History.

During the latter half of the 19th century, the Thousand Islands region increasingly became the focus of outdoor recreation, tourism, and private development. The New York side of the St. Lawrence River in particular became host to a number of lavish private estates built by wealthy newcomers to the region, to the exclusion of recreational visitors; in addition, river anglers grew frustrated with the impacts of illegal fishing and the lack of enforcement of game laws. In response to what they viewed as the spoiling of a formerly open and abundant recreational resource, some of the region's residents and sportsmen began to recognize the need for protection of lands and waters on both sides of the river's international border.  Among the principle proponents of an international park in the Thousand Islands was the Anglers' Association of the St. Lawrence River, who were concerned with protecting the river's fishing resources from commercial exploitation. The association included prominent landowners from both the American and Canadian sides of the river, and during the 1880s they began to lobby both governments to establish consistent regulations and set aside public lands for recreational purposes.

Development by New York.

In 1896, the "State Reservation on the St. Lawrence" was officially established by the New York State Legislature, who designated "all that part of the river Saint Lawrence lying and being within the state of New York, with the islands therein" as an international park. The newly created reservation was placed under the control of the New York State Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, who were charged with creating laws and regulations pertaining to state lands within the reservation.  Prior to the reservation's creation, the state of New York did not own any land within the newly protected region, which spanned approximately of the river. The Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission began purchasing properties in 1897, having been authorized to spend $30,000 to acquire lands for the reservation. Difficulties arose when some landowners significantly inflated their asking prices upon learning of the state's interest in the region; in response, the state considered taking legal action against some property owners. Local municipalities, particularly Ogdensburg and Clayton, also fought over where the state should focus their establishment of parks.  By 1898, the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission had purchased the following properties to be included within the reservation: Mary Island and Canoe Point were both purchased in 1897; the remainder were acquired in 1898. Among the early locations intended for inclusion in the reservation was a peninsula known as Cement Point on Grindstone Island; however it was eventually declined by the state due to uncertainty regarding its legal ownership. These purchases were some of the earliest actions taken by New York State to preserve lands for recreational purposes, preceded only by the protection of the Forest Preserve and the Niagara Reservation. The state-owned reservation lands were intended to facilitate picnicking and camping by boaters on the St. Lawrence River. To this end, the state quickly enacted improvements on their new lands. By the close of 1899, most of the parks included piers suitable for steamboats, docks for smaller watercraft, and pavilions. To prevent wildfires, cooking stoves were constructed at most parks for use of campers.  In 1911, the reservation's name was officially adopted as the "St. Lawrence Reservation", and the area was simultaneously expanded to include portions of Lake Ontario adjacent to Jefferson County, including several bays (Chaumont Bay, Guffins Bay, Black River Bay and Henderson Bay) and their islands. Long Point on Chaumont Bay was purchased to be included in the reservation in 1913. By the late 1920s, Grass Point had been purchased by the state, and would be the last parcel to be added to the reservation.

Development by Canada.

Concurrent with the initial actions of New York State to develop recreational grounds in the Thousand Islands, the Canadian government also moved to protect islands within their jurisdiction. By 1896, Canada had identified 11 islands for potential protection and recreational development within the region.  In contrast to New York, Canada did not need to purchase islands in order to protect them from further development. An agreement between the Mississaugas and Canada had kept the title of many St. Lawrence River islands in the hands of Canada, and only beginning in the 1880s was the agreement modified to allow for sale of the islands to private individuals. In 1904, 11 islands were officially purchased by Canada to form the basis of the St. Lawrence National Park, known today as Thousand Islands National Park. The recreational facilities that were subsequently developed on the Canadian islands were similar to those found on the American side of the river.

The parks today.

Although public parks were developed on both sides of the St. Lawrence River, a formal international park never materialized. Contrary to early intentions and attempts to harmonize fishing laws and other regulations on both sides of the border, laws ultimately diverged in the early 20th century; in addition, the United States federal government did not involve themselves with the parks on the American side of the river. Despite the lack of formal agreement binding the Canadian and American parks, New York continued to market the Thousand Islands as being an "international park" as late as 1929.  In 1932, direct control of the majority of the St. Lawrence Reservation's parks was removed from the Conservation Department's Division of Lands and Forests (successor of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission) and placed in the hands of the newly created Thousand Islands State Park Commission, a governor-appointed board that reported to the Conservation Department's Division of Parks. With the change in leadership, work began to develop the reservation's lands into independent state parks. The formal definition of the St. Lawrence Reservation was removed from the Lands and Forests Law in 1963, in recognition of the fact that the defined lands were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Conservation Department's Division of Lands and Forests.  The former reservation's parks are today managed by the Thousand Islands Region of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, along with additional state parks along the St. Lawrence River that were procured after the creation of the Thousand Islands State Park Commission.

The St. Lawrence Reservation (originally known as the State Reservation on the St. Lawrence) was a former protected area established by the state of New York in the Thousand Islands region along the St. Lawrence River in the late 19th century. The reservation's parks were some of the earliest lands purchased by New York State for the purposes of recreation and land preservation.


Background.

In January 1980, Wings planned a tour of Japan. However, upon the band's arrival at the airport in Japan, Paul McCartney was arrested for marijuana possession. The tour was cancelled, and McCartney then decided to release a solo album ("McCartney II") instead of touring, putting Wings on hiatus.  Laine decided to work on his own solo project (his third since joining Wings), and he released a single, "Japanese Tears". It became the title track of his album.  The album also included three previously unreleased Laine compositions—"Send Me The Heart" (co-written by Paul McCartney), "I Would Only Smile", and "Weep for Love"—that had been recorded by different versions of Wings between 1972 and 1978 with Laine singing lead. In addition, it featured remakes of the Moody Blues' 1965 hit "Go Now", which Laine and Wings performed on tour, and a 1967 Laine composition, "Say You Don't Mind", that had become a top-20 UK hit in 1972 for Colin Blunstone. Two other songs featured the short-lived Denny Laine Band, which included fellow Wings member Steve Holley on drums, Andy Richards on keyboards and Laine's wife Jo Jo on backing vocals.  This album has been re-issued several times, under a variety of titles, on an assortment of labels.

Reception.

AllMusic gave the album a generally positive retrospective review, calling it "a look at one of rock's minor league players done well." They remarked that the album lacks coherency due to the tracks having been both written and recorded during wildly divergent periods of Laine's career, but found that it nonetheless has "charm", singling out the title track and "Go Now" as highlights.

Track listing.

All songs written by Denny Laine, except where noted.

Personnel.

The Denny Laine Band  Wings

Japanese Tears is the third album by guitarist Denny Laine, released shortly before the demise of Paul McCartney's band Wings, of which Laine was a member. The album was released in 1980.


Early career.

Collins played high school football at West Brook Senior High School in Beaumont, Texas, where he was teammates with Frank Middleton and James Brown. He started on both offense and defense and earned Scholar Athlete of the Year honors his senior year. Collins also was a member of the National Honor Society and the West Brook Powerlifting team. Collins was the number one rated offensive lineman in the state in 1992 and ranked in the top ten also as a defensive lineman. After a whirlwind recruiting season, Collins chose Texas A&M over UCLA, Oklahoma, Michigan, Miami, Texas, and LSU.

Texas A&M Aggies career.

Collins redshirted in 1993, but was among only two freshmen that traveled with the team as valuable reserves. In 1994 as a redshirt freshman, Collins started with 4 other seniors to form one of the best offensive lines in Texas A&M history. Calvin Collins led every offensive line for the next three years garnering impressive stats and awards. Collins was versatile enough to earn all-conference honors at both guard and center for the Aggies. Collins ended his college career with a trip to the Senior Bowl All-Star game where he dominated the trenches leading the team with 7 pancake blocks.

NFL career.

Calvin Collins was drafted in the sixth round of the 1997 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. Even though he was the 180th player picked, only one rookie offensive lineman started more games that year, and that was number one pick Orlando Pace. Collins earned the starting center spot four games into the rookie campaign gaining All-Rookie honors. In 1998 Collins switched to left guard and started every contest on the way to Super Bowl XXXIII. Collins helped pave the way for the Falcon's number one rushing offense that season and Jamal Anderson's 1,846 yards. Collins played 2 and half more years for the Falcons starting at guard and center. In 2001, Collins moved on to the Minnesota Vikings where his tenacity earned him the starting nod in the second half of the season. After signing up with the Houston Texans for 2002, he injured his hamstring during summer camp and was subsequently cut. After healing, Collins played with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2003, and with the Denver Broncos in 2004. In his professional career, Collins was coached by the best in the business. Hall of Fame coaches of Collins include: Dan Reeves, Art Shell, and Russ Grimm.

Calvin Lewis Collins (born January 5, 1974 in Beaumont, Texas) is a former American football guard who played seven seasons in the National Football League from 1997–2004. He started in Super Bowl XXXIII for the Atlanta Falcons.


Early life.

Drent was born in Pretoria and raised until the age of 8 in Potchefstroom, South Africa. In January 1996 Drent and his family moved to New Zealand. He remembers watching "Shortland Street" for the first time and being bewildered by the accents. During high school, he was a keen tennis player in Hamilton and used to play alongside well-known players Todd Breeze and Tristan Stayt. After finishing school Drent studied business at university and worked in the property development industry. After doing part-time work in television commercials, Drent "caught the acting bug."

