Early years.

Bryan Loren was born on Long Island, New York in 1966. He moved to South Philadelphia at a young age. Loren became interested in music at age 5 and began playing drums and other percussion instruments, eventually appearing on ten Michael Jackson albums as drummer and percussionist. Loren expanded his musical prowess becoming a multi-instrumentalist. He was able to play all of the instruments used for recording a complete album. Loren said that he remembers being influenced by the South Philly music scene; recalling "TSOP and Phila. International" and songwriting artists "Stevie Wonder, Steely Dan and Herbie Hancock" as specific inspiring examples.

Music career.

Loren began pursuing music professionally from a young age. He was able to compose music by age 12, was a professional session artist from age 15, and even signed his first recording contract at age 17.

As Bryan Hudson.

From 1981, Loren was a session musician at Alpha International Studios. While there, Loren recorded professionally under the tutelage of Nick Martinelli. He recorded with ensembles like Nona Hendrix, Tavares, and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes. His credits are as Bryan Hudson for all of his early musical contributions.

Fat Larry's Band.

Fat Larry's Band was the first band that Loren joined as a member. He played synthesizers, and recorded on their 1982 album "Breakin’ Out" and 1983's "Straight From the Heart". This is where Loren coined the nickname for his keyboard wizardry. The success of these recordings warranted a national album tour, but Loren was too young to join them on the road. He was replaced in the band, though he would record with Fat Larry's Band again; in 1986 for their album, "Nice".

Cashmere.

Loren was also a member of Cashmere where he composed music for the 1983 album, "Let the Music Turn You On". Loren provided backing vocals as well, showing himself as a talented vocalist. The owner of Alpha International Studios took notice of Loren's potential, offering him a solo recording contract with Philly World Records. Loren signed the contract, and began performing as Bryan Loren. This would endure as his professional name throughout the rest of his career.

As Bryan Loren.

In 1984, Loren released his self-titled debut on Philly World Records. The album featured two hit singles "Lollipop Luv", which peaked at number 23 on "Billboard" R&B chart, and "Do You Really Love Me", peaking at number 68. Loren performed and recorded all of the music and vocal tracks on the debut album; handling all executive production, mixing, and engineering for the initial release. The album, "Bryan Loren", was re-released in 2012 by BBR Records.  In 1992, Loren released a follow-up solo album on Arista Records called "Music from the New World". One song, "To Satisfy You", featured Michael Jackson on background vocals. According to an excerpt from Kit O'Toole's book, "Michael Jackson FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the King of Pop", Jackson passed on this song when presented by Loren during the "Dangerous" sessions, but agreed to sing backup when Loren kept the song for himself. This song was later renamed "Satisfy You" and covered by Damion Hall, a former member of the New Jack Swing group Guy, for his solo album "Straight to the Point" in 1994. His version also featured Chantè Moore. "Doesn't Mean That I Don't Love You" had a brief stint on Billboard as this album's only known single. It is also known, according to an upload on Loren's MySpace page, that "For You" was initially given to Janet Jackson during her Rhythm Nation 1814 sessions in 1989. Under the title "Work", the demo was eventually not used, despite its industrial-mechanical feel. "Music for the New World" was released commercially only in Japan, but peer to peer (P2P) sites like Napster and Audiogalaxy had the song files available for a brief moment after its release.

Collaborations.

Loren collaborated with other top recording artists including in 1990, when he produced, sung background vocals on, and co-wrote (along with an uncredited Michael Jackson) the song "Do the Bartman" from "The Simpsons Sing the Blues". Jackson was a fan of The Simpsons, and had agreed to write a song for the planned release of "The Simpsons Sing the Blues", but because he had recently signed a lucrative deal with Sony Records, giving them exclusivity in exchange for what The Guinness Book of Records recognized as the largest contract ever, reportedly worth $890 million, and the Simpsons album was being released on Geffen Records, Jackson chose to not be credited in any manner on the album. "Do the Bartman" became a number one hit in both the UK and New Zealand, reached number 2 in the Netherlands, and number 4 in Belgium. Though it was never released as a single in the US, it did spend nine weeks on "Billboard" airplay chart, peaking at number 11. Loren worked with Michael Jackson again, in 1991, on Jackson's album "Dangerous". He played drums, and other percussion instruments, on that album. He continued writing songs for other well known performers, including Whitney Houston's "Feels so Good", and producing music with other well known artists, Eric Benét, Barry White, and Sting.

Awards.

In 1990 Bryan Loren won the Sony Innovator's award in Sound as reported in July's issue of "Ebony". In giving the award, George Benson said of Loren: "Bryan's got the power of talent, his imagination will take him far." concluding with "We're betting on it."

Discography.

Studio albums

Bryan Loren Hudson (born May 5, 1966) is an American singer-songwriter, recording artist and record producer. Hudson is professionally known as Bryan Loren, although he started his music career using his given name, and has significant accomplishments credited as Bryan Hudson, and as well. When Hudson was offered a solo recording contract, he began professionally using Bryan Loren for his attributions. This became the moniker Loren used throughout his music career into the present day. Loren's credits include the number one single "Do the Bartman" (1990), and the number 23 R&B single "Lollipop Luv" (1984) and the smash hit single "Do You Really Love Me?" peaking at number 16 on the R&B charts. The latter stayed on the R&B chart for 17 weeks. In addition to Loren's success as a solo artist, he has also collaborated with superstar-performers such as Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston.


Biography.

Early life.

Kung was born during the late Qing dynasty into a prosperous banking and trading family in Taigu County, Shanxi Province, where he attended a mission school in spite of his family's doubts. He then attended North China Union College in Tongzhou, near Beijing, where he took courses in mathematics, physics and chemistry, subjects which were not offered in traditional Chinese schools. Upon hearing of the Boxer attacks, he returned to Taigu, but his family prevented him from leaving the house. After the Taiyuan Massacre, which included members of the Oberlin Band, he carried letters from several of the murdered missionaries to Beijing by hiding them between the layers of his cloth shoes. Returning to Taigu, by using the powers of the Boxer Indemnity, he distributed relief to the families of those killed, buried the dead, and confiscated the estate of a family which had supported the Boxers.  In the summer of 1901, Luella Miner, a missionary and Oberlin graduate, arranged for Kung to travel to Oberlin for further study. Upon landing in San Francisco, however, because of the Chinese Exclusion Act, Kung and his companion were locked up for several weeks before the Chinese Consul-General posted bond, and they were then not allowed to go to Oberlin for another year. Their railway passage took them into Canada, but only by strong intervention from an Ohio Congressman were they allowed to re-enter the United States. Kung graduated from Oberlin in 1906, then proceeded to take a master's degree in economics from Yale University.  After completing his education abroad, Kung returned to his home province in China. During the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, Kung mobilized forces in support of Yan Xishan, helping Yan to overthrow the authority of the Qing imperial government in Shanxi. After 1911, Kung became one of Yan's most trusted advisors, and Yan was soon recognized as the military governor of Shanxi by Yuan Shikai, and effectively controlled Shanxi until 1949, when the Communists took control of mainland China. Kung's influence on Yan's thinking from 1911 onward was significant, and was a major factor in Yan's subsequent determination to modernize Shanxi. The reforms that Yan subsequently conducted won Yan widespread acclaim, and Shanxi gained a reputation during the Warlord Era as being the "Model Province".  After 1911, Kung helped to establish Ming Hsien, a complex of Christian schools in Taigu on the land Kung had acquired through the Boxer Indemnity. Kung became principal, and married Han Yu-mei, a fellow graduate of the North China Union College, who died of tuberculosis. In 1913, he met Soong Ai-ling, one of the Soong sisters, and married her the following year. Supporters in Oberlin established the Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association, to which Kung made regular and substantial contributions.  In 1922, Shanxi experienced a serious famine. Kung worked closely with the American Red Cross and missionary organizations like American Mission Board and the China International Famine Relief Commission to deliver relief supplies and to improve Shanxi's infrastructure to make the delivery of relief easier. According to foreign members of the Famine Relief Commission, the collective efforts of all involved were successful in preventing what otherwise would have been an "appalling calamity", and by 1923 conditions in Shanxi returned to normal.

Minister in the Nationalist government.

Kung was an early supporter of Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party), including early leaders such as Wang Jingwei. He developed close family ties. His wife was a sister of Soong Tse-ven. Soong Ching-ling, another sister, married Sun Yat-sen in 1915 and Chiang Kai-shek became Kung's brother-in-law in 1927 when he married Soong Mei-ling. The Soong sisters and their husbands had the reputation of being one of the Four Big Families of the time.  Kung began his career in the Nationalist government of the Republic of China as Minister of Industry, holding this position from 1927-1928 in the Wuhan Nationalist Government, led by Wang Jingwei during the Northern Expedition as a leftist rival to Chiang's faction. After the fall of Wang's government, Kung served as the Minister of Industry and Commerce from 1928-1931 in the Nanking Government, and later as the Minister of Finance, from 1933–1944. Kung was Governor of the Central Bank of China from 1933–1945. In 1927 one of his first acts in government was to balance the national budget. To raise the capital required, Kung increased the taxes on cigarettes by 50%. Several Shanghai cigarette factories protested against these taxes with shutdowns. Kung also threatened to increase the salt tax by 28%.  Kung joined the central executive committee of the KMT in 1931. He served as Premier of the Republic of China from 1 January 1938 – 20 November 1939. Kung then served as the Vice-Premier of the Executive Yuan, from 1935-1945. Kung served as China's Chief Delegate to the International Monetary & Financial Conference in 1944, where he signed the Bretton Woods Accord during the Bretton Woods Conference at the Mount Washington Hotel, in New Hampshire, United States. This conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group.  After his move to the central government, Kung continued to advocate for good relations between Chiang Kai-shek and Yan Xishan. Yan's opposition to Chiang during the 1930 Central Plains War caused Yan to formally retire from all positions of leadership in Shanxi, and to flee to Dalian. Kung's tireless advocacy for Yan within the central government was successful, as Chiang allowed Yan to return to Shanxi in 1931. Chiang clearly recognized Yan as the "de facto" ruler of Shanxi by 1934.  In 1934, Kung stated, in response to the American "nationalization of silver", that "We also would like to nationalize silver but for China this is impossible because our Government is hampered by extraterritorial treaties. We do not want the price to skyrocket, for silver is vital to our national life."

