autocar Sabra and in a manufacturing agreement with Reliant, the Reliant Sabre.

Ashley Sportiva.

Debuting in November 1960, it was initially an 1172 with revised front styling. It was made available as a bodyshell or with an Ashley chassis. It could be had as a drophead or a fixed head coupe with two or four seats. Later Sportiva's had a revised rear with boot lid and a longer wheelbase of eight feet to accommodate the new Mark 6 chassis. The fixed head coupe bodyshell retailed for £182.

Ashley Sportiva Morgan +4 Coupe.

Debuting at the 1962 Geneva Motor Show this Morgan +4 fitted with an Ashley Sportiva body-shell never went into production.

Ashley were manufacturer of body shells and chassis for specials from 1955 to 1962. They also offered a range of products for special builders: radiators, header tanks, lighting sets, steel tubing, sheet aluminium, various suspension parts, water pumps, tires, tubes and wheels. The company also made bonnets and hardtops for other mass-produced sports cars, including the Austin-Healey Sprite and Jaguar E-Type.


Early life.

As a young man in 1568, he arrived in Peru at the side of the new viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa, as captain of the guard. In 1572, during the military expedition against Túpac Amaru- the last descendant of the Incas resisting foreign domination - Oñez de Loyola lead a brilliant action of an advance column which fell upon the camp of the Inca and captured him.  For this great feat, he gained the rank of "corregidor" in a number of Peruvian towns, entitling him to their goods and labor. He was also rewarded with a wife, Beatriz Clara Coya, daughter of Inca ruler Sayri Túpac and niece of Túpac Amaru.  With these recommendations, the king named him governor of the Río de la Plata and Paraguay in 1592. However, just before he assumed the position, Philip II designated him Royal Governor of Chile, as he was considered the officer most apt to finish the Arauco War.

Governor of Chile.

Óñez de Loyola arrived in Chile on September 23, 1592. He was determined to pacify the Arauco. To further this end he immediately set out for Concepción at the head of 110 troops which he had met at the capital. However, he realized that with such scarce resources he would not be able to achieve his objective and he requested reinforcements from Peru.  However, the appearance of the British pirate Richard Hawkins alarmed the authorities in Peru and their reinforcements were recalled for the defense of Peru itself. Hawkins also attacked Chile during his campaigns, assaulting Valparaiso, for example where he captured a ship. Because of the limited capacity of his ship, he only took things he needed and let the captured sailors go free.  The governor did not receive the requested soldiers, but members of the Jesuit and Augustinian orders did arrive. The first would have great importance for later events in the colonization of Chile, until they were eventually expelled.  The governor decided that he could not wait any longer and in 1594 he began a campaign to the south with the small contingent that he had assembled. He founded a fort at Santa Cruz de Óñez in May 1594, near the confluence of the Bio-Bio and Laja Rivers in Catiray, where gold mines were located on the Rele River. The fort was elevated to the rank of city in 1595 giving it the name of Santa Cruz de Coya.  Three years later a group of 140 reinforcements arrived, but they were not enough. The lack of reinforcements was not the fault of the viceroy — who offered generous inducements to join the army — but rather the name of Chile, which had become so stained by the interminable conflict that no one wanted to risk their lives going to such a hell.

Death.

The governor was in La Imperial when news arrived that the Mapuches had renewed their attacks against Angol. In order to reinforce this point, he set out with 50 men on December 21, 1598. On the second day of the march they arrived at a place called "Curallaba" or "Curalava" (the broken rock), on the banks of the Lumaco River, where they rested without taking any precautions against attack. On the nights of the 23rd and 24th the natives approached the camp, and with shouts and the sounds of horns they attacked the Spanish.  Oñez de Loyola and a pair of soldiers at his side fought very valiantly, but finally succumbed to the spears of the natives. In the melee almost all the Spaniards died, save a cleric named Bartolomé Pérez, who was taken prisoner, and a soldier named Bernardo de Pereda, who received 23 wounds on his body and was left for dead but improbably survived.  The Mapuches then initiated a general uprising which destroyed all the cities in their homeland south of the Biobío River. They kept the head of Oñez de Loyola, giving it back years later to the governor Alonso García de Ramón.

Don Martín García Óñez de Loyola (1549 in Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa – December 24, 1598 at Curalaba) was a Spanish Basque soldier and Royal Governor of the Captaincy General of Chile. According to Diego Barros Arana it is likely that Ignatius of Loyola was his uncle.


M278 (base).

The basic M278 has a displacement of with a bore and stroke of. Output is at 5,250 rpm with of torque at 1,800-3,500 rpm for S-Class, CL-Class, SL-Class, and GL-Class models. CLS-Class, E-Class, and M-Class models are detuned to with of torque at 1,600 rpm. Although it no longer corresponds with the engine displacement, all of the above models are still badged as "550". The GL-Class, besides the GL550 above, also features the GL450 trim that carries a detuned version of the 4.6 L engine making and  For 2014 S-Class models (chassis code W222), power is increased to at 5,250 rpm, while torque remains at between 1,800-3,500 rpm..  These engines are mated to the 7G-Tronic 7-speed automatic transmission, and the new 9G-Tronic 9-speed automatic transmission.  Applications:

M157.

The second variant, designated M157, is tuned by Mercedes-AMG for use in higher-performance models. This version has a displacement of with a bore and stroke of. Increased power and torque comes from the increased displacement as well as higher boost pressure of.  There are six states of output with the M157. For the S-Class and CL-Class, power is at 5,500 rpm with of torque at 2,000-4,500 rpm, or at 5,500 rpm with of torque at 2,500-3,750 rpm with the optional AMG Performance Package. For the 2013-15 SL-Class, power is or with the optional AMG Performance Package. For the 2012-2013 E-Class and CLS-Class, power is with of torque in standard tune, or with of torque with the AMG Performance Package. Beginning with the 2014 E-Class and CLS-Class, power increases to of torque for standard tune, or with of torque for "S-Model" variants.  These engines are mated to the AMG Speedshift MCT 7-speed semi-automatic transmission, which replaces the 7G-Tronic's torque converter with a wet clutch pack. Note that this MCT 7-speed can handle considerably more torque and is not the same unit as the dual-clutch transmission found on the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG.  Applications:  The M157 engine will replace the previous M156 in most of the AMG lineup. Despite the 5.5–litre displacement, all models are designated "63" for marketing purposes.

M152.

The third variant, designated M152, is a naturally aspirated derivative of the M157 engine, sharing the same displacement, direct injection, and many other features. The M152 engine includes a cylinder deactivation variable displacement system for improved fuel economy (up to 30 percent better than the M113 E55 engine used in the previous model). Output is at 6,800 rpm, with of torque at 4,500 rpm.  Applications

Production.

