Issues in film adaptations.

Robert Irvine, a British scholar, wrote that the works of Austen remain a popular source for film makers, who eschew Austen's narrator, rendering a true adaptation impossible. Austen's use of free indirect discourse, where the thoughts of the characters are summarized by the narrator, is generally not followed in the films. It is for this reason that many Austen scholars dislike the 1995 version of "Sense and Sensibility" because the absence of a narrator 'glorifies the romantic conventions that Austen deflates'. Likewise, for this reason, many Austen scholars approve of "Clueless", an adaptation of "Emma" set in a high school in Beverly Hills circa 1995, as the character of Cher Horowitz (the film's version of Emma Woodhouse) narrates several scenes. This is seen as the closest approximation of Austen's style in cinema yet done.  Irvine commented that because cinema and books are different media, the best way of resolving this problem was and is for filmmakers to concentrate on the main strength of cinema, namely its visuality, as cinema can depict what the books can only ask the reader to imagine. A recurring image in Austen films is that of women gazing through a window to the outside world, or walking in the countryside. The critic Julianne Pidduck in her essay "Of Windows and Country Walks" argues the former image symbolizes repression and a woman's lot in Regency England, being trapped in a patriarchal society, while the latter image symbolises freedom. The critic Mary Favret, in her 2000 essay "Being True to Jane Austen," argued that because film is literally just moving pictures, it resists the tendency of photography to have a fixed image, suggesting a world where change is always possible. Because of this, Favret praised the 1995 version of "Persuasion" as the film used a wandering camera to capture in a kaleidoscopic way Anne Elliot's unexpressed romantic-sexual feelings even when Anne (Amanda Root) remained still and silent. Irvine noted that film adaptations of Austen's work often used the physicality of the actors to show the sexual desires of the characters that Austen herself only hinted at, with Irving calling a "particularly notorious" example of this being the scene from the 1995 version of "Pride and Prejudice", where Mr. Darcy (Colin Firth) dives into a pond and emerges with wet clothes clinging to his body before a clearly interested Miss Bennet (Jennifer Ehle).  The emphasis on the physicality of the actors to express emotions together with abandonment of the narrator has divided critics. Rebecca Dickson has complained that "strong and self-sufficient Elinor" of "Sense and Sensibility" became "a girl woman with unexpressed emotions who must learn to demonstrate them" in the Ang Lee film. By contrast, Penny Gay praised the 1995 version of "Sense and Sensibility" for portraying "the characters' experiences as "bodies"" as offering up a filmic version of the experiences of women. Irvine argued that the emphasis on physicality of the actors is necessary once the voice of the narrator is eliminated as films used movements, looks and gestures to express emotions, requiring "...that all characters become physically and transparently expressive in a way that only problem cases such as Marianne Dashwood indulge in the novels". Cheryl Nixon defended Mr. Darcy's precipitous plunge into the pond as necessary to show the viewer that he was capable of depths of emotional and physical passion that the novel only implied to help explain why Miss Bennet falls in love with him.  Another issue concerning adaptations of Austen is that of gender, especially the portrayal of women. Some critics, such as Devoney Looser, have argued that by portraying strong women who are intelligent and socially adept and by emphasising the theme of sisterhood both literally between sisters and metaphorically between female friends, the Austen films become feminist films. Other critics such as Kristen Samuelian and Shannon Wooden have argued that Austen films are in fact "post-feminist" films where women first encounter patriarchy before going on to live happier ever after with the men of their dreams in the patriarchal society of Regency England. Wooden also argued the 1996 version of "Emma", "Clueless", "Sense and Sensibility" and "Persuasion" all use the food imagery of the Austen books, where a fasting is a form of female protest, but in contrast to the books "...juxtapose food with representations or discussions of physical beauty, making a very late twentieth-century connection between not eating and feminine social and sexual success". Other critics like Martine Vioret have noted Austen films tended "to cater to female desires and to the female gaze" by their focus on the bodies of actors, dressed in close-fitting breeches in a way that fetishises the male body at a time when the male body was still the "locus of the beautiful". It is often noted that Austen films tended to portray the male body in a way that is normally associated with the filmic depiction of the female body as a source of pleasure to the male viewer. Irvine described the Austen films as a fantasy for women, with, for example, the character of Mr. Darcy displaying an "absolute and unconditioned male need for a woman".  Another issue around the Austen films is their relation to the question of English and British national identity. In Britain, the Austen films are seen as a part of the "heritage industry"-an overlapping collection of government ministries, pressure groups and charities that seeks to preserve the "national heritage" by protecting landscapes and old buildings. Irvine observed that the buildings selected for preservation tended to be estates, castles and manor houses associated with the elite, which sends the message that the story of Britain is the story of its elites. The Austen films which are focused on the visual splendor of Regency England are seen as "heritage films" that are an extension of the "heritage industry". Prior to 1995, television adaptations of Austen tended to be done on the cheap, but the 1995 version of "Pride and Prejudice" was an expensive production that was filmed on location in the English countryside with Lyme Park playing Pemberly that was a great ratings success, settling the benchmark for subsequent productions. Afterwards, it became "de rigueur" for Austen films to be visually sumptuous, no-expenses spared productions while the National Trust billed Lyme Park as the centrepiece of the "Pemberley Trail" for Janeites to go on a pilgrimage. Because the Austen adaptations are seen as celebrating a certain ideal of an "eternal England", there is a tendency to see both the film and television productions as implicitly conservative productions glorifying the ordered society of Regency England.  However, Irvine has cautioned against seeing all of the Austen films as carrying a conservative message Citing the Marxist historian Raphael Samuel, Irvine argued that Britain's heritage belongs to everyone and the memory of the past is used by disadvantaged groups just as much by advantaged groups to construct an "usable" version of British history. For instance, many of the Austen

Austen in Asia.

India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

The global appeal of Austen today can be seen in that Bollywood regularly produces versions of Austen's books reset in modern India and adjusted to the style of Indian films, which forbid kissing and always include a number of musical numbers regardless of whether they have any connection to the plot. Austen's books often feature match-making parents, which gives her stories a particular resonance in India, where the majority of marriages are still arranged today. The British colony of India, which was ruled by the East India Company until 1858, and as a Crown colony from 1858 to 1947, came to include all

Japan.

Austen was unknown in Japan until the Meiji Restoration of 1867 opened Japan up to Western influence, and even then Austen was largely ignored. Japanese translators preferred adventure stories from the West, which fitted in better with the stories of samurai, which were the most popular novels in Meiji Japan. The Greek/Irish scholar Lafcadio Hearn, who became the first Western scholar to teach in Japan, warned his Japanese students in his lectures that they would not like Austen, as the sort of violence which was normal in samurai stories was completely absent in Austen's novels. The first Japanese critic to draw attention to Austen was the influential writer Natsume Sōseki who in his 1907 book "A Theory of Literature" wrote that: "Anyone who is unable to appreciate Austen will be unable to understand the beauty of realism." Sōseki, who was fluent in English, lived in London from 1900 to 1903, where he first discovered Austen, who he regarded as having achieved his ideal of "sokuten kyoshi" (literally "follow Heaven, forsake the self"-a writer should follow his/her instincts and write stories that have no traces of their own personality in them). At the time of his death in 1916, Sōseki was

Turkey.

In Turkey Austen was first introduced at the so-called "foreign schools" for foreigners domiciled in the Ottoman Empire, in which Turks were also allowed to enroll in the late 19th century. Initially, Turks only read Austen in the English original, and the first novel to be translated into Turkish was "Sense and Sensibility" as "Sağduyu ve Duyarlık" in two volumes in 1946 and 1948. Austen first came to widespread notice in Turkey in the late 1960s when Nihal Yeğinobalı started translating Austen with her first translation being "Pride and Prejudice" as "Aşk ve Gurur" ("Love and Pride"). Yeğinobalı's translations of Austen removed much of the irony in the original, replaced the free indirect discourse with speeches by the characters and made changes to the plot and characters to make Austen fit into the style of popular Turkish romances.

Korea.

Such is the appeal of Austen in Asia that during the period when Korea was a Japanese colony (1905-1945) Austen was first translated into Korean as the Japanese colonial administration- which always justified itself on the grounds that Korea was hopelessly backward and in need of Japanese rule to progress- sought to use Austen's books as an example of the sort of cultural progress the country was experiencing under Japanese rule. In Asia during this period, books by Western authors were always seen as embodying modernity and progress, and thus Austen in colonial Korea was presented as a symbol of modernity, at least during the so-called "Cultural Rule" period (1920–37) when Japanese

Iran.

The Iranian writer Azar Nafisi recalled teaching Austen secretly in Iran in the 1990s (in the Islamic Republic of Iran Austen is banned as a "degenerate" Western writer) to a group of teenage girls who loved Austen's stories which feature women who fall in love with men who are worthy of their affections, which was so different from their own lives. Nafisi noted in the Islamic Republic of Iran where wife-beating is legal, "love is forbidden, banished from the public sphere" and sex is "violently suppressed", her students fell in love with an author whose books feature female "rebels" who defiantly say "no" to "silly mothers", "incompetent fathers" and a "rigidly orthodox society", and moreover

China.

The novels of Jane Austen were unknown in China until 1917 when Wei Yi mentioned Austen in her book "Brief Profiles of Famous Western Novelists" where she was described as "one of the celebrated English novelists". Only a few western novels were translated in China during the 19th century, and it was not until 1898 when Lin Shu translated "Camille" by Alexandre Dumas, which unexpectedly become a bestseller, that Chinese publishers became interested in western books. Austen was first translated into Chinese

Austen in the Americas.

USA.

