Early life and background.

Nazir Afzal was born in Birmingham, his parents having recently emigrated from Pakistan. His father and his father's family worked for generations in catering for the British Army, and one of his relatives was killed by the IRA at the height of The Troubles in Northern Ireland. His family is of Pashtun ethnicity.  He grew up with seven siblings in a two-up two-down in Small Heath, Birmingham. He was bullied and racially abused, and those around him saw no point in attempting to report this to the police.  Afzal has a degree in law from the University of Birmingham.

Career.

Afzal worked as a solicitor in Birmingham from 1988 to 1991. In London, he became a crown prosecutor in 1991 and assistant chief crown prosecutor in 2001. In 2011, he was appointed North West chief crown prosecutor covering Greater Manchester, Cumbria and Lancashire. At that point in his career, he made it clear that "prosecutors are public figures and should be out there engaging with the people, explaining themselves via the media." As one of the 13 chief crown prosecutors that cover England and Wales, he was responsible for over 100,000 prosecutions a year and managed 800 lawyers and paralegals.

CPS.

The first time one of Afzal's cases reached the national news was in August 1992, when the culprits were two supermarket employees who, following an alcoholic trip to the seaside, had sex in a crowded train back to London, and then lit up cigarettes in a no-smoking carriage. Afzal successfully prosecuted them for committing an indecent act and for smoking where not permitted to do so. This case was cited by an American academic in attempting to understand the British culture of tact.  Afzal's prosecutions include a 1996 stalker of Princess Diana. On his promotion and move to Manchester in 2011, he was immediately faced with several high-profile cases. One involved a man killed while committing an aggravated burglary, in which Afzal decided that the householder acted in reasonable self-defence. Afzal's team were responsible for the swift prosecution of that summer's looters, a judicial response described by an academic as "shock and awe". The Stepping Hill Hospital poisoning incident occurred that autumn, and 2011 closed with the unprovoked murder of a student from India.

Violence, control, and gender.

Afzal is best known for tackling cases involving violence against women and the sexual exploitation of children. Until 2004, he had not been aware of forced marriages and honour crimes happening in the UK, but he was approached by a group of women with compelling testimony. They asked him to use his position to investigate, so he held a conference on the issues and set up a national database, cataloguing dozens of instances of potential crimes. 2005 saw the honour killing of Samaira Nazir; as area director for the CPS, Afzal was responsible for the prosecution of her relatives, and described the beliefs that led to her murder as "tragic and outdated". He thought that such traditional attitudes would die out with the older immigrant generation, but by 2008, by which time he was the CPS's lead on honour-based violence, he realised that young men held the same controlling beliefs about honour and purity, and that education needed to start with primary school children to challenge this. "I have talked to loads of Muslim women and I can tell you that the greatest fear they have is not Islamophobia or being attacked by racists or being arrested on suspicion of terrorism. It is from within their own family."  One of his first decisions on becoming a chief crown prosecutor was to initiate prosecutions in the case of the Rochdale sex trafficking gang, overturning an earlier decision by the CPS. He suggested that "white professionals' over-sensitivity to political correctness and fear of appearing racist may well have contributed to justice being stalled". He said "I do feel that there's a deficit of leadership in some parts of the Muslim community. They could be much more challenging of certain behaviours". He attributed the attacks to "evil men", saying that the key driver was "male power". A "New York Times" profile said:  Afzal's work against grooming gangs has led to criticism from "members of the Asian community" and from the far right. Regarding far-right campaigns to deport Afzal, he reiterated "I was born in Birmingham. They can deport me to Birmingham if they want to", and said "I think if you are getting it from both sides, you are probably getting something right."  He used his position to stress that abusers were found in all communities, and that the vast majority of paedophiles in Britain are white. In May 2013, he was responsible for the prosecution of disgraced former BBC presenter Stuart Hall. He promised to turn the attention of the CPS to forced marriage in the Traveller community, which he claimed was rife. Afzal put forward the theory, also proposed by Rochdale's then-MP Simon Danczuk, that one explanation for the profile of the town's abusers was the prevalence of Pakistani-origin men in the night-time economy, i.e. as taxi drivers and workers in take-away shops.  In March 2015 it was reported that Afzal was leaving the CPS. A CPS spokesman said "Nazir Afzal is leaving the service as part of [an] on-going drive for efficiency" and that "there has been no impropriety on the part of Mr Afzal".

After the CPS.

Once he left the CPS, Afzal began to speak even more widely, and found a large audience for his messages, that violence against women infects all communities, that authorities are still unwilling to believe the victims, and that there is a deficit of leadership in the British Muslim community. "Having prosecuted perpetrators from more than 60 countries and [dealt with] victims from more than 50 countries, I know there isn't any community where women and girls are safe. It's a power thing and power sadly infects every community and therefore our responsibility has to begin with listening to victims and survivors."  He draws parallels between the way gangs groom children for sexual exploitation and the way Islamists lure young people into radicalisation.  Afzal became chief executive of the Association of Police and Crime Commissioners in 2016. He resigned from this post, which restricted his political expression, after the Manchester Arena bombing in May 2017 in order to express his views on the topical BBC television programme "Question Time".  In 2017 he joined the Complaints Committee of the Independent Press Standards Organisation as its first non-white member. In January 2018 he was appointed, alongside Yasmin Khan of the Halo Project, as an advisor to the Welsh government on issues around violence against women. He "has pledged to make Wales one of the safest places in Europe to be a woman." He often speaks and writes about how much depends on the undervalued leadership of women in small charities, working to combat gender-based problems and extremism in their own communities.  In September 2018 he became Chair of the Corporation Board of Hopwood Hall College. Previous education positions included a Pro-Vice Chancellorship of the University of West London. He is Honorary Lecturer in law at University of Manchester and Pro-Chancellor at Brunel University, London.  In December 2018, Afzal reported Tommy Robinson, the founder of English Defence League, after Robinson had interviewed the 16-year-old suspect related to assault on Syrian refugees at Almondbury Community School. Afzal suggested posting material naming the boy was unlawful.

Representations in popular culture.

When he was director of the Crown Prosecution Service for London West, the TV police procedural "" used him "for guidance on plot lines and realism" and designed the set to mimic his office.  The BBC three-part drama "Three Girls", based on the Rochdale scandal, was broadcast on consecutive nights 16–18 May 2017 and featured the actor Ace Bhatti playing Afzal.

Awards.

Afzal was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2005 New Year Honours. The "Manchester Evening News" reported that Afzal had "received the CPS Public Servant of the Year award, the UK Government's Justice Award and the Daily Mirror newspaper 'People’s Award'... the Law Society/Bar Council Mentoring award and was selected for the Asian Power 100 along with the Muslim Power 100 list."  He was made a Fellow of the University of Central Lancashire in 2013 for "raising public awareness of domestic violence, forced marriage and 'honour' based crimes".  In January 2013, Afzal was awarded the Services to Law award at the British Muslim Awards. He was named Legal Personality of the Year by the Society of Asian Lawyers.

Personal life.

Nazir Afzal is a practising Muslim.

Nazir Afzal (born 1962) is a British solicitor with experience in the legal areas of child sexual exploitation and violence against women. He is a practising Muslim, with outspoken views in favour of women's rights and against forced marriage, female genital mutilation and honour killings.


History.

Garden City was first settled in 1882, but it was in 1887 that Garden City was established as this was the year that the Chicago Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad came through. The town was named from the site's garden-like setting.

Geography.

Garden City is located at (44.957859, -97.579714).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.  Garden City has been assigned the ZIP code 57236 and the FIPS place code 23460.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 53 people, 21 households, and 17 families residing in the town. The population density was. There were 35 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 94.3% White and 5.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population.  There were 21 households of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.0% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.82.  The median age in the town was 48.2 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 1.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 11.4% were from 25 to 44; 39.6% were from 45 to 64; and 20.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.8% male and 47.2% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 72 people, 31 households, and 19 families residing in the town. The population density was 182.1 people per square mile (69.5/km2). There were 46 housing units at an average density of 116.3 per square mile (44.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White.  There were 31 households out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, and 38.7% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 25.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.16.  In the town, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 2.8% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,014. There were 9.5% of families and 12.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 33.3% of those over 64.

Garden City is a town in Clark County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 53 at the 2010 census.


Early life and career.

Manning F. Force was born in Washington, D.C., where his father, Peter Force, was the mayor. He turned down an appointment to West Point and went on to attended Harvard College until 1845, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1848. The following year, Force moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and began his law practice.

Civil War.

With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Force joined the Union forces as major of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving in the Western Theater as part of General James B. McPherson's 17th Corps.  Colonel Force's 20th Ohio bore the brunt of the Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, in the Vicksburg Campaign. Osborn Oldroyd related the number of casualties from the 20th Ohio to his commander:  I took the roll-book from the pocket of our dead sergeant, and found that while we had gone in with thirty-two men, we came out with but sixteen—one-half of the brave little band, but a few hours before so full of hope and patriotism, either killed or wounded. Nearly all the survivors could show bullet marks in clothing or flesh, but no man left the field on account of wounds. When I told Colonel Force of our loss, I saw tears course down his cheeks, and so intent were his thoughts upon his fallen men that he failed to note the bursting of a shell above him, scattering the powder over his person, as he sat at the foot of a tree.  Following the Siege of Vicksburg, Force marched on to northern Georgia, where he fought in the Atlanta Campaign. He was severely wounded in the face during the Battle of Atlanta and was disfigured for life. For his valor during the Atlanta Campaign, Force was promoted to major general of volunteers in March 1865. Following the Battle of Atlanta, he participated in Sherman's March to the Sea.  The thirty-seven-year-old lawyer began the conflict as a major and ended as a brevetted major general. Sgt. Osborn Oldroyd noted his leadership when he wrote in his diary: As Colonel Force called us to 'Attention' this morning one of the boys remarked, 'I love that man more than ever.' Yes, we have good reason to be proud of our Colonel, for upon all occasions we are treated by him as volunteers enlisted in war form pure love of country.... " In his memoirs printed after the war, Force stated:  When lying there (in the trenches outside Vicksburg) it sometimes occurred to me, what a transformation it was for these men, full of individuality and self-reliance, accustomed always to act upon their own will, to so completely subordinate their wills to the wills of other men... Their practical sense had told them an army differs from a mob only in discipline, and discipline was necessary for self-preservation.