Honeywell Turbo Technologies produced the turbochargers used in Mercedes Benz 4.7 L biturbo V8 engines from the S-Class and CL-Class vehicles.

The Mercedes-Benz M278 is a family of direct injected, Twin-turbocharged, V8 gasoline automotive piston engines. The M278 is derived from the company's previous M273 V8 engine, sharing its bore pitch, aluminium engine block, and Silitec aluminium/silicon low-friction cylinder liners. In contrast to the port-injected M273, the M278 features gasoline direct injection, with piezo-electrically actuated fuel injectors for more precise fuel delivery, and multi-spark ignition, which enables the spark plugs to be fired multiple times over the combustion sequence for more efficient combustion. Other changes relative to the M273 include an increased adjustment range for the variable valve timing system, a new timing chain arrangement, and new engine accessories (such as the oil pump, water pump, fuel pump, and alternator) which reduce parasitic loads. Many of these new features are shared with the M276 V6 engine family, which was announced at the same time.


Overview.

The long-running series, set in Earth's distant future, tracked the adventures of a group of fighters for truth and justice, known as The Video Rangers. They were led by Captain Video (no first name ever was mentioned). The Video Rangers operated from a secret base on a mountaintop whose location was unspecified. Their uniforms resembled U.S. Army surplus with lightning bolts sewn on. Captain Video had a teenage companion known only as The Video Ranger. The Captain received his orders from "The Commissioner of Public Safety" (surname Carey), whose responsibilities took in the entire solar system as well as human colonies on planets around other stars.  Captain Video was the first adventure hero explicitly designed by DuMont's "idea man" Larry Menkin for early live television. One of its most iconic episodes, widely written about in metropolitan New York newspapers, was titled "I TOBOR". The robot was an important recurring character, and represented the first appearance of a robot in live televised science fiction. Its original manufacturer's name was "ROBOT I", but the stencil with its name inadvertently was applied backward, thus creating the enigmatic name. The robot was played by actor David Ballard, who stood 7 feet, 6 inches tall.  Other villains included Doctor Pauli, the "wily Oriental" Hing Foo Sung, and Nargola, played by neophyte actor Ernest Borgnine before he went on to become a major stage and Oscar-winning ("Marty") film actor. Researcher Don Glut estimated that, in all, about 300 villains appeared on the show at one time or another.  "Captain Video" was broadcast live five to six days a week, and was popular with children and adults. It earned a special mention in the first episode, "TV or Not TV", of the phenomenally popular Jackie Gleason sitcom series "The Honeymooners" in which the character Ed Norton wore a space helmet while watching the show.  Because of the large adult audience, the usual network broadcast time of the daily "Captain Video" series was 7 to 7:30 p.m. EST, leading off the "prime evening" time block and giving parents a chance to get home from work before the show began. For its last two seasons, the show still aired at 7 p.m. ET, but was reduced to 15-minute segments.  Despite its popularity, throughout its run the production was hampered by a very low budget. Until 1953, Captain Video's live adventures occupied only 20 minutes of each day's 30-minute program time. To fill out the rest and save money, about 10 minutes into each episode a "Video Ranger communications officer" popped in to show about seven minutes of old cowboy movies described by the otherwise-extraneous officer "Ranger Rogers" as the adventures of Captain Video's "undercover agents" on Earth. No explanation ever was offered to viewers as to why these paddings were used.  In reality, the reason was that the Westerns originally had been purchased by the DuMont channel/network to be shown in their entirety, and hosted by Captain Video, but the format was flip-flopped to become a show about Captain Video occasionally interrupted by clips from the old Westerns. Despite the incongruity of mixing the two genres, it was done so the cash-strapped channel would not waste the money spent acquiring the broadcast rights to the Westerns.  A spinoff series, "The Secret Files of Captain Video", aired on Saturdays from September 5, 1953, to May 29, 1954, alternating with "Tom Corbett, Space Cadet". Each of the 20 half-hour episodes told a complete story.  Jim Caddigan, DuMont program director, reportedly came up with the series after watching the "Captain Marvel" movie serial, and told his writers to come up with a Captain Marvel-type character of their own. The stories originally were Earth-bound, mostly taking place in Captain Video's headquarters due to budgetary restrictions. However, when the "Buck Rogers" TV show was announced by ABC, DuMont moved Captain Video's adventures out into space to compete. Little did they know the "Buck Rogers" show would be cancelled within a few months.  In early episodes, Captain Video's opponent was Doctor Pauli (played by Hal Conklin, a writer-actor best known for making dozens of short films in the 1920s and '30s). The Doctor Pauli character was an inventor who wore gangster-style pinstriped suits, and spoke with the snarl of a movie Nazi or Soviet. Like the last few theatrical serials, the television series' plots often involved inventions created by Captain Video or the evil genius, but obviously made from hardware store odds-and-ends with much double-talk regarding their fantastic properties.  The series originally was broadcast from a studio in a building occupied by the New York branch of the famous Philadelphia department store Wanamaker's, and the production crew simply would go downstairs for props, often just a few minutes before airtime. Originally, only three Rangers were seen on camera – The Video Ranger, Ranger Rogers the communications officer, and Ranger Gallagher. (They also were the only Rangers seen in the 1951 film serial version of the series.) As the budget increased, a larger roster of Rangers briefly was seen on TV. According to Variety, the female lead was played by Norma Lee Clark.  Captain Video eventually had the use of three spaceships. In the first ship, the X-9 (later replaced briefly by the X-10), the crew at takeoff lay upon tilted bunk beds on their elbows, a posture based upon space travel theories of the time. Later, the V-2 rocket-like ship named "Galaxy" had an aircraft-style cockpit with reclining seats. The Captain's final spacecraft, after early 1953, was the "Galaxy II".  The other space adventure series of the period were "Tom Corbett, Space Cadet" (initially CBS, then ABC, then DuMont), also broadcast live from New York City, and "Space Patrol" (ABC), broadcast live from Los Angeles. There were some plot similarities among the three. At times, for example, "Space Patrol" seemed to be doing a West Coast recreation of Captain Video's latest adventure.  Al Hodge, who had portrayed the role of Britt Reid, the Green Hornet, on radio, is the Captain Video most original viewers of the series remember (1950–1955) even though the original Captain Video was played by Richard Coogan, who played the role for 17 months. Conversely, The Video Ranger was played during the entire run of then show by teenaged Don Hastings, who later became a longtime soap opera star on "As the World Turns".  During commercial breaks, DuMont aired special "Video Ranger messages". They ranged from public service spots on morality and civics to advertisements for Video Ranger merchandise. These messages consisted of a still title card reading "VIDEO RANGER Message" with the announcer reading the message in a voice-over, allowing sets to be reconfigured for the next scene while the message was read.  Many premiums were offered by sponsors of the show, including space helmets – which received a boost when, as aforementioned, actor Art Carney's Ed Norton character wore one on an episode of "The Honeymooners", secret code guns, flying saucer rings, decoder badges, photo-printing rings, and Viking rockets complete with launchers. A clip of in-show advertising can be seen on YouTube.