Diplomacy with Axis powers.

In 1937, as the Minister of Finance of the Republic of China, Kung and two other KMT officials visited Germany and were received by Adolf Hitler on June 13. Hitler told Kung, "I understand that people in China think the Soviet Union is their friend. But from our talk I understand that you, Herr Doktor, realize the danger of Communist doctrines." Kung also convinced Hitler to cancel a scheduled speech at a Nazi conference by Prince Chichibu, the Japanese Emperor's brother. Kung said, "I was able to make Hitler understand that Japan wanted to dominate the world... I was able to make Hitler think twice before getting too close to Japan." While he was in Germany, Kung stated his "deep satisfaction" with Hitler.  Hitler, Hermann Göring and Hjalmar Schacht bestowed upon Kung an honorary degree, and attempted to open China's market to German exports. Hitler, Göring, and Schacht earmarked for Chinese students 100,000 reichsmarks for studying in Germany after they persuaded an industrialist to set aside the money for that purpose. Kung, in favor of commercial credits, refused an international loan offer by Hitler.  Kung also met Hjalmar Schacht while in Germany. Schacht told him that "German-Chinese friendship stemmed in good part from the hard struggle of both for independence." Kung said, "China considers Germany its best friend... I hope and wish that Germany will participate in supporting the further development of China, the opening up of its sources of raw materials, the upbringing of its industries and [its] means of transportation."  Kung also visited U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Italian leader Benito Mussolini in 1937. Kung said, "I thought Mussolini was doing great things for Italy... We got along well. I thought he would be a good ally of our Government."

During the Second Sino-Japanese War.

By the time of the Second Sino Japanese War (1937–45), Kung had achieved a reputation as an exceptionally powerful and manipulative figure within the Nationalist government, sometimes in alliance with his brother-in-law, Soong Tse-ven and his sister-in-law, Soong Mei-ling, and sometimes in rivalry with them. By the time the Nationalist government had moved to Chongqing, Kung was running his own secret service. Zhou Enlai, while serving as the Communist Party's ambassador to the KMT in Chongqing, was notably successful in gaining the confidence of Kung's advisor, Hu Egong, allowing Zhou to conduct his intelligence work more efficiently.  In January 1938, Kung, a 75th-generation descendant of Confucius, greeted his relative, Kung Te-cheng, who was also a descendant of Confucius, after Kung Te-cheng had fled to Hankou after the Japanese invasion of Shandong. After Kung Te-cheng fled, the Japanese blew up his residence on Mount Tai. "TIME" magazine addressed Kung Te-cheng by the title "Duke Kung", and referred to his residence as the "ducal seat".  After a string of Japanese mishaps in 1938, Kung gave a radio address in which he stated that "God is helping China!" Kung's radio speech came after reports that a Japanese attempt to seize Hankou had failed; and, with constant Chinese guerrilla activity, Chinese forces had seized territory captured by Japan.  In 1944, Kung gave a speech at China House in New York with one of Mencius's direct descendants, Meng Chih. Both were alumni of American universities.  After the KMT retreated to Taiwan in 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War, Kung moved to the United States. He died in 1967 in Locust Valley, New York.

Personal life.

Kung had a habit of smoking stogies. "TIME" magazine claimed that Kung smoked "15 Havana cigars" a day. He was a Christian.  Kung was a 75th generation descendant of Confucius, as indicated by the generation name "hsiang" (祥; "xiáng"). Kung's father was (; 1861–1911), a 74th generation descendant of Confucius, indicated by the generation name "fan" (繁; "fán").  Kung first married Han Yu-mei in 1910, but she died in 1913. In 1914, Kung married his second wife, Soong Ai-ling, the eldest of the Soong sisters. Kung and Soong had two sons and two daughters:  The children all have the generation name "ling" (令; "lìng") in their names to indicate that they are 76th generation descendants of Confucius.  The Kung family residential compound, a well-preserved example of mid-Qing dynasty architecture, is now a tourist attraction in Taigu County, Shanxi.

Kung Hsiang-hsi (; September 11, 1881 – August 16, 1967), often known as Dr. H. H. Kung, was a Chinese banker and politician in the early 20th century. He married Soong Ai-ling, the eldest of the three Soong sisters; the other two married President Sun Yat-sen and the later President Chiang Kai-shek. Together with his brother-in-law, Soong Tse-ven, he was highly influential in determining the economic policies of the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government of the Republic of China in the 1930s and 1940s.


Publication history.

It was later ported to Mega Drive in 1991 by Realtime Games Software. Designed by Damon Slye, the game is a 3D vehicle simulation of the M1 Abrams tank. The port from MS-DOS to Sega Genesis was performed by Realtime Games Software Ltd in the UK using their own 3D games engine that was earlier used in Carrier Command with some tweaks to adapt it to the Genesis and the needs of the tank scenario.

Gameplay.

Although the simulation depicts the four crew positions, and is advertised as a simulation, gameplay is not actually very realistic; the missions are arcade game-like with a fixed sequence of actions to perform. The graphics were very good for their time, but reviews are mixed, with many players enjoying the "fun factor" introduced by the lack of realism, and others decrying it for the same reason.

Reception.

In 1989, "Dragon" gave the MS-DOS version of the game 3 out of 5 stars. "Computer Gaming World" gave the game two and a half stars out of five, stating that "Abrams Battle Tank" was a good game but a poor simulation. The magazine cited the commanding officer's briefings, at one point threatening failure with execution, as unprofessional and offensive to military personnel. In a 1994 survey of wargames the magazine gave the title two out of five stars, stating that newer games had superseded it and criticizing the simulation of a single tank instead of a company or squad. "Compute!" agreed that the game was not very realistic, but advised players to "accept the game as a graphically excellent, tactically complex simulation".  In 1994, "PC Gamer US" named "Abrams Battle Tank" the 50th best computer game ever.

Abrams Battle Tank, M-1 Abrams Battle Tank for the Sega version, is a computer game developed by Dynamix and published by Electronic Arts in 1988 for MS-DOS.


History.

Formation.

Jefferson County was formed from Berkeley County in 1801 because the citizens of southeastern Berkeley county felt they had to travel too far to the county seat of Martinsburg. Charles Washington, the founder of Charles Town and brother to George Washington petitioned for a new county to be formed. It was named for Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States. Virginia previously had a Jefferson County, which is now part of Kentucky. Accordingly, in the State records of Virginia, there are listings for Jefferson County from 1780–1792 and Jefferson County from 1801–1863, neither of which is still in Virginia.

John Brown Rebellion.

The county's courthouse was the site of the trial for the abolitionist John Brown after his October 1859 raid on the federal armory in Harpers Ferry. Some 90 U.S. Marines serving under then Army Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenants J.E.B. Stuart and Israel Green put down the rebellion.  Brown was sentenced to death for murder, treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, and conspiring with slaves to rebel. On 2 December 1859 John Brown was taken from the Charles Town jail a short distance to an open field and hanged. Among those attending the Brown execution was a contingent of 1500 cadets from Virginia Military Institute sent by the Governor of Virginia Henry A. Wise under the supervision of Major William Gilham and Major Thomas J. Jackson. In the ranks of a Richmond militia company stood John Wilkes Booth.

Civil War.

The county was a frequent site of conflict during the civil war, as Union and Confederate lines moved back and forth along the Shenandoah Valley. Some towns in the county changed hands between the Union and Confederacy over a dozen times, including Charles Town, and especially Harpers Ferry.  Jefferson County is the only part of modern-day West Virginia not exempted from the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation (as Berkeley County and the 48 counties designated as West Virginia had been). Slaves in the county were legally free as of January 1, 1863.  The Jefferson County Courthouse is the only courthouse in America to have held two treason trials: the trial of John Brown in 1859 and a trial arising from the Battle of Blair Mountain labor rebellion.

Joining West Virginia.

Both Berkeley and Jefferson counties had voted for secession in the vote taken on May 23, 1861. However, these counties lying on the Potomac River in the Shenandoah Valley, with the consent of the Reorganized Government of Virginia voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia in 1863 in a dubious election supervised by the occupying Union Army. Virginia tried to nullify this after the American Civil War, but the counties remained part of West Virginia.  The question of the constitutionality of the formation of the new state was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States in the following manner: Berkeley and Jefferson County, West Virginia, counties lying on the Potomac east of the mountains, in 1863, with the consent of the Reorganized Government of Virginia, had supposedly voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia. However, many voters were absent in the Confederate Army when the vote was taken and they refused to accept the transfer upon their return. The Virginia General Assembly repealed the Act of Secession and in 1866 brought suit against West Virginia, asking the Supreme Court to declare the counties still part of Virginia. Congress, on March 10, 1866, passed a joint resolution recognizing the transfer. In 1871, the U.S. Supreme Court decided "Virginia v. West Virginia", upholding the "secession" of West Virginia, including Berkeley and Jefferson counties, from Virginia. In 2011, West Virginia state delegate Larry Kump sponsored legislation to allow Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson counties to rejoin Virginia by popular vote.

County subdivisions.

In 1863, West Virginia's counties were divided into civil townships, with the intention of encouraging local government. This proved impractical in the heavily rural state, and in 1872 the townships were converted into magisterial districts. Jefferson County was initially divided into five townships, which became magisterial districts in 1872: Averill, Bolivar, Chapline, Grant, and Shepherd. In 1873, Averill District was renamed "Middleway", Chapline became "Potomac", and Grant District became "Charlestown". Two additional districts, Harpers Ferry and Osburn, were created during the 1870s. In the 1880s, Bolivar District was annexed by Harpers Ferry; Potomac and Shepherd were consolidated into Shepherdstown District, and Osburn was renamed "Kabletown".

Rural Free Delivery.

