History.

The use of paper board as electrical insulation paper started in the early-mid 20th century. Since the need for high voltage electrical transformers, there has been a need for an insulating material that could withstand the high electrical and physical stresses experienced around a core and windings. Pressboard, a board made by compressing layers of paper together and drying them, has been used for installation purposes in many of the first electrical machines. However, as electrical technology increased, the need for a higher density material that was capable of insulating larger and higher voltage transformers grew. In the late 1920s, Hans Tschudi-Faude became the director of H. Weidmann Limited and began developing a type of pressboard that would meet the higher standards needed for the newer, more powerful transformers. Unlike older methods of pressboard production, Transformerboard was not based on used paper or cotton waste but was made with high-grade sulfate cellulose. The new product was made purely out of cellulose without a resin or binder, improving electrical insulation capabilities and could be completely dried, degassed, and oil impregnated. The new product became famous under the name Transformerboard. Throughout the 1930s, new methods of production and advances in understanding replaced almost all insulating parts of transformers with parts made from transformer board.  In 1970, a branch of Weidmann Electrical Industries centered in St. Johnsbury, Vermont produced the largest Transformerboard ever measuring 12'5" by 21'8". At the time, the Vermont-based company was named EHV Industries.

Production.

The more demanding application the cleaner the paper needs to be. Paper machines are run with deionised or even distilled process water when producing higher grades of electrical insulation paper. Electrical insulation papers are made from well delignified unbleached kraft pulp.

Applications.

Cable paper.

Electrical cables are categorized by the voltage and current used. Telephone cables have moderate voltage and current associated with cables leading moderate electric current or transmitting electrical signals. The telephone cables have a large number of conductors that are individually insulated. In order to not become excessively thick the paper needs to be thin (30-40 g/m). A normal power cable needs more insulation and therefore paper with higher paper density is used, normally 60-190 g/m. The paper needs to be strong, elastic, uniform and free of holes or debris. These applications are being replaced by plastic insulation.

High voltage power cable paper.

Submarine power cables at very high voltages (> 400 kV) are a very demanding application. The paper is normally 65-155 g/m and mostly produced on two ply paper machines. An advantage of using paper in sea cables is that in case of leakage, the paper will swell and prevent water from flowing along the cable.

Capacitor tissue.

This paper is used in capacitors and is an extremely clean and thin tissue paper (normally 6-12 g/m) that is super calendered. The pulp is clean unbleached kraft pulp that is extremely refined. The paper is made on small paper machines with slow speeds because the stock has to be drained very slowly.

Transformer board.

Transformer board is used mainly in oil-filled transformers where a solid insulating structure is needed. This is a pressboard up to 8 mm in thickness. The board is built up wet on forming cylinders and cut off when at the desired thickness. This makes a sheet with the size of the width and circumference of the drum. The wet sheets are hot- or cold-press dried and finished on separate machines.

Electrical insulation papers are paper types that are used as electrical insulation in many applications due to pure cellulose having outstanding electrical properties. Cellulose is a good insulator and is also polar, having a dielectric constant significantly greater than one. Electrical paper products are classified by their thickness, with tissue considered papers less than 1.5 mils (0.0381 mm) thickness, and "board" considered more than 20 mils (0.508 mm) thickness.


Life.

Born to pastor Friedrich Lehmus in Fürth, Germany. Lehmus and her five sisters received advanced educations, unusual for women at the time. Upon completing school in Paris to become a language teacher, Lehmus taught at the Marienstift in Fürth.  Her sister introduced Lehmus to German female dentist, Henriette Hirschfield-Tiburtius, who convinced Lehmus to study medicine in Zurich. Lehmus chose to study medicine, specifically gynecology, to help women who were often afraid to be examined by their male doctors. By the time these women were examined after marriage, it was often too late.  Lehmus received her doctorate with distinction in 1870, becoming the first German woman to receive a medical degree from a Swiss University. Women had been permitted to attend lectures there since 1864, but until this point, most of the female students had been Russian. There were eight other women in her class. It was here that she met Franziska Tiburtius (1842 -1927), sister-in-law of Henriette Hirschfield-Tiburtius.  After school, Lehmus completed an internship with the gynaecologist and obstetrician, Franz von Winckel in Dresden. In 1877, Lehmus and Tiburtius established a women's clinic in Berlin-Mitte at Schönhauser Straße 23/24. Despite sustained opposition, including several court injunctions and slander, their clinic attracted a large clientele. In 1881, the two founded the "Poliklinik für Frauen," which was later expanded into a modern surgical clinic and offered young female doctors in particular training opportunities. Treatment at the clinic cost only ten pfennig and women who could not afford it were treated for free.  Around 1900 she was forced to give up her practice due to her own influenza pneumonia. When the "Vereinigung weiblicher Ärzte" was founded in 1908, Lehmus supported this initiative with a donation of 16,000 Reichsmark. After giving up her practice, she lived in Munich for several years after the First World War, then with her sister in Gräfenberg near Erlangen where she worked as a pianist. On 18 October 1932 she was buried at the municipal cemetery in Fürth, Erlanger Straße 97.

Emilie Lehmus (30 August 1841 – 17 October 1932) was a German physician. She is known as the first female doctor in Berlin. She founded the first polyclinic for women and children in Berlin.


Early life and education.

Endore was born Samuel Goldstein in Brooklyn, New York, to Isidor and Malka Halpern Goldstein. His father was a coal miner, inventor, and investor from Pittsburgh who often had difficulty making ends meet. His mother committed suicide when he was four, possibly due to the family's unstable and often insufficient livelihood. Isidor changed their name in an attempt to move beyond the events of the past, and he placed the children in a Methodist orphanage. During this time, Isidor sold an invention and dreamt that his dead wife willed the children to have a European education, so he sent them to Vienna with the newfound windfall. The children lived in Vienna for five years under the care of a Catholic governess, but when Isidor disappeared and their funds ran short, they returned to Pittsburgh and lived together.  While there Endore attended the Carnegie Technical Institute but would earn his B.A. (1923) and M.A. (1925), both in European languages, at Columbia University. According to his own account, he scraped together the money to attend, even renting out his bed to a wealthier student while he slept on the floor. He unsuccessfully pursued a Ph.D.

Writer.

Endore's first novel was "The Man From Limbo" (1930), about an impoverished college graduate obsessed with acquiring wealth; it was influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson.  His most famous work was "The Werewolf of Paris" (1933), a violent horror story set during the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune and inspired by the work of Hanns Heinz Ewers, whom Endore had translated. "The Werewolf of Paris" is described by Stableford as "entitled to be considered "the" werewolf novel". Endore also wrote what Stableford describes "a few notable horror stories", including "The Day of the Dragon" (1934), in which a scientific experiment returns dragons to the contemporary world and "Lazarus Returns"(1935), an ironic tale involving the Biblical character.  After his work as a screenwriter Endore published several other Freudian-tinged mysteries ("Methinks the Lady...", "Detour at Night") and also returned to his love of French history for biographical novels on Voltaire ("Voltaire! Voltaire!" [1961]), the Marquis de Sade ("Satan's Saint" [1965]) and Rousseau. His only other popular literary success came with "King of Paris: A Novel" (1956), based on the life of Alexandre Dumas. It became a best-seller and was a Book-of-the-Month Club choice.

Hollywood.

After graduating, Guy married Henrietta Portugal and in the 1930s they moved to Hollywood. Despite his eventual blacklisting, Endore had a fairly successful career in Hollywood, working on scripts or story ideas for big name pictures of the time. He made his name in the supernatural arena, with such movies as "Mark of the Vampire" and "The Curse of the Werewolf" (based on his novel "The Werewolf of Paris"). Although many of his films were at the time derided by critics, they have acquired a cult following in recent years.  Throughout his career Endore showed himself to be fascinated with hypnotism and the inability of characters to control their own actions, centering his stories on supernatural maladies such as lycanthropy and hypnosis. "Mad Love", Peter Lorre’s American debut, involves a man who, after an accident, is fitted with the hands of a murderer which try to continue in their gruesome career. His novel "Methinks The Lady...", which was made into a movie with Gene Tierney, centered around a woman affected by a quack hypnotist. Even his Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers comedy, "Carefree", still includes Rogers being put under hypnosis.  Endore began his movie writing career in 1935, when he wrote the story for "Rumba", a star vehicle for George Raft and Carole Lombard, which was given a scathing review in the "New York Times". He worked on the screenplay for "Mark of the Vampire" starringBela Lugosi. He also wrote the 19-page treatment that eventually became "The Raven", for which he was not credited. A number of other horror films followed, interspersed with more mainstream films including the Oscar-nominated ("The Story of G.I. Joe"), a John Wayne movie ("Lady from Louisiana"), and "Carefree". His Hollywood career ended in 1969 with a made for TV movie entitled "Fear No Evil", for which he wrote the story. It was the first US television “Movie of the Week” and a success in the ratings, spawning a sequel a year later.

Leftism.

