Taxonomy.

The only member of member of the genus "Eldana", "E. saccharina" was described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is of the family Pyralidae of the order Lepidoptera and has eleven subspecies. The common name of "E. saccharina", the African sugar-cane borer, is derived from its activity as a pest in stretches of sub-Saharan Africa.

Description.

Adult African sugar-cane borers are relatively small with a 3mm abdomen width. They have a wingspan of 35mm. The forewings are a pale brown with two distinct dark brown spots in the center. The hindwings are a whitish brown and contain short fringes and brown longitudinal veins. Both male and female African sugar-cane borers share the same appearance, but females are slightly larger. When resting, "E. saccharina" folds its wings over its abdomen so that its fore wings are parallel to and cover the white hindwings.

Distribution and habitat.

"E. saccharina" is indigenous to Africa and is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. It can be found in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa. There are also populations of the African sugar-cane borer in stretches of northern Africa, in particular Ethiopia and parts of Senegal. Colder temperatures limit "E. saccharina's" range in these areas of Africa. However, in the Congo-Uganda border, geological events have extended these ranges. There are crater lakes and swamps that are the result of volcanic eruptions, which have been found to contain populations of "E.saccharina". "E. saccharina" primarily lives in sedges and wild grasses among riverine vegetation. However, recently, the African sugar-cane borers have been found to extend their home ranges to graminaceous crops, particularly in eastern and southern Africa. There is also a relationship between soil parent material and existence of the African sugar-cane borer. The species is less prevalent in areas with sandier soils.

Food resources.

Host plants.

Sugarcane is the main host plant for "E. saccharina." This is also the source of the species' common name, the African sugar-cane borer. It will also attack maize, sorghum, cassava, rice, and "Cyperus" species, and it has also been found to host wild grasses like Guinea grass, wetland sedges like papyrus," "rushes"," and typha. Various signs indicate the presence of "E. saccharina" in its host plants. Primarily presence can be determined by stem tunneling and other signs of breakage in plant stems. Infestations of sugarcane can also result in yield losses.

Parental care.

Oviposition.

Oviposition is the act of depositing eggs. Female African sugar-cane borers prefer to deposit eggs onto dry or dead leaf material. Kairomones, which are semiochemicals emitted by an organism to mediate interspecific interactions, are found in the dead leaves and attract the females to oviposit. In addition to targeting dead leaves, female "E. saccharina" conceal their eggs between leaf surfaces in tight bunches of around 300 eggs.

Social behavior.

Communication.

Communication between "E.saccharina" is both complex and little understood. Like other moth species, African sugar-cane borers communicate using ultrasound emitted from the tymbal, a sound producing membrane commonly found in insect species. Males producing ultrasound vibrations induce a wing flapping behavior in females, and the signal also functions as a sign of aggression towards other males. When males approach other males, they circle each other while emitting bursts of sound, and eventually one overwhelms the other during the interaction, chasing it away. When males approach females, females either walk past or produce their own sounds. If females reply to the male signal, males will then contact their hair-pencils onto female antennae. These male to female communication behaviors are distinct from mating rituals.

Life cycle.

Egg.

The yellow oval eggs are deposited in groups of 250 to 500 onto the inner side of leaf sheaths, structures that tightly wrap near stems, allowing them to fit snugly into the plant stalks. After being laid, eggs typically require 5–7 days of incubation before hatching.

Larva.

African sugar-cane borer larvae appearance range from a light brown to dark grey. They have a distinct brown plate on the dorsal side of their thoraxes, and average larval duration is 31 days. Larvae spread from their hatching site after 1–3 days. When they encounter predators, larvae excrete brownish liquid from their mouths, which deters predation. After hatching, larvae feed on external surfaces of plants before tunneling into stems where they pupate. This behavior is the source of "E. saccharina's" common name, the African sugar-cane borer.

Pupa.

Pupation is the third stage of moth development during which moths undergo transformation from immature to mature stages. During this time, pupae undergo developmental stages known as instars. Pupae of "E. saccharina" can be found tunneled inside host plants. They reside very close, often only 5 centimeters, to the exit hole, which is visible on the plant surface. African sugar-cane borers typically pupate for 7–13 days before emerging from the exit hole. While they are tunneled into the plant, pupae are very resistant to human attempts of removal. They can even survive crop burnings.

Adult.

Adult African sugar-cane borers emerge from exit holes in their host plants. Adults usually emerge after a rapid drop in temperature, after which they climb vertically and spread their wings. After 10–15 minutes of setting their new wings, newly emerged adults only survive for 6–13 days, during which females spend two days in pre-oviposition and have a 4-day reproductive life. Due to there short lifespan, it is likely that females only mate once.

Enemies.

Predators.

Like other moths, African sugar-cane borers experience the greatest levels of mortality during the egg and larval life cycles. Several species of ants and mites have been established as egg predators of "E. saccharina". In particular "Pheidole", a species of small ants are well-suited to reaching African sugar-cane borer eggs, which are commonly hidden in tight spaces behind leaf sheaths. Mite egg predators are less understood but pose a large problem for "E.saccharina" due to their small size and abundance in habitats where African sugar-cane borers live. Larger, more aggressive ants like "Dorylus" as well as some spiders are common predators for African sugar-cane borer larvae. Larval predators often attack young, dispersing larvae or those that have not penetrated into host plant stalks.

Parasites.

There have been several parasites found that target "E. saccharina" larvae. These include: Of these, "G. natalensis" is the most significant, because it is the main parasite that affects the African sugar-cane borer. It has been found to attack fourth, fifth, and sixth instar pupae. "G. natalensis" are attracted to the bore holes left by "E. saccharina", and after entering, sting the larva, temporarily paralyzing it and allowing for oviposition. Ovipositing "G. natalensis" preferentially target female African sugar-cane borer larvae, and their eggs hatch after three days of incubation and proceed to consume the "E. saccharina" larvae.

Mating.

Displaying.

Displaying is a set of courtship behaviors, which are used by an organism to attract potential mates. After emerging, adult males will set their wings and after 30 minutes will begin to display to females. There, they face downwards and beat their wings rapidly. Males tend to aggregate into groups of 3–6 on the same plant to make it easier for females to locate them. This behavior can continue for anywhere between 15–20 minutes. During this period, males can either remain stationary or move slightly before restarting the beating. Females, when present, also begin a similar wing flapping behavior. However, this behavior occurs regardless of female presence and releases both an attractant pheromone and an aphrodisiac to entice faraway females. Since the African sugar-cane borer is very sensitive to temperature, male mating behaviors have been found to stop when conditions are below 15 degree Celsius.

Courting.

African sugar-cane borer courting has only been documented once in the wild. After encountering a female, a male African sugar-cane borer will face the female with extended antennae. The two will then rotate in a circle with the male following the female, which signals her interest with spread wings. Following the circling, males will then climb onto females and have the tip of their abdomens meet the females. The males will then grip the females' thorax and can copulate for up to three hours. During this time, the pairs will move to lower vegetation as females are particularly vulnerable during copulation.

Pheromones.

African sugar-cane borer males secrete pheromones by wing glands and abdominal hair-pencils to attract females. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC) analysis showed one major volatile component. This compound was identified to be trans-3-methyl-4-dimethylallyl-γ-lactone (CHO).

Interactions with humans.

Pests of crop plants.

The African sugar-cane borer larvae enter mature target plants through cracks or openings in the stalk. They have been found to survive crop burnings while bored into the base of the plant and will later emerge as soon as new, young plant shoots appear. Infestations of "E.saccharina" are more commonly found in intensively grown sugarcane than in peasant-grown fields. This is due to higher levels of nitrogen and water-stress in plants, which is particularly problematic since many industrial fertilizers contain nitrogen.

Pre-trashing.

Since African sugar-cane borers, are known to lay eggs specifically in dry leaf material, farmers developed a simple yet effective technique known as pre-trashing. Pre-trashing involves the preemptive removal of dry or dead leaf material from sugarcane field that do not have existing populations of "E.saccharina". Not only does this technique prevent African sugar-cane borers from laying eggs and populating new fields, but also any undetected eggs, already present, would be moved too far from the cane stalk for larvae traverse the distance. This technique, however, does have some drawbacks, since pre-trashing does cause irreversible damage to growing plants and reduces crop yield.

Intercropping and host plant breeding.

A common method to combat "E. saccharina" is to intercrop target plants with non-host plants. These trap plants attract female African sugar-cane borers to oviposit where eggs often develop poorly or not at all. In addition to using existing plant species, researchers have been attempting to develop new plants such as sugarcane that are resistant to pests that often attack and damage them. One such sugarcane plant with resistance to "E. saccharina" was developed, but it was found that the plant was suddenly attacked and damaged by another organism, "C. sacchariphagus," and when resistant to the latter, it was attacked by the former organism.

Biopesticide.

Other biological methods have also been employed against "E. saccharina." Two parasitic wasps, "Cotesia flavipes" and "Xanthopimpla stemmator", attack African sugar-cane borer larvae by parasitizing them. When hatched, the larvae of these wasps consume the pest larvae. This method is particularly useful for targeting larvae that have already bored into the host plant and are normally very difficult to reach.