Production.

Even for its time, when early television productions often were thrown-together affairs, the quality of the show often is considered crude or low-budget, owing much to the fact that the show was done live and DuMont had a meager budget to work with. A laudatory review by comic author Dave Barry referenced the "Captain Video Rocket Ring", a promotional tie-in piece of merchandise distributed via Power House candy bars, saying that the ring "seemed to have a higher production value than the actual TV show."  In the early days of the series, the show featured often incoherent scripts, along with jarring plot shifts to old cowboy movies. This led to derision of the show by the critics of the day, although it always was wildly popular with kids and many adults. This improved after 1952 when scripts began being written by such major science fiction writers active at the time as Damon Knight, James Blish, Jack Vance, and Arthur C. Clarke. These late scripts displayed more intelligence, discipline and imagination than most of the other children's sci-fi series scripts of the era. Other well-known authors who occasionally wrote for the program included Isaac Asimov, Cyril M. Kornbluth, Milt Lesser, Walter M. Miller, Jr., Robert Sheckley, J. T. McIntosh, and Robert S. Richardson. One of the more prolific writers for the show was Maurice C. Brachhausen—who wrote under the name M.C. Brock, and later had his own production company, Brock Video Productions.  Throughout the run of the series, it had a meager budget despite its success with the general public. In fact, according to most records, the show's "prop budget" was a miserly $25 per week, supplemented by items borrowed from nearby sporting goods shops, as cited by Al Hodge in a radio interview on National Public Radio (better citation needed - this is based on my hearing the interview). Few special effects were evident until the team of Russell and Haberstroh was hired in September 1952. For the rest of the program's episodes, they provided effective model and effects work, prefilmed in 16 mm format and cut into the live broadcast as needed.  In the book "The Box", an oral history of early television, cast members told author Jeff Kisseloff of miscues during the live programs, some forcing actors to turn away from the camera lest they be seen laughing.  The show's theme song was Richard Wagner's "Overture to "The Flying Dutchman"". Captain Video's "mountaintop headquarters" was a drawing on a 4 X 4' piece of cardboard on an easel. The "Opticon Scillometer" gadget was made out of a car muffler, a mirror, a spark plug, and an ashtray. The interior of Captain Video's spaceship, the Galaxy, was made entirely of cardboard with the instruments and dials painted onto the cardboard.  As a result of there being so few surviving episodes, it is not clear what time period the series is set in, if it can be set in any concrete time frame at all. The Fawcett comic adventures are supposed to take place during the time of publication, in 1951. However, the stories in the surviving kinescopes could take place in 1950, as when Dr. Pauli plots to rob a bank in Shanghai, or centuries into the future, as when Captain Video seeks to establish a reliable mail service for far-flung interstellar (or at least interplanetary) colonies (depicted in a surviving episode generally called "Chauncey Everett") or struggles to prevent the many space stations circling Pluto from being destroyed by an approaching comet. Later episodes' television listings seem to indicate that Captain Video and other characters on the show were indeed capable of routine interstellar travel.  The actors were paid so little they actually made more money from appearing in character at supermarket openings, county fairs and the like than they did from their salaries. The original star Richard Coogan left the show in 1950 partially because the show's producers refused to cut in the cast members for a percentage of the licensing dollars from the sale of Captain Video merchandise. Bram Nossen, who played Dr. Pauli, dropped out after suffering a nervous breakdown from having to appear on TV six days a week, and was replaced by Hal Conklin. In 1954 Stephen Elliott assumed the role. The jarring change in actors who looked nothing like each other was explained by saying that the villainous Dr. Pauli had undergone plastic surgery to outwit Captain Video.

Episode status.

24 episodes of the series are held by the UCLA Film and Television Archive and are believed to be the only remaining episodes from the series. Of these surviving episodes, only five 30-minute episodes, three featuring Richard Coogan and two featuring Al Hodge, have been available to the public on home video. The other 19 are only available at the archive's facilities by appointment.  DuMont's film archive, consisting of kinescope (16 mm) and Electronicam (35 mm), was discarded in the 1970s by Metromedia, the broadcast conglomerate that was the successor company to DuMont; according to Congressional testimony, these films were discarded somewhere between Upper New York Bay and the East River. To date, the person or persons responsible for ordering the destruction of the kinescopes and other recordings remains unknown.

Home media.

Four episodes of "Captain Video and His Video Rangers" were released on Region 0 DVD by Alpha Video on November 25, 2008.

Other media.

Columbia Pictures made a movie serial, starring Judd Holdren, under the name "" (1951). However, it displayed only marginally better sets and props than its TV inspiration. Some special effects were accomplished with cel animation, inspired by earlier use in another, successful serial from the same studio, "Superman" (1948). Columbia's movie serial was the only time a serial was based on a television program. "Tom Corbett" and "Space Patrol" were also heard on the ABC Radio Network. However, since DuMont had no affiliated radio network, DuMont never provided a radio version of Captain Video's adventures.  Six issues of a "Captain Video" comic book were published by Fawcett Comics in 1951. The rival space adventure programs "Tom Corbett" and "Space Patrol" shortly thereafter had their own comic books as well. Some of these comics were used as the basis for a British TV Annual, a hardcover collection produced in time for Christmas, which also made the claim that man would venture into space in 1970 and would reach the moon by 2000.

References in other media.

The series is briefly referenced in the 1955 movie "The Seven Year Itch".  Humor columnist Dave Barry fondly reminisces about watching Captain Video's encounters with classically inept adversaries in the introduction to his tongue-in-cheek cultural study "Dave Barry Does Japan".  The show was mentioned in Stephen King's 1986 novel "It", during Eddie Kaspbrak's memory interlude of the Shoe Store in Chapter 3.  It is referenced in the song "Captain Video" by the band "Field Report" on their self-titled album.  The series is mentioned in the first of the 39 standalone episodes of "The Honeymooners", "TV or Not TV". As noted, "Honeymooners" character Ed Norton was a fan of the show. The 1952 Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson once delayed a scheduled TV announcement until after "Captain Video" had aired because he feared everyone would be watching that show.  The series is also prominently mentioned in Barbara Kingsolver's novel "The Lacuna" (2009). After the protagonist, author Harrison William Shepherd, is persecuted by the House Un-American Activities Committee, his stenographer and friend Violet Brown observes, "After the hearing he'd stopped writing, for good he said. Instead he bought a television set and let its nonsense rule his days. Mook the Moon Man comes on at four, and so on." She adds, "He was so changed by then, even his looks. Whatever used to show up for its workaday there inside him, it had shut off the lights and gone on home. He was fagged out in the chair as usual, in his old gray flannels, smoking, never taking his eyes off the set. 'Captain Video' was on, some underwater band of thieves fighting. They had Al Hodge by the neck, fixing to drown him." The scene Violet describes portends later developments in the novel.  The show is mentioned in an extended version of Joe Piscopo and Eddie Murphy's "Honeymooners Rap" called the "Captain Video" version.