In the United States, Austen was described in 2013 as the object of "wildly devotional fan-worship" with conventions, parties and fan fiction. One American Janeite, Myretta Robens, was quoted to a BBC reporter as saying: "There's a longing for the elegance of the time. It's an escape." When asked why so many American Janeites write fan fiction, Robens stated: "Quite frankly, I think a lot of people want more sex, particularly with Elizabeth and Darcy." Another American Janeite, Laurel Ann Nattress explained the appeal of

Latin America.

The American author Amy Elizabeth Smart visited several Latin American countries in 2011 to see where Austen stood in that part of the world. Smart was at first concerned that the type of novels that Austen chose to wrote would not be popular in Guatemala, where most of the people are Maya Indians, being both Spanish-speakers and unfamiliar with her work. But she found Austen fitted in well with the Maya, intensely family-oriented people who criticized her for not taking her own family with her to Guatemala, saying how could she possibly

As a character.

Film and television.

In 2007, Anne Hathaway starred as Austen in "Becoming Jane." Based on the biography "Becoming Jane Austen" by Jon Hunter Spence, the film centred on Jane Austen's early life, her development as an author, and the posited romantic relationship with Thomas Langlois

Theatre.

"JANE, the musical" debuted in June 2006 in the West Midlands, England. It is a West-End style musical theatre production based on

Literature.

The almost blank years in Austen's biography, 1801 to 1804, are the setting for Barbara Ker Wilson's "Jane Austen in Australia" (), published as "Antipodes Jane" in the UK in 1985.  Jane Austen features as

Radio.

In 2014, BBC Radio 4 broadcast "The Mysterious Death of Jane Austen", adapted from Lindsay Ashford's novel by Elaine Horne and Andrew Davies, as part of their "15 Minute Drama" series in five episodes, featuring

Video games.

Jane Austen, voiced by Eden Riegel, is revealed as the narrator of 2013's "Saints Row IV" in a bonus cutscene, and the game's antagonist Zinyak reads the first chapter of "Pride and Prejudice"

Other references.

In 1994, American literary critic Harold Bloom placed Austen among the greatest. In a 2002 poll to determine whom the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Austen was ranked number 70 in the list of the "100 Greatest Britons". In 2003, Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" came second in the BBC's The Big Read, a national poll to find the "Nation's best-loved book."  In 2007, the article "Rejecting Jane" by British author David Lassman, which examined how Austen would fare in the modern day publishing industry, achieved worldwide attention when Austen's work—submitted under a pseudonym—was rejected by numerous publishers.  Austen's writing was the inspiration for the 2013 video game "Regency Love", a visual novel in which the player interacts with townspeople, friends, family, and potential suitors, looking for a suitable match. The game includes storylines inspired by Austen's writing style, as well as trivia questions about Austen's work.

The author Jane Austen and her works have been represented in popular culture in a variety of forms. Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose social commentary and masterly use of both free indirect speech and irony eventually made her one of the most influential and honoured novelists in English literature. In popular culture, Austen's novels and personal life have been adapted into book illustrations (starting in 1833), dramatizations (starting in 1895), Hollywood films (starting in 1940), television (starting in 1938), and professional theatre (starting in 1901), with adaptations varying greatly in their faithfulness to the original.


Overview.

The fort was built by General Lachlan McIntosh, in early December, 1778, on the west bank of the Tuscarawas River, now in Tuscarawas County near the town of Bolivar. It was named after Henry Laurens, a president of the Continental Congress from South Carolina. The fort was used as a reference point in defining the boundary line in Treaty of Greenville, although the text of the treaty misspells the name as "Fort Lawrence".  The fort was intended to be a staging point for an attack against the British garrison at Detroit. However, the conditions at the fort were harsh during the winter, and McIntosh removed most of the American forces to Fort Pitt, leaving only about 150 men (from the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment and 13th Virginia Regiment) under the command of Colonel John Gibson. Fort Laurens was the only fort built in the Ohio Country during the Revolutionary War.  The fort was abandoned on August 2, 1779.

Siege.

The British learned of the miserable conditions at the fort, and on February 22, 1779, Captain Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment of Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot, Mingo, Munsee, and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort. The siege continued until mid-March, and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins.  The British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20, 1779. American relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days later, leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Frederick Vernon. Colonel Daniel Brodhead had replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Fort Detroit.

Fort Laurens Museum & Park.

The Ohio History Connection owns the site, and the Zoar Community Association operates the small museum at the site on behalf of OHC. The museum's exhibits include information on frontier soldiers, a video about the fort's history, and archaeological artifacts from the fort's excavation. The museum is located in a large park that is the used for military reenactments. The fort is the site of the Tomb of the Unknown Patriot of the American Revolution, laid to rest with full military honors by the Ohio National Guard in 1976. A crypt in the museum wall also contains remains of soldiers who died defending the fort. The site is closed in the winter.  In 1970, the fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Fort Laurens was an American Revolutionary War fort on a northern tributary of the Muskingum River in what would become Northeast Ohio, United States. The fort's current location is in the town of Bolivar, Ohio, along the Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail.


Plot.

Homer is going to make an annual speech at the Nuclear Plant. His original plan is to repeat the comedy speech he did every year, but most of his punchlines were already used or they would be offensive, including jokes about Lenny's grandmother who is sick. This makes him so nervous that he passes out on the stage, leading to a trauma of public speaking. Trying to cheer Homer up, Marge takes him to a standup comedy show.  At the show, Homer is amazed by the actors' talent to improvise. He, Lenny, and Carl then choose to join an improvisation class, where Homer learns that he has a talent for improvising scenes. They decide to form their own stand-up comedy troupe at Moe's Tavern, where Homer's act is acclaimed by the public and the critics.  In a secondary plot, Bart and Lisa go to Ralph's birthday party, where Bart realizes that Ralph's new treehouse (built with money that Chief Wiggum took from the evidence locker) is much better than his old current treehouse. Feeling envious, Bart destroys his treehouse. However, when he says that mothers can't build a treehouse, Marge plans to work hard and build him the best treehouse she can.  Later, at the new treehouse, Marge overhears Bart saying to Milhouse that there isn't any need to thank her, because she is only doing her job. Marge gets irritated at him, and storms off during dinner when Bart offends her, where Homer learns that he is invited to perform at the Springfield Fringe Festival. When Marge complains to him about Bart and learns about the fringe festival, she accidentally makes Homer insecure about his own act.  The next morning, Bart takes Marge's breakfast into her bedroom and apologizes (with Homer's help), and they reconcile. Later at the festival, Moe advises a still insecure Homer that he should cheat on his improvisation act, letting Moe pick his premises. However, Lisa finds out about their plans and convinces Homer to make his show the proper way. He does so, and his on-the-spot act is well-received by the audience.  In a segment advertised as "Homer Live", Homer puts his improvisation skills to use by taking questions from viewers during the credits. This segment was performed live twice by Dan Castellaneta, for both east and west coast broadcasts. In the international version, Homer gives a three minute monologue chronicling his intentions to run for presidency, only to talk himself out of it by the end of his speech. Different characters (including Bender from "Futurama" picketing for another revival of his show) pass by him throughout the segment.

Reception.

"Simprovised" scored a 1.2 rating and was watched by 2.80 million viewers, making it Fox's highest rated show of the night.  Dennis Perkins of "The A.V. Club" was positive on "Simprovised", giving it a B+. He explained "What’s so entertaining about Homer’s journey in 'Simprovised' is how it grows out of his character. Sure, the episode is pretty streamlined, since those last three minutes were set aside for the big ratings-grab, but lopping off the opening credits entirely helped. There’s even time for a truncated but effective B-story, with Marge getting pissed at Bart for not appreciating her building him a new treehouse. Honestly, underdeveloped, gag-happy storylines are a sad fact of life in modern-day 'Simpsons' but 'Simprovised' proves that—even when compressed—a simple story well told and rooted in the characters can be both funny and affecting."  IGN reviewer Jesse Schedeen gave the episode a 6.4/10. He criticized the episode itself, but enjoyed the improvised part, adding "For the most part, this episode was very textbook, late-era "Simpsons" fare. There were some humor to be had (mainly in the first act), but mostly a lot of missed opportunities and well-worn Simpson family drama. However, the live segment that closed out the episode was definitely a welcome change from the norm. That segment proved that this show still can take risks from time to time, and furthermore, that those risks can pay off."  Den of Geek's Tony Sokol was critical, giving the episode 2.5/5 stars, writing "The episode moved, but for a comedy show doing a show about comedy, the laughs were slim."

"Simprovised" is the twenty-first episode of the twenty-seventh season of the animated television series "The Simpsons", and the 595th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on May 15, 2016, and includes a three-minute live-animated segment in which viewers were able to ask Homer Simpson questions.


Education.

Schoch received a BA in Anthropology and a BS in Geology from George Washington University in 1979. He was awarded MS and PhD degrees in Geology and Geophysics from Yale University (PhD, 1983). Schoch's PhD dissertation, "Systematics, Functional Morphology and Macroevolution of the Extinct Mammalian Order Taeniodonta", was published in 1986 by the Peabody Museum of Natural History.

Teaching.

Schoch has taught at Boston University since 1984. He is an associate professor of Natural Sciences at the College of General Studies, a two-year core curriculum for bachelor's degree candidates. He teaches undergraduate science courses, including biology, geology, environmental science, geography, and science and public policy.  He has received his college's Peyton Richter Award for interdisciplinary teaching. He is a co-author of the college textbook "Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions", now in its fifth edition.  In 1993, a genus of extinct mammals, "Robertschochia", of which "Robertschochia sullivani" is the genoholotype, was named after him.

Fringe claims.