In October 1896, Jefferson County became the first county in the United States to begin Rural Free Delivery service in the towns of Halltown and Uvilla.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.0%) is water. It is the only West Virginia county where the Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah River can be found as referenced in West Virginia's state song, "Take Me Home, Country Roads" by John Denver. The lowest point in the state of West Virginia is located on the Potomac River (just east of Harpers Ferry) in Jefferson County, where it flows out of West Virginia and into Maryland.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 42,190 people, 16,165 households, and 11,315 families residing in the county. The population density was 201 people per square mile (78/km). There were 17,623 housing units at an average density of 84 per square mile (32/km). The racial makeup of the county was 91.02% White, 6.09% Black or African American, 0.60% Asian, 0.28% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. 1.74% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.  There were 16,165 households out of which 31.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.90% were married couples living together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.00% were non-families. 23.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the county, the population was spread out with 23.90% under the age of 18, 10.00% from 18 to 24, 29.90% from 25 to 44, 25.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.40 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $44,374, and the median income for a family was $51,351. Males had a median income of $35,235 versus $26,531 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,441. About 7.20% of families and 10.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.40% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 53,498 people, 19,931 households, and 13,971 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 22,037 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 87.6% white, 6.6% black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.8% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 25.9% were German, 17.3% were English, 12.1% were Irish, and 6.6% were American.  Of the 19,931 households, 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 29.9% were non-families, and 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07. The median age was 38.9 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $65,603 and the median income for a family was $77,185. Males had a median income of $54,959 versus $36,782 for females. The per capita income for the county was $29,733. About 4.4% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Jefferson County has been a Republican-leaning county in the 21st century. However, since 2008, it has rivaled Monongalia County (home to West Virginia University) as the most Democratic part of the state, likely due to its status as an exurban county of Washington, DC. For much of the 20th century, the county trended strongly Democratic due to historical sympathies for Confederate Virginia. In contrast to its rock-ribbed Unionist and Republican Eastern Panhandle sister Morgan County, Jefferson did not vote Republican until Dwight D. Eisenhower won by twenty-seven votes in 1956, and afterwards voted Republican only in the 1972 and 1984 landslides, and in 1988.

Jefferson County is located in the Shenandoah Valley and is the easternmost county of the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census the population was 53,498. Its county seat is Charles Town. The county was founded in 1801, and today is part of the Washington metropolitan area.


Plot.

The movie starts at what seems like a small house in a natural setting. Mickey walks out the door and says, "Oh boy! What a day!" Then, he pulls a lever and walks inside. The house is converted into a trailer (with the natural setting in the shape of a giant hand fan revealed to be a city dump) and Goofy's car is released from the side. Then, Goofy starts driving through the countryside while Mickey makes dinner-like breakfast (corn on the cob, baked potatoes, watermelon, coffee, and milk). Meanwhile, Donald can't wake up, even when his alarm clock rings and pulls off his blanket. Thanks to a secret controlboard, Mickey manages to rouse him for a machine-assisted bath, but he sees birds and tries to swat them with the towel. Later, the bath is converted into a dining area.  When Mickey rings the dinner bell, Goofy foolishly leaves the driver's seat - while the car and trailer are still in motion and without stopping - for breakfast, in which it drives through a closed road. After several mishaps during the meal, eventually having popcorn for breakfast, Goofy notices that no one is in the driver's seat and accidentally and unknowingly unhitches the trailer in his panic to resume driving and goes on his way. The trailer rolls downhill on an epic runaway adventure, nearly crashing into a truck and two trains and is a wreck on the inside (but okay on the outside) by the time it's miraculously rehitched to the car. Unaware of the dramatic events, Goofy, who was singing ""She'll Be Coming Around the Mountain When She Comes"" while driving down the hill, says in the end, "Well, I brought you down, safe and sound."

Home video.

A Fisher-Price version of the movie (and silent), was released for the Movie Viewer in 1974, and lasted until 1979. The short can be found on the "Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Living Color Volume 1" disc 2 and on the "Walt Disney's Classic Cartoon Favorites Extreme Adventure Fun" Volume 7, as well as the 1998 "The Spirit of Mickey Mouse" VHS. It was re-released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital on the 2018 "Celebrating Mickey" compilation.

Legacy.

This cartoon was later adapted into a "Mickey Mouse" comic strip story titled "The Unhappy Campers" in which they replaced Donald with Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse and Pluto. This was because Donald was not a character in the "Mickey Mouse" strip at the time.  The film is also part of the Christmas show "From All of Us to All of You".  The film was also incorporated into the 1983 film "The Outsiders."

Mickey's Trailer is a 1938 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The cartoon stars Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy on a near disastrous road trip in a travel trailer. It was directed by Ben Sharpsteen and features the voices of Walt Disney as Mickey, Clarence Nash as Donald, and Pinto Colvig as Goofy. Animators include Ed Love, Louie Schmitt, Johnny Cannon, Don Patterson, Clyde Geronimi, Tom Palmer, Frenchy de Trémaudan and Cy Young. Pete makes a cameo in this cartoon where he is seen driving a truck during the "Runaway Trailer" sequence featuring Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. This cartoon was released a year after "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". It was the 100th short in the "Mickey Mouse" film series to be released, and the second for that year.


Early years.

Acie Law IV was born in Dallas, Texas, USA to Acie and Dolores Law. He was named for his great-grandfather (Acie Law, Sr.), whom he never met; his grandfather (Acie Law, Jr.), who died in 1997 after suffering a heart attack from the excitement of watching a boxing match with young Acie IV; and his father, Acie III, who played point guard at Xavier University. Law has an older brother and two younger sisters. Law is the great-nephew of Chicago Cubs great Ernie Banks. Law has a tattoo on his right arm that reads "Lord's Favorite Lawman," and one on his left arm that is from Psalms 91 and 93. Law was recruited by the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, University of Connecticut, University of Texas at Austin and Georgia Tech. In order to stay close to home, and because he wanted to have an immediate impact, Law chose to play for Texas A&M under Coach Melvin Watkins.

High school and college career.

Kimball High School.

As a junior at Kimball High School in Dallas, Law led his team to a 29–7 record and the state Class 5A championship game, averaging 17.8 points per game and 6.0 assists. Law's team lost the state championship game when the other team's point guard, Chris Ross of San Antonio John Jay High School, made a shot from half-court at the buzzer as time expired. Law's performance was enough to earn him all-state honors, as well as district Most Valuable Player. Law also had the distinction of being the only junior to be named to "The Dallas Morning News" All-Area Team.  Despite a broken wrist that caused Law to miss the first part of his senior season, his performance in the sixteen remaining games in the school's season earned him first-team Class 5A all-state honors. In those sixteen games, Law averaged 16.6 points per game (19.5 ppg in district play) and 6.5 assists per game. In the Texas State High School All-Star Game Law scored 35 points, leading his team to victory.

Texas A&M University.

First year.

Although the Aggies were an undeveloped team during Law's first year and failed to win a single conference game, Law's performance stacked up well against his fellow conference players. As a freshman, Law started 12 of the team's 27 games, including 10 of the last 11. With an assist-to-turnover ratio of 2.00, Law ranked fourth in the Big 12 Conference, and was the leading freshman in the conference. His average 3.9 assists per game ranked eighth in the conference.  Law averaged 7.5 points and 2.1 rebounds per game, and by the final ten games of the season Law was averaging double-digit points. In his two best games of the year, Law scored a then-career-high 19 points against Tennessee and put up 18 points against Grambling.

Second year.

Following the 2003–2004 season, Coach Melvin Watkins was replaced by UTEP coach Billy Gillispie, who came to the school insisting that the Aggies could win in basketball. Gillispie's intense coaching style was very different from that of Watkins, and after an initial two-week boot camp Law seriously considered transferring to a different school. After seeing a video of UTEP's NCAA trip the year before Law decided that he wanted to experience that feeling too, and committed to staying at A&M.  Law's commitment paid off, as under Gillispie the team improved from 7–21 to 21–10, winning half of their conference games and earning an invitation to the NIT. Law started in 30 games, earning a spot on the Big 12's All-Improved Team as well as honorable-mention All-Big 12 honors. He completed 49.3% of his shots from the field, 38.4% of three's (28 of 73) and converted 71.6% of his free-throw shots. With a team best 153 assists, Law ranked third in the Big 12.  Law scored in double figures in 20 games, including four games where he earned over twenty points. With the help of his 24 points and six assists, the team beat then Number 9 Texas. In his best game of the season, against Houston, Law earned nine assists and scored 25 points, making all twelve of his free throw shots. Against Missouri, Law scored 11 points and a then-career-high 14 assists, one shy of the school record. Law also cemented the team's victory against Penn State, making the winning free throws with 11 seconds left in a 62–60 win.

Junior year.

As a junior, Law became one of only four players in A&M history to reach 1000 career points with 300 assists and 100 steals. He led the team in scoring, averaging 16.1 overall and 17.3 points in Big 12 play, with 3.4 rebounds and 4.0 assists. In games that Law had at least 5 assists, the team was 10–2.  Law also set an A&M record in Big 12 play, scoring 35 points and earning seven steals in a game against Oklahoma State. After making the game-winning three-pointer at the buzzer to beat the Texas Longhorns 46–43, Law was named Big 12 Player of the Week. With his ranking among the top 10 players in the Big 12 in scoring, assists, steals, and field goal percentage, several newspapers named Law to their first-team All-Big 12 teams.  With Law's help, the Aggies earned a spot in the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 1987. In their first round match-up against Syracuse, the Aggies won, with Law contributing 23 points. The Aggies appeared poised to reach the Sweet 16 when, with 18 seconds left in their second-round game against LSU, Law hit a jumper, giving the Aggies a 57–55 lead. The dream was dashed fifteen seconds later, however, when Darrel Mitchell made a three-point shot to win the game for LSU.

Senior year.