Captain Video and His Video Rangers is an American science fiction television series that aired on the DuMont Television Network and was the first series of its genre on American television.


Career.

Cannes.

Forschelet started his career at Cannes on 1998, debuting for the team on 17 February 2001 in a Ligue 2 match against Montpellier. He played in other 6 matches in that season when the club was relegated to Championnat National. Playing at the 3rd tier of French football, Forschelet caught the attention of English club Bolton Wanderers and signed for the Premier League team on February 2002.

Bolton Wanderers.

Forschelet never managed to get first team football at Bolton Wanderers after facing competition with players like Kevin Nolan, Per Frandsen, Iván Campo and Jay-Jay Okocha. Playing only for the reserve team during the whole 2002-03 season, the Tahitian left the club on loan for the whole 2003-04 season.

Neuchâtel Xamax.

Arriving at Neuchâtel Xamax on loan, Forschelet managed to break into the first team with 24 appearances and 6 goals at Axpo Super League being used as right-midfielder and even as an attacking midfield. Upon his return, he was released from Bolton Wanderers and signed for French club FC Istres. Having limited play time due to injuries, Forschelet grabbed only two Ligue 1 appearances against Nantes and Lille before being released and returning to Neuchâtel Xamax where injuries once again hit the Tahitian midfielder who played the 90 minutes in only one of his 11 appearances.

Charleroi.

Forschelet was transferred to Belgian Charleroi on 2005, after the club has finished 5th on 2004-05 Belgian First Division. He played 14 times for the Zèbres, scoring once.

Assyriska.

On January 2007, Forschelet moved to Assyriska, which was recently relegated to Division 1, the 3rd tier of Swedish football, winning the competition the same year. However, his contract was not renewed after the club's promotion.

AFC Tubize.

Forschelet signed on mid-2008 for AFC Tubize to play at the Belgian First Division. Forschelet appearance 16 times during AFC Tubize's first and only season at the top flight but could not avoid relegation. The Tahitian midfielder was released after the end of his contract.

Non-professional football.

Forschelet had unsuccessful trials with Swedish clubs Åtvidabergs FF and Ljungskile SK before signing with Belgian low tier Cité Sport.

Gérald Forschelet (born 19 September 1981 in Papeete, Tahiti) is a Tahitian-French professional football player who plays as defensive midfielder.


Global Engine Alliance.

The Global Engine Alliance was a joint venture between Chrysler, Mitsubishi Motors, and the Hyundai Motor Company for developing a line of shared 4-cylinder engines. The initial design of the engine block and cylinder head was handled by Hyundai. However, each manufacturer configured their variants of the initial design differently based on their needs. In 2009, Chrysler bought out Mitsubishi and Hyundai's stake in the joint-venture; however, each company retained rights to build the engines.

Technical details.

Theta.

The first version of the Theta Engine had two variants, the 2.0L and the 2.4L.  2.0L (G4KA)  The 2.0L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore and stroke of 86 mm and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. It uses a timing chain instead of belt, and the engine dry weight is.  2.4L (G4KC)  The 2.4L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore of 88.0 mm, stroke of 97.0 mm and a 11.3:1 compression ratio; the engine makes at 5,800 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm.

Theta II.

The second generation Theta engine comes in two sizes, the 2.0L (G4KD) and 2.4L (G4KE)  The engine features hollow stainless-steel dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) with powder-metal cam lobes, pent-roof combustion chambers and shimless bucket tappets in the cylinder head. BorgWarner Morse TEC supplies the complete timing system which uses the company's proprietary silent timing chains. Continuously variable valve timing (CVVT) works on the intake side.  The aluminum alloy engine block, which is formed using a high-pressure die-cast method, has a unique Metaldyne-supplied cassette-type balance shaft module with a two-stage oil pump built-in. In the lower-end, the block is reinforced by a ladder frame. Other notable features include fracture-split sinter-forged connecting rods manufactured by Sinteron and a stainless-steel exhaust manifold.  Theta's EMS (engine management system) software is EMS-II from Siemens VDO and the 32-bit PCM (Powertrain Control Module) calculates the amount of intake air by utilizing a contamination-proof hot-film type MAF (mass air flow) sensor.  The MPI version of the 2.0L Theta engine has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,600 rpm and is available in the Middle East.  The MPI version of the 2.4L Theta engine has a 10.3:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm and is available in the Middle East and Europe.

Theta II Turbo.

The Theta engine is turbocharged and was used in the Sonata, Genesis Coupe, i30N and the Genesis G70. The turbo used is a Mitsubishi TD04 model.  The 2.0L MPI turbo in the 2009-2012 Genesis coupe turbo, it produced @ 6,000 rpm on 87 octane (AKI) gasoline, and on 93 AKI. Torque remains the same at @ 2000 rpm. In the 2013-2014 model,the engines got upgraded, the new 2.0T now produces 274 hp (204 kW; 278 PS) and 275 lb·ft (373 N·m) torque due to a bigger turbo. The Theta block used is very similar to the Mitsubishi Evolution X 4B11T, as core components like pistons and rods are said to move freely between them, however, the two engines are not identical. The 4B11T is a semi-closed deck block with larger oil and coolant passages, where as the Theta is an open deck block.  The 2.0L GDI turbo in (2011-2014 Sonata) develops and of torque. The fuel economy is rated at 22mpg (10.7L / 100KM) in the city and 34mpg (6.92L / 100KM) on the highway. It comes exclusively with a 6-speed automatic transmission.  The 2.0L GDI turbo in 2019 Hyundai Veloster N and i30 N develops and of torque. The fuel economy is rated at 22 mpg (10.7L / 100KM) in the city and 28 mpg (8.4L / 100KM) on the highway. It comes exclusively with a 6-speed manual transmission.  The 2.0L GDI turbo in the Genesis G70 and Kia Stinger develops and of torque. The fuel economy is rated at 22 mpg (10.7L / 100KM) in the city and 30 mpg (7.84L / 100KM) on the highway. It comes with a 6-speed manual transmission in the entry level "Sport" trim, while all other trims come with a 8-speed automatic transmission.

Engine recall.