Silicon treatment.

In many plant species, it has been found that applied silicon can enhance a plant species' resistance to pests because it increases silicon deposition in epidermal cells. This increases plant hardness and reduces digestibility. Studies have shown that this is particularly true for the African sugarcane borer, as sugarcane treated with silicon lead to decreased larval penetration and mass gain. Additionally, pests found feeding on silicon treated plants suffer from reduced food intake, survival, and population growth. In potted sugarcane plants, silicon treatment has been found to not only reduce pest damage but also enhance plant tolerance of water-stress. However, these studies did not mention how silicon treatment affected the viability of the sugarcane as a product.

Eldana is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae containing only one species, the African sugar-cane borer ("Eldana saccharina"), which is commonly found in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa. Adults have pale brown forewings with two small spots in the centre and light brown hindwings, and they have a wingspan of 35mm. This species is particularly relevant to humans because the larvae are a pest of the "Saccharum" species as well as several grain crops such as sorghum and maize. Other recorded host plants are cassava, rice and "Cyperus" species. When attacking these crops, "E. saccharina" bores into the stems of their host plant, causing severe damage to the crop. This behavior is the origin of the "E. saccharrina's" common name, the African sugar-cane borer. The African sugar-cane borer is a resilient pest, as it can survive crop burnings. Other methods such as intercropping and parasitic wasps have been employed to prevent further damage to crops.


Geography.

Knox is located at (48.341913, -99.692403).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 25 people, 13 households, and 6 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 26 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.  There were 13 households of which 7.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.8% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 30.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.50.  The median age in the city was 59.8 years. 8% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16% were from 25 to 44; 36% were from 45 to 64; and 36% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 59 people, 22 households, and 13 families living in the city. The population density was 118.6 people per square mile (45.6/km2). There were 28 housing units at an average density of 56.3 per square mile (21.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.61% White, 1.69% African American, 1.69% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.39% of the population.  There were 22 households out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.36.  In the city, the population was spread out with 37.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 15.3% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $14,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,808. There were 14.3% of families and 18.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 25.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Knox is a city in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 25 at the 2010 census. Knox was founded in 1887.


All Souls' Chapel (Prince Edward Island)

History.

All Souls' Chapel was built in 1888 as a memorial to Father George Hodgson, the first "priest-incumbent" of St. Peter's Cathedral, to a design by the noted ecclesiastical architect William Critchlow Harris. The chapel's walls feature paintings by his brother, Robert Harris. There are three roundels by Robert Harris set in the front of the altar, depicting, respectively, Christ breaking bread at Emmaus on the day of his resurrection; the crucifixion of Christ; and Christ administering the chalice to communicants. The arched reredos is typical of William Harris's style, containing statues of Christ and his apostles. Christ stands in the centre, with St. John and St. James standing to his right and St. Peter to his left, while other apostles, including St. Paul, carry the instruments used to put them to death.  A tabernacle containing the Reserved Sacrament stands behind the altar cross, while to the right of the altar is the credence table on which the bread and wine are placed before the offertory. Around the sanctuary walls are portraits of St. Luke the Evangelist as a memorial to Robert Harris and St. James the Just as a memorial to Canon James Simpson, who played an important role in planning the chapel. The round painting above the reredos is of Christ ascending to Heaven, and has been a treasured icon to generations of cathedral parishioners. The chapel was built by Lowe Brothers of Charlottetown and the woodwork was carved by Messrs Whitlock and Doull.  In 1990, All Souls' Chapel was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. An exterior plaque in recognition of this designation was dedicated at a special ceremony in July 1994. The chapel had already been designated a heritage resource by the City of Charlottetown in 1979.

All Souls' Chapel is a historic chapel attached to St. Peter's Cathedral in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Built of Prince Edward Island sandstone in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture, it overlooks Rochford Square.


Career.

Amateur.

Black is a right-handed pitcher, weighs 205 lbs, and is 6 ft 4 in. He attended Dallas Baptist University and is the highest drafted player in the University's history. In 2008, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League. During his last season at Dallas Baptist, Black went 6-4 with a 4.16 ERA and 99 strikeouts in 882⁄3 innings.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

The Pirates selected Black in the first round (49th overall) of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his professional debut for the State College Spikes on June 30, 2009.  Black started the 2010 season with the West Virginia Power, but only pitched 4 2/3 innings, dealing with shoulder and bicep injuries. He split the 2011 season between West Virginia and the Bradenton Marauders. He spent the 2012 season with the Altoona Curve of the Double A Eastern League. In November 2012, the Pirates added Black to the 40 man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.  In 2013, Black pitched for the Indianapolis Indians of the Class AAA International League, and was named to the All-Star Game. The Pirates promoted Black to the major leagues, and he debuted with the Pirates on July 25. Black finished the 2013 season with the Pirates with a 4.50 ERA in 3 games in 4 innings pitched with a 2.000 WHIP with 3 strikeouts while giving up 6 hits, 2 earned runs, and 2 walks.

New York Mets.

2013.

The Pirates sent Black to the New York Mets on August 29, 2013, as the player to be named later in the trade that sent Dilson Herrera to the Mets in exchange for John Buck and Marlon Byrd. He was called up on September 1. On September 24, Black earned his first major league save in a 4-2 win against the Cincinnati Reds.  With the Mets, Black finished the 2013 season with a 3-0 record, 3.46 ERA in 15 games in 13 innings pitched with a 1.154 WHIP with one save and 12 strikeouts while giving up 11 hits, 5 earned runs, and 4 walks.

2014.

Black started the year with the Las Vegas 51s. He was placed on the DL with the 51s on April 7 due to a pinched nerve on the right side of his neck. He was later activated off the DL. On May 24, Black was called up to join the Mets as the 26th player during a doubleheader against the Arizona Diamondbacks. On August 24, Black went on the DL due to a herniated disk in his neck. His spot on the roster was replaced by Daisuke Matsuzaka who was coming off the DL himself. He came off the DL on September 8. It was announced on September 15 that Black was shut down for about five to six days due to a shoulder strain. On September 23, Black was shut down for the rest of season.  Black finished the season with a 2-3 record, 2.60 ERA in 41 games in 34.2 innings pitched with a 1.298 WHIP with 32 strikeouts while giving up 26 hits, 12 runs (10 of them earned), and 19 walks.

2015.

Black rehabbed the entire season in the minors with the St. Lucie Mets, Binghamton Mets and the Las Vegas 51s. On September 1, he was outrighted off the 40-man roster to the 51s. On November 7, Black elected free agency. In the minors with the three affiliates, he compiled a 1-6 record, 5.94 ERA in 41 games in 36.1 innings pitched with a 1.95 WHIP with 34 strikeouts and 3 saves while giving up 41 hits, 25 runs (24 of them earned), and 30 walks.

Sussex County Miners.

On April 14, 2017, Black signed with the Sussex County Miners of the Can-Am League.

San Francisco Giants.

The San Francisco Giants signed Black to a minor league contract on May 5, 2017. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

New Jersey Jackals.

On March 6, 2018, Black signed with the New Jersey Jackals of the Can-Am League. He became a free agent after the season.

Victor Laurence Black (born May 23, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He has played for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB).


Themes.

Sand's main theme in the novel is marriage. Marriages of convenience are expected in the novel. Évariste de Lansac, Valentine's fiancé, is a greedy character who pursues marriage for land and wealth. However, while marriage between Valentine and Benedict would be based on genuine love, it is also forbidden by their class differences. The snobbery of the upper class is embodied by Valentine's grandmother.  The novel depicts the limited education given to women in the 1830s. Having completed a basic education in preparation for her marriage, Valentine complains she is "miserable." She is able to draw, sing, and dance, but does not have knowledge of the world beyond what would prepare her for a domestic life as a wife.  Valentine's sister, Louise, represents a rebellious alternative. Louise becomes entangled romantically with Benedict. Benedict is then in love with both sisters. The novel offers no solutions for these social problems, but simply allows them to unfold.  The novel's fictional backdrop is shared by many of Sand's later rustic novels, the Black Valley in the Berri region. These novels are based on the region where Sand had her own country estate.

Reception.

In the "Revue de Romans," an 1839 reviewer of the novel noted Sand's unique use of the romance genre.  ""Valentine" is the work of a woman author who depicts in this novel, and with unexpected vigor for this often-silly genre of writing, the trials and tribulations of a woman whom society has condemned to waste away her days in a place whether neither the people nor their ages are varied, and neither love nor affection are easily obtained; in short, it is a hyperbolic critique of the institution of marriage, but it is a charming work of great interest and poetry."

References.

Source text:  Review (in French)  Literary criticism:

Valentine (1832) is a novel published by French author George Sand. This was the second novel published in Sand's career as an independent author, the novel is notable for displaying many of Sand's preoccupations as an emerging novelist: love, social class, greed, liberty, and family ties. Like many of Sand's novels, the novel takes its name from its title character Valentine, who is born into an aristocratic family but falls in love with the peasant farmer, Benedict. Star-crossed lovers belonging to different social classes were to become a major theme in Sand's works, which interrogated what the author perceived as the hypocrisy and rigidity of social norms in the Restoration-period French republic.