Postbellum activities.

After the war, Force returned to Cincinnati, where he became a justice of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. He also authored several law books and became a prominent writer as well as a lecturer.  In 1892, he received the Medal of Honor.  Manning Force is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati. His papers and documents are housed in the Manning Ferguson Force Collection of the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center.

Medal of Honor citation.

Rank and organization: Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers. Place and date: At Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. Entered service at: Cincinnati, Ohio. Born: Washington, D.C. December 17, 1824. Date of issue: March 31, 1892.  Citation:  Charged upon the enemy's works, and after their capture defended his position against assaults of the enemy until he was severely wounded.

Manning Ferguson Force (December 17, 1824 – May 8, 1899) was a lawyer, judge and soldier from Ohio. He became known as the commander of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and was a recipient of the Army Medal of Honor for gallantry in action.


Life.

Youth.

Galais was born on 20 January 1921 in Le Havre. His mother introduced him to music, with solfège and piano.  In 1934, Galais joined Marcel Tournier's class, Grand prix de Rome (1909) and composer, who entrusted him to Pierre Jamet in 1936.

Career.

During the Second World War, his career was divided between the Paris Opera (he later became first harp soloist) and the Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire, where he remained for about twenty years.  In 1946, he became solo harpist in the French Republican Guard Band. He will also be a soloist at the Concerts Colonne (from 1967).  He occasionally replaced Pierre Jamet at the Conservatoire de Paris, touring extensively (France, England, Japan), performing under the baton of Conductor such as Karl Münchinger, Pierre Dervaux, René Leibowitz and Robert Blot.  He succeeded Pierre Jamet within the "Quintette instrumental de Paris".  His 80th birthday is celebrated at the International Association of Harpists and Friends of the Harp by the performance of several of his pieces during a concert exclusively dedicated to him, with students from all over France.

Transcriptions.

Galais transcribed works such as Handel's concerto in B flat by reorchestrating it and giving it a cadence for Marielle Nordmann.  He also transcribed sonatas by François-Joseph Naderman the "Divertimento No 2" by Paul Arma, the "Nocturne in E major" by Glinka and he composed cadenzas for the concertos in G minor and B flat major by Krumpholz.

Bernard Galais (30 January 1921 – 14 August 2009) was a French classical harpist and composer. His work, which is highly stylistically independent, reflects the multiple influences of his own career: soloist at the Paris Opera, and the French Republican Guard Band. He also left many transcriptions and recorded recitals in the 1970s.


Early life.

Dorgan was born in San Francisco on April 29, 1877. He was one of at least 11 children—six sons and five daughters – of Thomas J. and Anna Dorgan. His brother John L. "Ike" Dorgan (born April 1879) was publicity manager for the Madison Square Garden, and his brother Richard W. "Dick" Dorgan (born September 1892) was an illustrator and cartoonist.  Polytechnic High School teachers Rosey Murdoch and Maria Van Vieck recognized and encouraged Tad's talent as an artist. When Dorgan was a child, he lost several fingers of his right hand in an accident whose details are unclear; "Cosmopolitan" writer O. O. McIntyre — a friend of Dorgan's — wrote that when Dorgan "was eight, he was fooling around on a house-moving job and attempted to ride a shovel on a rope that was propelled by a big pulley. He turned his head for a second and his right hand was caught in a pulley, crushing off four fingers of that right hand, which was reduced to a thumb and a piece of knuckle." Henry Morton Robinson's description of the incident is largely the same, except that he said it took place when Dorgan was nine.  Other versions of the incident exist, however: Westbrook Pegler — who was likewise a friend of Dorgan's — wrote that Dorgan had lost "the first two fingers and half of the palm of his right hand" in an incident with a buzzsaw. Comics historian John Adcock has noted that, although there were "dozens of different stories", only McIntyre's version was in accordance with the statement on Dorgan's draft card that he had "all fingers except thumb off of right hand".  After the amputation, Dorgan took up drawing for therapy. When he was 14 he joined the art staff of the "San Francisco Bulletin".

Strips and panels.

He created his first comic strip, "Johnny Wise", for the "San Francisco Chronicle" in 1902. By 1905 he was working in New York City at the "New York Journal" as a sports writer and cartoonist. Jack Dempsey described him as "the greatest authority on boxing."  In addition to his work as a sports journalist, Dorgan did a humor feature, "Daffydills". His dog cartoons, including "Judge Rummy" (1910-1922), evolved into the strip "Silk Hat Harry's Divorce Suit". This was accompanied by a one-panel gag series called "Indoor Sports" which became his main feature, along with an occasional "Outdoor Sports".

Slang.

Dorgan is generally credited with either creating or popularizing such words and expressions as "dumbbell" (a stupid person); "for crying out loud" (an exclamation of astonishment); "cat's meow" and "cat's pajamas" (as superlatives); "applesauce" (nonsense); "cheaters" (eyeglasses); "skimmer" (a hat); "hard-boiled" (tough and unsentimental); "drugstore cowboy" (loafers or ladies' men); "nickel-nurser" (a miser); "as busy as a one-armed paperhanger" (overworked); and "Yes, we have no bananas," which was turned into a popular song.  In the "New York Times" obituary, he was bracketed with George Ade and Ring Lardner as a popularizer of "a new slang vernacular." His obituary also credited him as the originator of "Twenty-three, Skidoo," "solid ivory," "Dumb Dora," "finale hopper," "Benny" for hat, and "dogs'" for shoes. W. J. Funk, of the Funk and Wagnall's dictionary company, placed Dorgan at the top of the list of the ten "most fecund makers of American slang."  Dorgan was erroneously credited with coining the usage of the phrase "hot dog" in reference to sausage (see "Hot dog: Etymology").

Life in Great Neck.

Tad Dorgan and his wife, Izole M., lived in a Great Neck, New York house valued at $75,000. They had no biological children, but they raised two Chinese children to adulthood. Dorgan retired from attending sporting events in the early 1920s because of poor health, and a heart ailment kept him at home for the last eight years of his life, but he continued to produce sports comics for Hearst until his death. He died in Great Neck of heart disease, hastened by pneumonia. Hearst newspapers announced his passing in front-page headlines and some of his cartoons were reprinted for a short time. Izole Dorgan, a writer before she married, was the vice-president of the National Doll and Toy Collectors Club. After Tad's death, she started a successful business manufacturing doll furniture.

Books.

Dorgan's first book collection was "Daffydills", published by Cupples & Leon in 1911. This was followed by several "Indoor Sports" collections.

Awards.

Tad Dorgan was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2007 in the category of "Observer"; that is, print and media journalists, publishers, writers, historians, photographers, and artists.

Thomas Aloysius Dorgan (April 29, 1877 – May 2, 1929), also known as Tad Dorgan, was an American cartoonist who signed his drawings as Tad. He is known for his cartoon panel "Indoor Sports" and comic strip "Judge Rummy", as well as the many words and expressions he added to the language.


Route description.

A number of highways in southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta roughly follow the original route.  In Alberta, the trail follows Highways 3, 4, 61, 889, and 501.  In Saskatchewan, Highway 13 is designated as Red Coat Trail. The travel corridor from the Manitoba—Saskatchewan border to Winnipeg follows Manitoba PTH 2.

Alberta.

Near Fort Macleod, the traffic volume is between 4,200 and 7,900 vehicles per day (vpd) according to the 2007 Average Annual Daily Traffic report which is quite consistent for the decade. The area is a short grass prairie ecosystem with black soils and is conducive to grain growing. Located at the junction of Highway 2 and the Red Coat Trail, Fort Macleod currently has a population of over 3,000 residents Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump is a major attraction northwest of town. Between Fort Macleod, and Lethbridge, the Red Coat Trail runs concurrent with the Crowsnest Highway traveling through the Porcupine Hills, the Coyote Flats, and a ghost town named Pearce only marked by a railway crossing and a few farms. D.M. Wilson says, "beneath the Highway's pavement is perhaps of glacial till consisting of sand and gravel, clays and boulder clays, humped into hills by the last continental glacier perhaps as it melted away to the northward some 11,000 years ago, overlaying some of sedimentary Púleozoic and Mesozoic strata which themselves rest on Precambrian granites. Beyond the low ridge on the far side of the cut-bank'd Oldman, an enormously rich bed of lacustrine loam began attracting settlers in the early 19-aughts and rewards so well still the agricultural efforts of their descendants...the hills are actually longitudinal dunes of loess picked up from a nearby lakebed..." The highway raises in elevation between the Oldman River and the Belly River watersheds and to the north of the highway is the CP Rail High Level trestle bridge of 1909. Currently the bridge has a well-developed trail system through the river valley and the Helen Schuler Coulee Center and Sir Alexander Galt Museum are located nearby. The Highway 3A alternate route carries traffic across the Oldman River on a 1997 four-lane traffic which re-routed the highway from its old course over the 1957 narrow bridge. This area features a sandstone quarry which was used for construction projects as early as 1904 and a defunct community known as Nevarre changing names to Staunton. Highway 3A continues on to the village of Monarch which is just north of the confluence of the Oldman River and Belly rivers and halfway between Fort Macleod and Lethbridge. North of Monarch on Highway 23 and west of the village, the traffic volume is around 500 AADT, however following the Red Coat Trail into Lethbridge, the volume increases to over 5,000 vpd.  Between Monarch and Coalhurst, the Red Coat Trail is a twinned highway and between Coalhurst, and Lethbridge a multilane divided highway. West of Coalhurst, traffic volume is about 15,000 vpd, and to the east rises to approximately 18,000 vpd. Oil, flax, wheat and sugar beets are the staples of the agricultural economy supplemented by gas and oil in 1974 which replaced the sugar beet harvests. The city of Lethbridge, is located at the junction of Highway 4, Highway 5 and Highway 3. Travel along the Red Coat Trail corridor leaves Highway 3 and continues on Highway 4 south east towards Stirling, with a traffic volume around 5,500 vpd. Whence at Stirling, the Red Coat Trail travel corridor leaves Hwy 4 and now continues east along Highway 61 towards the small hamlet of Wrentham at the junction of Highway 36. Between Stirling and Wrentham the traffic volume declines to an AADT of about 550 vpd on a secondary undivided paved highway. The Red Coat Trail runs parallel and north of the Etzikom Coulee and Crow Indian Lake and to the north of the Red Coat Trail are the Chin Lakes and the Chin Reservoir. Coulees are meltwater channels produced by glacier meltoff forming long river valleys. A number of these coulees are dry or almost dry, and some such as the Chin Lakes have been formed by the Chin Reservoir. The weather of southeast Alberta is warmer than the rest of the province, with lower annual precipitation creating a grassland ecoregion. At the junction of the Red Coat Trail and Highway 877 is the small hamlet of Skiff, population 10, with a declining AADT between 350 and 400 vpd. The village of Foremost is located at the junction with Highway 879 near park, and Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park. Etzikom on the intersection of the Red Coat Trail and Highway 855 features the Etzikom Museum and the Canadian National Historical Windmill Center. Orion, a small hamlet with a population of less than 10 residents, is located at the intersection of Highway 887 and the Red Coat Trail. The traffic between Orion and the Saskatchewan border is very low averaging between 70 and 100 vpd. Manyberries is located at the eastern terminus of Highway 61 travel on the Red Coat Trail continues south on Highway 889 a secondary connector road to meet with Highway 501, a secondary gravel highway to the Alberta—Saskatchewan border.