Career.

Beginnings and "Shortland Street".

Drent became a model, was signed to 11 Modeling Agency and quickly became a regular on the catwalk.  He started to attend a Meisner Acting course and in 2008 auditioned for an upcoming role on the long-running soap opera "Shortland Street". The role was a recasting of past character Daniel Potts, the bad-boy illegitimate son of major character Sarah Potts. Drent was called back after his first audition, and, after performing alongside the actress of Sarah, Amanda Billing, he was awarded the role. He made his debut on the show in March 2009 and quickly picked up a heartthrob status.  For his role on "Shortland Street", Drent was nominated and awarded with numerous awards, including in 2010 the New Zealand TV Guide Best on the Box award for "Rising Star". He also won runner up for "Hottest Male Actor" in the Throng Shortland Street Fan Awards 2010, losing out to onscreen stepfather Benjamin Mitchell. In 2011 Drent was nominated for a Girlfriend Faves Forever award for "Celeb Male 2011" for his role in Shortland Street and "Favourite TV star" in the What Now awards.  In 2012 Drent quit his role on "Shortland Street" to pursue career opportunities in Australia. He commented, "For me, broadening myself as an actor,I need to move on, even if it meant losing a bit of security and taking a big risk."  Following his move to Australia, Drent landed a role on the fourth season of television show "Offspring", making his debut in May 2013. Drent was praised by his costar Matthew Le Nevez, "He's got such a nice, calming energy... He's such a great actor."  Drent also won the role of INXS drummer Jon Farriss in a miniseries depicting the band, "".

Personal life.

Drent is heavily involved in exercise and loves coffee. He has a strong Christian faith and a commitment to stay celibate until marriage. In April 2011 Drent announced he was engaged to makeup artist Mandy Hodges via his Facebook page. After dating for seven months, the two wed in December 2011 in a ceremony attended by family, friends, and co-stars. Their son, Bastion Dirk Drent, was born in 2015. The couple announced in May 2016 via Instagram that they were expecting their second child in November 2016. Their daughter, Elliotte Lilian Drent was born in 2016.

Activism.

Drent has been an ambassador for the 40 Hour Famine in 2010, 2011 and 2012, in which he helped needy children in East Timor. He was involved in a run which involved running 20 km a day for a week to raise money for Ronald McDonald House Charities. However, Drent was forced to drop out following feeling very ill and fearing he may have meningitis. Drent is also an advocate for anti-smoking New Zealand.

Ido Drent (born 27 January 1987) is a South African-born actor working and living in Auckland, New Zealand. He is best known to television audiences as Daniel Potts in the long-running soap opera "Shortland Street".


Biography.

Born in Utrecht in 1912, Brouwers grew up in The Hague and held various jobs including hairdresser, travel guide, and vacuum cleaner salesman. He loved operetta and tried without success for a career as a singer, having only one minor hit. In 1972 he was discovered when he auditioned as an extra for the Wim T. Schippers television show "De Fred Hachéshow" (he was friends with the show's lead actor, Harry Touw), and quickly rose to prominence. Schippers created the character Sjef van Oekel for Brouwers, who returned in two later Schippers shows, "Barend is weer bezig" (1972–1973) and "Van Oekel's Discohoek" (1974).  The van Oekel character was ancillary in "De Fred Hachéshow" and "Barend is weer bezig", both of which had Barend Servet as the lead, but central in "Van Oekel's Discohoek", where he played the host of a music show on television that parodied popular music programs of the era. In "Het is weer zo laat!" (1974) Brouwers, who was 67 at the time, plays Waldo van Dungen, a bumbling and chaotic nightclub owner. Formerly a waiter at the club, van Dungen had married a rich admirer, Gé Braadslee, who buys it for him; he renames it "Waldolala".  As van Oekel and van Dungen, Brouwers was a striking character with a large television presence, and equipped with large glasses, a tuxedo, and a "Hitler mustache". His sense of humor corresponded with Schippers'; both were extraordinarily fond of and gifted in creating puns and using unorthodox and humorous syntax and diction.  Brouwers recorded many Schippers-penned and other songs, most of which comic and dramatic. With Manke Nelis he recorded "Vis wordt duur betaald" (#46 in the Dutch charts in 1988), but his best known song is probably "Vette jus" ("[Sauerkraut with] greasy gravy"), a dish still associated with him in a song that is little more than a list of Dutch dishes. The song was first performed on the 1974 Christmas special for "Barend is weer bezig"; it was written by Schippers, Gied Jaspars, and Clous van Mechelen.  Whether van Oekel was just used or also abused by Schippers and others was the topic of a 2004 theater production. According to Hein Janssen, writing in "de Volkskrant", it is certainly true that Brouwers jumped at the opportunity to become a celebrity, but the extent to which Schippers and the other writers and directors pushed Brouwers (he balked, for instance, at having to simulate sex with an inflatable doll) is questionable.

Discography.

Charting singles.

["Oei, oei" credited as "Sjef van Oekel", all others as "Dolf Brouwers"]

Dolf Brouwers (31 August 1912 – 23 September 1997) was a Dutch comedian, singer, and television actor who rose to fame late in life playing the character Sjef van Oekel in the 1970s satirical television shows aired on VPRO, written and directed by Wim T. Schippers, Ruud van Hemert, Gied Jaspars, and Wim van der Linden.


Career.

At the 1949 World Championships at Buenos Aires, Argentina, he won the 25 meter Rapid Fire Pistol title. 1952 was particularly a banner year for Benner. In Oslo, Norway in July, he again won the World Championship in the 25 meter Rapid Fire match, setting a new world record in the process. Later that same month, he took Olympic Gold in the 50 metre pistol event (then known as Free Pistol) at Helsinki, Finland.  At the 1954 World Championships in Caracas, Venezuela, he won the 50 meter Free Pistol title, and also took the silver in the 25 meter Rapid Fire Pistol event. He competed in two Pan American Games (1951 and 1955) winning the Rapid Fire Pistol event in 1951 and the Center Fire Pistol event in 1955. Overall, during his 11 years of international competition, Benner won 13 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze medals and set two individual and two team world records.  He earned the U.S. Army Distinguished Pistol Badge in 1940, and was retroactively awarded the United States Distinguished International Shooter Badge for his 1949 World Shooting Championships gold medal performance. MSG Benner was All-Army Pistol Champion an astounding 15 times, and NRA National Pistol Champion 6 times. He also served from 1953 to 1963 as the Pistol Coach at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York.  In 1975, Joe Benner testified before the House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Crime regarding firearms legislation.  He is a member of both the U.S. International Shooting Hall of Fame and the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit Hall of Fame.

Sergeant Major Huelet Leo "Joe" Benner (November 1, 1917 – December 12, 1999) was an American multi-discipline pistol shooter during what many consider the golden era of international and national competition (post-World War II through the mid-1960s). He was a member of three U.S. Olympic teams (1948, 1952, and 1956).


The original.

The original Inverted Impulse roller coaster, Linear Gale, was built in 1998 at LaQua Amusement Park at Tokyo Dome City in Tokyo, Japan. Like the more modern Impulse roller coasters, it began with a LIM launch. However, instead of going through a vertical twist, it simply headed up a straight tower. It headed backwards through the launch section and station and into another vertical tower of track, this time facing the ground. After a few more cycles, the train slowed and came to a stop in the station. It closed on October 31, 2010.

Variations.

Intamin Impulse Coaster.

The first installation in the United States was at Six Flags Ohio in Aurora, Ohio. Built in 2000, it was the first Intamin Impulse roller coaster to feature a vertical twist and a holding brake on the rear tower. The largest installation, Wicked Twister built in 2002 at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, did away with the straight section containing the holding brake and instead had a second twisting tower. at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California originally had the twisted front and vertical rear towers when it was built in 2001. However, upon discovery of breaking the 150 ft. height restriction in the Vallejo area, the ride was altered to have a front section slanting at 45 degrees into an inline roll which ended with a straightaway, and the rear tower was lowered to the 150 ft height limit. The holding brake was also turned off, and has not been used since. V2: Vertical Velocity reopened in 2002, and is unique among Inverted Impulse roller coasters for being the only one with a true inversion. In 2004, Superman: Ultimate Escape was renamed to Steel Venom after Six Flags sold Six Flags Worlds of Adventure (which Six Flags Ohio had been renamed to after merging with adjacent SeaWorld Ohio in 2001) to Cedar Fair and the park reverted to its original name Geauga Lake. It operated under that name until the end of Geauga Lake's 2006 season and then was moved to Dorney Park and Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania. In 2008 the ride opened under the name Voodoo but was changed to Possessed the following year. The ride continues to operate at Dorney Park and is one of the few Inverted Impulse Roller Coasters that has, and still uses, the vertical holding brake.

Intamin Suspended Catapult Coaster.

Although technically not an Inverted Impulse coaster, Volcano, The Blast Coaster utilized technology that would eventually be included in Impulse designs. It was manufactured by Intamin, the same company that manufacturers modern Impulse coasters; thus it utilized LIM motors, trains, and track structure similar to modern Impulse coasters. However, it was unlike Impulse coasters because of its full circuit, multiple train, dual-launch design. It has 2 launches, first to 68 mph and second to 70 mph. In February 2019, Kings Dominion announced in an article that Volcano would be removed and demolished for the 2019 season citing maintenance issues..

