Life and career.

Maudsley was born on an isolated farm near Giggleswick in the North Riding of Yorkshire and educated at Giggleswick School. Maudsley lost his mother at an early age. His aunt cared for him, teaching him poetry which he would recite to the servants, and secured for him a top tutor and an expensive apprenticeship to University College London medical school. He earned ten Gold Medals and graduated with an M.D. degree in 1857, though is said to have avoided subjects and clinical work he found onerous and to have antagonised his teachers.  Maudsley had apparently intended to pursue a career in surgery, but according to his autobiography, he changed his mind when he failed to receive a reply to his first application: it had gone to his previous address. He then decided to leave the country and work for the East India Company, although in the event he never did. It would require him first to do a stint in an asylum, and so he spent nine months at the West Riding Asylum in Wakefield, followed less happily by a shorter period at the Essex County Asylum in Brentwood.  At the age of 23, Maudsley was appointed medical superintendent at the small, middle-class Manchester Royal Lunatic Asylum in Cheadle Royal. Despite being relatively inexperienced clinically and administratively, he managed to raise patient numbers and income. He returned to London in 1862, taking up residence in Queen Anne St, Cavendish Square. In 1865 he failed to gain the position of Physician to the Bethlem Royal Hospital, but succeeded at the West London Hospital.  So ended Maudsley's relatively brief period in public and charitable asylums. In the same year he was appointed co-editor of the "Journal of Mental Science", an influential position he retained for 15 years.  Maudsley was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and delivered their Gulstonian Lectures in 1870 on "Body and Mind". The text of Maudsley's lectures was studied carefully by Charles Darwin in the preparation of his "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872). Maudsley was appointed Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at University College London from 1869 to 1879.  Maudsley married John Conolly's daughter, Ann Conolly, in February 1866, and from 1866 took over the running of Conolly's private mental asylum, Lawn House, housing six wealthy women, until 1874. He then withdrew from public life and focused on authoring and on an extremely lucrative and secretive private consultancy for the very wealthy, often aristocratic, in the West End of London.

Influence.

Maudsley acquired a reputation as an outstanding essayist on medical and literary topics. An early hit was a spectacular essay on Edgar Allan Poe. He made numerous contributions to the "Journal of Mental Science". His position as Britain's foremost mental specialist was sealed by his acquaintance with Charles Darwin and other leading Victorian intellectuals and by his magisterial textbooks "The Physiology and Pathology of Mind" (1867), "Body and Mind" (1870) and "Mental Responsibility in Health and Disease" (1874). His popularity was exemplified by his influence on many novels by Rosa Nouchette Carey.  Maudsley adhered to degeneration theory and believed that inherited "taints" were exaggerated through succeeding generations (Lamarckism). He argued that alcoholism was the most frequent trigger of inherited degeneracy, and that drunkenness in one generation would lead to frenzied need for drink in the second, hypochondria in the third, and idiocy in the fourth. However, having significantly contributed to the British uptake of degeneration theory for over two decades, by the 1890s he was cautioning about it being used in a meaninglessly vague way.  His views on maternity have been critiqued for displaying a "revulsion to both parturition and the care of an infant," which he claimed was an expression of the rational objective truth. He was challenged even at the time for his generally negative views on women; a notable early critic was the pioneering female physician Elizabeth Garrett Anderson.  Maudsley has been described as "a prime example of how the medical establishment naturalised and reinforced social divisions and hierarchies during the latter part of the 19th century." He has also been described as "consistently inconsistent".  Maudsley was agnostic, and as such critical of religion and reports of ostensibly supernatural phenomena. In his book "Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings" (1886) he wrote that so-called supernatural experiences were disorders of the mind and simply "malobservations and misinterpretations of nature". His book is seen as an early text in the field of anomalistic psychology.

Maudsley Hospital.

In 1907, Maudsley collaborated with Frederick Mott, a neuropathologist, to make an offer to London County Council to found a new Maudsley Hospital, for which Maudsley donated £30,000, with the council finding another £30,000 plus. This was to be a new mental hospital that would treat early and acute cases and have an out-patient clinic. The hospital also housed teaching and research. The buildings were ready in 1915, temporarily used for war veterans, and officially opened in 1923. A special Act of Parliament had made voluntary treatment there financially possible.  Maudsley's £30,000 has been described as an astonishingly high sum, and he still had at least £60,000 spare upon his death.  A bronze bust of Maudsley overlooks the main staircase at the Institute of Psychiatry next to the Maudsley Hospital.

Later life.

In his later years, Maudsley became something of a recluse, resigning from the Medico-Psychological Association and, in some scattered writings, expressing regret at his career choice of psychiatry. He submitted articles to the philosophy journal "Mind", watched cricket and sent postcards.  While earlier he had argued, per Bénédict Morel, that degenerate families would die out, he would begin in the 1890s to consider degeneration as a regressive force and threat to evolution and moral progress. This appears to have had a significant influence on psychiatrists such as George Alder Blumer who became at least for some time converts to eugenics.  Maudsley's wife died before him, and they had no children.  He appears to have destroyed his own papers and correspondence.

Henry Maudsley FRCP (5 February 183523 January 1918) was a pioneering English psychiatrist, commemorated in the Maudsley Hospital in London and in the annual Maudsley Lecture of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.


Background.

"To Love" is Nishino's first album released after she solidified her popularity in the digital market. Despite Nishino's initial singles for her first album, "Love One.", not seeing much success, the songs promoted around the album's release ("Tōkutemo" feat. Wise, "Kimi ni Aitaku Naru Kara" and "Kimi no Koe o" feat. Verbal (M-Flo)) were gradual hits in the digital market. Since then, all of her singles have hit No. 1 on RIAJ's Digital Track Chart, which tracks full-length song downloads to cellphones. "Best Friend" stayed at No. 1 for three consecutive weeks, while "Aitakute Aitakute" and "Motto..." reached No. 1 for two.  Currently, "Aitakute Aitakute", "Best Friend," "Dear..." and "Motto..." are all certified for 750,000+ ringtone downloads and 500,000+ full-length cellphone downloads. "Maybe" has been downloaded on cellphones more than 100,000 times, along with a B-side to "Best Friend" "One Way Love" that is not present on the album.

Writing.

Much like her first album, "To Love" is centred around a theme of love. As exactly one year had passed from her previous album, Nishino wanted to express the growth in her values and view on love. In an interview with Yahoo! Japan, Nishino stated that for the lyrics on the album she "makes an image from the music, then creates a short film made of images in her head, and from there creates the basis for the scenario for the lyrics.  Many of the songwriters from Nishino's first album worked with her again for "To Love". Sizk, who worked on the prologue/epilogues from her first album worked on the second albums, while the singles were created with Giorgio Cancemi (who worked with Nishino on 2/3 of the later promotional tracks from "Love One.", "Tōkutemo" and "Kimi no Koe o"). One song was written by Australian songwriters Nervo ("Hey Boy"), much like the songs "Girlfriend" and Nishino's debut single "I"). Jeff Miyahara also returned to work with Nishino once again (after producing the single "Kimi ni Aitaku Naru Kara"), with "Summer Girl" feat. Minmi.

Chart ranking.

The album debuted at No. 1 on Oricon's daily albums chart, selling 71,000 copies on its first day. It stayed at No. 1 for the first week, selling 290,000 copies. The album's first week sales are currently the highest for a solo artist in 2010. The album was certified triple platinum selling over 750,000 physical copies  Many album tracks were popular enough to chart digitally after the album's release. "Love & Smile", released a week before the album, was the most successful, peaking at No. 3. Others included "Summer Girl" feat. Minmi (No. 8), "Kono Mama de" (No. 14) and "You Are the One" (No. 64).

To Love (stylized as to LOVE) is Japanese R&B singer-lyricist Kana Nishino's second studio album. It was released on June 23, 2010 by SME Records. The album spawned four Oricon Top 10 singles, "Motto...", "Dear.../Maybe", "Best Friend" and "Aitakute Aitakute".


Plot.

Becker, a hotshot American marketing executive (played by Roberts) from The Coca-Cola Company, visits their Australian operations in Sydney and tries to figure out why a tiny corner of Australia (the fictional town of Anderson Valley) has so far resisted all of Coke's products. He literally bumps into the secretary (played by Scacchi) who is assigned to help him.  Eventually Becker discovers that a local producer of soft drinks run by an old eccentric has been successfully fending off the American brand name products. The executive vows an all out marketing war with the eccentric but eventually comes to reconsider his role as a cog in Coca-Cola's giant corporate machinery. Along the way there are humorous subplots involving the office manager's violent ex-husband, Becker's attempt to find the 'Australian sound', and an odd waiter who is under the mistaken belief that Becker is a secret agent.

Production.

David Stratton gave a copy of Frank Moorhouse's book "The Americans Baby" to Dusan Makavejev when he attended the Sydney Film Festival in 1975 with "Sweet Movie". Production of the movie was difficult in part because of Makavejev's work methods, which were different from the way films were normally made in Australia. Denny Lawrence came on board the film as a consultant.  "The Coca-Cola Kid" was shot on location in Sydney–various city landmarks can be seen briefly throughout the film.

Box office.

"The Coca-Cola Kid" grossed $36,365 at the box office in Australia.

Home media.

"The Coca-Cola Kid" was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in May 2009. The DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, and an interview with Greta Scacchi and David Roe titled "The Real Thing".  MGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD in the United States on April 16, 2002.

The Coca−Cola Kid is an Australian romantic comedy film, released in 1985. It was directed by Dušan Makavejev and starred Eric Roberts and Greta Scacchi. The film is based on short stories in "The Americans", "Baby", and "The Electrical Experience" by Frank Moorhouse, who wrote the screenplay. It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.


Plot.