Saskatchewan.

There are 36 communities along the of the Saskatchewan portion of the Red Coat Trail which would be one approximately every apart, and there are 59 at grade intersections with primary and secondary highways which would be a junction approximately every. The highway volume beginning in Saskatchewan along the Red Coat Trail about 45 vpd on a class 4 gravel highway.  SK Hwy 615 provides access north to Fort Walsh National Historic Park and the highest point of land in Saskatchewan. Travel is mainly east through the province of Saskatchewan on the Red Coat Trail which is continuous on SK Hwy 13 which is a secondary paved undivided highway until Weyburn. It is at the Consul intersection of highways that the Red Coat Trail changes to a thin membrane surface undivided highway where the traffic volume increases to about 80 vpd. Travel continues north east until the junction with SK Hwy 21 which provides access to Cypress Hills Provincial Park and Maple Creek. The Red Coat Trail continues east after this intersection on a class 3 granular pavement highway and traffic here increases to an AADT of 270 vpd. There is a junction with SK Hwy 18 before the highway turns north again to arrive at the intersection of SK Hwy 614 and the town of Eastend, which has the nickname Dino Country where a "Tyrannosaurus rex" was discovered spawning the T. rex Discovery Centre. A number of ancient fauna paleontological dig sites exist in southern Saskatchewan.  This area of the Red Coat Trail receives an increase of traffic wherein about 300 vpd travel the Red Coat Trail east of Eastend and over 650 vpd east of town resulting in an upgrade to asphalt concrete road construction. The traffic volume entering Shaunavon is about 600 vpd, and the AADT increases to over 1,000 vpd heading north on the SK Hwy 37 and Red Coat Trail concurrency. SK Hwy 37 provides access to the town of Gull Lake and in, the Red Coat Trail turns east on a thin membrane surface class 2 highway bearing between 150 and 250 vpd. The Red Coat Trail is upgraded to a class 5 granular pavement as traffic can reach a high of 530 vpd east of this SK Hwy 4 intersection. To the north west of the SK Hwy 58 junction is Thomson Lake which is a man made lake used for recreational and reservoir purposes becoming the first regional park of Saskatchewan. Lafleche at the junction with SK Hwy 58, and east of this junction the AADT increases to over 600 vpd. The Louis Pierre Gravel National Historic Marker commemorates history at the north end of SK Hwy 58, and the Cripple Creek Provincial Historic Marker is located at the junction with the Red Coat Trail (the southern terminus of SK Hwy 58).  The terrain of the Missouri Coteau features low hummocky, undulating, rolling hills, potholes, and grasslands. This physiographic region of Saskatchewan is the uplands Missouri Coteau, a part of the Great Plains Province or Alberta Plateau Region which extends across the south east corner of the province of Saskatchewan. SK Hwy 2 and SK Hwy 717 come together at the town of Assinibioia. Just to the west of Assiniboia the traffic volume increases to about 1,000 vpd and to the east of town, the volume decreases to about 800 vpd and the majority of the highway is class 3 granular pavement.  The intersection with SK Hwy 621 north is passed before arriving at the city of Weyburn which is on the intersection of SK Hwy 35, SK Hwy 39, the CanAm Highway. Weyburn, the opportunity city, has also been dubbed the "Soo Line City" due its connection with Chicago on the Soo Line of the Canadian Pacific Railway CPR. The city of 9,433 people is situated on SK Hwy 35, SK Hwy 39, and SK Hwy 13. absorbed the small towns of Exon and Converge into the city. Weyburn is located astride the Williston geological Basin which contains oil deposits, and several wells operate in the vicinity. There are roadside attractions featured here such as a large Lighthouse water tower, wheat sheaves and Prairie Lily. Weyburn is situated near the upper delta of the Souris River. The Souris River continues southeast through North Dakota eventually meeting the Assiniboine River in Manitoba.  The Red Coat Trail is primarily asphalt concrete between SK Hwy 6 and SK Hwy 47 where traffic volume reaches about 1,450 vpd east of Weyburn, and over 3,500 vpd within the city on this class 2 highway. There is a short stretch of granular pavement before SK Hwy 9 where the traffic volume falls to about 1,700 vpd, rising to about 2,400 vpd near Carlyle.  The town of Carlyle is at the intersection with SK Hwy 9, which provides access north to Moose Mountain Provincial Park and Cannington Manor Provincial Historic Park. Before the Manitoba border the Red Coat Trail is granular pavement with traffic volume below 1,000 vpd. Manor on SK Hwy 603, Antler River, Wauchope on SK Hwy 601, Redvers on SK Hwy 8, Gainsborough Creek and finally Antler on SK Hwy 600 are the last localities in Saskatchewan before Manitoba.

Manitoba.

In Manitoba 19 communities populate the Red Coat Trail between the Saskatchewan border and Winnipeg. There are also 33 at grade intersections with numbered provincial highways and roads on this portion of the Red Coat Trail in Manitoba. The actual route taken by the North-West Mounted Police in 1874 was some hundred kilometers south of the "Red Coat Trail", designated by the tourism industry. This is a problem faced by many scenic and historic routes, purporting to take motorists on a historic route. The Manitoba government does not recognize the designation of "Red Coat Trail".

History.

