Early life and career.

Bohan was born in Paris and grew up in Sceaux. As a child, Marc Bohan was encouraged into fashion by his mother, who worked as a milliner.  After school at the Lycée Lakanal, in 1945 he secured a job at Robert Piguet where he remained for four years.  In 1949 he accepted a job as an assistant to Edward Molyneux. He worked as a designer for Madeleine de Rauch in 1952, before briefly opening his own Paris salon and producing one collection in 1953. In 1954, Bohan was offered a job at Jean Patou, designing the haute couture collection, where he stayed until 1958. In 1991 he was appointed for two years as guest-professor for fashion design at the University of Applied Arts Vienna / Austria.

Designer at Christian Dior.

From 1958 to 1960 Bohan designed for the Christian Dior, London line. In September 1960, Dior's creative director Yves Saint Laurent was called up for military service; Bohan was promoted to replace him.  His deceptively simple, elegant designs drew their inspiration from the 1920s, and rejected the extremes of contemporary fashion. One notable collection in 1966 was inspired by the Russian style of Dr Zhivago.  Bohan's classic pieces are now found in museum collections around the world. In 2009, the Musee Christian Dior at Granville held a major Bohan retrospective.  In 1989 Bohan left Dior, before joining for the house of Norman Hartnell in London, where he worked for the label until 1992. Bohan has since designed under his own name.

Notable clients.

Bohan designed for Princess Grace of Monaco, Lynn Wyatt, and Betsy Bloomingdale. Princess Grace supported Bohan by opening the Baby Dior boutique in 1967. Actress Sophia Loren was among his many clients.  Jacqueline Kennedy admired Bohan's designs and had them adapted by Oleg Cassini and Chez Ninon.  In 1976, Bohan was chosen to design the wedding dress of Silvia Sommerlath at her wedding to King Carl Gustaf of Sweden.  Two years later, he designed the wedding gown of Princess Caroline of Monaco for her 1978 wedding to Philippe Junot.

Personal life.

Bohan's first wife, Dominique Gaborit, whom he married in 1950, died in 1962. He then married Huguette Rinjonneau. They had one daughter: Marie-Anne.  Bohan has a home at a restored 18th-century country house in Burgundy.

Marc Roger Maurice Louis Bohan (born 22 August 1926) is a French fashion designer, best known for his 30-year career at the house of Dior.


History.

The store was founded by Jack Cole and Carl Cole, the former owners of Coles Bookstore.  At the time of its opening in November 1980, in a converted building that had housed the Olympia bowling alley, it was unchallenged in its claim as the biggest bookstore in the world. Although it retained the name, the Guinness Book of World Records listed the Barnes & Noble College Booksellers location on Fifth Avenue in New York City as the largest bookstore in the world based on floor space, although Powell's Books of Portland, Oregon, is usually considered the largest based on shelf-space. Nevertheless, World's Biggest Bookstore claimed the title on the basis that it carried the most titles. The Barnes & Noble location closed in early 2014. On December 22, 2010, Maruzen and Junkodou Shoten opened a 73 000 square foot (6804 m2) bookstore in the Umeda district of Osaka, Japan, overtaking these other three in terms of floor space. The store made a brief appearance in the movie "Short Circuit 2" when the main character, a robot named Johnny 5, enters the store and creates chaos as he reads through the books.  On June 20, 2012, it was reported that the lease on the store's building, set to expire at the end of 2013, would not be renewed, and the store would close.  In November 2013 it was announced that the property at 20 Edward Street had been sold to Lifetime Developments, and the store would close in mid-February and vacate the building by April. In February 2014, a press release by Paracom Realty Corporation stated that the site would be redeveloped and leased to four restaurants designed by Turner Fleisher Architects. The closure date was revised to the end of March 2014. The bookstore closed for the last time on March 30, 2014. The structure was demolished in November 2014.

Advertising.

In the late 1990s, with customers' book shopping habits radically changing after the launch of Chapters and Indigo, the store chose to play up its "no frills" image with an advertising campaign that included the following slogans:  These self-deprecating slogans are in the style of Toronto's landmark bargain store, Honest Ed's.

The World's Biggest Bookstore was a bookstore in Toronto, Canada, at 20 Edward St, just north of the Toronto Eaton Centre and the Atrium on Bay. Operating from 1980 until 2014, the three-storey store covered 64,000 square feet and was noted for its bright lights and over 20 kilometres of bookshelves.


History.

The original Saxon church on the site was dedicated to St Edmund the King and Martyr. In 1137 it was given to the Priory of St Bartholomew. During the Crusades in the 12th century the church was renamed St Edmund and the Holy Sepulchre, in reference to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, by soldiers who passed by the church on the way to the Holy Lands. The name eventually became contracted to St Sepulchre.  The church is today the largest parish church in the City. It was completely rebuilt in the 15th century but was gutted by the Great Fire of London in 1666, which left only the outer walls, the tower and the porch standing. Modified in the 18th century, the church underwent extensive restoration in 1878. It narrowly avoided destruction in the Second World War, although the 18th-century watch-house in its churchyard (erected to deter grave-robbers) was destroyed and had to be rebuilt.  The interior of the church is a wide, roomy space with a coffered ceiling installed in 1834. The Vicars' old residence has recently been renovated into a modern living quarter. During the reign of Mary I in 1555, St Sepulchre's vicar, John Rogers, was burned as a heretic.

The bell.

St Sepulchre is named in the nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons" as the "bells of Old Bailey". In 1605, London merchant tailor Mr. John Dowe paid the parish £50 to buy a handbell on the condition that it would be rung to mark the execution of a prisoner at the nearby gallows at Newgate. This handbell, known as the Execution Bell, now resides in a glass case to the south of the nave. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the clerk of St Sepulchre's was responsible for ringing a handbell outside the condemned man's cell in Newgate Prison the night before his execution and announcing the news by repeating the following "wholesome advice": Given its proximity to both Newgate Prison and the Old Bailey, the bells in its tower, in addition to the usual functions of marking time, were rung to announce executions. On the day of the execution, the bells were tolled as the condemned were led to Tyburn.

Musicians' Chapel.

In the north aisle of the church is the Musicians' Chapel. This Chapel (formerly a chapel dedicated to Stephen Harding) was dedicated The Musicians' Chapel by Dr W.R. Matthews, Dean of St Paul's, on 2 January 1955 in the presence of many distinguished musicians including an orchestra conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent and the BBC Singers. The ashes of the conductor Sir Henry Wood, C.H., founder of the Promenade Concerts, who learnt to play the organ at the church as a boy, had been interred in the Chapel a decade earlier. There are four windows commemorating Sir Henry Wood, John Ireland, the singer Dame Nellie Melba, Walter Carroll respectively. The Chapel contains the Musicians' Book of Remembrance and both the Chapel and the Book of Remembrance are maintained by the Friends of the Musicians' Chapel. A Service of Thanksgiving for those named in the Book of Remembrance is held at the church each year as well as a Requiem close to All Souls' Day. Many concerts and memorial events for musicians have been held in the church over the years. In 2017 the Rector caused a storm in the media by ending the hiring scheme and excluding many choirs from singing and rehearsing in the church. A protest was held about this and many prominent musicians including John Rutter protested against the church decision. Attempts to mediate failed.

Military link.

The south aisle of the church holds the regimental chapel of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (merged to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers), and its gardens are a memorial garden to that regiment. The west end of the north aisle has various memorials connected with the City of London Rifles (the 6th Battalion London Regiment). The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.

Organ.

The north aisle is dominated by a splendid organ built by Renatus Harris in 1670. The swell was added by John Byfield in c.1730. The organ was enlarged in 1817 by James Hancock and by John Gray in 1828 and 1835, and Gray and Davison in 1849, 1852 and 1855. It was rebuilt in 1932 by Harrison and Harrison. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. It is not currently playable, and a Makin digital organ is used when required for services.

St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, also known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Holborn), is an Anglican church in the City of London. It is located on Holborn Viaduct, almost opposite the Old Bailey. In medieval times it stood just outside ("without") the now-demolished old city wall, near the Newgate. It has been a living of St John's College, Oxford, since 1622 and is part of the area designated the "Newgate Street Conservation Area" (No. 6) by the City of London Corporation.


Career.

Amateur.

Romine attended Trabuco Hills High School in Mission Viejo, California. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 36th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft, but he opted to attend Arizona State University, where he played for the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Romine was drafted out of Arizona State by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the fifth round of the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

In 2008 he led the entire Angels' organization and the Midwest League with 62 stolen bases. In 2010 he was named to the Texas League All Star Team. Romine was promoted to the Angels on September 24, 2010, making his major league debut that day. He played four games with the Angels during the rest of the season, batting 1-for-11 (.091) and getting his first major league hit on September 26.  Romine was called up to the majors again on June 12, 2011, after an injury sidelined Alberto Callaspo. Romine saw action in 10 games with the Angels and batted.125 with a stolen base. During the 2012 season, Romine appeared in 12 games with the Angels. He posted a.412 batting average (7-for-17) and tallied his first career RBI and a stolen base.  In 2013, Romine saw increased playing time with the Angels, playing in 47 games. He averaged.259/.308/.287 in 108 at-bats, with 10 RBIs and three doubles, his first big league extra-base hits, and one stolen base.

Detroit Tigers.

On March 21, 2014, Romine was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for left handed pitcher José Álvarez. On May 23, Romine hit his first career home run in a game against the Texas Rangers. On August 22, Romine made his first pitching appearance in the eighth inning of a 20–6 loss to the Minnesota Twins. Romine allowed three runs on four hits, including back-to-back home runs. In a career-high 251 at-bats, Romine hit.227/.279/.275 on the season, with 2 home runs and 12 RBIs, while stealing 12 bases in 14 attempts.  On April 29, 2015, Romine made just his second start of the 2015 season and went 4-for-4 in a game against the Minnesota Twins. It was his first career 4-hit game. Romine appeared in a career-high 109 games for Detroit in 2015, though many of his appearances were as a late-inning defensive replacement or pinch runner. He batted.255/.307/.315 with 2 home runs and 15 RBIs, with 10 stolen bases, in 184 at-bats.  On January 14, 2016, the Tigers avoided arbitration with Romine, agreeing on a one-year, $900,000 contract.  On June 18, Romine pitched 0.2 innings in the 9th inning of a 16-5 loss to the Kansas City Royals. He allowed no hits, walked 2 batters, and was not charged with a run. Following the demotion of Anthony Gose and an injury to Cameron Maybin, the Tigers began using Romine in center field for the first time in his career. He made 13 starts and appeared in 22 total games at the position in 2016. Romine hit.236/.304/.322 with 2 home runs and 16 RBIs in 174 at-bats during the 2016 season, and was a perfect 8-for-8 in stolen bases. He played eight different positions during the season, with 44 games at third base, 22 games in center field, 20 games at first base, 14 games at shortstop, 12 games at second base, two games at right field, one game at left field and one game at pitcher. Following the season, Romine was awarded the Bill McAdam 10th Man Award, as voted by Detroit Baseball Society On January 13, 2017, the Tigers avoided arbitration with Romine, agreeing on a one-year, $1.3 million contract. Romine hit his first career grand slam on April 12 in a 5-3 win against the Minnesota Twins.  On September 30, Romine became the fifth player in major league history to play all nine positions in a single game, and the first player to do so since Shane Halter in 2000. During the 2017 season, Romine set career highs in games (124) and at-bats (318), hitting.233/.289/.336 for the year with 17 doubles, four home runs and 25 RBIs. During the season he played 2nd base (27 games, 17 starts), center field (24 G, 20 GS), 3rd base (23 G, 5 GS), 1st base (22 G, 4 GS), left field (18 G, 15 GS), right field (11 G, 9 GS), shortstop (10 G, 9 GS), pitcher (2 G), and catcher (1 G).