Shortly after beginning play in the 2006–2007 season, the Aggies reached Number 6 in the rankings, the highest rank the school had ever achieved. The team had their best start since opening 16–2 in the 1959–1960 season, as well as their best conference opening since the inception of the Big 12.  On February 1, 2007, Law was named one of the seventeen finalists for the Bob Cousy Award, presented annually to the nation's top collegiate point guard. He went on to win the award.  In a historic moment on February 3, 2007, Law's Aggies became the first Big 12 South team (in 32 attempts) to ever beat the then-Number 6 Kansas Jayhawks at Allen Fieldhouse. Kansas led for much of the game, but Law scored 10 of A&M's final 13 points to ensure the victory for the Aggies, and Big 12 Player of the Week honors for himself. Two days later the team beat then-Number 25 Texas, their twenty-first straight home win, making them the sole leader of the Big 12. Although forced to leave the game for three minutes after hitting the floor hard and injuring his leg, Law earned 21 points and a school-record 15 assists in the 100–82 victory over their archrivals. Following the team's win over Texas, Law was named the Sports Illustrated Player of the Week.  Law again proved his ability to make plays that matter in the Aggies' second game against Texas on February 28, 2007. Playing all 50 minutes during the Aggies' double-overtime 98–96 loss, Law scored a season-high 33 points, with 5 assists and five turnovers. His three pointer at the end of regulation tied the game, sending the teams into overtime. Another three-pointer with 26 seconds left in the first overtime again tied the game, leading to a second overtime. Fouled at the end of the second overtime so that he would not be able to rescue the Aggies with another last-second three-pointer, Law deliberately missed his second free throw in the hopes that the Aggies could recover the ball and score again. Law's outstanding season earned him the honors of being on the AP 1st Team All American squad. He also made Dick Vitale's 1st Team All American squad as players such as Arron Afflalo of UCLA, Alando Tucker of Wisconsin, and Nick Fazekas of Nevada did.  Although the Aggies were the number two seed for the Big 12 Conference Tournament, they played poorly in their first game in the quarterfinals of the tournament and were eliminated in a loss to Oklahoma State. Law had only ten points on five-for-twelve shooting.  On Selection Sunday, however, the Aggies were rewarded for their regular-season play with a Number 3 seed in the South region of the 2007 NCAA Tournament. In their first-round game against Penn, Law had a game-high 20 points despite completing only six of fifteen shots. The Aggies won 68–52 to advance to the second round of the tournament.  Exhibiting his trademark poise in front of an unfriendly crowd during a tough second-round game against Louisville, Law again provided a number of big shots. Hitting 13 of his 15 free-throw attempts, he ended the game with 26 points, including the final two points of the game. The Aggie's 72–69 victory earned them a berth in the Sweet 16 for the first time since 1980. In a show of good sportsmanship, Law spent time after the game consoling disappointed Louisville freshman Edgar Sosa, complimenting him on his performance. On March 22, however, Law and his teammates faced the #2 seed Memphis Tigers. The score was close throughout and Law had a chance to put A&M up by three on a break away lay up that he missed with just a few seconds to play. The Aggies lost in a narrow contest 65–64, ending his collegiate career.  Acie Law was the first Texas Aggie to be unanimously selected to the All-Big 12 first team, and was named to both the ESPN.com and "Sports Illustrated" five-man first-team All-American teams. He was also named Big 12 Player of the Year by the "Dallas Morning News".

Professional career.

Atlanta Hawks (2007–2009).

On June 28, 2007, Law was taken 11th overall in the 2007 NBA Draft by the Atlanta Hawks. He was the first college senior selected in that draft. He got his first NBA start on November 6, 2007, when the Hawks played the New Jersey Nets Although his college jersey read "Law IV" on the back, his NBA jersey just reads "Law," though he wears the number 4.  In his rookie season, Law averaged 4.2 points and 2.0 assists, and made 20.6% of his three-point attempts as well as 40% of his field goal shots. He missed ten games due to a right ankle sprain.  In the 2008 summer preseason, Law made the All-Revue summer league first team, along with four other players. He averaged 16.2 points, 3.6 assists, and 2.2 rebounds, leading the Hawks to a 4–2 record. He ranked sixth in scoring and sixth in assists overall.

Golden State Warriors (2009).

On June 25, 2009, Law was traded to the Golden State Warriors along with Speedy Claxton for Jamal Crawford.

Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2010).

On November 16, 2009, Law was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats along with Stephen Jackson in exchange for Raja Bell and Vladimir Radmanović.

Chicago Bulls (2010).

On February 18, 2010, Law was traded to the Chicago Bulls along with Ronald Murray in exchange for Tyrus Thomas.

Memphis Grizzlies (2010).

On August 5, 2010, Law signed a one-year contract with the Memphis Grizzlies. He was released by the Grizzlies on December 4, 2010, after appearing in 11 regular season games for Memphis.

Return To The Golden State Warriors (2010–2011).

On December 9, 2010, Law signed with the Golden State Warriors.

Europe.

In July 2011, Law signed a one-year contract with the Serbian team Partizan Belgrade of the ABA League.  In January 2012, Law joined Olympiacos Piraeus of the Greek Basket League until the end of the season. In the summer of 2012, he re-signed with Olympiacos. With Olympiacos, he won the EuroLeague 2012 and 2013 championships, as well as the 2011–12 Greek League championship. Law was then unable to finish the 2013–14 season, due to a knee injury. He played his last game in his professional career on December 29, 2013, in a Greek League game against KAOD. In June 2014, he parted ways with Olympiacos.

Post playing career.

After he retired from playing professional basketball, Law reunited with Gillispie and became a volunteer assistant coach in 2015 at Ranger College, a junior college nearly two hours away from Dallas. He then started working as a college basketball analyst for Texas A&M fan site "TexAgs".

Shooting style.

While in junior high, Law broke his right hand during basketball practice. In order to continue to compete, the naturally right-handed Law taught himself to shoot the basketball with his left hand. After recovering from his injury, Law was able to shoot with either hand, but as of 2007 still primarily relied on his left hand to shoot from a long distance. His left-handed jump shots are unusual, however, because the ball has hardly any spin, instead flying straight into the basket. After much examination, Texas A&M coach Billy Gillispie realized that this is because Law uses his right thumb when he shoots, negating the spin. To help improve his form, Gillispie ordered Law to tape his right thumb against his hand in practice and try shooting without it. Law was unable to make the shots, and Gillispie quickly decided not to intervene further.

Personal life.

Law was the great nephew of late Chicago Cubs legend Ernie Banks.

Acie Law IV (born January 25, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. In his four seasons at Texas A&M University, Law scored 1,653 points and was credited with 540 assists. Nicknamed "Captain Clutch" for his ability to take over the game late, Law is well known among Texas A&M Aggie basketball fans for "The Shot," his buzzer-beating 3-pointer to beat the arch-rival Texas Longhorns at Reed Arena on March 1, 2006, as well as for his play in the Aggies' 69–66 upset win against Kansas on February 3, 2007. Due to his contributions to Texas A&M, the Texas A&M athletic department hung Law's No. 1 jersey on the rafters in Reed Arena. He became the first Aggie in any sport to have the honor.


Setting.

The fae of this world believe that they woke from the formless mists before humanity, and as such are and have always been the rulers of the world.  Differences between the fae began to develop early. There are three types in the game: the firstborn, sprung full-grown from the Mists; the inanimae, who formed from the interaction of the mists with the natural world (who resemble elemental nature spirits); and changelings, who may be either human children raised in faerie, or fae children raised by humans.  They are further divided by courts, which are their basic philosophies which guide their reactions to the world around them. The Spring Court is a fractious gathering that values change as an ideal in itself; the Summer Court holds traditionalists with high values of honor and precedent; the Autumn Court is most interested in learning and study of the world around them, particularly, in these days, humans; and the Winter Court is a loose alliance of monsters and bugbears, creatures that "go bump in the night," and prey on the weak. Solstice Court fae either failed to be accepted into one of the other courts or rejected them, and hold a variety of viewpoints.  When these conflicting points of view arose among the fae, it inevitably led to war. Not desiring to destroy the world, they distanced themselves from it to fight their battles, leaving it (temporarily) in human hands. Humans swore Oaths of Gold to them, to hold the lead and act as stewards. After many long years of battle, a truce was declared, and the fae have come back for their lands.  But humans have forgotten their oaths, and are not interested in giving the world back. They have changed and solidified it, and they have gained powerful weapons in faith and religion to drive away the fae and keep these lands. These are called Echoes, and they may take the form of any of the traditional prescriptions against faeries: bells, clothes worn inside out, iron, crosses, etc.  The fae themselves have mostly forgotten how to make oaths of great power, and are generally reduced to smaller vows with one human or with a small group of them, which serve mainly to protect them against Echoes. Oaths consist of a service or prohibition on the part of the human, a service on the part of the faerie, and a penalty for breaking of terms. Traditional "placating" measures of folklore are the basic inspiration for oaths: leaving cream or bread out and staying out of certain forests are examples. Trangressions by either party are punished harshly.  Fae reactions to this state of things vary; there are semi-political groups favoring, variously, a return to war at the end of the truce, an extension of the truce, a return to a cyclical sharing of power, and study of humans and human powers. These may take into consideration human affairs and their gaining power or ignore them in favor of "more important" issues.

Nature of the Fae.

Unlike in Changeling, the faerie and human worlds are not separate. Human lands are more precise in location, more concrete and settled, but pathways exist to faerie lands that anyone may follow. Also unlike Changeling, there are no. No two fae are so much alike that they personify the same dream in the human psyche, and the idea of fae as reliant on humans for their existence is virtually unknown. There are therefore no standard powers and benefits of dice rolls for any type of fae.  While changelings and inanimae have two faces, one that shows a human side and one that shows them for the creatures they are, the firstborn must rely on the Mists to shield them. Whatever type the fae is, their natural appearance is inhuman in subtle ways... hair, skin, or eye color, features of elements or animals, unusual stature, and other "exotic" touches. These subtle differences are called Lesser Features, and have no mechanical gameplay effect. Greater Features are more obvious (horns; great or very small stature; an entrancing, otherworldly gaze), and do give gameplay benefits. However, they make a fae more susceptible to Echoes.  Fae are brought into faerie society (whatever their origin) first through a Fosterage, as they are cared for in "youth"—which may or may not be similar to childhood—and secondly and most importantly through a Saining, which is a ritual in which a fae chooses and is accepted into a Court.