An Impulse roller coaster is a form of a launched inverted roller coaster manufactured by Intamin. The first Impulse roller coaster appeared in Japan, and the ride type has since evolved to include four specific layouts, three of these varieties being built in the United States. It uses LIMs to launch a train out of the station and (in most installations) up a vertical spiral. The train then falls backwards, is powered again through the station, and heads up a back tower. The train then falls forwards, and continues in this fashion for a total of 21⁄2 cycles per ride (three forward launches, two backwards). On the final forward launch, with a slightly reduced speed, the train is sent up the front tower, and brakes then deploy on the launch track. The train then slows down and heads back into the station.


History.

The library was established in the building formerly belonging the Jesuit college in the town. The library was established upon suppression of the order, and had its nuclei in the Jesuit collection of 5000 volumes. The library was established with papal support (Clement XIV and Pius VI) and the patronage of Cardinal Guglielmo Pallotta. The library was open to the public in 1787.  The collection was augmented by the donations of the lawyer Rota Francesco Mornati, and by Bartolomeo Mozzi. In 1833, the Dominican priest Tommaso Borgetti donated his collection. The 19th-century art biographer, Amico Ricci, also endowed the library with his works and notes. With further ecclesiastical suppressions in the late 19th century, further collections were added. In 1935, it acquired the 20,000 volume library of the Castiglioni family of Cingoli (family of Pope Pius VIII), Also documents and books including: unpublished manuscripts of Abate Colucci, author of Antichità Picene; documents and letters of Luigi Lanzi, Diomede Pantaleoni, Giuseppe Neroni, Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli, and Giuseppe Radiciotti, the archives of Ireneo Aleandri, Giulio Natali, and document of Ricci Petrocchini family. In addition, the library has books from the personal library of Massimo D'Azeglio.  The site houses a gallery (sala degli Specchi) painted with grotteschi in the 18th century by Vincenzo Martini, Domenico Marzapani and Domenico Cervini.  Presently, the library has 350,000 volumes, including 10,000 manuscripts, 300 incunabula and 4000 16th century publications. In addition, the library has a musical and theater collection, and a collection of photographs, including 37 images, and 56,000 negatives.

The Biblioteca Comunale Mozzi Borgetti, founded in 1773, is the public library of Macerata, located on Piazza Vittorio Veneto 2 region of Marche, Italy. The name is sometimes hyphenated as "Mozzi-Borgetti".


Education.

Paul Levinson graduated from Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx, attended the City College of New York (CCNY) in the 1960s, and received a BA in journalism from New York University in 1975; an MA in Media Studies from The New School in 1976; and a PhD from New York University in media ecology in 1979. His doctoral dissertation, "Human Replay: A Theory of the Evolution of Media" (1979), was mentored by Neil Postman.

Author.

Levinson writes science fiction, fantasy, and sf/mystery hybrids with philosophical undertones as well as non-fiction about the history and future of communications media, the First Amendment, the importance of space exploration, and popular culture themes. His work has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Macedonian, Croatian, Russian, Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. His latest work is "Touching the Face of the Cosmos: On the Intersection of Space Travel and Religion", an anthology of essays and science fiction stories which he edited with Michael Waltemathe, and including an interview he conducted with former astronaut and senator John Glenn and an essay by Guy Consolmagno, "The Pope's Astronomer".  An acclaimed writer, Levinson has received multiple nominations for the Hugo, Nebula, Sturgeon, Prometheus, Edgar and Audie Awards. His novella "Loose Ends" was a 1998 finalist for a Hugo, a Sturgeon, and a Nebula. His novel "The Silk Code" won the Locus Award for Best First Novel of 1999.  The central character of "The Silk Code", NYPD forensic detective Dr. Phil D'Amato, made his first appearance in Levinson's novelette, "The Chronology Protection Case", (published in Analog magazine, September 1995). D'Amato returned in "The Copyright Notice Case" novelette (Analog, April 1996), "The Mendelian Lamp Case" novelette (Analog, April 1997), and in subsequent novels "The Consciousness Plague" (2002), and "The Pixel Eye" (2003). An adaptation of Levinson's "The Chronology Protection Case" (radioplay by Mark Shanahan with Paul Levinson & Jay Kensinger) was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for the Edgar Award for Best Play of 2002.  Levinson's next novel was "The Plot To Save Socrates", a time travel story. "Entertainment Weekly" magazine called it "challenging fun". His subsequent novel is "Unburning Alexandria", a sequel to "The Plot To Save Socrates". The first two chapters of "Unburning Alexandria" appeared as a novelette in the November 2008 issue of "Analog Science Fiction and Fact", and the expanded novel was published as an e-book in May 2013. The next novel in the series, "Chronica", was published in December 2014.

Media commentator and public speaker.

Paul Levinson is a frequent guest on local, national, and international cable and network television and public, commercial, and satellite radio programs.  These have included:  Levinson has been quoted thousands of times in newspapers, magazines, and news services around the world. Some of these are: "USA Today", "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "TIME", "The Christian Science Monitor", "U.S. News and World Report", "Los Angeles Times", "New York Post", "New York Daily News", "Newsday", "Boston Globe", "The Philadelphia Inquirer", "Houston Chronicle", "Hollywood Reporter", "Billboard", "Wired", "Smithsonian Magazine", London "Daily Mail", the Toronto "Globe and Mail", the Associated Press, Reuters, and UPI.  He has spoken at hundreds of science fiction conventions and international academic conferences and symposia, most recently at Heliosphere 2020, and including dozens of talks around the world to commemorate the centennial of Marshall McLuhan's birth and 50th anniversary of the publication of McLuhan's seminal work, "Understanding Media". He frequently speaks on subjects ranging from time travel to fake news.

Paul Levinson (born March 25, 1947) is an American author, singer-songwriter, and professor of communications and media studies at Fordham University in New York City. His novels, short fiction, and non-fiction works have been translated into sixteen languages.


Life and career.

William Macmichael was born on 30 November 1783 in Bridgnorth, Shropshire. He was educated at Bridgnorth Grammar School. In 1800 he went up to Christ Church, Oxford, with a scholarship. Macmichael spent the years from 1811 to 1817 visiting Bulgaria, Greece, Palestine, Romania, Russia and Turkey after gaining a Radcliffe traveling fellowship. Macmichael gained an MD from Oxford, and became a fellow of both the Royal Society and of the Royal College of Physicians. Macmaichael served as censor for the Royal College of Physicians, as a physician to the Middlesex Hospital, registrar at the Royal College of Physicians, and adviser to the President of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1829 Macmichael was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, became librarian to the King in 30, and became physician in ordinary to King William IV in 1831. Between 1833 and 1835 Macmichael was an Inspector General of Lunatic Asylums. Macmichael died in 1839 following his retirement through ill-health.  Macmichael's "A Journey from Moscow to Constantinople in the Years 1817, 1818" was published in 1819. Macmichael's "A New View of the Infection of Scarlet Fever: Illustrated by Remarks on other Contagious Disorders" was published in 1822. Macmichael's "The Gold-Headed Cane" was published anonymously in 1827 with biographies of the owners of a cane carried by John Radcliffe, Richard Mead, Anthony Askew, William Pitcairn and Matthew Baillie. Macmichael's "The Lives of British Physicians" was published anonymously in 1830 including biographies of William Harvey, Thomas Linacre and John Caius.

William Macmichael (30 November 1783 – 10 January 1839) was an English physician and medical biographer, remembered as the author of "The Gold-Headed Cane" (1827).


Biography.