Seattle Mariners.

On November 2, 2017, Romine was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Mariners. In 2018 with Seattle he batted.210/.260/.244 with 2 RBIs and one stolen base in 119 at bats, while playing every position but catcher. He elected free agency on October 29, 2018.

Philadelphia Phillies.

On January 11, 2019, Romine signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. Prior to the season, he exercised an opt-out clause in his contract and was released by the Phillies on March 23, 2019. However, two days later, he re-signed to another minor league contract with the team. In 2019 with the Class AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs he batted.289./342/.408 with 8 home runs, 53 RBIs, and 21 stolen bases (4th in the International League) in 380 at bats. He became a free agent following the 2019 season.

Chicago White Sox.

On January 21, 2020, Romine signed a minor league deal with the Chicago White Sox.

Personal life.

Romine's father, Kevin Romine, was a utility outfielder for the Boston Red Sox for his entire career (1985–1991), and his younger brother, Austin Romine, is a major league catcher.

Andrew James Romine (born December 24, 1985) is an American professional baseball utility player for the Chicago White Sox organization. Romine has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels, Detroit Tigers, and Seattle Mariners. He is the brother of MLB catcher Austin Romine. On September 30, 2017, Romine became the fifth player in major league history to play all nine defensive positions in a single game.


Towns and villages.

There is currently only one town in the district:

History.

Aichi District was one of the ancient subdivisions of Owari Province, and its name (under a variety of spellings) appears in Nara period records and artifacts recovered from the ruins of Heijō-kyō Palace. It was occasionally referred to as, although the present name appears to have become standard after the middle of the Edo period. During the Sengoku period, this area was the stronghold of the Oda clan and was the birthplace of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, it came under the control of Owari Domain.  Following the Meiji Restoration, in 1871, former Owari Domain was renamed Nagoya Prefecture. However, for reasons still unclear, the name was changed to Aichi Prefecture. With the formal establishment of the municipality system on October 1, 1887, the modern Aichi District was established, with two towns (Atsuta and Narumi) and 46 villages. Yobitsugi was raised to town status on July 12, 1897, followed by Chikusa on February 13, 1902, and Aichi on December 10, 1904. In a major cadastral reorganization in 1906-1907, the number of remaining villages was reduced from 41 to 16, and the town of Atsuta was annexed by the city of Nagoya. The town of Shimonoisshiki was created on July 6, 1917. In another cadastral reform in 1921, the number of villages was reduced from 16 to 7, with the towns of Aichi and Yobitsugi annexed by Nagoya. The city of Nagoya further annexed Shimonoisshiki in March 1937, leaving the district with one town and 7 villages at the eve of World War II.  On February 11, 1955, the village of Hanyama merged into the city of Seto. Later that year, on April 5, 1955, the village of Chotaka merged into Chikusa-ku, Nagoya. The village of Tempaku (later Tempaku-ku) merged into Showa-ku, Nagoya. On January 1, 1957 Toyoake gained town status, following by Nisshin on January 1, 1958. On April 1, 1963 Narumi merged into Midori-ku, Nagoya.  Tōgō gained town status on April 1, 1970, followed by Nagakute on April 1, 1971. Toyoake was elevated to city status on August 1, 1972, followed by Nisshin on October 1, 1994. On January 4, 2012 – The town of Nagakute gained city status.  This left Aichi District with one municipality.

As of 1 October 2019, the district had an estimated population of 44,109 and a population density of 2,446 persons per km2. Its total area was 18.03 km2.


Gameplay.

"Guinness World Records: The Videogame" contains 36 mini-games based on real-world record attempts. The player can select 12 avatars, and can travel around a globe-like map that allows them to select minigames. Beating minigames allows the player to unlock more minigames and outfits for their avatars. Minigames involve attempting to beat a world record as fast as possible, such as building the highest skyscraper in a Tetris style minigame, attempting the world's highest BMX stunt jump, and eating a jumbo jet as fast as possible. The player's score is placed on a scoreboard at the end of the round, and is then compared over the internet to other player's scores. The game shows trivia about real-life world records on the menu and during loading screens.

Reception.

"Guinness World Records: The Videogame" received mixed reviews from critics upon release. On Metacritic, the game holds scores of 70/100 for the Nintendo DS version based on 4 reviews, and 67/100 for the Wii version based on 12 reviews. On GameRankings, the game holds scores of 70.00% for the DS version based on 4 reviews, and 67.50% for the Wii version based on 16 reviews.  Reviewing the DS and Wii version for IGN, Mark Thomas praised the games strange minigames, comparing it positively to Warioware, before ending the review with, "[...] But even then there are a couple of more fully-fledged gems in this pack that are addictive enough to warrant keeping the game handy long after you've been declared the best, the tallest, the strongest and the smartest with every record there is." Writing for Nintendo World Report and reviewing both versions, Francesca DiMola found the games lack of similarity to actual World Records disappointing and the games boring, saying, "The lack of identity and direction is unfulfilling, and while a select group of mini-games are entertaining and original, many of them feel generic and bland.". Writing for Eurogamer and reviewing the Wii version, Simon Parkin found the idea to be interesting, ending the review with "[...] Guinness World Records is the best mini-game collection we've played on the Wii, in part because of the content but principally because of its context."

Guinness World Records: The Videogame is a party video game based on the Guinness World Records series of books of world records. Developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, the game was released on November 7, 2008 in Europe and Australasia, and on November 11, 2008 in North America. The game involves attempting to beat real-life world records through minigames. The game saw mixed to positive reviews upon release, and was considered better than most minigame compilations that were on Nintendo consoles at the time.


Plot.

Overview.

Laura, a nude model, returns to her small-town hometown after learning her ex-boyfriend has begun a relationship with her aunt Cynthia.

Synopsis.

During a photo shoot, nude model Laura (Isadora Edison) receives a phone call from her sister Winnifred (Chelsea Mundae). Laura learns that her ex-boyfriend, high-powered attorney Nelson Nyland (John Samuel Jordan), is dating her aunt Cynthia (Tina Tyler); not only that, they are making plans to move in together. While she tells Winnie that's she's pleased, Laura is emotionally hurt.  After hanging up, Laura asks her photographer, Jennine (Andrea Davis), for a few weeks off. Jennine agrees, commenting that she has some good shots for her editor. Intercut with a montage of Laura and Jennine having sex, Jennine comments that she has "an awful schoolgirl crush" on Laura. Laura is initially put off, but then passionately kisses Jennine.  Meanwhile, in Meadow Springs, Nelson visits his law partner, and sister, Judith (Kay Kirtland). Judith invites Nelson out to a romantic dinner, but Nelson explains that he is expected by Cynthia.  At Cynthia's cabin, Nelson arrives to find Cynthia seductively rubbing herself. Making himself comfortable, Nelson approaches her from behind and cups her breasts. After several minutes of foreplay, they retire to the bedroom.  At a cafe, Winnie (Chelsea Mundae) asks her co-worker Louise (A.J. Khan) why she pushed Winnie so hard into telling Laura about Cynthia and Nelson. Louise admits that she is a potential novelist, and that she is writing an exposé about the town's sexual goings-on. The scene then intercuts with both Nelson and Cynthia, and Laura and Jennine having sex.

Production.

Originally titled "Lust for Laura", the film was written for Misty Mundae and Julian Wells. Mundae initially agreed, but in time backed out, wanting to get out of the porn industry. Wells left the project soon afterwards.  To replace his stars, producer Michael Raso turned to redhead Isadora Edison, who had made an impression on him in the film "SpiderBabe". For the role of Cynthia, he wanted an older woman and turned to porn veteran Tina Tyler. Tyler had worked with Joe Sarno before, and enjoyed the script. Since the film dealt with incest, the first question Tyler asked was "are you sure the content is legal?" Sarno countered that as long as the actors weren't related, they should be fine.  As with most, if not all, of Joe Sarno's films, the sex scenes were written around the plot, instead of the plot written around the sex scenes.

DVD extras.

The extras were spread over two DVD's.  The first DVD includes a ten-minute featurette titled “"Inside Suburban Secrets"” which shares comments and insights about the film from cast and crew.  The second DVD includes a film trailer for the project, as well as selection of trailers for other Joseph W. Sarno films, as well as two additional featurette's. The first is titled “"Lake Placid Film Festival"” as an in depth look at the festival, and the other one titled “"Behind the Scenes"” sharing more on set clips and comments from cast and crew. The principle DVD extra is the 82 minute television “"Hot T.V. Cut"” version.  Rounding out the extras are liner notes about Joseph W. Sarno and this film.

Reception.

"DVD Verdict" praised the film and concluded their analysis and review by writing it was "a worthy entry into Sarno's extensive filmography. He doesn't break new ground, but he does prove himself once again. Sometimes plodding and admittedly overlong, Suburban Secrets bristles often enough to make it a great softcore film."  "10,000 Bullets" praised Joseph W. Sarno, and wrote that the film "shows he still has what it takes to make" what they specifically refer to as "a soft core masterpiece." While acting was gently criticized, they also wrote the film "does feature some great performances from A.J. Khan and Isadora Edison." Toward the DVD and its including the shorter television version, they wrote "Even though it is cool that an alternate version of the film was included" they felt the "shorter version pales in comparison to Joseph W. Sarno’s director’s cut."  "Plume Noire" notes that the film assembled "a cast of regular people doing wild things" and writes "while lead actress Isadora Edison is fairly attractive, don't expect any model-types here, as from curvy and anorexic women to old people, you will get your fair share of realism," and also supposes that with his being past 70, viewers might assume that filmmaker Joe Sarno "lost his approach to sensuality", and agrees with their own supposition by writing ""Suburban Secrets" is a quite dull affair in general."  "Exploitation Retrospect" panned the film, decrying its packaging and promotion and calling the film itself lousy.