Hyundai and Kia vehicles equipped with Theta II engines were recalled, due to the fact that those engines were, and continue to be, the subject of an investigation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Safety regulators are investigating if Hyundai and Kia did enough in a timely manner with regards to the recalls of nearly 1.7 million vehicles with Theta engines, which were prone to an abnormal amount of noise and seizing.  In September 2015, Hyundai recalled about 470,000 model year 2011-2012 Sonatas equipped with 2-liter and 2.4-liter Theta II engines. At the time, Hyundai told NHTSA that manufacturing problems left metallic debris around the engine crankshaft, causing problems with oil flow. The pieces of metal interfere with the oil flow through the connecting rod bearings and damage the connecting rods. The automaker blamed the problem on a mechanical "deburring" process used to remove metallic machining debris from the crankshaft.  By April 2017, Hyundai expanded the 2015 recall by including another 572,000 vehicles with Theta II engines, including 2013-2014 Hyundai Sonata and Santa Fe Sport vehicles. Hyundai told safety regulators the same metal debris problem caused the expanded recall. Near that same time, Kia told NHTSA about a recall of more than 618,000 model year 2011-2014 Kia Optima, 2012-2014 Sorento and 2011-2013 Sportage vehicles because the Theta engine bearings wore out too early and caused the engines to seize. Kia said it didn't recall the vehicles in 2015 when Hyundai first recalled its cars because the Theta II engines in the Kia vehicles were built on a different production line and had different problems than Hyundai. In addition to customers complaining about the Theta II engines, a Korean whistleblower who worked for Hyundai as an engineer let NHTSA know what he knew.  Owners started suing after the automaker refused to pay the thousands of dollars to repair or replace the engines, with one lawsuit from 2015 alleging a dealer wanted $4,500 to do the work. Kia was also served papers over a class-action lawsuit in 2016 filed by owners of vehicles equipped with Theta engines. NHTSA says it took action to "investigate both the timeliness and scope of Hyundai's Theta II engine recalls, and Hyundai's compliance with reporting requirements."  In Canada in 2019 Hyundai announced a recall for most vehicles using the affected engines, however a class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 as a result of failures of this engine used in Canadian Forte models and lack of manufacturer support against Hyundai Canada.  Based on information from Hyundai Motor company (korea), this recall Not applicable in ASIA PACIFIC market.

Crate engines.

On 2013-11-05, Hyundai announced the creation of a new factory crate engine program at the 2013 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, which initially included a 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The crate engine program began in December 2013.

The Hyundai Theta is a gasoline four-cylinder automobile engine family. The third all-aluminum engine of Hyundai Motor Company debuted in the fourth-generation Hyundai Sonata sedan (codenamed NF), which was unveiled in August 2004 in South Korea. Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama (HMMA) built a Theta II engine shop on the grounds of their Montgomery, Alabama automobile factory.


Participating clubs.

All ten Super League teams and fifteen Challenge League clubs (FC Vaduz are from Liechtenstein and thus play in the 2010–11 Liechtenstein Cup) entered this year's competition, as well as 13 teams from 1. Liga and 26 teams from lower leagues. Teams from 1. Liga and below had to qualify through separate qualifying rounds within their leagues. Teams in bold are still active in the competition.

Round 1.

Teams from Super League and Challenge League were seeded in this round. In a match, the home advantage was granted to the team from the lower league, if applicable.  The games were played on 18, 19 and 22 September 2010.

Round 2.

The winners of Round 1 played in this round. Teams from Super League were seeded, the home advantage was granted to the team from the lower league, if applicable.  The games were played on 15, 16 and 17 October 2010.

Round 3.

The winners of Round 2 played in this round, the home advantage was granted to the team from the lower league, if applicable.  The games were played on 20–21 November 2010.

Quarter-finals.

The winners of Round 3 played in this round. The games were played on 2 and 3 March 2011.

Semi-finals.

The winners of the quarter-finals played this round. The games were played on 25 and 28 April 2011.

Final.

The final was played on 29 May 2011 between the two semi-final winners and took place at St. Jakob-Park in Basel.

The 2010–11 Swiss Cup was the 86th season of Switzerland's annual football cup competition. It began on 18 September 2010 with the first games of Round 1 and ended on 29 May 2011 with the Final. The winners, FC Sion, claimed their 12th cup overall and will qualify for the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League.


Residential Orthodox see.

Chariopolis is first mentioned with the presence of Theophylact, Bishop of Chariopolis (ἐπίσκοπος Χαριουπόλεως), at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and of Bishop Kosmas at the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879.  However, it only appears in the "Notitiae Episcopatuum" of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the early 10th century, as a suffragan the metropolitan see of Heraclea.  In the 11th century, a bishop Michael is known through his seal; from the decoration it appears that he may have previously been a member of the clergy of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. In 1305 or 1306, an unnamed bishop of Chariopolis attended a synod called by Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople to condemn John Drimys. In 1347, the subordination of the bishopric of Chariopolis, which apparently had been vacant since the start of the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, to Heraclea was formally renewed by imperial "prostagma". In 1351, the local bishop, whose name is not recorded, participated in a synod against Barlaam of Calabria under Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople.  Chariopolis was conquered by the Ottoman prince Süleyman Pasha sometime between 1354 and 1362. As a result of the Ottoman conquest, by the end of the 14th century, the bishopric became a titular see, and vanishes completely in the 15th century.

Titular Catholic see.

The Roman Catholic Church established "Chariopolis" (until 1925 "Cariopolis", in ), as an episcopal titular see in the early 18th century, and still lists it as a titular see. The see has had eight incumbents:

Titular Orthodox see.

Since the 19th century, the title of Bishop of Chariopolis has been assigned to vicar bishops of the Patriarchate of Constantinople:

Chariopolis or Charioupolis (), modern Hayrabolu in European Turkey, was a residential bishopric of the Patriarchate of Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire (8th–14th centuries). Only a few of its bishops are known. After the Ottoman conquest in the 1350s, it became a titular see and disappeared entirely in the 15th century.


History.

Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka, then operating under the business name Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, had been working on plans to introduce a transistor radio to the market since 1953. When the TR-55 was released in Japan in August 1955, it was the first transistor radio marketed in that country. The TR-55 featured the Sony name, but the company did not officially change its name to Sony until January 1958.  In the fall of 1955, Morita met with a representative of the Bulova watch company in New York City. Bulova agreed to order 10,000 units on the condition they carry the Bulova name. Morita declined the deal. Sony later signed a deal with New York importer Adolph Gross to distribute an improved and slightly more compact model, and in March 1957, the Sony TR-63 transistor radio would become Sony's first product sold in the US. The TR-63 would not fit in existing shirt front pockets, so the company issued shirts with expanded pockets to salesmen so they could claim the product was "the world's first pocket sized transistor radio".

Technical specifications.