Plato's text.

Great lexical and syntactical differences are easily noted between the many translations of the "Republic". Below is a typical text from a relatively recent translation of "Republic" 546b–c:  "Now for divine begettings there is a period comprehended by a perfect number, and for mortal by the first in which augmentations dominating and dominated when they have attained to three distances and four limits of the assimilating and the dissimilating, the waxing and the waning, render all things conversable and commensurable [546c] with one another, whereof a basal four-thirds wedded to the pempad yields two harmonies at the third augmentation, the one the product of equal factors taken one hundred times, the other of equal length one way but oblong,-one dimension of a hundred numbers determined by the rational diameters of the pempad lacking one in each case, or of the irrational lacking two; the other dimension of a hundred cubes of the triad. And this entire geometrical number is determinative of this thing, of better and inferior births." The 'entire geometrical number', mentioned shortly before the end of this text, is understood to be Plato's number. The introductory words mention (a period comprehended by) 'a perfect number' which is taken to be a reference to Plato's perfect year mentioned in his "Timaeus" (39d). The words are presented as uttered by the muses, so the whole passage is sometimes called the'speech of the muses' or something similar. Indeed, Philip Melanchthon compared it to the proverbial obscurity of the Sibyls. Cicero famously described it as 'obscure' but others have seen some playfulness in its tone.

Interpretations.

Shortly after Plato's time his meaning apparently did not cause puzzlement as Aristotle's casual remark attests. Half a millennium later, however, it was an enigma for the Neoplatonists, who had a somewhat mystic penchant and wrote frequently about it, proposing geometrical and numerical interpretations. Next, for nearly a thousand years, Plato's texts disappeared and it is only in the Renaissance that the enigma briefly resurfaced. During the 19th century, when classical scholars restored original texts, the problem reappeared. Schleiermacher interrupted his edition of Plato for a decade while attempting to make sense of the paragraph. Victor Cousin inserted a note that it has to be skipped in his French translation of Plato's works. In the early 20th century, scholarly findings suggested a Babylonian origin for the topic.  Most interpreters argue that the value of Plato's number is 216 because it is the cube of 6, i.e., which is remarkable for also being the sum of the cubes for the Pythagorean triple (3, 4, 5):.  Such considerations tend to ignore the second part of the text where some other numbers and their relations are described. The opinions tend to converge about their values being 480,000 and 270,000 but there is little agreement about the details. It has been noted that 6 yields 1296 and. Instead of multiplication some interpretations consider the sum of these factors:.  Other values that have been proposed include:

Plato’s number is a number enigmatically referred to by Plato in his dialogue the "Republic" (8.546b). The text is notoriously difficult to understand and its corresponding translations do not allow an unambiguous interpretation. There is no real agreement either about the meaning or the value of the number. It also has been called the "geometrical number" or the "nuptial number" (the "number of the bride"). The passage in which Plato introduced the number has been discussed ever since it was written, with no consensus in the debate. As for the number's actual value, 216 is the most frequently proposed value for it, but 3,600 or 12,960,000 are also commonly considered.


Geography.

Boiling Springs is located in southwestern Cleveland County at (35.251752, -81.664288). North Carolina Highway 150 passes through the town, leading east to Shelby, the county seat, and south to Gaffney, South Carolina. The South Carolina border is less than south of the town. Mooresboro is north. Charlotte, about east, is the closest major city.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land. The Broad River runs south of the town, and is the location of the Broad River Greenway, providing recreational facilities, activities and trails.

History.

People began settling the area around the namesake boiling springs in 1843. The first families to settle were the Hamricks, the Greenes and the McSwains. It was only appropriate that the settlement be named Boiling Springs. One of the first buildings was Boiling Springs Baptist Church, built in 1847 about 100 yards from the springs. Boiling Springs was known as a sleepy community, with no railroads, no industries, few stores and no paved streets. At the turn of the 20th century Kings Mountain Baptist and Sandy Run Associations began looking for a place to build their denominational high school and chose Boiling Springs because it was geographically situated between the two associations and because the Boiling Springs community made concerted efforts to attract the school. The Boiling Springs High School boarding institution opened for business in 1905. School authorities felt that neither intoxicating drinks nor cigarettes should be sold near the school, so in 1911 the town was incorporated in order to ban the sale of such items. Town limits were decided by drawing a mile and a half radius from the school's original bell tower.  Incorporation of the town proved to be a major step forward because it provided a government that could function and enable the town not only to grow but to furnish water, police and fire protection, paved streets and garbage collection for the town and the school. As time progressed the growth of the town was largely tied to the growth of the Boiling Springs High School which became the Boiling Springs Junior College in 1928, Gardner Webb Junior College in 1942, and finally after achieving status as a senior college and developing several graduate programs, Gardner–Webb University in 1993.  Voters approved ordinances to allow for the sale of beer, unfortified wine, and malt beverages within town limits in 2018.  E. B. Hamrick Hall and the Irvin-Hamrick Log House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Government.

The Town of Boiling Springs' Council-Manager form of government with a Mayor and five Councilmen (one of whom serves as mayor pro-tem) who are each elected at-large in staggered four year terms. The Town Council appoints a town attorney and town manager to advise the Town Council and oversee the town's operations. All other staff report to the town manager who manages that day-to-day operations.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,866 people, 1,117 households, and 832 families residing in the town. The population density was 891.7 people per square mile (343.9/km). There were 1,184 housing units at an average density of 273.1 per square mile (105.3/km). The racial makeup of the town was 89.29% White, 8.67% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.78% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.  There were 1,117 households, out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the town the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 30.2% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $48,861, and the median income for a family was $54,837. Males had a median income of $38,098 versus $24,559 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,984. About 3.6% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation.

Air travel Roads Pedestrian and bicycle

Boiling Springs is a town in Cleveland County, North Carolina in the United States and is located in the westernmost part of the Charlotte metropolitan area located about 50 miles away from the city. As of the 2010 census, the town's population was 4,647. It is home to Gardner–Webb University. The town is named after the natural spring found on the University‘s property which feeds a small lake.


Background.

The Girls began work on the album while touring the U.S. on their The Party's Just Begun Tour which began in September 2006 and ended in March 2007.  Group member Adrienne Bailon was quoted as saying, "We'll be making a real studio album, not a soundtrack. It's important for people to see us as a real musical group. We have all this great marketing around us, with the movies and other things. But we are a musical group." She also added that the soundtracks and Christmas album "don't count".  Group member Sabrina Bryan was interviewed by "Billboard" magazine and stated that the group was eager to showcase a more mature sound to gather an audience of older fans while keeping the lyrics clean for the younger fanbase as well. She stated that the group would work with some of the producers that they had previously worked with, while also exploring new producers as well. They also announced that they'd be releasing the album via Hollywood Records rather than Walt Disney Records, which was the record labels used to release the group's soundtrack albums, their holiday album "Cheetah-licious Christmas", and their live album "".  Group member Kiely Williams, describing the album, stated "It's like the first look at the Cheetah Girls apart from our roles in the show.... Just Sabrina, Adrienne and Kiely kind of saying what we feel... We actually co-produced and wrote a good portion of the album." She also confirmed that this album will be "a little bit more mature than what the fans are used to". She also described the music on the album as a blend of hip-hop and R&B. A famous classical piece was also used in the motif of the track titled "Human", which was co-written and co-arranged by award-winning vocalist "Jade Valerie" Villalon, formerly of Sweetbox.  In an interview with Radio Disney about the album, the Girls commented that some leftover tracks would be used on the.  The CD was released on September 25, 2007. Wal-Mart had a limited time exclusive-edition with a bonus disc of five songs, two of which are Spanish versions of songs that will appear on the regular album. Also a special edition of the album was released at Target which includes a bonus track and a free download for a ringtone.

Singles.

So Bring It On.

"So Bring It On" was a Disney Channel-only promo single from the album. It premiered on Radio Disney on August 25, 2007. The music video officially premiered on Disney Channel on September 7, 2007. The music video consists of footage of the girls performing "So Bring It On" at the 2007 Disney Channel Games closing ceremonies with clips of the Disney Channel Original Movie, "Twitches Too", in which "So Bring It On" is featured.

Fuego.

"Fuego" is the second single from the album. On their official MySpace profile, the girls described the song as a "party anthem" with "Latin influences" and a sample of Lionel Richie's '80s hit single "All Night Long (All Night)". The song premiered on Radio Disney on September 15, 2007. It peaked at #27 on "Billboard"'s Hot Dance Club Play chart.

Critical reception.

