History.

The origins of the basilica can be traced to the early decades of the 17th century, when Jesuit missionaries began spreading Christianity through the Madurai Mission. The first conversions occurred in the area known as Tiruchirappalli, also called "Trichy", in 1616. The missionaries eventually got support from the Hindu Naicker rulers of Madurai. The many Jesuit missionaries who worked in the Madurai Mission included Robert de Nobili and Constanzo Beschi.  While Trichy was still a mission station of the Madurai Mission, several Christian communities were established in Palakkarai, Dharmanathapuram, and Varaganeri. Even before the construction of the Holy Redeemer Church, there were some 7500 Christians in the area. They worshiped at the St. Mary's Cathedral, Trichy, rather than at Our Lady of Sorrows because the latter was under the administration of the Portuguese Padroado.  Realizing the need for the Christians of Palakkarai to have a church of their own, Bishop Alexis Canoz, S.J. laid the foundation for a new church on 9 February 1880. The church of the Most Holy Redeemer was consecrated on 29 June 1881 by the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry, Msgr. François-Jean-Marie Laouënan, M.E.P.  The land for the construction of the church was a gift from the local ruler, Diwan Kanjamalai Medullar.

Devotion to Our Lady of Perpetual Help.

In 1957 the novena devotion to Our Lady of Perpetual Help was introduced by the parish priest, Rev. A. Thomas, after a parish mission conducted by the Redemptorist priest Rev. Francis. The devotion has continued till the present as hundreds of devotees, Christian and non-Christian, gather to pray on Wednesdays.

Minor basilica.

Pope Benedict XVI raised the church of the Most Holy Redeemer to the dignity of a minor basilica on 12 October 2006. The request for the elevation of the church to a basilica was presented to the Vatican by the Bishop of Trichy, Most Rev. Antony Devotee while Rev. A. Gabriel was the parish priest.

Art and architecture.

The inner walls of this church are adorned with oil paintings of the saints and scenes from the Old and New Testaments.

The Basilica of the Holy Redeemer, Tiruchirappalli is one of five Roman Catholic minor basilicas in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, India.


Studies and career in Poland.

He learned architecture in Florence, first through apprenticeship with his father, who was also an architect. He was then probably taught by Andrea Ferrucci, his father's fellow Florentine architect. He moved to Poland in 1516 at the invitation of the bishop Jan Łaski to take over the work of rebuilding the Wawel Royal Castle in Kraków after the death of Francesco Fiorentino, working with Benedykt from Sandomierz. The castle had burnt down in 1499, and the rebuilding was commissioned by Sigismund I of Poland. He also took over Florentino's workshop, with the artists Bernardino di Gianotis, Giovanni Cini from Siena, Mikołaj Castiglione, and five members of the Soli family.  He worked in Kraków, Niepołomice, Poznań, Tarnów and most likely in Vilnius where the Royal Palace of Lithuania was reconstructed. He became very rich in Poland, owning a number of houses in Kraków and a brickyard. He was murdered in 1537 by another jealous Italian artist in Kraków and was buried in the Corpus Christi Basilica in Kazimierz by Kraków.

Legacy.

The most important work of Berrecci is the chapel of the last Jagiellonians, the Sigismund Chapel for King Sigismund I the Old at the Wawel (1517–1533) in Kraków; It is considered to be the most beautiful piece of Italian Renaissance architecture outside of Italy. Some years later Santi Gucci built the tombs of King Sigismund II Augustus and Queen Anna Jagiellon (the son and daughter of Sigismund I) inside the chapel. His death in 1537 was the result of an infection caused by a worksite accident during work on the tomb of Piotr Tomicki.  Berrecci's other works include:  He is one of the characters on the famous painting by Jan Matejko, "Prussian Homage".

Bartolommeo Berrecci (1480 Pontassieve, Italy - 1537 Kraków, Poland) was an Italian Renaissance architect who spent most of his career in Poland.


Background.

In 2015, a group of bloggers wrote an open letter to several celebrity mothers, including Sarah Michelle Gellar and Gwyneth Paltrow, criticizing their anti-GMO stance, and explaining the safety and benefits of GMOs. The letter, in part, read: This letter caught the attention of Natalie Newell, who said "I was so impressed to see this group of intelligent, relatable and reasonable moms standing up for science and against the fear-based culture that seems to have infected the world of parenting." Newell contacted one of the letter's writers, Jenny Splitter, about possibly making a short documentary about science-based parenting. Following discussion with Splitter and others, Newell went on to produce the film, along with executive producer Stephen Hupp, a professor of psychology at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Newell also served as the director on the documentary.

Description.

Featured in the film are writer Jenny Splitter, neuroscientist Alison Bernstein, plant geneticist Anastasia Bodnar, molecular geneticist Layla Katiraee, and science communicator Kavin Senapathy. As reported by the Center for Inquiry: "Through interviews with five... moms with careers in science, we get both an idea of what the modern parent has to contend with, as well as some clarity on some of the more hot-button issues around food and health."  According to one of the science moms featured in the film, Kavin Senapathy, the film's goal is to provide a counterpoint to wide-spread anti-science misinformation affecting parenting, including anti-GMO and anti-vaccine propaganda. In an interview with Susan Gerbic for the Center for Inquiry, Senapathy said that for many moms parenthood becomes a large part of their identity. When that happens, "it is easy for purveyors of misinformation to exploit [them]."  According to Katiraee, another science mom in the film, “Celebrities are beautiful, with aspirational lifestyles... but we shouldn’t take their parenting advice without scrutiny. Giving birth doesn’t mean our ‘mommy instinct’ is correct. That requires evidence.”  Producer/director Newell has said, "The goal of the movie is to provide a counter-narrative to the anti-GMO, anti-vax, pro-alternative medicine culture that has popped up in the world of parenting." She also said that critical thinking is very important, and she hopes "Science Moms" could act as a springboard to that end.  In her book, "Whitewash: The Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer, and the Corruption of Science", Carey Gillam accused the "Science Moms" team of having ties to Monsanto, alleging that they "post favorable industry information on an array of websites while appearing to be independent of industry influence." In a December 10, 2017 interview on the "Serious Inquires Only" podcast, Natalie Newell speculated as to where Gillam got the idea that the creation of "Science Moms" was influenced by Monsanto. Newell thinks that it may be due to an email written by biologist Kevin Folta which was obtained through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, in which Folta wrote "Moms are people to talk to about this stuff."  In January 2018, Parent.com reported on the documentary in an article titled "5 Food Myths It's Time to Stop Believing" and detailed the five food myths that the film takes on as follows:

Release.

"Science Moms" debuted at QED in Manchester on October 14, 2017. The American premiere of the film was held at the scientific skepticism conference, CSICon 2017, run by the Center For Inquiry, on October 28, 2017 in Las Vegas.  Upon its initial release, the film was made available for a fee by direct download from the Science Moms website, but on May 11, 2018, the full film was posted to the Science Moms YouTube channel for free viewing.

Reception.

Harriet Hall reviewed the documentary and described it as taking a novel approach, saying that it "features scientist moms who are just like other moms except that they understand the science... They provide the facts to counteract unreasonable fears." She concluded that "The 30-minute film is scientifically accurate, persuasive, and well-designed, with good production values." and "A lot of people really need to watch this documentary."  The film was reviewed by Jennifer Muirhead of "Weekend Notes", who said that it "invites discussion about how to find quality information amid the sea of opinions and conjecture at our fingertips and encourages fellow parents to seek out the facts and not to let fear control their lives. It's a great resource for all parents and anyone wanting to learn more about GMOs and organic food."  As reported in the NB Herard, "A group of scientifically literate'moms' is fighting the flood of misinformation on the Internet with a documentary film. "'Science Moms",' a 29-minute crowdfunded documentary, enjoyed a well-received world premiere at the QED conference in Manchester, UK in mid October, followed by the U.S. premiere at CSIcon in Las Vegas, NV on October 28, 2017."  In its "Spotlight on Science" section, Psyongames.com recommended "Science Moms" as a film that would "give a voice to the science-minded moms – the women who are too often drowned out by the fear mongers, the shamers, and the CelebMoms."  In May 2018, Hemant Mehta reported on the release of the film to YouTube, and said "It's such a relief to know these mothers are out there, raising their kids with reason instead of giving in to the irrational nonsense people constantly throw in their direction."

SciMoms.

Following the production and release of the film, the women involved with it created a non-profit, educational organization named SciMoms, in order to continue promoting evidence-based parenting and policy as presented in "Science Moms". Free material available from their website includes:

Science Moms is a 2017 American documentary film about mothers who advocate for science-based decision-making concerning the health and nutrition of children. The film covers vaccines, autism, celebrity-endorsed health fads, cancer, allergies, organic food, GMOs, homeopathy, and the appeal to nature fallacy.


Etymology.

Jamalpur is named after 16th century sufi saint Jamal Baba, whose dargha(shrine) is still present at East Colony Hospital Road, Jamalpur.

History.

The paleolithic site of "Kali Pahar", atop Jamalpur Hill, was the location of an important find of quartzite Early and Middle Stone Ages implements.

Discover Jamalpur.

Jamalpur boasts of one of the largest railway sheds in the country, stone quarries and, more famously, the ‘Sholay tunnel’. This is the tunnel where a crucial scene in the unforgettable film ‘Sholay’ was shot, and locals here will take great pride in proclaiming this fact to you.  You can trek up to the Shiva temple perched on a lovely verdant hill; halfway up there you will encounter a smaller shrine dedicated to Goddess Kali, which is as good a place to catch your breath and look out over the surrounding hills. Large herbivores named nilgais and native hares can be spotted on sunny days along with several vividly colored endemic plant species.  Wander into town to sample some of north India’s favorite snacks such as piping hot jalebis, or pick up some lovely rustic earthenware that is the specialty of Kumhartoli—a small potters’ village some distance from town.  Jamalpur is also proud of its British-era 18-hole golf course that is beautifully landscaped with rolling greens, natural water bodies and stately trees.

