Heparin-coated blood oxygenator.

Rationale.

Operations which involve uncoated CPB circuits require a high dose of systemic heparin. Although the effects of heparin are reversible by administering protamine, there are a number of side effects associated with this. Side effects can include allergic reaction to heparin resulting in thrombocytopenia, various reactions to the administration of protamine and post-operative hemorrhage due to inadequate reversal of the anticoagulation. Systemic heparin does not completely prevent clotting or the activation of complement, neutrophils, and monocytes, which are the principal mediators of the inflammatory response. This response produces a wide range of cytotoxins, and cell-signaling proteins that circulate throughout the patient's body during surgery and disrupt homeostasis. The inflammatory responses can produce microembolic particles. A greater source of such microemboli are caused by the suction of surgical debris and lipids into the CPB circuit.  Microparticles obstruct arterioles that supply small nests of cells throughout the body and, together with cytotoxins, damage organs and tissues and temporarily disturb organ function. All aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass, including manipulation of the aorta by the surgeon, may be associated with neurological symptoms following perfusion. Physicians refer to such temporary neurological deficits as “pumphead syndrome.” Heparin-coated blood oxygenators are one option available to a surgeon and a perfusionist to decrease morbidity associated with CPB to a limited degree.  Heparin-coated oxygenators are thought to:

Surgical outcomes.

Heparin coating is reported to result in similar characteristics to the native endothelium. It has been shown to inhibit intrinsic coagulation, inhibit host responses to extracorporeal circulation, and lessen postperfusion, or “pumphead,” syndrome. Several studies have examined the clinical efficacy of these oxygenators.  Mirow et al. 2001 examined the effects of heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass systems combined with full and low dose systemic heparinization in coronary artery bypass patients. The researchers concluded that  Ovrum et al. 2001 compared the clinical outcomes of 1336 patients with the Carmeda Bioactive Surface and Duraflo II coatings. The researchers concluded that:  Statistics and conclusions from more studies are available here. Clearly, heparin-coated blood oxygenators exhibit some advantages over non-coated oxygenators. Some hospitals use heparin-coated oxygenators for the large majority of their cases requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. It is unclear whether most surgeons actually reduce the amount of systemic heparin used when their patients are being perfused with heparin-coated oxygenators. Ultimately, each surgeon makes this decision based upon the needs of individual patient.  Although they offer advantages, these oxygenators are not widely regarded by surgeons as revolutionary breakthroughs in cardiopulmonary bypass. This is attributable to the fact that most of the morbidity associated with CPB is not caused by the contact between the blood with the oxygenator. The leading cause of hemolysis and microemboli is the return of blood suctioned from the surgical field to the CPB circuit. This blood has come into contact with air, lipids and debris that can significantly increase system inflammatory response. Surgeons are instead looking to off-pump cardiac procedures, wherein surgery is performed on beating hearts, as the next “big thing” in open heart surgery.  Coated circuits have not been proven to alter surgical outcomes in any statistically significant manner. Furthermore, coated circuits are significantly more expensive than conventional circuits.

An oxygenator is a medical device that is capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood of human patient during surgical procedures that may necessitate the interruption or cessation of blood flow in the body, a critical organ or great blood vessel. These organs can be the heart, lungs or liver, while the great vessels can be the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins or vena cava. An oxygenator is typically utilized by a perfusionist in cardiac surgery in conjunction with the heart-lung machine. However, oxygenators can also be utilized in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonatal intensive care units by nurses. For most cardiac operations such as coronary artery bypass grafting, the cardiopulmonary bypass is performed using a heart-lung machine (or cardiopulmonary bypass machine). The heart-lung machine serves to replace the work of the heart during the open bypass surgery. The machine replaces both the heart's pumping action and the lungs' gas exchange function. Since the heart is stopped during the operation, this permits the surgeon to operate on a bloodless, stationary heart.


History and development.

In the early 1950s, the Taizé Community in France started to attract youths from several religious denominations with worship hymns based on modern melodies.  In the mid-20th century, Christian Unions in university environments hosted evangelistic talks and provided biblical teaching for their members, Christian cafés opened with evangelistic aims, and church youth groups were set up. Amateur musicians from these groups began playing Christian music in a popular idiom. Some Christians felt that the church needed to break from its stereotype as being structured, formal and dull to appeal to the younger generation. By borrowing the conventions of popular music, the antithesis of this stereotype, the church restated the claims of the Bible through Christian lyrics, and thus sent the message that Christianity was not outdated or irrelevant. "The Joystrings" were one of the first Christian pop groups to appear on television, in Salvation Army uniform, playing Christian beat music.  Churches began to adopt some of these songs and the styles for corporate worship. These early songs for communal singing were characteristically simple. "Youth Praise", published in 1966, was one of the first and most famous collections of these songs and was compiled and edited by Michael Baughen and published by the Jubilate Group.  As of the early 1990s, songs such as "Lord, I Lift Your Name on High", "Shine, Jesus, Shine" and "Shout to the Lord" had been accepted in many churches. Integrity Media, Maranatha! Music and Vineyard were already publishing newer styles of music. Supporters of traditional worship hoped the newer styles were a fad, while younger people cited, "Sing to the Lord a new song". Prior to the late 1990s, many felt that Sunday morning was a time for hymns, and young people could have their music on the other six days. A "modern worship renaissance" helped make it clear any musical style was acceptable if true believers were using it to praise God. The changes resulted from the "Cutting Edge" recordings by the band Delirious?, the Passion Conferences and their music, the Exodus project of Michael W. Smith, and the band Sonicflood. Contemporary worship music became an integral part of Contemporary Christian music.  More recently songs are displayed using projectors on screens at the front of the church, and this has enabled greater physical freedom, and a faster rate of turnover in the material being sung. Important propagators of CWM over the past 25 years include Vineyard Music, Hillsong Worship, Bethel Music, Elevation Worship, Jesus Culture and Soul Survivor.

Theology and lyrics.

As CWM is closely related to the charismatic movement, the lyrics and even some musical features reflect its theology. In particular the charismatic movement is characterised by its emphasis on the Holy Spirit, through a personal encounter and relationship with God, that can be summed up in agape love.  Lyrically, the informal, sometimes intimate, language of relationship is employed. The terms 'You' and 'I’ are used rather than 'God' and 'we', and lyrics such as, 'I, I'm desperate for You', and 'Hungry I come to You for I know You satisfy, I am empty but I know Your love does not run dry' both exemplify the similarity of the lyrics of some CWM to popular love songs. Slang is used on occasion (for example 'We wanna see Jesus lifted high') and imperatives ('Open the eyes of my heart, Lord, I want to see You'), demonstrating the friendly, informal terms charismatic theology encourages for relating to God personally. Often a physical response is included in the lyrics ('So we raise up holy hands'; 'I will dance, I will sing, to be mad for my king'). This couples with the use of drums and popular rhythm in the songs to encourage full body worship.  The metaphorical language of the lyrics is subjective, and therefore does risk being misinterpreted; this emphasis on personal encounter with God does not always balance with intellectual understanding.  Just as in secular popular and rock relationships and feelings are central topics, so in CWM association to a personal relationship with God and free expression are emphasised.  As in traditional hymnody, some images, such as captivity and freedom, life and death, romance, power and sacrifice, are employed to facilitate relationship with God.  Beginning in the 2010s, contemporary worship music with a distinctly theological lyric focus blending hymns and worship songs with contemporary rhythms & instrumentation, began to emerge, primarily in the Baptist, Reformed, and more traditional non-denominational branches of Protestant Christianity. Artists include well-known groups such as Shane & Shane, Aaron Peterson, and modern hymn-writers, Keith & Kristyn Getty as well as others like Sovereign Grace Music, Matt Boswell, and Aaron Keyes. By the late 2010s, the format had gained sizable traction in many churches and other areas in culture as well as being heard in CCM collections and musical algorithms on several internet streaming services.

Musical identity.