While he attended Columbia, he was drawn to the political left by Whittaker Chambers, who was a fellow student at the time, and by the harsh Great Depression world in which he lived. He would openly describe himself as opposed to capitalist class society and to imperialism, with all its racist foundations. While he lived in Hollywood, Endore was interviewed several times and wrote articles for multiple leftist publications, including "Black and White", "The New York Clipper" and "New Masses".  Endore was a member of the Communist Party in Hollywood and was investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee during its search for Communist infiltration of the film industry. He was, however, never called before a “witch-hunting committee” and did not spend any time in jail. Because of his Communist associations, some studios blacklisted him and he had to sell his screenplays under the pseudonym Harry Relis. (Relis was actually the husband of Endore's wife's eldest sister.) However, he remained defiant, claiming that he was a failure as a human being if he was not subversive to everything that the HUAC stood for. After the release of Khrushchev's Secret Speech (1956), Endore abandoned the fight against the blacklist only a few years before the reinstatement of many leftist sympathizers in the film industry, which has cast him into obscurity among the more prominent pro-Communist writers.  Endore studied and was greatly inspired by Marx. As Joseph Ramsey summarizes, he "called for 'a new school of Marxian historical fiction,' to be based in 'a study of original sources' so as 'to furnish reliable and powerful revolutionary weapons.'" Endore struggled, however, to produce significant works of leftist fiction and he often felt resigned to composing what he believed would sell, especially after the public failure of "Babouk", with its more explicitly sympathetic depiction of the Haitian Revolution. He retained his profound interest in historical subjects throughout his career.  He had strong related interests, intellectual and moral, in mysticism, yoga, vegetarianism, theosophy and anti-vivisectionism. In the "About the Author" section that concludes the 1941 Pocket Books edition of "The Werewolf of Paris" he describes himself as "to a large extent a vegetarian, a teetotaler, a non-smoker. In giving up, with occasional exceptions, the use of meat, liquor, and tobacco, I feel that I have added to the happiness I derive from living." He concludes, "In politics I tend toward communism and the establishment of the classless society."

Activism.

Although more famous for his fiction, Endore was a committed activist, attempting to protect with words those who were mistreated by the American culture and legal system and using literature to illuminate what he considered to be historical oversights. A fierce critic, like his friend Lillian Smith, of segregation and Jim Crow, Endore wrote pamphlets for many anti-racist causes, including "The Crime at Scottsboro" about the Scottsboro Boys and their subsequent trial.  In 1940 Endore involved himself deeply in the defense of those arrested in the "Sleepy Lagoon" case (also known as the “Chicano Scottsboro”), when seventeen Mexican teenagers were incarcerated for a murder. Although there was scant evidence, a complete lack of eyewitnesses and no murder weapon to be found, they were put away in a wave of hysteria spread through the newspapers of LA. Endore became involved when he looked into the case and was startled by the lack of evidence. He proceeded to write a pamphlet entitled "The Sleepy Lagoon Mystery" which went over in detail the mistakes and oversights involved in the case. Giving a speech on the Al Jarvis radio show, Endore referred to Sleepy Lagoon as “the name of a disgrace which should be on the conscience of every decent American – and especially every decent person who lives in Los Angeles – because we allowed it to happen here.” To bring his readers over to his way of thinking Endore used scare tactics, threatening his readers that, should they allow this to happen, they could, in essence, be next. For the next year he corresponded often with the defense, gave interviews and spoke on radio shows in an attempt to help the teens. In the end his attempts were a success and, with the information exposed in his pamphlet and a change in common opinion, the verdict was reversed.  Endore supported non-governmental drug rehab programs and became a devoted proponent of the Synanon Foundation, a controversial southern California commune dedicated to reforming and rehabilitating drug addicts and alcoholics (later, as the Church of Synanon, it started its own utopian social movement). He composed pamphlets and a published history of the commune, "Synanon". He also taught fiction writing at the Los Angeles People’s Education Center, a CPUSA offshoot of the New York Workers School.

Works.

An except from Endore's "The Crime at Scottsboro" (1938) on the Scottsboro Boys case now appears on the Digital Public Library of America.  Books:  Translations:

Samuel Guy Endore (July 4, 1901 – February 12, 1970), born Samuel Goldstein and also known as Harry Relis, was an American novelist and screenwriter. During his career he produced a wide array of novels, screenplays, and pamphlets, both published and unpublished. A cult favorite of fans of horror, he is best known for his novel "The Werewolf of Paris", which occupies a significant position in werewolf literature, much in the same way that "Dracula" does for vampire literature. Endore is also known for his left-wing novel of the Haitian Revolution, "Babouk: The Story of A Slave". He was nominated for a screenwriting Oscar for "The Story of G.I. Joe" (1945), and his novel "Methinks the Lady..." (1946) was the basis for Ben Hecht's screenplay for "Whirlpool" (1949).


Early life and education.

The son of Joseph Abram Cassidy and Ethel McDonald, Cassidy was educated at Belfast High School and Queen's University, Belfast, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in politics and economics in 1965. He was further educated in University College, London, where he graduated with a Master of Philosophy degree in 1967. He trained for ordained ministry with the Church of England at Oak Hill Theological College, London and was ordained in 1972.  Cassidy worked as planning officer in the Ministry of Development of Northern Ireland from 1967 to 1968 and in the Department of Lands and Settlements, Kenya from 1968 to 1970.

Ordained ministry.

From 1972 to 1975 he was curate of Christ Church, Clifton, from 1975 to 1982 the vicar of St Edyth's, Sea Mills and of St Paul's, Portman Square, London from 1982 to 1987. From 1987 to 1999, he was an archdeacon and a canon residentiary of St Paul's Cathedral. Having been appointed the 10th Bishop of Southwell in 1999, in 2005 the territorial designation of Nottingham was added to his position. On 9 May 2008, it was announced that Cassidy would retire, and, in July 2009, he formally retired.

Views.

Cassidy spent much of his time in the House of Lords, where he voted against the Equality Act in early 2007. He was also one of the rebel bishops who signed a letter against Rowan Williams' decision not to block the appointment of Jeffrey John as Bishop of Reading in 2003. The other diocesan bishop signatories (referred to by their opponents, since there were nine, as the "Nazgûl") were: Michael Scott-Joynt (Bishop of Winchester), Michael Langrish (Exeter), Michael Nazir-Ali (Rochester), Peter Forster (Chester), James Jones (Liverpool), Graham Dow (Carlisle), John Hind (Chichester) and David James (Bradford).  Regarded as a conservative Evangelical, Cassidy is noted for his strong opposition to the ordination of people who are openly living in same-sex relationships.

Personal life.

Since 1966, Cassidy has been married to Jane Barling Stevens; they have two daughters.  Cassidy received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2005

George Henry Cassidy (born 17 October 1942) is a retired British Anglican bishop. He served as Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham from 1999 to 2009.


Life.

Son of an established Hamburg merchant family, Rudolph Crasemann first completed his apprenticeship as a merchant in his hometown of Hamburg. After his education, he remained with the same company he did his apprenticeship in a junior position. After the company was liquidated, he founded Crasemann & Stavenhagen in 1861 with Ernst Friedrich Stavenhagen. In time, the company developed very successful overseas business activities. After Stavenhagen's death in 1875, a younger brother of Rudolph Crasemann joined the company as partner.  In 1877 Crasemann became a member of the "Commerzdeputation", the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, which he headed from January 1891 to January 1895 and again from January 1915 to January 1917 as president, like his father Claes Christian Crasemann in 1860. Rudolph Crasemann was known for his charitable activities as he contributed to a number of charitable organisations in Hamburg.  In 1880 and from 1883 until 1907 he was a member of the Hamburg Parliament (Hamburgische Bürgerschaft). From 1909 to 1912 he served as the Vice President of the "Hansabund", an economic órganisation of German merchants and industrialists based in Berlin, and as the head of its Hamburg subsidiary. He was an opponent of the transformation of the Colonial Institute to become the University of Hamburg. In addition to his many commitments, he was member of the administrative board of the German Naval Overseas Federation ("Hauptverband der deutschen Flottenvereine im Ausland") which actively promoted an extended German naval presence backed financially through contributions from the overseas subsidiaries.  Rudolph Crasemann was married to Juliane Helene Köpcke and together they had six children, amongst them Wilhelm Alfred Hans Crasemann and Helene Crasemann. One of Rudolph and Juliane's granddaughters Dorothea von Salviati, daughter of Helene Crasemann and Alexander Hermann Heinrich August von Salviati went on to marry Prince Wilhelm of Prussia.

Gustav August Rudolph Crasemann (born 14 August 1841 in Hamburg, died 24 November 1929 in Blankenese) was a Hamburg businessman and parliamentarian.


Development.

The system was developed by Toshiba as a replacement for the 75 mm M51 Skysweeper and M15A1 37 mm/12.7 mm anti-aircraft guns. Designed as a mobile short-range system to fill the performance gap between the FIM-92 Stinger man portable missile, and the larger MIM-23 Hawk missile system, which were both in service at the time. Development work began in 1966, with the first test firings conducted in 1978. The system was designated as the Type 81 by the JSDF, and contracts were placed for the system in 1980. The system entered service in 1981. In 1987, minor changed system SAM-1B was designated.  Development work on an upgrade designated "Tan-SAM Kai" started in 1989. Upgraded system was designated as SAM-1C in 1995, initial production on upgrade kits for the system starting in 1996. Two fire units were scheduled to be upgraded in 2000, with work on the program continuing into 2006.  Development work on an upgrade designated "Tan-SAM Kai II" started in 2005.  In 2014, the new type of short-range surface-to-air missile designated as Type 11 was officially unveiled, which as "Tan-SAM Kai II" research & development results, would replace the Type 81.

Description.