Suburban Secrets (US television title Lust for Laura) is a 2004 sexploitation and softcore adult film, written and directed by Joseph W. Sarno. The film stars Isadora Edison, Tina Tyler, Kay Kirtland, and Chelsea Mundae. Seduction Cinema regular A.J. Khan also appears, in a film where the director transposes the theme of his 1976 "classic" "Misty" into a modern-day environment.


Background.

The dive-bomber is often associated with German aerial development in the pre-war era, but the type remained a low-priority for air planners who shaped the embryonic "Luftwaffe". This apparent regression from the practices and experiences of World War I stemmed from the belief among the General Staff ("Oberkommando der Luftwaffe") that army support aviation in 1917–1918 was purely a reaction to trench warfare.  German air doctrine remained rooted in the fundamentals of "Operativer Luftkrieg" (Operational Air War) which stressed interdiction, strategic bombing (when and if possible) but primarily the air supremacy mission. The Spanish Civil War experience encouraged the General Staff to embrace the dive-bomber concept later in the 1930s, though the war's influence on German operational preferences remain ambiguous.  On the eve of World War II, some German air planners regarded the dive-bomber as a strategic weapon to strike with precision at enemy industry. Even factored into the army support groups, only fifteen percent of "Luftwaffe" front-line strength contained specialist ground-attack aircraft in September 1939. The lack of specialist close support aircraft left the general-purpose dive-bomber, the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka", most suited to the close support role.

Formation.

"Sturzkampfgeschwader" 2 was formed on 1 May 1939 upon the establishment of all three "Gruppen". The "Stabsstaffel" (command unit) was formed at Köln–Ostheim on 15 October 1939. The stab unit was predominantly equipped with Dornier Do 17 aircraft and a handful of Ju 87s for reconnaissance and personnel transport purposes. The "Gruppen" were equipped with the Ju 87 dive bomber.  The wing's first commanding officer was Oskar Dinort. I./StG 2 was established in Breslau from I./StG 163. II./StG 2 in Stolp-Reitt from I./StG 162, and III./StG 2 from III./StG 163 in Langensalza. Dinort led the wing and first "Gruppe"

World War II.

Poland.

On 1 September 1939 the German "Wehrmacht" began the invasion of Poland followed sixteen days later by the Soviet invasion of Poland. "Luftflotte" 4 supported the 14th Army attacking out of Slovak Republic. "Luftflotte" 4's bombers dropped 389 tons of bombs on 1 September, 200 on Kraków in 1,200 sorties. "Leutnant" Frank Neubert and "Unteroffizier" Frank Kilnger from 1 "staffel" are believed to have claimed the first aerial victory of the war against a PZL P.11. Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, 121 Squadron, Polish Air Force, was taking off from Balice airfield.  Dinort led his "gruppe" into action against airfields at Kraków and Katowice. Later in the morning Dinort led the group in the bombing of Wieluń, ostensibly to destroy a Polish Army cavalry unit reported in the town. German intelligence was wrong and Polish sources assert no Polish military unit was present. Dinort's I./StG 2 attacked the roads in the town; the bombing caused many civilian fatalities. Schmidt and Ulrich's "gruppen" attacked other targets and were not involved. Schmidt was replaced by "Hauptmann" Claus Hinkelbein from 10 September. Counter air operations against the Polish Air Force failed since the Polish fighter force dispersed and succeeding in getting airborne. Along with elements of StG 77, I./StG 2 claimed the destruction of the Wołyńska Cavalry Brigade at the Battle of Mokra. Though it sustained 20 percent casualties the brigade was far from destroyed. On 3 September the Ju

Western Europe.

Stab., I. and III./StG 2 were placed under the control of "Fliegerkorps" VIII, subordinated to Kesselring's "Luftflotte" 2 initially. Stab. gained I./StG 76 but lost II./StG 2 which was placed under the command of Stab./StG 3 subordinated to "Luftflotte" 3 commanded by Hugo Sperrle. Hitschhold had 40 aircraft with 33 operational. Enneccerus was given 38 Ju 87s with 33 serviceable under StG 3 commodore Karl Angerstein. Major Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid took command of III./StG 2 on 15 April 1940 from Ott. Only 27 of the 38 machines assigned to him were combat ready. Despite the condition of the "gruppe", all units were committed to Fall Gelb.  Cologne hosted stab. and I./StG 2 at the beginning of the offensive. Nörvenich was home to III./StG 2. All of them were under the control of Richthofen. II./StG 2 located to Siegburg under von Griem's "Fliegerkorps" V. Hitschhold's "gruppe" were involved in the counter air campaign during the invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940. A dive bombing attack at Brustem airfield destroyed nine Belgian Air Force Fiat CR.42 fighters of the 15. Belgian air defences were rendered useless.  Dinort's StG 2 played a crucial role in supporting the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael by preventing Belgian reinforcements from counterattacking German paratroopers. III./StG 2 and I./StG 77, with elements of LG 2 assisted with the fort's capture though the position remained under heavy Belgian fire. Hitschhold lost five Ju 87s attacking forts at Namur and Liège on 11 May to Royal Air Force fighter. III./StG 2 fought in the battles and engaged in combat operations during the Battle of the Netherlands at the Battle of Maastricht. Road traffic at Tirlemont and Antwerp on 11 May. It aided the crossing of the Oise in the initial days. 11 Ju 87s from I. and II./StG 2 were lost to 3, 87 and No. 607 Squadron RAF, despite fighter protection from "Jagdgeschwader" 27 during 11 May. Third "gruppe" lost four aircraft to French Curtiss P-36 Hawks on the 11 May and supported the battles at Gembloux by attacking French armour suffering a solitary casualty to RAF fighters on 12 May. Another was lost on 14 and 15 May at Gembloux. I./StG 76, under Dinort's direct command, with Otto Weiß's II.(S)/LG 2, supported XVI Army Corps commanded by Erich Hoepner. During the course of the Battle of Hannut, and Battle of Gembloux Gap I./StG 76 lost seven Ju 87s to anti-aircraft defences. Some of Weiß's pilots flew eight sorties. Hitschhold's "gruppe" was engaged in support of the battles. StG 2 remained supporting the 6th Army against the K-W Line to the 12/13 May.  Thereafter, StG 2 turned to the Battle in France. The wing contributed 200 sorties to the Battle of Sedan, and the breakout to the English Channel. Specifically second group were involved in the battle during the breakout phase on 14 May. StG 2 switched to support the 12th army for two days, south of Namur from 18 May. Over 15–17 May, Hitschhold's group moved to Saint-Quentin, Aisne, then on to Cambrai. III./StG 2 move through southern Belgium to Bastogne by 15 May. Operating from forward airfields, it played a role in the defeat of Charles de Gaulle's 4th

Battle of Britain.

From 22 June to 10 July 1940 aerial skirmishes occurred over the English Channel between RAF Fighter Command and the "Luftwaffe", operating from airfields in German-occupied Belgium and France. The "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" was planning for a possible invasion, codenamed Operation Sea Lion. The aerial battles gradually escalated as German operations moved to destroying Channel shipping—termed the Kanalkampf phase—and then Fighter Command defences in what became known as the Battle of Britain. The "Oberkommando der Luftwaffe" left the two German air fleet commanders, Sperrle and Kesselring to carry out attacks on targets of their choosing in June and early July for there was little direction from the OKL.  On 2 July, German attacks caught convoy OA177G en route for Gibraltar. StG 2 sank the British steamer "Aeneas" () south-east of Start Point, Devon; 18 crewmen died and the rest were rescued by the destroyer and later StG 2 damaged the British steamer "Baron Ruthven" (). I. and II./StG 2 moved to Laon and Lannion before moving to the Pas-de-Calais and III./StG 2 group moved to Caen. On 4 July 1940 the wing attacked Convoy OA 178 ("convoy outbound Atlantic") as it passed through the Channel. 14 merchantmen left the Thames Estuary, bound for the west coast and passed Dover on 3 July. German radar picked up the convoy and the "Luftwaffe" was ordered to intercept the ships. A Junkers Ju 88 reconnaissance aircraft from 1.(F)/123 flew over the Channel and reported that the convoy was south-west of Portland. I./StG 2 took off, led by Dinort with 24 Ju 87s, escorted by a "Staffel" of fighters from I./JG 1. The attack was followed by 23 Ju 87s of III./StG 51. The ships were close to the French coast when "Dallas City" was damaged, engulfed in flames and collided with "Flimson" which was also hit and the ships took 15 minutes to disengage; "Dallas City" later sank. "Antonio" was heavily damaged. "Deucalion" (), "Kolga" () and "Britsum" () were sunk and "SS Canadian Constructor", was damaged for no German loss.  Convoys "Booty" and "Agent" passed through on 11 July. Dinort's wing attacked shipping along the coast. The "Stukas" sank () with one casualty. 501 Squadron had scrambled but was engaged by the Bf 109 escort and lost one pilot shot down and drowned; No. 609 Squadron RAF arrived as the Ju 87s began their dives. The six Spitfires split, one section of three engaging the "Stukas" and the other taking on the escort. Overwhelmed by odds of 6:1, the squadron was routed, with the loss of two pilots killed for no loss to the Germans; none of the merchant vessels were hit. A second attack was ordered. At 11:00 GMT, Hawker Hurricanes from No. 601 Squadron RAF were scrambled to intercept a reconnaissance Do 17, missed it and stumbled into a formation from III./StG 2 escorted by about 40 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, that British radar failed to locate. The escorts were too high above the Ju 87s to stop the first attack. Most squadrons in the Middle Wallop sector were re-fuelling but six 238 Squadron Hurricanes were scrambled, with three more from 501 and 87 Squadrons and nine from 213 Squadron near Exeter. None arrived in time to stop the attack on Portland at 11:53 GMT but little damage was done and only one vessel was damaged. A Ju 87 was destroyed and another force-landed; the light "Stuka" losses were a result of the Bf 110s bearing the brunt of the fighter attacks. Bf 110 pilot Hans-Joachim Göring, nephew of

Malta and North Africa.