Jeff Bauman is a well-intentioned but underachieving Boston native who works at the deli counter of a Costco and lives in a small two-bedroom apartment with his alcoholic mother Patty. One night at the local bar, Jeff runs into his ex-girlfriend Erin, who is attracted to his kindness and charm, but finds herself constantly frustrated by his lack of commitment. After learning that Erin is running in the Boston Marathon to raise money for the hospital she works at, Jeff asks every patron in the bar to donate and then promises Erin he'll wait at the finish line for her with a big sign.  The day of the Marathon, Jeff scrambles to make it to the finish line on time, but reaches it before Erin does. As she approaches the finish line, a bomb goes off right where Jeff is standing. After being rushed to a hospital, both of Jeff's legs are amputated above the knee. When he regains consciousness, Jeff tells his brother that he saw the bomber before the explosion. Patty calls the FBI, where Jeff is able to give them a description of Tamerlan Tsarnaev. Local authorities capture Dzhokhar Tsarnaev days later, and Jeff is hailed as a hero.  Jeff struggles to adjust to his condition, as well as his newfound fame. Patty books several interviews and constantly surrounds Jeff with news reporters during his rehab sessions, which Erin, who has since rekindled with Jeff, objects. Jeff and his family are invited by the Boston Bruins to Game 2 of the first round of the Stanley Cup Playoffs against the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Bruins organization asks Jeff to wave the flag during the game's opening ceremony. The crowd at TD Garden triggers traumatic flashbacks for Jeff, and he breaks down in the elevator. Erin comforts him and insists he talk to his family about the fragility of his mental state and the impact his newfound exposure is having on it. Later that night, they make love for the first time since his injury.  Patty books Jeff an interview with Oprah Winfrey without telling him, causing Erin to speak up and tell Patty that the constant media attention is intensifying Jeff's PTSD. After an argument between Patty and Erin, Jeff finally admits that he doesn't want to do any more interviews. A disheartened Patty tells him that she only wishes for the world to see how amazing her son is. She soon begins enabling Jeff's worst tendencies, including his laziness and affinity for drinking. He begins missing physical therapy appointments, due to long nights of drinking usually with Patty. Erin, who has since moved in, finds Patty blacked out on the couch and an unconscious Jeff in a bathtub, covered in vomit. The next day, she snaps at Patty for her selfishness and negligence before calling Jeff out for his self-pity and refusal to stand up to his mother. Erin storms off, leaving Jeff and Patty to drive home alone.  That night, Jeff blows off Erin to drink with his brothers at a bar. Two patrons at the bar begin asking Jeff questions about the bombing, insinuating that the event was a government conspiracy to start a war in Iran and Jeff was paid to look like a victim. Insulted, Jeff and his brothers initiate a bar fight with the patrons. Erin picks him up later that night and tells him that she's pregnant. Jeff begins to panic and tells her that he isn't ready to be a father, causing Erin to scold him for constantly running away from his problems. She leaves him in the car without removing his wheelchair from the trunk, enters their apartment, and packs her things. Jeff crawls to the apartment door and has a PTSD flashback of the bombing in its entirety.  Jeff meets with Carlos, a man who cared for him in the immediate aftermath of the bombing saving his life. Carlos tells him about his son, a Marine who died in Iraq. After attempting suicide, Carlos was forced to attend his son's funeral in a stretcher. His younger son, unable to cope with the death of his older brother and the constant state of pain his father was in, killed himself. Carlos confides that saving Jeff helped him make peace with the death of his sons and the blame he placed upon himself because of them. Jeff begins to understand that his will to live in the face of adversity is what both comforts and inspires people. He stops drinking and begins to take his rehab more seriously. He leaves Erin a voicemail apologizing for his behavior, finally taking full responsibility for his immaturity and fear of commitment. A few days later, he and Carlos throw out the first pitch for a Boston Red Sox game at Fenway Park, where he meets Pedro Martinez. Erin watches at home and smiles. After the game, dozens of people come up to Jeff and tell him how and why he has so heavily impacted their lives.  He and Erin meet at a diner where he walks with his prosthetics for the first time without assistance. He tells Erin he loves her, to which she replies, "Good." He grabs her hand and smiles.

Production.

On July 14, 2014, it was reported that Lionsgate was developing a film based on Jeff Bauman's memoir "Stronger", with playwright John Pollono writing the script. On July 17, 2015, David Gordon Green signed on to direct the film. On July 29, 2015, it was reported that Jake Gyllenhaal was in talks to play Bauman, and on October 7, 2015, it was reported that Tatiana Maslany was in talks to play Bauman's girlfriend Erin Hurley. On February 2, 2016, Bold Films signed on to produce and finance the film. On April 5, 2016, Miranda Richardson and Clancy Brown joined the film, as Bauman's mother and father, respectively. The same month, Frankie Shaw joined the cast.

Filming.

"Stronger" began filming in Boston / Greater Boston and New York City on April 4, 2016.

Reception.

Box office.

"Stronger" grossed $4.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $3.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $7.7 million.  "Stronger" was released on September 22, 2017, by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions. The film debuted in 574 theaters and grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing 8th at the box office. In its second weekend, despite being added to 72 theaters, the film dropped 38% to $986,560 and 13th place.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 7.28/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Stronger" rises on the power of its well-chosen ensemble to offer an emotionally resonant fact-based story that transcends inspirational drama clichés." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Stronger is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by David Gordon Green and written by John Pollono, based on the memoir of the same name by Jeff Bauman and Bret Witter. It follows Bauman, who loses his legs in the Boston Marathon bombings and must adjust to his new life. It stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Bauman, with Tatiana Maslany, Miranda Richardson, and Clancy Brown in supporting roles.


Early life.

Born in a humble family in Catania, he spent his childhood years in a children’s home. His father had been killed in 1868 by the Carabinieri during a robbery, while his mother, according to a report by the authorities, "lived in immorality." Released from the home, he found employment as an archivist clerk in the prefecture in 1878.  His combative temperament was played out in journalism. A little over twenty years, in 1880, he founded the political weekly "Lo staffile" (The Whip), whose very title reflects the polemic nature of its contents. Due to his continuous attacks against local authorities he soon had to leave his job at the prefecture. To feed the family and attend school, he practiced many trades: wine seller, salesman of sewing machines, a printer, and even playing the tuba in a band. He graduated in Law, passed the examinations of attorney, but did not exercise the legal profession ever.  A few years later, he was involved with the weekly "L'unione" (The Union), which had emerged as the organ of the Republican Club, and became the workers' organ of Catania. De Felice was very active in organizing workers. In 1890 he convened the first congress of workers' associations in Sicily, with the adhesion of a couple of hundreds of associations. However, the congress was prohibited by the police superintendent of Catania, on the orders of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi.  He married at the age seventeen and had four daughters in a few years. But his turbulent life led his wife, Giuseppa De Simone, to break off the relationship. After the break-up, De Felice would have a busy, but rather inordinate love life.

Fasci Siciliani.

On May 1, 1891, he founded the first "Fascio dei lavoratori" (Workers League) in his hometown Catania. The Fascio’s rapid success as a combination of trade union and mutual benefit society led to the foundation of similar leagues in Palermo and many other Sicilian towns in the next two years. Meanwhile, in November 1892, he was elected a Member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, the only Sicilian among the socialist deputies.  De Felice was actively engaged in setting up Fasci in the interior of Sicily and travelled extensively over the island. He was often accompanied by his daughter Marietta De Felice Giuffrida. Only 14 years old, she was "extraordinarily animated by the spirit of socialism, who spoke to the people with a fervour of a missionary, and because of her sex and age, she commanded the fascination of the masses."  Although a socialist by inspiration, he remained independent of the official party. At the Congress of the "Fasci" in Palermo on May 21–22, 1893, De Felice successfully represented the tendency for autonomy within the movement, and was elected a member of the new Central Committee. De Felice, counting on the anarchists, urged immediate insurrection if the government tried to dissolve the "Fasci", the majority recognised the futility of barricades and favoured calm and prudence.

Repression and trial.

In 1893 the upheaval of the Fasci turned into strikes which were violently repressed in January 1894, after Francesco Crispi had taken over government from Giovanni Giolitti. After the declaration of a state of siege on Sicily, De Felice Giuffrida left from Rome for Catania. "The Fasci are perfectly organized, and will resist the military. My place is there among my people. I do not fear the force of arms.... Of course Crispi will imprison me, but it will not help him. My arrest will only react against the Government," he declared. He was arrested after attending a meeting of the Revolutionary Committee on January 4, 1894. Although he initially wanted to resist the arrest, he was persuaded not to do so as resistance to arrest would have been punishable by death under the state of siege. His arrest was described in The New York Times as a "wise act", as De Felice's personal influence alone could have brought Catania to the verge of rebellion.  On May 30, 1894, he was sentenced to 18 years of prison at a trial in Palermo against the leaders of the Fasci. After two years, he was released in March 1896 as the result of a pardon recognizing the excessive brutality of the repression. After his release, De Felice, and other Fasci leaders Nicola Barbato and Rosario Garibaldi Bosco were met by a large crowd of supporters in Rome, who released the horses from their carriage and dragged them to the hotel, cheering for socialism and denouncing Crispi. De Felice said that after he had left the prison he was still more a revolutionary than when he entered it.

Re-elected.

While he was still in prison, De Felice was re-elected twice in the Chamber of Deputies in May 1895 and September 1895. He was elected in protest against the repression of the Fasci Siciliani, but could not be sworn in. After his release he was enthusiastically greeted by a large crowd at the railway station in Catania. He was carried to a carriage and after he had entered the horses were unharnessed by the crowd in a sign of respect until he reached a hotel.  Shortly thereafter, in early 1897, he volunteered to fight against the Turks in the thirty-day Turkish-Greek war in the irregular legion of Giuseppe Garibaldi's son, Ricciotti Garibaldi, for the liberation of Crete. Former Fasci-leader and fellow defendant in the 1894 Palermo trial Nicola Barbato and the anarchist Amilcare Cipriani also volunteered.  Re-elected again in the general election of March 1897, he would remain in Parliament until his death in 1920. During the elections his portrait was raised on many altars with burning candles, as before the Saints.  As a result of serious revolutionary activity in Italy, the conservative government of Luigi Pelloux introduced on June 30, 1899, a series of measures seriously restricting the freedom of the press and assembly, as well as introducing criminal offenses for various forms of political opposition, De Felice was among the socialist parliamentarians that opposed the decrees and obstructed by filibustering. When the president of the Chamber of Deputies arbitrarily truncated the debate and put the decrees to the vote, De Felice, along with Leonida Bissolati and Camillo Prampolini, overthrew the voting box. As a result of the uproar, the Parliament was closed down for three months and criminal proceedings were started against the three rioters. De Felice escaped arrest and remained abroad until he was acquitted in October 1899.  He also worked as a journalist with some important national newspapers. As such, he was sent to Paris in 1899 for the Dreyfus trial by "Il Secolo" newspaper from Milan and "Avanti" from Rome, while evading arrest for his actions in Parliament. In 1906, he assumed the direction of the "Corriere di Catania".