Schoch is best known for his fringe argument that the Great Sphinx of Giza is much older than conventionally thought and that some kind of catastrophe was responsible for wiping out evidence of a significantly older, unknown civilization. In 1991, Schoch redated the monument to 10,000–5,000 BC, based on water erosion marks he identified on the Sphinx enclosure walls, and also based on findings from seismic studies around the base of the Sphinx and elsewhere on the plateau. The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis is currently rejected by the archaeological community because of lack of any other supporting evidence for a civilization sufficiently old as well as other arguments. Mark Lehner looked at that the way several structures in the area incorporate elements from older structures, and based on the order in which they were constructed concludes that the archaeological sequencing does not allow for a date older than the reign of Khafra. Archaeologists and geologists have also challenged his geological claims.  Schoch's arguments were featured in the 1993 documentary "The Mystery of the Sphinx", which was aired by NBC and presented by Charlton Heston. Schoch stars in the film alongside author John Anthony West.  Schoch also claims that possibly all pyramids — in Egypt, Mesoamerica and elsewhere were the result of the destruction of an ancient protocivilization in Sundaland between 8000 to 6000 years ago by rising sea levels caused by repeated collisions with comets. In "Voyages of the Pyramids Builders" he suggests that when its inhabitants were forced out of Sundaland: "That movement, and its cultural legacies over the following millennia, provides the best explanation for the spread of pyramids across the globe." In 2006, at the invitation of locals, he investigated the so-called Bosnian pyramid excavations north of Sarajevo, but he concluded that the site held "absolutely no evidence of pyramids "per se" or of a great ancient civilization in the Visoko region".  He is also known for his writing on the Yonaguni underwater monuments, where he has dived on several occasions, beginning in 1997. His conclusion from analyzing the formations is that this is a natural site possibly modified by humans to suit their needs: "We should also consider the possibility that the Yonaguni Monument is fundamentally a natural structure that was utilized, enhanced, and modified by humans in ancient times."  Schoch contributed an essay to "Lost Secrets of the Gods", a pseudoarchaeology book which argues for the existence of ancient astronauts. He has appeared on Coast to Coast AM.  Another of his interests is the study of parapsychology. He has stated that psychokinesis and telepathy are potentially real.

Response from other academics.

Mark Lehner, an American archaeologist and egyptologist, has disputed Schoch's analysis, stating, "You don't overthrow Egyptian history based on one phenomenon like a weathering profile... that is how pseudoscience is done, not real science."  Historian Ronald H. Fritze has described Schoch as a "pseudohistorical and pseudoscientific writer".  Schoch has been criticized for his unorthodox idea that Göbekli Tepe, an ancient civilization revealed in an archeological site in present-day Turkey, was influenced by a solar event that may have been witnessed at Easter Island in the Pacific west of South America. Author Jason Colavito suggested he "abandons all reality in favor of a bizarre fantasy".

Robert M. Schoch is an American associate professor of Natural Sciences at the College of General Studies, Boston University. Since 1991, Schoch has been a proponent of the fringe Sphinx water erosion hypothesis.


Prelude to the Siege.

In 1260 Baibars, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria, began to threaten the Principality of Antioch, a Crusader state, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols, the traditional enemies of the Turks. In 1265, Baibars took Caesarea, Haifa and Arsuf and massacred the inhabitants. A year later, Baibars conquered Galilee and devastated Cilician Armenia.  As Steven Runciman relates in his last book about the Crusades, decades before the siege of Antioch (1268), prince Bohemond IV of Antioch had settled his court in the city of Tripoli, capital of his other state, the County of Tripoli. In 1268, the Antiochene knights and garrison were under the command of, Constable of Antioch, whose wife was an Armenian Lady who was relative to Sibylla of Armenia, wife of prince Bohemond VI.

Siege of Antioch.

In 1268 Baibars besieged the city of Antioch, which was "badly defended by its patriarch and abandoned by most of its inhabitants," capturing it on 18 May (the citadel fell two days later) after a relatively feeble defense. Antioch had been weakened by its previous struggles with Armenia and by internal power struggles, and its inhabitants were quick to agree to a surrender, on the condition that the lives of the citizens within the walls would be spared.  Before Baibars' forces laid siege on Antioch, the Constable Simon Mansel, along with a group of knights, led an unsuccessful attack against the Muslim army in order that the city should not be encircled. The defenses were in good condition, but the garrison was unable to defend the long walls of the city. Mansel was captured during the Antiochene cavalry attack, and Baibars ordered him to command his lieutenants in Antioch to surrender immediately. The garrison refused to capitulate, and continued the defense of the walls.  Afterwards, lamenting that Antioch's ruler had not been present either for the siege or for the ransacking and murder, Baibars' secretary (who was also his biographer) wrote a detailed letter describing exactly what had been done to the people and the city:  'Death came among the besieged from all sides and by all roads: we killed all that thou hadst appointed to guard the city or defend its approaches. If thou hadst seen thy knights trampled under the feet of the horses, thy provinces given up to pillage, thy riches distributed by measures full, the wives of thy subjects put to public sale; if thou hadst seen the pulpits and crosses overturned, the leaves of the Gospel torn and cast to the winds, and the sepulchres of thy patriarchs profaned; if thou hadst seen thy enemies, the Mussulmans trampling upon the tabernacle, and immolating in the sanctuary, monk, priest and deacon; in short, if thou hadst seen thy palaces given up to the flames, the dead devoured by the fire of this world, the Church of St Paul and that of St Peter completely and entirely destroyed, certes, thou wouldst have cried out ""Would to Heaven that I were become dust!"" '.  Michaud after quoting the letter of Baibar's concludes the sacking thus:  'Baibars distributed the booty among his soldiers, the Mamelukes reserving as their portion the women girls and children [...] A little boy was worth twelve dirhems, a little girl five dirhems. In a single day the city of Antioch lost all its inhabitants and a conflagration lighted by order of Bibars completed the work of the barbarians. Most historians agree in saying that fourteen thousand Christians were slaughtered and a hundred thousand dragged away into slavery.'  Historian Thomas Madden concludes that the events and destruction following the Siege of Antioch, "was the single greatest massacre of the entire crusading era." However, this is likely incorrect as the massacre of Jews and Muslims in Jerusalem in the First Crusade is estimated to have resulted in 40,000 deaths, far greater than the 14,000 killed in the Siege of Antioch.

Aftermath.

The Hospitaller fortress Krak des Chevaliers fell three years later. While Louis IX of France launched the Eighth Crusade ostensibly to reverse these setbacks, it went to Tunis, instead of Constantinople, as Louis' brother, Charles of Anjou, had initially advised, though Charles I clearly benefited from the treaty between Antioch and Tunis that ultimately resulted from the Crusade.  By the time of his death in 1277, Baibars had confined the Crusaders to a few strongholds along the coast and they were forced out of the Middle East by the beginning of the fourteenth century. The fall of Antioch was to prove as detrimental to the crusaders cause as its capture was instrumental in the initial success of the first Crusade. The population of Antioch, consisting primarily of Armenians, was put to the sword. Later, the Mamelukes would repeat the same destruction in Acre, where the massacre of the civilians there was frustrated by the evacuation attempts of the Templar Knights, who managed to evacuate a number of civilians to the relative safety of Cyprus.

The Siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamelukes under Baibars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch. Prior to the siege, the Crusader Principality was oblivious to the loss of the city, as demonstrated when Baibars sent negotiators to the leader of the former Crusader state and mocked his use of "Prince" in the title Prince of Antioch.


Biography and career.

Yurii Belov was born July 31, 1930 in Rzhev (now - Tver Oblast). He spent his childhood in the Kuril Islands, as Yuri's father was a military man, and the last place of his service became the Far East.  He graduated from the VGIK (acting course of Boris Bibikov and Olga Pyzhova) in 1955. One year later he became famous for his role as Grisha in the film "Carnival Night".  For the next seven years films were released with the actor one after another which consolidated his success among the audience and made Yuri Belov one of the most popular actors of the Soviet cinema. Some of the most popular films with him include "The Girl Without an Address", "Spring on Zarechnaya Street", "The Unamenables", "Queen of the Gas Station". In the last two films he played opposite Nadezhda Rumyantseva. Later he was an actor of National Film Actors' Theatre.  In the mid-1960s the actor was committed in a psychiatric hospital for six months, after which his career went downhill, he started to receive only episodic roles.  In the National Film Actors' Theatre he played Miloslavsky in the play "Ivan Vasilievich" written by Mikhail Bulgakov, which was one of his last notable roles in theatre. Subsequently, Belov left the National Film Actors' Theatre.  Belov played his last major role in the film "Train Stop — Two Minutes" (1972).  Because of his lack of demand as an actor, Belov worked as a driver on his car Moskvitch 402. He began to abuse alcohol, his health deteriorated with each passing year. In his latest film, "Two and One" (1988) Belov appeared in another minor role and was already seriously ill.  Yuri Belov died in the morning of December 31, 1991. He is buried at Kuntsevo Cemetery in Moscow, cemetery plot number 10.

Personal life.

At the age of 40 Yuri Belov married actress Svetlana Shvaiko. In 1976 they had a son Svyatoslav.

Awards.

Yuri Belov was winner of the All-Union Film Festival for his role in "The Unamenables" in the year 1960.

Yuri Andreevich Belov (; 31 July 1930 – 31 December 1991) was a Soviet film and theater actor. One of the most popular actors of the Soviet cinema 1950-1960's.


History.

The present-day Panjab University traces its roots to the University of the Punjab established on 14 October 1882 at Lahore (now in Punjab, Pakistan). Most of the colleges affiliated to University of the Punjab were in the present Indian part of British India.  After the partition of India in 1947, the university was split into two for Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab. A new university was then established/relocated in the Punjab, India in 1947. To distinguish the two, the name of the university on the Indian side, the spelling for 'Punjab' was changed to Panjab. After 1947 the university had no campus of its own for nearly a decade. The administrative office was in Solan and the teaching departments functioned from Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Delhi, and Amritsar.  In 1956 the university was relocated to Chandigarh, on a red sandstone campus designed by Pierre Jeanneret under the guidance of Le Corbusier. Until the re-organisation of Punjab in 1966, the university had its regional centres at Rohtak, Shimla, Jalandhar and its affiliated colleges were in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and U.T. of Chandigarh. With the re-organisation of Punjab, the university became an Inter-State Body Corporate catering to the newly organised state of Punjab and union-territory of Chandigarh.