Because, in common with hymns, such music is sung communally, there can be a practical and theological emphasis on its accessibility, to enable every member of the congregation to participate in a corporate act of worship. This often manifests in simple, easy-to-pick-up melodies in a mid-vocal range; repetition; familiar chord progressions and a restricted harmonic palette. Unlike hymns, the music notation may primarily be based around the chords, with the keyboard score being secondary. An example of this, "Strength Will Rise (Everlasting God)", is in with the exception of one bar shortly before the chorus. Rhythmic variety is achieved by syncopation, most notably in the short section leading into the chorus, and in flowing one line into the next. A pedal note in the opening sets the key and it uses only four chords. Structurally, the form verse-chorus is adopted, each using repetition. In particular the use of a rising four-note figure, used in both melody and accompaniment, makes the song easy to learn.  At more charismatic services, members of the congregation may harmonise freely during worship songs, perhaps singing in tongues (see glossolalia), and the worship leader seeks to be 'led by the Holy Spirit'. There may also be role of improvisation, flowing from one song to the next and inserting musical material from one song into another.

Performance.

The worship band.

There is no fixed band set-up for playing CWM, but most have a lead singer and lead guitarist or keyboard player. Their role is to indicate the tone, structure, pace and volume of the worship songs, and perhaps even construct the order or content during the time of worship. Some larger churches are able to employ paid worship leaders, and some have attained fame by worship leading, blurring contemporary worship music with Christian rock, though the role of the band in a worship service, leading and enabling the congregation in praise normally contrasts that of performing a Christian concert. In CWM today there will often be three or four singers with microphones, a drum kit, a bass guitar, one or two guitars, keyboard and possibly other, more orchestral instruments, such as a flute or violin. There has been a shift within the genre towards using amplified instruments and voices, again paralleling popular music, though some churches play the same songs with simpler or acoustic instrumentation.

The role of technology.

Technological advances have played a significant role in the development of CWM. In particular the use of projectors means that the song repertoire of a church is not restricted to those in a song book. Songs and styles go in trends. The internet has increased accessibility, enabling anyone to see lyrics and guitar chords for many worship songs, and download MP3 tracks. This has also played a part in the globalisation of much CWM. Some churches, such as Hillsong, Bethel and Vineyard, have their own publishing companies, and there is a thriving Christian music business which parallels that of the secular world, with recording studios, music books, CDs, MP3 downloads and other merchandise. The consumer culture surrounding CWM has prompted both criticism and praise, and as Pete Ward deals with in his book "Selling Worship", no advance is without both positive and negative repercussions.

Criticisms.

Criticisms include Gary Parrett's concern that the volume of this music drowns out congregational participation, and therefore makes it a performance. He quotes Ephesians 5:19, in which Paul the Apostle tells the church in Ephesus to be'speaking to one another with psalms, hymns and songs from the Spirit', and questions whether the worship band, now so often amplified and playing like a rock band, replace rather than enable a congregation's praise.  Seventh-day Adventist author Samuele Bacchiocchi expressed concerns over the use of the "rock" idiom, as he argues that music communicates on a subconscious level, and the often anarchistic, nihilistic ethos of rock stands against Christian culture. Using the physical response induced by drums in a worship context as evidence that rock takes peoples' minds away from contemplating on the lyrics and God, he suggests that rock is actively dangerous for the Church.  The theological content too has raised questions for some, including Martyn Percy, who argues there is too great an emphasis on a very intimate relationship with God, using terms such as 'I' and 'you' instead of 'we' and 'God', and very passionate, physical language, and argues that this bias needs urgent correction. He explains how the emphasis on emotion can encourage hype and a need to create an atmosphere which evokes a sense of encounter with God, rather than allowing God to do so.  Despite the biblical basis employed to underpin CWM, such as, its surrounding culture tends to exclude systematic use of the psalms in weekly worship, sidelining lament from regular worship practice. The emphasis on praise, and on an interpretation of 'worship' that is overwhelmingly positive, can lead to avoidance of the psalms of lament. Michael Vasey writes: "Scripture is, of course, full of lament – and devotes its finest literary creation to warning the godly against quick and easy answers. The power of many of the psalms we are embarrassed to use lies precisely here. Of all this there is little echo in our contemporary reading." Whereas denominational churches generally use a weekly lectionary that gives a broad range of scriptural themes, including selected psalms on those themes, CWM churches tend not to have an agreed lectionary and the consequent agreement on using a broad range of material.  Pope John Paul II, concerning the role of music in regard to worship, said "Today, as yesterday, musicians, composers, liturgical chapel cantors, church organists and instrumentalists must feel the necessity of serious and rigorous professional training. They should be especially conscious of the fact that each of their creations or interpretations cannot escape the requirement of being a work that is inspired, appropriate and attentive to aesthetic dignity, transformed into a prayer of worship when, in the course of the liturgy, it expresses the mystery of faith in sound."  Some have noted that contemporary worship songs often reflect the social climate of individualism as the lyrics emphasize personal relationship with God, even within a group context.  Interviewed in "Christianity Today" in 2011, Grove City College professor T. David Gordon said contemporary music was not easier to sing or better than traditional music, but familiar. If this style of music was all people listened to, then that would make them happy. He also said praise bands had a hard time finding good music, but played the contemporary music because the church wanted it, with the only criteria being how contemporary the music sounded. Gordon also said churches were adding hymns to contemporary services, but that in the past the main concern had never been how new the music sounded.  Gordon said in 2014 that contemporary music could not be as good because one generation could not compete with 50 generations of hymns, and even the contemporary songs were in some cases just the old hymns with an updated sound. Writers of new songs had a hard time with "theologically sound, but significant, profound, appropriate, memorable, and edifying". After his 2011 interview, Gordon said Mark Moring of "Christianity Today" had observed that contemporary music in churches was on the decline. Gordon said the people who first wanted it are older, and contemporary music had become so common that it was no longer a marketing tool, and no longer new when people wanted what was new. Praise teams, Gordon said, were like performers, but that they were in conflict with what the Bible said. And the congregation needed to participate.

Popularity.

Some songs now appear in more traditional hymnals. "Evangelical Lutheran Worship" (published in 2006 by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America) includes "Lord, I Lift Your Name on High" by Rick Founds and "Shout to the Lord" by Darlene Zschech. The "United Methodist Hymnal" (1989) includes "Thy Word Is a Lamp" by Amy Grant and "Take Our Bread" by Joe Wise.  Contemporary Christian worship groups, such as Hillsong United, are ranking in the top ten on "Billboard" and other national charts and are earning publicity in pop culture publications.  In 2019, the U.S. radio network Air1 (which was previously devoted to Christian hits) changed its format to focus primarily on worship music.

Contemporary worship music (CWM), also known as praise and worship music, is a defined genre of Christian music used in contemporary worship. It has developed over the past 60 years and is stylistically similar to pop music. The songs are frequently referred to as "praise songs" or "worship songs" and are typically led by a "worship band" or "praise team", with either a guitarist or pianist leading. It has become a common genre of music sung in many churches, particularly in charismatic or non-denominational Protestant churches with some Roman Catholic congregations incorporating it into their mass as well.


Playing career.

Nasheim spent the early stages of his career in his native Canada, playing for the Cowichan Valley Capitals in the BCJHL, followed by stints in the WHL with the Spokane Chiefs and Regina Pats. He then spent the 1985-86 season at the University of Regina.  He began his pro career at German second-division side EHC Klostersee, but would spend almost the remainder of his playing days in Austria. He played a total of 13 years for VEU Feldkirch and also had stints at Swiss EHC Uzwil, and two other Austrian clubs Wiener EV and EHC Linz. In the course of his career he won five Austrian championships with Feldkirch and one with Linz. He also captured four Alpenliga titles as well as the 1997-98 European Hockey League championship in 1997-98. Nasheim retired in 2004.

International career.

Nasheim became an Austrian citizen in 1990 and was eligible to play for the Austrian national team. He played at the 1994 and 1998 Olympic Winter Games and attended nine World Championships.

Coaching career.

Nasheim began his coaching career at assistant at EHC Linz in Austria’s top-flight. He remained in that position until the end of the 2009-10 season and then accepted an offer from ERC Ingolstadt of the German elite league Deutsche Eishockey Liga. When the Ingolstadt team sacked Rich Chernomaz in December 2012, Nasheim took over as head coach on an interim basis. For the 2007 World Championships, he joined the coaching staff of the Austrian national team as an assistant.  In the 2015-16 season, he served as assistant coach of Austrian EBEL side Vienna Capitals. He then worked as analyst for the Austrian TV channel Sky. In June 2017, Nasheim was named assistant coach of EBEL team Dornbirner EC, after having worked as a pro scout for the team the previous months.

Richard "Rick" Nasheim (born January 15, 1963 in Regina, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian-Austrian professional ice hockey coach and a former professional ice hockey player. He has been serving as assistant coach of Austrian team Dornbirner EC since June 2017.


Political career.