Phan Châu Trinh was born in Tây Lộc, Quảng Nam Province in Annam, French Indochina on 9 September 1872. He was the son of a rich land owner and scholar. His father was a fighter in the Scholars' Revolt, but in 1885 he was killed by the other leaders in the revolt who suspected him of being a traitor. This left Trinh an orphan at the age of 13. His older brother educated him in classics. In 1901 he got the highest Mandarin degree.  In 1905 Trinh resigned from his post in the mandarin bureaucracy. He had become strongly opposed to the monarchy, traditional Chinese Confucian-influenced Vietnamese court and mandarin system. He called for an end to the monarchy and its replacement with a democratic republic. Having earlier met Phan Bội Châu in 1903, in March/April 1906 he went to Hong Kong and then to Kwangtung to meet with him again. He made his way there disguised as a disheveled common laborer. He then went to Japan with Châu as part of the Đông-Du movement. They stayed in Yokohama, where they had set up a two-story Japanese house to teach students, which they called Binh Ngo Hien. In June they went to Tokyo to inspect the Japanese education and political system.  Trinh disagreed with Châu's early ideas of asking for military assistance from Japan, as he didn't trust Japan's militarism. He also had other disagreements with Châu's philosophy. Therefore, they had a friendly argument for a few weeks before he returned to Vietnam. Back in Vietnam he continued to receive letters from Châu arguing about his opposition to the monarchy and his belief that the French could be used. Trinh continued to campaign with slogans like "Up with Democracy, Out with Monarchy", and "Making Use of the French in the Quest for Progress". This made Châu quite upset and worried that the movement was fragmenting and that fundraising efforts would fail.  In 1906 he wrote to the French Governor General Paul Beau. He asked the French to live up to their civilising mission. He blamed them for the exploitation of the countryside by Vietnamese collaborators. He called on France to develop modern legal, educational, and economic institutions in Vietnam and industrialise the country, and to remove the remnants of the mandarin system. In 1907 he opened a patriotic modern school for young Vietnamese men and women. The school was called Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục (aka Tonkin Free School). He was a lecturer at the school, and Châu's writings were also used. The school carefully avoided doing anything illegal. Its ideas attacked the brutality of the French occupation of Vietnam, but also wanted to learn modernisation from the French. The school required scholars to renounce their elitist traditions and learn from the masses. It also offered the peasants a modern education. After peasant tax revolts erupted in 1908, Trinh was arrested, and his school was closed. He was sentenced to death, but it was commuted to life imprisonment after his progressive admirers in France intervened. He was sent to Côn Đảo island. In 1911, after three years, he was pardoned and sentenced to house arrest. He said he would rather return to prison than have partial freedom. So instead he was deported to France, where the French continued to monitor him.  He went to Paris in 1915 to get the support of progressive French politicians and Vietnamese exiles. There he worked with Hồ Chí Minh, Phan Văn Trường, Nguyễn Thế Truyền, and Nguyễn An Ninh in "The Group of Vietnamese Patriots". The group was based at 6 Villa des Gobelins. There they wrote patriotic articles signed with the name "Nguyễn Ái Quốc" which Hồ Chí Minh later used, "on behalf of the Group of Vietnamese Patriots". He worked as a photograph retoucher to support himself while he was in France. He returned to Saigon in 1925, where he died on 24 March 1926, aged 53. His funeral was attended by 60,000 people and caused big protests across the country demanding the end of French colonial occupation, which would not occur for three more decades.

Debates with other nationalists.

In Tokyo, Trinh told Châu: "The level of their people is so high, and the level of our people is so low! How could we not become slaves? That some students now can enter Japanese schools has been your great achievement. Please stay on in Tokyo to take a quiet rest and devote yourself to writing, and not to making appeals for combat against the French. You should only call for 'popular rights and popular enlightenment.' Once popular rights have been achieved, then we can think about other things."  Châu commented: "Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and our opinions were diametrically opposed. That is to say, he wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nation's independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and the same goal, but our means were considerably different. He wished to start by relying on the French to abolish the monarchy, but I wished to start by driving out the French to restore Vietnam - That was the difference. However, even though his political view was the opposite of mine, he liked me personally a great deal and we roomed together for several weeks. Then all of a sudden he decided to return to our country."

Legacy.

Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.

Phan Châu Trinh (, 9 September 1871 – 24 March 1926), courtesy name Tử Cán (梓幹), pen name Tây Hồ (西湖) or Hi Mã (希馬), was an early 20th-century Vietnamese nationalist. He sought to end France's colonial occupation of Vietnam. He opposed both violence and turning to other countries for support, and instead believed in attaining Vietnamese liberation by educating the population and by appealing to French democratic principles.


Description.

Sphere of consensus.

This sphere contains those topics on which there is widespread agreement, or at least the perception thereof. Within the sphere of consensus, 'journalists feel free to invoke a generalized "we" and to take for granted shared values and shared assumptions'. Examples include such things as free speech, the abolition of slavery, or human rights. For topics in this sphere "journalists do not feel compelled to present an opposing view point or to remain disinterested observers."

Sphere of legitimate controversy.

For topics in this sphere rational and informed people hold differing views. These topics are therefore the most important to cover, and also ones upon which journalists are obliged to remain disinterested reporters, rather than advocating for or against a particular view. Schudson notes that Hallin, in his influential study of the US media during the Vietnam War, argues that journalism's commitment to objectivity has always been compartmentalized. That is, within a certain sphere—the sphere of legitimate controversy—journalists seek conscientiously to be balanced and objective.

Sphere of deviance.

Topics in this sphere are rejected by journalists as being unworthy of general consideration. Such views are perceived as being either unfounded, taboo, or of such minor consequence that they are not news worthy. Hallin argues that in the sphere of deviance, 'journalists also depart from standard norms of objective reporting and feel authorized to treat as marginal, laughable, dangerous, or ridiculous individuals and groups who fall far outside a range of variation taken as legitimate.' For example, a person claiming that aliens are manipulating college basketball scores might have difficulty finding media coverage for such a claim.

Uses of the terms.

Craig Watkins (2001, pp. 92–4) makes use of the Hallin's spheres in a paper examining ABC, CBS, and NBC television network television news coverage of the Million Man March, a demonstration that took place in Washington, DC on October 16, 1995. Watkins analyzes the dominant framing practices – problem definition, rhetorical devices, use of sources, and images – employed by journalists to make sense of this particular expression of political protest. He argues that Hallin's three spheres are a way for media framing practices to develop specific reportorial contexts, and each sphere develops its own distinct style of news reporting resources by different rhetorical tropes and discourses.  Piers Robinson (2001, p. 536) uses the concept in relation to debate that have emerged over the extent to which the mass media serves elite interests or, alternatively, plays a powerful role in shaping political outcomes. His article reviews Hallin's spheres as an example of media-state relations, that highlights theoretical and empirical shortcomings in the'manufacturing consent' thesis (Chomsky, McChesney). Robinson argues that a more nuanced and bi-directional understanding is needed of the direction of influence between media and the state that builds upon, rather than rejecting, existing theoretical accounts.  Hallin's theory assumed a relatively homogenized media environment, where most producers were trying to reach most consumers. A more fractured media landscape can challenge this assumption. because different audiences may place topics in different spheres, a concept related to the filter bubble, which posits that many members of the public choose to limit their media consumption to the areas of consensus and deviance that they personally prefer.

Hallin's spheres is a theory of media objectivity posited by journalism historian Daniel C. Hallin in his book "The Uncensored War" (1986) to explain the coverage of the Vietnam war. Hallin divides the world of political discourse into three concentric spheres: consensus, legitimate controversy, and deviance. In the sphere of consensus, journalists assume everyone agrees. The sphere of legitimate controversy includes the standard political debates, and journalists are expected to remain neutral. The sphere of deviance falls outside the bounds of legitimate debate, and journalists can ignore it. These boundaries shift, as public opinion shifts.


Life and early career.

Jonne Valtonen was born on 23 March 1976 in Turku, Finland and was raised in Kaarina along with his brother. He began learning to play classical piano at the age of nine.  Valtonen's first music compositions were done on his home computer, a Commodore 64. During his teen years, he became involved in the PC demoscene where he was able to pursue his passion for electronic music production. He has won several awards in this field. Between 1991 and 1996 Valtonen created music for one of the most widely popular groups in the demoscene at the time, the Future Crew. Eventually he became their lead composer under the pseudonym Purple Motion. Some of his best-known compositions are "UnreaL ][ / PM" (from Future Crew demo "Second Reality"), "Satellite One", and "Starshine".

Educational background.

Jonne Valtonen graduated from classical composition at the "Pirkanmaa Polytechnic" in Finland in 2009. He has received training in composition under the guidance of Hannu Pohjannoro, Oliver Kohlenberg, and Juhani Nuorvala. He has also studied under Magnus Lindberg, Jukka Tiensuu, Kirmo Lintinen and Michael Nyman in various composition masterclasses.

Working for the entertainment industry.

In 1996 Jonne Valtonen began doing commission work for major game developers in Finland, namely Remedy Entertainment, Housemarque and Bugbear Entertainment. During the same time, he served as the musical director for the "TeatteriSusi" theatre, where he composed music for several plays including "Dracula", "The Miser" and "Don Quijote".  In 1998, Jonne Valtonen co-founded his company "Valtone Oy", specialising in music productions for the entertainment industry. Continuing on this path, he also contributed two titles, in 2000 and 2002, for the "Merregnon" trilogy, an international soundtrack project featuring orchestral music by veteran video game composers from all over the world, such as Chris Hülsbeck and Yuzo Koshiro. In 2002, Valtonen's talent was recognized again when he was presented with the Best Soundtrack Award at the "International Fest of Cinema & Technology" for the movie "House by the Sea", directed by Janne Ketola. In 2004 Jonne Valtonen released his first professionally mastered audio CD, titled "Musicdisk" featuring tracks from his demoscene past.  At the beginning of 2008, Jonne Valtonen took the position of the music lead for all live orchestra projects at "Merregnon Studios", a company managed by Thomas Böcker and involved in productions of video game music concerts around the world, and several live recordings for publishers/developers such as "THQ US", "SEGA Japan" and "Square Enix" Japan".

Orchestra arrangements.

Drawing on his strong background in live orchestra work and his studies, Jonne Valtonen has been arranging and orchestrating music for video game concerts since 2005. He has earned worldwide recognition as the main arranger of the annual video game music concerts of the German "WDR Radio Orchestra", namely "Symphonic Shades" (2008), "Symphonic Fantasies" (2009), "Symphonic Legends" (2010) and "Symphonic Odysseys" (2011).  In addition to the "WDR Radio Orchestra", his arrangements have been performed by orchestras and choirs around the world, as well as at concert halls including "Sydney Opera House", "Gewandhaus Leipzig", "Max Fisher Music Center Detroit", "Esplanade Singapore", "Cologne Philharmonic Hall" and "Konserthuset Stockholm". His portfolio includes major franchises such as "Final Fantasy", "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Galaxy", "The Elder Scrolls", "Metal Gear Solid", "Kingdom Hearts", "The Legend of Zelda "and "Castlevania". In 2007 he arranged and orchestrated music for Sega's arcade game series "World Club Champion Football" which was recorded with a live orchestra and choir in Prague.