The Tan-SAM 1 missile is cruciform in cross section with four clipped delta wings attached to the mid body, and four small steerable clipped delta fins at the rear of the missile. The missile is propelled by a solid rocket motor, with giving it a burn-out velocity of about Mach 2.4. It is initially inertially guided to a likely intercept point, with an all-aspect infra-red seeker taking over to handle terminal guidance. The missile has a 9.2-kilogram fragmentation warhead triggered either by contact or a radar proximity fuze with a lethal radius of between 5 and 15 meters depending on the target type.  A fire unit consists of one Fire Control System vehicle and two launcher vehicles as well as a number of support vehicles with a total crew of fifteen men. The Fire Control Systems vehicle consists of an Isuzu Motors 6×6 truck with a 30 kW generator unit mounted behind the driver's cabin, and a rectangular three-dimensional pulse-doppler phased array radar. The radar can operate in three modes: omni-directional search, sector search/course tracking mode, and fine tracking mode. The radar is scanned both mechanically and electronically and can track up to six targets within the same 110-degree arc in course tracking mode. Two targets can be tracked in fine tracking mode at greater accuracy, with the single-shot kill probability for each target relayed to the operator via a CRT display. The radar has a range of about 30 kilometers, and has built in IFF capabilities.  Information on the two selected targets is then passed to the two attached launcher units, which are also mounted on Isuzu Motors 6×6 trucks, which slew and elevate their launchers toward the target. The launchers can be deployed up to 300 meters away from the Fire Control System vehicle. An intercept course is computed for the missile, and the missile is launched. The missile follows the initial inertial course until it reaches a pre-programmed point where it activates its infrared seeker. The infrared seeker only scans a programmed area of the sky to prevent it from locking onto the sun. From that point it switches to passive infrared homing for the terminal phase of the flight.  The infrared seeker does not use IR filters to reject decoys, although there is a degree of protection provided by the use of intermediate frequency seeker scanning pattern.  Each launcher is equipped with an optical director than can be used instead of the radar in a high ECM environment or if the radar is not operational; additionally the vehicle can be mounted with one or two 12.7 mm calibre heavy machine guns, for self-defense in frontal forward areas against ground threats and close-in(<500 m) incoming air threats. The system can be set up in approximately 30 minutes, and the launcher reload time for all four missiles is around three minutes.  SAM-1C upgraded missile use a phased array active radar seeker, with the capability of receiving mid-course guidance updates from the Fire Control Systems vehicle. The upgrade also increases the missiles maximum range to 14 kilometers while increasing the missile weight to 105 kilograms. A new smokeless motor with improved thrust is also fitted, replacing the existing motor. Also the Fire Control Systems vehicle is fitted with a thermal imager to improve operation in an ECM heavy environment.

Deployment.

The system is currently deployed by the JGSDF, JASDF and JMSDF with 57 fire units serving with the ground force (out of an initial requirement for 76), 30 serving with the air force, and 6 serving with the maritime force.

The Type 81 Surface-to-Air Missile () or Tan-SAM () is a Japanese developed surface-to-air missile currently in service with the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.


Description.

The codex contains complete text of the four Gospels on 186 leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 23 lines per page. The large initial letters in gold and colour.  The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, in Latin like minuscule 62. It contains the ("titles of chapters") at the top of the pages and there are some marginal corrections made by Budaeus and some by Hermonymus.

Text.

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.  According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the textual family K in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made. It belongs to the textual cluster 17.  In Matthew 1:11 it has additional reading τον Ιωακιμ, Ιωακιμ δε εγεννησεν ("of Joakim, and Joakim was the father of"). The reading is supported by Codex Campianus, Koridethi, manuscripts of the textual family "f", Minuscule 17, 33, 71, and 120; the reading was cited by Griesbach in his "Novum Testamentum Graece".

History.

The manuscript was written in Paris between 1491-1494 for Guillaume Budé by George Hermonymus (like codices 30 and 287). It once belonged to Bunckle of London, then to Bishop Moore. It was used by John Mill in his "Novum Testamentum" (as Bu.). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1885.  It is currently housed in at the Cambridge University Library (Ll. 2.13), at Cambridge.

Minuscule 70 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 521 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century. The manuscript has complex contents. Marginalia are incomplete.


Features.

The key concepts in V are "multithreading" and "synchronous message passing". The original V terminology uses "process" for what is now commonly called a "thread", and "team" for what is now commonly called a "process" consisting of multiple threads sharing an address space. Communication between threads in V uses synchronous message passing, with short, fixed-length messages that can include access rights for the receiver to read or write part of the sender's address space before replying. The same message-passing interface is used both between threads within one process, between threads of different processes within one machine, and between threads on different machines connected by a local Ethernet. A thread receiving a message is not required to reply to it before receiving other messages; this distinguished the model from Ada rendezvous.  One common pattern for using the messaging facility is for clients to send messages to a server requesting some form of service. From the client side, this looks much like a remote procedure call (RPC). The convenience of an automatic stub generator was lacking, but in contrast, the client can pass one parameter by reference, which is not possible with other RPC implementations. From the server side the model differs more from RPC, since by default all client requests are multiplexed onto one server thread. The server is free to explicitly fork threads to handle client requests in parallel, however; if this is done, the server-side model is much like RPC too.  V was never an end in itself for the Stanford group; rather, it was used as a vehicle for many different research projects in distributed operating systems and networking. Much like other operating system efforts of its day (such as Sprite), V was a complete system that was mostly self hosting. Many students ran V as the only operating system on their diskless SUN workstations or MicroVAX workstations. Compiles could be done either on V, or on VAX Unix machines that provided file service in a more stable environment than the ever-changing research system.  V did have some notable impacts. After the initial implementation on one computer, the Versatile Message Transaction Protocol (VMTP) was developed to extend the send-receive-reply system call semantics over a local area network. The protocol included multicast support developed by Steve Deering as a graduate student in the group. The Internet Protocol layer to support this evolved into the IP multicast standard.  The V system was used for graphical user interface (GUI) research. The Virtual Graphics Terminal Service (VGTS) provided a modular windowing system for both local and remote applications. The little-known W Window System got its name because it was first hosted on the V operating system, and the better-known X Window System in turn got its name because its first version was based partly on W. V also spawned another pure microkernel effort at Apple Computer known as Vanguard, which added a number of improvements to the basic system. Vanguard later disappeared in a reorganization. The Tektronix VM700 television measurement instrument was developed in a networked V environment in the late 1980s and ran a lightly modified version of the V operating system; this device was manufactured and sold for many years.

The V operating system (sometimes written V-System) is a discontinued microkernel operating system that was developed by faculty and students in the distributed systems group at Stanford University from 1981 to 1988, led by Professors David Cheriton and Keith A. Lantz. V was the successor to the Thoth and Verex operating systems that Cheriton had developed in the 1970s. Despite very similar names and close development dates, it is unrelated to UNIX System V.


Playing career.

Rajala began playing junior hockey with the Ilves Tampere system in 2005–06. By 2007–08, he had worked his way up to the Junior A level of the SM-Liiga, tallying 35 points in 33 games. Rajala turned pro with Ilves Tampere in 2008–09, tallying 5 points in 21 games during his professional rookie season in the SM-Liiga.  Rajala was selected in the first round of the 2009 CHL Import Draft (14th overall) by the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He joined the Wheat Kings for the 2009–10 WHL season.  On July 16, 2009, Rajala signed a two-way contract with the Edmonton Oilers.  With the impending 2012–13 NHL lockout, He was directly assigned by the Oilers to the Oklahoma City Barons of the American Hockey League on September 15, 2012.  On August 25, 2013, with the prospects of another season in the American minor leagues, Rajala opted to be mutually released from his contract with the Oilers and later returned to Europe to sign a one-year contract with Swedish Hockey League club, HV71, on October 15, 2013.

International play.

Rajala debuted internationally for Finland at the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships, recording 5 points in 6 games as Finland placed sixth. The next year, he was named to Finland's under-20 team for the 2009 World Junior Championships in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and managed 3 points in 6 games; Finland finished in seventh place.  Later that year, in April 2009, Rajala competed for Finland at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships in the United States. He led the tournament in scoring with 10 goals and 9 assists and broke the previous point record held by Alexander Ovechkin. Rajala was selected as the best forward in the tournament, and was named to the tournament All-Star Team, helping Finland to a bronze medal. Rajala also represented Finland at the 2010 World Junior Championships which were held in Saskatchewan, Canada.

Toni Rajala (born March 29, 1991) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward currently playing for EHC Biel of the National League (NL). He was drafted 101st overall by the Edmonton Oilers in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.


Biography.

Amemar was one of the leading sages of his generation. He reestablished the college at Nehardea, and restored it to its original reputable position—it having been destroyed over a century before by Odaenathus—and was its rector for more than thirty years (390-422). In addition to that office, he was the president of the court at Nehardea and introduced several ritual changes. Later he moved to Mahuza, where he also served as a religious judge.  His teachers include Rava, Rav Yosef, and Rav Nachman. Later on he learned from students of Rava and Abaye, including Rav Zevid and Rav Papa.  His students include the leading amoraim of the sixth generation, including Rav Ashi (who became Amemar's "Fellow Student") and R. Huna b. Nathan, the Exilarch.  The Talmud frequently records him together with his colleagues, Mar Zutra and Rav Ashi. On royal festivals, the three of them officially represented the Jews at the court of Yazdegerd I. On one of these occasions, Huna bar Nathan was among the assembled dignitaries, and the king, happening to notice that Huna's girdle was disheveled, adjusted it, remarking, "It is written of you, 'You shall be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation,' and you must therefore wear the girdle as priests do." When Amemar heard of this, he said to Huna, "On you has been realized the prophetic promise, 'Kings shall be your attendants'".  His mother's father was Rami bar Hama. Amemar's erudition was continued in his son Mar, who often quoted him to Rav Ashi. A grandson of Amemar's died in his lifetime, and he tore his clothes when he found out. When Amemar's son, the bereaved father, arrived, Amemar tore again. He had torn while sitting, but when he remembered that halacha requires tearing to be done while standing, he stood up and tore a third time. In later generations, some of his descendants served as geonim in the yeshivas of Sura and Pumbedita.  According to the Talmud, he died after Rav Ashi and Amemar's son discussed Amemar's death in an innocent halachic context.

Teachings.

Many halachic discussions between him and Rav Ashi are recorded.  Some of his homiletic observations appear in the Babylonian Talmud.

Amemar () was a Babylonian rabbi, of the fifth and sixth generation of amoraim. His name is a compound word, formed of the personal name "Ami" and the title "Mar" ("master").