Geography.

Jamalpur is located at at an average elevation of.  The suburb is a part of Munger city. The city centre of Munger is northwest of Jamalpur area of Munger city. There is a road as well as a rail link throughout these areas, the rail link has been completed recently Munger Ganga Bridge. Jamalpur is an overnight rail or road journey from Kolkata.  The nearest airport is Munger Airport near Safiyabad area of the Munger city. The nearest commercial domestic airport is Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, away. The nearest international airport is Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata, from Jamalpur on NH 33.

Demographics.

, Jamalpur has a population of 105,221, with a ratio of 871 females for every 1,000 males. The average literacy rate is 87.38%; for men it is 92.58%, and for women it is 81.40%. There are 12,298 children in Jamalpur aged 0 to 6, with a ratio of 867 girls for every 1,000 boys.

Industry and culture.

Locomotive workshop.

The Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop was the first full-fledged railway workshop facility in India, founded on by the East Indian Railway Company. The Jamalpur site was chosen for its proximity both to the Sahibganj loop, which was the main trunk route at the time, and to the communities of gunsmiths and other mechanical craftsmen in Bihar.  The workshop was initially for repairing locomotives, and assembling new ones from salvaged parts. By the early 20th century, however, it had progressed to producing its own locomotives. It produced the first one, "CA 764 "Lady Curzon"", in 1899. In 1893, it became the site of the first railway foundry in India. It also had a workshop for repairing and building boilers. Today it has a foundry, metallurgical lab facilities, and machine tool facilities. Its rolling mill and nut and bolt shop ceased operation in 1984.  The school attached to the workshop eventually became the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IRIMEE).

Ananda Marga.

The Ananda Marga movement was founded here by Jamalpur native Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1955.

Jamalpur is a city in the Indian state of Bihar. It is situated 8 km from Munger city center. Jamalpur is a part of Munger-Jamalpur twin cities. The name Jamalpur literally means "Jamal" (beautiful) "pur" (town). Jamalpur is best known for the Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop, which employs over 25,000 people at its training institution, The Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. And Annual Turnover is Rs. 10.56 billion with a no. of staffs is 1,11,485 and this is Asia's Largest and Oldest locomotive Railway Workshop. City was established in 1862 during the British Raj, with the Railways Institute forming its cultural hub. The city has become fully developed with four shopping malls and complexes and Royal Enfield showroom. Students from Jamalpur are studying in Govt.and private Top institutes in Delhi,Kolkata,Bangalore,patna and some had went abroad. And this is the reason of which the literacy rate of jamalpur is so high.


History.

The Brunswick rifle was one of several designs submitted to replace the Baker rifle. Unlike the Baker rifle, the Brunswick rifle used a special round ball with raised ribs that fit into two spiraling grooves in the barrel.  During its evaluation, it was noted that the Brunswick's unique round meant that the Brunswick rifle could not fire the standard British paper cartridges in use at the time. The rifle was also noted as being very heavy, and that it fired a relatively low velocity round. Despite these detriments, the rifle performed much better than expected, and the Master-General of Ordnance ordered the rifle to be produced with a 30-inch barrel of.654 caliber. The new rifle was designed to accept a bayonet, though the design was changed with the mounting moved farther back since experience had shown that the Baker rifle could not be fired with its bayonet fixed.  In December 1836, trials were conducted to compare the Brunswick rifle against the Baker rifle. The Brunswick rifle proved to be equally accurate at shorter ranges, and more accurate at longer ranges. The Brunswick rifle also proved to require less cleaning than the Baker rifle. Evaluators also noted that the simplified two groove design of the Brunswick was likely to have a longer service life than the barrel of the Baker, and the Brunswick rifle was noted as being very rugged overall. In January 1837, the rifle was approved for production.  Almost immediately, the caliber was changed from.654 to.704 under a new program of standardization. An altered pattern was submitted in August 1837, and the first bulk order of 1000 rifles was given on October 25, 1837. In January of the following year, it became apparent that 600 of these would be required urgently for Col. Brown’s Battalion of the Rifle Brigade and that the Enfield factory would not be able to supply them in time. Thus the whole order was put out to the trade in London at a charge of 38s per rifle. The first Brunswick rifles were made by the following gunmakers:  Production began in March 1838, and the first mass-produced rifles were issued to the Rifle Brigade, the Canadian Rifle Regiment, and a few specialized units in 1840.  The Brunswick rifle developed a reputation for being difficult to load, but was fairly well received and remained in production for almost 50 years. The rifle was used in England and assorted colonies and outposts throughout the world. Several refinements were made to the design during its production life, and production of the rifle was finally discontinued in 1885.  The Brunswick was also manufactured in Belgium. Limited numbers of Brunswick rifles were imported to the United States during the Civil War. Some of those ended up in the hands of units like the 26th Louisiana Infantry, which was partly equipped with Brunswicks during the Siege of Vicksburg.  The rifle takes its name from the German state of Brunswick.

Design and Features.

The Brunswick had a two groove barrel designed to accept a "belted" round ball. Like all rifles of the period, the Brunswick rifle suffered from the problem of being difficult to load. Rounds for rifles were required to fit tightly into the barrel so that the round would grip the rifling as it traveled down the barrel, imparting a spin to the round and improving its stability. Even though the rib and groove design of the Brunswick allowed it to use rounds that did not fit quite as tightly, the black powder used during this period would quickly foul the barrel, making even the Brunswick's design more and more difficult to load as the rifle was used.  Since the Brunswick used a round that was specifically designed to be mated with the grooves in the rifle, it had to be oriented properly in order to be loaded. This made the rifle difficult to load at night, when the grooves could not be seen.  The lock was originally a back action design, with the mainspring located behind the hammer. This design proved to be unpopular, as it weakened the wrist of the stock. Later Brunswick rifles featured a more conventional side action lock.  The stock was made of walnut, and featured a straight wrist and a low comb butt. A patch box with a hinged brass lid was located on the right side of the butt. Originally, the Brunswick rifle used a single compartment patch box. Later rifles used a slightly larger patch box with two compartments.  The ramrod pipes, trigger guard, and butt plate were all made of polished brass.  The rifle was designed to accept a sword type bayonet which mounted by use of a bayonet bar, similar to the design of that used on the Baker rifle. The bayonet bar was relocated further back due to problems that had been experienced with the Baker rifle.  The Brunswick rifle used a block front sight and a two position folding leaf rear sight which could be set for either 200 or 300 yards.  The rifle weighed approximately 9 to 10 lbs (depending on the pattern) without the bayonet attached.

Variants.

The Pattern 1836 featured the original back action lock and the single compartment patch box. The first of these were.654 caliber. This was changed fairly early in the rifle's life, and most were.704 caliber. All subsequent patterns were.704 caliber.  The Pattern 1840 featured a dual compartment patch box, and had several minor improvements to the Pattern 1836.  The Pattern 1841 replaced the back action lock with a side lock. However, this lock change was not put into manufacturing until 1845. This version also used a wrought iron barrel instead of twisted steel, and a simple plug that replaced the break-off breech plug used in earlier patterns.  The Pattern 1848 featured other minor improvements, and used an improved bayonet latch with the locking notch located halfway along the bayonet bar on its upper side. Only a few batches of rifles produced for the British Army were fitted with this improvement.  A heavier version in.796 caliber was produced for the Royal Navy.  Copies of the Brunswick rifle were made in Nepal, from approximately 1840 to 1860. These copies were apparently hand made, and as such their details varied slightly. There were two distinct versions, a "light" pattern that weighed approximately 7.5 lbs, and a version that was more similar to the standard Brunswick rifle that weighed over 9 lbs. It is estimated that approximately 10,000 to 12,000 of these were made in Nepal.

The Brunswick rifle was a large calibre (.704) muzzle-loading percussion rifle manufactured for the British Army at the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield in the early 19th century.


Background.

The Pirates won the National League East by seven games over the St. Louis Cardinals then defeated the San Francisco Giants, three games to one, in the National League Championship Series. The Orioles won the American League East by 12 games over the Detroit Tigers then swept the Oakland A's in the American League Championship Series.  The Orioles were coming off their third straight AL playoff series sweep (twice over the Minnesota Twins and once over Oakland) and their third straight season with over 100 wins: 109 (1969), 108 (1970), 101 (1971). Featuring four pitchers with 20 or more wins (Dave McNally (21), Mike Cuellar (20), Pat Dobson (20), Jim Palmer (20)), the booming bats of sluggers Frank Robinson (28, 99,.281) and Boog Powell (22, 92,.256), and the sure hands of Brooks Robinson at third and Mark Belanger at short, the O's were primed to defend their title.  The Pirates were in the World Series for the first time since the heroics of Bill Mazeroski (his only appearance in the series came as a pinch-hitter in Game 1) in Game 7 of the 1960 match-up against the New York Yankees. Though not as decorated as the O's staff, the Pirates featured 19-game winner Dock Ellis and 15-game winner Steve Blass. The Bucs did boast a murderous lineup led by Willie Stargell (48, 125,.295), Bob Robertson (26, 72,.271) and Roberto Clemente (13, 86,.341), who collected 12 series hits and hit.414.

Matchups.

Game 1.

The Pirates scored three in the second off of Dave McNally due to sloppy defense by the Orioles. Bob Robertson led off with a walk and went to second on a wild pitch by O's starter Dave McNally. Manny Sanguillén grounded to short, but Mark Belanger threw wildly to third in an attempt to retire Robertson. Robertson scored and Sanguillén pulled in at second. After advancing to third on a ground ball by José Pagán, Sanguillén scored on a suicide squeeze bunt laid down by Jackie Hernández, who went to second when catcher Elrod Hendricks threw wildly to first. Dave Cash singled home Hernandez with the only hit the Pirates got the whole inning among the three runs.  The Orioles rallied behind the long-ball. Frank Robinson hit a home run in the second and Merv Rettenmund blasted a three-run home run in the third off Dock Ellis to give the Orioles the lead. Don Buford added a home run off of Bob Moose in the fifth as McNally settled down and allowed only two more hits and no runs the rest of the way.