Mayor of Catania.

In 1902 he was elected as the first left-wing mayor of Catania and became the protagonist of a kind of municipal socialism until 1914. He municipalized the bread ovens and instigated many public works. On August 10, 1914, he was elected President of the Province of Catania, and remained there until his death in 1920.  He was among those who left the Italian Socialist Party in 1912, supporting the Italian invasion of Libya. He saw the new land as essential to relieving southern Italy of the rising cost of bread which had caused riots in the south, and advocated a "war of revolution". He joined the Italian Reformist Socialist Party of Ivanoe Bonomi and Leonida Bissolati and supported Italy's participation in World War I on the side of the Triple Entente. He volunteered to fight at the front.

Death and legacy.

He died on July 19, 1920. The news of his death came unexpectedly and caused a wave of popular mourning in Catania. The corpse of the politician, loved by the people who came to call "u nostru patri" (Sicilian for: "Our father"), was transported by tram and followed by thousands of people; many others mourned his death. When he died he had only six lire. The funeral procession is estimated to have been attended by about two hundred thousand people; the whole of Catania then.  De Felice was a controversial and charismatic leader and a gifted speaker. Some considered him to be a populist demagogue.

Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida (April 11, 1859 in Catania – July 19, 1920 in Aci Castello) was an Italian socialist politician and journalist from Sicily. He is considered to be one of the founders of the "Fasci Siciliani" (Sicilian Leagues) a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration. As the first socialist mayor of Catania in Sicily, from 1902 until 1914, he became the protagonist of a kind of municipal socialism.


Legend.

The land around Toccoa Falls was traded to White settlers in 1783, and written accounts of the falls began to appear in publications in the nineteenth century. White folk tales about Toccoa Falls are recounted in the writings of Elizabeth F. Ellet and Charles Montgomery Skinner. Both Ellet and Skinner's stories portray tension between the White settlers and the Native Americans of the area, describing the White settlers as victims of the Native Americans' violence. The stories, which Ellet and Skinner both independently suggest are apocryphal, involve a theme of White women tricking groups of men to walk off of Toccoa Falls, although the men are Native American in Skinner's story whereas in Ellet's, the White woman has been forced by Native Americans to trick her fellow White settlers.  In the 1890s, ethnographer James Mooney compiled myths of the Cherokee while living with them for several years. Mooney recounts a story about Toccoa Falls told to him by his half-Cherokee assistant in which, when the White newcomers saw Toccoa Falls for the first time, they saw a Cherokee woman walking underneath the water who then suddenly appeared on top of the falls after a moment. Mooney's assistant says that the woman in the story "must have been one of the Nûñnë'hï," a race of spirit people in Cherokee mythology.

Dam break.

During the early morning hours of November 6, 1977, after five days of almost continual rain, the dam that impounded the waters of Kelly Barnes Lake (located above the Toccoa Falls College campus) burst, and 176 million gallons of water surged through the campus below in the space of a few minutes. Most of the college personnel who lived in the path of the flood were asleep at the time, and 39 of them were swept to their deaths in the raging waters of Toccoa Creek. The dam was not rebuilt.

Toccoa Falls is a waterfall with a vertical drop of, on the campus of Toccoa Falls College in Stephens County, Georgia. "Toccoa" comes from the Cherokee word "Tagwâ′hĭ", meaning "Catawba place" or "beautiful".


History.

The company was conceived by Jim Smallman and Jon Briley in 2011, who were both massive wrestling fans. Smallman is a big fan of "Strong style" wrestling, Japanese in particular, and Briley was Smallman's agent. The pair decided to put on a wrestling show in London, as not many shows were being put on in the capital itself, featuring the type of wrestling that they would both like to watch. The pair then spent seven months putting their first show together. Smallman is also a huge fan of punk music, and the pair decided to emphasize the fact that it would be a London-based promotion with a punk rock vibe. They also were keen not to be import-heavy, like other promotions, but to promote British talent. The pair eventually settled on The Garage in Islington for the venue, because of the size and also having a great reputation as a music venue. The Garage were also very supportive of what Smallman and Briley wanted to do, and the pair ran their first show on 25 March 2012.  After eleven consecutive sell out shows at the Garage, with the later shows drawing 350 fans, the promotion moved to the 700-capacity Electric Ballroom in Camden from Chapter 12 in March 2014 for their second anniversary show where the sell outs have continued. To date, Progress has sold out all London Chapter shows at The Garage and Electric Ballroom. For Chapter 36 in September 2016, Progress staged their largest ticketed show at the time at the Brixton Academy, to an audience of 2,400 and announced that they would return the following September. Though they have run most of their shows in London, in 2014 Progress held three shows at The Satellite Stage at the Sonisphere Festival, and in 2015 they appeared for five nights at Download Festival. In December 2015, they began running regular shows at The Ritz in Manchester. In 2017, Progress began to promote shows in Birmingham. For Chapter 55 on September 2017, Progress held their first show at the Alexandra Palace to an audience of 2,000. On 30 September 2018 Progress Wrestling held "Hello Wembley" at the SSE Arena. It was billed by the promotion as the largest independent wrestling show in England for 30 years. The event drew 4,750 people, making it the most attended event in Progress Wrestling history. In 2018 the promotion expanded to run event's in Sheffield as well as touring across the United States and in 2019 it will be expanding further to run shows in Bournemouth and Newcastle.  The promotion have been reluctant to use imports (wrestlers for which the UK is not their home or one of their homes). Colt Cabana was the first wrestler to be included on a show as part of the debut show, Chapter 1, in a losing effort to Loco Mike Mason. Ricochet appeared twice for the promotion, losing to El Ligero at Chapter 6 and in a triple threat with Mark Haskins and Zack Sabre Jr. at Chapter 11. Adam Cole was the first non-European wrestler to register a win in Progress, defeating Mark Haskins at Chapter 10. Prince Devitt also appeared twice for the promotion, defeating Zack Sabre Jr. at Chapter 13 and losing to Jimmy Havoc at the Progress World Cup, his final match in the UK before signing with the WWE. Other talents that have appeared include Samoa Joe, Roderick Strong and Tommaso Ciampa; though Ciampa established himself as a Progress regular with seven Chapter show appearances.  In 2016 the company began working with other promotions. At Chapter 29 on 24 April in London, Progress hosted two qualifying matches for the WWE Cruiserweight Classic. In 2017, Progress wrestlers such as Pete Dunne, Tyler Bate, Trent Seven, and Mark Andrews participated in the WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament, culminating in Bate being crowned the first ever WWE NXT UK Champion.  In mid-2019, Jim Smallman left the management of PROGRESS, being replaced by PROGRESS commentator Matt Richards. Richards also took over Smallman's ring announcing duties from January 2020, with British independent wrestler Fraser Thomas replacing Matt Richards on commentary.  On June 2020, several female wrestlers complained about sexual harassment in pro wrestling, focusin in the British independent circuit. After several accusations, Progress decided to don't work with David Starr, Marc Parry, Travis Banks, and El Ligero, as well as then- Tag team Champions Jordan Devlin and Scotty Davis, who vacated the titles. Ring announced and creative Matt Richards also left the promotion.

International expansion.

In June 2016, the Canada-based SMASH Wrestling had its title defended at a Progress show, ahead of three co-promoted shows between the two in Ontario in September. January 2017 saw Progress promoting a show for Germany-based Westside Xtreme Wrestling in London, with wXw helping with Progress' début German show in Cologne in July. 2017's Wrestlemania Weekend saw Progress travel to the United States for a number of shows; including their own Orlando show, a joint show with WWNLive, and contributing talent - including ring announcer Jim Smallman - to WWE's WrestleMania Axxess events. Progress returned to the States in August for two shows - one in New York City and one just outside of Boston - as well as announcing they would be running two shows as part of Wrestlemania Weekend 2018 in New Orleans.  In April 2018 Progress Wrestling embarked on a three-show tour of Australia, co-promoting shows alongside Explosive Pro Wrestling, Melbourne City Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Australia. From 4 to 11 August 2018, Progress Wrestling undertook a tour across the United States, titled the "Coast to Coast Tour." They worked in conjunction with WWNLive and Pacific Northwest-based promotion Defy Wrestling. Their shows took place in Philadelphia, Boston, New York City, Seattle, Chicago, and Detroit.

Demand Progress.

In March 2015, Progress launched "Demand Progress", their own video-on-demand service. January 2017 saw the first episode of "Freedom's Road", a new series from Progress which would feature matches taped specifically for the show and have a heavy focus on characters and plots. The second season of Freedom's Road launched in August 2018, with an even greater focus on characters and plots than the preceding season.

Current champions.

Progress Atlas Championship.

The Progress Atlas Championship was a championship exclusively for wrestlers over 205 pounds - the cruiserweight weight limit - in weight. Rampage Brown was the first champion after winning a tournament.  On 27 February 2019, PROGRESS announced that there would be a unification match between the Atlas and World championships at Super Strong Style 16 on 5 May of that year, with Walter winning and thus unifying the two titles.  On 21 July 2019, PROGRESS announced that the Atlas Championship had been retired, to be replaced with the upcoming Proteus Championship.

Combined reigns.

!Rank!Wrestler!No. of
reigns!Combined
defenses!Combined
days!1!2!3!4!5

Reception.

Patrick Lennon, wrestling journalist for the "Daily Star", has attended and reviewed Progress shows.  Carrie Dunn, founder and main contributor of wrestling blog "The Only Way is Suplex", published the book "Spandex, Screw Jobs & Cheap Pops: Inside the Business of British Pro Wrestling". Progress Wrestling features frequently in the book including opening a chapter regarding London based wrestling promotions.