Biography.

Born in Fredericktown, Missouri, Cravens was the son of Nehemiah and Sophia Thompson Cravens. He moved with his father to Arkansas the following year, and attended the common schools. He was graduated from the Cane Hill Academy at Boonsboro (now Canehill), Washington County, Arkansas, in 1850. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He commenced practice in Clarksville, Arkansas, and served as member of the State house of representatives in 1860. He married Emma Batson and they had five children, Jeane, Jane, Felix, Sallie, and Samuella. Emma Batson's father was Felix Ives Batson an Arkansas Supreme Court judge who during the American Civil War, represented the First Congressional District of northwest Arkansas in the First Confederate Congress and the Second Confederate Congress House of Representatives.

Career.

Cravens entered the Confederate States Army in 1861 as a private in Company C, 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's). When that regiment underwent consolidation in May 1862, Cravens was elected Colonel of the new unit: the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The 21st Arkansas was surrendered, at Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 4, 1863. After being declared exchanged, on September 12, 1863, Cravens' unit was consolidated with the 14th Powers' Arkansas, 15th (Northwest) Arkansas, and the 16th Arkansas, to form a new unit: the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi) Department. He was named colonel of the new organization.  At the close of hostilities of the Civil War, Cravens returned to Clarksville where he served as prosecuting attorney of Johnson County in 1865 and 1866 and then as member of the State senate from 1866 until 1868. Cravens was elected as an Independent Democrat to the Forty-fifth Congress and then reelected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses serving from March 4, 1877 until March 3, 1883. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1882 to the Forty-eighth Congress. He then resumed the practice of law in Clarksville, Arkansas and served as judge of the circuit court from 1890 until 1894.

Death.

Cravens died in Fort Smith, Arkansas on April 8, 1914, (age 83 years, 152 days) and is interred at Oakland Cemetery, Clarksville, Arkansas.

External links.

Retrieved on 2009-05-13

Jordan Edgar Cravens (November 7, 1830 – April 8, 1914) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Arkansas, cousin of William Ben Cravens.


Biography.

Born at Cave Springs, Arkansas, Dinsmore was the son of Alexander Winchester and Catherine Anderson Dinsmore. He attended private schools in Benton and Washington Counties. He married Elizabeth Le Grand Fisher of St. Louis, Missouri, on May 25, 1883. They had one son, Hamilton; and though Elizabeth died on June 19, 1886, he never remarried.

Career.

Dinsmore worked as a store clerk and later a traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm. Deciding to become a lawyer, he persuaded Samuel N. Elliott of Bentonville to proctor him. In 1872 Governor Elisha Baxter appointed him the eleventh Benton County Circuit Court clerk. He resigned in 1874, when he was admitted to the bar, and the following year, he moved to Fayetteville, where he entered into a law partnership with David Walker. In 1878, he was elected prosecuting attorney for the Fourth Judicial District, and served until 1884.  In January 1887, Dinsmore was appointed by President Cleveland as Minister Resident and consul general to the Kingdom of Korea and served until May 25, 1890. Because of his acquaintance with Korea and Korean matters, he was sought out by a young Syngman Rhee in January 1905, while he was on his diplomatic mission United States to secure aid for Korea against Japanese annexation. Dinsmore succeeded in getting Rhee a brief meeting with Secretary of State John Hay, but Rhee's mission would ultimately end in failure.  After he resumed the practice of law in Fayetteville, Arkansas, Dinsmore was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-third and to the five succeeding Congresses. He served from March 4, 1893 to March 3, 1905. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1904 to the Fifty-ninth Congress. He resumed the practice of law in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and in later years devoted most of his time to the management of his farming interests. He served as member of the board of trustees of the University of Arkansas.

Death.

Dinsmore died in St. Louis, Missouri, on May 2, 1930 (age 79 years, 129 days). He is interred at Evergreen Cemetery, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (December 24, 1850 – May 2, 1930) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Arkansas.


Plot.

Rip Thomas is the World Wrestling Federation Heavyweight Champion, and his appearances on network television have been a thorn in the side of Brell, the head of the struggling World Television Network. Rip's Wrestling show is huge on the ratings and WTN network programmes are slipping down in the ratings. The day after Rip's most recent title match, Brell attempts to bribe the champion into joining his network, but Rip declines the offer, but despite that, Brell continues his efforts to make him reconsider. A bit later, Brell's cronies try to jump Rip, but Rip is able to fight them off.  Later, Brell visits the No Count Bar, where he comes up with his own wrestling program called "Battle of the Tough Guys". The show is successful due to the introduction of Zeus, an ex-convict and former protege of Rip's trainer, Charlie. Zeus wins the $100,000 tournament and becomes Brell's prized fighter.  Samantha Moore, a beautiful corporate spy, is sent by Brell to seduce Rip. However, Rip's good nature and dedication to charity win her over, and she confesses her identity to the wrestler and turns to his side. Brell learns of Samantha's defection and, vowing revenge, sends his underlings to kidnap and rape her. However, Rip manages to stop the would-be kidnapping, throwing one of the stooges into a tree trunk.  Later, Rip is at a charity event when Brell and Zeus arrive, demanding that Rip prove his honor by fighting Zeus on "Battle of the Tough Guys." Rip, wanting to set a good example and knowing children are around, declines. Meanwhile, Rip's younger brother Randy and his friend, Craig, decide to check out Zeus for themselves, attending an illegal fight being held in a warehouse. After watching Zeus defeat the monstrous Rebar Lawless, Craig foolishly identifies Randy as Rip's brother to Brell and his associates. Randy attempts to defend himself but Zeus brutally beats him, sending him to the hospital. Enraged, Rip accepts Zeus' challenge to avenge his brother.  On the night of the match, Brell has Samantha kidnapped and orders Rip to go 10 minutes through the fight then lose the fight to save her life. As the battle begins, Samantha manages to escape, but just as Brell's goons corner her, Charlie and Craig rescue her and defeat the bad guys. Back in the arena, Zeus has the upper hand at the start of the fight, ruthlessly pummeling Rip, even trying to kill him by ripping out one of the steel posts and trying to run Rip through his prone chest. Randy cheers to urge his brother to fight back. Rip is re-energized by Randy's words and once he sees Samantha is safe, gains a second wind and starts to turn the tides on Zeus. The fight destroys the ring, with Rip and Zeus continuing the battle up the through the stands as a disbelieving Brell watches from the control room.  Rip finally puts an end to the match by knocking Zeus off a catwalk, which causes him to fall through the ring and lose. A frustrated Brell begins destroying electrical equipment, in total disbelief over Zeus' loss. Rip angrily goes after Brell intending to repay him for his misdeeds. In fear, Brell retreats, but accidentally comes in contact with live wires he has exposed in his tirade and is fatally electrocuted. With his enemies now vanquished, Rip celebrates his victory with Randy and his friends.

Production.

A rumor was started that the short headbanger in a cage in the bar scene is a young Peter Dinklage. The role of "short headbanger" is actually played by Rick Allen.

Reception.

Box office.

The movie debuted at #2, behind "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", with $4,957,052 in ticket sales. Hogan writes in his autobiography the budget was about eight million dollars. Vince McMahon, who financed the movie, more or less broke even because of distribution fees. The final tally was $16,093,651 in ticket sales.  During the October 13, 1997 episode of "Monday Night Raw", Vince McMahon joked, "Hogan promised me that if the movie lost money he was gonna return his salary. I guess the check is still in the mail." This was during the Monday Night Wars and was part of a number of digs at Hogan's then-new movie project "Assault on Devil's Island". "Raw" commentator Jim Ross also joked during the late 90s; "No Holds Barred? More like No Profit Allowed."

Critical response.

The film was panned by critics, with an 11% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews.  Film critic Brian Orndorf described the film as "tremendously crude, unapologetically manipulative, and aimed directly at easily entertained 13-year-old boys."  Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review and wrote: "The movie never takes itself seriously and director Tom Wright (TV's 'Beauty and the Beast') has fun with the wrestling montages. Hogan himself has an appealing screen presence—like a gallant teddy bear who goes berserk every 10 minutes or so." "The Philadelphia Inquirer"'s Desmond Ryan remarked:  The "Chicago Tribune"'s Gene Siskel remarked, simply, that "No Holds Barred" "is utterly lacking in the campy quality of the World Wrestling Federation telecasts."  In his 1991 review of "Suburban Commando", Roger Ebert recalled that "despite the fact that [Hulk Hogan's] public image is often aimed at children [...] his first film, 'No Holds Barred' (1989) was surprisingly violent, sexist and blood-soaked."  Richard Harrington of "The Washington Post" said that "[Hogan's] performance is as dreadful as one might expect from a man with such limited skills outside the ring, made worse by a story that is at once more obvious and less inspired than your average Wrestlemania script. [...] 'No Holds Barred' makes 'Rocky' look like 'Citizen Pain.'"  Wrote Stephen Holden of "The New York Times":  Reviewing the Blu-ray in 2014, Felix Vasquez Jr. of "Cinema Crazed" wrote: "Hogan as The Ripper is a force of nature here, and he makes "No Holds Barred" in to a fun action cartoon."

Home video.

The film was released on VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc in October 1989. It was released on DVD for the first time ever with a digitally remastered transfer by WWE Home Video under the WWE Studios banner on July 3, 2012. A Blu-ray Disc release followed in April 2014.

No Holds Barred: The Match/The Movie.

No Holds Barred: The Match/The Movie, as the event was billed, was shown on pay-per-view on December 27, 1989. The program consisted of the film in its entirety, followed by a match previously recorded at a "Wrestling Challenge" taping on December 12 in Nashville, Tennessee. It is currently one of the few WWE pay-per-views not yet available on the WWE Network.

Background.