I. with III./StG 2 moved to Otopeni north of Bucharest, Romania under Richthofen in January 1941 after the cancelation of Operation Felix. II./StG 2 remained with Stab./StG 3. It staged southward to Sicily in December 1940 to interdict shipping between Sicily and Tunisia. Walter Enneccerus and II "gruppe" began operations supporting the Italian Siege of Malta. The group was in action on 10 January. The British Operation Excess was launched, which included a series of convoy operations by the British across the Mediterranean Sea. On 10 January they were within range of the Ju 87 bases. II./StG 2 sent 43 Ju 87s with support from I./StG 1. Some 10 Ju 87s attacked the carrier unopposed. Witnessed by Andrew Cunningham, C-in-C of the Mediterranean Fleet from the battleship, the Ju 87s scored six hits. One destroyed a gun, another hit near her bow, a third demolished another gun, while two hit the lift, wrecking the aircraft below deck, causing explosions of fuel and ammunition. Another went through the armoured deck and exploded deep inside the ship. Two further attacks were made without result. Badly damaged, but with her main engines still intact, she steered for Malta. "Warspite" was also damaged. The attack lasted six minutes; killed 126 crew members and wounded 91. Within sight of Malta, Italian torpedo bombers also attacked the carrier, but were driven off by intense anti-aircraft fire. Cunningham remarked of the "Stukas";There was no doubt we were watching complete experts. Formed roughly in a large circle over the fleet, they peeled off one by one when reaching attacking position. We could not but admire the skill and precision of it all. The attacks were pressed home to point-blank range, and as they pulled out of the dives some were seen to fly along the flight deck of the "Illustrious" below the level of the funnel.  On 11 January 1941, 10 more Ju 87s were sent by Enneccerus to sink "Illustrious". They chanced upon the light cruisers and. Hits were scored on both; "Southampton" was so badly damaged her navy escorts scuttled her. Over the next 12 days, the workers at the shipyard in the Grand Harbour repaired the carrier under determined air attack so that she might make Alexandria. On 13 January, the Ju

Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete.

In October 1940 the Greco-Italian War began with the invasion of Greece by the Italian Empire. The invasion failed, and the Greek Army pushed out their enemy into Italian protectorate of Albania. The prospect of British Empire support and the establishment of a second Allied foothold on the continent forced Hitler to assist Mussolini. Hitler developed Operation Marita, the German-led invasion of Greece with support from Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria. Yugoslavia refused to join the Axis powers, and the operation was expanded to include the country in German plans. Richthofen's air corps was given two wings of Ju 87s for the task; StG 2 and 3. Stab./StG 2 was moved to Kraynitsi, 42 km south-south west of Sofia, Bulgaria on 6 March 1941. Hitschhold's group, I./StG 2 followed on 27 March with 39 "Stukas". II/StG 2 remained in Africa, but III./StG 2 under Brücker moved to Belica-North, 85 km south-south east of Sofia on 6 March. 35 of the 38 Ju 87s were available for combat operations on 6 April. The German invasion of Yugoslavia and the Battle of Greece commenced on 6 April.  Richthofen's Ju 87s supported the German Twelfth Army in southern Yugoslavia, which cut the Yugoslav Army off from Greece and the Allied expeditionary forces there. The victory in Yugoslavia was complete with the bombing of Belgrade, which facilitated a rapid victory by destroying command and control centres. I./StG 2 dive-bombed Yugoslav force opposite Petrich and the Metaxas Line, and subsequent Battle of the Metaxas Line. It is not clear whether the group took part in the Belgrade bombing; it may have done. The group attacked British forces in Arta, and the advances on Skopje, Prilep, Veles and Salonika. The "Stukas" facilitated the breakthrough at the Battle of Lake Kastoria, and the battles at Olympia, Larissa, Volos and Battle of Thermopylae. They also supported the advances in Corinthia and Pelponisia. From 22 April they were operating in against shipping in the Megara Gulf. They also sank a number of ships in the Gulf of Corinth. III./StG 3 in the majority of the same battles. It flew combat missions against the Royal Yugoslav Air Force

Eastern Front 1941; Operation Barbarossa.

On 22 June 1941, Operation Barbarossa the invasion of the Soviet Union began the war on the Eastern Front. Dinort and StG 2 moved to German-occupied Poland with Stab., I., and III./StG 2. The wing was placed under the command of Richthofen again, subordinating them to "Fliegekorps" VIII, attached to Kesselring's "Luftflotte" 2. The air fleet was detailed to support Army Group Centre. StG 2 was tasked with bombing Alytus airfield after 5./ZG 26 carried out a low-level attack. 8 SAD's 15 IAP managed to get airborne, though the I./JG 27 fighter screen; elements of JG 53 attacked the airfield simultaneously. Just two Ju 87s were lost on the Eastern Front on 22 June.  In the first days of the invasion, the "gruppen" supported the break through of the 9th army and 3rd Panzer Army, breaking through at Suwałki. They fought in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, and the advances on Vitebsk and Vilnus, which forced a bridgehead over the Dnieper. StG 2 assisted in air attacks of Red Army concentrations near Grodno. From 22–30 June StG 2 lost seven aircraft.  The entire air corps was deployed in support of the encirclement and then a further such operation in the Battle of Smolensk. Richthofen, Dinort and Walter Storp, commanding SKG 210, were awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves for their contribution to the Minsk battle. StG 2 bombed the railhead at Yermachevo, and the road from Polotsk to Nevel. In July the wing suffered nine losses with another damaged.  I./StG 2's commander Hitschhold was shot down on 23 June near Vilna. 3./StG 2's Bruno Freitag landed to pick them up.  On 8 August Richthofen's air corps was moved to support Army Group North under the command of Luftflotte 1. Dinort was ordered to support the capture or encirclment of the city. The purpose of the move was to assist the 16th army's advance across the Velikaya River between Idritsa and Pskov, to Staraya Russa near Lake Ilmen. Thereafter, it supported the push to Lyuban on the road to Leningrad. On 13 August I./StG 2 knocked out a major supply bridge on the Volkhov River which disrupted withdrawing Soviet forces. StG 2 rendered invaluable support to the XXXIX Panzer Corps and XXXVIII Army Corps at Schlüsselburg, cutting off Leningrad, beginning the siege of the city and leaving the Road of Life the only means to supply the defenders. By September 1941, both "gruppen" were operating against supply and troop concentrations around Lake Ladoga. On 19 September StG 2 formed part of six major bombing raids

Eastern Front 1942; Moscow and Stalingrad.

III./StG 2 pulled back to Rzhev on 16 December losing seven Ju 87s in the transfer. II./LG 2 was attached to the "gruppe" but the combination could muster only 30 aircraft. JG 51 and the two bomber groups formed a provisional tactical command. The 4th Shock Army captured the supply hub at Toropets. The capture began a series of intensive battles which lasted another six months for III./StG 2 until withdrawn in May 1942. Recorded losses were six aircraft and one damaged. Eight men were reported missing, two killed and two wounded. The group was ordered to Markersdorf to rest and refit. It returned to the front to support the 1942 offensive towards Voronezh, before returning to Vyazma on 14 August 1942.  II./StG 2 spent two months building its strength. At the time combat operations started on the Volkhov front in March 1942, it possessed only 12 aircraft, barely the size of a "staffel". The group was in action over Novgorod and Leningrad, against the Baltic Fleet in April–the raids against shipping took place over the 24th to 27th of the month. I./StG 2 supported the relief of German forces trapped in the Demyansk pocket. On 12 February 1942 "Gruppenkommandeur" Dilly was shot down near Staraya Russa but returned to German lines. By 13 March it claimed 25 Ju 87s operational but lost two "Staffelkapitän" killed. Few losses were experienced to fighters because the Ju 87s were escorted by Bf 109s from JG 54. Stab./StG 2 remained at the front. It had on strength 9 Messerschmitt Bf 110s and one Henschel Hs 123. Three Bf 110s were lost from 31 January to 19 March 1942. The unit was still based at Vyazma on 22 March. The command was withdrawn to East Prussia in May 1942.  I./StG 2 moved at Graz in Austria to Akhtyrka airfield north west of Kharkov in June 1942. StG 2 remained with Richthofen's air corps, though now it subordinated to Luftflotte 4. From 22 June it supported German forces in the Battle of Voronezh, which formed part of Operation Blue, the 1942 German summer offensive into the Soviet Caucasus. The group began operating the Ju 87D at this time; it moved to Tatsinskaya Airfield on 20 July, then to Oblivskaya along the Chir River as the German 6th army advanced to Stalingrad. By mid-August it was bombing dug in Soviet armour west of the city. II./StG 2 lost 5 and 6 "staffel" commanding officers killed and wounded in the initial battles. The group fought at the Battle of Kalach in August, which defeated strong Soviet tank formations counter-attacking the 6th army. The Regia Aeronautica 21o Gruppo provided fighter escort during July 1942 owing to the lack of Bf 109 units available because of the actions over Stalingrad. The arrangement was not always adequate. On 25 July for example, 4./StG 2 lost four Ju 87s and their leader [Möbus] in combat with the 434 IAP. The two groups, with SG 1 and JG 3 helped the 6th army clear the Don Bend.  In the battle for Kalach German air units dominated the sky and harried the 1st and 4th Tank Armies. Despite the efforts of the Soviet 8th Air Army, the Kalach pocket was destroyed with the loss of 50,000 men and 1,000 tanks as German bomber formations attacked, troop, vehicle, tanks, rail and airfield targets.  On 23 August 1942 the Battle of Stalingrad began with the Bombing of Stalingrad from the air. Hozzel's wing was now based only 40 kilometres from the city. StG 2 was able to fly multiple missions per day and maintain a constant presence over the city. For the duration of the battle, this was "probably a typical day." The 62nd army commanded by Vasily Chuikov sought to negate the threat of German air attacks by engaging the 6th army in close combat. Hozzel remarked that StG 2 had to abandon traditional dive-bombing in favour of improvised tactics;We had to do precision bombing to avoid danger to our troops entrenched too close to the target area. We could not risk making a dive-bombing attack from 4,000 metres because of the wide area of bomb dispersion. We had to fly a slant range attack, releasing bombs directly over the roofs. We had to push bombs directly into the target like loaves of bread into an oven,

Eastern Front 1943: Crimea, Kuban and Kursk.