Marisa Brown of all music gave the album three out of five stars, stating: "Despite her appearance in the 2006 film Cheetah Girls 2, Raven-Symoné is nowhere to be found on the group's third studio album, TCG (nor was she on their live CD/DVD, In Concert: The Party's Just Begun Tour, released earlier in 2007), which is actually their first actual record, the first two being soundtracks to the accompanying Cheetah Girls films. That being said, the trio doesn't seem to have too much of a problem continuing its brand of super-produced, hook-driven suburban pop that's been thrilling Disney Channel viewers since 2003, and there's not much to distinguish TCG from any of the Girls' other releases. Which shouldn't bother fans too much, anyway, as most are probably looking for this same kind of strong, catchy radio-friendly music in the first place." She finished by stating: "TCG doesn't push any boundaries, but that's not what it's trying to do, anyway, which means that fans of theirs should be pleased with the results."  Kathi Kamen Goldmark of Common Sense Media also gave the album three out of five stars, though gave a more mixed review. She wrote: "Though parents may be grateful for any CD that isn't filled with sexist posturing, and first graders will enjoy the clearly audible lyrics and danceable beats (Spanish-infused "Fuego"), there's a manufactured quality throughout that prevents three young women with obvious talent from strutting any real stuff. In other words, the Cheetah Girls get down on TCG, but not that far."

Wal-Mart bonus EP.

TCG EP is the debut EP by American recording artists The Cheetah Girls.

Personnel.

All vocals by The Cheetah Girls (Adrienne Bailon, Sabrina Bryan, Kiely Williams)

TCG (short for "The Cheetah Girls") is the second and final studio album by The Cheetah Girls. The album was released on Hollywood Records on September 25, 2007. The album debuted at number 44 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart with 19,000 copies sold in its first week. It has sold 126,000 copies to date.


History.

The Grade II* listed church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene and is described as a small building in the Perpendicular style, "nobly lying on raised ground". The current building dates to the 16th century and was restored by S. S. Teulon in 1855 and Arthur Blomfield in 1890. It is considered to be a noteworthy example of a carrstone building. It is located in the park and is approached from Sandringham House through the garden by "an avenue of fine old Scotch firs".  Much of the decoration and the church's stained glass in the east window was created by Charles Eamer Kempe whom King Edward VII had also commissioned in 1903 to create a stained glass window for Buckingham Palace of his eldest son, Prince Albert, Duke of Clarence. The church's silver altar and reredos were presented to Queen Alexandra by the American department store owner, Rodman Wanamaker, as a tribute to Edward VII. He also presented her with the silver pulpit and a silver 17th-century Spanish processional cross. Of note also is a Florentine marble font and a Greek font dating to the 9th-century.

Burials.

There are memorials to many members and relations of the Royal Family in the church and churchyard. Prince John (12 July 1905 – 18 January 1919) is buried here. After his death in February 1952, the body of King George VI was placed in the church for two days prior to its lying in state in Westminster Hall.

Baptisms.

The church has been the site of many royal baptisms. These baptisms include:

St Mary Magdalene Church is a church in Sandringham, Norfolk, England, located just to the southwest of Sandringham House. Members of the British Royal Family attend services when in residence at Sandringham, which normally includes Christmas. The current rector is the Reverend Canon Jonathon Riviere.


History.

Mike Cannon-Brookes and Scott Farquhar founded Atlassian in 2002. The pair met while studying at the University of New South Wales in Sydney. They bootstrapped the company for several years, financing the startup with a $10,000 credit card debt.  The name is an "ad hoc" derivation from the titan Atlas in Greek mythology who had been punished to hold up the Heavens after the Greek gods had overthrown the Titans. (The usual form of the word is "Atlantean".) The derivation was reflected in the company's logo used from 2011 through to the 2017 re-branding through a blue X-shaped figure holding up what is shown to be the bottom of the sky.  Atlassian released its flagship product, Jira – a project and issue tracker, in 2002. In 2004, it released Confluence, a team collaboration platform that lets users work together on projects, co-create content, and share documents and other media assets.  In 2006, Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar were named Ernst & Young's Entrepreneurs of the Year for Australia.  In July 2010, Atlassian raised $60 million in venture capital from Accel Partners.  In June 2011, Atlassian announced revenue of $102 million, up 35% from the year before.  In August 2011, Jay Simons became president, while Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar kept their positions as "co-chief executive". For the June 2014 fiscal year, Atlassian reported $215 million in revenue, up from $144 million in 2013.  In a 2014 restructuring, the parent company became Atlassian Corporation PLC of the UK, with a registered address in London—though the actual headquarters remained in Sydney.  Atlassian has nine offices in six countries: Amsterdam, Austin, New York, San Francisco and Mountain View, California, Manila, Yokohama, Bangalore, and Sydney.  The group has over 3,000 employees serving more than 130,000 customers and millions of users.  In November 2015, Atlassian announced sales of $320 million, and Shona Brown was added to its board. On 10 December 2015 Atlassian made its initial public offering (IPO) on the NASDAQ stock exchange, under the symbol TEAM, putting the market capitalization of Atlassian at $4.37 billion.  In March 2019, Atlassian's value was US$26.6 billion. Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar own approximately 30 percent each.

Sales setup.

Atlassian does not have a traditional sales team, instead relying on its website, and its partner channel.

Acquisitions and product announcements.

In 2010, Atlassian acquired Bitbucket, a hosted service for code collaboration. In May 2012, Atlassian Marketplace was introduced as a website where customers can download plug-ins for various Atlassian products. That year, Atlassian also released Stash, a Git repository for enterprises, later renamed Bitbucket Server.  Additional products include Crucible, FishEye, Bamboo, and Clover, which target programmers working with a code base. FishEye, Crucible and Clover came into Atlassian's portfolio through the acquisition of another Australian software company, Cenqua, in 2007. In 2012, Atlassian acquired HipChat, an instant messenger for workplace environments.  Doug Burgum became chairman of its board of directors in July 2012.  In 2013, Atlassian announced a Jira service desk product with full service-level agreement support. Sourcetree is a Git and Mercurial desktop client for developers on Mac or Windows.  In 2015 it announced its acquisition of work chat company Hall, with the intention of migrating all of Hall's customers across to its own chat product HipChat.  A small startup called Dogwood Labs in Denver, Colorado which had a product called StatusPage was acquired in July 2016.  In January 2017 Atlassian announced the purchase of Trello for $425 million.  On 7 September 2017 the company launched Stride, a web chat alternative to Slack. Less than a year later, on 26 July 2018, Atlassian announced it was going to exit the chat business, that it had sold the intellectual property for HipChat and Stride to competitor Slack, and that it was going to shut down HipChat and Stride in 2019. As part of the deal, Atlassian took a small stake in Slack.  On 4 September 2018 the company acquired OpsGenie for $295 million.  On 18 March 2019, the company announced that it had acquired Agilecraft for $166 million. On 25 April 2019, AgileCraft was rebranded as Jira Align.  On 12 May 2020, Atlassian acquired Halp for an undisclosed amount.

Philanthropy.

In March 2011, the company raised $1 million for the charity Room to Read from sales of its $10 "Starter" licences.

Atlassian Corporation Plc () is an Australian enterprise software multinational that develops products for software development, project management, and content management.


History.

The area between the Kloveniersburgwal and the Zwanenburgwal was still "outside the fortress" (outside the city walls) until the late 16th century. It was added to the city in 1593. At that time there were weaving mills in the area, where after washing, carding, spinning, weaving and dying the woolen fabric was stretched on wooden frames ("raamen") to dry and stretch. The names Raamgracht, Ververstraat and Staalstraat recall that period. On a map from 1625 by Balthasar Florisz. van Berckenrode the canal is called the "Verwers Graft" (Dyers Canal). It then makes a right angle near the Moddermeule Steech and merges into a wider area that is also called Verwers Graft (now called Zwanenburgwal).  In the 17th century the cloth weavers moved to the then western border of the city, near the Bloemgracht and the Jordaan. The Raamstraat, Raamplein and Raampoort can still be found there.  The Raamgracht is located in the former Jodenbuurt (Jewish quarter) of Amsterdam. During World War II many Jewish residents of Raamgracht were taken to concentration camps and did not survive the war. Afterwards, part of the buildings on the north side of the Raamgracht was demolished for the construction of the Oostlijn metro line. The Pentagon designed by Theo Bosch was then built here.

Trivia.

The weekly "Vrij Nederland" has been established for many years in a monumental building from 1914 on Raamgracht 4, on the corner with the Kloveniersburgwal. The Weekbladpers (publisher of "Vrij Nederland" and magazines like "Opzij" and "Hollands Diep") is also located at Raamgracht 4. Journalist Igor Cornelissen wrote the book Raamgracht 4 about his time as editor of Vrij Nederland in the 1960s.  Sal Meijer painted the Raamgracht. This painting was purchased by the government in 1957 on the occasion of its 80th birthday  In the early seventies of the 20th century, the poet and writer Hugo Claus, together with his then muse, the actress Sylvia Kristel, occupied the Raamgracht 5-7 building.

Raamgracht in other cities.

There was a Raamgracht in The Hague that was filled in around 1850. There was also a Raamgracht in Haarlem, now the Gedempte Raamgracht.