Trivia.

Jonne Valtonen chose his demoscene pseudonym "Purple Motion" as a tribute to the British rock group "Deep Purple".  Valtonen has become very interested in the human voice. He sings in a mixed choir (Näsin Ääni, Tampere). He also started learning to play the harp.

Jonne Valtonen (born 23 March 1976) is a Finnish composer, arranger and orchestrator. He is renowned for his contributions in the field of demoscene and tracker music, under the name Purple Motion, and with Future Crew.


History.

Precedents: 14th to 20th centuries.

There are records going back to the 14th century of the presence of instrumental groups accompanying official municipal events and celebrations in Barcelona, often under the name of ‘city music’. The trumpets and drums bore the coat of arms of the city and formed part of the entourage of the City Hall authorities. On special occasions, it hired the services of different groups of minstrels, whose function was more to amuse and entertain the public. These musical groups of varying size livened up important celebrations and dates in the city. The earliest mention of them dates from 29 August 1361, when King Peter IV of Aragon ordered five minstrels to attend the arrival of the Infanta of Sicily in the city of Barcelona.  Accounts of performances by groups playing wind instruments in the city abound throughout the 15th and 16th centuries and we even have information about the first steps in the professionalization of Barcelona's musicians with the founding on 13 July 1599 of the first Musicians’ Guild of Barcelona. Throughout the 17th and 18th century we find a variety of documents that speak of regular relations between groups of musicians and the local corporation. The City Council set out to strengthen these regular but shaky relations by setting up its own band of music, something that took place at the end of the 19th century.

The Band’s beginnings: its creation.

A formation of great importance in society at the time of its foundation, its purpose was to bring the music of the great composers within reach of the lower classes at a time when this art was reserved for members of the better-off classes. At the start of the late modern period, the City Council decided to regularise the situation of municipal music. Since 1837 there had been attempts to set the band up as an independent formation, but this did not happen until 2 March 1886, when it became definitive. It was decided that Barcelona City Council's Municipal Orchestra and Band and the Municipal Music School should be founded at the same time, in a determined policy to professionalise the world of music and make it more stable. The post of Conductor of the band, which was to go hand in hand with that of Head of the Music School, was at first held by Josep Rodoreda i Santigós, a well-known Barcelona musician of the time. Initial contacts with the public were a success and the new band was enthusiastically received. The City Council built a bandstand in Parc de la Ciutadella so that the band could give concerts on Sundays in summer, while in winter they were held on the corner of Passeig de Gràcia and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes. These were short concerts with brilliantly orchestratations of pieces by the composers in vogue: Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, Jules Massenet, Giacomo Meyerbeer, etc.

The Period of Renown: Lamote de Grignon’s band.

At the start of the 20th century it became a well-known institution everywhere. At that time it was directed by Joan Lamote de Grignon, who in 1951 managed to make the band independent from the city's Music School (today's Municipal Conservatory of Barcelona). It was during this time that it was visited –and even conducted– by great names in music such as Richard Strauss and others. After the days of Rodoreda's baton as the Band's first conductor, other names came and went, such as Antoni Nicolau (1896 -1897), Celestí Sadurní i Gurguí (1897-1910) and Cristòfol Casanyé (1910 -1914). But it was under Joan Lamote de Grignon that substantial improvements were put forward in the way the institution was organised and structured (such as changes in venues, rehearsal rooms of its own, independence from the Music School, better working conditions for the musicians and a larger and better balanced line-up, measures that were soon reflected in the institution's artistic quality.  Contemporary accounts speak of a resurgence, of excellence and of the public's pride in its Municipal Band. One event that speaks for the great artistic moment the institution was experiencing was the concert given by the composer and conductor Richard Strauss in Plaça Sant Jaume on 19 March 1925. Strauss, who was in the city on a visit, heard the band at a concert in Plaça del Rei and was struck by the high quality of the group. The German composer asked if he could conduct the band at a public concert and invited the institution to take part in the International Music Exhibition in Frankfurt in 1927, where it gave eight concerts and was a notable success with the critics. Under Lamote de Grignon, the band began what were called the People's Symphonic Concerts (Conciertos Sinfónicos Populares), with two performances by the group at the Barcelona International Exposition in 1929. People's Symphonic Concerts was the title of a series of Sunday concerts given at the Palace of Fine Arts, built for the Barcelona Universal Exhibition of 1888, where the band also appeared regularly. Out of the series of these annual concerts, one or two were usually given over to the young music students at the municipal schools and should be seen as a pioneering pedagogic and educational initiative in the city. The famous Catalan pianist Alicia de Larrocha played as a soloist with the Barcelona Municipal Band in 1934, when she was only twelve, at the 80th People's Symphonic Concert.  Joan Lamote de Grignon headed the band for 24 years, during which time it reached exceptional technical and artistic heights and put down firm institutional and social roots. In spite of this, on 29 January 1939, three days after Franco's troops entered the new nationalist Barcelona, a field mass in Plaça Catalunya marked the start of the period of purges the band suffered as a public body. In June, Joan Lamote de Grignon was sacked from his post –the same as Ricard Lamote de Grignon, who was the assistant conductor– and a gloomy period of austerity began for the band

The long post-war years.

The political and social situation in Barcelona in the mid-20th century had a profound effect on the city's artistic and cultural sector, which before the Spanish Civil War had enjoyed a period of flourishing creativity. As a public institution, the Municipal Band suffered the cuts and the lack of funds that marked the Franco regime's period of autarky. In June 1943, the Barcelona City Council began a process to convert the Municipal Band into the Municipal Orchestra of Barcelona. This was completed in March 1944, with the formation of what today is called the Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra. Despite this initial break-up and reduction of the group, along with the political situation at that time, the band managed to survive these tough decades thanks to the work of musicians and conductors such as Ramon Bonell i Chanut (1939-1955), Ricard Lamote de Grignon (1955-1957) –the son of Joan Lamote de Grignon and former assistant conductor of the band–, Joan Pich i Santasusana (1957-1967), Josep González (1967-1969) and Enric Garcés Garcés (1969 -1979).

The transition and return to democracy.

The almost three decades from the end of the 1970s to the band's taking up residence at the Barcelona Auditorium (L'Auditori) were directed by Francesc Elias i Prunera (1979-1980), Albert Argudo i Lloret (1980-1993) and Josep Mut (1993-2007). During this period, the band resumed its activity in the city, giving concerts in the districts and continuing its official activity for the City Hall. Despite the political and institutional misfortunes, the band went on offering the city of Barcelona its musical services, regularly changing its headquarters (from the Aliança de Poblenou to the Casinet d’Hostafrancs and the Cotxeres de Sants), until it finally came to rest in the Auditorium.

The Municipal Band and the Barcelona Auditorium (L'Auditori).

Since 2007, the band has been resident at the Barcelona Auditorium, where it performs a fixed season of concerts with the collaboration of various guest conductors and soloists from the international scenario as well as from local spheres. Coinciding with the band's arrival at this facility, the Catalan composer and conductor Salvador Brotons i Soler took the baton and continues to head the band today. His work has strengthened the commitment to contemporary creations and works have been commissioned from active composers in a move to further the dissemination of Catalan music. The band's own repertory has also been increased to bring this music closer to the public. Today, the Barcelona Municipal Band is a formation committed to the society it forms part of, a participant in its age and an active protagonist on the Barcelona music scene.

The present.

The band has become an essential part of the city's music scene and never fails to take part in all the important events in the city, such as La Mercè, the Festival Grec de Barcelona, the Festival Mas i Mas, the Cycle of Music in the Parks, the National Day of Catalonia, Saint Eulàlia's Day and others. The band has been involved in community projects of an educational type, holding concerts for schools and families in collaboration with L’Auditori Educa and L’Auditori Apropa. The band offers a fixed season of concerts at the Barcelona L'Auditori. This is a long-term programme with guest conductors and musicians, in which the band puts on a wide-ranging offer of music.

Conductors.

The following are the conductors who have headed the institution during its history:

Débuts and commissions by the Barcelona Municipal Band.

The Barcelona Municipal Band has always maintained its firm commitment to contemporary musical creation in Catalonia. Recently, for its 125th anniversary, it commissioned a series of works which it performed for the first time in public. This drive has persisted to this day and it still débuts works by Catalan composers every season. To illustrate this attitude, these are some of the pieces it has debuted in recent years:

Partnerships.

The Barcelona Municipal Band has partnered with musicians of acknowledged international renown throughout its long history. Some of the people who have recently worked with the band are the conductors:  The soloists:  Other collaborators include:

Discography.

The Barcelona Municipal Band has been keen to resume recordings of part of its repertory. It has added to its long recording history with new titles in recent years such as: "Joan i Ricard de Grignon. Obres per banda simfònica" (2013) (Joan and Ricard de Grignon. Works for symphonic band) and the recording of part of the work written for symphonic bands by its present resident conductor, Salvador Brotons, for the Naxos Records international label, to be released in 2015.