I./StG 2 did not return to Stalingrad. The remnants of the group were based at Samorsk, north of Kalach in the Crimea by 15 February 1943. Operating under "Fliegerkorps" VIII the formation fought against Soviet advances towards Dnepropetrovsk and the Dnieper River. Elements bombed the Black Sea port of Novorossisk on 27 February and it fought over the Mius and Taganrog front from Stalino, in the Donets Basin. The group also operated in the Kharkov area and around Belgorod in March 1943. In the first half of April 1943, it fought over the Kuban bridgehead, on the Taman Peninsula from Kerch. On 16 April it bombed the beachhead at Novorossisk, where Black Sea Fleet infantry had made an amphibious landing. II./StG 2 supported the same operations, but fought at the Third Battle of Kharkov. From 2 March to 27 June 1943, the group recorded the loss of 15 Ju 87s and one damaged. Nine men were posted missing, three wounded and six killed. III./StG 2 conducted wider ranging operations in 1943. The main body of the group was still at Vyazma but elements fought at Kharkov, then south along the Voronezh, Rossosh and Millerovo. Some "staffeln" were known to have fought at Third Kharkov. From 1 to 15 April, elements transferred from Poltava to Kerch and operate dover the Kuban bridgehead. The group prevented the advance of Soviet forces through to the Sea of Azov from 5 May. The group used incendiary bombs to burn off reeds and vegetation surrounding the lagoons and swamps to expose Soviet infantry. The group claimed the destruction of 427 small boats. The Soviets abandoned attempts to negotiate the region on 4 July. Nine Ju 87s were reported as destroyed and another two damaged; 9 crew were killed, one wounded and two missing.  From 1943, the large numbers of T-34 medium tanks created an urgent need for heavier aerial weapons to destroy them. The German aircraft industry failed to produce a replacement for the Ju 87, which forced its continued use with new weapons. The BK 3,7 cannon was introduced which operated on a remote pneumatic system rather than an electrically sighted mechanism. The weapon showed promise as an armoured-piercing system. The muzzle velocity was 855 metres per second firing a 1.4 kg, 18 tungsten-cored explosive shell. It could penetrate 58 mm of armour at a 60 degree angle of impact at a range of 100 metres and 95mm armour could be penetrated at a range of 600 metres at a 90 degree horizontal trajectory. Further improvements allowed for penetrations of 140 mm of armour at the same range. The weight of the weapon required the

Retreat and disbandment.

The Soviet summer offensives drove the Wehrmacht and its allies back into Central Ukraine, from August through to October 1943. I./StG 2 retreated to Karachev by 19 July. From 14 August it operated at Poltava, and then along the Mius front, in the vicinity of Stalino and over Dmitriyevka, 84 km east of Dnepropetrovsk by 29 August. The goup ended operations at Pervomaisk on 18 October 1943. Of the losses recorded, there were seven Ju 87s destroyed and two damaged from 20 August to 18 October 1943. Among the victims was commanding officer, Alwin Börst, wounded in action on 27 September 1943.  II./StG 2

"Sturzkampfgeschwader" 2 (StG 2) "Immelmann" was a Luftwaffe dive bomber-wing of World War II. It was named after the World War I aviator Max Immelmann. It served until its dissolution in October 1943. The wing operated the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka", exclusively, in the combat role.


Stimulation.

In "partial suspension" the person is bound in a way that part of their body weight is held by suspension ropes, cables or chains. The classic partial suspension position is to have the person balancing on one foot with part of their weight supported through a chest harness and the other leg pulled up in some direction. A person lying on their upper back with legs tied upwards to a suspension point to pull their lower back off the ground would also qualify as partial suspension.  In "full suspension" the person is completely supported by suspension ropes, cables or chains, and they have no contact with the ground. The position of the person's body in a full suspension is only limited by their endurance and the skill of the binder.  The main effect of suspension bondage is to create a heightened sense of vulnerability and inescapability, as the subject is made to feel that by attempting to free themselves they may fall and hurt themselves, thus also creating a form of mental bondage in addition to the physical one that holds them. Being suspended, especially in a large open space, also creates a sense of objectification, submissiveness and erotic helplessness for the subject, which can be erotically stimulating for them and for those observing them. Rope suspension is sometimes done as performance art at BDSM conventions and fetish-themed nightclubs.  Suspension can alternatively create a sense of liberation in that one can "fly" around the room, and some styles of rigging are optimal for the suspendee to have control over their spin rate, body position, and general activities. Trance-like states are also common, resulting alternatively or simultaneously from the sensations of 'anti-gravity", the heightened awareness of one's body, and the sacrifice of one's natural physical strengths.

Three main positions.

The three main suspension positions are vertical, horizontal and inverted.

Vertical suspension.

This primarily involves the person being lifted from the ground by their wrists. This is usually achieved by use of rope or by special suspension cuffs. When using rope, extreme damage can be caused to the soft tissues of the wrists, as well as reducing circulation, so being suspended by ropes can only normally be achieved for a very short period of time. Often in fiction and movies a person may be pictured hanging from metal cuffs or handcuffs. This is possible, although extremely painful and will leave deep marks in the wrists. The safest and "most comfortable" method of suspension by the wrists is to use suspension cuffs as they are specifically designed to spread the weight around the wrist as much as possible.  An alternative method of vertical suspension is to use a bondage rope harness. With the ropes tied around the body and in particular around the upper arms close to the shoulders as well as around the upper leg and through the groin, it is possible to suspend a person with ropes attached to these areas similar to the way a parachute is attached to a person. In this position the arms and legs may be left to hang free, as the person would have great difficulty getting free without assistance.

Horizontal suspension.

This position has the subject bound in a horizontal position, sometimes face up but usually face down. The body is lifted into this position either by attaching bondage equipment to the wrists and ankles, or to other areas of the body, or a mixture of both, with the subject's weight born by these areas. The ankles or wrists may be brought together or kept apart by a spreader bar. In case of the wrists and ankles ropes or suspension cuffs can be used. When the body itself is used to suspend the person, they may first be tied into a conventional bondage position such as a hogtie or ball tie, then by attaching ropes or chains to ropes under areas of the body able to take weight the person is lifted into the air.  A variation on this position is to secure the wrists to either the spreader bar or to a securing point between their ankles forming a hogtie, resulting in what is called a suspension bow. In this position, if the subject is a female and facing down, her breasts would be pointing almost straight down depending on the strictness of the position, and nipple clamps and weights can be added for painful stimulation. The clamps may alternatively be secured to a point on the floor, limiting the subject's ability to struggle or move at all without causing pain.

Inverted suspension.

Being suspended upside down can be a very hard position to maintain as a result of the position causing the blood to rush to the head. This means that this position probably cannot be maintained for any length of time and can even lead to the person blacking out. To be suspended in this position, ropes or suspension cuffs are used to lift the person into the air by their ankles.  Unlike when a person is suspended by their wrists, rope suspension around the ankles can be maintained for much longer as the ankle region naturally is able to take far more weight and stress than the wrists. This is especially so if boots are used as the ropes can run around the outside surface of the boot thus protecting the skin from damage. The person may be suspended with their legs together, or held apart either by using a spreader bar or by securing the ankles to two separate locations. With the legs held in this position, the subject may have an increased sense of vulnerability as their genital region would be easily accessible.

Risks.

The danger most often associated with suspension bondage, over and above the usual risks inherent in bondage, is falling; whether due to a weak suspension point, faulty equipment or poor technique. Inverted positions are especially hazardous in this regard since a head-first fall of only a few inches can kill or paralyze a person. Less obvious dangers include nerve compression and resulting damage, circulation problems and fainting, and the recently recognized harness hang syndrome. Harness hang syndrome appears to relate to suspension with the legs below the heart, as in the case when someone is suspended in a standing position, with no weight on their legs. Extracting a person safely out of suspension bondage can be difficult if they are unconscious, or if a winch or hoist jams. Suspension tops will often work with spotters who can help get the person down in an emergency.

Experts.

Suspension bondage is a difficult subject to find information on. While many famous riggers regularly perform suspensions, they have expressed hesitation in committing such knowledge for dissemination, due to the increased risk of injury to amateurs attempting to imitate without enough prior research or practice.  Most suspension bondage educational material is found on the web, however there are a couple of books available. Douglas Kent's Complete Shibari Volume 2: Sky (2010) is a bondage suspension guide companion to his Complete Shibari Volume 1: Land (2010) which focuses on the basic knots and ties of rope bondage. Go Arisue's Kinbaku Theory And Practices (2008) is written in Japanese, the extensive color photographs and step by step guide provide an incredible pictorial resource.

Suspension bondage is a form of sexual bondage where a bound person is hung from one or more overhead suspension points. Suspension bondage carries a higher risk than other forms of sexual bondage.


Club career.

Corini started his career in the Brescia youth squad, but he soon joined the first team, being called to be part it of when just 16 years old, making his debut the following season. He became a regular for the Lombardian team in both 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons, before being noticed and signed by Juventus.  In his first season with Juventus, at just 20 years old, Corini played 25 times and scored one goal.  In 1992–93, Corini was sold to Sampdoria, where he made 24 appearances, and had several injury problems. In the next few years, Corini moved from team to team almost every season (Napoli, Brescia again, and Piacenza) without being able to show his full potential.  In October 1998, Verona loaned him to city rivals Chievo Verona, in Serie B. Corini soon became a mainstay of the team, being named captain and leading his team to an extraordinary promotion to Serie A in 2001, and UEFA Cup qualification the following season, after having been first-placed at the winter break.  Corini joined Palermo in 2003, helping the Sicilian team win the 2003–04 Serie B league title, followed by UEFA Cup qualification the following season. He later served as the club's captain. In June 2007, he announced he was not going to renew his contract with Palermo, and a few days later he was signed by Torino, aged 37. He was confirmed with the "granata" also for the 2008–09 season, which he stated it would be his final one as a footballer. On May 2009 Corini confirmed his retirement as a player, after he failed to recover from a recurring Achilles tendon injury which forced him to have surgery, which caused him to miss the final part of the season which saw Torino being relegated to Serie B. He also stated his intention to try himself as a head coach in the next future.

International career.

Corini became a regular also in the Italy national under-21 football team squad of the early 1990s, winning a UEFA European Under-21 Championship, and representing Italy in the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona.  Despite his success for Italy at the youth levels and for various teams at club level, he has never been capped for the full national team in a career spanning almost two decades. However, he did receive call-ups during the 1992–93 season, and more recently on November 2002.

Managerial career.