Faerie glamour.

The magic the fae use is divided into categories that correspond roughly to the courts; each Court favors one Dominion, and gains benefits for using that one, but may also have any of the others. The four Dominions are Dawn, Day, Dusk, and Night; they are essentially groups of correspondences—for instance, Night, favored by the Winter Court, includes powers of ice, water, darkness, mind-shielding and silence, among others.

Spell-casting.

There are two methods a fae can use to call on these powers; he can choose a specific ability he knows well (called a cantrip) and roll that as specified. This is called Weaving. Or, if he isn't looking for a particular effect or if he wishes to draw on an aspect he is not as familiar with, he may Unleash—call upon the pure possibility of the Mists. This may have the effect he wants, may be unexpectedly powerful, or may backfire, depending on the roll of the dice. The system is somewhat similar to and.

Dark Ages: Fae () is part of a series of role-playing games, re-envisioning the popular White Wolf titles in the medieval past; it is the precursor to. contains the basic rules for all games of the "Dark Ages"-line and is necessary to play them.


History.

The Blazers were originally scheduled to begin play in the 2008 NLL season. On July 31, 2007 the league held an expansion draft and the Blazers selected a number of players. In preparation for the season, the team also made a number of trades. On October 16, 2007, the NLL announced that the 2008 season had been cancelled due to the failure of the league and the Professional Lacrosse Players' Association to reach a new collective bargaining agreement. However, the negotiations continued, and on October 25, the league announced that a new seven-year agreement had been reached, and that the season would be played. A new schedule was announced on November 2, 2007, but only included 12 of the expected 14 teams; the Blazers and the Arizona Sting had been removed. The reasons that the Blazers and Sting opted out of the season were not given, just that it was "due to a number of business issues", and that both teams would return in 2009. A dispersal draft was held on November 5, 2007.

Inaugural season.

The 2009 NLL season was the Boston Blazers' first season playing in the league. In order to field a team for the season, the Blazers participated in the three separate drafts: the Arizona Sting dispersal draft, the expansion draft on July 24, and the entry draft in September.  On June 30, in the Arizona Sting dispersal draft, the Blazers selected Dan Dawson first overall and forward Peter Veltman with the first pick of the second round. On July 24 the team picked 12 additional players for their roster in the 2008 expansion draft, including goaltender Mike Poulin with the first overall selection.  Shortly after the draft concluded, the Blazers traded Cam Bergman back to the Edmonton Rush for F Brenden Thenhaus and G Kurtis Wagar.  On July 29, the Blazers and Rochester Knighthawks swapped defenders, with Kyle Laverty going to Rochester in exchange for University of Massachusetts Amherst alum Jack Reid.  On July 30, the Blazers, San Jose Stealth, and Calgary Roughnecks completed a 3-way trade that sent Tom Johnson, Travis Gillespie, and Boston's 3rd-round pick in the 2009 NLL Entry Draft to San Jose, Devan Wray to Calgary, and forward Sean Morris (another UMass alum and Marshfield, MA native), defenseman Steve Panarelli, Calgary's 3rd-round pick in the 2009 NLL Entry Draft, and San Jose's 2nd-round pick in the 2010 NLL Entry Draft to Boston.  Only weeks before the season began, the Chicago Shamrox suspended operations, and another dispersal draft was held. The Blazers had the first overall pick, and chose former Goaltender of the Year Anthony Cosmo.

The Boston Blazers were an indoor lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The Blazers were based in Boston, Massachusetts, and began play in the 2009 NLL season. They are also an AAU basketball team based out of Massachusetts.


History.

The garment began in the 1850s as the Inverness coat, an outer-coat with sleeves covered by a long cape, reaching the length of the sleeve. By the 1870s, the cape was divided in two, and a small "capelet"-like "wing" on each side was sewn into the side seams, not taken across the back. In the 1880s, the sleeves were removed entirely, and the armholes were cut away beneath the cape to form the Inverness "cape."  The fronts of the coat may be finished in either of two styles: in one, the more formal, the topcoat is finished with short lapels and the capes are set back behind them. In another style, there are no lapels. A simple fall collar with a tall stand is used, the capes buttoning across. These were also favoured for less formal wear, particularly by coachmen and cab drivers, who needed free movement of their arms. Indeed, this style is usually called a "coachman's cape."  The Inverness cape is a water-repellent garment. The commonly held image of the cape as worn by Holmes is one made of tweed, specifically in a grey houndstooth pattern. However, more modest capes, made of nylon or twill-weave fabrics and usually black in colour, are commonly used by members of pipe bands.

Highland dress.

Even though a wide variety of coats, overcoats, and rain gear are worn with Highland dress to deal with inclement weather, the Inverness cape has come to be almost universally adopted for rainy weather by pipe bands the world over, and many other kilt wearers also find it to be the preferable garment for such conditions. Unlike most raincoats or other conventional overcoats, the Inverness cape has no sleeves. Instead, it has wide-cut armholes in the sides to accommodate the arms. This enables the wearer to access a sporran without unbuttoning and opening up the cape. The opening in the side is covered by a short cape, which can be buttoned up in the front.

In popular culture.

Arguably the most famous example in fiction, Arthur Conan Doyle's famous detective Sherlock Holmes is often associated with the Inverness cape. In the Holmes novels, Holmes is described as wearing an Ulster. Holmes's distinctive look, which was usually complemented with a deerstalker cap and a calabash pipe, is a composite of images, originally credited to illustrator Sidney Paget. But as adapted to the stage by the actor-playwright William Gillette, Holmes did not wear a cape-coat at all, and the origin of the calabash pipe is something of a mystery, although it might have had something to do with Gillette's introduction of a full-bend briar pipe for his performances. Paget had depicted Holmes as smoking straight pipes, exclusively.  Be that as it might, the cape-coat, the deerstalker, and the calabash pipe were already associated with Holmes by the 1930s, chiefly in the United States, but the image became definitive with the first two films in which Basil Rathbone appeared on-screen as Holmes, produced for 20th Century Fox in 1939.  August Derleth's Solar Pons, essentially Sherlock Holmes with a different name and living in Praed Street in the 1920s, also wears an Inverness.  Inverness capes are worn by characters in many Western and Spaghetti Western films, such as Lee Van Cleef's character in "For a Few Dollars More" and Gianni Garko in the "Sartana" series.  In the 1970s of the long-running series "Doctor Who", the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee), frequently wore an Inverness cape over his dandy suits.  The vampire Barnabas Collins (as portrayed by actor Jonathan Frid) wore an Inverness cape on the cult classic Gothic soap opera "Dark Shadows".  The 2001 film adaptation of the absurdist play "Waiting for Godot" has landlord Pozzo (played by Alan Stanford) wearing an Inverness cape, symbolising the Protestant Ascendancy landlords of Ireland.  Still worn in the United Kingdom, the Inverness cape is often made of heavy Harris tweed of plaid and checked designs. It is usually worn for country wear. Lighter weight black cape-coats are more associated with formal evening attire.  Popular urban fantasy hero Harry Dresden of "The Dresden Files" by Jim Butcher replaced his trademark duster with an Inverness coat in "Cold Days", the 14th book of the series.  Steampunk fashion has revived the wearing of the Inverness cape to a limited extent.

The Inverness cape is a form of weatherproof outercoat. It is notable for being sleeveless, the arms emerging from armholes beneath a cape. It has become associated with the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes.


Club career.

Bristol City.

Born in Bristol, Golbourne joined his Bristol City's youth system in 2002, at age 15, after winning a scholarship to the club's academy. He began his career within the youth system as a left-sided midfielder. After four years in the youth system, Golbourne made his first-team debut for Bristol City in a 2–0 victory over Colchester United, coming on for Luke Wilkshire in the 72nd minute. On 23 August 2005, he made his League Cup debut in a 4–2 loss to Barnet in the first round. However, after two seasons with the club, Golbourne left his hometown club for Reading in January 2006 for an undisclosed fee.

Reading.

Less than 24 hours after a transfer to Reading, Golbourne made his reserves debut for the Royals in a 6–0 rout of Millwall's reserves. Golbourne was awarded the League One Apprentice of the Year Award in March 2006 for his actions on the pitch, as well as his educational achievements. On 17 April, after several months in reserves, he made his Reading first-team debut—a 3–1 win over Stoke City.  After only two appearances in two seasons, Golbourne was made available for a loan by Reading boss Steve Coppell. On 16 August 2006, he was loaned to League Two club Wycombe Wanderers for one month. He was immediately made available for the first-team squad, making his debut on 19 August in a 3–0 victory over Bury. Just days before his initial return to Reading, Golbourne extended his stay at Adams Park with a two-month loan extension, after making four appearances for the Blues in his original loan deal. On 25 August 2006, despite a 3–1 loss to Lincoln City, Golbourne was named Man of the Match by the game's sponsor for his efforts in defence and midfield. His first ever league goal came on 18 November 2006, in a 1–1 draw with Grimsby Town. However, the goal came in Golbourne's final match on his loan to Wycombe, as he returned to Reading just days later. Within several days of his return to Reading, he was immediately loaned back to Wycombe on a loan deal which lasted until the end of the 2006–07 season, immediately making his way back into the starting line-up in a 1–0 win over Chester City.  On 25 August 2007, Golbourne made his Premier League debut for Reading, in a 3–0 loss to Bolton Wanderers. However, he was subbed off the 63rd minute for Bobby Convey. Three days later, he featured in Reading's 1–0 win over Swansea City, coming on in extra time in the 99th minute.  After his return to Reading, Golbourne was again loaned out in November 2007, when he joined League One club Bournemouth on a month's loan. On 6 November, he made his Bournemouth debut in a 3–1 defeat to Leeds United. His first goal for Bournemouth, and the third of his career, came on 20 November in a 3–2 FA Cup victory over Barrow, when he netted the opening goal in the 43rd minute. In mid-December, His loan with Bournemouth was extended until 12 January 2008.  On 19 January 2009, Golbourne was loaned out to League One side Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan. He was handed his debut on 23 January versus Stockport County in a 3–1 Oldham win. On 23 March, Golbourne left Oldham and returned to Reading, after manager Joe Royle decided against extending the loan.