Powered by four AA batteries, the TR-55 used a superheterodyne circuit incorporating two AF stages and covered the medium wave broadcast band. The TR-55 used the following transistors:  The TR-55's five transistors were designed in house by Sony, the technology having been licensed from Bell Labs. This made Sony the first company to produce commercial transistor radios from the ground up. American company Regency had launched their Regency TR-1 transistor radio earlier in 1954, but bought the transistors from Texas Instruments. Printed circuit boards were used, which was unusual for the time.

Physical specifications.

The speaker grille was made from punched aluminum, and its design was reportedly inspired by Lincoln Motor Company automobiles of the era. Although it was not as compact as originally intended, the relatively small size of the TR-55 was a novelty, and attracted the attention of Japanese consumers.

The TR-55, released in 1955, was Sony's first transistor radio, and the first to be made in Japan. The use of transistors allowed the device to be much smaller than earlier vacuum tube radios.


Career.

After finishing high school, he started on the Music program at the "Toneheim Folkehøyskole" near by Hamar, followed by studies on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonsevatorium.  Born in 1979 Eick has marvellous range of achievements to show for himself: in 2007 he won the International Jazz Talent, awarded to him by the International Jazz Festivals Organization situated in New York. He then won the Statoil Scholarship in 2009, undoubtedly the largest scholarship in Norway, as he was heading for the release of his second album on one of the worlds most influential jazz record labels, ECM.  In the meantime Eick keeps himself busy participating on several albums playing either trumpet, double bass, vibraphone, piano, guitar, or in his own words “anything needed.” Some of his collaborators have been, among a vast amount of others, Trondheim Jazz Orchestra and Chick Corea, Iro Haarla, Manu Katché and Jacob Young. Eick is also a member of the Norwegian genre-defying group Jaga Jazzist, a group with which he has performed for many years. In the summer of 2006 he toured with Jan Gunnar Hoff Group and Mike Stern and in October/November on European tour with Thomas Dybdahl.  Eicks band is currently a five-piece, featuring two drummers, bass, piano and Eick himself. The lineup changes invariably as all the participating musicians are amongst Norways finest, but for the most part the band consists of Andreas Ulvo (piano), Torstein Lofthus and Gard Nilssen (drums), and Audun Erlien (bass). The music is composed by Eick and pays tribute to both the truly unique Scandinavian soundscape, as well as the lyricism and melancholy of the Canadian trumpeter Kenny Wheeler.  In 2013 Eick appeared at the North Sea Jazz Festival within his own Quintet including Andreas Ulvo (piano, Fender Rhodes, keyboards, electronics), Audun Erlien (bass), Andreas Bye & Kenneth Kapstad (drums).

Awards.

Mathias Eick was awarded “The International Jazz Award for New Talent 2007”. He received a prize of $20,000 US on 13 January 2007 during the IAJE 34th Annual International Conference in New York City where he also performed. The annual prize was founded by IAJE in cooperation with the International Jazz Festivals Organization (IJFO). He was awarded the 2014 DNB price at Kongsberg Jazzfestival (300,000 NOK).

Mathias Eick (born 26 June 1979) is a Norwegian jazz musician, and the brother of the jazz musicians Johannes Eick and Trude Eick. He is mainly known from his releases on the jazz label ECM Records. His main instrument is the trumpet, but he also plays upright bass, vibraphone, piano and guitar. He has performed with several well-known music groups and musicians, e.g. Jaga Jazzist, Manu Katché, and the Trondheim Jazz Orchestra together with Chick Corea and Pat Metheny. Besides this he is also known for his collaboration with Norwegian singer-songwriter Thomas Dybdahl, and recordings with the Norwegian bands Turboneger, DumDum Boys, Motorpsycho, D'Sound and Bigbang.


Kappa II MPi.

Main improvement is adding VVT (Variable valve timing) to the engine.  The 1.0 L (998 cc)-litre three-cylinder engine makes at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm.  Hyundai engineers have taken the existing 4-cylinder Kappa engine and added VTVT (Variable Timing and Valve Train), which now makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.  The 1.4 L (1,353 cc)-liter Dual-CVVT engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.

Kappa II GDi.

The 1.0 L (998 cc)-litre turbocharged three-cylinder engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,500 and 4,000 rpm. A detuned version that makes at 6,000 rpm is also available for some applications.  The 1.4 L (1,397 cc)-litre turbocharged four-cylinder engine which was announced in 2015 makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,500 and 3,200 rpm. A detuned version which produces at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 1,400 rpm is also offered in certain markets, such as the Hyundai Elantra Eco sedan in United States as of 2017.  The 1.6 L (1,579 cc)-litre GDI four-cylinder engine makes at 5,700 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. In addition, there is an Atkinson cycle version of this engine. This engine is utilized in either the Kia Niro or Hyundai Ioniq as of 2017.

Development.

Developed at a cost of $421 million over a period of 48 months, the Kappa project was aimed at increasing fuel economy while ensuring compliance to stringent EURO-4 emission regulations. The newest versions of Kappa engine family comply with Euro-6DTemp regulations.

Design.

The engine block is made from high pressure die-cast aluminum which results in considerable weight savings - the entire engine with a manual gearbox only weighs. The main block features a ladder frame construction for structural stiffness while its cylinders are fitted with cast-iron liners for improved abrasion durability. Additional weight was shaved off by integrating the engine support bracket with the timing chain cover. The shape of the piston skirt was optimized to reduce its size while the compression height of the piston was also reduced, resulting in weight savings. The optimized piston skirt is also treated with molybdenum disulfide. A highly sophisticated process of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is used to apply an ultra-thin layer of Chromium nitride to the piston’s oil ring. Chromium Nitride-coated piston rings using PVD is an innovative technology borrowed from the Hyundai Tau engine introduced earlier. Friction between the oil ring and cylinder wall has been further minimized by reducing the oil ring tension. The Kappa engine is the first Hyundai engine to be fitted with an accessory drive belt which does not require a mechanical auto-tensioning adjustment device, reducing the hardware and further lowering weight and cost. Because it is designed to maintain an ideal tension setting, the belt runs quieter and with proper preventative maintenance and care, the belt will last. For ignition, the Kappa engine uses a new, longer reach spark plug which enabled engineers to enlarge the size of the water jacket to promote more efficient engine cooling around the critically important spark plug and exhaust port area. The long reach spark plug (M12 thread) also enabled engineers to enlarge the valve diameter for increased airflow and combustion efficiency. A lightweight, heat-resistant engineering plastic was used for the intake manifold. The fuel delivery pipe assembly is a returnless type (to eliminate evaporative fuel emissions) and is made of SUS (steel use stainless) with a specially designed inner structure for the reduction of pulsation noise.

Valvetrain.