Progress Wrestling (stylised as PROGRESS) is a British professional wrestling promotion that was established in 2011 by comedian Jim Smallman and events and comedy promoter Jon Briley, later to be joined in management of the company by actor Glen Robinson (professionally known as Glen Joseph).


Specifications.

Hardware.

The HTC U11 has a glass unibody-like design with an aluminium frame that includes pressure sensitive points for the implementation of HTC Edge Sense. This enables users to control or navigate several functions by pressing the edges of the metal frame. It is fitted with a 5.5-inch Super LCD 5 Quad HD (2560×1440 pixels) display. The front glass is made of Corning Gorilla Glass 5 while the rear glass uses Gorilla Glass 3. HTC U11 features a 3000 mAh battery with Quick Charge 3.0.  The rear camera is a 12 megapixels sensor with 1.4μm pixels and an f/1.7 aperture; it also includes OIS and Ultraspeed Autofocus. The front camera is a 16megapixels sensor with an f/2.0 aperture and includes EIS.  The HTC U11 has 4 microphones for 24-bit 360-degree audio recording. It also has HTC BoomSound Hi-Fi edition stereo speakers where the headphone acts as the tweeter while the bottom firing speaker acts as the woofer. Dust and water resistance are included with an IP67 certification.  The phone ships with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 chipset and includes either 4 GB RAM and 64 GB of storage or 6GB RAM and 128GB of storage.

Software.

The HTC U11 ships with Android 7.1 Nougat with an overlay of HTC Sense UI. HTC is also currently rolling out Android 8.0 Oreo (without the Treble feature for device independent system updates) updates for the phone via OTA. Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa and Baidu Duer (China only) are pre-installed. Alexa only became available on 17 July 2017. HTC Sense Companion is installed to make personalized suggestions by learning from daily routines and suggestions based on the user's location.

Sales.

On 15 June 15 2017, Chang Chia-lin, the president of HTC's smartphone and connected device division, stated that the HTC U11 had been selling better than its predecessors, the HTC One M9 and the HTC 10.

HTC U11+.

HTC unveiled an upgraded version of the U11, the U11+, on November 2, 2017. It features a 6-inch 2:1 display (marketed as 18:9) with thinner bezels, a larger battery, a rear-mounted fingerprint reader, IP68 certification for dust and water resistance, and is pre-loaded with Android 8.0 Oreo. "The Verge" reported via internal sources that the U11+ had previously been developed as a successor to the original Pixel XL smartphone HTC had developed with Google, under the codename "Muskie", but that it had been shelved in favor of a version produced by LG instead, and was re-engineered into an update to the U11.

HTC U11 Life.

The U11 Life is a T-Mobile exclusive smartphone that was unveiled by HTC along with the U11+ on the same day. It features a 5.2-inch display, IP67 certification for water and dust resistance, a 73 hour long battery life, and is also shipped with Android 8.0 Oreo. Unlike the U11+, the U11 Life has a smaller display and comes shipped with the 4th Generation Android One platform, which it joined on September 13, 2017.

The HTC U11 is an Android smartphone manufactured and sold by HTC as part of the HTC U series. It was announced on 16 May 2017 and succeeds the HTC 10 smartphone. In the United States, the HTC U11's major carrier is Sprint; however, it is also compatible with unlocked carriers, such as AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon.


Early life and career.

Montes was born in West Germany, where her father, Alberto Montes, was posted as a United States Army doctor. Her family was of Asturian origins (a region in Spain), and her grandparents had emigrated to Puerto Rico. The family later lived in Topeka, Kansas, and then Towson, Maryland, where she graduated from Loch Raven High School in 1975. In 1979 she earned a degree in foreign affairs from the University of Virginia, and in 1988 she finished a master's degree at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.  Montes' brother and sister, Tito and Lucy, became Federal Bureau of Investigation officers and her former boyfriend, Roger Corneretto, was an intelligence officer specializing in Cuba for the Pentagon.  Montes joined the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) in September 1985 after working for the United States Department of Justice. Her first assignment was at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington where she worked as an intelligence research specialist. In 1992, Montes was selected for the DIA's Exceptional Analyst Program and later traveled to Cuba to study the Cuban military.  Prior to her arrest, she lived in a two bedroom co-op in Cleveland Park, Washington, DC.  Montes advanced rapidly through the ranks at the DIA and became its most senior Cuban analyst. Her co-workers regarded her as responsible and dependable, and noted her "no-nonsense" attitude. Prosecutors would later allege that Montes was already working for the Cubans when she joined the DIA in 1985.

Espionage.

Montes had been recruited by Cuban Intelligence while she was a university student at Johns Hopkins University in the 1980s. She became known to other students for her strong opinions in support of left wing Latin American movements like the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua. A Cuban agent eventually approached her. After recruiting her, the Cuban Intelligence Service groomed her to pursue employment with the Defence Intelligence Agency.  In their charging documents, federal prosecutors stated:  The prosecutors further stated that all of the information was on water-soluble paper that could be rapidly destroyed.  During the course of the investigation against her, it was determined that Montes had passed a considerable amount of classified information to the Cuban Intelligence Directorate, including the identities of four US spies in Cuba. In 2007, American DIA counterintelligence official Scott W. Carmichael publicly alleged that it was Ana Montes who told Cuban intelligence officers about a clandestine US Army camp in El Salvador. Carmichael alleged that Montes knew about the existence of the Special Forces camp because she visited it only a few weeks before the camp was attacked in 1987 by Cuban-supported guerrillas of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN).  Carmichael, who had led the DIA investigation of Montes, named her as being directly responsible for the death of Green Beret Sergeant Gregory A. Fronius who was killed at El Paraíso, El Salvador, on March 31, 1987, during the FMLN attack. Carmichael characterized the damage Montes caused to the DIA and other US intelligence agencies as "exceptionally grave," and stated that she compromised a "special access program" that was kept even from him, the lead investigator on her case.  In a May 6, 2002, interview with CBS News, former Undersecretary of State John Bolton stated that an official 1998 US government report with significant contributions by Montes concluded that Cuba did not represent a significant military threat to the United States or the region. Bolton alleged that it was not possible to exclude the possibility that the administration of President Bill Clinton may have overlooked Cuba as a potential threat because of Montes' influence and the way she shaped reporting at the DIA.  Carmichael further alleged that, unlike many in the US intelligence community, he believed that Montes' penetration of the DIA was not the exception, but the rule, and that the Cuban intelligence services had multiple spies and moles within US intelligence agencies.  In 2004 a federal indictment alleged that Montes had assistance from another Cuban agent, Marta Rita Velazquez, once a legal officer at the United States Agency for International Development, who was further alleged to have recruited Montes into espionage. The federal indictment was unsealed in April 2013. Velazquez has been outside the US since 2002, apparently in Sweden, which does not have an extradition treaty with the US for spy cases.

Arrest.

Montes was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation at her office on September 21, 2001, soon after the September 11th attacks. Prosecutors stated that Montes had been privy to classified information about the US military's impending invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, and that they did not want her revealing this information to potential enemies.  In 2002, Montes pleaded guilty to the charge which could have carried the death penalty, but was sentenced to 25 years in prison in October of the same year after accepting a plea agreement with the US government. According to her lawyer, Plato Cacheris, Montes committed the espionage for moral reasons, as "she felt the Cubans were treated unfairly by the U.S. government."

Incarceration.

As of December 2019, Montes is incarcerated at FMC Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas. FMC Carswell is listed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons as a facility located in the northeast corner of the Naval Air Station, Joint Reserve Base, Fort Worth, which provides specialized medical and mental health services to female offenders.  Montes is listed as FMC Register #25037-016. Her tentative release date is listed as January 8, 2023.

Ana Belén Montes (born February 28, 1957) is a former American senior analyst at the Defense Intelligence Agency in the United States and a convicted spy. On September 21, 2001, she was arrested and subsequently charged with conspiracy to commit espionage for the government of Cuba. Montes eventually pleaded guilty to spying and in October 2002, was sentenced to a 25-year prison term followed by five years' probation.


The Gambia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics

Background.

The Gambia had made its debut in Paralympic competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics., but have never won a Paralympic medal. The Gambia has participated in every Summer Olympic Games since the 1984 Los Angeles Games. The 2016 Summer Paralympics were held from 7–18 September 2016 with a total of 4,328 athletes representing 159 National Paralympic Committees taking part. The only athlete sent by the Gambia to Rio was Demba Jarju. He was chosen as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.

Disability classifications.

Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, which may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les autres, which is any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities. Other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability.

Athletics.

Demba Jarju was 27 years old at the time of the Rio Paralympics. He was making his second Paralympic appearance, having first represented The Gambia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He lost the use of both legs from contracting polio at the age of ten, and races in a wheelchair. He qualified for these Paralympics at an event in Morocco. On 16 September, he competed in the heats of the men's 100 meters T54. Drawn into the first heat, he completed the race with a time of 18.82 seconds, which put him seventh and last in his heat, and therefore unable to advance to the final eight. The gold medal was ultimately won by Leo-Pekka Tähti of Finland, the silver by China's Liu Yang, and the bronze medal was taken by Kenny van Weeghel of the Netherlands.

The Gambia sent a delegation to compete at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7–18 September 2016. This was the nation's second appearance at a Paralympics, following their first participation in the 2012 London Paralympics. The Gambia sent one athlete, Demba Jarju, who failed to advance from his heat in the men's 100 meters T54 event.


Early life – pre-war SS Service.

Hans Kempin, a son of businessman Willi Kempin, was born in Berlin-Lichtenberg. After graduating from the Hohenzollern Gymnasium in Schwedt in 1928, Hans worked as a banker. In September 1930, he joined Sturmabteilung, or the SA, and in December of the same year also the NSDAP. After two years as an SA member, in July 1932, the 19-year-old Kempin entered the SS-VT and was given the rank SS-Anwärter (Candidate). In October 1933, Hans Kempin was assigned to the premier SS-VT division Leibstandarte-SS "Adolf Hitler" and then sent to the new SS-Junkerschule at Bad Tölz. After his graduation he served with the SS-Standarte "Deutschland" and later was given command at the SS-Junkerschule "Braunschweig". In 1938, he was transferred back to SS-Standarte "Deutschland" and remained with this unit until March 1941.