Bibliography.

Recommended reading about the Barcelona Municipal Band:

Founded in 1886 by Barcelona City Council, the Barcelona Municipal Band is a musical institution going back a long way. Since 2007, it has been the resident band at the Barcelona Auditorium (L'Auditori), where it offers a fixed season of concerts and where it develops projects in partnership with artists and groups forming part of the international scene as well as those from the local sphere. The resident conductor since 2008 has been the Catalan composer and conductor Salvador Brotons.


Anime.

The TV animation was released in Japan on TV Tokyo and affiliates on January 4, 2014, with the animation done by OLM, Inc. Bushiroad simulcasts an English dub in Singapore, Malaysia, and in North America through YouTube, Hulu, and Crunchyroll. Canada's Teletoon aired the English dub from January 8, 2015 to September 7, 2015. It returned to Teletoon from October 2015 to February 2016. As with their first series, "Cardfight!! Vanguard", Bushiroad is airing the series in English on YouTube and Hulu. As of episode 17, the dub is also airing on Crunchyroll. The English airings are delayed from the Japanese airings by a few hours and are considered the same day simulcast, but due to the time difference between Japan and the States, the English airdate ends up being a day ahead of the Japanese airing. The English dub for Hundred went on a hiatus on October 2, 2015.

Trading card game.

Products.

Booster Pack.

1 box of booster packs contains 30 booster packs. Each pack contains 5 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Common (C), Uncommon (UC), Rare (R), Double Rare (RR), Triple Rare (RRR), Buddy Rare (BR) and Special Parallel (SP).  List of Booster Packs  List of Hundred Booster Packs  List of Triple D Booster Packs  List of Triple D Booster Pack Alternatives  List of Triple D Climax Booster Packs  List of X Booster Packs  List of X Booster Pack Alternatives  List of X Climax Booster Packs  List of X2 Booster Packs  List of X2 Booster Pack Alternatives  List of Ace Booster Packs  List of Ace Ultimate Booster Packs  List of Ace Climax Booster Packs

Character Pack.

1 box of character packs contains 30 character packs. Each pack contains 5 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Common (C), Uncommon (U), Rare (R), Double Rare (RR), Triple Rare (RRR), Buddy Rare (BR), SECRET, and Special Parallel (SP)  List of Character Packs

Extra Pack.

1 box of extra packs contains 15 booster packs. Each pack contains 5 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Common (C), Uncommon (UC), Rare (R), Double Rare (RR), Triple Rare (RRR), Buddy Rare (BR) and Special Parallel (SP).  List of Extra Packs  List of Hundred Extra Packs

Perfect Pack.

1 box of perfect packs contain 10 perfect packs. Each pack contains 6 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Double Rare (RR), and Buddy Rare (BR). The RR cards are in a golden print.  List of Perfect Packs  List of Hundred Perfect Packs

Start Deck.

A pre-constructed starter deck contains 52 pre-set cards. Life counter, rule book, and playmat are included as well.  List of Triple D Start Decks  List of X Start Decks  List of S Start Decks

Trial Deck.

A pre-constructed trial deck contains 52 pre-set cards. Life counter, rule book, and playmat are included as well.  List of Trial Decks  List of Hundred Trial Decks  List of Triple D Trial Decks  List of Triple D Special Series Decks  List of X Trial Decks  List of X Special Series Decks  List of Ace Special Series Decks  List of Ace Trial Decks

Organized Play.

Support for the organized play program is provided by Bushiroad. Tournaments and workshops are available in Europe, the United States and Asia-Oceania region. A special promotional card is given to participants of the workshops or tournaments.  Organizers of the events are given a choice between a best-of-1 format and a best-of-3 format for the monthly sanctioned tournaments.

On June 15, 2020, Bushiroad announced it would end production of the card game, with the final new product release occuring on September 25, 2020 and official tournaments continuing through June 2021.


Early history.

The Stonehaven Tolbooth is thought to have been founded by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal (c. 1553–1623), with the original purpose of the rectangular building being as a storehouse. In 1600, an Act of Parliament provided that the building become a tolbooth; text of that act reads: "The shiref of the shiref-dome of Kincardin in all time cum sall sit and hald their courtis at Stanehyve". After 1624, the town business functions were conducted on the upper level of the Stonehaven Tolbooth, with the ground floor being used as the prison.  By 1685, there are further accounts of the Stonehaven Tolbooth functioning as the seat of justice for all of Kincardineshire (the former shire of this district that was eventually subsumed into Aberdeenshire). Over the winter of 1748–1749, three Episcopalian clergy were incarcerated for the crime of holding a religious ceremony to more than nine people at the (now ruined) chapel situated on the estate grounds of nearby Muchalls Castle along the ancient Causey Mounth. The Episcopalians were associated with the Jacobite cause and discriminated against by the ruling Hanoverians. The imprisoned clergymen's plight was memorialised in a well known painting, illustrating a baptism of an infant through the bars of the prison. The painting belongs to the Diocese at Brechin.  Episcopal services were held in the Tolbooth from 1709, when Dunnottar parish church became part of the Church of Scotland, until an Episcopal meeting house was erected in Stonehaven High Street in 1738.

History after 1766.

When new county government facilities were built in 1767, the Stonehaven tolbooth reverted to its earlier humble use as a storehouse. In 1963, the Tolbooth was in need of restoration, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother officially opened it in September 1963 which resulted in the present day use configuration of a local history museum on the ground floor and a destination restaurant on the above level. The museum displays objects relating to local history and the Tolbooth's existence.

Architecture.

The original rectangular building was constructed with the long axis being east–west, with a length of 18.9 meters The construction is of Old Red Sandstone, a locally derived stone that was used in other local buildings of the same period such as Muchalls Castle. A 17th-century addition was added nearly at right angles to the original block, leading to a 17th-century design as an L-Plan, also in the manner of Muchalls Castle.  The gables of the original rectangular block are crow-stepped, with a chimney on the west end. An unusual design feature is that access to the first floor is achieved only via a stonework staircase at the west end of the original block. This design may have been derived from a desire to have town government business conducted without having to enter through the prison level. A paved courtyard lies embraced by the two L-Plan projections.

Interior features.

The north block (17th-century addition) floor retains original flagstones and cobblestones dating to the original north block. There is also a sizable firepit along the west wall of the north block wing, although the associated chimney above has been filled, rendering the fireplace unusable. At the ground level a partial stone wall partition separates the two large chambers belonging to the 16th and 17th centuries.  Arrow slits on the south facing 16th-century wall are original; however they have been filled in. The height of these slits suggest that the grade level of the building floor has likely been altered. Inspection of the stonework indicates that there was an earlier opening at the centre of the east wall. The upper floor for the present restaurant use has been altered more extensively by interior partitions, although the basic window openings are thought to be original.

The Stonehaven Tolbooth is a late 16th-century stone building originally used as a courthouse and a prison in the town of Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Constructed of local Old Red Sandstone, the prison probably attained its greatest note, when three local Episcopalian clergymen were imprisoned for holding services for more than nine people (a limit established to discourage the Episcopalian religion in the mid-18th century). Lying midway along the old north quay of the Stonehaven Harbour, the present day Tolbooth serves as a history museum with a restaurant on the floor above the ground floor. It is a category A listed building.


Life and Work.

Tan studied Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge from 1982 to 1985, after which he received the Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology on University College London and did followed it up with a PhD in molecular biology on vaccines at University of Edinburgh in 1990. He returned to Singapore in 1990 to develop TechNet, Singapore's first network for a nationwide research community. In 1994, he and his Chinese language team wrote a program that matches the code for each character and then merged the images into one larger image, and extended this concept to the Tamil language. Tan was responsible for several key internet milestones, including the first Gopher Server, the Singapore InfoWeb and the forerunner of the Present National Web Homepage. Under his leadership, the Internet Research and Development Unit (IRDU), developed the first regional Java website and the first functional multilingual domain name system (iDNS). In addition to his NUS position, Tan is also chair of the agency for the Computational Resource Center for Science, Technology and Research, which is equipping Singapore with supercomputing capabilities for the twenty-first century. With this in mind, he is now pioneering the use of new technologies for online computer communication. TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), the communication protocol that the Internet largely uses today, can be improved upon for certain purposes. Some of its addressing computations is redundant for grid computing purposes. A newer communication technology called InfiniBand transmits data with much shorter delay times, less (possible) information loss and higher efficiency than TCP / IP. However, it is currently only used for short-range communication between supercomputers. In November 2014, his team, along with Australian, Japanese and US universities, as well as industry partners Obsidian Strategics and Tata Communications, demonstrated the first high-speed InfiniBand. connection between three continents on a platform called InfiniCortex. In conventional grid computing, distributed processors perform tasks that are parallel but more or less independent. Instead, InfiniCortex offers simultaneous supercomputing, in which intermediate results can be quickly transferred between processors that are located across the globe. In this way, the participating centers can perform challenging tasks such as, intensive computer-aided fluid dynamics or analysis of genomic data - by efficiently sharing computing resources.

Awards.