After announcing his retirement, Corini confirmed his interest in becoming a coach, being successively linked on a number of vacancies in the Italian football panorama. On 5 July 2010 Eugenio Corini was then unveiled as new head coach of Portosummaga, a newly promoted 2010–11 Serie B club; he agreed to become the club's new head coach despite not having the required coaching badges (he had only UEFA A License at the time of the appointment), so it was agreed that UEFA Pro graduate Salvatore Giunta would work alongside him.  However, Corini unexpectedly left the club only twelve days later, together with director of football Giuseppe Magalini, due to disagreements with the board regarding the transfer market policy and the future plans for the team.  On 27 November 2010 he was appointed head coach of Serie B club Crotone, replacing Leonardo Menichini. His experience with the Calabrian club turned out to be short-lived, as he was dismissed later on 20 February 2011 following a string of poor results that left Crotone in danger of relegation.  From 30 November 2011 through the end of the season he coached Frosinone in Lega Pro Prima Divisione in place of the resigned Carlo Sabatini.  On 2 October 2012 he was named new head coach of Chievo in place of Domenico Di Carlo, after the team suffered five consecutive defeats in the first six games of the season. Corini and Chievo parted ways on 29 May 2013 by mutual consent; only for Corini to return to Chievo 4 months later, appointed on 12 November 2013 to replace Giuseppe Sannino. He guided Chievo to maintain Serie A status by the end of the season and was thus confirmed as head coach, but was successively sacked on 19 October following a 0–3 defeat to Roma that left his club with four points in seven games.  On 30 November 2016, Corini was appointed manager of Palermo. He resigned on 24 January 2017.  On 4 February 2018, he was fired as manager of Novara.  He returned into management on 18 September 2018, by being named new head coach of Brescia, his first club as a player, in place of David Suazo. He was sacked on 3 November 2019. He was rehired by Brescia on 2 December 2019. On 5 February 2020, he was dismissed by Brescia once more.

Career statistics.

Club.

"Reference: La Gazzetta dello Sport"

Honours.

Player.

Palermo  Individual

Manager.

Brescia

Eugenio Corini (born 30 July 1970) is an Italian association football coach and former player. A talented, dynamic, and hard-working playmaker, known for his precise long passing, flair, and his ability to orchestrate his team's attacking moves or provide assists for teammates, Corini usually played either as an attacking midfielder or as a deep lying playmaker in midfield. A set-piece specialist, he was also known for his accuracy from free kicks, corners, and penalty kicks.


Professional career.

New York Yankees.

Peña was signed by the New York Yankees out of the Mexican League in 2005. He played for the Tampa Yankees in the Class-A Advanced Florida State League and Trenton Thunder of the Class-AA Eastern League that season and in 2006. He played for Trenton in 2007 and 2008, and was selected to participate in the 2008 All-Star Futures Game.  In 2009, Peña made the Yankees Opening Day roster, beating out Ángel Berroa to be the utility infielder. He made his major league debut on April 6, 2009, appearing in the game as a pinch runner. On April 9 he got a hit in his first major league at bat, off Chris Ray of the Baltimore Orioles. On April 14 against the Tampa Bay Rays, Pena started his first career game at third base, going 0 for 3 with a walk. On April 30, Peña got his first career run batted in in the bottom of the 8th inning against Justin Speier of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim by hitting a double down the right field line. With the acquisition of Eric Hinske on June 29, 2009, Peña was optioned to the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees of the International League to receive regular at-bats and learn to play in the outfield. Manager Joe Girardi said he expected Peña to be back with the Yankees later in the season. He was recalled to the Yankees on August 7.  Peña was recalled in September, and he hit his first major league home run on September 28, 2009, off of Kansas City Royals pitcher Luke Hochevar at Yankee Stadium.  Peña was a member of the Yankees 2009 World Series championship team which defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in 6 games.  Peña was optioned to Triple-A's Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees to start the 2011 season. On May 6, he was recalled to the majors after Eric Chavez was placed on the disabled list. On July 18, 2011, Peña required an emergency appendectomy.  Ramiro was recalled on July 25, 2012, to replace Alex Rodriguez on the roster after Rodriguez sustained a fractured left pinkie during a game in Seattle. He was optioned back to Triple-A on August 1, 2012, after the Yankees acquired Casey McGehee from the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was designated for assignment on September 1.

Atlanta Braves.

After the 2012 season, Peña became a free agent. He signed a one-year contract worth $550,000 with the Atlanta Braves. On June 20, 2013, Peña was placed on the disabled list for right shoulder pain; it was later revealed that he would require right shoulder surgery, ending his season. After the season, Peña signed a one-year deal with the Braves, avoiding arbitration. Peña was designated for assignment by the Braves on November 19, 2014. He was outrighted to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves on November 27, 2014. Pena refused the assignment and elected for free agency.

San Diego Padres.

Peña signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres on January 26, 2015. He played for the El Paso Chihuahuas, the Padres' Triple-A affiliate.

San Francisco Giants.

On December 13, 2015, Peña signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants. On June 10, 2016, the Giants purchased Peña's contract to replace the injured Kelby Tomlinson. Peña batted.299 in 30 games for the Giants starting games at second base, third base and shortstop. Peña was designated for assignment on July 30, 2016 when Hunter Pence was activated from the DL.

Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

On January 30, 2017, Peña signed with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball.

Sultanes de Monterrey.

On February 26, 2018, Peña signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican Baseball League.

International career.

Peña was selected to play for the Mexico national team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic and 2019 exhibition games against Japan.

Ramiro Peña Gauna (born July 18, 1985) is a Mexican professional baseball infielder for the Sultanes de Monterrey in the Mexican Baseball League. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves, and San Francisco Giants.


High school.

Brown attended Bathurst Heights Secondary School in Toronto, and led the school's AAA basketball team to the Ontario provincial championship in 2000. In his junior year, he averaged 30 points per game (ppg). However, he transferred to West Hill Collegiate Institute for his senior season after Bathurst Heights closed. In 2002, his senior year, Brown was highly celebrated in the media when he scored 111 points in a basketball game against R. H. King Academy. After Brown scored 111 points in a game he was featured in "SLAM" magazine; not only because of the 111 points, but also because he had committed to an elite college program at the University of Connecticut (UConn).

College.

Brown was a sophomore at UConn when the Huskies won the 2004 national championship. In his senior year at UConn (2005-06 season), he averaged 10.7 points, 1.3 assists, and 4.4 rebounds per game. In November the Huskies beat Gonzaga to win the Maui Invitational on a last-second jumper by Brown. His season-high came during a game against Villanova in which he scored 23 points. In the regional finals of the 2006 NCAA Tournament, Brown made a last-second lay-up to force overtime against George Mason, but missed a potential game-winning three pointer at the buzzer resulting in an 86-84 loss. During his tenure with the Huskies, Brown had a reputation for being a clutch performer, as well as possessing an above average handle for a wing player.

NBA.

Brown was selected with the 40th pick in the 2nd round in the 2006 NBA Draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. After playing two preseason games with totals of eight points and five rebounds with the Sonics, he was waived by the team on October 26, 2006. However, the Tulsa 66ers subsequently used the eighth overall pick in the 2006 NBA D-League Draft on Brown.  In his first preseason game with the SuperSonics, Brown scored 8 points in a winning effort against the Portland Trail Blazers. After that game Brown saw little action for the SuperSonics in the preseason appearing in just one more game. He was playing well in the D-League averaging close to 19 ppg for the Tulsa 66ers.  On November 7, 2008, Brown was selected with the 9th pick in the first round of the 2008 NBA D-League Draft by the Utah Flash. He began the 2008–09 season with the Dakota Wizards.  On December 19, 2008, Brown was waived by the Wizards due to injury.  On March 4, 2009, Brown signed with the D-League's Iowa Energy.

Overseas.

Brown left the Tulsa 66ers later in the 2006–07 season, and played in a pro league in Turkey for Galatasaray Café Crown. For the 2007–08 season, he signed with the Serie A Italian team Tisettanta Cantù.  Brown took his talents to Philippines for three weeks in June 2010, as one of a series of import players for the Philippine Basketball Association's Barangay Ginebra Kings.  On August 25, 2010, Polish league champion for two straight years, Asseco Prokom Gdynia, added Brown to their roster.

National team.

Brown has extensive experience playing on the Canadian national team. He first made the team in 2003 when he was on the roster for the FIBA Americas Qualification Tournament. At the FIBA Tournament he played in ten games, starting none of them; but he averaged 12.4 ppg, 4.2 rebounds per game (rpg), 1.0 assist per game (apg) and 20 minutes per game (mpg). In 2004, he was on the roster for the Four Nations Tournament. At that tournament, he upped his scoring average to 13.8 ppg, while starting all six games and averaging 23.3 mpg, 5.3 rpg, and 1.3 apg. He also played with the team in 2005, but did not play in 2006, as he was attempting to play in NBA. Brown played for the team during the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship.

NBL Canada.

On October 11, 2011, it was announced that Brown had signed a deal with the National Basketball League of Canada's Oshawa Power. Not only does this give him the opportunity to play professionally in his native Canada, but it also marks his return to the Greater Toronto Area, of which Oshawa is a part.

Denham Washington Brown (born January 6, 1983) is a Canadian professional basketball player who last played for BC Mures in the Romanian National League.


Early years.

Morais was born in Livorno, Italy. He was the elder son and the third of nine children of Samuel and Bona Morais. The Morais family came originally from Portugal, being probably among the large number of Jews who fled thence from the Inquisition. At the time of Sabato's birth, Italy was in the thick of her great struggle for freedom. Samuel Morais was an ardent republican, at one time undergoing imprisonment for his political views, and his father, Sabato Morais, was prominently identified with the political movements of his day.  Upon young Sabato early rested the responsibility of aiding in the support of the family. While still a child he earned a little by teaching Hebrew hymns and prayers to other children, meantime pursuing his own studies under Rabbis Funaro, Curiat, and others, and then under his Hebrew master, Rabbi Abraham Baruch Piperno, and gaining honorable mention in belles-lettres under Prof. Salvatore de Benedetti. In addition to Hebrew and Italian, he acquired familiarity with Aramaic, French, and Spanish.  He remained at his home studying and teaching until 1845, when he went to London to apply for the vacant post of assistant hazzan of the Spanish and Portuguese congregation in that city. (The position of "hazzan", literally "cantor", in the context of 19th-century American Judaism was generally equivalent to the contemporary position of "rabbi"). Owing to his unfamiliarity with English he was unsuccessful and returned to his home, but in the following year (1846) he accepted an invitation to become Hebrew master of the Orphans' School of the same congregation. Here he remained five years, meantime perfecting himself in English. During this period he formed a close friendship with Joseph Mazzini, and that patriot's struggle for Italian freedom was warmly seconded by Morais.

Elected hazzan in Philadelphia.