Early travelers had two rivers to ford without bridge or ferry between Fort Macleod and Coal Banks, one at Monarch and the other at Coal Banks. Pioneers travelled the pioneer trails across the grasslands during the 19th century created by travellers, first nations and fur traders. The grasslands area of today was still forested in the 19th century and land would need to be cleared and broken for agricultural homesteads and roads. In the 19th century southern Saskatchewan was known as an extension of the "Greater Yellow Grass Marsh". The Dominion Land surveyors marked the quarter sections of Manitoba in 1874–1875 and of Saskatchewan in 1881 and homesteaders began tilling their homesteads and fencing their quarter-sections. Travel transferred from prairie trail to road allowances set by the surveyors. Rural municipalities set road bosses and crews to grade the roads and to fill in the low areas. Walking plows would till the soil that was to be moved by the fresnoes, which was a scraper pulled with two horses. Those who worked on roads would have lowered taxes. Later crews would work with four-horse scrapers followed by crawler tractors which could pull even larger graders and scrapers. The rural municipality would work out a system of road work for the various ratepayers, and pathmasters or road crew foremen were appointed to oversee the statute labour conducted. Road sections were constructed from one stopping place to the next, where a stopping place was a settler's home who had built additional accommodation for travelers. Ferries were primarily used to cross rivers and creeks, and these often afforded stopping places. Approximately 1890 the piers were set for the first highway bridge across the Belly River. The first car in Alberta was owned by F.W. Cochrane of Macleod in 1901. These first electric and steam driven cars were set with a high clearance and were able to travel a prairie trail and follow in ruts, soon cars were gasoline powered.  Lethbridge was subject to flooding in the early 20th century, the years 1902, 1907 and 1908, uplifting houses, barns, bridges and trees. During the May 1902 flooding a house floating in the river removed the east span of the bridge which was under repair when the June 1902 flood removed the centre span of the bridge. The Territorial Department of Public Works decided upon a steel bridge set upon concrete piers and received a $50.000 grant for construction from the Dominion Government. The floor of the bridge was wood planking across the bridge. To the north of the Red Coat Trail is the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) trestle bridge or the CP Rail High Level Bridge. This, trestle bridge across the Oldman River was constructed between 1908 and 1909. In 1910, the Lethbridge Board of Trade was claiming that the government maintains the main roads and bridges and that the roads were good with few hills. The speed limit of this era for automobiles was 25 miles per hour, yet settlers still used horse and automobile for transport. In 1910, travel across the prairies was by rail, of which there were five branches of rail line branching out from Lethbridge, a divisional and terminal point. The Weyburn branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was under construction in 1910 as well, which eventually connected Winnipeg and Lethbridge. In 1910, taxes were set at six and a quarter cents per acre, and homesteaders could work on the road crew to help with this payment. A driver and one team of horses could earn C$5.00 per day, and a driver with two teams of horses could earn $7.00 for a day's labour, where a day would be nine hours in duration. It was not until 1912 that the Board of Highway Commissioners was created to authorise road grants for improvements.  One of the first traffic bridges across the Oldman River near Monarch, Alberta, was erected in 1913. Red shale can still be seen of the Taylor coal mine (1916–1925) constructed in the upper river bank north of the Lethbridge, Ab traffic bridge. By the early 1920s most residents had cars for transport. In the 1920s roads were gravelled, gravel loaded by shovel, and hauled with horse and wagon, so that automobiles would not become mired down in mud in the low-lying areas. However, the gravel was too thick, and loose gravel meant horses needed to be shoed and cars would careen wildly over the road, and so therefore the grass trail alongside the road was used instead. The Department of Public Works fixed this problem by mixing clay with the gravel. This era was followed by four-horse teams pulling a sulky plow across the roads, eliminating ruts and forming a hard and level surface to drive upon. The 1920s were indeed years of road work; however in these pioneering days there was little background or guidelines to go by. Early road work consisted of levelling roads and filling in low spots which would collect water to make travel easier by the first automobiles. Road ways and road allowances could either be purchased or leased from the homesteader who was proving up that farmland. A challenge to rural municipality councilors was the removal of rocks from the road allowance. Government grants were set out for road construction where the ratepayers of the rural municipality came together in road camps for improvements and there were also Road Day Competitions held. The road would divert around sloughs, hills, and other diversions to make the travel easier for horse and cart. In 1921 Highway 13 was graded up through the low areas around the Carlyle area. A foreman could earn between C$6.00 and 7.00 for a day, a graderman could earn between $4.50 and 5.00 per day, labourers in 1921 would earn $4.00 to 450 per day. A driver of a single team of horses could earn between $7.50 and 88.00 per day, and a driver with a double team of horses could earn up to $10.00 to 10.50 in a day. The Relief Roadwork Program of 1928 which initiated roadwork on Highway 13. Those local residents with four horses and a grader initially maintained the highway. During the depression years of the dirty thirties, roadwork continued and the highways were widened, gravelled and paved. Gravel was laid on highways in the early 1930s which alleviated being mired in the mud during rainy weather; however during dry weather, gravel roads produced great quantities of dust, reducing visibility. In 1930, the Manitoba provincial government constructed Highway 2 with hard surfacing to follow. Road crew wages changed to hourly in 1932, where a foreman of a road crew could now earn 35 cents an hour, a man with a two-horse team 45 to 50 cents an hour and a driver with four horses could earn 65 to 70 cents an hour, and labourers could now bring in 25 cents an hour.  In Saskatchewan, Carlyle was established for example as the area headquarters which supervised six Department of Highway road crews along Highway 13. The crews would remove snow and ice during winter months, and during the summer months conduct road allowance mowing, ensure drainage, attend to sign and guard rail repair. During the 1940s Pearce, Alberta, was home to a CPR station, village, and the British Commonwealth Air Training Program featuring the No. 36 Elementary Flying School. In 1943, tractor operator scrapers termed tumble bugs, were available to rural municipalities. After World War II, rural municipalities equipment such as crawler tractors, scrapers and graders could be purchased. As of 1949 the early steel bridge across the Oldman River in Lethbridge was replaced. Winter still proved a challenge in the 1950s and roads could be blocked. bombardiers, and early passenger ski doo could be employed for emergency transportation. In 1952, a general standard was established wherein the provincial government paid 60% and the rural municipalities the remainder for road planning and improvements. Bridges over in length would be paid entirely by the province; shorter bridge costs would be jointly shared. MB Hwy 2 was constructed to the modern highway able to carry high-speed vehicles, and steel culverts have replaced the early wooded bridges.  A very narrow traffic bridge was constructed in 1957 across the Oldman near Monarch, Alberta, replacing the 1913 predecessor, and currently gives a route to cyclists while the truckers and vehicular traffic currently use the new four-lane bridge. It wasn't until the 1960s that these gravel highways were oiled to reduce the dust clouds; however these oiled surfaces could not bear heavy loads of commercial traffic. In 1968, the Department of Highways was established in the town of Cadillac. During the 1970s, the SK Hwy 13 was extended between Eastend and the Alberta border as part of the Red River Trail corridor. It was also in the 1970s that the highway was paved to withstand heavy loads as potash was being mined in Esterhazy and the oil highways were breaking under the added weight. "Extensive flood control programs have created reservoirs, parks and waterfowl centres along the Souris River." near Weyburn, Sk. Between 1988 and 1995, the Rafferty-Alameda Project was constructed to alleviate spring flooding problems created by the Souris River. The Red Coat Trail travels across the Oldman River near Monarch Alberta on a pre-stressed four-lane concrete bridge which was completed in 1997. "Highway 13, also known as the Red Coat Trail, has seen a significant amount of upgrading in recent years. The transformation of this highway between the Manitoba border and Cadillac, SK from a thin membrane surface (TMS) to a paved standard is nearing completion. In the 2004 construction season, will be improved; in 2003 almost was upgraded or resurfaced; and in the 2002 construction season of Highway 13 was upgraded or resurfaced."  Sir John A. Macdonald read the bill to create the North-West Mounted Police in 1873, which was passed in May of that year. Recruitment of men for the police force began in September 1873 and they assembled at Fort Dufferin, Manitoba. The border between the United States and Canada was surveyed in 1872. On July 8, 1874, these trained men were despatched on their western journey. There is a museum and the 1884 NWMP Barracks Site at Fort Macleod which preserves the NWMP history at the Fort, supplemented by a RCMP musical ride which is held yearly in commemoration. Healy and Hamilton built Fort Whoop Up from the current location of Lethbridge near the confluence of the St. Mary and Belly Rivers. (Today the location of Fort Whoop Up is signified by a historical cairn marker.) Colonel Macleod of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) presented Healy and Hamilton with an offer to purchase Fort Whoop Up which they declined. RNWMP were established at Coal Banks in 1885 forming K Division under the command of Superintendent A.R. McDonnell. This site in the Porcupine Hills was the coal mining site of Lethbridge. The Red Coats of 1874 had the option to settle on ranches following their three-year term with the RNWMP. Grasslands National Park near Ponteix, Sk features NWMP trail markers amidst the Killdeer Badlands. Wood Mountain Post was established in 1874 to reduce cattle rustling, whisky trading, which was completed post haste, and the NWMP post closed in 1875. Following his victory against the U.S. cavalry in the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull and about 5,000 of his followers sought sanctuary in the Wood Mountain, Sk area. Superintendent James Walsh from Fort Walsh left the Cypress Hills area to talk to Sitting Bull. 22 NWMP police officer accompanied by Walsh set up a new Wood Mountain detachment, Walsh remained here with the men until his transfer to Fort Qu'Appelle in 1880. The Hudson's Bay Trading Post site was replaced with Chapel Coulee, Metis village of Chapel Coulee, which was later where the NWMP established a post in 1879 and small detachment from Fort Walsh. In 1887, the detachment moved to the banks of the White Mud River the current location of Eastend, Sk as many of their concernts were alleviated, the whisky trade had ceased, the North-West Rebellion of 1885 was over, and Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man surrendered to American forces and returned to the United States in 1881. The town of Redvers, SK, along the Red Coat Trail, is named after General Sir Redvers Henry Buller VC GCB GCMG (1839–1908). The Boundary Commission Trail is an earlier route used from Winnipeg for travel east.

Major intersections.

From south to north:

The Red Coat Trail is a route that approximates the path taken in 1874 by the North-West Mounted Police in their quest to bring law and order to the Canadian West.


Description.

Similar to many Honolulu neighborhoods, Mānoa consists of an entire valley, running from Mānoa Falls at the mauka (inland-most) end to King Street. The valley receives almost daily rain, even during the dry season, and is thus richly vegetated – though the valley walls are often dry. Seeing rainbows in the valley is a common occurrence, and is the source of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa sports team names, the Rainbow Warriors (for men's teams) and Rainbow Wahine (for the women, with the beach volleyball team more often using SandBows).  The neighborhood is composed of private houses built before the 1960s and low-rise condominiums. Mānoa is home to the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, the flagship campus of the University of Hawaii System. The University has several faculty and student residence areas in Mānoa.  Other educational institutions located in Mānoa include Mānoa Elementary School, Noelani Elementary School, Punahou School, Mid-Pacific Institute, Saint Francis School, and a handful of small, private pre-schools.  The central shopping area of Mānoa is the Mānoa Marketplace which features a farmer's market several days of the week. More recent development has seen housing on steeper parts of the Diamond Head side valley wall.  Mānoa stream begins at the base of Mānoa Falls and runs through the valley before joining Palolo stream to form the Manoa-Palolo drainage canal, which flows into the Ala Wai Canal. Floods caused by high rainfall have plagued the residents living along Mānoa stream. Most recent was on October 30, 2004 when Mānoa stream overflowed causing millions of dollars in damages to residential homes and University of Hawaii at Mānoa buildings.  Mānoa is the site of the first sugarcane and coffee plantations in the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian coffee was first introduced along Manoa Valley in 1813 by Don Francisco de Paula y Marytin as an ornamental plant. In 1825 Chief Boki, the Royal Governor of Oahu, followed up and brought coffee trees back from Brazil on the ship.. Chief Boki also chose Manoa Valley as the historic birth site of the very first coffee plantation in Hawaii. With the aid of agriculture expert, John Wilkinson, the coffee trees were able to survive which allowed its descendants to be brought over to Kona and other islands many years later. Hawaii is the only state in the United States that produces coffee commercially. For more history see coffee production in Hawaii.  Mānoa means "thick", "solid", "vast", "depth" or "thickness" in the Hawaiian language. There is another valley named Mānoa on the north shore of Kauai.  There are many legends associated with Manoa, one very well known legend is the story of Kahalaopuna. Kahalaopuna was born to Kahaukani and Kauakuahine. Kahaukani is the wind of Manoa and Kauakuahine is the rain of Manoa. Kakaukani and Kauakuahine were brother and sister, both born to Akaaka (the projecting spur of the Manoa mountain range) and Nalehuaakaaka (the lehua on the brow of the Manoa ridge).