World War II service.

With the SS-Standarte "Deutschland", SS–Hauptsturmführer (Captain) Kempin participated in the invasion of Poland and the subsequent operations in the West; receiving both classes of the Iron Cross. Kempin remained with this unit until March 1941 when he was transferred to the SS-Regiment "Der Führer" where he served first with the "13. Kompanie" and later with the "II. Battalion" under future SS- Brigadeführer Heinz Harmel. Unfortunately, on 3 September 1941 he was seriously wounded by shrapnel from a grenade and was hospitalized until December 1941. After recovering from his injuries Hans Kempin returned to the field with the "Der Führer". However, on 1 February 1942 instead of continuing on with his old regiment, Kempin was transferred as an instructor to the SS-Junkerschule at Bad Tölz and later also to SS-Junkerschule "Braunschweig", and finally to Waffen-SS Unterführerschule in Posen-Treskau. On 1 December 1943, he was promoted to SS- Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) and two months later received command of the Waffen-SS Unterführerschule located in Laibach (Ljubljana). He remained its commander until late February 1945, when he was assigned to lead first the 547. Volksgrenadier-Division then the newly formed 38. SS-Grenadierdivision "Nibelungen" (the name Nibelungen comes from German mythology, which was the name of a lineage of dwarves, who were defeated by Siegfried) and finally the 32. SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division "30.Januar". Together with the remnants of "30. Januar" (the unusual title of the division comes from the date when Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany; 30 January 1933), SS-Standartenführer Hans Kempin surrendered to the Americans on 8 May 1945.  After the war he worked in agriculture and owned one of the most technically advanced farms in (Germany). Hans Kempin died on 30 November 1992 at the age of 79.

Summary of SS career.

Decorations.

(?) indicates date unknown

SS-Standartenführer (Colonel) Hans Wilhelm Kempin (7 June 1913 – 30 November 1992) was a German Waffen-SS combat and training officer who served in the SS-Standarte "Deutschland", SS-Regiment "Der Führer" and later commanded the 547. Volksgrenadier-Division, 38. SS-Grenadierdivision "Nibelungen", 32.SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division "30.Januar", and the Waffen-SS Unterführerschule in Laibach (Ljubljana).


Format.

The competition was a single elimination knockout tournament featuring two-legged ties. In the first two rounds, if the away team won the first match by two or more goals, it progressed straight to the next round avoiding the second leg. The away goals rule was also used in the Copa do Brasil, but not for the finals. The winner qualifies for the 2016 Copa Libertadores.

Qualified Teams.

The teams (in bold) were qualified directly for the fourth stage (round of 16).

Draw.

A draw by CBF for the first round was held on December 16, 2014. The 81 qualified teams were divided in eight pots (A-H) with 10 teams each. They were divided based on the CBF rankings and the matches were drawn from the respective pots: A x E; B x F; C x G; D x H. The lower ranked teams of each match hosted the first leg. Before the round of 16 there was another draw including the six teams directly qualified to the 4th round.

Preliminary round.

Preliminary match.

"Real Noroeste won 4–2 on aggregate."

Copa Sudamericana qualification.

The best six teams eliminated before the round of 16 with the best 2014 Série A or 2014 Série B record (excluding those directly qualified for the Round of 16) qualified for 2015 Copa Sudamericana.

Knockout stages.

The draw for the knockout stages was held by CBF on 4 August 2015. The 16 qualified teams were divided in two pots. Teams from pot 1 were the six teams directly qualified to the round of 16, the five teams that competed at the 2015 Copa Libertadores and the best placed team in the 2014 Brazilian Série A not taking part in the 2015 Copa Libertadores, plus the two highest CBF ranked teams qualified via the third round. Pot 2 was composed of the other teams that qualified through the third round. Each pot was divided into 4 pairs according to the CBF ranking. For the remaining stages of the tournament another draw was held on 31 August 2015.

The 2015 Copa do Brasil (officially the 2015 Copa Sadia do Brasil for sponsorship reasons) was the 27th edition of the Copa do Brasil football competition. The competition was contested by 87 teams, which qualified either by participating in their respective state championships (71), by the CBF Rankings (10), by qualifying for the 2015 Copa Libertadores (5) or having the best 2014 Série A record (excluding those qualified for 2015 Copa Libertadores). The latter 6 clubs entered the competition in the 4th stage. The best six teams of the 2014 Brazilian Championship eliminated until the third round qualified for the 2015 Copa Sudamericana.


Haining Place and the Barony of Haining-Ross

History.

The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland records in 1665 the existence of the 'Lands and Barony of Haining-Ross' in the Parish of Riccarton, Bailliary of Kyle-Stuart and Sheriffdom of Ayr.  It is recorded that the lands of Haining had fortifications, a chapel, a mill at Craigmill on the Cessnock Water and Paroche, Overlane, Netherlane, Bruce-roddingis (sic) and Wraithe were properties within the barony. Woodlands held by the estate were Haining Wood, Dummuysdaill (sic), Urisbankis (sic), Craigenconner, Dowbank, Millbank and Garrochmurebank. The 'Gardens of Haining' are recorded in 1498.  A list dated 1498 of the holdings of the estate names the lands of 'Hanyng within the Ward; lands of Hanyng without the Ward; Gawines-fauld, alias Nemochis-fauld; Brigend, alias Wobsteris-maling; Urisbank; Wodsyde; Dubbis-medow, Paroche-medow and Langboig; lands of Paroche; lands of Ovir-Lone, Mossyde and Clauchraif; Quhithill; Craig-mylne and Toun-end of Nethir-Lone'.  Haining has previously been recorded on older maps, probably in error, as 'Hatting.' If correct this place name could be derived from the Gaelic "athan" meaning a 'ford or fordable river'. Haining Place stands beside an old ford and stepping stones. In Scots the more recent recorded name of 'Haining' is a 'fence, hedge or wall forming the boundary of an enclosure or a piece or stretch of ground enclosed in this way so as to protect a hay crop' from cattle, deer, etc. It is worth noting that at one time Haining had a lengthy pale or fence around its old deer park.  Smith in "Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire" records that three iron caltrops used for laming horses as a defence against attack were found at Haining and were in the collection of a Mr Peter Wright. The Tinkers Hill on Riccarton Moss may have been the barony's moot hill where the laird held his barony courts.

The Lairds of Haining-Ross.

One record states that the Barony of Haining-Ross was held by the Dukes of Albany.  In the 14th century Andrew de Ross, son of Sir Godfrey de Ross, Sheriff of Ayr, is considered to have been an ancestor of the Ross families of Haining, Galston and Montgreenan. As followers of the English supporting faction and John Balliol many of the Ross family lands were confiscated although some were later restored to them.  In the 15th century a David Campbell of Skerrington near Cumnock is said to have married a sister of Stewart of Haining.  The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland in 1475 record that John Ross has possession of Hanyng (sic). In 1484 Elizabeth, George Ross of Haining's daughter, married Charles Fullerton of Dreghorn. In 1521 Janet, George Ross's daughter, married Robert Lindsay, grandson of the laird of Corsbascat (sic) (Crossbasket). Janet Ross was a parishioner of Riccarton and they married at the mansion chapel of George Ross at Haining. On 23 January 1522 the banns for marriage had been called in the family chapel with Sir John Ledhouse, curate of Riccarton present for Janet and Sir Gavin Brown, curate of East Kilbride present for Robert. In 1527 George Ross's daughter Mariota had married Edward Cunninghame, who was killed as a result of a feud. John Ross in 1535 had formal possession of lands in Haining with its fortifications, mill at Craigmill, etc. John Ross in 1551 had not taken formal possession of Haining and as a result it was "granted" to others; by 1554 the Queen quitclaimed Haining to John Ross and his wife Mariota Hamilton.  George Ross of Haining took part in the 'Langside rebellion' of 1571 but was forgiven his involvement under legal conditions of future appropriate behaviour. John Ross of Haining in 1588 had to pay twenty pounds for the 20 pound land of Haining as payment towards supporting two commissioners to Parliament. John had two sons, George and Thomas. By 1593 John Ross of Haining had died and his heir George Ross was granted the properties within the Barony of Haining of Paroche, Overlane, Netherlane, Bruce-roddingis and Wraithe.  The under-tenants of John Ross who held land in Haining-Ross had become concerned as to their legal status because their superior had failed for forty years to formally acquire possession of the barony. Among those with an interest at this time were John Ross, James Ross, James Ross, the younger, Andrew/Alexander Ross, Robert Ross of Thornton and Hugh Ross. In 1597 Matthew Ross of Haining and Galston was given formal possession of Haining-Ross; his daughter Janet married Hugh Kennedy of Bennane.  In 1599 John Ross and Marion Hamilton of Haining are recorded as having three sons James, Thomas, Matthew and Allen. In 1611 Marion Hamilton Ross was recorded as 'lady of Haining'. Margaret Wallace Ross in 1617 was termed 'dame of Hayning'; her daughter married Adam Stewart of Barskimming in 1610. Margaret Boyle in 1629 is recorded as the mother of Matthew Ross of Haining. In the mid 16th century Marian Boyle, daughter of John Boyle of Kelburn married Matthew Ross of Haining and children were born of the union.  In 1685 the Records of the Parliament of Scotland recorded an act of annexation of lands to the crown in which the lands and barony of Haining-Grass (sic) or Haining-Ross were annexed by James VII from Sir Hugh and Sir George Campbell of Cessnock to the crown.""baronies, heritages, rooms, possessions, mills, woods, fishings, tacks, steadings, teinds, annual rents, patronages, wadsets, expired apprisings and adjudications, castles, towers, fortalices, houses, biggings, yards, orchards, annexes, connexes, tenants, goods and acres and all other heritages, lands and estates whatsoever pertaining and belonging to the forenamed persons, rebels and traitors.""  In 1770 the Barony of Haining was, together with those of Cessnock, Riccarton & Galston, to be sold as one lot or in parcels.  The Ordnance Survey Name Book for 1855-1857 records that Haining Place was a farmhouse owned by the Duke of Portland and occupied by a George Bowie.