Game 2.

Following a one-day delay caused by the first World Series rainout in nine years, the Orioles took a series lead on Monday afternoon. Baltimore pounded six Pirate pitchers for 14 hits (all singles) and 11 runs, led by three hits and four RBI by Brooks Robinson, who drove in the first Oriole run in the second. In the fourth, with the bases loaded by a single, hit-by-pitch and walk, Davey Johnson's two-run single made it 3–0 Orioles and knocked starter Bob Johnson out of the game. Two walks by Bruce Kison forced in another run to make it 4–0 Orioles. In the fifth, after two singles, Elrod Hendricks's two-run single, aided by an error and Robinson's single, made it 7–0 Orioles. After another single, Bob Veale relieved Moose and allowed two walks to load the bases and force in another run. Don Buford's groundout and Merv Rettenmund's RBI single made it 10–0 Orioles. Robinson's RBI single next inning off of Bob Miller capped the Orioles' scoring. Jim Palmer pitched seven shutout innings and helped himself the easy way by drawing two bases-loaded walks for two RBIs - the only time this has happened in a World Series game. The Pirates got their runs in the eighth when Richie Hebner hit a three-run homer  This was very nearly the first night game in World Series history. After rain postponed Game Two—originally scheduled for Sunday afternoon—Commissioner Bowie Kuhn suggested that the rescheduled game be played on Monday night. However, the Pirates objected as they wanted the honor of hosting the first World Series night game themselves at Three Rivers Stadium when Game Four was played. Thus Game Two was played on Monday afternoon in Baltimore.

Game 3.

With the Series shifting to Three Rivers Stadium and with Steve Blass available, the Pirates got back into it. Roberto Clemente's groundout with runners on second and third in the first put them up 1–0. Manny Sanguillén hit a leadoff double in the sixth and scored on Jose Pagan's single to make it 2–0 Pirates. Steve Blass pitched a complete game, allowing only three hits and one run (on a Frank Robinson home run in the seventh) and striking out eight. The big blow on offense was provided by Bob Robertson, who slammed a three-run home run in the seventh off starter Mike Cuellar—after missing the bunt sign. Manager Danny Murtaugh issued the sign to Robertson, who had no sacrifice bunts on the season. Television replays showed Roberto Clemente, who was on second base, appearing to call a timeout, but Cuellar was already in his windup at the time. Blass was sitting next to Murtaugh in the dugout at the time, and told the Pirate manager: "If you fine him (Robertson, for missing the bunt sign), I'll pay." Murtaugh didn't.

Game 4.

In the first night game in World Series history, it started out looking like a long night for the Pirates. Starting pitcher Luke Walker gave up singles to the Orioles' first three batters, Paul Blair, Mark Belanger, and Merv Rettenmund, loading the bases. Blair scored and the others advanced on a Manny Sanguillén passed ball. Walker then intentionally walked Frank Robinson and gave up consecutive sacrifice flies to Brooks Robinson and Boog Powell, giving the Orioles a  Manager Danny Murtaugh then pulled Walker in favor of Bruce Kison. Kison proceeded to get the final out of the inning and then pitched shutout baseball for the next six innings, allowing only one hit and despite hitting three Oriole batters, a World Series record.  Kison's heroics allowed the Pirates to claw back off of starter Pat Dobson. Willie Stargell and Al Oliver cut the lead to in the bottom of the first with back-to-back RBI doubles after a leadoff walk. Oliver tied the score at 3 in the third with an RBI single.  In the seventh, Bob Robertson and Sanguillén stroked one-out singles off reliever Eddie Watt. Pinch-hitter Vic Davalillo then lofted a short fly to center that Paul Blair dropped. Robertson reached third and Davalillo first, but Sanguillén was caught in a rundown between second and third. Backup catcher Milt May then batted for Kison and delivered a clutch go-ahead RBI single, scoring Robertson.  Dave Giusti pitched the final two innings of hitless ball for the Pirates and got the save.

Game 5.

Pirates manager Danny Murtaugh chose Nelson Briles to start Game 5 over the Pirates' top starters, Steve Blass and Dock Ellis, choosing to save them for potential Games 6 and 7. The gamble paid off as Briles pitched an efficient two-hit shutout. Bob Robertson's leadoff home run in the second inning off Dave McNally put the Pirates up 1–0. Manny Sanguillén singled, stole second and scored on Nelson Briles's two-out single to bump the Pirates' lead to 2–0. A wild pitch with runners on first and third allowed another run to score to make it 3-0 after three innings. Gene Clines hit a leadoff triple in the fifth and scored on Roberto Clemente's single, his first RBI scoring hit of the series, to cap the scoring as the Pirates took a series lead heading back to Baltimore.

Game 6.

The series shifted back to Baltimore with the Orioles facing elimination. With Steve Blass needing another day of rest and Dock Ellis nursing an injury, Danny Murtaugh had to go to the well once again, starting reliever Bob Moose—his sixth different starter in this Series. Moose responded well by pitching shutout ball for five innings, while his Pirate teammates got him a 2–0 lead. Al Oliver doubled in the second off Jim Palmer and scored on a Bob Robertson single. Roberto Clemente added a homer in the third.  Moose started having trouble in the sixth, however. Don Buford belted a one-out homer and Moose allowed the next two batters to reach base before giving way to Bob Johnson, who ended the threat. The Orioles tied it off Johnson in the seventh when Mark Belanger singled, stole second, and scored on a single by Davey Johnson.  Both teams threatened late; the Orioles had runners on second and third in the bottom of the ninth with two out, but failed to score. The Pirates loaded the bases in the top of the tenth, but Dave McNally, pitching in relief, squelched the threat.  The Orioles staved off a World Series defeat in their half of the tenth when Frank Robinson drew a one-out walk and went to third on a Merv Rettenmund single. Brooks Robinson lifted a short fly to center and Frank Robinson tagged and scored the winning run, barely beating Vic Davalillo's throw to the plate.

Game 7.

With ace pitchers Steve Blass and Mike Cuellar on the mound for their respective teams, Game 7 proved to be a pitcher's duel.  Series MVP Roberto Clemente drew first blood for the Pirates by hitting a two-out homer in the fourth off Cuellar. The Pirates added another run in the eighth when José Pagán doubled in Willie Stargell.  The only run the O's could muster off Blass was an RBI groundout by Don Buford in the eighth. Blass would get his second complete game win of the series.  Game 7 was the only game in which the visiting team won. It was the fourth World Series in which the home team won each of the first six games before the road team won Game 7 with the others being 1955, 1956 and 1965.  After Game 2, the O's bats went silent. After hitting the Pirates pitching staff for 16 runs and 24 hits in the first two games, the O's scored only eight runs on 21 hits, hitting only.141 (21–149) in the next five games, enabling the Pirates to upset the Orioles.

Composite box.

1971 World Series (4–3): Pittsburgh Pirates (N.L.) over Baltimore Orioles (A.L.)

The 1971 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1971 season. The 68th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the defending World Series and American League (AL) champion Baltimore Orioles and the National League (NL) champion Pittsburgh Pirates. The Pirates won in seven games. Game 4 in Pittsburgh was the first World Series game played


Orbit and classification.

"Burns" is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,975 days; semi-major axis of 3.08 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.  The asteroid was first observed as at Winchester Observatory in January 1912. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Goethe Link Observatory in February 1950, more than 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after Joseph A. Burns (born 1941), American planetary scientist and astronomer at Cornell University in New York, and a co-discoverer of the trans-Neptunian object at Palomar in 1997. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 August 1982 ().

Physical characteristics.

In the SMASS classification, "Burns" is a carbonaceous B-type, which are somewhat brighter than the common C-type asteroids.

Rotation period.

In March 2010, a rotational lightcurve of "Burns" was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.315 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude, indicative for a non-spherical shape ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Burns" measures between 13.63 and 22 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.12. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 17.86 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.

2708 Burns ("prov. designation": ) is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. It was named after American planetary scientist Joseph A. Burns. The likely elongated B-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours.


Methods of capture.

Commercial techniques require large fans to push ambient air through a filter. There, a liquid solvent—usually amine-based or caustic—absorbs from a gas. For example, a common caustic solvent: sodium hydroxide reacts with and precipitates a stable sodium carbonate. This carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous stream. sodium hydroxide can be recycled from sodium carbonate in a process of causticizing. Alternatively, the binds to solid sorbent in the process of chemisorption. Through heat and vacuum, the is then desorbed from the solid.  Among the specific chemical processes that are being explored, three stand out: causticization with alkali and alkali-earth hydroxides, carbonation, and organic−inorganic hybrid sorbents consisting of amines supported in porous adsorbents.

Other explored methods.

Moisture swing sorbent.

In cyclical a process designed in 2012 by professor Klaus Lackner, the director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions (CNCE), dilute can be efficiently separated using an anionic exchange polymer resin called Marathon MSA, which absorbs air when dry, and releases it when exposed to moisture. The technology requires further research to determine its cost-effectiveness.

Metal-organic frameworks.

Other substances which can be used are Metal-organic frameworks (or MOF's).

Membranes.

Membrane separation of rely on semi-permeable membranes. This method requires little water and has a smaller footprint.

Environmental impact.