The Raamgracht (Frame Canal) is a canal in central Amsterdam that runs from the Kloveniersburgwal to the Zwanenburgwal. The Groenburgwal, Verversstraat and Zanddwarsstraat lead to the Raamgracht. Bridge 225 over the canal is beside the Kloveniersburgwal, and Theo Boschbrug (bridge 230) over the canal is beside the Zwanenburgwal.


History.

Suburban passenger rail services in Auckland and Wellington were a part of the New Zealand Railways Department, while bus services were owned either by city corporations or the Railways. With the restructuring of the department into the New Zealand Railways Corporation in the early 1980s, suburban bus and rail services came under the "Cityline" brand as part of the Corporation's Rail Passenger Group. Further restructuring of the rail network came in the 1990s, and the suburban rail operations were renamed CityRail after they were transferred to New Zealand Rail Limited in 1991. That year the Auckland Regional Council bought the Auckland CityRail fleet and contracted New Zealand Rail to run it, extending the contract until 1993 and again for 10 years until 2003.  In 1993 New Zealand Rail Limited was privatised, renamed Tranz Rail in 1995, with CityRail rebranded Tranz Metro. On 15 December 2000, as part of management changes at Tranz Rail, the company split Tranz Metro into wholly owned subsidiaries Tranz Metro Auckland Ltd and Tranz Metro Wellington Ltd, with the intention of selling them. Stagecoach New Zealand and Greater Wellington Regional Council (GWRC) announced their intention to bid for the Wellington company, but both were barred by the Commerce Commission from doing so. Tranz Rail did not bid for the Auckland contract when it expired in 2003. Connex (later Veolia and now Transdev) won the contract, and took over from 23 August 2004. Tranz Metro Wellington reverted to a business unit of Tranz Rail, with new contracts being signed with GWRC in 2006 for network access, rolling stock maintenance and service delivery. The contracts expired in 2016.  In 2004 Toll Holdings bought a majority shareholding in Tranz Rail and renamed the company Toll NZ, and on 1 July 2008 it was bought (less the Tranz Link trucking and distribution arm) by the government and renamed KiwiRail. In October 2009 Cabinet agreed on a Metropolitan Rail Operating Model, which requires the operating contracts for metropolitan rail operations to be "contestable". This is in line with Auckland's rail contract.  An agreement signed in July 2011 transferred ownership of KiwiRail's station buildings, excluding Wellington railway station, to the GWRC, along with the D/DM class and EM/ET units (the FP/FT units were already owned by GWRC). KiwiRail retained ownership of the tracks, platforms, electric traction and signalling systems. The assets were valued at $107.5 million. Ownership of the fleet transferred on 1 July 2011 to Greater Wellington Rail Ltd, formed by Greater Wellington Regional Council in 2006.  In 2014, Transdev announced its intention to bid for the operations contract when it came up for renewal in 2016. The contact was awarded to a partnership between Transdev and Hyundai Rotem effective from July 2016.

Operations.

Metlink trains are operated under contract from the GWRC, which subsidises the operation and owns station buildings and rolling stock. Typically, 60% of that subsidy comes from central government through the NZ Transport Agency (formerly Land Transport New Zealand), which approves such funding after analysis of the economics and net benefits, the remainder coming from the GWRC. Public consultation in 2005–2006 resulted in some changes of emphasis in the new contract, which runs for ten years from June 2006. The September 2006 fare rises and section changes were stated to part-pay for a major upgrade of trains and facilities over the next few years in conjunction with regional bus service improvements.

Rolling stock.

Rolling stock as at 2 July 2016:

Upgrades.

In 2008-2011 KiwiRail and GWRC undertook a major upgrade of the Metlink network, dubbed the Wellington Regional Rail Programme (WRPP). The $390 million program included:  Work started on the programme in 2008, and was largely completed in February 2011.

Funding.

In 2011/2012, Tranz Metro had annual operational expenses of $80.437m, and revenues of $80.442m. Most revenue (47% or $37.8m) comes from fares, 22% or $17.69m comes from Wellington Regional Council rates, and 30% or $24.13m from NZ Transport Agency public transport funding.

Tranz Metro (formerly CityRail and before that Cityline) was a New Zealand public transport operator. Beginning as the New Zealand Railways Corporation's Cityline division as a result of restructuring in the 1980s, in its final form Tranz Metro was the operator of Metlink's' suburban trains owned by the Greater Wellington Regional Council in the Wellington Region of New Zealand.


Toponymy.

Camécuaro derives from the native language purépecha or tarasca which means "Place of Bathing"

Geography.

Lago de Camécuaro National Park is located 14 km (8.5 mi) east of the city of Zamora de Hidalgo, Michoacán on Federal Highway 15 heading towards Morelia, Michoacán. The lake itself has a surface area of approximately and has a maximum depth of. The lake is supplied with water from numerous springs slightly to the south of the lake. Camécuaro Lake then empties at a slow rate into the Duero River which is an important tributary to the Lerma River.  The park is part of a large alluvial plain surrounded by mountains with a northeast-southeast orientation. The topography of the park is flat with no slopes greater than 5%. The park is found at 1,700 m (5,577 ft) above sea level. During the Cenozoic the area was a flood plain of the Duero River which deposited large amounts of basalt, breccia, calcareous tuff, tuff, andesite, and rhyolite. The dominant basalt rock found in the area give the soil a rich source of: calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, and sodium. The soils in the park and surrounding areas are rich and fertile making the region perfect for agriculture. The soil in the area is classified as pellic vertisol with significant amounts of chromate; the soil is of fine texture with rocky layer containing rocks smaller than 7.5 cm3.

History.

The park was declared a national park by President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río on July 18, 1940 in efforts to conserve the flora and fauna found there. The presidential decree was later signed into law on December 8, 1941.

Climate.

The park has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) with average annual temperature of 18.5 °C (65 °F). The warmest month is May with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (74 °F), and the coldest month is December with an average temperature of 14.7 °C (59 °F). The park has an average annual precipitation of about 900.6 mm (35.4 in) mostly falling during the summer.

Lago de Camécuaro National Park is located east of the city of Zamora de Hidalgo in the municipality of Tangancícuaro in the state of Michoacán. The Park consists of of protected area including Camécuaro Lake which is supplied by a series of natural springs. The lake is popular due to crystal clear water and the beautiful vegetation that surrounds the lake. Even though the lake is relatively small, many photographers from all over Mexico come to take professional photographs that capture the parks picturesque views.


Design.

A large group of artists participated in the extensive decoration of both the exterior and the interior of the building. The shipping companies housed inside were all involved in global trade, their combined lines "circumnavigated the earth in several directions" from Dutch hub points in the East and West Indies. As it was intended to serve as a practical, modern and functional office and also refer to the rich maritime tradition of the Netherlands, there are numerous maritime symbols incorporated into the design. For example, the outside of the building is covered in carving and relief sculptures that reflect the Dutch colonial empire, with the sculpted personifications of the oceans around the main entrance presented as "exotic mysterious women".  The building's design and execution were entrusted to the brothers Johan Godart and Adolf Daniel Nicholas van Gendt. The van Gendt brothers were responsible for the technical implementation and the design of the concrete frame. The architectural design was left to the then relatively unknown architect Johan van der Mey. The Amsterdam School architects Michel de Klerk and Piet Kramer also contributed.  The design has been described as still holding "the charm and brilliance" of the era.

Construction.

For the construction a public company was founded with a capital of 1,000,000 guilders. The building was planned to occupy 1,400 square metres at the corner of the Prins Hendrikkade and Binnenkant. Thirteen buildings had to be demolished: numbers 108 to 114 on Prins Hendrikkade and numbers 1 to 6 on Binnenkant. The first phase was 1913-16 and the expansion was completed twelve years later (1926–28). In order to avoid colour variation, the bricks were baked at the same time for both construction phases. Various types of brick, ironwork, stained glass, exotic hardwoods and textiles were processed in large quantities. The materials used were extremely costly with some types of brick and moulds for profiles being specially designed. Besides terracotta, much precious stone was also used, including granite, marble and varieties of porphyry diorite. The former main entrance on the corner Prins Hendrikkade and Binnenkant is topped by a truncated tower structure, coated with copper-coloured English slate. The lead eaves were executed in the form of ship ropes, golf, and fishing cups.

Interior.

Staircase.

Several features of the building are particularly noteworthy: the richly decorated central staircase; the boardroom on the floors at the corner of the Prins Hendrikkade and the Binnenkant; and the large meeting room on the third floor on the Prins Hendrikkade side.  The ironwork in the central staircase forms a connecting link between the floors. The stairwell is enclosed by stained-glass, implemented and designed - as was almost all the other stained-glass work in the building - by the glazier William Bogtman.

Large meeting room.

The large meeting or deliberation room on the third floor was by the interior designer T. Nieuwenhuis. Its interior fittings are made of dark tropical woods such as mahogany, ebony and coromandel. During a renovation in 1972 the stained-glass windows were shortened, original wall coverings were redone in a lighter shade and the original wall lamps, ceiling and chandelier removed. The original chandelier, executed in openwork brass, was replaced in 1974.

Hotel.