The valvetrain features a number of innovations: friction reducing roller swing arm, hydraulic lash adjusters which ensure proper clearances between the valve stem and roller swing arm, which significantly reduce valve tapping noise. The valve springs feature a beehive shape and smaller retainer. The reduced weight and spring load further help lower friction and improve fuel economy. The valvetrain is driven by a silent-type, maintenance free steel timing chain that replaces a roller-type timing chain: The optimized design greatly reduces impact forces and noise when the gear tooth and chain engage.

Offset crank.

Unlike a conventional engine where the centerline of the cylinder bore is in perfect vertical alignment with the rotating axis of the crankshaft, the Kappa’s centerline is offset by a small distance. This offset minimizes the lateral force created by the rotating piston & rod assembly (known, and audible, as "piston slap" at its extreme). The net effect is an improvement in fuel consumption and a reduction in noise, vibration and harshness - it should also help with engine longevity since reduced lateral force will equal reduced bore wear.

Engine management.

Engine management is provided by two 16-bit 32 MHz microprocessors which control and monitor ignition timing, idle speed, knocking and emissions.

Hyundai's Kappa automobile engine series consists of three-cylinder and four-cylinder models. The 1.2 L (1,197 cc)-litre variant is gasoline powered, all-aluminum, and utilizes a DOHC 16-valve design, as opposed to the SOHC 12-valve design of its predecessor, the Hyundai Epsilon engine. at 5,200 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.


History.

The first ball of the family was simply named the Questra and was originally designed to be the official match ball of the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States. Following the convention of the addition of decorations to the established Adidas Tango style since the Azteca and the Etrusco Unico, this one featured space-themed decorations, not only due to its name, but that 1994 marked the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission in which the first moon landing took place, which is considered to be one of the most important moments in the history of the host country.  Due to the popularity of that ball, there were two new editions of the Questra released in 1996. One of them was named the ""Questra Europa"" and was intended to be the official match ball of UEFA Euro 1996 in England, while the other one was bearing the name ""Questra Olympia"" and was the official match ball of the football tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Both of these balls reported colours.  In the development process of the Questra, Adidas tried to create a lighter and more responsive ball. By manufacturing the new ball from five different materials and enveloping it in polystyrene foam, Adidas made the Questra more waterproof and allowed for greater acceleration when kicked. Consequently, the ball became softer to touch and ball control was improved. This showed within a week of the World Cup in 1994, as players quickly adapted to the new ball and were able to score great goals by utilizing the lighter ball. However, some goalkeepers complained of the ball's unpredictability in humid weather, which made saving shots on goal particularly difficult.  The last edition of the Questra was the ""Questra Apollo"", which was used in La Liga matches and by the Spanish national team in the 1996–97 season. The Questra Apollo was identical to the original Questra from the 1994 World Cup, except for bearing the logo of the Royal Spanish Football Federation.

Questra was the name given to a family of footballs originally produced by Adidas for major international events in the mid-1990s. The name was derived from an ancient word meaning "the quest for the stars."


Before trials.

To legally test the drug on human subjects in the U.S., the maker must first obtain an Investigational New Drug (IND) designation from FDA. This application is based on nonclinical data, typically from a combination of in vivo and in vitro laboratory safety studies, that shows the drug is safe enough to test in humans. Often the "new" drugs that are submitted for approval include new molecular entities or old medications that have been chemically modified to elicit differential pharmacological effects or reduced side effects.

Clinical trials.

The legal requirement for approval is "substantial" evidence of effectiveness demonstrated through controlled clinical trials. This standard lies at the heart of the regulatory program for drugs. Data for the submission must come from rigorous clinical trials.  The trials are typically conducted in three phases:  The legal requirements for safety and effectiveness have been interpreted as requiring scientific evidence that the benefits of a drug outweigh the risks and that adequate instructions exist for use, since many drugs have adverse side effects.  Many approved medications for serious illnesses (e.g., cancer) have severe and even life-threatening side effects. Even relatively safe and well understood OTC drugs such as aspirin can be dangerous if used incorrectly.

The actual application.

The results of the testing program are codified in an FDA-approved public document that is called the "product label," package insert or Full Prescribing Information. The prescribing information is widely available on the web, from the FDA, drug manufacturers, and frequently inserted into drug packages. The main purpose of a drug label is to provide healthcare providers with adequate information and directions for the safe use of the drug.  The documentation required in an NDA is supposed to tell "the drug’s whole story, including what happened during the clinical tests, what the ingredients of the drug are, the results of the animal studies, how the drug behaves in the body, and how it is manufactured, processed and packaged.” Currently, the FDA decision process lacks transparency, however, efforts are underway to standardize the benefit-risk assessment of new medicines. Once approval of an NDA is obtained, the new drug can be legally marketed starting that day in the U.S.  Of original NDAs submitted in 2009, 94 out of 131 (72%) were in eCTD format.  Once the application is submitted, the FDA has 60 days to conduct a preliminary review, which assesses whether the NDA is "sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review." If the FDA finds the NDA insufficiently complete (reasons can vary from a simple administrative mistake in the application to a requirement to re-conduct testing), then the FDA rejects the application by sending the applicant a "Refuse to File" letter, which explains where the application failed to meet requirements.  Assuming the FDA finds everything acceptable, they decide if the NDA needs a standard or accelerated review, and communicates acceptance of the application and their review choice in another communication, known as the "74-day letter". A Standard Review implies an FDA decision within about 10 months while a Priority Review should complete within 6 months. The decision comes in a "Complete Response Letter".

Requirements for similar products.

Biologics, such as vaccines and many recombinant proteins used in medical treatments are generally approved by FDA via a Biologic License Application (BLA), rather than an NDA. The manufacture of biologics is considered to differ fundamentally from that of less complex chemicals, requiring a somewhat different approval process.  Generic drugs that have already been approved via an NDA submitted by another maker are approved via an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), which does not require all of the clinical trials normally required for a new drug in an NDA. Most biological drugs, including a majority of recombinant proteins are considered ineligible for an ANDA under current US law. However, a handful of biologic medicines, including biosynthetic insulin, growth hormone, glucagon, calcitonin, and hyaluronidase are grandfathered under governance of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, because these products were already approved when legislation to regulate biotechnology medicines later passed as part of the Public Health Services Act.  Medications intended for use in animals are submitted to a different center within FDA, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) in a New Animal Drug Application (NADA). These are also specifically evaluated for their use in food animals and their possible effect on the food from animals treated with the drug.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing. Some 30% or less of initial drug candidates proceed through the entire multi-year process of drug development, concluding with an approved NDA, if successful.


Morphology.