Proponents of DAC argue that it is an essential component of climate change mitigation. Researchers posit that DAC could help contribute to the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement (namely limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels). However, others claim that relying on this technology is risky and might postpone emission reduction under the notion that it will be possible to fix the problem later, and suggest, that reducing emissions may be a better solution.  DAC relying on amine-based absorption demands significant water input. It was estimated, that to capture 3.3 Gigatonnes of a year would require 300 km of water, or 4% of the water used for irrigation. On the other hand, using sodium hydroxide needs far less water, but the substance itself is highly caustic and dangerous.  DAC also requires much greater energy input in comparison to traditional capture from point sources, like flue gas, due to the low concentration of. The theoretical minimum energy required to extract from ambient air is about 250 kWh per tonne of, while capture from natural gas and coal power plants requires respectively about 100 and 65 kWh per tonne of. Because of this implied demand for energy, some geoengineering promoters have proposed to use "small nuclear power plants" connected to DAC installations, potentially introducing a whole new set of environmental impacts.  When DAC is combined with a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system, it can produce a negative emissions plant, but it would require a carbon-free electricity source. The use of any fossil-fuel-generated electricity would end up releasing more to the atmosphere than it would capture. Moreover, using DAC for enhanced oil recovery would cancel any supposed climate mitigation benefits.

Economic viability.

Practical applications of DAC include:  These applications require differing concentrations of product formed from the captured gas. Forms of carbon sequestration such as geological storage require pure products (concentration > 99%), while other applications such as agriculture can function with more dilute products (~ 5%). Since the air being processed through DAC originally contains 0.04% (or 400 ppm), creation of a pure product through DAC requires a large amount of thermal energy to facilitate bonding and thus is more expensive than a dilute product.  DAC is not an alternative to traditional, point-source carbon capture and storage (CCS), rather it is a complementary technology that could be utilized to manage carbon emissions from distributed sources, fugitive emissions from the CCS network, and leakage from geological formations. Because DAC can be deployed far from the source of pollution, synthetic fuel produced with this method can use already existing fuel transport infrastructure.  One of the largest hurdles to implementing DAC is a cost required to separate and air. A study from 2011 estimated that a plant designed to capture 1 megatonne of a year would cost $2.2billion. Other studies from the same period put the cost of DAC at $200–1000 per tonne of and $600 per tonne.  An economic study of a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada, conducted from 2015 to 2018, estimated the cost at $94–232 per tonne of atmospheric removed. It is worth noting that the study was done by Carbon Engineering, which has financial interest in commercializing DAC technology. , capture costs for hydroxide based solvents generally cost $150 per tonne. Current liquid amine-based separation is $10–35 per tonne. Adsorption based capture costs are between $30–200 per tonne. It is difficult to find a specific cost for DAC because each method has wide variation in sorbent regeneration and capital costs.

Development.

Carbon Engineering.

It is a commercial DAC company founded in 2009 and backed, among others, by Bill Gates and Murray Edwards., they run a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada that has been in use since 2015 and is able to extract about a tonne of a day. An economic study of their pilot plant conducted from 2015 to 2018 estimated the cost at $94–232 per tonne of atmospheric removed.  While partnering with California energy company Greyrock, they convert a portion of its concentrated into synthetic fuel, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.  The company uses a potassium hydroxide solution. It reacts with to form potassium carbonate, which removes a certain amount of from the air.

Climeworks.

Their first industrial scale DAC plant, which started operation in May, 2017 in Hinwil, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, is capable of capturing 900 tonnes of per year. To lower its energy requirements, the plant uses heat from a local waste incineration plant. The is used to increase vegetable yields in a nearby greenhouse.  The company stated that it costs around $600 to capture one tonne of from the air.  Climeworks partnered with Reykjavik Energy in CarbFix project launched in 2007. In 2017, CarbFix2 project was started and received funding from EuropeanUnion's Horizon2020 research program. The CarbFix2 pilot plant project runs alongside a geothermal power plant in Hellisheidi, Iceland. In this approach, is injected 700 meters under the ground and mineralizes into basaltic bedrock forming carbonate minerals. DAC plant uses low-grade waste heat from the plant, effectively eliminating more than they both produce.

Global Thermostat.

It is private company founded in 2010, located in Manhattan, New York, with a plant in Huntsville, Alabama. Global Thermostat uses amine-based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from 40 to 50,000 tonne/year.  The company claims to remove for a $120 per tonne at its facility in Huntsville.  Global Thermostat has closed deals with Coca-Cola (which aims to use DAC to source for its carbonated beverages) and ExxonMobil which intends to pioneer a DACtofuel business using Global Thermostat's technology.

Prometheus Fuels.

Is a start-up company based in Santa Cruz which launched out of Y Combinator in 2019 to remove CO from the air and turn it into zero-net-carbon gasoline and jet fuel. The company uses a DAC technology, adsorbing CO from the air directly into process electrolytes, where it is converted into alcohols by electrocatalysis. The alcohols are then separated from the electrolytes using carbon nanotube membranes, and upgraded to gasoline and jet fuels. Since the process uses only electricity from renewable sources, the fuels are carbon neutral when used, emitting no net CO to the atmosphere.

Direct air capture (DAC) is a process of capturing carbon dioxide () directly from the ambient air (as opposed to capturing from point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant) and generating a concentrated stream of for sequestration or utilization. Carbon dioxide removal is achieved when ambient air makes contact with a chemical media, typically an aqueous alkaline solvent or functionalized sorbents. These chemical media are subsequently stripped of CO through the application of energy (namely heat), resulting in a CO stream that can undergo dehydration and compression, while simultaneously regenerating the chemical media for reuse.


Geography.

Mokama is situated on the southern banks of the Ganges. The landscape here is absolutely plain. The strip of land running along the northern bank of Ganges is called diara land in local parlance. The diara land submerges in Ganges waters during monsoons. To the south of Mokameh town lie the tal wetlands. The tal wetlands get submerged under the rising waters of the Ganges during the monsoons.  Some of the important localities which fall under Mokama Municipality are lakhanchand, Sakarwar Tola, Moldiar Tola, laheriya tola, Dheorani Tola, Kowabhong and Chintamani chak, Sahwegpur, Shikharichak, Panchmahala, Tatwa Toli, Dr. Toli, Farsi Muhalla, Indira Nagar, Bhagwan Pur, Modan Gachi, Chandvari, Chatarpura, Modan Tola, Kachra Muhalla, & Aunta Gram. C.R.P.F. group centre is situated at the banks of the Ganges and R.P.F. training centre lies adjacent to it.  Sub Villages in Mokama are:-  Badpur, Balwa, Daudpur, Trimuhani, Dhanak Dobh, Dharampur, Gorihari, oshain Gaon, Goshwari, Hathidah Buzberg, Isannagar, Jalatpur, Karara, Koti Kurmichak, Milki, Mohanpur, Murarpur, Narainpur, Paijima, Panchmada, Samarya, Sarfarajnagar, Kumhra, Seonar, Shari, Sherpur, Surtapur

Economy.

The main occupation is agriculture and the town is surrounded by farmlands. Major crops include lentils, chickpeas, mustard seeds. Many varieties of vegetables are grown here too. Papaya, guava and mango are some of the common fruits cultivated. However, major parcels of the Diara and Tal lands remain submerged for three months a year.  Factories include those of McDowell's and Bata Shoes, Spinning Mill, along with Bharat Wagon and Engineering.

Transport.

Mokama is connected to all the major cities of India by rail and road. [HATHIDAH] is the junction point of NH 80 and NH 31. Mokama Junction is the railway station.

Demographics.

India census, Mokama block had a population of 84129. Males constitute 52.2% of the population and females 47.8%. Mokama has a literacy rate of 96.4% higher than state average of 61.80%. There are 94.34% Hindus and rest 5.66% are the ethnic minorites. Out of the 5.66% 5.11% are Muslims. In Mokameh, Male literacy is around 99% while female literacy rate is 93.8%. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 8995 which is 14.82% of total population of Mokameh. The literacy rate in this city is 10.99% higher (72.79%) than the average of the state which is 61.80%. In Mokameh Nagar Parishad, Female Sex Ratio is of 880 against state average of 918. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Mokameh is around 869 compared to Bihar state average of 935.

Folklore.

The romantic folk story of "Reshma" and "Chuharmal" is commemorated with an annual fair.  Also every year in December a fair is organised in the Nazrath Church compound in the memory of Mother Mary.

Indian independence movement.

The place where the revolutionary freedom fighter Prafulla Chaki was martyred is marked by a shaheed gate. People commemorate the anniversary of his death every year. Lalldin Saheb is yet another well known freedom fighter from Mokama who contributed in freedom struggle and was sentenced to jail during British rule. He worked for the welfare of the people of Mokama throughout his life. Had major contribution in reopening the Bharat Wagon Engineering Company of Mokama that is source of income of thousands of families.

Mokama is a town and a municipality in Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is located east of Patna on the southern banks of the river Ganges. Mokama is the connecting town of north and south Bihar and has 2nd highest amount of lentil production in India.


Route.

The M66 starts at the Simister Island, and heads north as a continuation of the M60 as a 3 lane dual carriageway. It passes the eastern edge of Whitefield, through junction 3, goes underneath the East Lancashire Railway and enters the suburbs of Bury. It reduces to 2 lanes at junction 2 and then climbs onto an elevated section, passing through a post war housing estate. At the end of the elevated road a third climbing lane is added to the summit of the hill. The road then runs to the east of Ramsbottom and the East Lancashire Railway and ends near Edenfield.

History.