Campus.

The University's chequerboard layout, devised by Swiss French Architect Pierre Jeanneret, was a role model for campus design in India.  The main campus at Chandigarh is spread over 550 acres in sectors 14 and 25, the teaching area is in the north-east, with the Central Library, Fine Arts Museum, and three-winged structure of the Gandhi Bhawan forming its core; the sports complex, the health centre, student centre and the shopping centre in the middle; 16 university hostel and residential area in the south-east, stretching into the adjacent sector 25 which also houses the University Institute of Engineering and Technology and Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of dental Sciences and Hospital, UIAMS, Institute of Biological sciences etc.  The campus has amenities like a State bank of India branch, Post and Sampark, public transport system, open-air theatre, guest and faculty houses, seminar complexes, staff club, several spacious lawns, botanical and medicinal herbs gardens, a newly laid rose garden, a school and a day-care centre for the employees' children. The campus is adjacent to a medical institution known as the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research.

Halls of residence.

There are eighteen hostels on the campus including eight hostels for men and eleven women hostels including a Working Women Hostel. A Sports Hostel has been built for visiting sports teams. Two more hostels are under construction, one each for boys and girls. There is one International hostel also. All the NRI/Foreign national girls students are accommodated there.  All the hostels have Wi-Fi internet and multiple messes for students. In addition to this,all the hostels have a common room and a visitor room. There are also shopping centres and ATMs for students and faculty on campus. The Dean, Student Welfare and the Dean Student Welfare (Women) look after the functioning of the university hostels, the conduct of election to the student bodies, planning and organising of cultural and extra-curricular activities on the Campus. They disburse cultural scholarships and financial assistance to campus students.

Health services.

The University Health Centre offers consultancy, clinical and emergency services. There are five full-time doctors, including one medical specialist, one surgical specialist and one dental specialist. Part-time consultants include a gynaecologist, a paediatrician, a radiologist, an eye specialist, an Ayurvedic doctor and two general physicians. They are supported by a large paramedical staff.  Beside regular consultancy, medicines and emergency attention, employees and students have access to facilities like the clinical tests, ECG, X-Ray, ultrasonic treatment, diathermy and Yoga. The centre runs a Family Welfare Clinic with facilities of family planning, vaccination and immunisation of children (DPT, Polio and BCG). From time to time the Health Centre launches health awareness drives through lectures, film shows and workshops.

Sports.

The University has playgrounds, a gymnasium and a swimming pool for its sports activities. The Directorate of Sports organises about 70 Inter-College and four to five Inter-University Competitions every year. The Directorate of Sports participates in 62 games both for men and women in the Inter-University Competitions and arranges training camps in these games under the supervision of expert coaches. The University was awarded Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) trophy for the year 2004–2005.

Gandhi Bhawan.

The Gandhi Bhawan is a major landmark of the city of Chandigarh. Designed by the architect Pierre Jeanneret, a cousin of Le Corbusier, it is an auditorium hall that sits in the middle of a pond of water. Today it also houses a collection of books on Gandhi.

The Student Centre.

The Student Centre, popularly known as StuC, is a major landmark of the city of Chandigarh and hub for student activities. It was inaugurated in 1975. It houses the office of the university students' council. There used to be a cafeteria called Indian Coffee House with a panoramic view on the top floor of the centre but now it has shut down its operations. Besides this various events and plays are performed in the Student Centre.

Museums.

The university has four museums, and the Department of Indian theatre has its own theatre lab. The university has a botanical garden and a garden of medicinal plants on the campus.

The Museum of Fine Arts.

The Museum of Fine Arts houses the early works of almost all of the major artists of modern India. The collection was created through the initiative of the art historian B. N. Goswamy. Originally, the building was supposed to house the collection of archaeological artefacts that had been discovered by the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology. Today the museum of AIHC&A is housed in a modern annexe adjacent to the Fine Arts Museum.

Key Officers, faculties, departments and centres.

The day-to-day functioning of the University is headed by Vice Chancellor Raj Kumar. The office of Dean of University Instruction (DUI) is the academic head of Panjab University and its Regional Centres. 78 departments, 15 centres/chairs on the campus and six Constituent Colleges located at Sikhwala (Sri Muktsar Sahib), Balachaur (SBS Nagar), Nihalsingh Wala (Moga), Dharamkot (Moga), Mokham Khan Wala (Ferozepur) and Guru Harsahai (Ferozepur) and one rural regional centre. Three regional centres are grouped under the faculties of Arts, Science, Languages, Law, Education, Design and Fine Arts, Business Management and Commerce, Engineering and Technology, Hotel Management and Tourism, Medical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Sciences. There are also departments of Evening Studies and Distance Learning. Most departments have their own libraries. The Faculty of Languages also has courses in foreign languages. The Department of Chinese and Tibetan languages runs 7 courses. One in Buddhist Studies and three each in Tibetan and Chin. beside providing research guidance in Buddhist Studies.

Constituent Colleges.

khalsa college Chandigarh

Library.

The Central Library is named after its late Vice-Chancellor of the University, Prof. A.C. Joshi. It is located near the student centre. It was designed by Swiss architect Pierre Jeanneret.The foundation stone of the Library was laid in 1958 by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of India, and it was formally inaugurated in 1963 by the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru. With a collection of 6,70,000 titles, it is one the largest library in North India.

ICSSR.

The Indian Council of Social Science Research has set up its North-Western Regional Centre on the campus. The centre runs a library, a seminar complex and a guest house for visiting scholars under its study-grants programme.

Institute of Social Science Education and Research.

Institute of Social Science Education and Research (commonly known as ISSER or PU-ISSER) is a liberal arts institution and a constituent department of the Panjab University. The Institute offers a five-year integrated, honour-school Masters of Arts degree in the Social Sciences.

Faculties.

Faculty of Engineering and Technology.

University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET).

University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET) is an on campus engineering institute. It offers undergraduate Bachelor of Engineering (BE), postgraduate Master of Technology (MTech) and doctoral courses.

Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology (CCET).

Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology (CCET) is a prestigious engineering & technology institute of Panjab University. It offers undergraduate (BE) and doctoral (Ph.D) courses. Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology (CCET) is under the administrative control of the Chandigarh Administration. Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology, Chandigarh(CCET), formerly known as Central Polytechnic Chandigarh (CPC), was established in 1959 (which offered Diploma Courses in Engineering).

University Institute for Chemical Engineering and Technology (UICET).

Originally called the department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, UICET came out of a demand to make the sciences of direct use to society. The department was disrupted during the partition of India when most of the faculty and students chose to come to India. For a few years it was housed in Delhi. Then in 1958, it shifted to its present premises in Chandigarh. In collaboration with Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Professor R. E. Peck from IIT Chicago joined as the first Head. Over the years the department evolved into the University Institute for Chemical Engineering and Technology. In 1983, an Energy Research Institute was added within the UICET building to promote R&D in the field of renewable energy.  UICET is one of the regional centres of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2008 was the Golden Jubilee year of the institute. As part of the celebrations, the institute hosted CHEMCON-2008, the 61st annual session of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, which also included a joint US-India Conference on Energy.

Swami Sarvanand Giri Regional Centre.

PUSSGRC is an integral part of Panjab University acting as Regional Centre located at Hoshiarpur, started in 2006.

Faculty of Law.

The university has two departments for teaching law. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has ranked Faculty of Law, Panjab University 15 in the National Law Rankings 2020.  The department conducts a separate admission test, for both the courses, on the pattern of the Union Public Service Commission.  The institute offers B.A. LL.B (Hons.) and B.Com. LL.B (Hons.) five-years integrated courses, and has three hundred and sixty seats. This institute has been a partner institute for Surana & Surana National Trial Advocacy Moot Court Competition.

Faculty of Business Management and Commerce.

University Institute of Applied Management Sciences (UIAMS).

University Institute of Applied Management Sciences was started in 2008 by the Faculty of Business Management & Commerce, PU, Chandigarh. It is housed in "Panjab University-South Campus", Sector 25. UIAMS offers MBA course in industry ready sectoral areas and streams with specialization in functional areas like Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Operations. MBA at UIAMS Chandigarh is a two-year course. Students are given training offers with stipend by various leading companies during the course. UIAMS graduates tend to benefit from good job placements in major companies.

University Business School (UBS).

The University Business School imparts management education to develop managers, researchers and teachers. The Department of Commerce and Business Management was renamed University Business School (UBS) in 1995. UBS offers various courses such as Master of Commerce (Honours), Master of Business Administration (General),Master of Business Administration (in Entrepreneurship), Master of Business Administration (in Human Resource, International Business and Executive).

University Institute of Hotel and Tourism Management (UIHTM).

An institute of the Panjab University, offers education, training, research and consultancy in the field of hospitality, tourism, travel and allied sectors. This institute was established in the year 2009 under the faculty of Business Management and Commerce.

Culture.

"Cyanide" the annual festival of DCET/UICET, was one of the first student festivals started in Chandigarh and has a long tradition. The festival is often host to star performers, DJ nights and other events. Tatva is the student magazine of DCET/UICET. There is an annual debate competition called the Polemic. Aavishkar was the technical fest of UIET until 2013. At present,Goonj is the techno-cultural fest and Umang is the annual sports fest of UIET. Both the events are marked by a lot of enthusiasm and are also two of the most awaited events in India, especially for undergraduate students of engineering and technology.  Panjab University is active on social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

Student council.