The last shipping company left the building in 1981 and the Shipping House was occupied in August 1983 by the Amsterdam Municipal Transport Company (GVB). By 2004, the GVB had gone elsewhere. After a major renovation, the building was opened on 8 June 2007 as a five star hotel/ restaurant/ conference centre containing 165 rooms, including 22 suites, eight banquet and meeting rooms, a restaurant, a bar/lounge and a wellness centre.  In designing the hotel interior, Amsterdam-based architect Ray Kentie was inspired by the original sumptuous Art Nouveau style. In keeping with the tradition of the Gesamtkunstwerk, he invited artists like Gerti Bierenbroodspot and Christie van der Haak to complete the renovation. Bierenbroodspot paintings and sculptures of shells, fish, mermaids and sea monsters can be viewed in all the rooms and corridors, and there are even hand painted Delft Blue dolphins on the bottom of the pool. Bierenbroodspot also designed the porcelain used in the restaurant. Christie van der Haak was inspired by Van Nieuwenhuis patterns in the designs for the decoration of the room interiors, the restaurant and the bar. The damask table napkins were hand woven in the workshops of the National Dutch Textile Museum.

The Shipping House () is a building on the western tip of the Waalseiland near Amsterdam harbour that is one of the top 100 Dutch heritage sites and generally regarded as the first true example of the Amsterdam School, a style characterised by "expressive dynamism, lavish ornamentation and colourful embellishments". It is situated on the Prins Hendrikkade and was erected on the spot whereCornelis Houtman's first trip to the East Indies had begun in 1595. The first part was built 1913 - 1916 (during World War I); the second part was built 1926 -1928. Originally, it was the headquarters of six leading Amsterdam shipping companies: the "Netherlands Steamship Company" (SMN), the "Royal Packet Navigation Company" (KPM), the "Java-China-Japan Line" (JCJL) and the "Royal Dutch Steamboat Company" (KNSM) with subsidiary "New Rhine Navigation Company" (NRM) and acquired in 1912 "Royal West India Mail Service" (KWIM).


History.

Upon finishing his film "Tale of Tales" in 1979 Norstein decided that the next project for his small team (consisting of himself as the animator and director, his wife Franchesca Yarbusova as the artist and his friend Aleksandr Zhukovskiy as the cinematographer) would be an approximately 60-minute-long film based on Gogol's short story "The Overcoat". Norstein has said that he considers "The Overcoat" to be as important a work of literature for him personally as one of the chapters of the Bible.  By 1981, when work on the film began, Norstein had been working at Soyuzmultfilm (the main Soviet animation studio) for 13 years and had worked on some 40 films and directed or co-directed six. Progress was slow, with many interruptions (Norstein estimates that only about three years of work were actually done). Norstein says that Viktor Tinyaev (Виктор Тиняев) helped him during this period. In 1986, with only 10 minutes of the film completed, Norstein was fired from the Soyuzmultfilm studio in which he had worked. This was despite the fact that his films had gathered many international awards, and "Tale of Tales" had been voted the best animated film of all time by a large panel of international critics in 1984.  With the help of Rolan Bykov, Norstein managed to set up his own animation studio in his home. There, he and his team continued to slowly work on the film. Funding has been sporadic and has come from many different sources, including the Savings Bank of Russia (Sberbank) and TNK oil company. A few minutes were shot under the Soros Fund before 1999. Norstein has been known for refusing funding from certain sources. He refused to accept money from Mikhail Shvydkoy, the Russian Minister of Culture, saying "one cannot take money from those who don't care about you." He also refused help from Nick Park's company Aardman Animations, accepting from them only a few boxes of lightbulbs.  Production came to a temporary halt on November 17, 1999 with the death of cinematographer Aleksandr Zhukovskiy (Александр Жуковский). The loss was crippling for Yuriy Norstein — he said of Zhukovskiy that he was the only person who ever saw exactly eye-to-eye with him both as an artist and as a friend. Nevertheless, by 2001 production had resumed with a new cinematographer — Maksim Granik (Максим Граник), one of Zhukovskiy's students. Production soon halted again — this time for three years. Norstein spent a year and a half making a 3-minute animation for the introduction to "Spokoynoy nochi, malyshi!", a popular Russian nightly show for young children to watch before they go to bed (his segment was taken off the air in the summer of 2001; the show moved to another channel while the copyright for the sequence stayed with the old one). He also spent nine months working on a 2-minute sequence for the Japanese collaborative film "Winter Days" (released in 2003). Norstein said that this sequence required as much work as a 10-minute film, and that his work on it influenced "The Overcoat" and vice versa (the sequence contains a scene with Bashō searching for ticks in his cloak which is similar to a scene in "The Overcoat").  In a July 4, 2004 interview, Norstein said that 25 minutes of "The Overcoat" had been shot.  The studio stopped working on the film for nearly a year while Norstein worked to release his two-volume book, "Snow on the Grass", released on August 10, 2008.  To this day (at least as of March 2013), Norstein is still working on the film—his ardent perfectionism has earned him the nickname "The Golden Snail". Although he has been offered chances to leave Russia, Norstein believes that finishing his film in "circumstances approaching comfort" would be impossible. By 2012, "The Overcoat" had surpassed "The Thief and the Cobbler"'s record of the longest production time for a motion picture in history when it continued unfinished.  In a February 2014 interview, Norstein revealed that profits from sales of his recent books and licensing deals are going into supporting his work on a new film, but refused to confirm whether that film is "The Overcoat". In April 2015, Norstein said in an interview that most of his time is being spent working on "The Overcoat".

Cast and crew.

Yuri Norstein is the writer, director, and animator for the film. His wife Francheska Yarbusova is the main artist responsible for the characters and backgrounds. Other artists who were working on the film as of 2004 were Larisa Zenevich, Lena Sharapova and Valentin Olshvang (who earlier worked with Norstein on the "Spokoynoy nochi, malyshi!" sequence). Aleksandr Zhukovskiy was the cinematographer until his death on November 17, 1999. A student of his, Maksim Granik, has been the cinematographer since 2001.  There is not expected to be much dialogue in the film. Norstein originally wanted Aleksandr Kalyagin to play the main role. However, he has said that his idea of the main character has since changed, and that he is not yet sure who the final voice actor will be.

Technique.

Norstein uses a special technique in his animation, involving multiple glass panels to give his animation a three-dimensional look. The camera is placed at the top looking down on a series of glass panels about a meter deep (one every 25–30 cm). The individual glass panels can move horizontally as well as toward and away from the camera (to give the effect of a character moving closer or further away). Some scenes required a different approach, as can be seen in the image on the right.  The animation used is cutout animation, a type of stop motion.  Norstein refuses to use a computer in his work, and says that even watching computer-animated films makes him ill.  The film is being shot in black-and-white film. Due to the closure of Moscow labs that develop black-and-white film, Norstein's team is currently being forced to develop it themselves.

Plot.

The film is based on Nikolai Gogol's "The Overcoat". However, Norstein has said that "the cinematographer should not be interested in that which is described in detail – he should look to that which is skipped, to that which is implied but is not explicitly written. The break in the text is the most promising, the most alive place for cinema."

External links.

Russian

The Overcoat (, "Shinyel") is an unfinished animated feature film that has been the main project of acclaimed Russian director and animator Yuri Norstein since 1981. It is based on the short story by Nikolai Gogol with the same title.


Plot.