Bosbach was a directly elected member of the Bundestag from 1994 until 2017, representing Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, and the deputy parliamentary group leader of his party from 2000 until 2009. From 1994 until 2002 and from 2009 until 2017, he served on the Committee on Internal Affairs.  In August 2011, Bosbach became the first senior CDU MP to say he would not vote for legal changes to allow the European Financial Stability Facility to buy sovereign bonds on the market. He later criticized the permanent rescue mechanism – called European Stability Mechanism – was a step toward a European transfer union. In 2012, he told German business magazine "Wirtschaftswoche" that Greece should leave the euro region to overhaul its economy.  In 2013, Bosbach rejected calls to grant Muslims living in Germany two days of official holiday a year to mark important religious festivals, saying there was "no Islamic tradition in Germany" and that religious holidays here reflected the country's Christian heritage.  Following the 2013 federal elections, Bosbach was part of the CDU/CSU team in the negotiations with the SPD on a coalition agreement.  On 27 February 2015 Bosbach voted against the Merkel government’s proposal for a four-month extension of Greece's bailout; in doing so, he joined a record number of 29 dissenters from the CDU/CSU parliamentary group who expressed skepticism about whether the Greek government under Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras could be trusted to deliver on its reform pledges. On 17 July he voted against the government’s proposal to negotiate a third bailout for Greece; in response to the resulting discussions with fellow conservative MPs, he resigned from his office as Chairman of the Committee on Internal Affairs.  In August 2016 Bosbach announced that he would not stand in the 2017 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term due to his deteriorating health. That same month, he agreed to serve as columnist for German tabloid "Bild" from 2017 on.

Career after politics.

In 2017, Minister-President Armin Laschet of North Rhine-Westphalia appointed Bosbach as chair of a commission to advise the state government on criminal justice reforms.

Wolfgang Walter Wilhelm Bosbach (born 11 June 1952) is a German politician and member of the conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which he joined in 1972. A lawyer by profession, Bosbach is a partner at Winter, Jansen & Lamsfuß in Bergisch Gladbach.


US military service academies.

Presently, some of the most notable and most stringent honor codes exist at the Federal Service Academies and Senior Military Colleges.  The military academy honor codes not only govern the cadets' and midshipmen's lives at the academies but also are deemed essential to the development of military officers who are worthy of the public trust. As such, the codes are not limited merely to academic situations or to conduct on campus; cadets and midshipmen are expected to live by the codes' ethical standards at all times. The codes are as old as the academies themselves and simply state that cadets and midshipmen do not lie, cheat or steal, nor tolerate those who do. A single-sanction Honor Code, in which any offense results in expulsion regardless of severity, exists at Virginia Military Institute, which features a "drum out" ceremony which is still carried out upon a cadet's dismissal. Outside of the military, Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia also have single sanction codes.  At three of the service academies and at Virginia Military Institute, anyone who learns of an honor code violation is required to report it. Failure to do so is considered "toleration," which itself violates the code. That also holds true at schools with combined cadet and traditional student programs, such as Norwich University, Texas A&M, and The Citadel, whose honor codes specifically provide that all students, both cadets and civilians, do not "tolerate those who do." It is notable that the three Senior Military Colleges have two honor codes, one for cadets and one for civilians, whether on-campus or through distance online programs, etc. The Honor Concept of the Brigade of Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy allows the observer of an honor violation to confront the accused without formally reporting. It was found that it was more constructive at developing the honor of midshipmen. A non-toleration clause, on the other hand, is believed to make enemies of classmates. Additionally, it is thought that one's true honor, if other than utmost, was not able to be formally remediated when hidden from public view. Under the academies' honor codes, violators can face severe punishment, up to being forwarded for expulsion by the Secretary of the Army, Navy, or Air Force.  Stringent honor codes, however, are not limited to military institutions. The all-male Hampden–Sydney College is reputed for an honor code system on a par with military systems, which extends to all student activities both on and off campus (off-campus violations can be prosecuted), and also like the military system, it considers tolerance of a violation itself a violation. Like the Naval Academy, however, those who witness a violation are encouraged to confront the violator and convince them to turn themselves in before resorting to reporting the violation. Another school with a very strict honor code is Brigham Young University. The university not only mandates honest behavior but also incorporates various aspects of Mormon religious law: drinking, smoking, drug use, and premarital sex are all banned. Also, the code includes standards for dress and grooming. Men must be clean-shaven, and men and women cannot wear short shorts or other revealing clothing.

Notable American academic honor systems.

Many military academies have strict Honor systems, such as the following:  In addition, the following colleges with a Corps of Cadets maintain an honor code for both the cadets and civilian students:  There are also traditional liberal arts and technical universities that maintain Honor systems:

An academic honor code or honor system is a set of rules or ethical principles governing an academic community based on ideals that define what constitutes honorable behaviour within that community. The use of an honor code depends on the notion that people (at least within the community) can be trusted to act honorably. Those who are in violation of the honor code can be subject to various sanctions, including expulsion from the institution.


Method of operation.

Soft updates allow only asynchronous metadata writes that do not render the on-disk file system inconsistent, or that the only inconsistency that ever happens is a storage space leak (space marked allocated when not used by any file). It avoids having to do ordered synchronous metadata writes by temporarily "rolling back" any part of a metadata block that depends on another potentially non-flushed or partially rolled-back block when writing it.  In effect, blocks may be flushed at any time and the soft-update code will always provide the disk a consistent version of it (as long as it knows which blocks have physically been flushed). Recovery then simply becomes a matter of running a background walk of the file system when it is next mounted to garbage collect any allocated space that has been orphaned. This also permits the filesystem to selectively flush certain files without having to flush all metadata blocks or all of the records.  Data that is unlinked from the metadata dependency graph before writing it to disk has begun does not need to be written to disk at all. For example, creating a file, using it for a short period of time, and then deleting it may cause no disk activity at all.  Soft updates require periodic flushing of the metadata to nonvolatile storage.

Implementations.

FreeBSD supports soft updates for the UFS file system and they have been enabled by default during installation for many years. Soft updates are manually enabled or disabled during file system creation with an option to the newfs command. They can be disabled or enabled anytime thereafter with an option to the tunefs command. FreeBSD 9.0 introduced a journaling supplement to soft updates for the purpose of eliminating a background fsck for garbage collection after a crash. However, enabling journaling on a filesystem with soft updates disables the ability to make filesystem snapshots. This may cause issues when filesystems are dumped with the -L option, as snapshots are used to guarantee filesystem coherency during the dump.  OpenBSD supports soft updates for the FFS file system. Soft updates are enabled when the file system is mounted by exercising an option to the mount command.  NetBSD supported soft updates until the 6.0 release (2012) at which time it was deprecated in favor of WAPBL journaling.

Comparison to journaling file systems.

Neither journaling nor soft updates guarantees that no data will be lost, but they do make sure that the filesystem remains consistent.  An advantage of a file system with soft updates is that it can be mounted immediately after a crash, since there is no log replay.

Soft updates is an approach to maintaining file system meta-data integrity in the event of a crash or power outage. Soft updates work by tracking and enforcing dependencies among updates to file system meta-data. Soft updates are an alternative to the more commonly used approach of journaling file systems.


History.

Their self-titled debut album was released in 2001 on Sony BMG Records, led by the hit single "Guapas", and was certified four-times platinum by the CAPIF. Despite being initially snubbed by many critics and artists, Bandana emerged as Argentina's best-selling act since 2001.  At the time of their disbandment in 2004, the combined sales of Bandana's three studio albums were estimated to be 450,000 copies sold. Their career was marked by several landmarks for Argentine musicians — specially bearing in mind the 1998–2002 Argentine great depression: 280 thousand tickets were sold to see them perform in the Teatro Gran Rex (with a total of 86 concerts in the venue); they performed twice for a total of 90 thousand people in the Vélez Sársfield Stadium; and released "Vivir intentando", a film starring themselves that was seen by over 1 million people.  In 2016, Bandana announced a reunion concert (without Ivonne Guzmán) at the Lola Membrives Theatre in Buenos Aires; due to the high demand for tickets, the group has added five more dates. The concerts sold out within an hour and a half. The band also released a new album, titled "La Vuelta" which contains new versions of some of their biggest hits. On January 16, 2017, the band released their first original song ever since 2003 entitled "Bombón". The following day, da Cunha announced her departure from the band. In March, 2017 the 3 Bandana members, Lourdes, Valeria and Lisa, flew to the US to record the music video for their first single since their comeback, "Bombón" featuring Wisin. The music video was produced and directed by Lourival Rodriguez and co-directed by Ruslan Shakirov. It was shot in a Mansion in Miami Beach, FL.  Following da Cunha's departure, the band continues to release new singles, including "No No No" and "Baila" in 2018, and their latest single, "En la Punta de la Lengua" in February 2019.