The main event pitted Hogan and Lister — appearing in character as "Zeus" — on opposing tag teams. Hogan teamed with longtime friend Brutus Beefcake, while the heel Zeus teamed with Randy Savage. The four had been involved in an intertwined feud since the summer. Zeus had made several appearances at WWF events and cut promos stating that he, and not Hogan, should have received top billing in "No Holds Barred". Meanwhile, as Hogan and Savage were feuding over the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, Beefcake began feuding with Savage after Beefcake insulted Savage's manager Sensational Sherri during a TV taping. At the 1989 SummerSlam, Hogan and Beefcake teamed to defeat Savage and Zeus, after which the tag team feud simmered for several months as Zeus began appearing with Ted DiBiase in the lead-up to the 1989 Survivor Series. Unlike 1989 SummerSlam, Miss Elizabeth did not make an appearance at this event.  The Hogan-Beefcake vs. Savage-Zeus tag team rivalry resumed after the Survivor Series, in the lead-up to "No Holds Barred: The Match/The Movie."

Match result.

The Hogan-Beefcake vs. Savage-Zeus steel-cage match was part of a "WWF Wrestling Challenge" taping. In addition to matches pitting mid- and lower-card wrestlers against jobbers, other contests (which were not televised) saw "The American Dream" Dusty Rhodes defeat Big Boss Man, WWF Intercontinental Champion The Ultimate Warrior defeat Dino Bravo, The Colossal Connection (André the Giant and Haku) defeat WWF Tag Team Champions Demolition by countout, and Curt Hennig defeat Ron Garvin.  Hulk Hogan and Brutus Beefcake defeated Randy Savage and Zeus in the 09:27-long steel-cage match. The match could be won either by pinfall/submission or by having both members of a team escape the cage.  After a back-and-forth match early on, all four competitors were knocked out after Hogan hit a suplex on Zeus, and Beefcake and Savage hit each other's heads into the cage structure. Sensational Sherri (the manager of the Savage-Zeus team) handed a chain to Savage, who attempted to strike Beefcake with a fist drop off the top of the cage, but Beefcake recovered and caught Savage coming off. Eventually, Beefcake knocked Savage to the mat and escaped the cage; Savage—with some eventual help from Beefcake—crawled outside, tying the match at 1-apiece.  Meanwhile, Hogan rallied against Zeus, battering him before dropping three leg drops to score the pin and the win for the Hogan-Beefcake team.

Aftermath.

This was Zeus' last match in the WWF, as Lister left shortly afterward; meanwhile, Savage continued to target Hogan, and later, The Ultimate Warrior, over the WWF Championship. Zeus (as Z-Gangsta) and Hogan would eventually face each other again in the main event at WCW's Uncensored (1996) with Savage this time partnering Hogan, in a two-versus-eight Doomsday Cage match.  Among the dark matches, the Demolition-Colossal Connection match was contested one day prior to the match where the Colossal Connection won the WWF Tag Team Championship, while Dino Bravo continued to be the Ultimate Warrior's top foe for the Intercontinental Championship.

No Holds Barred is a 1989 action film produced by Michael Rachmil, directed by Thomas J. Wright, written by Dennis Hackin and starring professional wrestler Hulk Hogan (who is billed as executive producer alongside Vince McMahon). The film is produced by the World Wrestling Federation under a "Shane Distribution Company" copyright and was released by New Line Cinema on June 2, 1989. It was launched as an attempt to boost Hulk Hogan's acting career several years after his appearance in "Rocky III".


Early years.

While attending Brantford Collegiate Institute in Brantford, Ontario, Kaczur was rated as the best prep lineman in Ontario, was voted his school’s Lineman of the Year four times, and was his team's Offensive MVP in his junior and senior years. He also played for the Brantford Bisons of the Ontario Varsity Football League.

College career.

After high school, Kaczur worked in construction for two years before attending the University of Toledo. He was a four-year starter on the offensive line for the Rockets. As a freshman, he was named a third-team freshman All-American by "The Sporting News", and was also a second-team All-Mid-American Conference selection. As a sophomore, he won All-MAC first-team honors. He repeated those honors again in 2003 and 2004 as a junior and senior. He started 51 games during his college career and became Toledo's first ever player to earn all-conference honors in four seasons.

Professional career.

Kaczur was selected in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft (100th overall) by the New England Patriots. He was also selected by the Toronto Argonauts in the first round of the 2005 CFL Draft (9th overall). After beginning the season as a reserve right tackle behind Tom Ashworth, Kaczur started the final 13 games at left tackle for the Patriots in 2005, following an injury to veteran Matt Light. After recovering from an injury that limited him to a reserve role behind Ryan O'Callaghan at right tackle for the first two months of the 2006 season, Kaczur returned to the starting lineup in November and helped the Patriots make a run to the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts.  In 2007, Kaczur started the first 15 games of the season, only missing the final game, to an injury. He returned for the Patriots playoff run, including Super Bowl XLII. He returned in 2008 to start 14 games, only missing two games in October due to injury. He was signed to a four-year, $16 million extension on August 24, 2009, four months after the Patriots selected fellow offensive tackle Sebastian Vollmer in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Kaczur started the first 13 games of the 2009 season before missing Weeks 16 and 17 with an injury; Vollmer started both games in Kaczur's place, and continued to start in Week 17 and the Wild Card playoffs, limiting Kaczur to a reserve role in both games.  After suffering a back injury early in the Patriots' 2010 training camp, Kaczur missed all the preseason and was inactive for the first four games of the season before being placed on injured reserve on October 12, 2010.  On July 29, 2011, he was released by New England.

Drug allegations.

On June 4, 2008 the "Boston Globe" published a story alleging that Kaczur had been arrested in April 2008 for illegal possession of the prescription painkiller oxycodone. Kaczur cooperated with the Drug Enforcement Administration, wearing a hidden recording device during drug transactions, in an undercover operation to apprehend his drug dealer.

Nicholas Jesse Kaczur (born July 28, 1979) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Toledo.


Early years.

Hamlin attended Lamar High School. As a senior he recorded 4 interceptions, 20 receptions for 290 yards, 4 touchdowns, 148 punt return yards, 179 kickoff return yards, threw 3 passes and 3 were touchdowns, including one to his brother in the state title game. He finished his high school career with 23 interceptions. He twice received All-State, Region Player of the Year accolades and was also a three-time All-Region selection.  He received All-region honors in both baseball and basketball, helping the school win the baseball state championship as a junior.

College career.

Hamlin accepted a football scholarship from Clemson University. As a redshirt freshman, he appeared in 12 games with 7 starts at strong safety. He registered 55 tackles (one for loss), 2 interceptions and 3 passes defensed.  The next year, he started 10 games, collecting 64 tackles (5 for loss), 2 interceptions, 3 passes defended, one forced fumble and 2 fumble recoveries. He missed 3 games after breaking a bone in his left foot against Boston College.  As a junior, he registered 97 tackles (second on the team), 4 interceptions (led the team), 6 passes defensed, one forced fumble and 2 fumble recoveries. He intercepted a two-point conversion attempt against North Carolina State University and returned it 100 yards for the first defensive touchdown in school history off an opponent's extra point attempt.  In his last year of eligibility, he registered 110 tackles (second on the team), 6 interceptions (led the team), 111 interception return yards (fourth in school history), 16 passes defensed, one sack, 2 quarterback pressures and 2 forced fumbles.  His 43 starts in 48 contests was a school record for defensive backs. He finished his college career with 326 tackles (12 for loss), 4 forced fumbles, 4 fumble recoveries, 14 interceptions (third in school history), 18 takeaways (second in school history) and 22 passes defensed.

Professional career.

Dallas Cowboys.

Hamlin was selected in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He suffered a broken wrist in the third preseason game while playing on special teams and remained inactive for the first 9 games until November 22, 2009.  He was waived on October 12, 2010, after the team decided to give more playing time to rookies Akwasi Owusu-Ansah and Danny McCray.

Jacksonville Jaguars.

Hamlin was signed to the Jacksonville Jaguars practice squad on October 15, 2010. He was promoted to the active roster on December 7 and played in 4 games. He was released on August 25, 2011.

Indianapolis Colts.

On August 29, 2011, he was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. He was released on September 3.

Washington Redskins.

The Washington Redskins signed him to their practice squad on December 20, 2011. He was waived on September 1, 2012.

Coaching career.

In 2013, Hamlin was hired as a graduate assistant at his alma mater Clemson University, where he worked with the defensive backs, before taking a job coaching in the NFL as a special teams quality control coach with the Buffalo Bills in 2015. The Bills did not retain Hamlin for the 2016 season.

Personal life.

His brothers Markee and Marquais, played safety for South Carolina State University. His cousin Amari DuBose, played running back for the U.S. Naval Academy.

Michael Hamlin (born November 21, 1985) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Jacksonville Jaguars, Indianapolis Colts, and Washington Redskins. He played college football at Clemson University.


Education and career.

Quandt graduated with a master's degree in Communication Studies from the University of Bochum. He began teaching in 1998 at the Technical University of Ilmenau, where he received his doctoral degree in 2004. From 2003 to 2007, he worked as a senior researcher at the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) in Munich. In 2007 and 2008, he was an assistant professor at the Free University Berlin, and he received his habilitation from the LMU in 2008. In 2009, he obtained the chair of Interactive Media and Online Communication from the University of Hohenheim, where he also served as the Director of the Institute of Communication Studies. Since 2012, he has been the chair for online communication at the University of Münster, Germany. Quandt has given lectures at various other universities, and was a visiting professor at Stanford University, the University of Oxford, the University of California, Santa Barbara and a visiting researcher at the Indiana University, Bloomington.  Quandt is the founding chair of the “Digital Games Research” section of the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA), and a member of the Executive Board of ECREA. He is currently an Associate Editor of the Journal of Communication, and a board member of the journals Communication Theory and Digital Journalism. He has been the secretary of the Journalism Studies Division in the International Communication Association (ICA), and the chairman of the Journalism Studies Division in the German Communication Association.  Quandt has been a member of various boards and committees, including committees of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the European Research Council, the Academy of Finland, the Helsingin Sanomat Foundation, ECREA, the German Communication Association DGPuK, and he worked as a reviewer for numerous scientific journals. He received several international and national research awards, as well as an ERC grant (European excellency programme). He was nominated twice on the top list of „40 most significant young scientists in Germany“ by the national trade journal Capital.