The film centers on Rommel, a mechanic at a motorbike repair shop who works alongside his partner Luke, and competes in sidehack-style races. He and his fiancée Rita plan to get married soon. One day at work, he meets J.C., a hot-tempered entertainer and his crew, when he brings in his bike for repair. He sees a sidehack bike in the shop and takes a liking to it. Rommel offers J.C. and his group to join him in a sidehack event the upcoming weekend. At the event, J.C. enjoys watching Rommel race on the sidehack. Rommel offers J.C to give a ride on a sidehack with him at his and Rita's cabin, and he accepts.  After a fun day of racing on Rommel's sidehack, everyone has a get together dinner in the cabin and J.C. offers Rommel to join him, who politely declines. J.C. loses his temper as a result, and takes out his anger on his girlfriend, Paisley, after telling him he's not interested in his offer. The next day, while Rommel and Luke are working on a bike, Paisley comes over and tries to seduce Rommel into getting with her, wanting to get away from J.C., but he rejects her and sends her away crying. Later, when J.C. and his men return to their hotel, they find Paisley drunk and her clothes tattered, claiming that Rommel raped her. Angered, J.C. and his gang find Rommel and Rita in their cabin making love, and proceed to beat Rommel unconscious, then they rape and kill Rita afterwards. Luke finds out what happened to Rommel and informs the police. J.C., now on the verge of being wanted for his actions, has to hide himself in isolation.  Despite Luke's warnings to let the police handle the situation, Rommel wants revenge on J.C. for killing his former fiancée, and gathers a group of men to back him up, consisting of one of J.C.'s (now former) henchmen, Nero (who joined Rommel after finally having enough of J.C.'s abuse), muscle-bound Big Jake, bailed out criminal Crapout, and another one of J.C.'s henchmen, Cooch (who's secretly working undercover for J.C.).  Rommel and his gang head out into the canyons where J.C. is hiding. Luke goes after Rommel to stop him from getting his revenge. Meanwhile, Rommel discusses the plan on what they're going to do to J.C., which involves being stealthy, using their hands and no guns in spite of the risk that J.C.'s men may have some on them. They're reluctant on the plan, but stick to it regardless.  The next morning, Cooch sneaks over to J.C.'s hideout while everyone is still asleep and fills him in on everything, and after he takes off, Paisley breaks up with J.C. after putting up with all of his abuse and tries to escalate his fury with Rommel. Angry, he strangles Paisley to death, and then apologizes to her dead body and chides her for making him so angry. Luke attempts to talk Rommel out of getting his revenge on J.C., but refuses and sticks with the plan. Suddenly, they see Cooch sneaking back into the spot where everyone was sleeping, and Rommel, Big Jake, Nero and Crapout gang up on him trying to find out what's going on. Cooch feigns ignorance, and they beat him up to get him to talk. Finally giving in, he tells Rommel J.C. is hiding in a rock quarry in the canyons, and Rommel orders Crapout to tie him up. Rommel goes over to Luke and asks him to call the police to let them know where J.C. is hiding, finally acknowledging that going after J.C. isn't worth it. However, he still keeps a tied-up Cooch to his side while keeping an eye out on J.C. to make sure he doesn't escape from his hideout, as Rommel's men stick with the original plan, resulting in Big Jake being killed after taking down two of J.C.'s men through stealth, and Cooch escaping, pleading J.C. not to kill Rommel, only for J.C. to kill his former weasel for being caught. With two of Rommel's men already killed, Nero and Crapout decide to play by their own rules and escape on a bike as the latter kills all of J.C.'s men with a gun instead of a battering ram as he originally planned, while J.C. attempts to shoot Rommel after Cooch exposed him.  With Rommel and J.C. left in the quarry, no guns on them, the two men brawl. When Rommel manages to gain the upper hand, he elects to walk away when the police are about to arrive, but J.C. picks up a gun and shoots Rommel from behind. The last images of the film are a flashback of Rommel and his fiancée rolling about in a grassy field, superimposed over a shot of Rommel's dead body.

"Mystery Science Theater 3000".

On September 29, 1990, "The Sidehackers" was featured and lampooned on "Mystery Science Theater 3000". The episode (Season 2, Episode 2) includes one of the few occasions Cambot actually interacts in a way other than filming the experiment, by placing an ESPN-like score graphic during the movie's racing scenes.  The episode was released on DVD by Rhino Entertainment as part of the third volume of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" DVD box sets. The collection also included the MST3K versions of "The Atomic Brain" (episode #518) and "The Unearthly" (episode #320) plus a disc of six MST3K shorts. The four-disc collection was later re-issued by Shout Factory in September 2016.

Edits.

The writers were unaware of the film's darker content when they selected it for the show, only watching it in its entirety during their usual joke-writing sessions. They were horrified to discover the scene in which Rommel's girlfriend Rita is raped and dies, juxtaposed with shots of Luke and Lois' children playfully roughhousing. This scene, and the discovery of Rita's nearly nude body, were removed from the episode. To make up for the missing plot point, the character of Crow later remarks, "For those of you playing along at home, Rita is dead." According to the series' head writer (and future host) Michael J. Nelson, "We were all traumatized, the scene got cut, and from that day forward, movies were watched in their entirety (for such potentially offensive content) before they were selected." Earlier in the episode, the dinner scene at Rommel and Rita's cabin is also edited slightly: when J.C. flies into a rage and Nero tries to calm him, J.C. pushes him away, saying "Take your hands off me, you dirty nigger!" The latter half of the line is muted while Joel and the bots loudly rebuke J.C.

Soundtrack.

The movie's soundtrack LP was issued in 1969 in the U.S. by Amaret Records (ST 5004). The music was composed by Mike Curb and Jerry Styner, with lyrics by Guy Henric, and performed by the psychedelic, West Coast, rock band The New Life.  Track listing:  The New Life were formed from the ashes of another band, The Cindermen, who were a garage rock group signed by Moonglow Records in 1965. The New Life was formed by Don Whaley; Alan Shapazian (ex-member of Raik's Progress); Phil Reed; and Duane Scott (also ex-member of Raik's Progress) who was the original keyboard player. Steve Wood, who had been in an Oak Cliff, Dallas, band called The Penthouse, replaced Duane Scott after about a year into the band. Besides the "Sidehackers" soundtrack, they also scored songs for a film called "Black Water Gold". The New Life broke up in 1970.

The Sidehackers (also known as Five the Hard Way) is a 1969 American action film about motorcycle racing with a twist. Each motorcycle has a sidehack (a sidecar with a rail but no sidewalls or seat), in which a passenger rides and tilts to one side or another when going around curves. The credits thank the "Southern California Sidehack Association"; sidehacking is also known as sidecarcross or "sidecar motocross racing".


Amateur career.

Doğuş Balbay started playing basketball in the Turkish club Fenerbahçe. After two years in the Turkish Basketball League, he moved to Brewster Academy, Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, U.S. to study.  Balbay spent the last two years playing on the Under-18 Turkish national team, and he helped the squad place fourth at the 2006 European Championships. He also played two years on the Under-16 Turkish national team and led that squad to the 2005 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship.  He led Brewster to a 29-6 record and a runner-up finish at the NEPSAC Class A Championship while averaging 13.5 points and 7.5 assists per game during his senior season under coach Jason Smith.  After Balbay signed a letter of intent with Texas, Longhorns' head coach Rick Barnes declared that "Dogus is an important pickup for our program, as he will provide us quality depth at the point guard position." Barnes also said that Dogus "has a clever international game and good athleticism. Dogus is a strong perimeter defender and a good play maker who has the ability to score in the lane."  At the midway mark of the 2009–10 season, ESPN analyst Jay Bilas named Balbay one of the two top perimeter defenders in college basketball that season, along with Chris Kramer of Purdue. Bilas said about Balbay, Doğuş was not drafted in the 2011 NBA draft but was linked with various European teams, including his native Fenerbahçe. His strength, versality, defensive prowess and speed is said to resemble Fenerbahçe and national player Ömer Onan.  ESPN analyst Fran Fraschilla named Doğuş his favourite player in the 2011 Eurocamp.

Professional career.

In July 2011, he signed a three-year contract with Anadolu Efes. He won the 2012 BSL All-Star Slam Dunk Contest, securing the win by jumping over Anadolu Efes teammate and 2010 BSL All-Star Slam Dunk Contest champion Sinan Güler on his way to the basket. In May 2014, he re-signed his contract with Anadolu Efes.

Personal life.

He is the son of Mithat (father) and Şükran (mother) Balbay, and has one older sister, Derya. He was married 8 July 2017 to Erica Balbay.

Doğuş Balbay (, born 21 January 1989) is a Turkish professional basketball player for Anadolu Efes Istanbul of the Turkish Basketball Super League (BSL) and the EuroLeague. He is 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) tall and plays point guard.


Gameplay.

While traditional 3D action RPG combat is the main focus on the game, plot is often delivered through first person perspective texts similar to the gamebook series. It also includes various supernatural disciplines learned by the Kai to give them otherworldly powers including the ability to psychically attack their opponents and defend against them.

Plot.

The story takes place between "Lone Wolf" books four and five, titled "The Chasm of Doom" and "Shadow on the Sand".

Development.

A week before the Gamescon gaming convention in 2011, a teaser website was posted with the words "Be Kai", which soon after was revealed by game developer Forge Reply to be an upcoming "Lone Wolf" video game. Creator Joe Dever described the game as the one that finally "got it right". Dever described the game as presenting the protagonist Lone Wolf with a Batmanesque darkness while still being a "paragon of virtue". The game was developed to be more action-oriented than the books to help translate the story from book to game.  Audio production studio 93 Steps was used to create the soundscape of the game, including music, sound effects and voices. The studio was curious to test how many fans "Lone Wolf" still had since the books went out of print in several western countries, and used Facebook to let people play through the original "Lone Wolf" book "Flight from the Dark", and vote every time there was a choice of direction in the story.

Reception.

"Pocket Gamer" praised the interactive text that transforms as you make choices into a 3D game with combat done through a 3rd person perspective. "TouchArcade" gave the game a 4/5 star rating, saying the game was exciting taking on the role of guiding the protagonist Lone Wolf through the adventure, but had trouble capturing the fun of the gamebooks they originated from.

Joe Dever's Lone Wolf is a role-playing game video game developed by Italian studio Forge Reply and published by Bulkypix for iOS on October 29, 2013, and is now also available on Android. It is based on the series of gamebooks by author Joe Dever entitled "Lone Wolf". The story involves Lone Wolf adventuring to uncover the secret of the Shianti Cube.


Synopsis.