For his work, he received national and international recognition: the Singapore Youth Award for Excellence (1994), the Vaccine Research Trust Annual Award (1989), the Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JCCI) Education Award (1997 ), the ASEAN Achievement Award (1997) from the ASEAN Business Forum, the Life Insurance Association (LIA) Award for community work, the 7th Innovation Award of the Indian Cultural Festival (1998), the Achievement Award (1998), the gold medal of the World Congress for Medical Informatics MEDINFO'92 and he is a member of the International Who's Who of Professionals (1999) and a member of the exclusive World Technology Network (2001) as one of 450 leading scientists and entrepreneurs worldwide.  He has been featured in the SINGAPORE TAMILS 200 a book which was released in honour of those who contributed to the Indian community development.  He has served in the board of directors of the management of keppel data centre REIT listed in singapore stock exchange.  He is also a proponent of enviormentally green data centres at TED talks.

Tan Tin Wee (born 1962) is a Singaporean bioinformatician and university lecturer. He is an associate professor at the Department of Biochemistry at the National University of Singapore and founding director of the National Supercomputing Center (NSCC) Singapore since 1999. As the inventor and founder of multilingual internationalized domain names (IDN) and a pioneer of the Internet, he was inducted into the Internet Society of 2012 along with the founding fathers of the Internet in the first Internet Hall of Fame. He is well known in Singapore and the region for his work on propagating and developing the Internet.


Early life.

Samia Ghadie was born in Eccles, Greater Manchester to Joseph, a French-Lebanese shop owner and Patsy, an English actress whom he met whilst working in Abu Dhabi. Samia lived there for a period as a child. She has a brother named Tariq.

Career.

Samia first appeared as an extra in Coronation Street at the age of eight and 10 years later she became a regular on the show. She made her first credited TV appearance when she was 11 years old, appearing in an episode of "Cracker" ("The Big Crunch"). She also made appearances in "Children's Ward", "Heartbeat", "Doctors", "There's Only One Jimmy Grimble" (feature film) and the children's series "Life Force".  Samia's big break came in 2000, when she beat both Suzanne Shaw and Kimberley Walsh to get the role of Maria Sutherland in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street", where she has been at the centre of some of the show's biggest storylines. In Autumn 2009, she took a short break from her role as Maria in "Coronation Street" on maternity leave and resumed her role in the show in May 2010.  Samia won an episode of "Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes" impersonating Holly Valance. She also made an appearance in "Bo' Selecta!" in 2004 as part of a "Coronation Street" sketch along with co-star Suranne Jones.

"Dancing on Ice".

In January 2013, Samia was a competitor in the eighth series of "Dancing on Ice", partnered with French professional ice skater Sylvain Longchambon. However, she was concussed a few days into the pre-series training and unfortunately eliminated in week eight of the competition, losing out in a skate-off to Luke Campbell.

Guest appearances.

Samia has appeared twice on the ITV show "All Star Family Fortunes". Her first appearance was in a Christmas special in December 2006, when she appeared as part of the "Battersby-Brown" family. Her second appearance was in May 2012, when she appeared with her own family.  In 2008, by then known as Samia Smith, she appeared as a guest on "Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour" when the show visited Egypt.  On 20 September 2014, Samia appeared as a contestant on the primetime game show "The Chase: Celebrity Special".

Awards and nominations.

Samia was placed 53rd in the 2003 "FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World", and voted sexiest female by the readers of "Inside Soap" magazine in 2005.

Personal life.

Samia married Matt Smith, a property developer, at St Philip's Church in Alderley Edge, Cheshire on 10 September 2005 after a seven-month engagement. On 19 October 2009, she gave birth to a baby girl, Freya, following which she left "Coronation Street" temporarily on maternity leave. On 4 January 2011, she and her husband announced that they had separated by mutual agreement. On 4 November 2011, she revealed that she had reverted to her maiden surname of Ghadie following a decree absolute which had been granted the same day. In May 2015, she announced her engagement to French professional ice skater Sylvain Longchambon. They married in August 2016. Their son, Yves Joseph Longchambon, was born on 24 September 2015.  Samia's father Joseph died of cancer on 14 April 2009.

Samia Maxine Longchambon ("née" Ghadie, previously Smith; born 13 July 1982) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Maria Connor in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" since 2000.


Geometrical constructions.

There are at least two ways to constructs the Clawson point, which also could be used as coordinate free definitions of the point. In both cases you have two triangles, where the three lines connecting their according vertices meet in a common point, which is the Clawson point.

Construction 1.

For a given triangle formula_4 let formula_5 be its orthic triangle and formula_6 the triangle formed by the outer tangents to its three excircles. These two triangles are similar and the Clawson point is their center of similarity, therefore the three lines formula_7 connecting their vertices meet in a common point, which is the Clawson point.

Construction 2.

For a triangle formula_4 its incircle intersects each of its three excircles in two points. The three lines through those points of intersections form a triangle formula_9. This triangle and the triangle formula_4 are perspective triangles with the Clawson point being their perspective center. Hence the three lines formula_11 meet in the Clawson point.

History.

The point is now named after J. W. Clawson, who published his trilinear coordinates 1925 in the American Mathematical Monthly as problem 3132, where he asked for geometrical construction of that point. However the French mathematician Émile Lemoine had already examined the point in 1886. Later the point was independently rediscovered by R. Lyness and G. R. Veldkamp in 1983, who called it "crucial point" after the Canadian math journal Crux Mathematicorum in which it was published as problem 682.

The Clawson point is a special point in a planar triangle defined by the trilinear coordinates formula_1 (Kimberling number X(19)), where formula_2 are the interior angles at the triangle vertices formula_3. It is named after John Wentworth Clawson, who published it 1925 in the American Mathematical Monthly.


History.

The Ca' Grande (big palace) of Saint Samuel was probably built at the beginning of the 11th century by Soranzo family, which also built in that period, together with the Boldù family, the church of San Samuele facing the land-facade of the Palace. In the 13th century a third floor was added.  In the early days of the 15th century the Cappello family, one of the most energetic and industrious families of Venice, became owners of the Palace as a result of marriages with the Soranzos. The Cappello family used the palace's storehouses to house the newly discovered printing and publishing activity. In the mid-16th century this family enlarged the building and modified the Grand Canal facade to its present shape.  Around 1590 the Malipiero family became tenants of the Cappellos and Caterino Malipiero, within few years as from 1610, through the marriage with Elisabetta Cappello and further purchases, became owners of the whole edifice. Evidence of the very many restorations done by him are the date 1622 and the initials K.M. - for "Caterino Malipiero"- in an engraving placed over on the main door he built, giving access to the new large entrance of the Palace.  Around the year 1725, the Malipiero began restoration works that gave the palace today's homogeneous aspect. In the first half of the 19th century, with Venice in decline, the Palace suffered the same destiny as many other palaces of patrician families: being sold to many successive owners. These transfers accelerated the structural deterioration until the Barnabò family purchased it. In 1951 the Barnabòs undertook a substantial restoration, returning the palace to a grand and serene eighteenth-century style. In 1948 died in Palazzo Malipiero the Venetian contemporary composer Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari.

Architecture.

As with most Venetian palaces, the Cà Grande (Great House) of Saint Samuel is built as two main superposed floors, but unlike other palaces, each floor is accessed by its own independent entrance hall, stairway and porta d'acqua (water door).  Through an ancient Byzantine door one accesses the "secondo piano nobile" (second main floor). The main door opens onto a large 17th-century entrance hall leading to the magnificent "primo piano nobile" (first main floor) and to the ancient medieval courtyard, the 19th-century garden and the door on the Grand Canal.  The architectural development of the "Cà Grande di San Samuele" is similar to the traditional evolution of many Venetian palaces, the freedom and the harmony of structures underpinning the vivid rhythms and original fascination of the city. In fact the structure of the building is made of three parts, each closely merged to the others, representing three eras: the Byzantine style, the International Gothic style and the seventeenth century one.  The original part of the building was probably built between the 10th and 11th centuries by Soranzo family in Venetian-Byzantine style, as evidenced by the large door (number 3201) and the quadruple windows with round arches (later amalgamated into the gothic structure) visible on the San Samuele side. In the middle of the 14th century, the Soranzo added the third floor (the second main floor) to the Cà Grande, as evidenced by the pointed arch windows.  This Gothic design was perfectly amalgamated with the floor below, respecting and incorporating elements of the older construction. By the mid-15th century the Cappello decided to expand the narrow palace. Building on an unused area on the garden's side, the facade on the Grand Canal was widened to the dimensions we see today.  Restoring and enlarging the building was also the main concern of Caterino Malipiero, as testified by the date 1622 engraved with the initials K.M. on the main door accessing the large Palace entrance. The family's coat-of-arms with cock's claws is also proudly sculpted there. In the second half of the seventeenth century, Palazzo Malipiero, its architecture ignoring Baroque, was one of the richest and most meaningful buildings in Venice.  The etching of the palace in 1718 by Luca Carlevarijs shows the palace ended after the two main entrances and a Calle borders its back end and separates it from the other houses that now are part of the building. The drawing clearly depicts further back the then-called Calle della Commedia. In the first half of 18th century the Malipiero family, according to a now lost architectural plan, decided to connect the palace with some houses abutting it on its rear, eliminating the Calle Malipiero that separated them. The facade on Campo San Samuele was extended backwards by 30 meters; the garden was widened to include part of a pre-existing Ramo Malipiero which bordered the Palace on the garden side, and a new perspective was created from the Palace's main entrance to the garden. In the early 1950s Marco Barnabò Sr gave the renovation project of the palace, its interior and to the garden to Nino Barbantini who was at the time Director of the Ca' Rezzonico museum of 18th-century Venice.  St. Samuel parish cultural life was revived after 1950 with the restoration and establishment of the Palazzo Grassi as a Cultural Center was established. Palazzo Malipiero now hosts the exhibition spaces of "Studio d'Arte Barnabò Gallery" and "Il Tridente" multimedia publishing house. From the 1997 Venice Biennale, the Palazzo Malipiero hosts the official Slovenian pavilion and from the 2011 the official Montenegro pavilion, which featured artist Marina Abramović, together with many other art exhibitions.