Cartographic evidence.

Robert Gordon's map of 1636-52 gives the name as 'Hatting' with Dullers (sic), Carnell and Sefnock (sic) located nearby along the course of the Cessnock Water with the same map symbol used to designate the status of the dwelling in each case.  Joan Blaeu's map of 1654, based on the earlier circa 1604 map by Timothy Pont also names 'Hatting' with 'Dullers' located downstream on the Cessnock Water. The dwelling at 'Hatting' is shown with woodlands in the immediate vicinity. A pale or fence is shown surrounding a probable deer park with woodlands that extends as far as a dwelling named as 'Paragh'.  Herman Moll's map of 1745 records 'Hatting' as well as 'Dullers' dwellings in this area. This map also indicates a pale or deer park at Dullers (sic), but not at Hatting.  William Roy's map of 1747-55 records the name as 'Haining', with 'Dillars' nearby. Braehead is recorded opposite Haining for the first time and the dwelling of 'Purnoch' is shown to the north-west. A significant Woodland is shown nearby at Dykehead as well as around Haining. Several groups of buildings are shown around Haining Place at this time.  Andrew Armstrong's map of 1775 shows 'Haning' with its surrounding woodlands and for the first time the name 'Auchenskeigh' replaces 'Dullers' or its variants. A toll is shown on the nearby road to Mauchline from Kilmarnock. The symbols used for the status of significant dwellings at the two 'lairds houses' are the same. Braehead is not shown.  Taylor and Skinner's map of 1776 shows the estate of 'Auchenskeich' as the property of Captain Cunningham, however Haining, etc are not marked.  John Ainslie's map of 1821 marks Haining and 'Auchenskaith' in bold print as 'important' dwellings together with Knockmarloch, Treesbank, Ingotrick, etc., all with the same map symbol. No mention is made of Braehead, etc. On this map Cessnock Water is given as the 'Haining Water'.  John Thomson's map of 1828 shows Haining with wooded areas and a dwelling at East Park in the vicinity of the old deer park area, Parroch is recorded and the name 'Dallars' replaces variants of 'Auchenskeigh'. A lane is shown running towards Haining from a lane running to Riccarton on the western side only of the Cessnock Water that would require a ford crossing.  The 25 inch to the mile, 1st edition OS map of 1857 shows the name 'Dollars', Braehead is marked and a ford is suggested by lanes running down to the Cessnock Water with stepping stones marked. Haining Place is recorded with a dwelling of Greenhead nearby on the lane running northwards towards the Kilmarnock to Mauchline Road. The lane bypasses Haining Place and regular plantings of what may be fruit trees run to the west and east. Haining Place is shown as an 'L' shaped building with two significant buildings nearby on each side of the lane but no walled garden to the east. A small pond is shown and Haining Mains is located nearby. A gravel pit is present near Braehead Farm and a whinstone quarry lies below the mansion house of Haining. What appears to be a walled garden with ornate plantings lies to the north west of the house within a woodland setting.  In 1890 Greenhead is still present and a wood remains to the east of Haining Mains. In 1895 the Haining Ford is clearly marked however the only building close to Haining Place shown as roofed is the 'place' itself and the pond and walled garden in the wood are absent although the 'orchard' remains. A walled 'garden' area now lies to the east of the mansion house. Greenhead is no longer named. In 1908 Haining Place has two greenhouses present, little else has changed.  In 1955 Haining Place is still marked and its location shown near a still extant through road to Shortlees via Crossbush and Bridgehouse Farms.

History and description of Haining Place.

Kersland Castle near Dalry with the date 1604 on an armorial panel shows some features in common with Haining Place in that it has vaulted chambers on the ground floor and today represents a fortified structure partly demolished and replaced with a farmhouse and steading.

1930s descriptions.

In 1930 the building is described as an 'Old World Mansion on the Cessnock' and it was entered via a tall arched entrance that was topped by a weather vane and flanked by two lions'. It is referred to as 'Haining' or the 'Place of Haining' and a local tradition is recorded that Mary, Queen of Scots once stayed there. The building had two storeys in 1930 with an outside set of steps giving access to the upper or first floor storey, whilst the lower three stone vaulted chambers were only in use as a store. The ground floor windows were narrow slits as the walls were as thick as an ancient keep. The writer speculates that the first floor was built upon a ruined keep and records that the outside steps appeared a'restoration' addition and that a fanlight of many panes of glass existed above the entrance as found in very old houses. It is further speculated that, as the dwelling has little traditional history attached to it, it may have seen use as dower house to a nearby estate.  In 1931 the Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers had a outing to Riccarton Moss and Haining Place and commented on the ancient mansion-house of Haining which they considered as having once been much larger with its thick walls and'springs of arches at different parts of the outside walls'. Several acres of apples and pear trees had existed around the 'Place' until recent times, however most had been cut down recently because of their age and lack of productivity. The 'Gipsy Steps' is the name given to the track that leads down to the ford and stepping stones across the Cessnock Water.

2015 description.

The photographs illustrate that the entrance arch has been removed and the two terracotta lions are now located at Haining Mains Farm. The steps leading up to the first floor of Haining Place are identifiable together with a contemporary stone and brick built arched support to a first floor structure. The first floor building is almost entirely absent. Two stone bases to internal revetted door jambs are prominent features mid-way along the building, indicating a possible great hall and private chambers division. The old fireplace surround on the ground floor has been removed however the three vaulted ground floor chambers remain intact with windows to the east, some open and blocked windows to the west and the remnants of a wheel stairwell, located on the west facing side of the building. The brick lined ruined byre stands at right angles to the dwelling place and features such as a wash house can still be discerned. Evidence on the stone work points to glass window panes in such areas as the spiral staircase. The base of a large window exists on the northern section at first floor level. Numerous indications of later improvements exists indicating that the castle was adapted as a superior dwelling. The brick access to the first floor level were once covered with large stone steps sporting a metal railings. Evidence through the placing of the three vaults suggests a smaller tower was later extended and a wing was removed from what may have been an 'L' shaped building at one stage. A carved gun port now lies in two pieces near the old entrance arch.

The Cable bridge.

The tenants of Haining Place for many years were the Cunninghame family who, being friendly with the family at the nearby Braehead Farm, constructed a cable bridge across the Cessnock Water using two steel hawsers that were secured to either bank and a person crossed by holding on to the top whilst standing on the bottom cable and edging across, thereby ensuring dry feet when the water level was high.

Haining Mains.

Farms with the name'mains' were usually associated with mansions as a provider of food, etc for the owners family and servants. The farm is clearly shown on the first OS maps of the 1850s. A lintel over an old door at Haining Mains has the initials 'J W' accompanied by the date '1829' and records show that it was occupied by the Wilson family in the 1870s when David Wilson and his wife Jemima (nee Boyd) lived there with his mother Elizabeth (nee McKerrow). In 1887 the death of James Shaw of Haining Mains is recorded and David Shaw was the farmer here in 1890. The parish cemetery was next to the church in Riccarton. The two recumbent lions that were once located on the entrance wall at Haining Place now reside at the entrance to the yard at Haining Mains. In 1857 a large woodland lay to the east of the farm and well laid out gardens lay behind the house.

The Tenants at Haining Place and Mains.

In the 1850s George Bowie was the tenant at Haining Place. John Dunlop is recorded as the farmer at Haining Place in 1868. In the 1890 Haining Mains Farm was a part of the Duke of Portland's estates, occupied by David Shaw. The final occupants of Haining Place were three farm worker families who were moved to new housing in Kilmarnock.

John Goudie of Craigmill (1717-1809).

John Goudie (or Goldie) of Craigmill, the barony mill on the Cessnock Water, was the son of the miller there. Aged only 14 John made a working model of an advanced type of water mill that attracted much local interest and he was even given money to improve its construction. He moved to Kilmarnock and for a time he was a cabinet maker but later became a wine merchant, all the while continuing with his scientific and theological interests, writing on various topics, moral and divine, his publication of 1780 becoming known as 'Goudie's Bible.' Goudie became friendly with Robert Burns who wrote the 'Epistle to John Goldie', saying :  </div>  Craigmill on the Cessnock Water near the barony wood of Craigenconnor was demolished by 1908 and nothing substantial remains on site.

Micro-history.

The Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers visited Haining Place on 02/05/1931 and observed the stocking of the river with trout by the Hurlford and District Angling Club.  The Glenfield Ramblers also noted that the rare Dusky Cranesbill (Geranium phaeum) grew at the site as well as Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) and Cotoneaster.  David Shaw of Haining Mains Farm was one of the pioneers of the use of milking machines for cows and together with a Mr Murchland from Kilmarnock produced one of the first successful milking machines as far back as 1890.  The nearby estate of Dallars may derive its name from the Welsh "dol" for'meadow' and "ar" for ploughed land as in 'Dollar' near Alloa. Its name was changed to 'Auchenskeith' following its purchase by the owner of the Auchenskeith estate near Dalry in North Ayrshire. The old name has since returned to favour.  Alison Begbie is said to have been proposed to by Robert Burns. She was the daughter of a farmer and at the time of her courtship by Robert Burns she was a servant employed at Carnell House, then known as Cairnhill, close to the Cessnock Water. Alison Begbie may have lived at 'Old Place', now Shawsmill Farm and just a short distance downstream of Haining Place. Burns was living at Lochlea Farm at this time.  The Haining is a country house and estate in Selkirk in the Scottish Borders.

Haining Place or The Haining in the Parish of Kilmarnock lies near an old fording place across the Cessnock Water in East Ayrshire, Parish of Riccarton, Scotland. Hanyng (sic) was the caput or laird's dwelling of the Barony of Haining-Ross with a tower house or keep located in a defensive position on a high promontory of land, half encircled by the river. Later Haining Place may have been a dower house, then a tenanted farm, finally being used as farm workers accommodation. Haining Place is now a ruin following a fire. The old farm of Haining Mains is still located nearby.