In 1949 a report, the Road Plan for Lancashire, proposed the construction of "Route 9" which would link north east Manchester with Burnley and Blackburn via "Route 8". Originally planned to be an all purpose road. the route was redesignated as a motorway prior to construction. The first section (the so-called "Middleton Link") was opened in 1971. On the Department for Transport's 2002 Roads List this link is listed as the M68. Construction then began on the southern section of the Bury bypass (Junctions 4 to 3) in February 1973 with this opening in August 1975. Immediately after construction began on the northern section (junctions 3 to terminus) with this opening in 1978.  The motorway was planned to run down to Stockport where it would meet the M63 and the proposed A6(M) motorway. The first part of this built was the section from the M67 to the M63 (now junctions 24 to 27 of the M60) with construction beginning in 1986 and it opening to traffic in 1989.  The final section of the motorway was to be between the M67 and the Middleton Link. Construction began on this in 1995. In 1998 it was decided to rename various sections of motorway (parts of the M62 and M66 and the whole of the M63) around Manchester to the M60 to form the "Manchester Outer Ring Road". All sections of the M66 south of the M62 were therefore redesignated as the M60. This final section subsequently opened in 2000.  North of the M66, the road was built as the A56, an all purpose A road which connects with the M65 at junction 8.

Legislation.

Each motorway in England requires that a Statutory Instrument be published, detailing the route of the road, before it can be built. The dates given on these Statutory Instruments relate to when the document was published, and not when the road was built. Provided below is an incomplete list of the Statutory Instruments relating to the route of the M66.

The M66 is a motorway in Lancashire and Greater Manchester, England. It is long and provides part of the route between the M62 and M60 motorways and the M65, with the rest being provided by the A56.


Geography.

Renukoot is located at. It has an average elevation of 283 metres (931 feet). Renukoot lies in the southeast-most part of Uttar Pradesh and sits next to Shakti Nagar, Anpara, ((Dalla)) and Obra. Renukoot is in Sonebhadra district which is the only district in India which borders four states, namely Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar.  Rihand Dam, located 6 km from Renukoot, was built over Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake and the Rihand River (a tributary of the Son River). This dam was created in 1960 and was inaugurated by then prime minister of India, Pt. Jawarharlal Nehru.

Demographics.

As of the 2011 India census, Renukoot had a population of 78000. Males constituted 57% of the population and females 43%. Renukoot had an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 72%; male literacy is 92%, and female literacy is 77%. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

History.

When former Indian Prime Minister Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru came for the inauguration of Rihand Dam, G.D. Birla and J.R.D Tata accompanied him. Nehru asked them to set up an industry here. G.D. Birla agreed and set up Hindalco Industries Limited in 1963. This was the foundation of Renukoot. Renukoot used to be in Mirzapur district which was later split up into Sonebhadra and Mirzapur. Renukoot falls into the Sonebhadra district now. The area of Vindhyachal near the north-western part of the area are also known for many religious hills and historic caves and temples. The Chunar Fort, dating 50 BC, is on the way to Varanasi from Renukoot, less than five hours drive.

Education.

Renukoot has five major English medium high schools, and four of them follow the CBSE board they are Nirmala Convent Senior Secondary School, Aditya Birla Public Schoolpreviously known as Hindalco Vidya Niketan, Bhavan's K.D.K. Vidya Mandir and D.C.Lewis Memorial School follows ICSE. Renukoot also has two schools where the medium of education is Hindi and which follow the Uttar Pradesh Board standards - Aditya Birla Intermediate College previously known as Hindalco Intermediate College, Maharishi Dayanand Inter College, GIC Pipri. Renukoot is now accelerating in Higher Education and has a Degree college named Babu Ram Singh Post Graduate Degree College, situated at Khadpaathar. There are many big universities within four to five hours distance, including Banaras Hindu University and Allahabad University. Recently, Renukoot has begun developing new colleges to impart higher education within the township.

Renukoot is a city and a nagar panchayat in Sonbhadra district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Renukoot is 68 km south from the district headquarters Robertsganj and 158 km from Varanasi.


Tectonic setting.

Kashmir lies at the southern margin of the broad zone of continental collision between the Eurasian and Indian Plates. The rate of convergence between these plates near this location is 38 mm per year. The main structures involved in accommodating this convergence are large thrust faults, such as the Main Central Thrust and the Main Frontal Thrust. Within the frontal thrust zone, there are many individual thrust faults. Many damaging earthquakes have resulted from movement on such thrust faults, such as the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which caused the deaths of around 87,000 people.

Damage.

The earthquake caused severe damage to 135 houses in Mirpur District, with a further 319 being partially damaged, most in Mirpur and just four in Bhimber District. Two bridges were reported damaged and parts of several roads were affected, particularly 14 km of the Main Jatlan Road.  According to the chairman of Pakistan's National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), "In Mirpur, besides the city, a small town Jatlan, and two small villages Manda and Afzalpur" were among the worst-hit areas. According to him, the main road which runs alongside a river from Mangla to Jatla suffered major damage. According to the officials, the Mangla Dam, Pakistan's major water reservoir, was spared. However, the dam's power house was closed, which resulted in a loss of 900 megawatts to Pakistan's national power grid. At 7:20 pm, power generation at Mangla was resumed, restoring 700 MW to the national grid.  According to a media report, cracks and fissures had appeared in the Upper Jhelum canal. Flood water had managed to enter the Chak Nigah village in Jatlan town. The canal was subsequently shut as a precautionary measure.

Casualties.

Forty people have died and more than 850 injured as per the reports published on 26 September. Of those who died, thirty-three were in Mirpur District, four in Bhimber District, and one more in Jhelum District. "Reuters" reported, citing architects, that the large number of casualties were due to shoddy building construction methods and weak construction standards in Pakistan. Sardar Gulfaraz Khan, the deputy inspector general of police for Mirpur district, stated that a large number of deaths were caused due to the collapse of old houses in the villages.

Response.

The Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Farooq Haider Khan, cut short a visit to Lahore and went back to his native region immediately after the reports of the damage emerged. NDMA vehicles laden with 200 tents, 800 blankets, 200 kitchen sets and 100 medical kits were dispatched to affected areas.

Aftershocks.

On 26 September at 12:30, two days after the major earthquake, another earthquake struck Mirpur, which led to a further 67 people being injured and one death reported. It was of magnitude 4.7 and centered at Thothal Mirpur at the depth of.

The 2019 Kashmir earthquake struck regions of Pakistan with an epicentre in Azad Kashmir on 24 September at 16:02 local time (11:02 UTC). It had a magnitude of 5.6 and a maximum felt intensity of VII ("very strong") on the Modified Mercalli scale. There was severe damage in Mirpur District, causing the deaths of 40 people and injuring a further 850. The epicentre of the shallow quake was near the city of Mirpur, Pakistan. The tremors were felt in the Kashmir region, Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab (India), Uttarakhand and northern parts of India including New Delhi.


First Movement.

This movement was very innovative for its time, with some stylistic aspects characteristic of later composers like Felix Mendelssohn. The normal output for this time was material such as Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 from exactly the same year as this composition, 1811. Weber starts with the cellos playing the main theme, followed with an explosion by the whole orchestra. The violins pick up the melody which eventually progresses, subsides, and clears the stage for the solo clarinet. The soloist begins with a painful song marked "con duolo". The clarinetist performs variants on that source, which later results in a determined run played by the solo instrument. After that climax, the music dies off with the clarinet mourning a line marked "morendo". Then there is a grand pause, which provides the transition for the return of the cellos stating the main theme, but this time in the key of D-flat major rather than F minor. The soloist enters shortly afterward with a sweet response. The clarinet keeps playing a delicate melody, then descends towards the lower tones with a marking of "perdendosi," which tells the player to decrease in speed and sound. Then the tutti arrives, singing a sweet, innocent melody. The clarinet reenters shortly after, still playing in a lighter mood than the beginning of the piece. Later, the soloist performs sets of playful triplets. After the triplets, the clarinet begins the Bärmann-Kadenz, which the dedicatee, Heinrich Bärmann wrote. This is a relatively short, lively, virtuosic passage that is played by most performers. Then the clarinetist encounters a brief cadenza which consists of fast thirty-second notes. After the cadenza, the orchestra bursts in and returns to the minor home key. Then the music calms down, and the cellos prepare for the entrance the clarinet will make. When the clarinet enters, it brings back the same emotions as when the soloist entered for the first time. It seems like the clarinet yearns to play the light, innocent theme heard before. It finally gets its wish, bringing back the melody played earlier. Then, the clarinet starts its triplets as it did before, but this time, it flows towards a stream of agitated, virtuosic sixteenth-note runs. After that buildup, the clarinet subsides and gives room for the French horns to play a cheerful melody. The solo instrument responds in the same connotation as the horns did but then sneaks back to the dark theme the soloist first played. It intensifies and then the soloist whirls up and down in sixteenth notes until the tutti arrives with vengeance. The orchestra ends its phrase with dotted chords which give cue for the soloist to perform its next ordeal. This features rising chromatic scale runs which flow into a river of sixteenth notes. The sixteenths are followed by a series of determined trills with the last one ending on a high g. The orchestra returns and eventually fades away. The clarinet ends the movement much like how it did before the arrival of the D-flat major key.

Second Movement.

The beginning of the second movement is typical of an early romantic operatic aria, but still resembles the second movement of the Mozart Clarinet Concerto in mood and melodic shape. Weber was, after all, Mozart's cousin by marriage. In the middle section, an unusual and rare but effective use of a horn trio without any other orchestral elaboration is put into effect. The clarinet responds and interacts with this horn trio much like an operatic singer would do it in a similar situation. The beginning material resumes after a brief pause.

Third Movement.

The third movement contrasts with the preceding movements because of the light character. It is a typical rondo that usually ends a three movement concerto. Instances like this in other similar works include the third movement of Weber's Clarinet Concerto No. 2, Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, the third movement of Karl Stamitz's Clarinet Concerto No. 3, the final movements of Franz Krommer's Clarinet Concerto in E-flat major and Concerto for Two Clarinets, and the last movements of Louis Spohr's Clarinet Concerto's Nos. 1, 2, and 4.

Instrumentation.

Scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 3 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, strings, and solo clarinet.

Carl Maria von Weber wrote his Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73 (J. 114) for the clarinettist Heinrich Bärmann in 1811. The piece is highly regarded in the instrument's repertoire. It is written for clarinet in B. The work consists of three movements in the form of fast, slow, fast.


History.

The history of the town is shrouded in mysteries due to lack of written evidences or documentation. Popular stories say that a group of early settlers led by warrior Ajay Pal (also called Ajepal), brother of King of Ajmer, Rajasthan arrived and settled there around 650 or 805 (Samvat 862). Slowly the settlement flourished and became a centre of trade and commerce. Due to its prosperity and wealth it was often target of invasion of clan warriors. As the founder of the settlement, and later the ruler of the town, Ajay Pal dedicated his life to protect the town. It's believed that he established the first coastal security centre in Kutch somewhere near Anjar. Ajay Pal died due to a mortal wound suffered while fighting Khalifas in Vikram Samvat 741 (around 685). Due to his efforts in protecting the town and surrounding area from invaders, and his selfless sacrifice, he is worshiped as a saint and his tomb (also called Samadhi in Hinduism) and temple is located on the outskirts of the town. He is fondly known as the ruler of the town till date.  In the course of history, Chauhan clan lost the power in Anjar. At different points of time in history, the town was ruled by various clans such as Chaulukya, Vaghela, Chawda, before finally it went to the more powerful warrior clan Jadeja who gained control of whole Kutch region. The town was declared capital of the Kingdom of Kutch in 1545 by King Khengarji I. The town was fortified by Deshalji II early in the eighteenth century. The fort wall was sixteen feet high and six feet thick. In 1800 the town, port, and dependencies of Anjar were granted to Fateh Muhammad, who busied himself in extending its trade and establishing the harbour of Tuna. The town served as the Capital of the Kutch region on and off, until finally a nearby settlement namely Bhuj permanently became the capital city of the region. Anjar then served as second largest settlement in the region, and was pushed to the third rank after the rise of the Kandla Port and nearby Gandhidham city which serves as the powerhouse for the regional economy at present.  On 25 December 1815, Anjar was attacked under Colonel East of British East India Company, and Tuna was occupied on the next day. In the following year the fort and dependent villages were made over to the British and held by them till 1822. Anjar suffered severely from an earthquake in 1819, which destroyed a large number of houses, and thousands of lives. The population shortly afterwards was about 10,000. In 1822, the company government transferred the power of the region back to the Jadeja Rulers in exchange for annual fee. The payments were a burden on the local treasury and the entire burden (including arrears) were paid on its behalf by the British government. The population was 18,014 in 1901.  Due to social segregation, complex social structure and cultural restrictions in the ancient times, most of these clans established their separate wards or neighbourhoods (locally known as 'fariyas') within the town, so that in any neighbourhood of the town you would find houses of only people of a certain clan. However, today the culture has opened up and you might find people of different clans living side by side.  Kutch region, and specifically Anjar suffered several big and small earthquakes in addition to the one in 1819. At an interval of nearly 50 years, there have been small and big earthquakes in the region. Anjar also experienced strong earthquake on 21 July 1956, which had its epicentre near the town and another major earthquake on 26 January 2001, which caused large scale destruction of houses and population. As per records more than 1350 houses were destroyed. Most of the damage occurred to the older constructions in the fortified area of the town where buildings and houses were hundreds of years old. The earthquake claimed more than 1500 lives, and left many more injured. After a decade of rehabilitation work, the town has now recovered from the loss and destruction inflicted by 2001 earthquake.

Demographics.

Most Anjaris are Hindus Jains, or Muslims. These major religious groups are further divided into subgroups (called Jātis), including  Later on Muslims, and the African slaves (locally known as Sidis) of the rulers of Jadeja clan also settled in the town.

Geography.

Anjar is located at and has an average elevation of. The land in Anjar is mainly dry and arid flatland. The town is around away from the Great Rann (the Desert of Kutch), which is a seasonal salt marshland in the north. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city was only from the Gulf of Kutch to the south, but it is now away. There are 3 small lakes in different parts of the town which often dry up in the long harsh summers. On the eastern side of the town there's a river named 'Saang' which often dries up in the summer, too.

Climate.

The climate in Anjar is called a desert climate. In Anjar, there is no rainfall virtually in a year. The climate here is denoted as BWh by Koppen-Geiger system, with average rainfall is 368mm.  Climate in Anjar is very dry due to its vicinity to the Desert of Kutch. There are three distinct seasons observed in Anjar: Winter, Summer, and Rainy Season (locally better called monsoon). Winters in Anjar could be harsh with temperatures dropping down to 4 degree Celsius, and summers could be equally harsh with scorching temperatures soaring up to 47 - 48 degree Celsius, whereas rain-fall is very scarce with average annual rainfall of around 400 mm only. Anjar often experiences droughts.  Summer is the longest season, which lasts from around mid-March to July or sometimes until mid-August. Brutal heat-waves in summer often claim lives of humans and animals in this region. Rainy season lasts from around July to September. During the rainy season the sky is mostly cloudy, with bursts of brief showers or sweltering hot days with highly humid air blowing from the Gulf of Kutch in south. Winter starts from November and may last up to February.

Places of interest.

Temples and Shrines.

The Madhavrai temple, a Vaishnav shrine 67 feet by 64 and about 62 high, with a domed hall and black and white marble floor, The image of black marble is placed on a table overlaid with silver. The shrine doors, also plated with silver, bear an inscription dated Samvat 1869 (1812 AD). Some of the eight pilasters that support the dome are carved mermaids and Naga figures. Mohanrai's temple, smaller and plainer, with a neatly carved wooden door, is also a Vaishnav shrine, the idols being Krishna with Radha on his left, and Chaturbhuj, the four-armed Vishnu, on his right. This temple was rebuilt between 1814 and 1824. Amba Mata's shrine and the monastery close by are built of fragments of older temples. Over the enclosure gateway is a door of hard reddish stone, carved all round, which from the repetition of Devi on the jambs and lintels may have belonged to a Vaishnav Shakta temple ; sculptured slabs also lie about, and are built into the walls.  The adjoining monastery belongs to the Atits of Ajepal. Ajepals shrine, outside the town walls, is a small modern domed room, with images of Ajepal on horseback and of Ganpati. At the door is an inscription dated 1842. The Atits are Shaiv, the sacred bull with brass horns holding a prominent place on the platform at the entrance to the shrine. Their headnien, pirs or gurus, are buried around, and the small cells over their remains are marked by the linga. Their patron saint is a Chauhan king of Ajmer, who gave up his throne, became an ascetic, and ended his days by a voluntary death. Kalya Mahadev's temple, outside the walls, is comparatively modern, with a dancing yogini as its goddess. Vankal Mata's temple, to the north-west of the town, is dedicated to a form of Bhavani. Bhareswar at some distance to the south-east has an old shrine and spire and a modern hall. To the west of the town is a temple of Dvarkanath, and close to it an unfinished one to Bahuchar Mata, with three shrines on as many sides of the entrance hall. On the outskirts of the town is the ancient Hindu temple of Shiva, namely Bhadeshwar Mahadev Temple. There is Swaminarayan's temple located on the outskirts of the old fortress on the Eastern side of the town. Swaminarayan Sect is a relatively modern sect in Hinduism established by Ramanand swami The Guru of God Swaminarayan in the 19th century. It is believed that God Swaminarayan visited Anjar during his lifetime, and a temple was constructed at the place where he stayed.

Jesal Toral Shrines.

To the east of Ajepal's monastery, is a small tiled shed with tombs of Muslim pattern sacred to Jesar or Jesal, a Jadeja, and Turi or Toral, a Kathi. The temple is locally known as "Jesal Toral ni Samadhi", which literally means 'the tomb of Jesal and Toral'. The shrine at Anjar is under the charge of the Ajepal monastery.  In the middle of the fourteenth century Jesar, grandson of Jam Lakha Jadeja, became an outlaw, laid waste to fields and villages, killed the people, and carried off the cattle. At that time a Kathi woman, Turi or Toral by name, was famous for her devotion and her skill in making hymns, and still more famous for her beauty. She lived with an ascetic called Savasdhir, who did not regard her as his wife but as one who would bring him salvation. The fame of her beauty reached Jesar, who tried to carry her off by force but failed. Going back in the guise of an ascetic he was well received, and arranged to seize her at some midnight worship. His plans were found out, and, on his confessing, the sect whose rule was to grant the wish of every asker gave him Turi on condition that he became an ascetic. Jesar agreed, but soon tiring of the restraint, again tried to take Turi away by force. She foiled him, and in time changed him into a model ascetic. Settling at Anjar, Jesar died and Turi was buried alive close by his tomb. His descendants, the Jesar' Rajputs have, in each of the twelve villages, a shrine of Jesar and Turi.

Buildings.

MacMurdo's Bungalow is a state protected monument due to his wall paintings depicting scenes associated with Ram and Krishna.

Cuisine.

Anjar is famous for gher all over India even though the world gher procession only passed in middle of the city. Anjar is also well known for its cuisine, specifically "Dabeli". In Anjar "Bhikha ni Dabeli is so revered that its fans stretch out all the way to the state of Maharashtra and even outside India to certain countries in the Persian Gulf. Moreover, one can find the real taste of Kesar Keri called "Kesar Hagu" in Anjar. Anjar is also well known for the Kharek. Local people love to drink buttermilk locally known as Chhash. Other local famous items are Kutchi Pakwan, Kutchi Khaja, Pedas and farsan, etc. Pedha, "Gulab Paak" and "Kharibhat" are famous in local as well Mumbai region.

Economy.