Garden.

The garden of Palazzo Malipiero was created, together with many others, at the end of the eighteenth century, when the large palace gardens situated on the outskirts of the city disappeared because of residential and industrial development.  No doubt due to the particularities of the building plan, with a large entrance hall connecting Campo San Samuele to the courtyard, the garden's layout is most original: the area, compartmented by a simple design of hedge lines, extends along the building and is aligned both on the courtyard and the Grand Canal.  Thus the garden, when viewed from the Grand Canal, is divided in two symmetrical parts centred on a Hercule's Nymph fountain. The latter is also aligned with the 17th century entrance hall, so that a perspective view can be seen when entering the palace from the main door, through to the fountain a statue of Neptune inserted in the opposite garden wall.  In the garden has been placed the large well (originally in the inner courtyard) that, with the family coat-of-arms and the sculpted figures of the bride and bridegroom Elisabetta e Caterino, bear witness to the union between the Cappellos and the Malipieros.  From the end of 19th century, a number of statues have contributed to enrich the garden landscaping. The hedge, thanks to its intense colouring and precise pruning, conveys a further sophisticated touch to this precious garden.

Giacomo Casanova and the Malipiero Family.

Between 1656 and 1676, as a result of the construction of two popular theatres, the neighborhood of the San Samuele parish acquired a more seedy reputation. This was also true for the palace. For some years after 1740, Giacomo Casanova lived in Palazzo Malipiero. In spite of his young age (he was just 15 years old), he began his successful social life in these very rooms. Giacomo had been born nearby on Calle della Commedia (later renamed Calle Malipiero), and as a confidant of Senator Alvise Gasparo Malipiero (Alvise II "Gasparo" Malipiero in Italian), he began frequenting the palace.  Here he established relationships with some influential persons and with a great many ladies. But one day the Senator caught him with Teresa Imer, whom the Senator desired for himself, and Casanova was expelled from the Palace, and subsequently Venice. Casanova left a lively portrait of Alvise Gasparo in his "Memoires". The latter work depicts the Venetian customs in the 18th century. Amid this age of the decadence, when Venice became a destination for gamblers, prostitutes, and patrons, the fortunes of the Malipiero also suffered and finally by the 1770 the family extinguished.

Palazzo Malipiero is a palace in Venice, Italy. It is located on the Grand Canal in the central Campo San Samuele. It stands just across from Palazzo Grassi Exhibition Center. The adjacent Italian-style garden with a view on the Grand Canal, a rarity in Venice, makes it even more distinctive. Initially built in a Byzantine style, over the centuries it has undergone some modifications.


History.

Until the 17th century, the area was controlled by the McCartan clan. Around the mid-1600s, Patrick McCartan sold lands around Ballynahinch to Sir George Rawdon, agent to Viscount Conway, and Sir William Petty, a surveyor from Hampshire. Before his death in 1687, Petty leased his interest in the land leaving Sir George in sole possession. He built two corn mills and founded the town with a market square. In 1683 Charles II of England granted the town a patent to hold a Thursday market and two fairs every 1 February and 29 June. Settlers from lowland Scotland increased the population and Ballynahinch grew as a market town with the sale of livestock, corn, potatoes and increasingly, flax was being cultivated. Sir John Rawdon, descendant of Sir George and now the Earl of Moira took up residence in Montalto house in Ballynahinch. He made significant improvements to the estate and to the town by promoting the linen market and causing the market house to be built. By the end of the eighteenth century sales in the market were grossing around £300 per week and the town was prospering. Unfortunately it was about to suffer a setback.  The Society of United Irishmen launched a rebellion in 1798. It began in Leinster and quickly spread to Ulster. The United Irishmen had been founded in 1791 by liberal Protestants in Belfast. Its goal was to unite Catholics and Protestants and make Ireland an independent republic. Although its membership was mainly Catholic, many of its leaders and members in northeast Ulster were Protestant. The Battle of Ballynahinch began on 12 June 1798, when about 4000 United Irishmen camped at Ballynahinch were besieged by the British Army. The British bombarded the town with cannon for a full day until the United Irishmen retreated. Following this, the British burnt sixty-three houses in Ballynahinch and its hinterland. The commander of the United Irishmen, Henry Munro, was betrayed, captured and executed shortly after.  Montalto and Ballynahinch was sold in 1802 to David Ker Esq. who took advantage of the rising fashion for 'taking the waters' amongst tourists with money and developed the medicinal spa wells just over two miles outside the town. The village continued to expand thereafter.  In mid-1920, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) barracks at Ballynahinch was subject to a bomb attack by the Irish Republican Army (IRA).  On 16 October 1986 Terence Mullan age 31 and Kathleen Mullan age 79, both Catholic civilians, were shot dead by the Ulster Freedom Fighters at their home, Dromore Road, Ballynahinch.  Then British Prime Minister John Major visited Ballynahinch in December 1996.  Ballynahinch is the site of Montalto Estate, Montalto House and The Carriage Rooms. The latter of which was the setting for Disney's The Lodge.

Demography.

Ballynahinch is classified as a Small Town by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 4,500 and 10,000). On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 5,703 people living in Ballynahinch (2,326 households), accounting for 0.31% of the Northern Ireland total and representing an increase of 6.3% on the Census 2001 figure of 5,363. Of these:

Transport.

Traffic congestion.

The town is well known for its heavy congestion. A bypass is proposed for the town. Geological surveys were conducted over twenty years ago to determine the route of the bypass but money has never been allocated by the Department of the Environment. In the 1990s various traffic control measures were introduced including the present one way system, however all have failed to cope with the sheer volume of traffic which passes through the town daily, particularly evenings.  In January 2012 The Minister for Regional Development made the following announcement: "Roads Service approved the stage 2 preferred options report for the scheme, including the recommendation for a preferred line for the A24 Ballynahinch bypass scheme around the eastern outskirts and adjacent to the development limit of the town. That line will run from the junction of the A24 Belfast Road and the A21 Saintfield Road, which is north of the town, to the junction of the A24 Drumaness Road and the B2 Downpatrick Road, which is south of the town, at a distance of approximately 3.1 km. The scheme will involve substantial earthworks to traverse the drumlin topography and ground conditions along the route, which includes the flood plain of the Ballynahinch River. Three substantial structures will be required where the route crosses Moss Road, Crossgar Road and the Ballynahinch river." There will also be a junction with the B7 Crossgar Road.  However this just shows the advanced nature of the planning rather than imminent construction; The official position is still that construction will take place between 2014 and 2019.

Ballynahinch () is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 5,703 people in the 2011 Census.


History.

The castle dates to Antiquity, and its fortifications follow the trace of an acropolis, with four subsequent phases of reconstruction, ranging from the early Byzantine period to the late Middle Ages. The name "Sopot" is of Slavic origin. In medieval Greek documents, the castle is named "Sopoton" or "Sopotos", from which its name in other languages derives; its harbour is mentioned in Greek portolans with the name "Gazopolis".  The site is first mentioned in the early 13th century, when archbishop Demetrios Chomatenos wrote of the "archonship of "Sopotos"" (, "archontia Sopotou"), part of the region of Vagenetia. In 1258, the Despot of Epirus Michael II Komnenos Doukas gave the castle along with Buthrotum and the island of Corfu as dowry for his daughter Helena to Manfred, King of Sicily. It came back under Epirote control soon thereafter, before being once again ceded by Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas to Charles I of Anjou in 1279. The area returned again to Epirote hands in the subsequent decades, but in the Epirote rebellion against Palaiologan Byzantine rule in 1338–39, it remained loyal to Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos.  Following the Ottoman conquest, a cadaster from 1431 lists "Sopot" with 60 households, and as capital of a "nahiye". In 1456, troops of King Alfonso V of Aragon were operating in the area of "Sobato" against the Ottomans. In 1470 it was under Venetian control, under the jurisdiction of the governor of Corfu; at the end of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479, the Ottomans laid claim to it and apparently received it, for in 1488 the local Albanian population rebelled against Ottoman rule.  The walls of the castle, which follow the ancient fortifications, survive. In the interior, the medieval fortress was divided through a wall in two. Triangular towers were added later, probably during the middle Byzantine period. In the interior of the castle stand ruins of various buildings and cisterns.

Borsh Castle () also known as Sopot Castle () from the hill it is located, is a ruined castle near the village Borsh, Albania, near the coast of the Ionian Sea. Inside the castle is the 17th-century Hajji Bendo Mosque from Ottoman times.