Members.

The original group consisted of 5 girls:  All the girls hailed from Buenos Aires, apart from Guzmán, who is a native of Colombia.  Upon the band's comeback tour in 2016, Guzmán decided not to return, being the only member who did not rejoin. Guzmán's role was not replaced.  On January 17, 2017, da Cunha revealed through her Instagram account she had left the band to focus on her solo career. The rest of the members announced subsequently that they would not replace da Cunha and instead, would continue as a 3-girl group.

Casting.

Formed in 2001 on the reality TV show Popstars, 5 girls were selected from 5,000's of contestants who had attended the casting. Their emergence coincided with a period of nationwide economic depression. As such, their success contrasted greatly with the general mood of the country, & one of the judges commented that "this was an opportunity to shine at a very downbeat moment for Argentina". The final line-up was unusual in the sense that the girls didn't conform to traditional ideas of beauty: Ivonne wore braces & Lourdes was known as "la peti" ("shorty") due to her height. Judge Afo Verde noted that ""appearance didn't matter to us, what each girl conveyed was most important"".

Musical history.

Their first self-titled album, "Bandana", was the best-selling album of 2001 in Argentina, turning platinum soon after release and achieving 4 platinum certifications. It spawned a number of hits including "Cómo Puede Ser", "Guapas" & "Maldita Noche". They also completed a successful tour, selling out Buenos Aires' biggest theatre, Teatro Gran Rex, more than 40 times during winter vacations (July).  Later in 2002, they recorded a Spanish version of Can't Help Falling in Love by Elvis Presley "(Muero De Amor Por Tí)", for the Disney film Lilo & Stitch. In 2002, they released their second album, "Noche" ("Night"), which wasn't as successful as the first but it was still the best-selling album of 2002 in Argentina. In 2003, they released their third studio album, titled "Vivir Intentando" which was also the soundtrack of their film of the same name released during the same year. They also won Best New Artist—Southeast at the MTV Video Music Awards Latin America. In December 2002, they performed a joint concert with Mambrú in the Vélez Sársfield stadium with over 40,000 tickets sold.  In order to promote themselves internationally, they traveled to the USA, appearing in New York & Miami & also featuring on the cover of Billboard Magazine. This was notable for being the first time that an Argentine group had achieved this feat.  In 2016 they are back in order to do several shows and a tour around the country. They revealed through interviews that reuniting had always been a possibility, but it kept being postponed due to some of the members' pregnancies and other professional commitments. A new album, "La Vuelta" was released to celebrate their reunion, which contains revised versions of some of their biggest hits. The track list is also the set list of their tour.  On January 16, 2017, the group released their first original song since 2003 entitled "Bombón" featuring Puerto Rican rapper Wisin. The following day, da Cunha revealed she had left the band, hence why she did not participate in the recording of this song. This brand new song serves as the main theme of one of Telefé's reality show, "Despedida de Soltero" ("Stag Party").

Cultural Impact.

Following on from a trend established by the Spice Girls in the UK & internationally in the late 1990s, Bandana became a carefully marketed product which was especially popular among young girls. Many licensed products with their brand were available to purchase, and contributed to the heightened interest in the group, occasionally referred to as 'Bandanamania'. Their signature bandanas of varying colours were quickly imitated by the teen population, as were their lyrics & dance routines.  From 2001 to 2003, there was an official "Bandana" store selling lots of merchandisings. The store was located at Avenida Corrientes, right besides Teatro Gran Rex.

Vivir Intentando (Go For It).

In 2003 they released their first movie, Vivir Intentando, filmed on location in Buenos Aires. It premiered in Argentina on 14 June 2003, & met with mixed reviews. One critic claimed it a success ""thanks to the competent technical aspects, precise use of emotion that plays with the audience, but above all, the atmosphere which it creates in the cinema"". Others were less complimentary, commenting ""their acting talents are just passable...the songs shine due to the absence thereof...& the script comes straight from the 'teenager dreams of being a singer' handbook"". In spite of this, the movie grossed over ARS 10,500,000. and had a bigger B.O. than many international blockbusters.

Bandana is an Argentine pop girl group formed in 2001. Following the international trend of teen pop girl groups established by the Spice Girls, the five members of Bandana — Ivonne Guzmán, Lourdes Cecilia Fernández, Valeria Gastaldi, Virginia Da Cunha and María Elizabeth Vera — were selected on the TV show "Popstars" and were a carefully marketed product that became a phenomenon in the country, particularly among young girls.


Signs and symptoms.

Onset may be rapid (acute) or more gradual (subacute). Signs of cardiac tamponade typically include those of cardiogenic shock including shortness of breath, weakness, lightheadedness, and cough. Other symptoms may relate to the underlying cause.  Other general signs of shock (such as fast heart rate, shortness of breath and decreasing level of consciousness) may also occur. However, some of these signs may not be present in certain cases. A fast heart rate, although expected, may be absent in people with uremia and hypothyroidism.

Causes.

Cardiac tamponade is caused by a large or uncontrolled pericardial effusion, i.e. the buildup of fluid inside the pericardium. This commonly occurs as a result of chest trauma (both blunt and penetrating), but can also be caused by myocardial infarction, myocardial rupture, cancer, uremia, pericarditis, or cardiac surgery, and rarely occurs during retrograde aortic dissection, or while the person is taking anticoagulant therapy. The effusion can occur rapidly (as in the case of trauma or myocardial rupture), or over a more gradual period of time (as in cancer). The fluid involved is often blood, but pus is also found in some circumstances.

Surgery.

One of the most common settings for cardiac tamponade is in the first 24 to 48 hours after heart surgery. After heart surgery, chest tubes are placed to drain blood. These chest tubes, however, are prone to clot formation. When a chest tube becomes occluded or clogged, the blood that should be drained can accumulate around the heart, leading to tamponade.

Pathophysiology.

The outer layer of the heart is made of fibrous tissue which does not easily stretch, so once fluid begins to enter the pericardial space, pressure starts to increase.  If fluid continues to accumulate, each successive diastolic period leads to less blood entering the ventricles. Eventually, increasing pressure on the heart forces the septum to bend in towards the left ventricle, leading to a decrease in stroke volume. This causes the development of obstructive shock, which if left untreated may lead to cardiac arrest (often presenting as pulseless electrical activity).

Diagnosis.

The three classic signs, known as Beck's triad, are low blood pressure, jugular-venous distension, and muffled heart sounds. Other signs may include pulsus paradoxus (a drop of at least 10 mmHg in arterial blood pressure with inspiration), and ST segment changes on the electrocardiogram, which may also show low voltage QRS complexes,

Medical imaging.

Tamponade can often be diagnosed radiographically. Echocardiography, which is the diagnostic test of choice, often demonstrates an enlarged pericardium or collapsed ventricles. A large cardiac tamponade will show as an enlarged globular-shaped heart on chest x-ray. During inspiration, the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity will cause increased pressure into the right ventricle. This increased pressure in the right ventricle will cause the interventricular septum to bulge towards the left ventricle, leading to decreased filling of the left ventricle. At the same time, right ventricle volume is markedly diminished and sometimes it can collapse.

Differential diagnosis.

Initial diagnosis of cardiac tamponade can be challenging, as there is a broad differential diagnosis. The differential includes possible diagnoses based on symptoms, time course, mechanism of injury, patient history. Rapid onset cardiac tamponade may also appear similary to pleural effusions, shock, pulmonary embolism, and tension pneumothorax.  If symptoms appeared more gradually, the differential diagnosis includes acute heart failure.  In a person with trauma presenting with pulseless electrical activity in the absence of hypovolemia and tension pneumothorax, the most likely diagnosis is cardiac tamponade.  In addition to the diagnostic complications afforded by the wide-ranging differential diagnosis for chest pain, diagnosis can be additionally complicated by the fact that people will often be weak or faint at presentation. For instance, a fast rate of breathing and difficulty breathing on exertion that progresses to air hunger at rest can be a key diagnostic symptom, but it may not be possible to obtain such information from people who are unconscious or who have convulsions at presentation.

Treatment.