Mānoa (, ) is a valley and a residential neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii. The neighborhood is approximately three miles (5 km) east and inland from downtown Honolulu and less than a mile (1600 m) from Ala Moana and Waikiki at.


History.

There is evidence in the village of Norman heritage. The house Astley Towne has a Norman cellar.  Near St Peter's Church are the remains of a priory built in 1088. The priory was founded by Ralph de Todeni who was given the manor of "Eastlie" (Astley) following the Norman conquest of England. It was an alien Benedictine House, belonging to a parent monastery in Normandy. The prior’s well remains, but is overgrown. To the East of the priory, well-defined earthworks of a medieval village have been found.  Astley was in the lower division of Doddingtree Hundred.  Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 Astley Parish ceased to be responsible for maintaining the poor in its parish. This responsibility was transferred to Martley Poor Law Union.  St Peter's church is of possible c12 century origins although its origins may have been based on an existing priory.  There are several memorials within the church to the Winford family.

Education.

Astley Primary School is a small, rural CoE Voluntary Aided school with about eighty pupils between 4 and 11 years old. Although the school is isolated, it is popular with children travelling some distance each day. On leaving Astley school the 11 to 16s go on to The Chantry School at Martley.

Facilities.

Astley Burf contains an Outdoor Education centre, owned by Dudley Council, and used by Dudley schools during the spring and summer

Glasshampton.

Glasshampton means "the home of clear water".  Glasshampton was a separate manor from Astley, but like Astley, was in the lower division of Doddingtree Hundred.  The manor of Glasshampton and its associated estate was held by the Winford family.  The house was said to contain 365 windows but was burnt down in 1917. The stable block survived and was converted in 1918 to accommodate a monastery for the Anglican Franciscan order.

Astley is a village, and a civil parish (with Dunley) in Worcestershire, England, about two miles outside Stourport-on-Severn and seven miles south-west of Kidderminster.


History.

The Order was instituted not later than 1955 by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1959-67 it consisted of two, and since 1967 - of three classes (1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class), and was awarded to female persons of high status, for deserving special recognition or conspicuous appreciation by the Shah.  It is believed that the Order honours Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, the second wife of the former Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The name of the order refers to the Pleiades, a star cluster located in the constellation Taurus in the northern hemisphere. Soraya is a female Persian name with a reference to the Pleiades.  The order was abolished by the Islamic Republic of Iran after the fall of the last Shah. Since then, the order merely continues as a Royal Family Order, and Empress Farah Pahlavi, the third wife and widow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, is still the grandmaster of this order.

Classes.

Attached to the order are three medals: first class in gold, second class in gold and silver, and third class in silver. They were usually awarded to female members of the Imperial Household for long or faithful service. The medals are worn suspended from a bow.

Insignia.

The "sash badge of the first class" is a round medallion made of gold gilt surrounded by six open ornaments, shaped as large double loops in gold; with between the ornaments partly white enameled, small shell-shaped designs. The central disc is made of blue enamel, with placed on it seven golden stars, topped with brilliants, and depicting the star cluster Pleiades. Furthermore, the disc itself is surrounded by a white enamel and gold edged ring with twenty-four stars thereon, made of gold and brilliants. The disc is topped by a stylized imperial Pahlavi Crown, enameled in different colors and enriched with carbuncles and brilliants.  The "shoulder badge" is similar to the sash badge, but is larger in appearance.  The "sash badge of the second class" is almost identical to the badge of the first class, but instead the medallion and the stars on it are made in silver gilt only. Similarly, the crown is enameled without the carbuncles and brilliants.  The "star" consists of a blue enameled central disc, with placed on it seven golden stars, topped with brilliants, representing the stars of the cluster Pleiades. The disc is surrounded by a white enamel and gold edged ring with twenty-four stars thereon, made of gold and brilliants. This as a whole is surrounded by six open ornaments, shaped as large double loops in gold; with between the ornaments partly white enameled, small shell-shaped designs. The disc is topped by a stylized imperial Pahlavi Crown, enameled in different colors and enriched with carbuncles and brilliants. At the back a pin is attached to wear the star on the left breast.  The "sash" is made of a white coloured silk moiré ribbon, with dark blue stripes near the borders. The badge is attached to the sash by a suspension ring from the top of the crown.  The "medals" show the image of the badge of the order as a full raised relief. The rim includes a large lip, on which the seven small, shell-like designs rest. The medals are topped with the stylized imperial Pahlavi Crown to which a simple ring is attached. The medals are unenameled and identical in appearance, except for the metal pertaining to the particular class.

The Order of the Pleiades ( "Nishân-i-Haftpaykar"), also named Order of Haft Paykar, was an all-female order of the former Imperial State of Iran.


History.

Binley Woods is a relatively modern village. Settlement began in the 1920s, when some of the estates of Coombe Abbey were sold off and people began to settle and build homes in the area, which was then known as Binley Common. In the early years, the village lacked modern amenities such as paved roads, street lighting, piped water or mains drainage; though these were gradually provided from the 1930s onwards, some of the side roads were not paved or lighted until the 1960s. During the 1940s, many homeless people from bombed-out Coventry fled to Binley, often living in shacks and caravans.  The village adopted its current name of Binley Woods in 1961 after a vote by villagers. The name was chosen in order to avoid confusion with, and establish a separate identity from nearby Binley, a suburb of south-east Coventry. As the name suggests, Binley Woods is close to some woods: Brandon Wood is next to the village.  A village church was established in Binley Woods in 1987, which doubles as the village hall.

Facilities.

The village boasts one public house, The Roseycombe. There is a village hall on Rugby Road. There is also a post office, a library and a primary school, along with a range of shops and a petrol station.  The village is now home to Broadstreet RFC, a National League Rugby club that moved to a new ground called Ivor Preece Field in the village in 2001, after selling their ground in Binley, Coventry.

Brandon Wood.

Brandon Wood, just south of the village from which it takes its name, covers an area of : it is a designated ancient woodland, having been mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. It was once run by the Forestry Commission, but since 1981 it has been managed by a local group, the "Friends of Brandon Wood", who in 2000 purchased the wood from the Forestry Commission; it is now run as a community wood and is open to the public.

Appearances in media.

One of Binley Woods' claims to fame is that it was used as one of the locations for the filming of the 1990s BBC sitcom "Keeping Up Appearances"; exterior shots of Hyacinth Bucket's house were filmed at 117 Heather Road. 119 Heather Road was used as the house of her neighbours Elizabeth Warden and Emmet Hawksworth.

Binley Woods is a suburban village and civil parish in Warwickshire, England. The village lies marginally beyond the eastern outskirts of Coventry, outside the formal city boundaries. Binley Woods is within the Borough of Rugby, although the town of Rugby is around 7 miles (11 km) to the east. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 2,665.


Early life.

Urrea was born at the Presidio Real de San Augustín de Tucsón (now the U.S. city of Tucson, Arizona), during Spanish regime of the region. Despite being born on the northern frontier of Mexico, his family had deep roots in the state of Durango.

Military career.

In 1807 Urrea entered the Spanish army. In 1824 he rose to the rank of captain, but he resigned from the army and entered private life. In 1829 he rejoined the military as a major and helped to liberate the city of Durango, allying himself with Antonio López de Santa Anna. He was promoted to colonel for his actions. In 1835 he reluctantly took part in Santa Anna's attack on the state of Zacatecas (the state had openly rebelled against his rise to power). Santa Anna promoted Urrea to Brigadier General for his role in this.

Texas Revolution.

When the Mexican state of Texas also revolted against Santa Anna's Centralist government, Urrea was sent there to help put down the colonists. He easily defeated small groups of Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio, Battle of Refugio, and Battle of Coleto. The last, also known as the "Goliad Massacre", included the deliberate slaughter of Texans who had surrendered. The execution of prisoners, however, was not Urrea's choice, but an order by General Santa Anna.  Due to Urrea's string of victories, Santa Anna decided to stay in Texas and personally finish off the rebellious Texas government. His motives were personal and political as Urrea was getting all the headlines and would be seen back in Mexico as a more popular figure.

Aftermath.

The military defeat of Santa Anna's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836 resulted in Santa Anna's capture, and him being forced to order all Mexican forces to withdraw from Texas soil. Urrea was infuriated and, after linking up with Vicente Filisola's forces, he wanted to continue the war against the Texans since the Mexicans still had over 2,500 troops in Texas against less than 900 of Sam Houston's Texans. But both Urrea and Filisola had no choice but to comply with Santa Anna's orders, so by the middle of June, Urrea and all Mexican forces had withdrawn from Texas. The Mexican authorities criticized Filisola for leading the retreat, stripped him of his command, and made Urrea the new commander of the army. Within a few months, Urrea gathered an army of 6,000 troops near Matamoros to finally reconquer Texas. However, the invasion never occurred as he and his troops were redirected to address several federalist rebellions across Mexico.  In 1837, Urrea turned against Santa Anna upon his return to Mexico, and fought against him at the Battle of Mazatlán in 1838. The attempted uprising resulted in his eventual arrest, and he was sent to Perote Prison. He later revived his military career with the invasion of French forces into Mexico, and another failed coup attempt followed.  The Mexican–American War saw Urrea leading a cavalry division against invading American troops. Urrea died August 1, 1849 of cholera shortly after the war ended.

José Cosme de Urrea y Elías González (full name) or simply José de Urrea (March 19, 1797 – August 1, 1849) was a Mexican general. He fought under General Antonio López de Santa Anna during the Texas Revolution. Urrea's forces were never defeated in battle during the Texas Revolution. His most notable success was that of the Goliad Campaign, in which James Fannin's 400 soldiers were surrounded and induced to capitulate under terms, but were massacred in Urrea's absence on the orders of Santa Anna. Urrea also fought in the Mexican–American War.


School of Physics and Technology of University of Kharkiv

History.

The school was established in 1962 on the basis of the Department of Nuclear Physics of the School of Physics and Mathematics. The Department of Nuclear Physics existed since 1946, while some of the other departments incorporated into the school existed since the 1930s. In 1969 the school moved from the main building of the university to a separate campus in the Pyatikhatki district, to be closer to the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology.