The office of the Panjab University Campus Students Council (PUCSC) is located in the student centre. The student centre is the hub of students' activities – academic, cultural, social and political – besides being a favourite eating and hanging out zone for students. The Students' Council consists of the departmental representatives and other office bearers i.e. President, Vice-President, Secretary and Joint-Secretary directly elected by the students from the various teaching departments on the campus. The Dean Student Welfare is "ex officio" Chairman of the Council.  The Students' Council organises youth festivals, both national and international, academic debates, literary and cultural events and educational tours, besides looking after the interests of the students in general. In 2015, in a referendum by University, students voted for vehicle free campus in academic areas.

Research facilities.

The university has been recognised by the UGC as the "University with Potential for Excellence in Bio-Medical Sciences" with facilities for Stem Cell Research and Drug Development.  The university is one of six centres in the country for super-computing facilities to serve the north-western region in Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), DST. The government of India has identified the university as a Special Centre. The university provides internet connection for more than 1800 terminals for the use of faculty members and students. All the buildings of the University including hostels are connected through ATM and Gigabit technology.  The university has a DST supported Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre along with a Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL) and a University Science Instrumentation Centre (USIC) to serve the scientific community on the campus and in the region. The Centre for Industry Institute Partnership Programme (CIIPP) promotes the academic-industry interface.

Energy Research Centre.

The Energy Research Centre was established in 1983 at Panjab University to promote R&D and Extension activities in Renewable Energy. The Energy Research Centre is the only R&D centre in the country designated as a Nodal Agency for the implementation of the programmes of MNES.  The centre has been designated as a regional test centre for testing solar thermal equipment by MNES. The Bureau of Indian Standard has approved the centre for testing wood-burning stoves. The centre has provided consultancy to countries in the Asia-Pacific region such as the Maldives, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Kiribati and Tuvalu, in the area of renewable energy sources, energy management and environmental protection. The centre has helped the states of Haryana, Panjab and Himachal Pradesh in solving problems associated with energy planning, management and environmental protection.  The centre has done work on solar thermal energy storage, solar detoxification, biomethanation of agricultural/industrial/forest wastes, biomass combustion and gasification, indoor air quality, energy and environmental conservation and management, and hydrodynamics of polymeric solutions. The Energy Research Centre has professional contacts with universities such as the University of Florida, the University of Cincinnati, SRI International USA, and Lakehead University in Canada. The centre has helped the states of Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, U.T. Chandigarh, J&K State, and the North-Eastern states in solving problems associated with energy planning and management and Environmental protection.

LHC project.

The university has participated in the project called International Collaboration for Research for Elementary Particles and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) CERN, Geneva CMS Experiment with a Government of India grant of Rs. 24.9 million.

Ranking.

Internationally, Panjab University was ranked 801–1000 in the QS World University Rankings of 2018. The same rankings ranked it 301–350 in Asia and 201-250 among BRICS nations. It was ranked 601–800 in the world by the Times World University Rankings of 2020, 149 in Asia and 166 among Emerging Economies University Rankings in 2020.  In India, the Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements by the Ministry of Human Resource Development has ranked Panjab University 9 overall in 2019. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has ranked Panjab University 3 overall in 2018, 20 among universities, 59 in the engineering ranking, 42 in the management ranking and second in India in the pharmacy ranking.

Panjab University is a public university located in Chandigarh, India. Originated in 1882 as the University of the Punjab Lahore, it was relocated in Chandigarh in the year 1947 as the East Punjab University after the partition of India, where the university was split between India and Pakistan.


Biography.

Born in Virginia, Elizabeth attended Houghton Hall Boarding School, where she was co-captain of the debate team alongside Bahrainian Crown Prince Yousif Obaid (Aasif Mandvi). She attended the University of Virginia, studying mathematics, and one of her professors was future Chief Justice of the United States Frawley (Morgan Freeman). It was also where she met her future husband.  In 1990, Elizabeth married Henry McCord (Tim Daly). They have two daughters, Stephanie "Stevie" (Wallis Currie-Wood) and Alison (Kathrine Herzer), and a son, Jason (Evan Roe). She also has a brother, Dr. Will Adams (Eric Stoltz), who is married to Sophie Adams, and with whom he has a 5-year-old daughter, Annie; both of her parents died when she was young, in a car accident. She speaks fluent French, German, Arabic, Persian and "a year of high school Spanish".

Career.

Elizabeth worked for the CIA as an analyst for 20 years until she resigned from her position due to an ethical dilemma, just as she was being considered for promotion to Station Chief, Baghdad. She then taught at the University of Virginia as a Political Science Professor. After the death of Vincent Marsh (Brian Stokes Mitchell) in a plane crash, President Conrad Dalton (Keith Carradine) (her former mentor at the CIA) asked her to serve as secretary of state. Not a natural politician, Elizabeth frequently clashes with White House Chief of Staff Russell Jackson (Željko Ivanek).  As secretary of state, her first year in office was spent investigating her predecessor's death.  In "Tamerlane", Elizabeth is in the home of Iranian Foreign Minister Zahed Javani (Usman Ally) when a coup d'état orchestrated by Secretary of State Marsh, CIA Director Andrew Munsey, and CIA analyst Juliet Humphrey, is attempted; during the attack, both Minister Javani and her personal bodyguard, DS Agent Fred Cole, were killed. In the aftermath, Elizabeth was left with some post-traumatic stress and has been seeing Russell Jackson's personal therapist.  In "The Show Must Go On", during a communications blackout on Air Force One with both the president and the speaker of the House on board, and with the vice president in surgery and president pro tempore of the Senate found to be incompetent after a series of mini-strokes earlier in the year, Elizabeth is sworn in as acting president for a number of hours.  In "You Say You Want a Revolution", Elizabeth and her Cuban counterpart are instrumental in the restoration of Cuba–United States relations, including the opening of the Cuban embassy in Washington and the U.S. embassy in Havana and the repeal of the embargo against Cuba. This has been viewed as a significant milestone in the Dalton presidency.  During the first half of the second season, McCord was instrumental in preventing a potential United States-Russia War (which ultimately was believed to escalate into World War III).  In "Vartius", due to the failing health and impending resignation of Vice President Mark Delgado (Alex Fernandez), President Dalton offered the vice presidency to McCord. She initially accepted, but when President Dalton lost his party's primary, she advised him to run as an independent candidate and to ask the popular Senator Teresa Hurst, from Pennsylvania to be his running mate instead, as winning Pennsylvania would increase his chances of ensuring neither major party candidate would achieve a majority in the Electoral College. On election night, Dalton won several key states, including Pennsylvania, guaranteeing that neither major-party candidate would secure a majority. Thanks to the efforts of Russell Jackson, Dalton was re-elected by the House of Representatives in a contingent election.  In season 4, McCord is considered to be a favorite to run for president, even over Vice President Hurst. Russell Jackson even tells her that President Dalton would prefer to leave the presidency to her, instead of Hurst, who has her own presidential ambitions. In the last episode of season 4, Elizabeth stated that she would indeed run for president.  In season 5, McCord offered her resignation to President Dalton, and he accepted. In the season 5 episode "Better Angels", Elizabeth was holding a public gathering at her family farm, during which she announced her candidacy for the presidency of the United States.  The first episode of season 6, "Hail to the Chief", reveals that McCord won her bid to become the nation's first female president. The sixth season opens with accusations that the McCord campaign conspired with Iran to win the election. The second episode, "The Strike Zone", features former campaign manager turned Senior Counselor to the President Mike B. testifying in front of the Senate Intelligence Committee.

Staff.

With the exception of her personal assistant, Blake Moran (Erich Bergen), and new policy advisor Kat Sandoval (Sara Ramirez) Elizabeth inherited her entire senior staff from her predecessor, Vincent Marsh.  Her personal staff while Secretary of State consists of:  In "Blame Canada", she fired Allen Bollings (John Finn), the chief negotiator responsible for peace talks with Iran for threatening military action rather than the trade ban relaxations she authorized, and then lying to herself and to the president about it.  Starting in "Whisper of the Ax", Elizabeth recruited veteran political operative Michael "Mike B." Barnow (Kevin Rahm) as a special advisor to help her politically strategize; another politician once referred to Mike B. as her "personal hatchet man".  In "The Essentials", Nadine retires from the State Department upon learning that she's about to become a grandmother in order to spend time with her family in San Francisco. After her departure, Elizabeth names Jay her new Chief of Staff.

Reception.

The character is likely to have been inspired by Hillary Clinton. She has been analyzed in the context of the media representation of female political figures.

Elizabeth "Bess" Adams McCord is a fictional character and the protagonist of the CBS TV series "Madam Secretary" portrayed by Téa Leoni. Elizabeth is the President of the United States and former United States Secretary of State.


Envirome classification.

While there can be both positive and negative effects of the envirome on the organism, negative effects are often emphasized in discussing disease. A typology of envirome health hazards suggested by McDowall is natural physico-chemical, man-made physico-chemical, biological/organic, natural or man-made, macrosocial, micro- or psychosocial. One approach to classifying the envirome is to organize the factors based on their likely disease-specific causality such as cardiovascular disease  The time-scale of the envirome hazard is another possible dimension of classification; an envirome hazard are said to be a sudden change (such as a disaster), a rapid environmental change, or a slow change or a static situation. In twin studies, envirome influences are often decomposed into shared environmental factors, common to both twins and non-shared environmental factors that differ between the twins.

Genotype-environment correlation and interaction.