Pre-hospital care.

Initial treatment given will usually be supportive in nature, for example administration of oxygen, and monitoring. There is little care that can be provided pre-hospital other than general treatment for shock. Some teams have performed an emergency thoracotomy to release clotting in the pericardium caused by a penetrating chest injury.  Prompt diagnosis and treatment is the key to survival with tamponade. Some pre-hospital providers will have facilities to provide pericardiocentesis, which can be life-saving. If the person has already suffered a cardiac arrest, pericardiocentesis alone cannot ensure survival, and so rapid evacuation to a hospital is usually the more appropriate course of action.

Hospital management.

Initial management in hospital is by pericardiocentesis. This involves the insertion of a needle through the skin and into the pericardium and aspirating fluid under ultrasound guidance preferably. This can be done laterally through the intercostal spaces, usually the fifth, or as a subxiphoid approach. A left parasternal approach begins 3 to 5 cm left of the sternum to avoid the left internal mammary artery, in the 5th intercostal space. Often, a cannula is left in place during resuscitation following initial drainage so that the procedure can be performed again if the need arises. If facilities are available, an emergency pericardial window may be performed instead, during which the pericardium is cut open to allow fluid to drain. Following stabilization of the person, surgery is provided to seal the source of the bleed and mend the pericardium.  In people following heart surgery the nurses monitor the amount of chest tube drainage. If the drainage volume drops off, and the blood pressure goes down, this can suggest tamponade due to chest tube clogging. In that case, the person is taken back to the operating room for an emergency reoperation.  If aggressive treatment is offered immediately and no complications arise (shock, AMI or arrhythmia, heart failure, aneurysm, carditis, embolism, or rupture), or they are dealt with quickly and fully contained, then adequate survival is still a distinct possibility.

Epidemiology.

The frequency of tamponade is unclear. One estimate from the United States places it at 2 per 10,000 per year. It is estimated to occur in 2% of those with stab or gunshot wounds to the chest.

Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is when fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the heart) builds up, resulting in compression of the heart. Onset may be rapid or gradual. Symptoms typically include those of cardiogenic shock including shortness of breath, weakness, lightheadedness, and cough. Other symptoms may relate to the underlying cause. Common causes of cardiac tamponade include cancer, kidney failure, chest trauma, myocardial infarction, and pericarditis. Other causes include connective tissues diseases, hypothyroidism, aortic rupture, autoimmune disease, and complications of cardiac surgery. In Africa, tuberculosis is a relatively common cause. Diagnosis may be suspected based on low blood pressure, jugular venous distension, or quiet heart sounds (together known as Beck's triad). A pericardial rub may be present in cases due to inflammation. The diagnosis may be further supported by specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, chest X-ray, or an ultrasound of the heart. If fluid increases slowly the pericardial sac can expand to contain more than 2 liters; however, if the increase is rapid, as little as 200 mL can result in tamponade. Tamponade is a medical emergency. When it results in symptoms, drainage is necessary. This can be done by pericardiocentesis, surgery to create a pericardial window, or a pericardiectomy. Drainage may also be necessary to rule out infection or cancer. Other treatments may include the use of dobutamine or in those with low blood volume, intravenous fluids. Those with few symptoms and no worrisome features can often be closely followed. The frequency of tamponade is unclear. One estimate from the United States places it at 2 per 10,000 per year.


Geography.

Except for the municipality of Ayent, which lies on the north bank of the Rhône, the municipalities of Hérens are located in the Val d'Hérens on the south bank of the Rhône.

Municipalities.

It comprises the following municipalities:

History.

After the conquest of Lower Valais by the bishopric of Sion (1476), the, Val d’Hérens became subordinate to the reeve of Saint-Maurice. In 1560, it was incorporated into the tithing of Sion, with the exception of Val d'Hérémence, which remained a bailiwick of the Seven Tithings. Hérémence district was formed in 1798 (Helvetic Republic), transformed into its own tithing in the Rhodanic Republic of 1802, and into a "canton" within the French département du Simplon in 1810. In 1815, it was restored as a tithing (after 1848 called "district") within the canton of Valais of the restored Swiss Confederacy, with the addition of Ayent municipality. Arbaz and Savièse were detached from Hérémence under the revised constitution of 1839.  The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Azure, on three mounts Vert a Ram passant Argent horned Or between two Mullets Or in chief."  On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Vernamiège, Nax and Mase merged to form the new municipality of Mont-Noble. The municipality of Les Agettes on 1 January 2017 merged into Sion.

Demographics.

Hérens has a population () of. Most of the population () speaks French (8,582 or 95.0%) as their first language, German is the second most common (203 or 2.2%) and Portuguese is the third (100 or 1.1%). There are 40 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh. , the gender distribution of the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. The population was made up of 4,578 Swiss men (44.7% of the population) and 467 (4.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 4,748 Swiss women (46.4%) and 442 (4.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the district 5,042 or about 55.8% were born in Hérens and lived there in 2000. There were 1,210 or 13.4% who were born in the same canton, while 781 or 8.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 707 or 7.8% were born outside of Switzerland. , there were 3,544 people who were single and never married in the district. There were 4,616 married individuals, 625 widows or widowers and 244 individuals who are divorced.  There were 1,031 households that consist of only one person and 265 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,703 households that answered this question, 27.8% were households made up of just one person and there were 80 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 1,014 married couples without children, 1,189 married couples with children There were 161 single parents with a child or children. There were 66 households that were made up of unrelated people and 162 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.  The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 47.67% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (17.26%), the SVP (15.57%) and the FDP (11.21%). In the federal election, a total of 5,651 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 71.8%.  In the 2009 Conseil d'Etat/Staatsrat election a total of 5,035 votes were cast, of which 245 or about 4.9% were invalid. The voter participation was 65.0%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 5,571 votes were cast, of which 285 or about 5.1% were invalid. The voter participation was 72.4%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.

Religion.

From the, 7,939 or 87.9% were Roman Catholic, while 363 or 4.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 23 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.25% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 34 individuals (or about 0.38% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 individuals (or about 0.03% of the population) who were Jewish, and 15 (or about 0.17% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 313 (or about 3.47% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 339 individuals (or about 3.75% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education.

In Hérens about 2,559 or (28.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 710 or (7.9%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 710 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.3% were Swiss men, 28.0% were Swiss women, 6.8% were non-Swiss men and 6.9% were non-Swiss women.

The district of Hérens is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It has a population of (as of ).


Taxonomy.