In 1850, owing to the withdrawal of Isaac Leeser, the pulpit of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue congregation at Philadelphia, became vacant, and Morais was an applicant for the post. He arrived in Philadelphia on March 17, 1851, and was elected April 13 following, the synagogue services in the interval being conducted by him. In 1855 he married Clara Esther Weil, who died in 1872, leaving seven children. From the date of his installation as hazzan until his death his influence was a continually growing power for traditional (Orthodox) Judaism. The synagogue formerly (c.1906) occupied by the Mikveh Israel congregation was built and consecrated during his incumbency.  Though his ministry covered the period of greatest activity in the adaptation of Judaism in America to changed conditions, he, as the advocate of Orthodox Judaism, withstood every appeal in behalf of ritualistic innovations and departures from traditional practice, winning the esteem of his opponents by his consistency and integrity. His sermons covered a wide scope of thought and action, and he showed the loftiness of his spirit when, in spite of congregational opposition to the expression of his views during the American Civil War, he continued, both in prayer and in his discourses, to show his warm sympathy with the cause of the slave. In appreciation of his attitude during these trying times the Union League Club of Philadelphia placed him on the roll of its honorary members.

Aids in founding the Theological Seminary.

When, in 1867, Maimonides College was established in Philadelphia, Morais was made professor of the Bible and of Biblical literature, and he held the chair during the six years that the college existed. For a number of years thereafter he felt the urgent need of an institution for the training of Jewish ministers on historical and traditional lines, and the declarations of the Pittsburg Conference in 1885 urged him to immediate action. After a considerable agitation of the subject he succeeded, in conjunction with a few others, in establishing (January, 1886) the Jewish Theological Seminary at New York.  He was at once made president of the faculty and professor of Bible, holding both posts until his death. Unquestionably the establishment of the seminary constitutes Morais' most lasting influence upon Judaism in America. The directors of that body have fittingly recognized his memory by naming the chair of Biblical literature and exegesis "the Sabato Morais professorship." In 1887 the University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, he being the first Jew so honored by that institution. Many of his papers are evidently held in that institution's library.

His multifarious activity.

In addition to the work which he did in official positions, Morais was most active in religious, educational, and charity matters. The Hebrew Sunday-School Society, the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia, and the Young Men's Hebrew Association of that city numbered him among their most steadfast friends. In his own home he gathered about him a small band of young men whom he instructed in Hebrew, Talmud, and Jewish history, and in whom he inspired a zealous love for Judaism which has had a very marked effect upon the character not only of his pupils (among them Isaac Husik), but of the community at large. Among his children, Henry Samuel Morais was also a well-known communal rabbi, serving at several different congregations in Mikve Israel and other congregations in New York and Rhode Island.  The strong conservatism of the Jews of Philadelphia and the warm interest in the higher things of Judaism evinced by the younger men of that city may be in a large measure directly traced to the influence of Sabato Morais. He was greatly interested in the Alliance Israélite Universelle, and was in constant correspondence with rabbis and scholars in Europe and the Orient. Through his friend Chevalier Emanuel Felice Veneziani, the almoner of Baron de Hirsch, he was enabled to secure timely aid for the agricultural colonies in New Jersey and was the representative of Baron de Hirsch in the Carmel Colony.  When the Russo-Jewish exodus began, in 1882, and Russian Jews in large numbers settled in Philadelphia, Morais immediately became their friend. Although unable to speak their language, his perfect familiarity with Hebrew as a living tongue gave him a ready means of communication. Among Gentiles also he was widely known and esteemed, and was very frequently called upon to address public assemblies.  Besides his sermons, he contributed to Jewish literature much in the form of addresses to various Jewish organizations and of theological, polemical, literary, and critical articles for the Jewish press at home and abroad. He wrote classic Hebrew in prose and in verse with ease and elegance.  In all his life, Morais maintained close (cultural, religious and political) ties with his motherland, Italy. His translations and essays in Italian Jewry made him the founding father of Italian Jewish Studies in America.  Among his later works are:  Morias is interred in the Mikveh Israel Cemetery (11th and Federal).

Sabato Morais (; April 13, 1823 – November 11, 1897) was an Italian-American rabbi, leader of Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, pioneer of Italian Jewish Studies in America, and founder of the Jewish Theological Seminary, which initially acted as an center of education for Orthodox Rabbis.


Personal life.

Halbwachs was born on 24 August 1986 on Curepipe, Mauritius. She is married to Yannick Lincoln who is a six time Tour Mauritius champion. She paired with him from 2003 in several mixed doubles squads and cycle championships. They got married in 2006. She gave birth to a girl child, Yana, on 13 September 2015. She volunteered in the initiative of the Ministry of Sports in Mauritius to build a velodrome constructed to enable the infrastructure facilities in Roches Brunes.

Events.

She started her career in cycling in 2006 and competed in various local and international tournaments. She had good success in African Championship winning most of her medals there. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing in 68th place, and the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's road race, where she failed to finish. Halbwachs best international performance as of 2016 are the silver medal at African Continental Championships WE in 2010, bronze medal at African Continental Championships WJ in 2009-11, silver in National Championships Mauritius WE - Road Race in 2016 and bronze at stage Tour de Free State in 2012. In Mauritius, she was the winner of National Championships Mauritius - Road Race in 2012 and National Championships Mauritius - ITT in 2012. During 2016, she started participating in mountain bike races which typically were of 1,200 m climbs and long. She has partial association with South African Airways, who have enabled her participate in the events. She has been named Mauritius's Athlete of the Year in 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011.

Aurelie Halbwachs (born 24 August 1986 in Curepipe, Mauritius) is a Mauritian road bicycle racer. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing in 68th place, and the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's road race, where she failed to finish.


Premise.

"Chase" revolves around Kelli Giddish's character, U.S. Deputy Marshal Annie Frost. The other principal cast members, who all portray Marshals, are Cole Hauser as Jimmy Godfrey, Amaury Nolasco as Marco Martinez, Rose Rollins as Daisy Ogbaa, and Jesse Metcalfe as Luke Watson. Siena Goines has a recurring role as Jimmy's girlfriend Natalie.

Development and production.

NBC picked up the script penned by Jennifer Johnson with a put pilot commitment in September 2009. Johnson will serve as an executive producer, along with Jerry Bruckheimer and Jonathan Littman. David Nutter was signed to direct the pilot.  Casting announcements began the second week of February 2010. Rose Rollins was first to be cast, in the role of Daisy Ogbaa, the team's weapon specialist. This was followed quickly by the announcements of the casting of Jesse Metcalfe as Luke Watson, a Marshal from Washington, D.C., and Cole Hauser, as an experienced ex-cop who co-heads the apprehension team. Amaury Nolasco came on board a few days later to portray veteran cop Marco Martinez.  The role of the show's central character, Annie Frost, was offered to actresses Maria Bello, Téa Leoni, and Christina Applegate. The producers were seeking a "strong female lead actress" for the role of Frost. Eventually Kelli Giddish landed the female lead role in late February. The show is primarily set in Houston, Texas episode 2 onward.  The pilot takes place in Houston, Texas and was shot in Dallas and Anna, Texas in March. NBC ordered "Chase" to series on May 10, 2010. The series will continue to be filmed in the Dallas area.  On December 3, 2010 the episode order for "Chase" was cut from 22 to 18.

Reception.

The show has received mixed reviews from critics, gaining a 48 out of 100 from a review aggregator site Metacritic.

Broadcasts.

"Chase" premiered on September 20, 2010. On November 15, 2010 it was announced that "Chase" would be moving to Wednesdays at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central beginning in January. On February 3, 2011 NBC pulled "Chase" from its schedule to be replaced with "Minute to Win It".  On July 26, 2010, Sky Living secured the rights to air "Chase" in the United Kingdom. The show will be called "Jerry Bruckheimer's Chase" and it will be broadcast in the UK, and is expected to start airing in August 2011. "Chase" was simulcast in Canada on Citytv.  "Chase" was included in the test broadcast of CHASE on BEAM 31 Philippines, aired every Monday at 10 pm. When the channel ceased its operation on October 19, 2012, the series was carried over by its succeeding station Jack City.  For late night filler on Thursday from January 17, 2013, TVNZ began airing this on New Zealand's TV2.

Chase is an American police procedural drama television series created by Jennifer Johnson for the NBC network. The series follows a U.S. Marshals fugitive-apprehension team, based out of Houston, Texas. Jerry Bruckheimer and Johnson serve as executive producers for the one-hour drama. The series originally aired on Mondays at 10:00 pm ET/9:00 pm CT and premiered on September 20, 2010. After the mid-season break, "Chase" returned on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm ET/8:00 pm CT. On October 19, 2010, the network ordered a full season consisting of 22 episodes, but this order was cut to 18 in December. On February 3, 2011, the show was put on "a hiatus" with no plan regarding the remaining episodes. On April 6, 2011, NBC announced the remaining five episodes would be broadcast on Saturday nights beginning on April 23 and ended the series on May 21, 2011. Later the show was replaced by "Harry's Law".


Early life.

The future king was born in Ava (Inwa) on 22 December 1368 to King Swa Saw Ke of Ava and Queen Shin Saw Gyi (or Queen Khame Mi). Because he was born on the same day as the birth of a white elephant, considered highly propitious symbol of Burmese monarchs, he was given the title "Hsinbyushin" (Lord of the White Elephant). The name was retained although the baby white elephant died soon after. His nickname was Min Na-Kye ("Lord Wide Ears"). He had either two full siblings (one younger brother and one younger sister) or four full siblings (one younger brother and three younger sisters).  Swa Saw Ke groomed his eldest surviving son to be his heir-apparent. But Tarabya saw his two younger half-siblings, Min Swe and Theiddat who were Swa's sons by a concubine as rivals. Because Tarabya kept picking on his half-siblings, the king had to send his two younger sons away from the Ava Palace in 1381/82. Nonetheless, April 1385, the king appointed Hsinbyushin his heir-apparent, and married him to Min Hla Myat, the only daughter of the powerful Gov. Thilawa of Yamethin.

Heir-apparent.

The only extant record of his years as the heir-apparent concerns his military service in the first part (1385−91) of Forty Years' War. The war was Swa's attempt to take over a divided Mon-speaking kingdom in Lower Burma. Its young king Razadarit controlled only the province, and was facing two rebellions in Martaban and in the Irrawaddy delta.  Tarabya was the overall commander of the 1385–86 campaign which came close to defeating Razadarit. The Ava forces missed their opportunity to finish off Razadarit as Min Swe, the commander of the Second Army, disobeyed Tarabya's order. (Although he and Min Swe were the commanders-in-chief of the two invasion armies, they were aided by Ava's best commanders, including Tarabya's father-in-law Thilawa and Theinkhathu Saw Hnaung.) Tarabya was second-in-command in the next Hanthawaddy campaigns. His army did not achieve any meaning battlefield successes in either of those campaigns. The war then entered a hiatus in early 1391 as the two sides agreed to a truce.