Discovery.

The stone was found by Rev. J.C. Roger in a cottage, who stated that it had been unearthed from a "moss" (i.e. a peat bog) in April 1876, having been discovered five feet (1.5 m) below the surface.  The stone is made of slate and is long, by about in breadth and thick with the inscription on the flat surface. In addition to the ogham letters, which are arranged down a centre line, there is a small cruciform mark near the top, which may be a runic letter or a Christian cross. It is unknown whether this mark was made at the same time as the ogham, or added later.

Inscription and date.

The Pictish inscription has been read as:  The script probably contains the personal name "Nechton", and Diack (1925) took the view that the last two words mean “the vassal of Nehtonn“ but it is otherwise without certain interpretation. Forsyth suggests "Ahehhttannn" is also a personal name.  Other recent attempts include:  The word-dividing dots suggest Norse influence, but this could pre-date the Viking occupation of Shetland, and an eighth- or ninth-century origin is likely for the ogham work.

Other theories.

The difficulties in providing a clear interpretation of the script have led to a number of other suggestions.  Vincent (1896) suggests that the stone may have been erected by "Irish missionary monks not earlier than A.D. 580" and quotes an unnamed expert's transcription of the ogham as:  Lockwood (1975) writes that "the last word is clearly the commonly occurring name Nechton, but the rest, even allowing for the perhaps arbitrary doubling of consonants in Ogam, appears so exotic that philologists conclude that Pictish was a non-Indo-European language of unknown affinities". This view was also taken of the ogham inscribed on the Orcadian Buckquoy spindle-whorl until its 1995 interpretation as Old Irish.  A language of Basque origin has also been suggested as providing a solution:  although the original speculations in 1968 by Henri Guiter do not appear convincing and were not well received academically. The Vasconist scholar Larry Trask said "like the majority of such dramatic announcements, this one has been universally rejected. Pictish specialists dismiss it out of hand, and vasconists have been no more impressed". The criticisms focus on random readings being assigned to Ogam letters, alleged complete decipherment of inscriptions too weathered to be read with certainty, the use of 20th century Basque rather than reconstructed Proto-Basque forms, disregarding syntax and highly fanciful translations.  The "[e]ttecuhetts" part has been understood as an early Brittonic expression, meaning "this is as far" (c.f. Welsh "cyhyd", "as long as"), a suitable message for a boundary stone.

The Lunnasting stone is a stone bearing an ogham inscription, found at Lunnasting, Shetland and donated to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland in 1876.


Overview.

Conival is a distinct landmark when viewed from the A837 road to the west from where its conspicuous high western face is well seen, this flank is made up of light coloured and distinctive Cambrian quartzite rock thickened by geological thrusting. The mountain reaches a height of 987 metres (3,238 feet) and is classified as a Munro. It is connected to the adjoining and better known Munro of Ben More Assynt which lies to the east by a high, rough quartzite ridge. Conival has a rich diversity of attractions on its slopes making it popular not just with walkers but also geologists, biologists and speleologists.  The mountain's name is slightly enigmatic in its meaning. The name does not originate from the Norse language like many of the hills in the Assynt area; it does in fact derive from Gaelic. It was called Conamheall in the original 1891 publication of Munro's Tables, which translates as “adjoining hill” or “hill of meeting” (a reduced form of Gaelic "coinneamh" "meeting", and in prepositional constructions "opposite, facing", plus "meall" "round hill") which is probably the correct translation as it describes its close connection to Ben More Assynt. Between 1921 and 1969 the mountain was called Cona-mheall which translates as “enchanted hill”. Since 1974 it has been called by its anglicised name of Conival.

Geography and Geology.

Conival is part of the Ben More Assynt Site of Special Scientific Interest because of its outstanding geological features, it displays the Moine Thrust Belt clearly on its slopes, this is an upthrust of rocks caused by tectonic plate collision during the Silurian period. There are good examples of limestone pavement on the lower western flank of the mountain in the valley of the River Traligill. Conival also lies within the UNESCO endorsed North West Highlands Geopark and the Inchnadamph National Nature Reserve. The underlying limestone within the reserve creates ideal conditions for rare plants like mountain avens, frog orchid and holly fern.  Conival consists of a main ridge which runs on an axis from north west to south east. The NW ridge connects to the subsidiary summit of Beinn an Fhurain with its highest point known as Na Tuadhan (852 metres). Na Tuadhan is an important geological area displaying spectacular folds of Cambrian quartzites exposed by the Moine Thrust on its southern cliffs above Coire a' Mhadaidh. The SSE ridge descends to Glen Oykel and this also displays “fantastic geology”. A spur runs south west off the SSE ridge to cross a col (Bealach Traligill) that connect to the neighbouring Corbett of Breabag. A third ridge goes east to connect to Ben More Assynt, this ridge is rough underfoot with quartzite boulders and the traverse between the two Munros takes more time than expected even though there is a drop and re-ascent of only.  Conival lies on the main east-west watershed of Scotland with drainage from its slopes reaching both coasts. The southern slopes are drained by the River Oykel which flows to the Dornoch Firth on the eastern coast. Streams on the northern flanks also go east to the Dornoch Firth via Loch Shin while the western slopes are drained by the River Traligill which flows west through Loch Assynt to find the sea at Lochinver.

Ascents and the Summit.

The usual route of ascent for Conival starts at Inchnadamph at grid reference where there is parking space near the Inchnadamph hotel. The route follows the valley of the River Traligill passing the Cnoc nan Uamh cave system located within a band of Cambrian limestone. These caves have a length of and show the earliest traces of human habitation in Scotland from about 6000 BC. The route continues to the source of the river at the col between Beinn an Fhurain and Conival from where it is a rough climb up quartzite scree to the summit. Most walkers will continue on to Ben More Assynt, to the east.  An alternative ascent for strong walkers is to tackle the entire ridge from north to south including the two Munros plus the Corbetts of Glas Bheinn in the north and Breabag to the south. The summit of Conival is a mass of disintegrating quartzite marked by a large circular wind shelter which has been built around the remains of an OS trig point (all that remains is the base). The view from the top gives an impressive panorama to the west taking in the hills of Quinag, Canisp and Cul Mor as well as an end on view of Loch Assynt (see photo).  Footnotes

Conival (Scottish Gaelic: "Cona Mheall") is a Scottish mountain situated in Assynt in the Sutherland area of the Highland Council Area, north-northeast of the town of Ullapool.


Development.

The Type 1945 destroyer was designed in 1945, based upon the design of the Type 1936D and E destroyers, the plans for which were later accidentally destroyed by fire. They were designed during a time when Germany was prioritizing construction of submarines, with little to no effort going into her surface fleet, making the odds of the Type 1945 destroyers, or any other type of ship which was designed after 1942, being constructed, near zero. However, the "Konstruktionsamt" (Construction Department) continued to create designs for surface ships until the end of the war.  Before the design was even created, Germany was restricting the use of her surface fleet; after the sinking of the German battleship "Bismarck" on 27 May 1941, heavy restrictions were placed upon surface ship commanders' tactical freedom. Around the time the design was created, after the sinking of the German battleship "Tirpitz" on 12 November 1944, most of Germany's surface ships were being pulled back entirely, to serve only in the Baltic Sea. From the spring of 1945 to near the end of the war, the Kriegsmarine was almost entirely focused upon resupplying and supporting garrisons along the Baltic Coast. Later on, in May, the Kriegsmarine embarked upon the task of evacuating hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers from the east, ahead of the Soviet forces which were rapidly pushing westward.  The Type 1945 destroyers were designed to be able to defend against submarines, light naval forces, and aircraft, particularly torpedo bombers. Their design differed greatly from previous ones in that it utilized steam turbines, rather than diesel engines. Overall, their design gave them 12% higher engine performance despite having lighter machinery, and a more powerful main armament with a shorter hull. The project never made it past the drawing board, and no ship of the class was ever ordered or laid down.

Characteristics.

The ships of the Type 1945 destroyer class were to be long at the waterline and long o/a, have a beam of, a draught of, and displace at standard load, at full load, and at deep load. They were to have a complement of 350, and carry two motor pinnaces, one torpedo cutter and a motor dinghy.  They were to be armed with eight SK C/41 guns, placed in four twin turrets, with 1,440 rounds of ammunition, four L/76.5 guns, with 5,000 rounds of ammunition, twelve L/66.6 M-44 guns, with 24,000 rounds of ammunition, eight total torpedo tubes, placed in quadruple tubes on her deck, with 16 torpedoes, and 100 mines. They were to have high-angle (anti-aircraft) director ship gun fire-control systems, placed on their fore and aft, which were to be fitted with radio direction finders.  They were to be propelled by two three-bladed propellers, two sets of Wagner turbines, four Wagner-Deschimag boilers feeding high-pressure superheated steam (at and ), intended to give her, and a speed of,, or, depending on if they were at standard load, full load, or deep load, respectively. They were to carry of oil, to give her a range of at. The machinery was calculated to have a weight-power ratio of.

The Type 1945 destroyers were a planned class of destroyers, for the Kriegsmarine, whose design was based upon that of the Type 1936D and E destroyers. Their plan involved a return to steam boilers, which had been replaced by diesel engines in all ships designs after the Type 1942 destroyers. No ships were ever built, as the end of the war was rapidly approaching.


General remarks.

The group  operates on the upper half plane  by fractional linear transformations :  It can be extended to an operation on formula_9 by defining :  The Radon measure  defined on formula_4 is invariant under the operation of formula_14.  Let formula_5 be a discrete subgroup of formula_16. A fundamental domain for formula_5 is an open set formula_18, so that there exists a system of representatives formula_19 of formula_20 with  A fundamental domain for the modular group formula_22 is given by  (see Modular form).  A function formula_24 is called formula_5-invariant, if formula_26 holds for all formula_27 and all formula_28. For every measurable, formula_5-invariant function formula_30 the equation  holds. Here the measure formula_32 on the right side of the equation is the induced measure on the quotient formula_33

Classic Maass forms.