"Aster tenellus", that was figured by the early English botanist Leonard Plukenet in 1692, was the first species recorded that is now included in the genus "Felicia" (as "F. tenella"). This was followed in 1700 by "Aster fruticosus", again by Plukenet, repeated by Caspar Commelin in 1701, a species now called "Felicia fruticosa". Such names published before 1753, the year that was chosen as a starting point for the binominal nomenclature proposed by Carl Linnaeus, are not valid however. In 1761, John Hill erected the genus "Coelestina" widely considered a later synonym of "Ageratum", but the plant that was illustrated most likely is the same species as "F. amelloides". In 1763, Carl Linnaeus describes "Cineraria amelloides" ("F. amelloides"), the first valid name for a species assigned today to "Felicia". In 1763, French botanist Michel Adanson described a new genus, "Detris", without mentioning a species, but apparently having "F. amelloides" in mind. Peter Jonas Bergius, a botanist from Sweden, described "Aster hyssopifolius" in 1767, now known as "F. hyssopifolia". A year later, Dutch botanist Pieter Burman the Younger added "Aster aethiopicus" (now "F. aethiopica"). This is followed by "Aster cymbalariae" (William Aiton, 1789), "Leysseria ovata" and "Pteronia echinata" (Carl Peter Thunberg, 1800 and 1823), "Aster filifolius" (Étienne Pierre Ventenat, 1804), and "Cineraria bergeriana" (Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, 1826), now "F. cymbalariae", "F. ovata", "F. echinata", "F. filifolius" and "F. bergeriana".  In 1815, French Asteraceae specialist Henri Cassini begun his work to rearrange the genera of the Asteraceae, splitting off species that had been assigned to "Aster" up till that moment but are now accepted in "Felicia", starting with erecting "Agatacha". This name was probably a typographical error, since he replaced it by "Agathaea" in the following year. In 1817 he created "Charieis", and followed up with "Felicia" in 1818. He erected "Munychia" in 1825 to accommodate "Aster cymbalariae". Only of the species he assigned to his new genus "Diplopappus" (1819) none are currently included in "Felicia". At that moment in time, 17 species currently included in "Felicia" were known to science.  Because of the extensive collecting in the Cape Region by Drège, Ecklon and Zeyher, during the next decade the number of known species expanded rapidly. In 1832, Christian Friedrich Lessing moved most species Cassini distributed over his new genera back to "Aster", although he assigned "Cineraria bergerana" to "Elphegea", and created the new combinations "Diplopappus fruticosa" and "D. filifolia". A year later, Nees von Esenbeck considered the assignment of current "Felicia" species. He thought "Charieis" was synonymous to the older genus "Kaulfussia", agreed mostly with the split created by Cassini, includes the species of the section "Lignofelicia" in "Diplostephium" (Kunth, 1820), and created the genus "Detridium" for "Cineraria bergerana". Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1836 recognises "Agathaea", "Diplopappus", "Felicia" and "Munychia", together 49 species, most of which are assigned to "Felicia" today. Consecutive authors can roughly be divided in lumpers that brought together many species in "Aster", and splitters that proposed narrow taxa, and both groups eventually converged on Felicia in its current circumscription. Jürke Grau revised the genus in 1973 and described seventeen new species ("F. alba", "F. caespitosa", "F. canaliculata", "F. clavipilosa", "F. comptonii", "F. joubertinae", "F. merxmuellerii", "F. microcephala", "F. monocephala", " F. nigrescens", "F. nordenstamii", "F. oleosa", "F. stenophylla" and "F. tsitsikamae"), alongside eight new subspecies. Only four species have been described since: "F. flava" by Henk Jaap Beentje (1999), "F. martinsiana" (2007) by Santiago Ortiz, "F. josephinae" (2002) by John Manning and Peter Goldblatt, and "F. douglasii" in 2018 by Manning, Anthony Maggee and James Boatwright. Currently, 85 species have been assigned to "Felicia".  Although "Felicia" has been commonly used for a long time, it is not the oldest name. In principle, "Detris", as the earliest name, should have priority, but it was suppressed in favour of the widely used name "Felicia". In 2010, it was proposed to also conserve "Felicia" over "Agathaea", "Charieis" and "Coelestina", because these names also precede "Felicia" and should get priority otherwise.

Naming.

The genus is presumed to be named in honor of Fortunato Bartolomeo de Felice, an Italian-Swiss scientist.

Subdivision.

The genus "Felicia" is divided into six groups called sections. These are "Anhebecarpaea", "Dracontium", "Felicia", "Lignofelicia", "Longistylis" and "Neodetris". "F. douglasii" could not yet be assigned to any section.  The following taxa are assigned to the respective sections.

Phylogeny.

According to recent DNA-analysis, "Felicia" belongs to the tribe Asterinae. It is probably polyphyletic.

Reassigned species.

The species that were originally described as, or moved to "Felicia" or one of its synonyms, which since have been reassigned include the following:

Description.

The base number of chromosomes of the earliest common ancestor of "Felicia" is probably nine, with most species diploid (2n=18), but some taxa in the section "Felicia" are tetraploid (4n=36), such as "F. clavipilosa" subsp. "transvaalensis", "F. fascicularis", and "F. uliginosa". Divergent base chromosome numbers occur in the derived section "Neodetris", with eight (2n=16) in "F. amoena" and "F. elongata", six (2n=12) in "F. minima" and five (2n=10) in "F. heterophylla", "F. merxmuelleri" and "F. namaquana".  About 60% of the species currently assigned to "Felicia" are shrubs, high, very rarely up to, most of which belong to the sections "Lignofelicia", "Anhebecarpaea" and "Felicia". Hardly 20% are herbaceous perennials, which are often in the sections "Dracontium" and "Neodetris". Another 20% consists of annuals, many of which are assigned to the section "Neodetris", while "Longistylis" is entirely made up of annual species. All the woody and most herbaceous species are well-branched and bear many flowerheads, while the section "Dracontium" is rich in species with a leaf rosette and stems topped by a single head. Stressed specimens of annual "Felicia" species can sometimes have only one flower head per plant. Two related species in the section "Neodetris" growing on vertical rock faces have a pendulous habit: "F. petiolata" and "F. flanaganii".  Vegetative reproduction is rare, but rhizomes occur in "F. tenella", "F. wrightii", "F. amoena" and more or less in "F. uliginosa". A special type of vegetative reproduction can be found in "F. fascicularis" that has branches, which produce roots when in contact with soil. Several species develop short and long shoots, the combination of which creates a particular, well-recognisable habit in many species belonging to the sections "Lignofelicia" and "Felicia". All types of unbranched hairs may be found within the genus, including glandular hairs. "Felicia" has resin ducts.

Leaves.

Leaves are mostly alternately set along the stem, but opposite leaves do also occur, most prevalent in the section "Neodetris", while in the section "Longistylus", many species have opposite leaves in lower parts of the stem and alternately set leaves nearer to the top. Species in the sections "Lignofelicia", "Anhebecarpaea" and "Dracontium" never have opposite leaves. Leaves are not compounded, and mostly have an entire margin, although in all sections but "Anhebecarpaea", some species have leaves with up to moderate size teeth. Further incised leaves are restricted to "F. brevifolia" and its close relatives in section "Lignofelicia". Leaves are generally seated, and their foot may be widened, particularly when these are succulent. Leaves in other species assigned to "Lignofelicia" may be digit-shaped, not having a recognisable margin. Species with stalked leaves are rare and restricted to the sections "Felicia" and "Neodetris". Each leaf has between one and five primary veins, a number that is directly linked with the width of the leaf blade, and varies on the same plant. Leaves vary in consistency between species from soft to leathery. Resin canals are common in leaves of species of the sections "Lignofelicia", "Anhebecarpaea" and "Felicia", but do not occur in the other sections.  Most species have leaves with at least some hairs. Only "F. dentata" subsp. "nubica", "F. filifolia", "F. fruticosa" and "F. whitehillensis", and some forms of "F. muricata" are fully glabrous. On the other end of the spectrum, species in the section "Neodetris" are particularly hairy. Margins are often more hairy than the rest of the surface, which generally has a cartilageous seam or carries fine stiff bristle-like teeth.

Flowerhead.

The flowerheads have two rows of involucral bracts in almost all species of the section "Neodetris" (the exceptions being "F. cymbalariae", "F. denticulata", "F. dubia" and "F. tenera"), while the rest of the species have three or four rows of bracts. The communal base (or receptacle) on which the individual florets are implanted is lightly convex and lacks a receptacular bract (or palea) at the foot of each floret. Almost always, one row of female ligulate florets surrounds a centre of several rows of bisexual disc florets. Ligulate florets are sometimes absent in several taxa belonging to the section "Lignofelicia" ("F. filifolia" subsp. "bodkinii", "F. whitehillensis"), and in "F. macrorrhiza" ligulate florets are never present. This is also true for "F. ferulacea" of the section "Felicia". Ligulate florets are mostly bluish purple, particularly in the sections "Lignofelicia", "Anhebecarpaea" and "Felicia". In the section "Dracontium", the color of the ligulate florets ranges from pale to middle blue, while in the section "Neodetris" the range of bluish colors is even larger. In these two sections the color is never purplish. Yellowish ligulate florets are restricted to "F. mossamedensis" and some species in the section "Longistylis". In herbarium specimens, colors may change even when dried professionally, such as from bright yellow to green in the aptly named "F. smaragdina", from yolk yellow to bright yellow in "F. bohmii", and from white to pink in "F. welwitschii". Some species across the sections have white ligulate florets, and specimens with white florets occur in many species that usually have bluish ligulate florets. The tube of the florets is often densely set with glandular hairs. Disc florets are yellow when young, and may become reddish later. Few annual species have whitish to dark blue discs such as "F. heterophylla", "F. josephinae", and a form of "F. amoena" subsp. "latifolia".

Fruit.