The effect of an envirome on an organism can be potentially modulated by its genetic makeup, i.e., its genome. The two main ways genes and environment may interact is through genotype-environment correlation and interaction. Genotype-environment correlation occurs because, for example, children both inherit genes from their parents and live under the influence of their parents. In the context of genetic epidemiology, interaction refers to the genes and the environment both participating in a causal way that departs from a simple additive model of the effects. An example of a genotype-environment interaction is the increased risk of getting Alzheimer's disease following a head injury in persons carrying the APOE formula_1 allele.

Criticism.

Some researchers see "envirome" as a renaming of the already well-established "nurture" component of the nature-nurture dichotomy in explaining psychological behavior. Steven Rose has argued that in psychiatry, it is time to abandon the genome-envirome dichotomy altogether in favor of an integrative view of a person's life course.

An “envirome” includes all of the environmental conditions required for successful biological life that affect human health. In genetic epidemiology, an envirome the total set of environmental factors, both present and past, that affect the state, and in particular the disease state, of an organism. The study of the envirome and its effects is termed enviromics. The term was first coined in the field of psychiatric epidemiology by J.C. Anthony in 1995. More recently, use of the term has been extended to the cellular domain, where "cell functional enviromics" studies both the genome and envirome from a systems biology perspective.


Activities.

In addition to a wide range of adult and children's services for autistic people located across England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, the charity has an Autism Helpline open 5 days a week, a range of products for professionals working with autistics and a campaigning function. Sarah Lambert, the head of policy at the National Autistic society is a member of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Autism.  In 2011, the NAS consulted with numerous police agencies in developing identity card schemes designed to ensure a tolerable environment for autistic individuals during inquiries; participating agencies included the Wiltshire Police, the Essex Police, the Norfolk Constabulary, the Suffolk Constabulary, and the Cumbria Constabulary.  The NAS is also a founding member of Autism-Europe, an umbrella organisation bringing together 80 autism organisations from over 30 European countries. As a member of Autism-Europe, the NAS collaborates and shares examples of learning and good practice with other associations throughout the continent.  The current Chief Executive is Caroline Stevens. She took over from Mark Lever in 2019, after being Chief Executive at Kids for six years.

Organisation.

The NAS is organised into four regions and currently run by an elected Board of Trustees and an elected Council through a Strategic Management Group. The president of the NAS is Jane Asher and the patron is The Countess of Wessex. The NAS is funded through UK government grants and voluntary contributions.  The National Autistic Society has the following names registered with the Charity Commission:

List of NAS Schools and facilities.

The NAS manages a number of residential schools in the United Kingdom.

History.

Founded in 1962 as the Autistic Children's Aid Society of North London, it has around 20,000 members. In 1963, Gerald Gasson, a parent and member of the Executive Committee, designed the primary symbol for autism: a puzzle piece with a picture of a crying child inside of it, which was first used as logo by the NAS itself. The National Autistic Society originated from the foundation of the Autistic Children's Aid Society of North London on 23 January 1962 by parents of autistic children living in the area, with the assistance of a member from The Spastics Society (later Scope). Sybil Elgar was asked by the parents to be their first teacher for their children. The Society school for Autistic Children was established and later renamed as the Sybil Elgar School with her as the first principal. The current name was adopted in 1975 when the charity extended its interest to the whole of the United Kingdom.

The National Autistic Society (NAS) is a British charity for autistic people. The purpose of the organisation is to improve the lives of autistic people in the United Kingdom.


Plot.

The town of Liberal in southwestern Kansas needs the help of a lawman; so does the law-abiding land baron Allen Harper. Deputy Billy Burns hence sends for his longtime friend, the legendary Bat Masterson.  Allen's sweetheart, Susan Pritchard, is pursued by Logan Maury, a corrupt cattleman. Hired gun Lance Larkin, who works for Maury, beats up a farmer until Bat arrives and throws him in jail. Bat is appointed the town's marshal and appoints Billy as his deputy.  Ruby Stone, a saloon singer in love with Maury, tries to keep him away from good girl Susan. When a farmer is murdered, Allen is framed and faces a lynch mob. Ruby ends up betraying Maury and gets shot in the back. Maury's own men are offended by the death of Ruby and gun down Maury. Allen can now marry Susan, while the town makes Billy the new marshal as Bat rides away.

Production.

The screenplay for "Trail Street" was written by Norman Houston and Gene Lewis, based on a novel by William Corcoran that was published as a serial in "Cosmopolitan" under the title "Trail Street". According to a news item in the "Hollywood Reporter", Barbara Hale and Lawrence Tierney were originally cast in the leading roles.  According to the August 1946 edition of "Hollywood Reporter", five hundred extras were hired for the fight scene between the farmers and the trail riders.

Reception.

In his 1947 review for "The New York Times", Bosley Crowther wrote that "Trail Street" was just another in a long line of Western about frontier marshal Bat Masterson, "no better nor worse than most of the rest". Crowther continued: In his review, Mike Grost wrote that although the film was no masterpiece, "Trail Street" contains "fresh visual thinking" and shows "graceful mise-en-scène". Grost continued: At the time "Trail Street" was released, a group of RKO actors and actresses toured several cities in Kansas to promote the film. One of those making the tour, Nan Leslie, who subsequently was cast in numerous movie and television westerns, was not actually in the film.

Trail Street is a 1947 American Western film directed by Ray Enright and starring Randolph Scott, Robert Ryan, Anne Jeffreys, and George "Gabby" Hayes. Based on the novel "Trail Street" by William Corcoran, and a screenplay by Norman Houston and Gene Lewis, the film is about the legendary Bat Masterson who brings law and order to the town of Liberal, Kansas, and defends the local farmers against a murderous cattle baron. Filmed on location in Agoura, California, at the Andy Jauregui Ranch in Newhall, California, and at the Encino Ranch of RKO Pictures. The film made a profit of $365,000.


History.

Launch and use as a freighter.

In 1955 the Richard Schröder shipping company of Hamburg ordered construction of a dry cargo freighter from Norderwerft Köser & Meyer, also of Hamburg. Built as hull number 818, the ship was launched on November 10, 1955, as the "Erich Schröder". After sea trials that began on December 29, 1955, the ship was delivered to the owners on January 17, 1956. It was built as a triple-superstructure ship with the machine room aft and the bridge amidships. It was equipped with three cargo hatches and loading equipment consisting of one 25-metric ton derrick and ten 5-metric ton derricks. In August 1962, the ship was transferred to the Richard Schröder K.G. shipping company, and in February 1972 sold to Ocean Combustion Service N. V. in Rotterdam.

Use as an incinerator ship.

Beginning on February 11, 1972, the new owner had the ship converted into a waste incinerator ship at the K. A. van Brink shipyard in Rotterdam. Tanks for transportation of the waste were added, plus two incinerators located aft, in which the waste would be combusted at temperatures between 1300 and 1400° Celsius. On September 15, 1972, the shipyard delivered the completed ship to Vulcanus Shipping Pte. Ltd. in Singapore, which placed it in service as the "Vulcanus". Management of the ship remained with Ocean Combustion Service; it was operated by Hansa Steamship Company of Bremen (Ocean Combustion Service and Vulcanus Shipping both being subsidiaries of Hansa). It was capable of incinerating 400–500 metric tons of waste a day, or approximately 100,000 metric tons a year. The ship primarily operated in the North Sea out of Rotterdam; in 1980 it and other incinerator ships were burning an estimated 80,000 metric tons of wastes including TCDD in the North Sea; but was also used on other routes. For example, in 1974, Shell Oil contracted to have liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes from its Shell Chemical subsidiary incinerated in the Gulf of Mexico, and in 1977 in the South Pacific, "Vulcanus" disposed of more than 8 million liters of Agent Orange left over from the Vietnam War, in the U.S. Air Force Operation Pacer HO.  Following Hansa's declaration of bankruptcy on August 18, 1980, the "Vulcanus" continued to operate until 1983, when it was overhauled at the Jurong shipyard in Singapore and equipped with a totally new forecastle equipping it to transport chemical waste. On May 4, 1983, the old forecastle was scrapped at Lien Ho Hsing Steel Enterprise Company in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.. The rebuilt ship was again placed in service as an incinerator vessel, now under the name "Vulcanus I". At the beginning of 1988, Waste Management, Inc., which had bought "Vulcanus I" and was then operating it and another incinerator ship named "Vulcanus II", withdrew a longstanding application to provide offshore incineration of toxic wastes to the US market. Growing protests by environmental groups led to a decision by the Third International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea in 1990 to ban waste incineration in the North Sea from December 31, 1991. The decision was ratified on June 23, 1990, by the OSPAR Commission. "Vulcanus I" was then sold that year to the Danish shipping company M.H. Simonsen A.p.S. in Svendborg.

Later career.

In 1990, Simonsen registered the ship with Simonsen Tankers Ltd. of Nassau, Bahamas, as the "Oragreen", and had it converted into a bunkering tanker. It remained with Simonsen until May 3, 2004, when it was transferred, in Dakar, Senegal, to the Nigerian shipping company Kotram Nigeria Ltd. of Apapa. In 2009, the ship remained registered with Kotram as the "Kotrando". In 2019, the web site marinetraffic.com listed the Kotrando as decommissioned or lost.

M/T "Vulcanus, also known as Vulcanus I, Oragreen, Kotrando, and Erich Schröder", is a freighter first placed in service in 1956 that was used from 1972 to 1990 as an incinerator ship and later as a tanker.


Discovery.

S Persei was named by German astronomer Adalbert Krueger in 1874 after observing that it varied in brightness. It was subsequently listed in major stellar catalogues of that era as HD 14528 and BD+57°552.

Variability.