Research fields.

Quandt's work is focusing the impact and social aspects of digital games use, participatory journalism, and risk factors of online communication, like online and video game addiction, media induced aggression and cyberbullying. While Quandt's work is also focusing the problematic side of digital media use, he asks for a neutral and balanced perspective on media use, including positive aspects of use. Quandt argues that research on digital media has to ‘normalize’ and move beyond a state of repeating moral panics. He is one of the authors of an open debate paper to the WHO, criticizing the introduction of Gaming Disorder as a "disorder due to addictive behaviors" in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases, which they see as a result of a "moral panic around the harm of video gaming". The authors mention several "fundamental issues" of Gaming Disorder in their paper, which triggered a public debate. Quandt's large-scale, representative survey studies on online gamers were widely cited, as they did not support the popular notion of notable differences between gamers and non-gamers. This is especially true for his analyses on digital games addiction that showed a relatively low level of stable problematic behavior. His team's work on sexism among gamers was picked up by the international press and gamers alike, as the measured differences between gamers and non-gamers in the study were marginal. The research was also discussed in relation to the gamergate controversy. However, Quandt and colleagues pointed out that their research does not necessarily prove the non-existence of sexism in specific gamer groups or the content itself, but that it rather supports the notion that gaming has become mainstream entertainment in modern societies thus approaching an average level of sexism.  In an interdisciplinary project on the analysis of social bots and their use in online propaganda, Quandt and colleagues develop computer-supported and automatic identification methods. During the project, they observed the German elections 2017. The team identified attempts at manipulating the public, including an unsuccessful Twitter attack on the electoral debate between chancellor Merkel and the social-democrat Schulz. The attackers were identified by journalists as a right-wing extremist group called Reconquista Germanica.

Selected books.

Selected journal publications

Thorsten Quandt is the professor of online communication at the University of Münster, Germany. He has a particular interest in online communication, digital games and (online) journalism. He (co)authored more than 150 scientific articles and several books, including" Participatory Journalism," which was influential in establishing the citizen journalism model. He has edited numerous books, primarily in the field of online media and digital games research, including the books "Multiplayer" and "The Video Game Debate". His work was awarded with several scientific prizes, including international Top Paper Awards, the dissertation award of the German Communication Association, and an ERC grant (European Excellency Programme).


Aims and objectives.

The Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) investigates scientific and technological developments with a focus on their impacts and possible systemic and unintended effects. It produces analytical knowledge and assessments of socio-technical developments in order to provide policy and design options for decision-makers. The research covers ethical, ecological, economic, social, political-institutional, and cultural questions. Major goals are advice for research and technology policy, provision of knowledge for the design of socio-technical systems, and the organization and observation of discursive processes on open and controversial questions of technology policy.

Co-operation.

ITAS is a member of several international networks. It is one of the initiators of "Netzwerk TA" (NTA), a network of German, Austrian and Swiss TA institutions. It is also member of the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment (EPTA) Network and of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. In addition, the institute is committed in the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies (S.NET) since its foundation, and maintains institutional relationships with the New University of Lisbon, the Lomonossow University in Moscow as well as with the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

History.

The history of ITAS and its preceding institutions dates back to the 1950s. In 1958 the Study Group for Systems Research (SfS) was founded in Heidelberg by Helmut Krauch. In 1975, a part of the SfS was integrated in the Institute for Applied Systems Engineering and Nuclear Physics (IASR) of Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe led by Wolf Häfele. In 1977 the division of Applied Systems Analysis (AFAS) is established as an independently operating off-spring of the IASR, which is headed by Herbert Paschen. On 1 July 1995 this unit was upgraded becoming the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS).

The Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) is a research facility of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Karlsruhe, Germany. It was founded on 1 July 1995 as successor of different institutions. ITAS came into being after a merger of the University of Karlsruhe (TH) and Research Center Karlsruhe on 1 October 2009. The institute is also a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HGF).


General idea.

The goal is to construct the right ring of fractions "R"["S"] with respect to multiplicative subset "S". In other words, we want to work with elements of the form "as" and have a ring structure on the set "R"["S"]. The problem is that there is no obvious interpretation of the product ("as")("bt"); indeed, we need a method to "move" "s" past "b". This means that we need to be able to rewrite "s""b" as a product "b""s". Suppose then multiplying on the left by "s" and on the right by "s", we get. Hence we see the necessity, for a given "a" and "s", of the existence of "a" and "s" with and such that.

Application.

Since it is well known that each integral domain is a subring of a field of fractions (via an embedding) in such a way that every element is of the form "rs" with "s" nonzero, it is natural to ask if the same construction can take a noncommutative domain and associate a division ring (a noncommutative field) with the same property. It turns out that the answer is sometimes "no", that is, there are domains which do not have an analogous "right division ring of fractions".  For every right Ore domain "R", there is a unique (up to natural "R"-isomorphism) division ring "D" containing "R" as a subring such that every element of "D" is of the form "rs" for "r" in "R" and "s" nonzero in "R". Such a division ring "D" is called a ring of right fractions of "R", and "R" is called a right order in "D". The notion of a ring of left fractions and left order are defined analogously, with elements of "D" being of the form "s""r".  It is important to remember that the definition of "R" being a right order in "D" includes the condition that "D" must consist entirely of elements of the form "rs". Any domain satisfying one of the Ore conditions can be considered a subring of a division ring, however this does not automatically mean "R" is a left order in "D", since it is possible "D" has an element which is not of the form "s""r". Thus it is possible for "R" to be a right-not-left Ore domain. Intuitively, the condition that all elements of "D" be of the form "rs" says that "R" is a "big" "R"-submodule of "D". In fact the condition ensures "R" is an essential submodule of "D". Lastly, there is even an example of a domain in a division ring which satisfies "neither" Ore condition (see examples below).  Another natural question is: "When is a subring of a division ring right Ore?" One characterization is that a subring "R" of a division ring "D" is a right Ore domain if and only if "D" is a flat left "R"-module.  A different, stronger version of the Ore conditions is usually given for the case where "R" is not a domain, namely that there should be a common multiple  with "u", "v" not zero divisors. In this case, Ore's theorem guarantees the existence of an over-ring called the (right or left) classical ring of quotients.

Examples.

Commutative domains are automatically Ore domains, since for nonzero "a" and "b", "ab" is nonzero in. Right Noetherian domains, such as right principal ideal domains, are also known to be right Ore domains. Even more generally, Alfred Goldie proved that a domain "R" is right Ore if and only if "R" has finite uniform dimension. It is also true that right Bézout domains are right Ore.  A subdomain of a division ring which is not right or left Ore: If "F" is any field, and formula_1 is the free monoid on two symbols "x" and "y", then the monoid ring formula_2 does not satisfy any Ore condition, but it is a free ideal ring and thus indeed a subring of a division ring, by.

Multiplicative sets.

The Ore condition can be generalized to other multiplicative subsets, and is presented in textbook form in and. A subset "S" of a ring "R" is called a right denominator set if it satisfies the following three conditions for every "a", "b" in "R", and "s", "t" in "S": If "S" is a right denominator set, then one can construct the ring of right fractions "RS" similarly to the commutative case. If "S" is taken to be the set of regular elements (those elements "a" in "R" such that if "b" in "R" is nonzero, then "ab" and "ba" are nonzero), then the right Ore condition is simply the requirement that "S" be a right denominator set.  Many properties of commutative localization hold in this more general setting. If "S" is a right denominator set for a ring "R", then the left "R"-module "RS" is flat. Furthermore, if "M" is a right "R"-module, then the "S"-torsion, is an "R"-submodule isomorphic to, and the module is naturally isomorphic to a module "MS" consisting of "fractions" as in the commutative case.

In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as ring theory, the Ore condition is a condition introduced by Øystein Ore, in connection with the question of extending beyond commutative rings the construction of a field of fractions, or more generally localization of a ring. The "right Ore condition" for a multiplicative subset "S" of a ring "R" is that for and, the intersection. A (non-commutative) domain for which the set of non-zero elements satisfies the right Ore condition is called a right Ore domain. The left case is defined similarly.


Career.

Early career.

Chisnall was brought up in St Helens and played for a local football team until he was 17 when he broke his foot. He switched to darts and first played in a friend's bedroom, throwing 100 in his first ever visit to the board. His nickname actually originates from his work as a carpenter rather than his surname His debut in BDO events came at the 2004 Welsh Open, losing in the last 32 to Alan Tabern. In 2007, he won the 2007 BDO Gold Cup, beating Scotland captain Mike Veitch in the semi-finals and Welshman Matthew Quinlan in the final. Chisnall then fell two games short of qualifying for the 2008 BDO World Championship, losing to Robert Thornton. A few days later Chisnall was again beaten by Thornton in the Winmau World Masters.  In 2008, Chisnall won the Isle of Man Open, beating Ted Hankey in the quarter-finals and Gary Robson in the semis before defeating Robert Hughes in the final. After his match against Hankey, the 2000 BDO World Champion advised Chisnall to turn professional. He later went on to win the England National Championship.  Chisnall won one of five qualification spots for the 2009 BDO World Championship, beating Stewart Rattray to qualify. The next day he took part in the 2008 Winmau World Masters but lost in the first round to fellow Lakeside qualifier Daryl Gurney of Northern Ireland. In the World Championship, Chisnall gave Martin Adams a tough match, losing 3–5 in the deciding set to the number three seed.