As in all Asteraceae, the fruit does not open and only one of the compartments contains a single seed. The top of this so-called cypsela is ornamented with a single row of around thirty hair-shaped, long pappus bristles, but only approximately ten bristles in "F. bergerana" and six to eight in "F. annectens". An individual bristle hair consists of many cells and with few to many teeth along its margins. Pappus is particularly long in the section "Lignofelicia", such as in "F. comptonii", "F. heterophylla", "F. ovata", "F. venusta" and "F. welwitschii". In this section the long hair is often interspersed with short scales. "F. bechuanica" and "F. dentata" (section "Felicia") also have conspicuous short scales. Pappus with long barbes nearer to the base and shorter teeth nearer to the top occur in "F. tenella" and the section "Longistylus". A glabrous base and teeth higher up the pappus occurs in the sections "Dracontium" and "Neodetris". The tip of the pappus hair is wider in "F. echinata" and species in the section "Lignofelicia", but mostly ends pointy. In fresh plants, the pappus is mostly white to bone-colored, sometimes yellowish, yellow-brown in "F. dentata", although in herbarium specimens stronger colors may develop such as fox-red in "F. burkei". Fertilised and fully ripe cypselas may be long, dependend on the species. The color varies from yellow-brown (sections "Lignofelicia" and "Longistylus"), red-brown ("Anhebecarpaea"), dark brown ("Dracontium"), black ("Neodetris"), while species of the section "Felicia" may either be red-brown, dark brown or black. "F. ovata" has blackish green cypselas. They are ovate to elliptic, flattened, have two extending vascular bundles and are often covered in non-glandular hairs, characters that set "Felicia" apart from related genera, like "Aster". Cypsela hairs in "Felicia" have a split tip, such as is common among other related genera. The shaft of the hair consists of two parallel series of long cells that are attached to a foot that consist of two short basal cells. When dry, there is a bend joint between the foot and the shaft so that it points up and the hair is more or less pressed against the cypsela. When wet, the joint stretches and the hairs become erect. The cypsela hairs are mostly of uniform thickness, around long, with a short cleft, but some such as "F. anthemidodes" have very short hairs, while others such as in the section "Lignofelicia" have languid, silky hairs of up to long. Hairs at the base of the cypsela and on the vascular bundles are often different from the rest. The tip of the hair may be more heavy, making the split tip reminiscent of a set of horns, such as in "F. ovata", or the split is not fully executed, such as in the sections "Felicia" and "Neodetris", and the tip may be bullit-like with a furrow, such as in "F. clavipilosa".

Sections.

Anhebecarpaea.

The three species belonging to the section "Anhebecarpaea" are erect shrublets with overlapping, initially hairy leaves, large heads with hairless purplish ligulate florets and yellow disc florets, set at the tip of the stems in umbel-like inflorescences. The pappus bristles are all equal in length, firm, indehiscent and are set with many teeth, and the cypselas are yellow- to red-brown, those belonging to the ligulate florets hairless, those of the disc florets with short bristles. The three species are endemic to coastal areas of the Western and Eastern Cape.

Dracontium.

Species assigned to the section "Dracontium" are erect perennial herbs, with large leaves in a rosette at ground level and smaller bracts along a not or rarely shyly branched stem that carries one to four large heads with blue ligulate florets and yellow disc florets that are encircled by an involucre consisting of three worls of approximately equal sized bracts. The cypselas are brown, topped with one row of firm indehyscent pappus hairs and covered in short hairs. There are four species that are all restricted to the Drakensberg Mountains.

Felicia.

The taxa in the section "Felicia" may be woody shrublets or annual herb, nearly always with fully alternately set, thin to succulent, mostly narrow, variably hairy leaves, and many to few heads, always with ligulate florets, that are purple to white or seldomly yellow, and yellow disc florets that may turn reddish when aging, each head encircled by an involucre of three to four worls of overlapping bracts with resin ducts, the outer bracts clearly smaller. Short triangular style braches entirely set with papillae. Cypselas crowned with one row of soft, equal length, more or less dehyscent pappus hairs, and its surface initially with very short hairs, later often without. The twenty eight species and several subspecies occur in southern Africa, but are concentrated in the south-western Cape.

Lignofelicia.

The taxa that are included in the section "Lignofelicia" are erect, richly branching shrublets or low shrubs, with more or less succulent, mostly hairless (rarely set with simple hairs or glandular hairs), though always with a tuft of wooly hairs in the axils. Branches carry many small heads in the axils and at their tips, which consist of violet ligulate florets, or these may rarely be absent, and yellow disc florets, which may turn reddish with age. These are encircled by an involucre of four worls of bracts containing resin ducts, the outer ones smallest. The relatively large cypselas are crowned with a row of indehyscent teethed hairs of unequal length, and carry long silky hair on their surface. Most of the fifteen species occur in the south and southwestern Cape, few occur in other parts of South Africa, and one also occurs in Namibia.

Longistylus.

The section "Longistylus" consists of erect, branching, annual or biennial plants with oppositely set leaves lower and alternately set leaves nearer the top, both types hairy, lancet-shaped, with entire or toothed margins. Stems carry many, small heads with white or yellow ligulate florets and yellow disc florets, surrounded by an involucre of four worls of bracts. The small cypselas are crowned by pappus that consists of dehyscent, almost feathery bristles. The six species can be found from Namibia to southern Angola, and Zimbabwe through Malawi to Uganda.

Neodetris.

The species of the section "Neodetris" are erect, rarely creeping or hanging annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, mostly with flat, hairy leaves with an etire margin, sometimes with teeth and rarely with hairless or succulent leaves. The flower heads are small to relatively big, with blue or white, sometimes violet ligulate florets and yellow, very rarely reddish brown or dark blue, disc florets encircled by an involucre of two worls of bracts. The pappus that crowns the brown to black, medium size, shortly haired cypselas is mostly dehyscent, and pappus is absent in the ligulate florets. The 31 species are concentrated in the greater Cape area, extending from Lüderitz in Namibia to Durban.

Differences with related genera.

"Printzia" has tailed anthers and blunt style branches that are only downy at their tips, while "Felicia" has tail-less anthers and pointy style branches that are downy over the entire length. "Garuleum" lacks bristles on its cypselas and has finely pinnate leaves, while "Felicia" has cypselas crowned by one row of hair-like bristles and mostly entire leaves, sometimes with deep cutting teeth. "Amellus" has pappus consisting of scales and bristles, while "Felicia" only has bristles. The species of "Polyarrhena" have a strong likeness to the species of "Felicia" section "Anhebecarpaea", but have bisexual ligulate florets, that are white, and have a pink wash on the outer surface, and male or fully infertile disc florets, while in the section "Anhebecarpaea" ligulate florets are female and blue-purple in color and the disc florets are bisexual and do set seed.

Habitat and ecology.

Many taxa assigned to "Felicia" occur in fynbos and in the Karoo. Some are sand dune specialists, such as "F. amelloides" and "F. amoena", while others prefer to grow on rocky substrate, like "F. petiolata" and others in the section "Neodetris". The East-African annuals can be found in Miombo woodland, while a few, such as "F. uliginosa", strongly associate with wet habitats. Further taxa exemplified by "F. muricata" subsp. "cinerascens" and the annuals of Namibia, are very drought resistant. The taxon density of "Felicia" reduces from the south-west to the north-east.  "Felicia" is pollinated by insects such as butterflies, wasps and bees, and the flowers are also frequented by thrips. Yellow flower crab spiders sometimes use the central disc of the heads, where they are well camouflaged, and wait for insects to wander into their grasp.  Usually nearly all florets set seed, the involucre will open outward when ripe, and the wind will carry away the easily detaching cypselas, thanks to the hairy pappus. The semi-parasitic plant "Thesium namaquense", also called poison bush, may infect at least two of the species, "F. filifolia" and "F. muricata", and when these "Felicia's" are browsed repeatedly by the same animal, this may cause poisoning, particularly in sheep.

Felicia is a genus of small shrubs, perennial or annual herbaceous plants, with 85 known species, that is assigned to the daisy family (Compositae or Asteraceae). Like in almost all Asteraceae, the individual flowers are 5-merous, small and clustered in typical heads, and which are surrounded by an involucre of, in this case between two and four whorls of, bracts. In "Felicia", the centre of the head is taken by yellow, seldomly whitish or blackish blue disc florets, and is almost always surrounded by one single whorl of mostly purple, sometimes blue, pink, white or yellow ligulate florets and rarely ligulate florets are absent. These florets sit on a common base (or receptacle) and are not individually subtended by a bract (or palea). Most species occur in the Cape Floristic Region, which is most probably the area where the genus originates and had most of its development. Some species can be found in the eastern half of Africa up to Sudan and the south-western Arabian peninsula, while on the west coast species can be found from the Cape to Angola and one species having outposts on the Cameroon-Nigeria border and central Nigeria. Some species of "Felicia" are cultivated as ornamentals and several hybrids have been developed for that purpose.


History.

Prehistory of the castle site.