Curriculum.

The first three years of bachelor studies at the school are devoted to general physical and mathematical training. In semesters 1-4, students attend courses on general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and optics), in semesters 5-6 – courses on atomic and nuclear physics. The program of these courses is close to the textbooks of Sivukhin and Savelyev. In semesters 1-5 a number of mathematical disciplines are taught: calculus, analytic geometry, higher algebra, complex analysis, equations of mathematical physics, probability and statistics, and numerical methods. General physics and mathematical courses are accompanied by practical classes and extensive homework assignments. In semesters 4-8 a number of courses in theoretical physics are taught, largely based on the "Course of Theoretical Physics" by Landau and Lifshitz: theoretical mechanics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, continuum mechanics, thermodynamics, statistical physics.  After the 6th semester, students are distributed among the departments of the school, depending on their preferences and ranking. There are 4 departments in the school: Starting from the 7th semester, the curriculum includes special courses, which are different for each department.  In semesters 6-7, the student writes a bachelor's thesis under supervision of a thesis advisor, who is chosen by the student or appointed by the department head.  During the 5th year, special courses dominate the curriculum, while the 6th year is entirely devoted to the writing of the student's master's thesis.  The entire duration of education at the school consists of 4 years of bachelor studies and 2 years of master studies.

Departments.

The school has four departments. The Aleksander Akhiezer Department of Theoretical Nuclear Physics and Higher Mathematics prepares theoretical physicists with a broad base of fundamental physical knowledge. The Department of Nuclear and Medical Physics conducts training for specialists in two different areas — experimental nuclear physics and medical physics. The Department of Applied Physics and Plasma Physics trains specialists in plasma physics, covering both the theoretical and the experimental aspects of plasma physics. The Department of Reactor Materials and Physical Technologies specializes mainly in radiation materials science and vacuum coatings.

Aleksander Akhiezer Department of Theoretical Nuclear Physics and Higher Mathematics.

The Department of Theoretical Nuclear Physics and Higher Mathematics is a successor to the Department of Theoretical Physics, which was created at the School of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv State University in 1933, and thus it is older than the School of Physics and Technology. Lev Landau played a crucial role in establishing the department. Here he started implementing his plans for the reorganization of training of theoretical physicists and creation of his "Course of Theoretical Physics". It was Landau who compiled the first programs for the courses on theoretical physics at the department. In 1940-1973, the department was headed by Aleksander Akhiezer, whose name is now being carried by the department.  The department is considered to be the most difficult department at the school. Students of the department study special courses on elementary particles, quantum electrodynamics, general relativity, astrophysics, theoretical nuclear physics, solid-state theory, and plasma physics. In addition, the professors of the department teach most of the bachelors-level mathematics and theoretical physics courses at the school.

The department was created in 1937 by Anton Valter. The name of the department changed several times: "Department of Physics of the Atomic Nucleus", "Department of Physics of the Atomic Nucleus and Electronics", "Department of Electronic Processes", "Department of structure of matter", "Department of Experimental Nuclear Physics". In 2012, the Department of Experimental Nuclear Physics was joined with the Department of Medical Physics, forming a Department of Nuclear and Medical Physics.  The specialty "Medical Physics" (with specializations in "Medical Radiation Physics" and "Medical Biophysics") has existed at the school since 2005. Students studying nuclear physics and medical physics study in different groups and attend different courses: nuclear physicists specialize in experimental nuclear physics, while medical physics students study biology and medical equipment in more detail.

Department of Applied Physics and Plasma Physics.

The Department of Plasma Physics was created in 1962 under the direction of Cyril Sinelnikov. The Department of General and Applied Physics was established in 1969 to conduct courses in general physics, electronics and engineering graphics. In 2012, the Department of Plasma Physics and the Department of General and Applied Physics were merged into the Department of Plasma Physics and Applied Physics.

The Department of Reactor Materials was established in 1962 on the initiative of the academician Victor Ivanov (KIPT director 1964-1980), who headed the department from 1962 to 1969. In 2012, it was merged with two other departments (the Department of Physical Technologies and the Department of Electrophysics and Radiation Technologies), and formed the Department of Reactor Materials and Physical Technologies.

Achievements.

The school's teams are perennial winners of the Ukrainian Physicists' Tournaments for University Students, outstripping all other physics schools in Ukraine. Three times, students of the school won the International Physicists' Tournament (in 2011, 2015 and 2017).

Traditions.

During the summer vacations after their 3rd year, student participate in summer practice, which includes lectures by local scientists, as well as excursions to KIPT and to laboratories of different departments of the school.  On Fridays, the seminar "Problems of Modern Physics" is held at the school (jointly with KIPT).  In August, before the beginning of the academic year, additional math classes for new freshmen are held, in which the school course of algebra and introductory calculus is rehearsed. The classes are organized and taught by undergraduate students of the school.  At the end of the fall semester, the "Day of Phystech" is held, which includes a concert prepared by the students themselves.  Young teachers and students of the school organize unofficial additional classes and seminars, usually held in the evening after the principal classes, and thus called "Evening Phystech".  "The Charitable Foundation of the Phystech Alumni" collects donations from alumni of the school, mostly the ones working outside Ukraine as scientists, and directs the money on different projects, mostly related to improving infrastructure of the school.

The School of Physics and Technology (abbreviated Phystech) is one of the four physics schools of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. It specializes in the fields of theoretical physics, nuclear physics, plasma physics, materials science and medical physics. Distinctive features of the school include close cooperation with the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, and fundamental theoretical training in style of the Landau school, to which many instructors of the faculty belong.


Biography.

Formation/Jade Tree Records (1995-2003).

Joan of Arc began as a band named Red Blue Yellow. They broke up after their first show, threw away all of their old material, and started afresh with new songs and a new name. Three months later, Joan of Arc had their first show at Autonomous Zone in Chicago. After two promising 7" singles, the band recorded their debut album "A Portable Model Of..." on the Jade Tree label.  "A Portable Model Of... " introduced JOA's signature sound: a fondness for stark acoustic songs combined with subtle electronics. The debut album also included some harder material and collaborations with former Cap'n Jazz guitarist and The Promise Ring singer Davey von Bohlen and Euphone's Ryan Rapsys, who would later drum for Owls following the departure of Mike Kinsella.  In 1998, Joan of Arc released "How Memory Works". The album included what would become a hallmark of Joan Of Arc's subsequent output: interludes of synthetic noises cut with vocal samples and off-beat instrumentation. As always, Kinsella's lyrics were cryptic and oblique, though the song 'This Life Cumulative' made reference to the media alienation of singer/songwriter Fiona Apple. Significant to this shift was the influence of member Jeremy Boyle, whose work with laptop and various software and hardware was a part of his broader multimedia artistic training at the University of Illinois-Chicago's School of Art and Design.  Following the departure of Mike Kinsella, Erik Bocek, and the addition of Todd Mattei, Joan Of Arc found themselves thrust unwillingly into the spotlight by the sudden success of a Jade Tree retrospective by Kinsella's former band Cap'n Jazz. Despite being heralded as a pioneer of a diverse genre known as 'emo' (a term rejected by Kinsella), Joan of Arc's next album was a reaction to this unwelcome classification. The songs on the album were slower and contained more spacious arrangements thanks to a newly found fondness for studio trickery. The album's artwork depicted recreated scenes from Jean-Luc Godard's 1967 film "Weekend". The release of "Live in Chicago" also marked the increasing media perception of Joan Of Arc as a 'difficult' band, an impression that would dog Kinsella in particular throughout the band's existence.  Negative critical reaction to Joan of Arc would become especially apparent after the release of "The Gap" in 2000. Completely eschewing past convention, JOA created one long ebbing piece of music, with only occasionally recognizable songs. This increasingly progressive studio-heavy approach — mostly of clattering, incidental percussion and background noise — found some favor among band loyalists, but baffled the music press. As a result, growing tensions within the group, indifference from their label, and a poorly-received follow-up EP led to Joan Of Arc's breakup. Tim Kinsella then formed a group called Owls, a reincarnation of the original Cap'n Jazz lineup. After recording the album with Steve Albini in 2001, the departure of Mike Kinsella and Victor Villareal led to the Owls' breakup. Left without a band once again, Tim Kinsella started working on songs for a solo album. After completing the album with help from Sam Zurick and Mike Kinsella, Tim Kinsella decided that since all three had played in Joan Of Arc, it should bear the name Joan of Arc. The album, much different from the conceptual madness of "The Gap", instead consisted of guitar-driven tracks with journal-like observation from Tim Kinsella. Heralded as a return to form, "So Much Staying Alive And Lovelessness" became the band's last on Jade Tree.  Later that year, Joan Of Arc released "In Rape Fantasy And Terror Sex We Trust" on Perishable Records, featured collaborations with Califone's Tim Rutili and Ben Massarella, and was produced by Califone. Although the songs had been recorded during the same sessions as "... Lovelessness", they were darker and more collage-based. According to the website AllMusic, on "In Rape Fantasy And Terror Sex We Trust" "Joan of Arc... once more surpassed themselves as artists".

Reformation/Polyvinyl (2004-2017).