"Palaeoisopus" is a large sea spider, with a body length (excluding proboscis and chelifores) of at least 12.5 cm and leg spans of about 32 cm, comparable to those of a modern "Colossendeis" (giant sea spider). The margins of each of its body parts were covered by tubercles, the cephalon (head section that bore eyes, proboscis, chelifores, palps, ovigers and 1st leg pair) and 3 trunk somites (section that bore the remaining leg pairs) are well-defined by ring-like segmentation. The abdomen apparently compose of 4 abdominal somites and a styliform telson, but based on the medial position of anus (which, in telson-bearing chelicerates, always located at the ventral boundary of abdomen and telson), the latter was also suggest to be a fusion of 5th abdominal somite and the original telson.  Medial to the anterodorsal margin of cephalon was an eye-bearing ocular tubercle. Unlike the paired 4-eyed arrangement of most pycnogonids, it compose of a pair of large eyes and 2 smaller eyes that arranged anteroposteriorly in a midline. The anteriormost appendages were a pair of robust, pincer-like chelifores, which compose of 5 podomeres (3 for scape and 2 for pincer) instead of 3 or 4 (1 or 2 for scape and 2 for pincer) like those of the other pycnogonids. Below the chelifores was a cylinderal proboscis that always tucked underneath the cephalon, making it almost invisible in dorsal view. The palps and ovigers have similar morphology, the former terminated with a subchelate structures and the latter was apparently absent in some specimens, which may represent sexual dimorphism as seen in some modern pycnogonid taxa such as Pycnogonidae and Phoxichilidiidae (female lacking ovigers). Each of the leg base was surrounded by flexible, ring-like structure. Among the 4 leg pairs the first one is significantly elongated, and its detail morphology slightly differ from the posterior counterparts as well (e.g. shorter basal segments, different setae arrangement, 4 flatten distal podomeres instead of 5).

Paleoecology.

The large eyes, robust chelifores and oar-like legs suggest that "Paleoisopus" was a nektonic (swimming) visual predators, with associated stalked crinoid (sea lily) as a possible prey item.

Phylogeny.

While some analysis placing "Palaeoisopus" within a derived position, most studies suggest that "Paleosiopus" is a basal sea spider, as the well-developed abdomen most likely represent a plesiomorphic condition of total-group Pycnogonida.

Palaeoisopus is a monotypic genus of fossil pycnogonid (sea spider), known only by one species, Palaeoisopus problematicus, discovered from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany. It have several characters unusual for a pycnogonid, such as swimming legs with alternating size, medially-arranged eyes, and most significantly, a long, segmented abdomen, which were highly reduced in modern counterparts.


Early life.

Butterfield was born in Islington, London, and is the son of Jacqueline Farr, a psychologist, and Sam Butterfield, an advertising copywriter.

Career.

Butterfield first started acting at the age of 7 at the Young Actors Theatre Islington. Later, he secured minor roles in the 2006 television drama "After Thomas" and the 2007 film, "Son of Rambow". In 2008, he had a guest role playing Donny in the television series "Ashes to Ashes".  In that same year, aged 10, he played the lead role in "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas". Director Mark Herman said that they came across Butterfield early on in the audition process. He was on the first audition tape he received and he was the third hopeful he met in person. Herman thought Butterfield's performance was outstanding, but only decided to cast him after auditioning hundreds of other boys, "so no stone was left unturned".  Producer David Heyman and director Mark Herman were looking for someone who was able to portray the main character's innocence, so they asked each of the children what they knew about the Holocaust. Butterfield's knowledge was slim and it was purposely kept that way throughout filming so it would be easier for him to convey his character's innocence. The final scenes of the film were shot at the end of the production period to prepare both him and Jack Scanlon for the dramatic ending of the film. He beat hundreds of boys to the role and also successfully passed the auditions for a role in "Mr. Nobody" for which he auditioned at the same time. He elected not to pursue the latter role.  In 2008, Butterfield appeared in the "Merlin" episode "The Beginning of the End"; he played a young druid boy sentenced to death by Uther Pendragon because he feels threatened by the boy's magic. Butterfield appeared as Mordred in a number of subsequent episodes.  In 2010, he had a small part in "The Wolfman". He starred as Norman Green in "Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang" (2010). The film, and his performance, both received positive reviews. At the age of 13 he played the main and title character in Martin Scorsese's "Hugo", adapted from the novel "The Invention of Hugo Cabret". "Hugo" was released on 23 November 2011, and achieved critical success.  Butterfield played the title role of Andrew "Ender" Wiggin in the film adaptation of the Orson Scott Card novel "Ender's Game". The film was released in 2013. After the shooting of "Ender's Game", Butterfield was immediately cast in coming of age British drama "X+Y" as Nathan Ellis, a mathematical savant on the autism spectrum selected to compete with other gifted children on a United Kingdom team in an internationally renowned mathematics competition. The film premiered on 5 September 2014 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in UK cinemas on 13 March 2015. Butterfield's performance received widespread critical acclaim and saw him nominated for the BIFA Award for Best Actor.  Later in 2013, Butterfield was reported to be in talks for a role in "King of Kastle" and in May, he was cast in "The White Circus". In early 2014, Butterfield was cast in a film adaptation of "Ten Thousand Saints," which was released on 14 August 2015. In November 2015, he joined the ensemble cast of Shane Carruth's third film, "The Modern Ocean".  In 2016, he starred as Jacob "Jake" Portman in "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children." He also starred as Gardner Elliot in the film "The Space Between Us" and as Sebastian in "The House of Tomorrow" in 2017.  In 2018, Butterfield was cast in the main role of Otis Milburn on the Netflix comedy-drama series, "Sex Education". The series was released on 11 January 2019 to critical acclaim.

Other work.

Butterfield enjoys making and producing music, and released a mashup of the songs "Teenage Dirtbag" by Wheatus and "Making Plans for Nigel" by XTC. Along with his brother, he is part of a music group called Mambo Fresh. In late 2012, Butterfield co-designed a turn-based video game for iPad with his father and brother called "Racing Blind". The game was released to the App Store on 7 April 2013.  Butterfield is involved in competitive Nintendo gaming. In 2017, he competed in the Nintendo World Championships, where he was eliminated early in the invitational. He is an enthusiastic player of competitive "Super Smash Bros." and has signed with eSports team Panda Global under the tag "Stimpy". His first appearance with the organisation was at Genesis 6.  Since 2017 Butterfield has taught an annual acting masterclass at The Reel Scene acting school in London. The three-day Asa Butterfield Masterclass course covers improvisation techniques and students work on scenes from Butterfield's films, which are then filmed on the last day. In 2018, students appeared as extras in the film "Greed" in which Butterfield appeared.

Asa Maxwell Thornton Farr Butterfield (; born 1 April 1997) is a British actor. He became known for playing the main character Bruno in the Holocaust film "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas" (2008), for which he received nominations for the British Independent Film Award and the London Film Critics Circle Award for Young British Performer of the Year at the age of 11.