The earliest Wendish defensive fortification called "Plune" dates to the 10th century and was located on the island of Olsborg in Lake Plön. It was destroyed in 1158. The rebuilding of the castle was carried out under Count Adolphus II of Holstein, and it served as a base during the colonization of the once-Slavic region. In 1173 the castle was moved to the Bischofsberg hill next to the small town of Plön - to the site of the present Plön Castle. In the 12th century Plön developed slowly into a market town and was given town rights in 1239. From 1290 to 1390 the hill castle was the seat of the Schauenburg line of Holstein-Plön and, after their extinction, was transferred to the Duke of Schleswig, Gerhard VI. Through the dukes of Schleswig, the small fortress was passed, four generations later, to the Danish royal family (Christian I was Duke of Schleswig and King of Denmark in personal union). During this period, however, Plön and its castle played no significant role in the country's history.  In the course of the Count's Feud between Lübeck and Denmark, the castle was burned down in 1534 during a raid by Lübeck. Following that a new, larger, building was built on the still partly Romanesque castle grounds. In 1564 King Frederick II of Denmark transferred to his brother, John the Younger, one third of his share of Schleswig and Holstein, in violation of the Treaty of Ribe, whereupon John founded the "titular duchy" ("abgeteiltes Herzogtum") of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg. Amongst his estates was Plön, including the castle. Under Duke John, an early mercantilist, town and castle experienced an economic boom. After John's death in 1622 the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg was divided among his six male heirs and new sub-duchies were formed; one of which was the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön.

Residence of the Dukes of Plön.

The first duke of this line was Joachim Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön, the second youngest son of Duke John. On the occasion of his marriage to the Gottorf princess, Dorothea Augusta, the new ruler decided to build a palace fit for himself and his family. The project was financed "inter alia" by the respectable dowry of the bride. In 1632 the old castle was demolished at the behest of the Duke of Plön and in its place the current castle was built in the Renaissance style. The new residence was completed in just three years in the middle of the Thirty Years War.  The castle was the residence ("Residenz") of the ducal family, but was never as important a place in state politics as Gottorf Castle. Because the dukes of Plön had other castles and summer residences, such as Traventhal House and the castles in Ahrensbök, Rethwisch and Reinfeld the Plön residence was not continuously occupied. Nevertheless, the building was one of the cultural centres of the duchy. Joachim Ernest established a library in the castle, which was expanded by his successors to 10,000 volumes. In addition, the Duke was very interested in physics and optics and collected various optical devices and instruments in his residence at Plön. After Duke Joachim Ernest, the castle went to his son, "Hans Adolf", who, however, as a general in the service of the Emperor, rarely stayed in Plön and the duchy was largely represented by his wife and mother. Joachim Frederick, who followed "Hans Adolf", also resided here. After he died in debt in 1722 without male heirs, the castle stood empty for seven years and some of the furniture was passed to his creditors.  The castle experienced its cultural heyday from 1729 onwards under the last duke, Frederick Charles. He introduced a baroque court and had the interior of the castle decorated in the rococo style. Frederick Charles extended the castle, erecting buildings around the castle courtyard that have survived to this day - the royal stables, the riding hall - as well as the garden palace, now known as the "Princes' House". The castle was the residence of the Dukes of Plön until the death of Frederick Charles, who died without male heirs in 1761. Upon his death the enfeoffment expired and the duchy returned to the Danish royal house. The building was occupied as a widow's residence by his wife, Christiane Armgardis, until her death in 1779. It subsequently served as the seat of the bailiff ("Amtmann"), and also from 1777 to 1823 as a residence for Peter Frederick William, the mentally deranged son of Frederick Augustus I of Oldenburg. The young man, who was unable to discharge his duties as a duke, was given the castle by his guardian, assigned to the Danish king Christian VII and was allowed to retain a large household. After his death, the castle was used temporarily as a courtly residence. In 1833 a grammar school was established in the castle.

Danish royal summer residence.

In 1840 the castle became the official summer residence of the King of Denmark, Christian VIII. He had Plön Castle renovated and the furnishing partly replaced in a Classicist style. At that time it was decorated in white plaster, reminiscent of Danish castles such as Gråsten and Fredensborg.

Cadet training and educational establishment.

After the Second Schleswig War of 1864, the castle fell into Prussian hands. In 1868, the interior furnishings were removed and most of them taken to Kiel Castle, where they were destroyed by fire in 1942 following an air raid. Plön Castle was rebuilt inside as barracks and subsequently served the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein as a military school for cadets. The sons of the German Emperor, William II, were educated in Plön from the end of the 19th century and, for that purpose, the summer residence in the garden was extended to form the so-called Princes' House. An educational farm was set up on Princes' Island and Princes' Station was built in front of the castle on the newly laid railway line. At the suggestion of the Empress, Augusta Victoria, the chapel was given a new mural.  After World War I, military schools were banned by the Treaty of Versailles and the castle was used in the 1920s as a state educational institution ("Staatliche Bildungsanstalt"). In 1933 Plön Castle and the area around it was used as a National Political Institute, an elite school under the Nazi regime. Until the assassination of Ernst Röhm in 1934 it bore his name.  In 1945, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz stayed for a few days in Plön, where he established a temporary command post. Before fleeing to Flensburg, the castle was the administrative headquarters for parts of the Flensburg Government for a single day on 2 May 1945. The castle survived both world wars without suffering any wartime damage. Afterwards British occupation troops entered Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg as part of VIII Corps under General Evelyn Barker, and established their headquarters in the castle.

Boarding school.

In 1946, with the permission of the British military government, the Plön Castle State Boarding School ("Staatliche Internat Schloss Plön") for boys and girls was established in the castle. The boarding school utilised the entire castle grounds. The castle itself was used to accommodate the boys and the Princes' House the girls. The boat house and other outbuildings were purchased by the school. Lessons took place in the nearby Plön Castle Grammar School ("Internatsgymnasium Schloss Plön" now the "Gymnasium Schloss Plön") in "Prinzenstraße".  Its use as accommodation left its mark on the old castle, which became increasingly dilapidated. Advice in 1986/1988 showed that the site needed major investment and would only be saved from ruin by spending tens of millions of deutschmarks. By 1992 the castle was put on the market and in 1995 the outbuildings were sold. The sale was necessary because the state was unable to sustain the uneconomic running of the boarding school and the restoration of a historical monument.  In 2001 the boarding school was finally closed. The former pupils, teachers and staff still belong to an association, the "Verein der Butenplöner".

Film-set.

Whilst it was still a boarding school, the castle served as a film-set in several German shows:

Sale and reconstruction.

After several unsustainable bids to the future of the castle, Günther Fielmann submitted an offer in 2002. Because this offer included an elaborate argument of the various benefits to the public, Schleswig-Holstein's state parliament approved it in 2002 Consequently, the "Fielmann Akademie" foundation purchased the castle for 3.6 million Euro. Günther Fielmann summarised the state of the monument at that time:  Over four years the castle has been reconstructed in accordance with preservation and heritage orders. The total costs amounted to more than 35 million Euros Schleswig-Holstein supported the project with 11.8 million Euros. The reconstruction was completed in 2006.

Academy.

Today the castle is a public site of historical heritage hosting an elite optician academy. The first master classes already commenced in 2002 during the reconstruction period. Since the winter semester 2005/06 the academy offers a Bachelor's degree in optometry ("BSc Augenoptik / Optometrie") in cooperation with the Fachhochschule Lübeck. It also provides various courses for both skilled workers and executives of the optical industry. Per year more than 6,000 opticians are qualified. 24 lecturers teach at the academy.  The castle is used - to a large extent - by the academy. Some parts however serve as a museum: the Duke's historical Rokoko-rooms in the East wing of the castle have been intricately restored and can be viewed during daily tours. Recently the castle has also been the venue of various official and semi-official events. The great hall for example has been used for the "Conference of German Culture Ministers", the SPD's functionary conference and a convention of the ZDF. It has been repeatedly discussed as potential venue of the G8 forum. In 2008 and 2009 the castle hosted the Global Economic Symposium with participants like George Akerlof, Richard Evans and Joseph Stiglitz. There have been numerous classical concerts in the castle's chapel.

Plön Castle () in Plön is one of the largest castles in the north German state of Schleswig-Holstein and the only one located on a hill. The former "Residenz" of the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön was built in the 17th century during the Thirty Years War and has had a colourful history in which it has, for example, been a school for military cadets and also a boarding school.