BDO Breakthrough.

In September 2009, Chisnall won back-to-back titles claiming the Welsh Masters with a 5–1 victory over Tony O'Shea, and the British Open, knocking out BDO World Champion Ted Hankey in the earlier rounds before beating Martin Atkins 2–0 in the final. These successes helped him finish top of the BDO International Grand Prix Series.  He competed in the qualifying rounds for the 2010 BDO World Championship but was beaten by Stuart Kellett. He did, however, qualify through the BDO Invitational Rankings (ironically, Kellett himself failed to qualify).  He produced an outstanding run to reach the final of the 2010 World Championship beating number four seed Darryl Fitton in the opening round and Tony West in the second round. Having been 4–1 down to defending champion and number five seed Ted Hankey, Chisnall produced a comeback to reach the semi finals 5–4. After losing the first two sets in the semi-final against top seed Tony O'Shea, he came back again to win 6–3 and reached his first World Championship final, where he was defeated 7–5 by number three seed, and Masters champion, Martin Adams.  Chisnall qualified for the 2010 Grand Slam of Darts as a result of his World Championship final, winning his first match against Simon Whitlock before subsequent defeats by Robert Thornton and Colin Osborne saw him exit the tournament. In the 2011 BDO World Darts Championship he lost 4–1 in sets in the second round to Gary Robson.

PDC career.

Chisnall entered the Professional Darts Corporation Q School in January 2011. He won a PDC tour card on the first day by defeating Terry Temple 6–2 in his final match. He played in his first PDC event in Halle, Germany and hit a nine-dart finish but went on to lose to Vincent van der Voort 6–5 in the last 64. In the Derby Pro Tour events he reached the quarter-finals on both days of the weekend but was defeated by Jamie Caven 6–3 and Wes Newton 6–4 respectively. A month later at the second UK Open Qualifier of the year Chisnall reached his first PDC final where he was edged out 6–5 by Michael Smith in the final, but the result did ensure him spot at the UK Open. He hit his second nine-darter of the season in the seventh UK open qualifier. In the Eddie Cox memorial Players Championship in Barnsley he reached the semi-finals after defeating Dennis Ovens, Mark Walsh and John Part before a subsequent defeat by Paul Nicholson 6–5 after missing five darts for the match. The following day in the Bobby Bourn Memorial Players Championship he got to the final before being beaten by Andy Smith by 6 legs to 2. Despite the loss he had done enough to qualify for the World Matchplay in his debut season on the tour.  At the UK Open he entered the competition in the third round and defeated Richard North 9–2 and Ronnie Baxter 9–7 whilst hitting a 102 average. He went on to defeat John Bowles in the fifth round 9–4, before losing to eventual runner-up Wes Newton 10–8 in the quarter-finals. Chisnall lost in the first round of the 2011 World Matchplay 10–3 against Mark Walsh, but still broke into the top 50 in the order of merit for the first time. He defeated Jelle Klaasen in the first round of the European Championship, but then lost 10–5 against Adrian Lewis in a match where both players averaged over 100. In September, Chisnall reached the final of the fourth Dutch Players Championship of the year and lost 6–4 to Richie Burnett. Chisnall was defeated 2–1 in the first round of the 2011 Grand Prix by Alan Tabern after missing 13 darts at doubles to win the match, a television record which stood until 2013.  He won his first PDC title at a Players Championship event in Crawley by defeating Justin Pipe 6–4 in the final. He then reached the quarter-finals of the Players Championship Finals after avenging his loss to Alan Tabern at the World Grand Prix, beating Co Stompé before losing 9–8 to Mark Webster in a tight game.

2012.

Chisnall defeated Mark Dudbridge 3–0 to make the perfect start to his first PDC World Championship in the 2012 playing of the event. He played 15-time World Champion Phil Taylor in the second round and produced a stunning performance to win 4–1 and set up a last 16 meeting with Andy Hamilton. The only other players to have beaten Taylor in the PDC World Championship outside of the final, Wayne Mardle and Mark Webster both went on to lose their following matches, and Chisnall joined this club as he was whitewashed 4–0 by Hamilton. His exploits in 2011 and in the World Championship saw him named PDC Best Newcomer at the annual awards ceremony on 3 January.  He began the year with an exceptional start on the tour reaching the final of the second UK Open qualifier, where he lost 6–1 to Michael van Gerwen who hit a nine-dart finish during the match. He then reached the final of the fourth Players Championship after whitewashing Andy Hamilton in the quarter-finals and defeating Steve Beaton in the semi to face Phil Taylor in a repeat of their World Championship clash. He defeated him 6–5 to maintain his 100% record against Taylor and claimed his second professional PDC title. He won the next Players Championship too, defeating the likes of Raymond van Barneveld and Terry Jenkins, before sealing the title with a 6–2 win over Ian White. The very next day, Chisnall won the third title of his season at the sixth Players Championship event with a 6–4 success over Justin Pipe in the final. During the European Tour Event 1 in Austria, Chisnall scored eight maximums, and four 140's to hit a 113.09 average in a 6–3 win over Kevin Painter, before losing to James Wade in the semi-finals.  Chisnall enjoyed comfortable wins over Mark Layton, Dennis Smith, Simon Whitlock and Raymond van Barneveld to reach his first PDC major event semi-final at the UK Open. He faced Robert Thornton, but with the scores level at 2–2 early on Chisnall lost seven of the next eight legs and would bow out of the event with a 10–4 defeat. In the second European Tour event of the season Chisnall reached the final having earlier posted a 108.35 average in his second round match against Michael Rosenauer. He also beat Terry Jenkins, Mervyn King and Whitlock to play Taylor in the final. There Chisnall suffered his first defeat by Taylor, losing 6–2. The performance saw him break into the top 16 on the PDC Order of Merit for the first time, meaning he gained automatic qualification into the World Matchplay. He then won his fourth Players Championship of the year in Crawley with a 6–4 victory over Ronnie Baxter. Chisnall lost his second successive European Tour final at Event 3 in Düsseldorf following a 6–4 defeat by van Barneveld. His average of 82.16 in the final was the lowest of his tournament by over 10 points. Chisnall then suffered a 10–7 first round defeat by Baxter in the first round of the World Matchplay, and lost 3–1 in sets in the second round of the World Grand Prix to Mervyn King. Chisnall qualified from Group 6 of the Championship League and finished fourth in the Winners Group to reach the play-offs on leg difference over Justin Pipe and Baxter who, like Chisnall, had won three of their seven league games. In the semi-finals he faced Taylor and was whitewashed 6–0 with his opponent averaging 112.73. But he then beat Taylor 6–3 in the final of the 19th Players Championship, with Chisnall this time scoring the higher average of 111.80 to Taylor's 105.57. He also beat the in-form Michael van Gerwen in the semi-finals, with the title securing his place atop the ProTour Order of Merit and therefore he was the number one seed for the Players Championship Finals, where he was surprisingly whitewashed 6–0 by Wayne Jones in the first round. Chisnall was later named the Best PDC Pro Tour Player for his five tournament victories in 2012.

2013.

Chisnall lost in the last 16 of the World Championship for the second successive year in 2013. He came from a set down three times against Simon Whitlock to force a deciding set which he led 3–2, before Whitlock took out a crucial 152 finish and then won two successive legs to knock Chisnall out. He reached the final of the first UK Open Qualifier of the year, but lost 6–2 to Michael van Gerwen. At the UK Open itself he lost 9–2 to James Wade in the fourth round, and at the European Championship he was whitewashed 6–0 by Jamie Caven in the first round who averaged 106. At the World Matchplay he saw off Paul Nicholson 10–8 and gained revenge over Caven by defeating him 13–10 to reach the quarter-finals of the event for the first time. He played Michael van Gerwen and had chances to move 7–3 ahead but missed and even though he took out a finish of 144 and had an 11 dart leg he was beaten 16–11. In September, Chisnall won his first title since November last year at the German Darts Championship. He required deciding legs to advance through each of his first four matches, before beating Steve Beaton 6–4 in the semi-finals with an average of 106.30 and Peter Wright 6–2 in the final. He called the title the highlight of his career to date and moved up to a career high seventh on the Order of Merit. Chisnall faced Wright in a final for the second consecutive tournament at the seventh Players Championship of the season in Barnsley and won again, this time by a 6–5 scoreline.  At the World Grand Prix Chisnall reached his first PDC major final in the event where every leg must be started and finished by hitting a double. He beat Ian White 2–1 and Wayne Jones 3–1 in the first two rounds. In the quarter-finals Chisnall produced the match of his career to date against Michael van Gerwen. He led the Dutchman 2–0 and missed a dart to win 3–1 as the match was levelled at 2–2. However, Chisnall kept his composure to win the deciding set with a match total of ten 180s to Van Gerwen's two. Chisnall played the slow-paced Justin Pipe in the semi-finals and struggled for rhythm early on as he trailed 2–1. From there he only conceded two more legs as he won 5–2 and faced ten-time winner of the event Taylor in the final. Chisnall had a disaster as he lost each of the five opening sets without winning a leg. He finally won his first leg of the match at the start of the sixth set when Taylor could not hit an opening double. The usually prolific 180 hitter Chisnall scored his first two legs later but it was not enough as Taylor won the match 6–0. Afterwards Chisnall called it the best and worst night of his career. His run did earn him a spot in the Grand Slam of Darts, but he lost all three of his games against Michael Smith, Ted Hankey and Scott Waites to finish bottom of Group H. Later in the month, Chisnall won his third title of the year at the 15th Players Championship by beating Robert Thornton 6–3.