Definition of the hyperbolic Laplace operator.

The "hyperbolic Laplace operator" on formula_4 is defined as

Definition of a Maass form.

A "Maass form" for the group formula_37 is a complex-valued smooth function formula_38 on formula_4 satisfying  If  we call formula_38 Maass cusp form.

Relation between Maass forms and Dirichlet series.

Let formula_38 be a Maass form. Since  we have:  Therefore formula_38 has a Fourier expansion of the form  with coefficient functions formula_50  It is easy to show that formula_38 is Maass cusp form if and only if formula_52.  We can calculate the coefficient functions in a precise way. For this we need the Bessel function formula_53.  Definition: The Bessel function formula_53 is defined as  The integral converges locally uniformly absolutely for formula_56 in formula_57 and the inequality  holds for all formula_59.  Therefore, formula_60 decreases exponentially for formula_61. Furthermore, we have formula_62 for all formula_63.  Proof: We have  By the definition of the Fourier coefficients we get  for formula_73  Together it follows that  for formula_73  In (1) we used that the "n"th Fourier coefficient of formula_76 is formula_77 for the first summation term. In the second term we changed the order of integration and differentiation, which is allowed since f is smooth in y. We get a linear differential equation of second degree :  For formula_79 one can show, that for every solution formula_38 there exist unique coefficients formula_81 with the property formula_82  For formula_83 every solution formula_38 is of the form  for unique formula_86. Here formula_87 and formula_88 are Bessel functions.  The Bessel functions formula_89 grow exponentially, while the Bessel functions formula_53 decrease exponentially. Together with the polynomial growth condition 3) we get formula_91 (also formula_92) for a unique formula_93  Even and odd Maass forms: Let formula_94. Then "i" operates on all functions formula_95 by formula_96 and commutes with the hyperbolic Laplacian. A Maass form formula_38 is called even, if formula_98 and odd if formula_99. If f is a Maass form, then formula_100 is an even Maass form and formula_101 an odd Maass form and it holds that formula_102.

Theorem: The L-Function of a Maass form.

Let  be a Maass cusp form. We define the L-function of formula_38 as  Then the series formula_106 converges for formula_107 and we can continue it to a whole function on formula_108.  If formula_38 is even or odd we get  Here formula_111 if formula_38 is even and formula_113 if formula_38 is odd. Then formula_115 satisfies the functional equation

Example: The non-holomorphic Eisenstein-series E.

The non-holomorphic Eisenstein-series is defined for formula_28 and formula_57 as  A weak Maass form is defined similarly but with the third condition replaced by "The function formula_38 has at most linear exponential growth at cusps". Moreover, formula_38 is said to be harmonic if it is annihilated by the Laplacian operator.

Major results.

Let formula_38 be a weight 0 Maass cusp form. Its normalized Fourier coefficient at a prime "p" is bounded by "p" + "p". This theorem is due to Henry Kim and Peter Sarnak. It is an approximation toward Ramanujan-Petersson conjecture.

Higher dimensions.

Maass cusp forms can be regarded as automorphic forms on GL(2). It is natural to define Maass cusp forms on GL("n") as spherical automorphic forms on GL("n") over the rational number field. Their existence is proved by Miller, Mueller, etc.

Automorphic representations of the adele group.

The group formula_127.

Let formula_19 be a commutative ring with unit and let formula_129 be the group of formula_130 matrices with entries in formula_19 and invertible determinant. Let formula_132 be the ring of rational adeles, formula_133 the ring of the finite (rational) adeles and for a prime number formula_134 let formula_135 be the field of "p"-adic numbers. Furthermore, let formula_136 be the ring of the p-adic integers (see Adele ring). Define formula_137. Both formula_138 and formula_139 are locally compact unimodular groups if one equips them with the subspace topologies of formula_140 respectively formula_141. Then:  The right side is the restricted product, concerning the compact, open subgroups formula_143 of formula_138. Then formula_145 locally compact group, if we equip it with the restricted product topology.  The group formula_146 is isomorphic to  and is a locally compact group with the product topology, since formula_145 and formula_139 are both locally compact.  Let  The subgroup  is a maximal compact, open subgroup of formula_145 and can be thought of as a subgroup of formula_146, when we consider the embedding formula_154.  We define formula_155 as the center of formula_156, that means formula_155 is the group of all diagonal matrices of the form formula_158, where formula_159. We think of formula_155 as a subgroup of formula_146 since we can embed the group by formula_162.  The group formula_163 is embedded diagonally in formula_146, which is possible, since all four entries of a formula_165 can only have finite amount of prime divisors and therefore formula_166 for all but finitely many prime numbers formula_167.  Let formula_168 be the group of all formula_169 with formula_170. (see Adele Ring for a definition of the absolute value of an Idele). One can easily calculate, that formula_163 is a subgroup of formula_168.  With the one-to-one map formula_173 we can identify the groups formula_174 and formula_175 with each other.  The group formula_163 is dense in formula_145 and discrete in formula_146. The quotient formula_179 is not compact but has finite Haar-measure.  Therefore, formula_163 is a lattice of formula_181 similar to the classical case of the modular group and formula_14. By harmonic analysis one also gets that formula_168 is unimodular.

Adelisation of cuspforms.

We now want to embed the classical Maass cusp forms of weight 0 for the modular group into formula_184. This can be achieved with the "strong approximation theorem", which states that the map  is a formula_139-equivariant homeomorphism. So we get  and furthermore  Maass cuspforms of weight 0 for modular group can be embedded into  By the strong approximation theorem this space is unitary isomorphic to  which is a subspace of formula_191  In the same way one can embed the classical holomorphic cusp forms. With a small generalization of the approximation theorem, one can embed all Maass cusp forms (as well as the holomorphic cuspforms) of any weight for any congruence subgroup formula_5 in formula_193.  We call formula_193 the space of automorphic forms of the adele group.

Cusp forms of the adele group.

Let formula_19 be a Ring and let formula_196 be the group of all formula_197 where formula_198. This group is isomorphic to the additive group of "R".  We call a function formula_199 cusp form, if  holds for almost allformula_201. Let formula_202 (or just formula_203) be the vectorspace of these cusp forms. formula_204 is a closed subspace of formula_205 and it is invariant under the right regular representation of formula_206  One is again interested in a decomposition of formula_204 into irreducible closed subspaces.  We have the following theorem :  The space formula_204 decomposes in a direct sum of irreducible Hilbert-spaces with finite multiplicities formula_209 :  The calculation of these multiplicities formula_211 is one of the most important and most difficult problems in the theory of automorphic forms.

Cuspial representations of the adele group.

An irreducible representation formula_212 of the group formula_146 is called cuspidal, if it is isomorphic to a subrepresentation of formula_204 ist.  An irreducible representation formula_212 of the group formula_146 is called admissible if there exists a compact subgroup formula_217 of formula_218, so that formula_219 for all formula_220.  One can show, that every cuspidal representation is admissible.  The admissibility is needed to proof the so-called Tensorprodukt-Theorem anzuwenden, which says, that every irreducible, unitary and admissible representation of the group formula_146 is isomorphic to an infinite tensor product  The formula_223 are irreducible representations of the group formula_138. Almost all of them need to be umramified.  (A representation formula_223 of the group formula_138 formula_227 is called unramified, if the vector space  is not the zero space.)  A construction of an infinite tensor product can be found in Deitmar,C.7.

Automorphic L-functions.

Let formula_212 be an irreducible, admissible unitary representation of formula_146. By the tensor product theorem, formula_212 is of the form formula_232 (see cuspidal representations of the adele group)  Let formula_233 be a finite set of places containing formula_234 and all ramified places. One defines the global Hecke - function of formula_212 as  where formula_237 is a so-called local L-function of the local representation formula_223. A construction of local L-functions can be found in Deitmar C. 8.2.  If formula_212 is a cuspidal representation, the L-function formula_240 has a meromorphic continuation on formula_241 This is possible, since formula_240, satisfies certain functional equations.

In mathematics, Maass forms or Maass wave forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup formula_1 of formula_2 as modular forms. They are Eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace Operator formula_3 defined on formula_4 and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of formula_5. In contrast to the modular forms the Maass forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by Hans Maass in 1949.


Overview.

The game is set on a fictional Mars colony - the so-called "Dark Colony" - in the year 2137. Humans have discovered a "remarkable energy source" by the name of Petra-7 on the red planet. Figuring they'd rather not choke on the atmosphere of Mars whilst mining Petra-7, the Humans begin terraforming the planet. At the start of the game the project has produced jungles and deserts habitable by people. All seems to be going well, until the Taar show up. The Taar are aliens from a scattered and dying race looking for a new homeworld, and Mars seems to be good fit. Before they can move in though, they seek to get rid of the humans.  The game consists of two campaigns where players can either play as the humans, commanding a colonization force from Pan Luma Industries (one of the Earth corporations along with Aerogen and Stratus who are in charge of the Mars project) whose goal is to defend against and defeat the alien threat, or as the Taar, where players have to defeat the human presence on Mars and claim it as their own.

Balance.

Both the human and alien armies have almost absolutely mirrored units that differ mostly in appearance. The few differences between races are that the range of the heavy assault units is bigger by 1 for humans in exchange for speed, the range of alien sniper units is bigger by 1, and alien defense turrets have less range and less damage. However, there are two aspects to the gameplay that can sway the tide of battle: effective use of artifacts and day/night cycle. "Dark Colony" is one of the first RTS to add day/night cycle as a tactical consideration, as the Taar see much better during night time and also deal a little more damage and Humans see much better during day time while dealing some more damage in daylight.

Dark Colony: The Council Wars.

Dark Colony: The Council Wars is an expansion pack to the 1997 video game Dark Colony, published in 1998.  New things players can find are crashed flying saucers, Taar fortress markings, and a revisit of Area 51, featuring rattlesnakes. Apart from that, familiar terrain types have a slightly different appearance, and new ambient sounds.  Gameplay involves eradicating humans as you play the alien Taar, or to destroy aliens as a human player.

Dark Colony is a real-time strategy video game developed by Alternative Reality Technologies and published by Strategic Simulations. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS in September 1997.