The town has strong trade and social links with neighbouring Adipur, Bhuj, Gandhidham and Kandla. The GIDC (Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation) estate is situated here. Anjar is known for its ethnic clothes, handicrafts and metal-crafts. Swords and knives made in Anjar and nearby villages are popular and are exported outside India.

Culture.

The people of Anjar come from many different backgrounds and have lived in peace for centuries. Cultural programs held many times in Anjar. Festivals like Holi, Sharad Purnima, Ram Navami, Navaratri, Hindola Mahotsava, Diwali, Eid are celebrated in town

Notable Persons.

Meghaji Sheth of Anjar, took leadership during princely state and when Kutch State was administered by Rao Rayadhan III (i.e. in 1786 A.D.) Rao Raydhan was keen to covert all Hindus. At that time, Meghaji Sheth went to Bhuj and imprisoned Rao and gave administration in the hands of Bar Bhayat ni Jamat. Meghaji Seth was martyred in Bhuj while fighting for freedom of Kutch; Even today to remind us Meghaji Seth's presence a memorial place exists at Vaniyavad Naka in Bhuj, One statue in Anjar and a Temple in Tuna (a village of Anjar). Meghji Seth is known for his contribution to Kutch as Shivaji did for Maharashtra.  Among the many persons of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya or Mistri community of Anjar, who were noted for Sea-trading, architect & Railway Contracts. Manji Daya Vegad of Anjar and Lakhu Devji Vegad of Anjar during 1887-1912 built Pamban Bridge & lines from Rameshwaram. Narshi Bechar Khodiyar son of Bechar Hardas of town was given title of Rai Sahib by British for Railway Engineering in 1920.  Jagmal Pitambar Rathod of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya of Anjar was Gaidher of Kutch Raaj in 1750. His son Gajdhar Jagmal Rathod & his son Ruda Gajdhar Rathod & his son Jairam Ruda Gajdhar Rathod all of Anjar were for four generations Gaidher for the Kingdom of Kutch and all constructions of "Kutch Raaj" the forts of Anjar, Bhuj, Mandvi, Aina Mahal, Prag Mahal, Vijay Vilas Palace, Sharad Bag Palace, Ashapura Temple, Dhrang Temple, Suralbhit Mahadev Temple, etc. have been done by Mistris of Kutch under their super-vision. The Assistant Gaidher to them were from Khedoi.  Vrajlal R. Vora was an astrologer of Kachchh. He written two books on astrology. Sheth Khatau Makanji Sethia, one of the founder of Khatau Group also hailed from the city.

Education.

The most famous schools in Anjar are sahyog saraswati madhyamik vidhya mandir "Twinkle star English and gujarati medium school" "Swami Vivekananda Vidhyalaya", "Smt. K. G. Manek School", ""Sheth D. V. High School"", "Sheth Khatau Mavji Sethia" H.S. School. There is also a different school for girls' higher education named 'K. K. M. S. Girls' High School started by Chhagan Bapa, Welspun Vidya Mandir, Muralidhar High school, Dungrasi Gangaji Thacker vidyalay, Rabari Samaj School. St. Elizabeth's School is an English medium school, which is affiliated to Gujarat State Board and is situated in Nagalpar village. There are 20 primary schools handled by Municipal Corporation of Anjar. And Shree Sahyog Sarswati Vidyamandir. Recently Govt. Started an I.T.I. in Anjar City. Anjar Education society has started one college named Smt Hiraben Bhanukant Palan college of arts and commerce. Second college for P.G.D.H.R.M. Moreover, Cdec centre and M.Sc. I.T. Jamiyate ulema e hind has started college of pharmacy and P.T.C. college for girls. SRK institute of Management and Computer Science

Anjar as Taluka.

The following villages belong to this taluka: Nagalpar, Nani Nagalpar, Sinugra, Pantiya, Khedoi, Lovariya, Chandiya, Chandroda, Mindiyana, khambhra, Sinugra, Devaliya, Vidi, Meghpar, Bhadroi, Varsamedi, Chandaroda, Bhalot, Lovariya, Pantiya, Dudhai, Lakhapar, Satapar, Ambapar, Tappar, Bhimasar, Modvadar, Ajapar, Bhadroi, Ratnal, Modsar, Sugaria Jaru, Khokhara, Chandarani, Vidi, naga, Bita and Vira valadia, Devaliya, Kumbhariya, Joganinar, Sanghad, RAmpar, Tuna, Sapeda, Maringana, Ningal, Kotada, Hirapar, Navagam, Amarapar, Dhamadaka, etc.Total there are 67 Villages.

Anjar is a town, a tehsil and a municipality in Kachchh district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is a town of historic importance, located in Southern Kutch, around 40 km away from one of the biggest ports in India - Kandla Port. With nearly 1,400 years of history, founded around 650 AD, Anjar is claimed to be the oldest town in Kutch.


Summary.

The film covers events of the 2018 cave rescue, focusing in turn on several individuals who contributed to the rescue effort, including water pump manufacturer Nopadol Niyomka, retired Thai Navy SEAL Saman Kunan, and especially, Ireland-based cave diver Jim Warny.

Production.

The film was produced by Waller's Bangkok-based De Warrenne Pictures. Waller began working on the film soon after the actual events of June–July 2018, and decided on the story after meeting Warny in Ireland. He co-wrote the script with Don Linder and Katrina Grose, focusing on "the unsung heroes—how they first heard what was happening, how they reacted and dropped everything to help." Several individuals involved in the effort portrayed themselves in the film. Most of the filming took place from October 2018 to January 2019, but it was not until February that Waller was allowed to film at the Tham Luang Nang Non cave. The majority of cave scenes were filmed in other caves in Thailand as well as on a set built over a swimming pool. The film was the first about the rescue to be released, while exclusive rights over the boys' stories had been sold to Netflix.

Release and reception.

The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival on 5 October 2019, and was shown at the Vancouver International the BFI London film festivals before its release in Thailand on 21 November. It made 1.1 million baht (US$36,000) on its opening day, and was the second-largest opening that week, following "Frozen 2", which earned $9.92 million.  Critical reception to the film was mostly muted. Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Elizabeth Kerr described the film as "a technically proficient but unemotional rescue drama." Wendy Ide wrote in "Screen International", "Like the cave rescue itself, the film isn't the disaster it easily could have been. But it's far from achieving an equivalent triumph." According to the "Bangkok Post" Kong Rithdee, the story "feels thin and depthless at times," but ultimately, the film "justifies its existence quite sufficiently."  In Thailand, a minor plot point, where pump manufacturer Nopadol's efforts were initially hampered by bureaucratic requirements, generated heated online discussion. Also, Governor Narongsak Osottanakorn, who lead the rescue operation, criticized Waller for not representing the entire operation, as well as for making "jokes that attack the works of Thai civil servants". Waller countered that the Governor should not have criticized without first seeing the film.

The Cave (known in Thai as Nang Non, ) is a 2019 Thai action-drama film about the 2018 Tham Luang cave rescue in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, written and directed by Tom Waller and co-produced by Waller and Allen Liu. The story is written from the points of view of several individuals involved in the rescue operation, and features cave diver Jim Warny and others as themselves. The film premiered at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival, and was released in Thailand on 21 November.


Biography.

Jabbeh Wesley was born in Monrovia, the capital city of Liberia. She then returned to her familial village of Tugbakeh in the Maryland region for boarding school, where she learned the Grebo language after first learning English. She attained her BA at the University of Liberia, her MS at Indiana University, and her PhD at Western Michigan University.  Jabbeh Wesley is the author of five books of poetry: When the Wanderers Come Home, (University of Nebraska Press), Where the Road Turns (Autumn House Press), The River is Rising (Autumn House Press), Becoming Ebony (Southern Illinois University Press) and Before the Palm Could Bloom: Poems of Africa (New Issues Press). She is also the author of a children's book, In Monrovia, The River Visits the Sea.  She joined the nonprofit organization Writing For Peace because her career in writing "has been about giving voice to the voiceless in a world constantly at war." She also operates her own popular blog, "Patricia Jabbeh Wesley's International Blog on Poetry for Peace," in which she tries to get readers to think "about the things that bother the world."

Influences and themes.

Although identifying herself as African, Liberian, and Grebo, she has also been shaped by Western influences. She acknowledges and accepts her hybridity of cultures as part of her identity while still calling herself a "a strong Africanist, believing in the values I was taught as an African Child." Her poetry's attitude shifts between critical, bemused, revelatory, celebratory, and mournful, as she discusses both her American and Liberian lives. Jabbeh Wesley constantly makes the reader aware of her exile. The vantage point of being an outsider to both the United States and postwar Liberian cultures permits a wide-awake honesty and fresh analysis of cultures, politics, gender relations, and attitudes.  Jabbeh Wesley has had numerous strong mothers, including her grandmother, mother, stepmother, her polygamous father's head wife, and her mother-in-law. Even though the Grebo culture is mostly patriarchal, "it is in reality a matriarchal society, where the women figures have their place as the strong pillars of community and society. Mothers are important because they actually are in charge of the homes, the children, etc., and sometimes of business."  Jabbeh Wesley survived the Liberian Civil War, the event that influences and inspires most of her work. She is Christian, and her work incorporates and refers frequently to biblical themes and passages.

Personal life.

She currently lives with her family in west-central Pennsylvania and has taught at Pennsylvania State University and Indiana University of Pennsylvania. She is a mother, raising the next generation of Liberian children far from the coast of Western Africa.

Publications.