Exeter City.

Golbourne signed for Exeter City on 2 July after agreeing a one-year contract with the newly promoted League One club. He ended speculation over his future by signing a new two-year contract with Exeter City in June 2010.

Barnsley.

On 30 January 2012 Golbourne joined Championship side Barnsley on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on 4 February, scoring a consolation goal in a 2–1 defeat to Watford. He became a regular first team player for the club, but missed the final months of the 2012–13 season with a knee injury. In total he made 53 appearances for the club during an eighteen-month stay.

Wolverhampton Wanderers.

On 30 August 2013 Golbourne moved to Wolverhampton Wanderers of League One on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee (reportedly £700,000). He made his club debut on 31 August 2013 in a 3–1 win at Port Vale, and scored what to be his only goal for the club in a 3–2 win against Swindon in his second league appearance. Golbourne was an almost ever-present part of the Wolves team that ended the season as League One champions with a record points total for that level.  Back in the Championship, Golbourne remained a regular part of Wolves' plans but a foot injury hampered him throughout the 2014–15 season, restricting his appearances and his performance level. With only a year remaining on his contract, talks were opened but no negotiation reached by midpoint of the season when he fell out of the starting line-up and would be sold during the January 2016 window. In total he made 92 appearances for Wolves, scoring once.

Return to Bristol City.

On 28 January 2016, Golbourne moved back to Bristol City, where he had played ten years prior, for an undisclosed fee in a -year deal. He was released by Bristol City at the end of the 2017–18 season.

Shrewsbury Town.

On 30 January 2019, Golbourne signed a short-term deal until the end of the season for League One side Shrewsbury Town, after impressing on trial. He signed a two-year contract extension in summer 2019. He scored his first goal for the club in an EFL Trophy tie against Manchester City U21s on 3 December 2019, though later in the game missed the decisive penalty in the shootout.

International career.

In November 2004, Golbourne was called up for England's under-17 team in the 2004 International Under-17 Youth Tournament. He made his international debut in a 1–0 victory over Sweden under-17 on 4 August 2004.

Honours.

Wolverhampton Wanderers  Individual

Juliou Scott Golbourne (born 29 February 1988) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Shrewsbury Town. Golbourne's previous clubs include Bristol City, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Barnsley, Exeter City and Reading with brief loan spells for Wycombe Wanderers, Bournemouth, Oldham Athletic and Milton Keynes Dons.


Description.

Cat 6 cable can be identified by the printing on the side of the cable sheath. Cable types, connector types and cabling topologies are defined by TIA/EIA-568.  Cat 6 patch cables are normally terminated in 8P8C modular connectors, using either T568A or T568B pin assignments; performance is comparable provided both ends of a cable are terminated identically.  If Cat 6-rated patch cables, jacks and connectors are not used with Cat 6 wiring, overall performance is degraded and may not meet Cat 6 performance specifications.

Category 6A.

The standard for Category 6A (augmented Category 6) is ANSI/TIA-568-C.1, defined by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) for enhanced performance standards for twisted pair cable systems. It was defined in 2009. Cat 6A performance is defined for frequencies up to 500 MHz—twice that of Cat 6. Cat 6A also has an improved alien crosstalk specification as compared to Cat 6, which picks up high levels of alien noise at high frequencies.  The global cabling standard ISO/IEC 11801 has been extended by the addition of amendment 2. This amendment defines new specifications for Cat 6A components and Class E permanent links. These new global Cat 6A/Class E specifications require a new generation of connecting hardware offering far superior performance compared to the existing products that are based on the American TIA standard. The most important point is a performance difference between ISO/IEC and EIA/TIA component specifications for the NEXT transmission parameter. At a frequency of 500 MHz, an ISO/IEC Cat 6A connector performs 3 dB better than a Cat 6A connector that conforms with the EIA/TIA specification. 3 dB equals 50% reduction of near-end crosstalk noise signal power; see half-power point.  Confusion therefore arises because of the naming conventions and performance benchmarks laid down by the International ISO/IEC and American TIA/EIA standards, which in turn are different from the regional European standard, EN 50173-1. In broad terms, the ISO standard for Cat 6A is the most stringent, followed by the European standard, and then the American (1 on 1 matching capability).

Category 6e and beyond.

Soon after the ratification of Cat 6, a number of manufacturers began offering cable labeled as. Their intent was to suggest their offering was an upgrade to the Category 6 standard—presumably naming it after Category 5e, which was a standardized enhancement to Category 5 cable. However, Cat 6e is not a recognized Telecommunications Industry Association standard.  Category 7 is an ISO standard, but not a TIA standard; it is a shielded cable with newer connectors that are not backward-compatible with category 3 through 6A. Category 8 is the next network cabling offering to be backward compatible.

Maximum length.

When used for 10/100/1000BASE-T, the maximum allowed length of a Cat 6 cable is. This consists of of solid "horizontal" cabling between the patch panel and the wall jack, plus of stranded patch cable between each jack and the attached device. For 10GBASE-T, an unshielded Cat 6 cable should not exceed 55 meters and a Cat 6A cable should not exceed 100 meters.

Installation requirements.

Category 6 and 6A cable must be properly installed and terminated to meet specifications. The cable must not be kinked or bent too tightly; the bend radius should be larger than four times the outer diameter of the cable. The wire pairs must not be untwisted and the outer jacket must not be stripped back more than.  Cable shielding may be required in order to avoid data corruption in high electromagnetic interference (EMI) environments. Shielding is typically maintained from one cable end to the other using a drain wire that runs through the cable alongside the twisted pairs. The shield's electrical connection to the chassis on each end is made through the jacks. The requirement for ground connections at both cable ends creates the possibility of creating a ground loop. This undesirable situation may compel currents to flow in the network cable shield and these currents may in turn induce detrimental noise in the signal being carried by the cable.

Category 6 cable (Cat 6), is a standardized twisted pair cable for Ethernet and other network physical layers that is backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards.


Early years.

Antoinette (Antonia, Toni, Toibe Rochel) Gluck was born in Antwerp (Borgherout), Belgium. She was the daughter of Pinchas Gluck-Friedman and Henia Shipper.  Her father was a direct descendant of Hasidic leaders going back to the Magid Dov Ber of Mezeritch. During World War I, the family moved from Poland to Belgium, and from there to Switzerland where her three siblings, Rose Warfman, Hedwig [Heidi], and Salomon Gluck were born, then to Germany, and finally to France, where they became citizens. Feuerwerker studied at the Lycée des Pontonniers (now Lycée international des Pontonniers) in Strasbourg.  After her Baccalauréat, she studied law, a rarity in those days for a woman. One of her professors, René Capitant, became Minister of Education (1944–1945) in the Provisional Government and Minister of Justice (Attorney General) (1968–69) under Charles de Gaulle. She worked in René Capitant's law firm. She graduated from business school (HEC).  With her family, she moved to Paris, where she met David Feuerwerker, a young rabbi. They married in November 1939, at the beginning of World War II. David, deployed at the Maginot Line, had to obtain a special permit to attend the wedding. In June 1940, Feuerwerker moved to Brive-la-Gaillarde where her husband was the rabbi of three French Departments : Corrèze, Creuse, and Lot. They joined the Resistance movement "Combat" (the main Movement of the Résistance) to fight the Nazis.

Role in the Résistance.

According to Combat, Feuerwerker actively participated in all the activities in the Résistance with her husband, Rabbi Feuerwerker, in particular recruiting liaison agents and distributing clandestine journals. Together with Germaine Ribière, who was later recognized as a Righteous Among the Nations, she organized the evacuation of young people hunted by the Nazis.

Escape from the Nazis.

In the last months of World War II, she hid in a Catholic convent with her baby daughter, Atara, surviving on potatoes and water. She was later hidden by Germaine Goblot, daughter of French philosopher Edmond Goblot. Her sister, Rose Warfman, who was deported to Auschwitz, survived. Her brother, a 29-year young physician, Dr. Salomon Gluck, was deported from France on the convoy 73, led to Kaunas in Lithuania and Reval (Tallinn) in Estonia, never to return.

Role in the Exodus affair.

In Neuilly, she was given a stash of gold coins for safekeeping which she hid under her husband's bed, without his knowledge. The money was used to finance the operation of the illegal immigration ship, "The Exodus".

Post-WWII.

After the war, they moved to Lyon, where David Feuerwerker served as chief rabbi (1944–46). From 1946-48, he was the rabbi of Neuilly-sur-Seine, outside Paris. From 1948-66, they lived in Paris, in the Marais district, where her husband became the rabbi of the Rue des Tournelles synagogue. Feuerwerker collaborated with her husband in his research on the emancipation of the Jews of France. In 1966, they settled in Montreal, Quebec, where Feuerwerker taught law and economics at the Collège Français.

Personal life/death.

Feuerwerker and her husband had six children: Atara, Natania, Elie, Hillel, Emmanuel, and Benjamine. Her husband died on 20 June 1980. She moved to Israel, where she spent the last three years of her life. She died on 10 February 2003, aged 90, and was buried in Sanhedria, Jerusalem, next to her husband.

Medals.

As a Combattante Volontaire de la Résistance (Voluntary Combatant of the Resistance), she received the French Liberation Medal. Later the French government awarded her the Palmes Académiques and the Médaille de la Santé Publique, for her contributions to public education and public health.

Antoinette Feuerwerker (24 November 1912 – 10 February 2003) was a French jurist and an active fighter in the French Resistance during the Second World War.


History.