S Persei varies slowly by several magnitudes, a factor of over 40 in brightness. It has a main period of somewhat over two years, but shows significant unpredictability. There is a strong variation in the amplitude from around one magnitude to about four magnitudes, and these have been interpreted as beats due to a second period of about 940 days. Other analyses find only the primary period of 813 ± 60 days.  S Persei is classified as a semiregular variable star of type SRc, indicating that it is a supergiant, and it has one of the largest visual amplitudes of any variable of this type. While the General Catalogue of Variable Stars lists it as varying between magnitudes 7.9 and 12.0, it has since been seen fainter.  The spectral type of S Persei also varies. Typically it is a red supergiant of spectral class M3 or M4, but particularly at deep visual minima it may show a much cooler spectral type of M7 or M8, highly unusual for a supergiant.

Properties.

Many of the visually bright variable stars belong to this class of semiregulars, as these stars are extremely large and luminous, and hence visible across long distances. S Persei has been described as a hypergiant and has a radius over 700 times the sun's radius (). Its angular diameter has been measured directly and found to be somewhat elliptical. Modelled as a uniform disk, the radius corresponds to.  The temperature has been calculated from the spectrum using a DUSTY model, giving an effective photospheric temperature of 3,600 K and a temperature of 900 K for the surrounding dust torus. This is consistent with previous studies, but the derived luminosity from different authors varies from to. Older studies frequently calculated higher luminosities, lower temperatures, and consequently larger values for the radius.  The mass of S Persei is also uncertain, but expected to be around. Mass is being lost at per year, leading to an extensive and complex circumstellar environment of gas and dust.

Location.

S Persei is surrounded by clouds containing water molecules which produce maser emission. This allows the distance to be measured very accurately using very long baseline interferometry, giving an annual parallax of 0.413 ± 0.017 milliarcseconds. For comparison the Gaia Data Release 2 parallax is. It lies somewhat further away than the centres of the Double Cluster open clusters, but definitely within the Per OB1 association and the Perseus Arm of the galaxy.  S Persei is a double star. The red supergiant has an A0 11th magnitude companion at 69". There are also several other 8th to 10th magnitude stars within half a degree of S Persei.

S Persei is a red supergiant or hypergiant located near the Double Cluster in Perseus, north of the cluster NGC 869. It is a member of the Perseus OB1 association and one of the largest known stars. If placed in our solar system, its photospehere would engulf the orbit of Jupiter. It is also a semiregular variable, a star whose variations are less regular than those of Mira variables.


High school and college career.

Payton was born in Seattle, Washington to Monique and Gary Payton, while his father was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics. He attended Spring Valley High School where he lettered two years in basketball and one year in swimming before graduating in 2011. He then enrolled at Westwind Preparatory Academy for the 2011–12 season.

Salt Lake Bruins.

Payton played two seasons at Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City, Utah. He averaged 9.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game as a freshman (2012–13) and led the Bruins to a 29-5 overall record and 14-1 mark in the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC), where they won the Region 18 Championship and outright SWAC title in 2013. Payton was named First Team All-SWAC and made Region 18 All-Tournament Team as a freshman. In his sophomore year he averaged 14.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.9 steals per game earning him Second Team NJCAA Division I All-American and was voted 2014 Region 18 Co-Player of the Year and Region 18 Tournament Most Valuable Player. The Bruins finished with a 27-7 overall record and won their second consecutive Region 18 Championship.

Oregon State Beavers.

During Payton's sophomore season at Salt Lake CC he signed a letter of intent to play for his father's alma mater Oregon State under men's head basketball coach Craig Robinson. Robinson was fired before the start of the 2014–15 basketball season and was replaced by University of Montana head coach Wayne Tinkle. Having lost their top five scorers from the previous season, Pac-12 coaches picked Oregon State to finish 12th in the 2014–15 season. Instead, the up-tempo Beavers finished 7th with a 4–1 record against the conference's top three teams, Arizona, Oregon and Utah. In their game against Grambling State Payton recorded 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, becoming only the second Beaver ever with a triple-double in a game. His father, Hall of Famer Gary Payton, is the other Beaver with a triple-double when he had 20 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against the University of Portland in 1988. Following a home sweep of the Los Angeles schools Payton was named the January 26, 2015 Pac-12 Conference Player of the Week. During his first season at Oregon State Payton led his team in multiple categories: scoring, rebounds, and steals. On March 9, 2015 Pac-12 coaches voted Payton to the All-Pac-12 First Team, All-Pac-12 Defensive Team and named him the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.  On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award for top point guard of the year. He was named to the 35-man mid-season watchlist for the Naismith Player of the Year on February 11.

Professional career.

Rio Grande Valley Vipers (2016–2017).

After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Payton II joined the Houston Rockets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 23, 2016, he signed with the Rockets, but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in six preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Rockets. On December 3, 2016, he scored 51 points on 20-of-29 shooting to go with 11 rebounds in a 140–125 win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.

Milwaukee Bucks and Wisconsin Herd (2017).

On April 2, 2017, Payton II signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He made his debut for the Bucks that night, scoring five points in nine minutes off the bench in a 109–105 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. Payton II was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final 2017–18 preseason roster cuts. On October 17, 2017, Payton II was given a two-way contract with the Bucks via their NBA G League affiliate the Wisconsin Herd, meaning he'd officially return to Milwaukee for the start of the season. Payton II would have his first start in the NBA on November 22, 2017, against the Phoenix Suns, playing as the starting small forward for the Bucks that night due to team injuries. While he would end the night early due to an injury of his own, the Bucks would win that night in overtime. On December 13, Payton II was waived from the Bucks in favor of Sean Kilpatrick.

Los Angeles Lakers (2018).

On January 15, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Payton II to a two-way contract. Throughout the rest of the season, he split his playing time between the Los Angeles Lakers and their NBA G League affiliate, the South Bay Lakers. On the final game of the season, Payton scored a career-high 25 points and also posted a career-high 12 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.

Second stint with Rio Grande Valley Vipers (2018–2019).

On September 4, 2018, Payton signed a training camp contract with the Portland Trail Blazers. On October 13, 2018, Payton was waived by the Trail Blazers.  On December 12, 2018, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League announced via Twitter that they had re-acquired Payton.

Washington Wizards (2019).

On January 21, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards on a 10-day contract, and Payton made his debut for the Wizards on January 22 in a 101–87 win over the Detroit Pistons, but was not offered for a second 10-day contract.

Third stint with Rio Grande Valley Vipers (2019).

On February 2, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers announced that they had reacquired Payton.

South Bay Lakers (2019).

On October 24, 2019, the Canton Charge acquired the returning right from Rio Grande Valley Vipers for Payton in exchange for Jaron Blossomgame. Two days later on October 26, 2019, Payton was traded to the South Bay Lakers for Sheldon Mac and Robert Heyer. Two days later on October 28, 2019, Payton was added to the training camp roster of the South Bay Lakers. On November 4, 2019, Payton was included in the opening night roster of the South Bay Lakers.

Second stint with Washington Wizards (2019–present).

On December 23, 2019, the Washington Wizards announced that they had signed Payton.  | style="text-align:left;"|

Gary Dwayne Payton II (born December 1, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the NBA. As a junior and senior playing college basketball for the Oregon State Beavers, Payton was named first-team All-Pac-12 as well as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He is the son of NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton. His nickname is "The Mitten", a reference to his father's nickname "The Glove".


Playing career.

Muñiz was born in Gijón, Asturias. During his playing days, he represented hometown club Sporting de Gijón (making his first-team debut in the 1991–92 season, already at 23), Rayo Vallecano – scoring four goals from 40 appearances during 1998–99, which granted the Madrid side La Liga promotion via the playoffs even though they finished fifth – and CD Numancia.  Muñiz retired at the end of the 2001–02 campaign at the age of 33, as the team from Soria could only finish in 17th position in Segunda División. In 11 years as a professional, he appeared in 332 games and scored ten times (234 matches and six goals in the top level).

Coaching career.

Muñiz started as an assistant manager at Málaga in 2003, under Juande Ramos. His first head coach experience arrived in early 2006 with lowly UD Marbella, and he subsequently returned to Málaga as the main manager for two seasons, achieving a runner-up place in 2008 and thus promoting the Andalusians to the top flight after a two-year.  In July 2008, Muñiz switched to fellow league team Racing de Santander. At the season's end, however, he was released from contract, and promptly returned to Málaga, replacing Antonio Tapia who took over relegated neighbours Real Betis.  In late June 2010, after leading Málaga to the 17th position, last above the relegation zone, Muñiz was sacked. Shortly after, he rejoined Ramos at FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk.  Muñiz was appointed AD Alcorcón manager on 8 June 2015, after four years in Ukraine. Roughly one year later he signed with fellow second division club Levante UD, achieving promotion at the first attempt as champions.  On 20 June 2018, Muñiz returned to Málaga for a third spell after agreeing to a two-year contract. He was dismissed the following 14 April, following a 1–2 home loss against Extremadura UD.

Juan Ramón López Muñiz (born 2 November 1968) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender, and a manager.


Gameplay.