Reign.

In April 1400, King Swa died, and Tarabya succeeded. But Tarabya's reign was short. According to the chronicles, he became insane five months into his reign after a hunting trip to Aung Pinle (near modern Mandalay). The king was convinced that the beautiful fairy he made love to in the forest was a representation of Angel Thuyathadi (Saraswati). The king's behavior became totally erratic, and the court now entertained the murmurs of replacing him. Pretenders to the throne began circling. One such pretender, Gov. Yazathingyan of Sagaing had already amassed a force to take over the Ava throne before dying in a freak accident as he disembarked from his war boat at the Ava harbor. The king, who was totally oblivious to the surroundings, was assassinated by his one-time tutor Gov. Thihapate of Tagaung.  Thihapate, known by his given name Nga Nauk Hsan, proclaimed himself king. But the court led by Chief Minister Min Yaza of Wun Zin did not accept the usurper, and executed him. The court gave the throne to Min Swe, who ascended the throne on 25 November 1400.

Veneration as a nat.

Because of his violent death, Tarabya entered the official pantheon of nats (spirits) as the Mintara "nat". He is portrayed sitting on a throne, wearing his royal garments with a fan in his right hand and his left hand resting on his knee.

Family.

Tarabya had two children both by his chief queen Min Hla Myat. His elder child, Min Nyo later became king of Ava from 1425 to 1426. His daughter Min Hla Htut was the first wife of Prince (later King) Thihathu of Ava, and later the chief consort of Gov. Saw Shwe Khet of Prome.

Ancestry.

Tarabya was descended from Pagan, Myinsaing and Sagaing royal lines.

Tarabya (, or ; 22 December 1368 – 25 November 1400) was king of Ava for about seven months in 1400. He was the heir apparent from 1385 to 1400 during his father King Swa Saw Ke's reign. He was a senior commander in Ava's first three campaigns (1385−91) against Hanthawaddy Pegu in the Forty Years' War. He was assassinated seven months into his rule by his one-time tutor, Gov. Thihapate of Tagaung. The court executed the usurper, and gave the throne to Tarabya's half-brother Min Swe.


Personal life.

Gaston grew up in San Antonio and Corpus Christi, Texas, where his father was a truck driver. His career ambitions were either to be a truck driver like his father, or make it into the Major Leagues. He adopted his nickname 'Cito' in preference to his given name 'Clarence'. Gaston later told Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters the name was taken from a Mexican-American wrestler he watched as a young man in Texas. Other reports state Gaston was given this nickname from a friend named Carlos Thompson who thought Gaston resembled a well known Mexican wrestler named "Cito".  As a player with the Atlanta Braves, he was the roommate of Hank Aaron. Gaston credits Aaron with teaching him "how to be a man; how to stand on my own."  Gaston has been married three times. His first marriage ended in divorce with Gaston citing his baseball career as the reason. His second marriage to a Canadian woman, Denise, lasted from the early 80s to the early 2000s. Since 2003, Gaston has been married to Lynda, both residing in Oldsmar, Florida. When in Toronto, Gaston lives in a downtown condominium which he sublets to former Toronto Maple Leafs assistant coach Tim Hunter.

Playing career.

United States.

Primarily a center fielder, Gaston began his decade-long playing career in with the Atlanta Braves, appearing in nine games. The following year he was selected by the San Diego Padres in the expansion draft, first playing for them in. He had his best individual season in, when he batted.318 (the highest batting average by a Padre prior to Tony Gwynn's arrival) with 29 home runs, 92 runs scored and 93 RBI, and was selected to the National League All-Star team. The rest of Gaston's career did not live up to his All-Star season success. Gaston never hit more than 17 home runs or knocked in more than 61 runs in any season with the Padres (until ) or the Braves (from until ).

Venezuela.

In the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, Cito Gaston played with the Cardenales de Lara (1967–68), the Navegantes del Magallanes (1968–72, 1975–76) and the Tiburones de La Guaira (1976–77). Gaston hit 31 home runs and drove in 207 runs in 310 games (regular season).

Managing career.

Pre-World Series seasons.

Gaston became the hitting coach for the Toronto Blue Jays in. Gaston remained the hitting instructor until 15 May, when he took over managerial duties from Jimy Williams, when the team was suffering through an unexpectedly bad start. Gaston originally declined the offer to be manager when Williams was fired. He told "Ebony" magazine: "When I was offered the job as manager, I didn't want it. I was happy working as the team's hitting instructor". It was only when his players encouraged him to take the job did he reconsider the offer.  The Blue Jays won their first division title in 1985 with Gaston as hitting coach. Gaston was able to take superstars and mold them into a team. Under Gaston's leadership, Toronto transformed from a sub-.500 team (12–24 under Jimy Williams) to the eventual division winners, going 89–73 (77–49 under Gaston). Toronto's success under Gaston was not short-lived, as they finished second in the division behind Boston the following year and won the division again in, and.

World Series seasons.

As a coach and manager, Gaston was considered a player's manager. He was a soft-spoken and steady influence during years that saw a large group of talented, high-salaried players grace the Blue Jays uniform. The franchise led the Major Leagues in attendance each year from 1989 to 1992, setting new records each of the latter three years, riding high from a dedicated fan base and a new stadium to play in when Gaston took the helm. The Jays opened the SkyDome a few weeks after Gaston became manager and the financial success translated into major free agent signings, including pitcher Jack Morris, outfielder Dave Winfield, and designated hitter Paul Molitor. They also retained core All-Stars such as Joe Carter, Devon White, Roberto Alomar, and John Olerud. Joe Carter credits Gaston for the team's championships:  Cito knows how to work with each individual, treating everyone like a human being. He knows exactly what to say, when to say it, what to do and how to go about doing it. When you have a manager like that, it makes you want to play for the guy. We'd go to war for him. What Cito has done for the Blue Jays can't be taken lightly.  Gaston had worked with players at an individual level as a hitting instructor and transferred this to the job of manager. He was known for his open communication with his players. He was a successful game strategist, effectively handling National League rules during World Series games in Atlanta and Philadelphia. In the six games the Blue Jays played in those places during World Series play, the Jays went 4–2, including the title clincher in Game 6 of the 1992 World Series in Atlanta. The 1992 World Series victory was widely recognized as the first for a non-American team, and Gaston was the first ever African-American manager to win a World Series. The Blue Jays followed their 1992 success with a repeat victory in the 1993 World Series, an impressive feat, given that the Jays had lost starting position players Manuel Lee, Kelly Gruber, Candy Maldonado and Dave Winfield, starting pitchers Jimmy Key, David Cone and Dave Stieb, relievers Tom Henke and David Wells and bench players Derek Bell and Pat Tabler during the off-season following 1992.

All-Star manager.

Gaston was the manager for two American League All-Star teams since he was the manager of the championship American League franchise in 1992 and 1993. He was criticized for selecting six Blue Jays to the 1993 roster, but was unapologetic, stating all six were World Champions and two were future Hall of Famers (Gaston's prediction proved correct, as two of those players (Roberto Alomar and Paul Molitor) have been voted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame).  In the 1993 All-Star Game held at Oriole Park at Camden Yards, he was criticized for not getting Orioles pitcher Mike Mussina into the game. Mussina got up in the ninth inning to warm up in the bullpen. Mussina later claimed that he was simply doing a between-start workout, but some interpreted it as an attempt to force Gaston to put him into the game. As angry fans jeered in dismay, incredulous that Gaston would not use the popular local player and believing Mussina had been sent to warm up for no reason, Gaston instead allowed Blue Jays pitcher Duane Ward to close out the victory for the American League. Baltimore fans did not like this perceived snub, later wearing T-shirts that said "Cito sucks" and carrying signs with the phrase, "Will Rogers never met Cito Gaston", referencing Rogers' famous line, "I never met a man yet that I didn't like."

Post-World Series.

Gaston's fortunes, like those of the Blue Jays franchise as a whole, faded after the championship years. The World Series winning clubs had dissipated because of aging players, increased post-Series salary demands, and the failure of new owner Interbrew (which merged with founding owner Labatt in 1995) to raise the budget substantially. After Major League Baseball solved its labor problems in 1994, Pat Gillick and eventually Paul Beeston left the organization and annual attendance began to drop considerably, but the Blue Jays were still trying to compete in the American League East and in 1997 signed free agent Roger Clemens. When the team could barely break the.500 mark all season, Gaston was fired by GM Gord Ash. He had failed to lead the team to a winning record since 1993 and seemed uninterested in keeping his position. Gaston forced Ash's hand by telling his boss that he was taking a vacation at season's end and would not be around for the usual post season evaluation process. He was replaced by then-pitching coach Mel Queen on an interim basis for the last week of the season. Joe Carter wore Gaston's No. 43 on his jersey for the remainder of the season in part to honor him and in part to express his displeasure at his firing. Gaston finished his first stint as manager with a 683–636 regular season record and 18–16 post–season record.  Gaston was a final candidate for the Detroit Tigers manager's job in the 1999–2000 season and was the runner-up in the Chicago White Sox manager position in the 2003–2004 off season. Sox GM Kenny Williams, who had played under Gaston in Toronto, had him as of two finalists for the job but decided to hire Ozzie Guillén. Gaston had several offers to rejoin major league teams as a hitting instructor, namely the Kansas City Royals, but declined offers. After interviewing unsuccessfully for several other managerial jobs, Gaston said that he would only manage again if he were hired directly without an interview. Gaston turned down an opportunity with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2004. Gaston rejoined the team as a hitting coach after the season but was not retained after a disappointing campaign and the sale of the franchise to Rogers Communications. In 2002, he was hired by the Jays for a third time, as special assistant to president and chief executive officer Paul Godfrey.

Managerial return.

On June 20, 2008, Gaston was rehired as the manager of the Blue Jays to replace John Gibbons. It was his first managerial job at the major-league level since being fired by the Blue Jays 11 years earlier, which was unusual for a World Series-winning manager. The team's record was 35–39 when Gaston and his coaching staff took over, after which the Blue Jays went 51–37 for the remainder of the season which included a late ten-game winning streak and the team finished fourth in the American League East. On September 25, 2008, it was announced that Gaston had signed a two-year extension that would keep him as manager until 2010. He announced on October 30, 2009 that he would retire after the 2010 season.

Clarence Edwin "Cito" Gaston (; born March 17, 1944) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and manager. His major league career as a player lasted from 1967 to 1978, most notably with the San Diego Padres and Atlanta Braves. He spent his entire managerial career with the Toronto Blue Jays, becoming the first African-American manager in Major League Baseball history to win a World Series title.