To tour the albums in 2003, Tim Kinsella organised a new lineup including Bobby Burg, Nate Kinsella (Tim's cousin) and Sam Zurick, who would also double as his side-project Make Believe. After a live album recorded in Germany and a split EP with Bundini Brown (of Tortoise and Gastr Del Sol), the band assembled a huge team of collaborators for 2004's "Joan of Arc, Dick Cheney, Mark Twain" on Polyvinyl Records. This effort was largely well-regarded and a significant step forward for a new incarnation of Joan of Arc.  For the album "Presents Guitar Duets" (Polyvinyl Records), Tim Kinsella rounded up ten former members of Joan Of Arc and others like Tim Rutili. Each was paired off with a partner by pulling names from a hat. Each pair then had to record a guitar duet together, and the styles vary from standard acoustic plucking to droning, looped soundscapes. The track-names are identified only by the faces of the pair who play on the track.  In 2006 Joan of Arc released a compilation of rarities entitled "The Intelligent Design Of..." which compiles songs from singles, splits, and compilation released from the band's career up until that point. Shortly after Joan of Arc released "Eventually All at Once", which is largely acoustic, and features members that have been involved throughout the history of Joan of Arc, which was coupled with an EP entitled "Many Times I've Mistaken". This EP features two songs from Eventually All at Once but with full bands, and slightly differed arrangements, which continues to showcase the band's eclectic style. In 2007 the "Orchard Vale" soundtrack was released, which was another experimental release for the band, and is also directed by Kinsella.  In 2008 Joan of Arc Released "Boo! Human" on Polyvinyl Records. It is a more cohesive album than many of their others, and uses 14 musicians to help create this soundscape. The band's next effort, "Flowers", partially abandons the more straightforward song writing from Boo Human, and favors a more experimental setting. The next two releases were in the form of "Joan of Arc Presents..." which indicates an even more loose collective of people that create the album, while Tim Kinsella serves as chief instrumentalist and songwriter. One of the two, titled "Don't Mind Control", features songs from nearly every artist that is associated with Joan of Arc, and was couple with the Don't Mind Control showcase which featured many of the bands in a live setting.  "Oh Brother" featured an eclectic ensemble as well, but with the format of four nearly twenty-minute songs that form a collage of sound. In contrast to Joan of Arc's next release, "Life Like", these albums are completely different. "Life Like" marks a point of returning to basics of a sort, with a four-piece band, and is coupled with more regular touring than any recent incarnations of the band.

Present day.

In September 2010, Joyful Noise Recordings released a JOA 10-album complete cassette box set. Contained in this collection are the 10 full-length studio albums from JOA, beginning with 1997's "Portable Model Of" Jade Tree and ending with 2009's "Flowers" Polyvinyl.  Though JOA continued to release full-length LPs with Polyvinyl, Tim Kinsella began releasing his more bizarre, amorphous, experimental work through Joyful Noise Recordings, beginning in 2011 with "Oh Brother" described as a "combination of four distinct albums embarked upon but never completed by Joan of Arc," with collaborative personnel ranging from Zach Hill (Death Grips, Hella, Face Tat), Rob Lowe (Pinback, Goblin Cock) and others in a sprawling, ambient instrumental, double-LP.  Other solo & experimental work has work appearing on Joyful Noise Recordings, quickly followed including "Lightbox", "Joan of Arc Presents Joan of Arc", the self-titled album (known colloquially as the 'Elephant Man Album'), "Pinecone, Tim Kinsella Sings the Songs of Marvin Tate by Leroy Bach Featuring Angel Olsen" and other projects.  Kinsella was awarded an artist residency at Joyful Noise in 2015. His residency boxed-set included: "Issues EP", "Firecracker in a Box of Mirrors LP", Joan of Arc's Greatest Hits 7", "JOA 99" LP, "Hunky Dory TK", and the book "All Over and Over".  "Hunky Dory TK" was an electronic collage composed entirely of samples from David Bowie's classic, orchestral pop album, "Hunky Dory," performed as part of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago's 2015 exhibition "David Bowie Is".  In 2017, Joan of Arc released their full-length studio LP "He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land in His Hands" on Joyful Noise Recordings. Though provoking controversy or critical dismissal in some quarters, it is widely considered to be among JOA's most ambitious and most nearly fully realized "grand experiment."  In 2018, Joan of Arc released their 20th album, "1984". Unusually for a Joan of Arc album, Melina Ausikaitis stands in for Tim Kinsella as lead vocalist. "We were thinking of it as a [late period] Black Flag record, where Melina would sing a song, then the next song was a jam," said Kinsella, describing the structure and sequencing of the material appearing on the album.  In honor of the album's release, Joyful Noise Recordings produced a version of George Orwell's dystopian novel of the same name, "Nineteen-Eighty-Four", that substituted the names of the Joan of Arc band members for all of the major characters ("Winston Smith -> Tim Kinsella, O'Brien -> Bobby Burg, etc.") and set the story in Chicago (instead of London), posting the revision on 1984.com for a limited time.

Band members.

Current contributors Past contributors  Past contributors continued

Discography.

Studio albums  Live albums  EPs  7"/Singles/Splits

Joan of Arc is an American indie rock band from Chicago, Illinois named after the French saint Joan of Arc. They formed in 1995, following the breakup of Cap'n Jazz.


Personal life.

Mchangama's mother, Ulla Danstrøm, is Danish, and his father, Said Mchangama, is from Comoros. In 2016 he married his long-time partner, Sarah Hammeken. They have two children, Leopold and Norma.

Education and career.

In 2003, Mchangama received a law degree from the University of Copenhagen. In 2004, after studying in Venice and Strasbourg, he received an additional degree from the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation.  He was an assistant professor in International Human Rights at the University of Copenhagen from 2005 to 2007, and an adjunct professor there from 2007 to 2012.  From 2004 to 2007 he was a paralegal at Eversheds Sutherland. From 2007 to 2008 he was an attorney at Plesner (law firm). From 2008 to 2014 he was a chief legal counsel at CEPOS. He founded Justitia in 2014, and has been its director since then.

Writings and speeches.

Mchangama's writings have appeared in many publications, including the Danish newspapers Dagbladet Information and Berlingske, Minerva (Norwegian periodical), and the American journals National Review and Foreign Affairs. He has written on such subjects as the oppression of women in Islam, the 2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany, and the danger of laws against “hate speech,” blasphemy, and Quran-burning.  In August 2011, he contended that the European left was using the recent mass murder in Norway “to argue for limiting free speech” on the grounds that certain speech “can lead to murder.” Mchangama strongly challenged this premise.  In a February 2012 article, he maintained that “the combination of a debt crisis, an aging population addicted to public welfare benefits, one and a half decades of low growth rates, and increasing competition...is revealing the dark underbelly of welfarism” in Denmark. “It is not an overstatement,” he claimed, “to say that the balance between the state and the individual has been shifted decisively in favor of the state.” Because of a growing need for higher tax income, the Danish government was now harassing citizens in ways that violated their rights, and was dangerously skewing “the balance between public welfare and the free market...in favour of the former,” thus revealing the tendency of the welfare state to eat away at “the capitalist foundation which sustains it” and the fact that welfare ultimately “comes not only at the expense of economic freedom but also individual freedom and choice.”  In March 2013 Mchangama dismissed the “putative consensus” around UN Human Rights Council Resolution 16/18, which was seen as resolving divisions between free-speech advocates and those who would criminalize defamation of religion, as a “charade.” While the US saw the resolution as affirming First Amendment-style speech rights, Pakistan saw it as permitting “advocacy of religious hatred.” In the middle sat Europeans, who, Mchangama noted, were often eager to defend Islam from criticism. While praising the US for “standing firm on the need to counter intolerance and hatred through debate rather than censorship,” Mchangama called on the US to vigorously confront other interpretations of R 16/18.  A February 2015 essay on the 26th anniversary of the fatwa against Salman Rushdie criticized the widespread notion that “free speech should not be 'abused' to insult the religious convictions of minorities,” and cited a recent declaration by President Barack Obama that when “we defend the legal right of a person to insult another’s religion, we’re equally obligated to use our free speech to condemn such insults.” Mchangama challenged this view, pointing to a recent London protest by Muslims who “were perfectly happy to exercise their right to free speech and association” but whose “core message was that those very rights should be denied to those with whom they disagree, and that insult to religious feelings is a kind of extremism not too dissimilar from that of the murder of cartoonists.”  In a March 2, 2015, Wall Street Journal op-ed, Mchangama lamented the “long-running pattern” in Europe “of bending to Islamist 'outrage' instead of defending free speech for all.” He noted with dismay that Denmark's current prime minister, Helle Thorning Schmidt, had demanded in 2006 that then-Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen distance himself from the Jyllands-Posten cartoons, that the Danish newspaper Politiken had agreed to a 2010 settlement in which it apologized for offending Muslims by reprinting Muhammad cartoons, and that Denmark’s former minister of foreign affairs, Uffe Ellemann Jensen, had expressed no sympathy for cartoonist Lars Vilks after an attempt on his life, even saying that Vilks “had asked and begged to be attacked.” Mchangama warned against the rise of “offense creep,” whereby jihadists were being permitted to limit debate, and urged the democratic Western world to push back.  In April 2017, writing for The Washington Post, Mchangama called for Denmark to end its law banning blasphemy. He noted that, while Denmark ranked first in the 2016 "Rule of Law Index," the country shared a ban on blasphemy similar to that of countries like Iran and Pakistan.  Index on Censorship's publication featured a guest commentary by Mchangama in 2017. He criticized Denmark's blasphemy law, noting that "Denmark is turning towards a model of militant democracy where free speech is often seen as the problem rather than the solution, and as a hindrance rather than the foundation of social peace."  In October 2018, Quillette published a Mchangama article about the decline of free speech in cyberspace, pointing to recent policies changes by Facebook and Twitter, which had previously been strong advocates of free speech. He noted that these companies had previously adopted the American model 'viewpoint diversity' but then switched to the European model of "'balancing' free speech against competing interests". He noted the various inconsistencies in the application of such rules, such as the ban on denying the Holocaust while denying the Armenian genocide remains tolerated.  In December 2018, Mchangama wrote with alarm about the proposal by President Donald Trump that news and entertainment critical of him "should be tested in the courts." Mchangama wrote that "Trump’s constant attacks against the media may be eroding the very popular support" for the legal protection of free speech.  In support of his views, Mchangama has made numerous speeches and public appearances and given many interviews.  At the 2011 Oslo Freedom Forum Mchangama gave an address titled "The West's attack on free speech"."  In 2018, he was a guest on the podcast "The Fifth Column".  In October 2018, Spiked (magazine) interviewed Mchangama as his organization was instrumental in having the blasphemy law of the Republic of Ireland abolished by public referendum. Mchangama explained his motivation for focusing on freedom of speech: I grew up in one of the most liberal, tolerant societies in the world: Denmark. No one ever thought about free speech because it was just as natural as breathing the air. And then we had the cartoon crisis, which was the wake-up call for me. It has shaped both my interest in and understanding of free speech, not only because it was such a dramatic event but also because it dawned on me how vulnerable free speech is.  In 2019, he participated in a panel discussion at New York University titled "Hate speech on social media: is there a way to a more civil discussion".  Also that year, he delivered a presentation in London on the history of free speech at Living Freedom, sponsored by Battle of Ideas.