2014.

Chisnall fought back from 2–0 down in the first round of the 2014 World Championship against John Henderson to level at 2–2. However, he missed a total of four darts to win the match during the deciding set to suffer a shock defeat. Despite his early exit, Chisnall played in his first Premier League this year as he was awarded a PDC wildcard for the event. He won his opening night's match 7–5 against Robert Thornton, but only won a total of two more after this and finished the season with five successive losses to be placed seventh in the table. At the World Matchplay Chisnall defeated Dean Winstanley 10–4 and Andy Hamilton 13–10 to set up a quarter-final clash with Michael van Gerwen which he led 3–0, however he lost 16–12 in a tight game. At the Singapore Darts Masters, Chisnall beat Phil Taylor 10–6, before losing 11–6 to Simon Whitlock in the semi-finals. Chisnall was knocked out in the quarter-finals of successive major events the European Championship and the Masters by Van Gerwen.  At the Grand Slam, Chisnall topped his group to earn a place in the knockout stages where he beat former roommate Robbie Green 10–3 and youngster Keegan Brown 16–14 having been 8–2 and 12–6 behind to set up a semi-final clash with Kim Huybrechts. In a match which Chisnall led 4–1 and trailed 14–12, he won four of the last five legs to play in his second major PDC final. He faced the same opponent as the first in Phil Taylor and got off to a bad start as he lost each of the opening five legs. Chisnall fought back to level at 10–10, but Taylor pulled away again to lead 15–10 and went on to win 16–13. Chisnall played in the final of the 19th Players Championship a week later and lost 6–2 against Ian White.

2015.

Chisnall was beaten by a lower ranked player at the World Championship for the second year in a row as world number 50 Benito van de Pas eliminated him 4–2 in round two, with Chisnall missing one dart to level at 3–3. At the UK Open he fell 7–0 behind Stephen Bunting in the fourth round, before pulling the gap back to 8–6. Chisnall missed one dart to further reduce the deficit in the next leg and would lose 9–6.  In successive Premier League weeks, Chisnall averaged 107.01 in beating Kim Huybrechts 7–4 and then set his highest televised average of 110.78 during a 7–2 win over Gary Anderson. He then went on to smash his own personal record by defeating James Wade 7–1 with an average of 114.17 in week 10. Chisnall went into the final round of fixtures needing a win over Michael van Gerwen to top the table, but drew 6–6. He had a 7–4 advantage over Gary Anderson in the semi-finals, but the match went into a deciding leg in which Chisnall missed three match darts to be beaten 10–9. Chisnall lost in the final of the 10th Players Championship 6–4 to Joe Murnan. He won his first title in 18 months in the next event by beating Ian White 6–1. Chisnall was knocked out in the quarter-finals of the World Matchplay for the third year in a row, this time 16–8 to Taylor. He reached the final of the European Darts Matchplay, but lost 6–4 to Van Gerwen. Chisnall forced a deciding leg against White from 5–1 down in the final of the 17th Players Championship but lost it to be edged out 6–5. Wins over Mensur Suljović and Stephen Bunting saw Chisnall reach the quarter-finals of the European Championship for the second year in a row, but he was beaten 10–4 by Van Gerwen. He hit his first televised nine-dart finish during a group stage match 5–2 victory over Peter Wright at the Grand Slam. Chisnall went on to be eliminated in the second round of the event 10–7 by Michael Smith. His fifth major quarter-final of the year followed at the Players Championship Finals with Van Gerwen again beating him, this time 10–7 despite Chisnall averaging 105.51.

2016.

Chisnall's third round 2016 World Championship game with Peter Wright went to a deciding set. Chisnall missed one match dart, but then took out a 130 checkout to save the game after Wright had missed a match dart of his own. However, Wright broke once more and, after Chisnall missed double top to complete a 125 finish, he won the match 4–3. The defeat meant that Chisnall is yet to reach a quarter-final in a PDC World Championship. Chisnall recovered from an 8–0 deficit in the first round of the Masters to beat Robert Thornton 10–9 and then came past Kim Huybrechts 10–5 and James Wade 11–6 to reach the final. However, he would lose his third PDC major final 11–6 to Michael van Gerwen. He lost 9–7 to Gary Anderson in the third round of the UK Open after being 7–5 up. After whitewashing Thornton 7–0 on the opening night of the Premier League, Chisnall could not pick another win from his next eight matches to finish 9th in the table and be relegated from the competition.  Chisnall was beaten in the final of back-to-back European Tour events, 6–2 by Van Gerwen at the Gibraltar Darts Trophy and 6–5 by James Wade at the European Matchplay (missed one match dart after coming back from 4–1 down). His first title of the year came at the 10th Players Championship courtesy of defeating Steve Beaton 6–2. Chisnall was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the World Matchplay for the fourth year in a row this time 16–9 to Van Gerwen and the world number one was also the victor when they met in the final of the Perth Darts Masters, overcoming Chisnall 11–4. Another meeting with Van Gerwen came in the semi-finals of the World Grand Prix and, with Chisnall 2–1 up in sets, the fourth set went to a deciding leg in which Van Gerwen threw a double start 10-darter and went on to win 4–2. He lost in the final of the last Players Championship 6–1 to Benito van de Pas. After not getting out of his group at the Grand Slam, Chisnall won through to the final of the Players Championship Finals, surviving three match darts from Jelle Klaasen along the way. It was his fourth defeat in a major final as Michael van Gerwen triumphed 11–3.

2017.

Jelle Klaasen was 3–1 down to Chisnall in the third round of the 2017 World Championship, before winning the next set and the first two legs of the sixth. Chisnall then took three legs in a row to win 4–2 and reach the quarter-finals of a PDC World Championship for the first time, where he faced reigning two-time champion Gary Anderson. Chisnall took the first two legs of the seventh set with the match at 3–3, but missed four darts to win it and Anderson would go on to triumph 5–3. Chisnall threw 21 180s, the joint highest ever in a PDC match and 33 were hit in total, one short of the record. Chisnall lost 6–3 in the final of the fifth Players Championship to Adrian Lewis. Chisnall made his first appearance at the 2017 World Cup as he was the second highest English player on the Order of Merit behind Lewis. They made it through to the semi-finals, but were unable to win either of their singles matches against the Dutch team of Michael van Gerwen and Raymond van Barneveld.

Personal life.

He met his wife Michaela who also plays darts at the St. Anne's Open in 2008. They married on Saturday 14 January 2017 in Morecambe. In September 2011, she gave birth to their first daughter, Lexie Rose. He is good friends with professional player Stephen Bunting. Chisnall is originally from St Helens but now lives in Morecambe.

Performance timeline.

BDO  PDC

David Chisnall (born 12 September 1980) is an English professional darts player from St Helens who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. He began his career participating in the British Darts Organisation (BDO) and was the runner-up in their World Championship in 2010. He switched to the PDC a year later. He has won 15 Pro Tour events. Since his switch to the PDC, Chisnall is probably best known for defeating Phil Taylor in the 2012 World Championship, for reaching the final of the 2013 World Grand Prix where he was beaten 6–0 by Taylor and for reaching the final of the 2014 Grand Slam of Darts, losing a much closer match 16–13, again to Phil Taylor. He is yet to win a major title. He hit his only televised nine-dart finish in the 2015 Grand Slam of Darts against Peter Wright. He has won 15 PDC ranking events. Chisnall's manager is Roger Schena, who often tours with him during tournaments.


Background.

The eighth season was expected to be the last for "Scrubs", but in May 2009, ABC announced that the series had been renewed for an additional 13 episodes. John C. McGinley and Donald Faison signed one-year deals and were the only cast members to stay on as regulars. Zach Braff appeared in six episodes to assist in transitioning the show, while Sarah Chalke signed on to guest star in four episodes throughout the season. Ken Jenkins appeared in nine episodes, and Neil Flynn, who was also busy with his new show "The Middle", appeared in a single scene in the season's first episode. Judy Reyes was the only original cast member to not return, after declining to appear in a recurring guest role as she only wanted to return full-time. Eliza Coupe, who portrayed Denise Mahoney beginning in season eight, became a series regular, along with new cast members Kerry Bishé, Michael Mosley and Dave Franco.  Lawrence considered the eighth season to be the end of the show "Scrubs", going so far as to ask ABC if he could change the name to "Scrubs Med". ABC declined, but Lawrence still advised fans to treat it as a new show, even putting a caption under the "Created By" on the X-ray in the opening sequence saying [Med School].

Production.

Show creator Bill Lawrence wanted to change the name of the show to "Scrubs Med", but ABC did not allow this. The setting shifted from the original hospital building to a new Sacred Heart medical school and university campus, with shooting locations moving to Culver Studios. Executive producers Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan, and Bill Callahan departed from the series and were replaced by Jonathan Groff, Zach Braff, and Josh Bycel, who also served as the co-showrunner, alongside creator/executive producer Bill Lawrence who was doing double duty at the time with both "Scrubs" and his new show "Cougar Town".  Every writer from previous seasons departed from the show with the exception of Lawrence and Andy Schwartz. Sean Russell returned to write a freelance episode, just as he had done previously in season 6.

Directors.

"Includes directors who directed 2 or more episodes, or directors who are part of the cast and crew"

Episodes.

<onlyinclude></onlyinclude

The ninth and final season of the American comedy television series "Scrubs" (also known as "Scrubs: Med School") premiered on ABC on December 1, 2009, and concluded on March 17, 2010, and consists of 13 episodes. This season marked a major change in the series; it takes place at a different location and only three of the seven main characters from the first eight seasons remained as regular main characters. The rest of the cast is made up of new recruits, including Lucy, played by Kerry Bishé, who is also the show's new narrator. Former star Zach Braff returned for six episodes of the season.