References to the Jack Rose date back to the early 20th century. A 1905 article in the National Police Gazette mentions the drink and credits a New Jersey bartender named Frank J. May as its creator. A 1913 news article mentions that sales of the drink had suffered due to the involvement of Bald Jack Rose in the Rosenthal murder case.  There are various theories as to the origin of the drink's name. One has the drink being named after (or even invented by) the infamous gambler Bald Jack Rose. Albert Stevens Crockett states that it is named after the pink "Jacquemot" (also known as Jacqueminot or Jacque) rose. It has been suggested that the Jack Rose was invented by Joseph P. Rose, a Newark, New Jersey restaurateur who once held the title of "World's Champion Mixologist." Harvey's Famous Restaurant in Washington, D.C. also claimed to be the originator of the cocktail. The most likely explanation of the name is that it is a simple portmanteau — it is made with apple"jack" and is "rose" colored from the grenadine.  The cocktail has fallen out of fashion. In June 2003, the "Washington Post" published an article that chronicled two writers' quest to find a Jack Rose in a Washington, D.C. bar. After visiting numerous bars, they were unsuccessful in finding one where the bartender knew the drink and the bar stocked applejack. Ultimately they bought a bottle of applejack for one of the few bartenders they encountered who knew how to make one.  With the craft cocktail movement on the rise, the Jack Rose has regained some popularity. Laird & Company, producers of the most widely available brands of applejack in the United States, have said sales are up in part due to renewed interest in the cocktail.

A Jack Rose is a cocktail containing applejack, grenadine, and lemon or lime juice. It was popular in the 1920s and 1930s, notably appearing in Ernest Hemingway's 1926 classic, "The Sun Also Rises", in which Jake Barnes, the narrator, drinks a Jack Rose in the Crillon Paris hotel bar while awaiting the arrival of Lady Brett Ashley. It was also a favorite drink of author John Steinbeck.


As musician.

Violators of the English Language.

Votel began making music in the late 1980s as the youngest member of the group Violators of the English Language (from which the VOTEL stage name is derived). The group appeared on the Howard Jacobson BBC documentary Think of England in 1991 performing a rap song with a young DJ Semtex as a backing dancer. Violators of the English Language failed to gain label interest as a group but Fat City released the Violators of the English Language instrumental tracks as VOTEL in 1996.

Solo career.

In 2000 Votel signed to XL Records. He recorded two albums for the label, "Styles of the Unexpected" (2000) and "All Ten Fingers" (2002). These albums featured original Can singer Malcolm Mooney, Guy Garvey, Gramme, and Jane Weaver. Votel's music is often released under a pseudonym. His aliases include Applehead, Anworth Kirk, Tandy Love, Xian Orphic, Slant Azymuth, Neotantrik, and Tony Deval.

As DJ.

Having built a reputation through Violators of the English Language, Votel began mixing psychedelic music with jazz and hip-hop records at clubs like The Hacienda and Home And South from the early 1990s. He is an internationally renowned DJ and has performed at events such as Sonar, All Tomorrow's Parties, and the Green Man Festival. Votel founded the B-Music DJ Collective alongside ex-Hacienda DJ and journalist John Maccready. Other B-Music collaborators include David Holmes, Belle And Sebastian, Edan, Bob Stanley, and Gruff Rhys. Votel has presented shows for Radio 4 such as 2011's "Free Wales Harmony", which documented the history of Welsh protest music. He appears regularly alongside Stuart Maconie on "The Freakier Zone" show on BBC 6 Music.

As record producer and remixer.

Votel has produced extensively for Badly Drawn Boy, including tracks on the Mercury Music Prize winning album "The Hour of Bewilderbeast". He has also produced music for Gruff Rhys including the single 'Shark Ridden Waters' on the album "Hotel Shampoo". Votel has also remixed or produced material for Ian Brown, The Avalanches, Lamb, Elastica, Texas, Death in Vegas, Kings of Convenience, Tim Burgess, Broadcast, and Elbow, among others. Votel also creates mix compilation CDs, including the "Music To Watch Girls Cry" series, "Vertigo Mixed", a compilation of rare tracks from the Vertigo Records catalogue, "Brazilika", rare Brazilian tracks and "Hungaraton", rare Hungarian music.

As record label founder.

Twisted Nerve.

In 1997 Votel met Badly Drawn Boy and the pair founded the label Twisted Nerve, initially to release music by Badly Drawn Boy and Dave Tyack. The label then expanded, releasing the earliest recordings of many other artists including Doves, Elbow, PlanningToRock, and Alfie.

Finders Keepers.

In 1999 Votel, along with Doug Shipton and Dom Thomas, founded the reissue label Finders Keepers. The debut release was a reissue of the then-obscure "L'enfant Assassin Des Mouches" by Jean-Claude Vannier. The label then carved a niche in reissuing vinyl obscurities from around the world, tracking down artists such as Selda Bagcan, Bruno Spoerri and Jean-Pierre Massiera.

Other labels.

Votel co-runs Bird records with Jane Weaver and co-runs Pre-Cert Home Entertainment with Demdike Stare and Boomkat.

As graphic designer.

Votel is a graphic designer and has created over 150 record sleeves. Notable artists to use his graphic design work include Gilles Peterson, Badly Drawn Boy, David Holmes, and Cate Le Bon. He has also designed campaigns for Adidas, Stussy, Levi, and Adam Et Rope. He was also the in-house designer for Fat City. Votel teaches part-time at Stockport Design College.

Personal life.

Votel is married to musician Jane Weaver.

Other activity.

Votel has been the curator of a number of events including the 2006 event at the Barbican Centre celebrating the music of Jean-Claude Vannier and Serge Gainsbourg. This event reunited musicians who played on the albums "Histoire de Melody Nelson" and "L'enfant Assassin des Mouches". It also featured a number of contemporary artists as guest vocalists including Jarvis Cocker, Badly Drawn Boy, Brigitte Fontaine, The Bad Seeds' Mick Harvey and Gruff Rhys. Other notable events include Barbican shows with Magma, Jean-Pierre Massiera and Polish composer Andrzej Korzyński and assisting Jarvis Cocker with the 2007 Meltdown Festival. He also curated 2013's "Festival Number 6" at Portmeirion.  Votel writes about outsider music for websites such as Red Bull Music Academy.

Andrew "Andy Votel" Shallcross (born 4 November 1975 in Marple Bridge, Stockport, England) is an English musician, DJ, record producer, graphic designer and co-founder of Twisted Nerve Records and the reissue label Finders Keepers Records.


Career.

Hackett's first experience of "Star Trek" was when she auditioned for the role of Jadzia Dax in "", but lost out to Terry Farrell. She subsequently was cast as a member of the Terellian alien species in the finale of "", "". She appeared on "Deep Space Nine" as the Romulan Sub Commander T'Rul in the two part episode "" in season three.  She was cast in "" in the recurring role of Seska, a Bajoran member of the Maquis crew who joined Voyager after it was stranded in the Delta Quadrant. She first appeared in the episode "" where she wore the blue uniform of a Starfleet science officer; this was later revealed to be a costuming error and she was subsequently seen in the uniform of the operations department. The original uniform sold for $1,276 ($ today) in the "It's a Wrap!" auction on eBay in 2008.  When she was first cast in the role of Seska, she was not informed that she was a Cardassian spy. She later explained that "when I first started I was Seska the Bajoran Maquis member and they sort of worked everything else up in soap opera fashion." Hackett became pregnant, which was written into Seska's character. Hackett described Seska as being a character with several layers, saying that "Seska’s darker sides came from a certain emotional instability, at least that’s how I played her." Seska was killed off in the second part of "", which came as a surprise to Hackett as she was previously sent a version of the script where Seska survived, but her baby died. She was only told that Seska was to die less than a day before filming. Following her character's death, Hackett as Seska returned to "Voyager" twice more in the episodes "" and "". She appeared in a total of thirteen episodes of "Voyager".  In 2001, she appeared in the independent film Question of Faith, where she played the monk Anselm. Her character underwent a sex change from male to female as part of a divine miracle. The film was directed by her husband.  In 2018, she appeared on the game show "To Tell the Truth".

Personal life.

Hackett was married to Tim Disney, and they have two sons together. Hackett has an A.B. "cum laude" from Harvard University/Radcliffe College.

Martha Hackett (born February 21, 1961) is an American actress. She is known for her portrayal of in thirteen episodes of the television series "". Hackett is an alumnus of Harvard University/Radcliffe College, and was married to independent filmmaker Tim Disney.


Attestation.

The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Kingdom of the Isles, from the mid twelfth century at least, was the Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of the early history of the diocese, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair "imperium". The episcopal succession of the Isles, as recorded in the "Chronicle of Mann", starts its chronology at about the time of the reign of Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles. The first bishop to be named in the chronicle is Roolwer himself, and the form of his name preserved by this source suggests that his name is a garbled form of the Old Norse "Hrólfr". The chronicle states that Roolwer was the bishop before Gofraid Crobán's reign, which could either mean that he died before the beginning of Gofraid Crobán's rule, or that Roolwer merely occupied the position at the time of Gofraid Crobán's accession.

Contemporaries.

Roolwer's recorded name may be evidence that he is identical to one of the earliest bishops of Orkney. Specifically, either Thorulf (fl. 1050) or Radulf (fl. 1073). Considering the early eleventh-century Orcadian influence in the Isles, it is not inconceivable that the near contemporaneous Church in the region was then under the authority of an Orcadian appointee.  Another noted contemporary of Roolwer was Dúnán, an ecclesiast generally assumed to have been the first Bishop of Dublin. In fact, the "Annals of Ulster" instead accords him the title ""ardespoc Gall"" ("high-bishop of the Foreigners"), and the first Bishop of Dublin solely associated with Dublin is Gilla Pátraic, a man elected to the position by the Dubliners during the regime of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin. It is unknown if Dúnán or Roolwer himself were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, although Radulf apparently received consecration from the Archbishop of York in about 1073. The site of Roolwer's cathedral is also unknown, although it may have been seated on St Patrick's Isle. In fact, the surviving stone tower on this island appears to date to the mid eleventh century, and made have been erected by Roolwer himself.

Separation and succession.