There are many versions, all of which recount a similar story. A maiden (a young unmarried woman) or man is about to be hanged (in many variants, for unknown reasons) pleads with the hangman, or judge, to wait for the arrival of someone who may bribe him. Typically, the first person (or people) to arrive, who may include the condemned person's parent or sibling, has brought nothing and often has come to see them hanged. The last person to arrive, often their true love, has brought the gold, silver, or some other valuable to save them. Although the traditional versions do not resolve the fate of the condemned one way or the other, it may be presumed that the bribe would succeed. Depending on the version, the condemned may curse all those who failed them.  The typical refrain is: It has been suggested that the reference to "gold" may not mean actual gold for a bribe, but may instead stand for the symbolic restoration of condemned person's honor, perhaps by proving their innocence, honesty, or fidelity, or the maiden's virginity. Such an interpretation would explain why a number of the song's variations have the condemned person asking whether the visitors have brought gold "or" paid the fee. In at least one version the reply is: "I haven't brought you gold / But I have paid your fee."  The song is also known as "The Prickly Bush", a title derived from the oft-used refrain lamenting the maiden's situation by likening it to being caught in a briery bush, which prickles her heart. In versions carrying this theme, the typical refrain may add:

Variants.

In some versions, the protagonist is male. This appears to be more prevalent in the United States, where the hanging of women was uncommon.  The crime for which the protagonist faces hanging is occasionally mentioned. The woman may be being held for ransom by pirates, or she has stolen something from her employer. Other instances tell of her having lost a treasured golden ball or indicate that she is being hanged for fornication.  The most extensive version is not a song at all, but a fairy story titled "The Golden Ball", collected by Joseph Jacobs in "More English Fairy Tales". The story focuses on the exploits of the fiancé who must recover a golden ball in order to save his love from the noose. The incident resembles "The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was". Other fairy tales in the English language, telling the story more fully, always retell some variant on the heroine's being hanged for losing an object of gold.  In the Bob Dylan song "Seven Curses", it is not the maiden who is to be hanged but her father, for stealing a stallion. The woman offers to buy her father's freedom from the judge, who responds: "Gold will never free your father/ the price my dear is you, instead". The maiden pays the judge's terrible price but wakes the next morning to find that her father has been hanged, anyway.

Origin.

The song may have originated in continental Europe. Some 50 versions have been reported in Finland, where it is well known as ""Lunastettava neito"". It is titled ""Den Bortsålda"" in Sweden ( ""Die Losgekaufte"" in German). A Lithuanian version has the maid asking relatives to ransom her with their best animals or belongings (crown, house, crown, ring, sword, etc.). The maiden curses her relatives who refuse to give up their property and blesses her fiancé, who does ransom her.  In a Hungarian version called ""Feher Anna"", collected by Béla Bartók in his study "The Hungarian Folk Song," Anna's brother László is imprisoned for stealing horses. Anna sleeps with Judge Horváth to free him but is unsuccessful in sparing his life. She then regales the judge with 13 curses.  "Cecilia" is one of the best known and more diffused songs in the Italian popular music. With no reference to any curse, it tells a story not very different from those of "Feher Anna" and "Seven Curses". Cecilia's husband has been condemned to be hanged, and she asks the captain how it is possible to spare his life. The captain promise to save her husband if Cecilia sleeps with him, but in the morning Cecilia sees from the window her man has been hanged.  The song is also found in Northern Sami, titled "Nieida Kajon sis", which tells a story that strongly resembles the Lithuanian version. The maid asks her relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, and uncle) to ransom her with their best belongings or animals (horse, cow, sword, crown, and ship).  Francis James Child found the English version "defective and distorted", in that, in most cases, the narrative rationale had been lost and only the ransoming sequence remained. Numerous European variants explain the reason for the ransom: the heroine has been captured by pirates. Of the texts he prints, one (95F) had "degenerated" into a children's game, while others had survived as part of a Northern English cante-fable, The Golden Ball (or Key). Child describes additional examples from the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Russia, and Slovenia, several of which feature a man being ransomed by a woman.  The theme of delaying one's execution while awaiting rescue by relatives appears with a similar structure in the 1697 classic fairy tale "Bluebeard" by Charles Perrault (translated into English in 1729).

"Gallows Pole" and the era of recorded music.

Lead Belly version.

Folksinger Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, who also popularized such songs as "Cotton Fields" and "Midnight Special", first recorded "The Gallis Pole" in the 1930s. His haunting, shrill tenor delivers the lyrical counterpoint, and his story is punctuated with spoken-word, as he "interrupts his song to discourse on its theme".

Judy Collins and Bob Dylan versions.

Judy Collins performed the song "Anathea" throughout 1963 (including a rendition at the 1963 Newport Folk Festival), credited to Neil Roth and Lydia Wood. It is thematically similar to the Hungarian "Feher Anna" cited above, even to the detail of the name of the brother (Lazlo). It appeared on her third album, "Judy Collins 3", released in early 1964.  Bob Dylan recorded a thematically similar "Seven Curses" in 1963, during the sessions for his "The Times They Are A-Changin'" album. The song tells a similar story, but from the point of view of the condemned's daughter. Dylan's song has been recorded by many artists.

Derry Gaol/The Streets of Derry.

An Irish version of the song, entitled "Derry Gaol" or "The Streets of Derry" (), has the young man marching through the streets of Derry "more like a commanding officer / Than a man to die upon the gallows tree". As he mounts the gallows, his true love comes riding, bearing a pardon from the Queen (or the King). It was first recorded by County Armagh singer Sarah Makem on "The Folk Songs of Britain, Vol. 7: Fair Game and Foul" (1961), and subsequently by Shirley Collins,Cara Dillon, Andy Irvine & Paul Brady, June Tabor, Peter Bellamy and Spiers & Boden.

Led Zeppelin version.

English band Led Zeppelin recorded the song for their album "Led Zeppelin III" in 1970. The album is a shift in style for the band towards acoustic material, influenced by a holiday Jimmy Page and Robert Plant took to the Bron-Yr-Aur cottage in the Welsh countryside. The liner notes include the songwriting credit "Traditional: Arranged by Page and Plant".  Page adapted the song from a version by American folk musician Fred Gerlach, which is included on his 1962 album "Twelve-String Guitar" for Folkways Records.  Composition  "Gallows Pole" begins as a simple acoustic guitar rhythm; mandolin is added in, then electric bass guitar shortly afterwards, and then banjo and drums simultaneously join in. The instrumentation builds up to a crescendo, increasing in tempo as the song progresses. The acoustic guitar chord progression (in standard tuning) is simple with a riff based on variations of the open A chord and the chords D and G occurring in the verse. Page played banjo, six and 12 string acoustic guitar and electric guitar (a Gibson Les Paul), while John Paul Jones played mandolin and bass.  Page has stated that, similar to the song "Battle of Evermore" that was included on their fourth album, the song emerged spontaneously when he started experimenting with Jones' banjo, an instrument he had never before played. "I just picked it up and started moving my fingers around until the chords sounded right, which is the same way I work on compositions when the guitar's in different tunings." It is also one of Page's favourite songs on "Led Zeppelin III".  Led Zeppelin performed the song a few times live during Led Zeppelin concerts in 1971. Plant sometimes also included the lyrics in live performances of the Led Zeppelin song "Trampled Under Foot" in 1975.  Reception  In a retrospective review of "Led Zeppelin III (Deluxe Edition)", Kristofer Lenz of "Consequence of Sound" gave "Gallows Pole" a positive review, writing the track is "an excellent representation of Page’s acoustic prowess, as his simple guitar line is soon joined by 12-string and banjo." Lenz further wrote that Jones joins the fun as well, "as he adds some mandolin flourish to the mix."

Variations.

In addition to "The Maid Freed from the Gallows", "The Prickly Bush", and the more recent "Gallows Pole", variations of the song have been recorded or reported under more than a score names. These include:

"The Maid Freed from the Gallows" is one of many titles of a centuries-old folk song about a condemned maiden pleading for someone to buy her freedom from the executioner. In the collection of ballads compiled by Francis James Child in the late 19th century, it is indexed as Child Ballad number 95; 11 variants, some fragmentary, are indexed as 95A to 95K. In the Roud Folk Song Index it is number 144. The ballad exists in a number of folkloric variants, from many different countries, and has been remade in a variety of formats. For example, it was recorded in 1939 as "The Gallis Pole" by folk singer Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, and in 1970 as "Gallows Pole", an arrangement of the Fred Gerlach version, by English rock band Led Zeppelin, on the album "Led Zeppelin III".


Design.

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-248" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-248" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one Flak M42 and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history.

After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel, "U-248" was transferred to the 9th flotilla for front-line service on 1 August 1944. She was reassigned to the 11th flotilla on 1 November.

1st patrol.

The boat's first patrol was preceded by two short trips between Kiel in Germany and Horten Naval Base and Bergen, both in Norway. Her first sortie began with her departure from Bergen on 18 August 1944. She arrived at Trondheim on 14 October.

2nd patrol and loss.

"U-248" was sunk by destroyer escorts, the,, and north of the Azores on 16 January 1945. Forty-seven men died; there were no survivors.

German submarine "U-248" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 19 December 1942 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 682, launched on 7 October 1943 and commissioned on 6 November under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Bernhard Emde.