Clear and Present Danger podcast.

From February 2018 to February 2020, Mchangama wrote and narrated a serial podcast, "Clear and Present Danger: A History of Free Speech". Among those lauding the podcast is psychologist Steven Pinker, who wrote, "We mustn't allow free speech to fade into a feel-good slogan. It is an unintuitive principle with a rationale that many don't appreciate and a history that many don't know. Mchangama's lucid history of free speech fills that gap and deepens our understanding of this precious concept." Author Jonathan Rauch has said, "Free speech is the most successful social policy ever — and also the most counterintuitive. Jacob Mchangama's delightful podcast series paints vidid portraits of the lives, ideas, and struggles of the people who brought this improbable principle to life." In a review, podcast critic Elena Fernández Collins wrote approvingly: "Mchangama is an excellent historical guide, clear and precise, and with the right sense of drama when needed even though the episode has a practical focus rather than a theological or philosophical one. Interspersed throughout are expert opinion episodes, where Mchangama’s talent at guiding questions leads to a vibrant, insightful talk on a particular aspect of free speech."

Honors and awards.

Mchangama received the 2013 Freedom Prize from the political party Venstre (Denmark) for his involvement in the public debate about rights in Denmark and abroad. In his acceptance speech, Mchangama underscored that freedom and democracy do not come naturally, they need to be fought for as hard in a country like Denmark as in any other part of the world. “No one has won freedom by being silent,” he declared. He has also received the 2015 Jyllands-Posten Free Speech Award, and the 2017 Blixen Award for contributing to freedom of expression.In 2019 he received the Hoerups Debatpris from Politikken.

Jacob Mchangama (born 15 February 1978) is a Danish lawyer, human-rights advocate, and social commentator. He is the founder and director of Justitia, a Copenhagen-based think tank focusing on human rights, freedom of speech, and the rule of law. For six years he served as chief legal counsel at CEPOS.


Plot.

Elderly divorcé Anthony 'Tony' Webster runs a London camera shop and lives quietly. He receives a letter from the estate of Sarah Ford, the mother of his 1960s university girlfriend Veronica. To his surprise she has left him £500 and a diary, which is still with Veronica.  In flashback, we see that Tony's Sixth Form classmate, Robson, died from what many believed to be suicide after his girlfriend became pregnant. Tony's friend, the highly intelligent Adrian Finn, told their history teacher that in the absence of documentary evidence nobody will ever know the true reason for his suicide. Later, at the University of Bristol, Tony met Veronica, who introduced him to photography as a hobby. On a visit to her family, Veronica's attractive mother Sarah flirted with him but warned him "not to let Veronica get away with too much". As Tony left, Sarah gave him a horizontal wave at waist level. Tony was unsure if it was a flirtatious goodbye or a warning signal.  Veronica later broke up with Tony, having never had full sexual intercourse with him - until after their breakup. He received a letter from Adrian requesting his blessing for his new relationship with Veronica. At first he decided to respond positively, but then wrote an angry reply, writing of her being damaged and how even her mother had warned him about her, and wishing they would have a child which would pay for its parents' sins. He never heard back from either of them. Tony's two best friends from Sixth Form later informed him that Adrian, who had seemed happy and in love at first, had committed suicide. Tony believed that Veronica could have met Adrian through her brother Jack, who like Adrian studied at the University of Cambridge (but had previously told Tony he did not know Adrian), but they pointed out that Adrian and Veronica met through Tony.  In the present day, Tony tells his ex-wife Margaret about his relationship with Veronica for the first time. Tony reconnects with his two Sixth Form friends and they help him locate Veronica online. She is still angry at him, has burned Adrian's diary, which might have explained why he committed suicide, but hands him the angry letter he wrote to her and Adrian. Spying on Veronica, Tony sees her with an intellectually disabled middle-aged man who bears a striking resemblance to, and is called, Adrian. Tony learns that Adrian Jr. is not Veronica's son but her younger half-brother, and guesses he is the son of Adrian Sr and Sarah.  Tony's daughter Susie, whose pregnancy has been a subplot throughout the film, gives birth to a healthy boy. Tony writes to Veronica, apologising to her for what he did.

Production.

On 8 February 2015, it was announced that Ritesh Batra would next direct a drama for Origin Pictures and BBC Films, based on the Julian Barnes' novel "The Sense of an Ending", and scripted by Nick Payne. On 11 May 2015, Jim Broadbent was cast in the film for the lead role, which BBC Films and FilmNation Entertainment would be financing, and FilmNation also handling the international sales. David M. Thompson and Ed Rubin of Origin Pictures would finance the film. On 6 August 2015, an ensemble cast was announced including Charlotte Rampling, Harriet Walter, Emily Mortimer, Michelle Dockery, Billy Howle, Freya Mavor, and Joe Alwyn. Lipsync Productions would also co-finance the film along with BBC Films and FilmNation Entertainment. On 8 September 2015 CBS Films acquired the US distribution rights to the film.

Filming.

Principal photography on the film began on 8 September 2015 in London and Bristol. Filming lasted for seven weeks.

Release.

It had its world premiere at the Palm Springs International Film Festival on 2 January 2017. The film was released in the United States on 10 March 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2017.

Reception.

Box office.

"The Sense of an Ending" grossed $1.3 million in the United States and Canada and $3.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $4.5 million.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 76% based on 119 reviews, with an average rating of 6.42/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Anchored by a strong starring performance by Jim Broadbent, "The Sense of an Ending" proves consistently gripping even as it skims the narrative surface of its literary source material." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 61 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Sense of an Ending is a 2017 British-American mystery drama film directed by Ritesh Batra and written by Nick Payne, based on the novel of the same name by Julian Barnes. The film stars Jim Broadbent, Charlotte Rampling, Harriet Walter, Billy Howle, Emily Mortimer and Michelle Dockery.


Education.

Tlou graduated from Dillard University in 1974. In 2014 she was awarded an Honorary degree by her alma mater. Tlou studied at Teachers College, Columbia University, U.S., obtaining an M.A. in Education (concentrating in Curriculum and Instruction in the Health Sciences). She took her PhD in community health nursing and a diploma in gender issues, at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1990.

Career.

Tlou has taught at the University of Botswana from 1980. From 1994 to 1996 she was head of Nursing Education, becoming an associate professor in 1999, and 2002–04 she was the university's HIV/AIDS coordinator.  Tlou represented Botswana at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. In 2002 she was appointed to a special UN task force on girls, women, and HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. she has also provided consultancy to UNAIDS, the UN Commission on the Status of Women and the World Health Organization. She took part in the international community educator meetings for the HIV Vaccine Trials Network.  She has portrayed Precious Ramotswe, the heroine of Alexander McCall Smith's #1 Ladies' Detective Agency book series, in amateur theater productions, and at one time was mentioned in media reports as a possible choice to portray Mma Ramotswe in the Hollywood film adaptation currently in production.  Tlou is married to Botswana historian Professor Thomas Tlou.

Positions Held.

Following the October 2004 general election, Tlou was appointed as Minister of Health on November 9, 2004. After being defeated in primary elections of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) in Palapye, Tlou was dismissed from the Cabinet on April 1, 2008, when Ian Khama took office as President.

HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.

Much of Tlou's work focuses on gender issues and HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. Enabling women, particularly married women, in a patriarchal society to negotiate with their partner for safe sex has major consequences for HIV transmission. Tlou has worked with grassroots women's organisations and national campaigns to increase AIDS awareness in Botswana. She has also done a great deal of work in reducing the stigma of AIDS and helping HIV positive people cope with their lives.

Works.

Tlou is a co-editor of the comprehensive reference book for people working in the field of HIV/AIDS in Africa:  Selected other works:

Sheila Dinotshe Tlou is a Botswana nurse, specialist in HIV/AIDS and women's health, and a nursing educator. She was Minister of Health from 2004 to 2008.


Biography.

Poletti was born in Ravenna. In 1908 she attended the First National Congress of Women (Primo Congresso Femminile Nazionale) in Rome, where she met Sibilla Aleramo. The two women wshared the same feminist views and soon became involved in a passionate relationship. Excerpts of the topics discussed between them can be found in the edited letters and diary entries of Aleramo, who would go on to be one of Italy's leading feminists. Aleramo's writings to Poletti have, in more recent years, been studied due to their open-minded views toward same-sex relationships. While Aleramo was involved with Poletti she was also in love with a man, Giovanni Cena. Aleramo expressed in her letters to Poletti that she never felt guilt for having loved both of them at the same time. Poletti on her part had written to Giovanni saying that, by this passionate mélange, they were threatening Sibilla's mental health. Eventually Poletti was unable to persuade Aleramo to leave Cena and they ended their relationship after little more than a year.  In 1909 Poletti met and became involved with Eleonora Duse, at the time a popular stage actress. The two moved in together in a house located in Florence, Italy, where Poletti started working on a number of plays for Duse. Their affair was passionate but volatile, and after about two years Poletti ended the relationship. Duse was depressed for a time afterward.  Towards the end of her life, Poletti lived with the Countess Eugenia Rasponi, a noblewoman and ardent fellow feminist. Their relationship continued until the death of Rasponi in 1958. Poletti continued her literary and feminist activity until she passed away in 1971.

Lina Poletti (born Cordula Poletti, Ravenna, 27 August 1885 – Sanremo, 1971), was an Italian writer, poet, playwright and feminist. Often described as beautiful and rebellious, she was prone to wear men's clothing and is considered one of the first women in Italy to openly declare her lesbianism.