"Sine Mora" (Latin meaning, "without delay") is a side scrolling shoot 'em up game. The player controls an airplane along two axes while attacking enemies. The gameplay world is rendered in 3D, and at key points an in-game cutscene plays in which the camera and plane move. These are often transitions into another part of the gameplay world, but are also used to give the player a new perspective for things such as boss battles. The plane's primary weapons can be upgraded, and players are equipped with a limited-use, more powerful secondary weapon to eliminate more on-screen enemies at one time. Consecutive kills with the primary weapon will increase the game's score multiplier, while use of the secondary weapon or time manipulation will reset the multiplier. The player's final score is determined by a number of factors including kills, damage taken, and powerups collected.  As the game is marketed as a bullet hell shooter it features four difficulties: normal, challenging, hard and insane. The normal difficulty reduces the on-screen ordnance from enemies, while the insane difficulty is geared towards those who are veterans of the genre. In this difficulty the ordnance on the screen is much higher, forcing a greater difficulty level. In addition, four game modes are included: Story, Arcade, Score Attack, and Boss Training. Story mode is the primary mode of the game and allows the player to see the narrative as the game progresses. On the standard difficulty players are given eight continues, while the Insane difficulty yields only five. Completing levels on the more challenging difficulty unlocks an alternate narrative. Arcade mode removes the narrative cutscenes and limits the player to only three continues. Score Attack mode allows players to replay any stage previously completed with only one life. The objective is to achieve the highest score possible and complete the stage. Players do not progress to the next stage after completion in this mode. Boss Training allows players to practice and/or replay any unlocked boss battles. Continues in this mode are unlimited.  "Sine Mora" does not use a traditional player health mechanic. It instead plays on the aspect of time. Each level is given a set amount of time which continues to tick downwards. Taking damage will temporarily speed up this process, while eliminating enemies will add time back. Powerups in the game can provide bonuses such as shielding, extra time, and upgraded weapon. Players can choose from multiple characters and planes, and the combination of choices determines the vital statistics during play. Characters are not tied to a specific plane, rather characters and planes each have unique attributes, the combination of which determines the statistics.

Synopsis.

"Sine Mora" features two plots running at different points in time. The first features a father bent on taking revenge on the Empire that executed his son for being the sole pilot that refused to drop a nuclear bomb during an attack on the Enkies. The second features the last survivors of the Enkie race also plotting revenge on the Empire for destroying them. The game stages are often set at the same locations, in noticeably different states due to being set in different eras.  The game takes place on the planet of Seol, which is much like Earth. It differs in that its crust is so unstable it often causes quakes that radically reshape its geography in a small amount of time. Albeit originally split into four great nations, by the time the plot unfolds two factions are locked in the Eternal War: the aggressive and dictatorial Layil Empire and the Atarach Kingdom of the Enkie race. Following the teachings of the great prophet Enki, the Enkie are renowned for their unique talent of manipulating time, to the point of being able to transport any item or even themselves to any point into the past or even the future. Over time, however, the Empire develops "The Project", a machine capable of manipulating time. The apparatus is capable of arbitrarily accelerating an item's or even living being's time flow to the point of literally erasing it from existence. Stored inside the floating fortress-city of Siriad, the Project uses every military vehicle of the Layil as a relay, creating a weapon that cannot be effectively disabled. This advantage has allowed the Empire to cut through Enkie defenses, culminating in a vicious (presumably) nuclear bombardment of the Atarach kingdom.  In the "normal" narrative, which encompasses the player's first playthrough, Ronotra Koss is mourning the death of his son, Argus Pytel, at the hands of his crewmates as he refused, during the flight of the bomber Cobalt King, to drop a nuclear bomb upon the Enkie capital city; embittered and vengeful, Koss mans a stolen Sine Mora school "Merenstein" plane and, with the help of a smuggled combat artificial intelligence, GARAI 74/22876, starts to systematically infiltrate Layil Empire structures and eliminate officers involved with his son's demise, all the while exacting a bloody revenge on the Empire which abandoned him after an incident left him an amputee. Finally reaching the city of Tira, capital of the Empire, he mercilessly destroys most of its military force, finally facing the colossal Domus assault fortress manned by the officer who killed Argus, managing to destroy it after maneuvering through its defenses and blowing up the power cores.  The parallel storyline involves Akyta Dryad and an ensemble of surviving Enkie resistance fighters unleashing a series of guerrilla attacks on the empire, bent on stopping the Project. Most of the locations are visited after Ronotra Koss' exploits, featuring a much more ruined look and stronger resistance by Empire forces. Resistance fighters fall one after another, either captured or killed in action, dealing a series of crippling blows to the Layil who, however, seemingly recover from each with minimal actual consequences save for structure damage. Infiltrating Siriad, the Empire's floating fortress-city, Akyta, then the sole survivor, reaches the main chamber housing the Project apparatus; there, she is horrified to find two million Enkie survivors connected to machinery, heavily drugged and genetically altered, their natural time manipulating capabilities being channeled to fuel the Empire's temporal gravitation weapons. Fighting the facility's guardian and controller, Ophan, she manages to end the threat of the weapon, leaving Layil unable to use time manipulation.  In a shocking twist however, the entire chain of events is revealed to have been engineered by none other than Argus Pytel himself: a top ranking intelligence officer and a Collaborationist, he engineered for both Resistance groups to embark on suicidal missions, confident of the Empire's chance to recover quickly from any damage via its control over the timeline. The rebel crew member aboard the Cobalt King was actually killed by Pytel and not the other way around, a fact he took advantage of to trick his father's faction into action. The plan however took yet another unexpected turn when, surprising the attacker of the Domus and shooting him down with a barrage of missiles, he was horrified to discover he had just killed his own father. Meanwhile, approximately a thousand years later, Akyta was herself met with a defeat as the Ophan, upon critically malfunctioning, activated the Project's self-destruct system, detonating the facility and killing the Enkie slaves, effectively eradicating the entire Enkie race.  The "alternate" narrative is more of an alternate ending: following his father Ronotra Koss' death by his own hands, Argus starts devising a plan of his own to exact revenge on the Empire: using his knowledge of past events and the Project equipment, he traveled forward in time to before Akyta could destroy the Ophan, having her travel 4200 years into the past and saving her life before destroying the facility himself (and dying in the process). Sine Mora ends with the same opening cinematic, revealing Argus as the pilot of the King Cobalt: however, Akyta is revealed to be pregnant, and to have given birth to none other than Enki himself, thus bringing the entire story full circle.

Development and marketing.

"Sine Mora" was announced August 18, 2010. It was developed via a partnership between Grasshopper Manufacture and Digital Reality. Grasshopper was responsible for the art direction and sound design, while Digital Reality handled the 3D assets, programming, story and game design. The game is available on both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 via their respective downloadable networks.  The art style for the game is diesel punk inspired. The boss battles for the game were initially designed in large part by Mahiro Maeda, an anime artist known for his work on "The Animatrix", "Kill Bill", and "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Gez Fry directed the game's art and designed the characters, with input from Yoshiro Kimura. The characters were designed as humanoid animals due to Fry's impression that the game was "not crazy enough." "Our characters were originally human characters" stated Theodore Reiker, Creative Director at Digital Reality. "One day he approached me with the idea of having anthropomorphic characters — animals."  Reiker cited several bullet hell shooters, such as "Battle Garegga", "Einhänder", and "Under Defeat" as influences for the game. ""Sine Mora" is our tribute to the amazing games that we played over the last 30 years" said Reiker. The designers originally voiced the characters in Hungarian as a placeholder for other languages, however the idea appealed to them so much that they kept the language and provided translations via subtitles for non-Hungarian speaking players. Akira Yamaoka of Grasshoper Manufacture, best known for his music in the "Silent Hill" series, scored the game's music. Yamaoka was inspired by 1970s electronic music and used that to create the score to match the diesel-punk setting. Of the soundtrack he stated, "I had to create something that would be worthy for this game as well as sound that could actually enhance the game when matched with the visuals."  Digital Reality held a contest where fans could guess the game's release date. Those who guessed correctly would get a chance to receive a free copy of the game. The winner was determined from a lottery based on the score a team member had while playing through the game. "Sine Mora" was shown at Gamescom and Penny Arcade Expo (PAX). T-shirts and other promotional merchandise were given away at PAX. Contests for the merchandise were also conducted via the game's official Facebook page.  Prior to the E3 2012 convention, it was announced that "Sine Mora" will also be released on the PlayStation Vita. This version contains a new hero, Wilhelmine Muller, coming from the world of "Under Defeat", with a new weapon and chromosomes. It was later announced that the game will be available for the PlayStation 3 as well.  On July 16, 2013 the game has been released on iOS via the iTunes Store by developer Pocket Scientists. Android and Amazon Kindle Fire versions will follow.

Reception.

"Sine Mora" received generally favorable reviews from critics. It currently holds a score of 84.93% at aggregate website GameRankings, while fellow aggregate site Metacritic reports a score of 85/100. The highest score, an approval rating of 95%, came from Chris Carter of Gamer Limit, while the lowest score of 60% approval was shared by the reviewer from Gameblog.Fr and Simon Campanello of Eurogamer Sweden. The majority of reviews rated the game with an 80% approval rating or higher.  Several of "Sine Mora"s gameplay mechanics were praised by critics. Daemon Hatfield of IGN praised the variety of modes, particularly the game's Boss Training mode, which he felt would prove useful to serious players. Richard Mitchell of Joystiq praised the game's time-based mechanics in particular. He felt that it gives "players a new spin on an age-old formula." GamesRadar's Sterling McGarvey felt that the game was challenging yet fun. He also gave high marks for the gameplay and presentation during boss fights. VideoGamer.com's Sinan Kubba also praised the boss fights, citing the multiple attack sequences and 3D transitions as high points.  The game's plot was confusing for some reviewers. IGN's Daemon Hatfield stated that he found the story "hard to follow." Dan Whitehead, reviewer for Eurogamer, agreed that the story was difficult to follow. He also felt that there were instances where the player had too much text to read, and this made following the story more difficult. Joystiq's Richard Mitchell noted, however, that understanding the story is not essential to enjoying the game. "Sine Mora"s visuals received generally high marks. Daemon Hatfield of IGN noted that the game is detailed enough that players "can see each individual shell drop from [their] ship as you fire". Eurogamer's Dan Whitehead called the game "perhaps the most visually stunning shooter ever made".

The game was well received by critics, with aggregate scores of 84.05% at GameRankings and 83/100 at Metacritic, two video game review aggregators. Critics found the story confusing, but praised the overall gameplay. Specifically the shoot 'em up mechanic, time-based mechanic and boss battles received high marks. Reviewers also lauded the game's visuals.