There is reason to suspect that Dúnán was Roolwer's antecessor in the Isles. This would mean that when Dúnán died in 1074—only a few years after the takeover of Dublin by Toirdelbach—the latter oversaw the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles through the creation of a new episcopal see in Dublin. Therefore, like Gilla Pátraic in Dublin, Roolwer's episcopacy in the Isles may well have begun in 1074 after Dúnán's death, and perhaps ended at some point during Gofraid Crobán's reign. The chronicle records that Roolwer was buried at the "church of St Maughold". His successor, according to the chronicle, was a certain William, a man whose Anglo-Norman or French name may cast light on his origins, and may in turn reveal Gofraid Crobán's links with the wider Anglo-Norman world. Indeed, such connections would seem to parallel those between Dublin and the Archbishop of Canterbury, forged by Gofraid Crobán's aforesaid contemporaries in Dublin, Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill.

Roolwer, also known as Hrólfr, was an eleventh-century ecclesiast. He is the first named bishop of a jurisdiction which later became the Diocese of the Isles, and appears to have served at his post before, and perhaps during, the reign of Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles. Roolwer's name appears to correspond to the Old Norse "Hrólfr", which could mean that he is identical to either of two contemporary like-named bishops of Orkney. Roolwer's predecessor in the Isles may have been Dúnán, whose death in 1074 during the Dublin overlordship of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster, may have enabled the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles. The site of Roolwer's cathedral is unknown, although Maughold and St Patrick's Isle are possibilities.


History.

The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian Period (), but became extinct shortly after the end-Permian mass extinction during the earliest Triassic (Induan age). Their distribution across several, now detached, landmasses led Eduard Suess, amongst others, to propose that the southern continents were once amalgamated into a single supercontinent—Pangea. These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian (). The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur, India, but even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur. Pollen with glossopteridalean affinity have been recovered from earliest Triassic sediments of Australia. Although most modern palaeobotany textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic, these ranges are erroneous and are based on misidentification of morphologically similar leaves such as "Gontriglossa", "Sagenopteris", or "Mexiglossa". Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass extinction event. More than 70 fossil species of this genus have been recognized in India alone, with additional species from South America, Australia, Africa, Madagascar and Antarctica. Essentially, "Glossopteris" was restricted to the middle- and high-latitude parts of Gondwana during the Permian and was an important contributor to the vast Permian coal deposits of the Southern Hemisphere continents. Most northern parts of South America and Africa lack "Glossopteris" and its associated organs. However, in recent years a few disparate localities in Morocco, Oman, Anatolia, the western part of the island of New Guinea, Thailand and Laos have yielded fossils that are of possible glossopterid affinity. These peri-gondwanan records commonly occur together with Cathaysian or Euramerican plant species—the assemblages representing a zone of mixing between the strongly provincial floras of the Permian. Apart from those in India and the peri-gondwanan localities, a few other fossils from the Northern Hemisphere have been assigned to this group, but these are not identified with great certainty. For example, specimens assigned to "Glossopteris" from the far east of Russia in the 1960s are more likely to be misdentifications of other gymnosperms such as "Pursongia". Confident assignment of fossil leaves to "Glossopteris" normally requires their co-preservation with the distinctive segmented roots of this group (called "Vertebraria") or with the distinctive fertile organs.

Taxonomy.

Long considered a fern after its discovery in the 1820s, it was later assigned to the gymnosperms. The genus is placed in the division Pteridospermatophyta. In reality, many of the plant groups included within this division are only distantly related to one another. Glossopterids' relationships with other groups remain obscure. Most recent phylogenetic analyses favour placement of glossopterids as sister to a large group including Corystospermales, Caytoniales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, Gnetales (in some analyses), and angiosperms. A few analyses favour alternative links with Ginkgoales, Cordaitales and Pinales.  "Glossopteris" should strictly be used to refer to the distinctive spathulate fossil leaves with reticulate venation, however, the term has also been used to refer to the parent plant as a whole.

Description.

"Glossopteris" was a woody, seed-bearing shrub or tree, some apparently reaching 30 meters tall. They had a softwood interior that resembles conifers of the family Araucariaceae. Seeds were borne on one side of variably branched or fused structures, and microsporangia containing pollen were borne in clusters at the tips of slender filaments. Both the seed- and pollen-bearing organs were partially fused (adnate) to the leaves, or, in some cases, possibly positioned in the axils of leaves. The homologies of the flattened seed-bearing structures have remained particularly controversial with some arguing that the fertile organs represent megasporophylls (fertile leaves) whereas others have interpreted the structures as flattened, seed-bearing, axillary axes (cladodes). It is unclear whether glossopterids were monoecious or dioecious.

Paleoecology.

They are interpreted to have grown in very wet soil conditions, similar to the modern Bald Cypress. The leaves ranged from about 2 cm to over 30 cm in length.  The profile of glossopterid trees is largely speculative as complete trees have not been preserved. However, based on analogies with modern high-latitude plants "Glossopteris" trees probably tapered upwards like a Christmas tree and were relatively widely spaced to take advantage of the low-angle sunlight at high latitudes. Instead of needles, they had large, broad lance- or tongue-shaped leaves that fell to the ground at the end of summer. The fossil leaves are commonly found as dense accumulations representing autumnal leaf banks. The broad fossilized growth rings in many "Glossopteris" woods reveal that the plants experienced strong growth spurts each spring-summer but underwent the abrupt cessation of growth before each following winter.  "Glossopteris" leaves are morphologically simple so there are few characters that can be used to differentiate species. Consequently, many past researchers have considered the Permian "Glossopteris" flora to be rather homogeneous with the same species distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. However, more recent studies of the more morphologically diverse fertile organs have shown that taxa had more restricted regional distributions and several intra-gondwanan floristic provinces are recognizable. Seeds, much too large to be wind-borne, could not have blown across thousands of miles of open sea, nor is it likely they have floated across vast oceans. Observations such as these led the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess to deduce that there had once been a land bridge between these areas. He named this large land mass Gondwanaland (named after the district in India where the plant "Glossopteris" was found). These same observations would also lend support to Alfred Wegener's Continental drift theory.  The first Antarctic specimens of "Glossopteris" were discovered by members of Robert Scott's doomed Terra Nova Expedition. The expedition members abandoned much of their gear in an effort to reduce their load, but kept 35 pounds of "Glossopteris" fossils; these were found alongside their bodies.

Outcrops in Brazil.

The first investigation of a "Glossopteris" flora associated with coal seams within a paleogeographic and palaeoclimatic context, in the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, was that by geologist Israel Charles White in 1908. This allowed correlation between Gondwanan coal deposits in southern Brazil and those documented in South Africa, Australia, India and Antarctica, and showed that this flora flourished in latitudes near the south pole.  In Rio Grande do Sul, "Glossopteris" leaves were found in paleorrota at "Mina Faxinal", in Arroio dos Ratos at "Mina Morro do Papaléo" in Mariana Pimentel and "Quitéria" in Pantano Grande. Various species were recovered from the Rio Bonito Formation at these sites including "G. angustifolia, G. brasiliensis, G. browniana, G. communis, G. indica and G. occidentalis".

Glossopteris (, meaning "tongue", because the leaves were tongue-shaped, and "pteris", Greek for fern or feathery) is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct Permian order of seed ferns known as Glossopteridales (also known as Arberiales or Ottokariales). The genus "Glossopteris" refers only to leaves, within a framework of form genera used in paleobotany. (For likely reproductive organs see Glossopteridaceae.) These are important because they indicate biological identity of these plants that were critical for recognizing former connections between the various fragments of Gondwana: South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica.


Biography.

Thérèse Montcalm was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1963. At the age of seven, she formed an ambition to forge a career out of singing after seeing the René Simard film "Un enfant comme les autres". After being introduced to Jimi Hendrix and Elvis Presley by her brother, she took up acoustic guitar several years later. During her early musical life she opened for such artists as Cowboy Junkies and Robert Charlebois while working at Popico's theatre in Alberta. After a short period in Montreal as part of the duo Beaux Esprits in the autumn of 1993, Montcalm returned to Quebec and entered the recording studios to produce her début studio album. She released "Risque" in 1994, an album which featured performances from fourteen different musicians and earned her five Félix Award nominations in 1995, including Female Singer of the Year, and Best Pop/Rock Album. The album proved popular and was followed by a major tour consisting of over 100 concerts in Canada, France, Belgium and Switzerland.  Three years after the release of her first album, she released the record "Parle Pas Si Fort" in 1997 on Universal Records. The album was again followed by a tour, which was this time limited to shows in the area around Quebec. After the excessive amount of touring, Montcalm took a break from performing live and devoted the following three years to writing new material and practising the double bass. In February 2002, she released her third studio album, the eponymous "Térez Montcalm".  For her fourth album, Montcalm hired jazz guitarist Michel Cusson as a producer. After four years without an album, she released "Voodoo" on 21 March 2006 in Canada. The album was her first to be sung in English; her previous three recordings had been in French. The album consisted of a mixture of original compositions, interpretations of jazz classics and adaptations of songs by such artists as Elton John and the Eurythmics. In November 2006, Dreyfus Records released the album in Europe. After entering the French albums chart at #150 over a year after its initial release, the record reached a peak position of #43 in May 2007. She embarked on a tour of Europe in the same year, playing over 150 dates in cities such as Paris, Milan and Rome. To date, "Voodoo" has sold more than 60,000 copies worldwide.  In 2008, Montcalm returned to the studio and again hired Cusson to produce her fifth album. "Connection" was released in her homeland on 10 February 2009. The album was brought out in Europe in the autumn of the same year and again achieved a respectable position in France, entering the albums chart at #37 in October 2009.

Térez Montcalm (born Thérèse Montcalm in 1963) is a Canadian jazz singer and songwriter. She sings and plays acoustic guitar, which she has played since a young age, as well as double bass. She describes herself as "a jazz singer with a very 'rock' attitude". Her influences include Jimi Hendrix, Elvis Presley, and Billie Holiday, and her music has been compared to that of Edith Piaf and Janis Joplin. Her career started in 1981. During her early years as a musician, she performed as a warm-up act for the Cowboy Junkies.