Recent reviews/scholarly articles, books/interviews.

https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/activist-spotlight-poet-patricia-jabbeh-wesley/  https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/patricia-jabbeh-wesley  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eZeb8b4qVs  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFLLrR06NSs  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmc9BPgH3UE  http://www.centreforafricanpoetry.org/magazine/interviews/patricia-jabbeh-wesley/  http://news.psu.edu/story/164679/2010/09/20/english-professors-poem-chosen-newspaper-column-and-magazine  http://mmofraghana.org/uncategorized/march-poem-get-out-of-here-boys/attachment/pjwesley  http://www.calvin.edu/news/2003-04/wesley.htm  https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/interdisciplinary_literary_studies/v016/16.2.eze.pdf  http://galatearesurrection24.blogspot.com/2015/05/two-books-by-patricia-jabbeh-wesley.html  http://www.halherring.com/files/PDF/Interviews/DreamingofHome.pdf  http://allafrica.com/stories/201410151808.html  http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/interview-with-liberian-prize-winning-poet-professor-patricia-jabbeh-wesley  http://www.iup.edu/magazine/page.aspx?id=43085  http://chqdaily.com/tag/patricia-jabbeh-wesley/  http://weekendamerica.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/11/29/bringing_poetry_home  http://www.eng.ntnu.edu.tw/files/writing/1921_c2ba4bfc.pdf  http://news.psu.edu/story/141051/2005/11/02/research/surviving-war-and-living-again

Patricia Jabbeh Wesley is an award-winning Liberan (African Diaspora) poet and writer and Associate Professor of English and Creative Writing at Penn State University. She is a Liberian Civil War survivor who immigrated to the United States with her family in 1991, and the author of five books of poetry.


Description.

"H.aurescens" ranges in size from 11 to 12 cm, with an average weight of about 6.2g. This is a sexually dimorphic species with minor differences in plumage and bill lengths between sexes. Both sexes have a narrow frontlet of glittering purplish-blue which is underdeveloped in immature individuals. The bill, black to dark coloured is “unspecialised” being relatively short and straight; while the irises are brown and tarsus black. The tail is forked with the central pair of feathers bronze-green while the other tail feathers have chestnut edges and bronze-green tips. Undertail coverts are a deep fawn colour and wings are purplish-brown. It is noted that there is some variation in plumage for this species, but these differences do not relate to location and is minimal when considering the wide range.  Specimens examined by Peter Cotton had an average wing length of 60.5mm and exposed culmen length of 18.5mm. Gould's original specimen had a bill of 2.5 cm and tail length of 31.75mm. The average c-value of the genome is 1.1135pg based on four specimens ranging from 1.045-1.162pg.  Males have shining grass green upperparts with the sides of the neck and lower throat glittering golden green bordered by a distinctive orange/rufous breast band. The chin, lores and upper throat are velvety black while the rest of the underparts are shining green. Females appear generally similar to the male but are somewhat duller coloured and have a green crown. They have a slightly larger bill than the male (with a Lovich-Gibbons ratio of 0.030). The chin feathers have buff tips and the throat is greyish with green discs. Females also feature a malar stripe (from the base of the bill towards the neck) which is buff to chestnut coloured.

Systematics and taxonomy.

"Heliodoxa aurescens" is one of nine species in the genus "Heliodoxa" (the “Brilliants”). It was first described by John Gould in 1846 who named it "Trochilus aurescens". It was later placed in the monotypic genus "Polyplancta", however this was challenged as early as 1951 by Zimmer who suggested that it belonged in "Heliodoxa". Some ornithologists thought it to be closely related to the Brazilian Ruby ("Clytolaema rubricauda") and sometimes placed it in "Clytolaema". Due to the absence of any synapomorphies in either grouping, it remained in "Polyplancta" until 1989 when morphological data indicated the species is embedded in "Heliodoxa"; a finding confirmed by subsequent research. These studies indicate it is closely related to the Black-throated brilliant ("H.schreibersii"), and may have evolved in parapatry to the Velvet-browed brilliant ("H.xanthogonys").

Distribution.

The exact distribution of "H.aurescens" is not known, but considered unusual since the other members of the genus have very narrow or restricted ranges, often at higher elevations in the Andes. It is widely distributed at elevations from 250m to 1150m and has been reported at elevations as high as 1450m. The northern boundary of the range is in southern Venezuela, which continues south through central Ecuador and Peru. The southern boundary is located in Bolivia. It occupies a large area of north-western Brazil where the eastern boundary of the range is found in the State of Para.  There have been several incidents of range expansion since the species was first described. Gould suggested the range was probably east of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (in Zimmer). The Venezuelan population was first encountered in 1941. At this time, the southern boundary was considered to be La Pampa in Peru but "H.aurescens" was detected in Bolivia in 1984 and in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso in 2004. Otherwise the species is considered sedentary.

Habitat.

"H.aurescens" is typically found in the understorey of lowland humid tropical forests, particularly near streams, and only rarely at forest edges. In Brazil it has been observed in tall forest impacted by logging, seen feeding at flowers in the canopy of “a small patch of semi-deciduous forest surrounded by terra firme”. Cotton observed it in both varzea forest and terra firme but not in riverine vegetation. Another Brazilian study found them in terra firme in both the wet and dry seasons but in várzea only during the dry season.  In a one-year survey in Columbia "H.aurescens" was found only in old secondary growth and never in young secondary growth or undisturbed understory; but was observed in primary forest in a later survey. It has been found both in mature floodplain forest and terra firme in Peru.

Diet.

Like most hummingbirds, "H.aurescens" is primarily nectarivous supplementing the diet with small arthropods hawked from the air. Little is known about the specific diet but they have been observed feeding on "Bromeliads" such as "Bromelia balansae" and "Costus" sp. in Brazil. 53% of specimens examined in 1986 had traces of arthropods in the gut. While typically a generalist understorey species, they have been observed feeding from flowers in tall trees; and visiting feeding stations in Ecuador, where they showed some aggression towards other birds in the area. An extensive study on feeding guilds in Brazilian hummingbirds indicated that "H.aurescens" was not generally territorial but they were omitted from the analysis of food plant use due to there being too few observations, with only three specimens netted in a two-year survey.

Reproduction.

Very little is known of the reproductive biology. Breeding is thought to occur between June and September with a clutch of two eggs incubated by the female. Two descriptions of female specimens indicate their gonads are well developed in February and April; but a single male specimen obtained in February had “small” gonads.

Conservation status.

"H.aurescens" is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. There are suggestions the species is in decline but not at a rate which warrants classification as endangered. Numerous studies indicate the species is present but uncommon, with many long term studies only producing small numbers of observations (E.G. Cotton 1998, Lees et al., 2013) A density of 1 individual per 100 hectares was determined in Peru when only one individual was observed in a 100Ha study site in a three-month survey.

Gould's jewelfront ("Heliodoxa aurescens") is a medium-sized hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in tropical and equatorial South America. This is an uncommon species with an unusually large range compared to the other members of "Heliodoxa".


History.

Its name meaning "Meeting of the Waters" in the language of the area's original Potawatomi inhabitants, Channahon is located at the confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers, where they form the Illinois River. The Illinois and Michigan Canal (including several locks) runs through most of the village, where it is fed by the water of the DuPage River. The local Channahon State Park celebrates the region's unique geographical history.  Later in the 19th century, a railroad line that eventually came under the control of the Santa Fe Railroad was laid through the eastern portions of the township, but no railroad actually passed through the village itself. In the late 1920s, U.S. Highway 6 came through Channahon; Interstates 80 and 55 followed in the 1960s (although I-80 runs approximately two miles to the north of the village limits).  The Village of Channahon grew along the I & M Canal at the intersection of three rivers (i.e., DuPage, Des Plaines, and Kankakee Rivers.) An early archaeological excavation in the 1900s unearthed mound remnants that pointed to three to four thousand years of history. The Potawatomie Indians named this area and called it Channahon, which means "meeting of the waters". The Potawatomie Indians solely inhabited this area until white settlers began to settle here in 1832.  In 1836, construction began on the I & M Canal and Channahon became the site for one of the locks that were needed along the waterway. The village itself was laid out by Myrvin Benjamin, and for a while it was called DuPage, after the river that cut through the area. In the 1840s, the name of the area became Swifton, after the I & M Canal board president. This area continued to thrive until the railroad replaced inland boat travel, which caused business to decline. In the early 1900s, the automobile began to emerge as a new form of transportation. In June 1908, the owner of an automobile planned to sue the village after their automobile plummeted into the Du Page River due to a bridge failure. According to legend, this incident was one of the factors in the decision of the village fathers to discard an earlier established corporate charter.  In 1962, the area was once again incorporated as the village of Channahon. Serious development finally began in the 1970s, as the village's proximity to two trunk line interstates resulted in both industrial growth (a Mobil oil refinery, two petrochemicals plants, a gigantic soybean oil production facility, CenterPoint Intermodal Center to the east in Elwood, Illinois, numerous warehouses to the east in both Elwood and Joliet, Illinois, including Amazon (company), Walmart distribution centers, and Cargill) and residential development. The vill age also saw an influx of population from eastern Kentucky in the wake of the closure of many of that area's coal mines.  A major natural gas pipeline to the Chicago area from Canada had its southern terminus built in Channahon in 2000.  Channahon, once a farming community, has developed into an affluent suburb of Chicago.

Park District.

Formed in 1971, the Channahon Park District maintains numerous parks, facilities and plans a variety of programs and activities for all ages throughout the year.  The Park District is governed by an elected Board of Commissioners, and employs over 200 staff.  The boundaries of the Channahon Park District include all of the Village of Channahon; unincorporated areas in Channahon Township; and the portions of the Village of Minooka in Will County serving more than 20,000 residents.  The Channahon Park District operates Heritage Bluffs Public Golf Club. Heritage Crossing Field House features two gymnasiums, a three lane, eight lap to the mile indoor track, and Dimensions Fitness Center. Arrowhead Community Center houses Park District offices and indoor program space, including a dance/aerobics studio, two racquetball courts, and the popular Fun-N-Learn Preschool Program.  The Park District has over of public parks. Major facilities include Community Park, and Central Park. These locations include lighted sports fields, winding trails, playgrounds and beautiful picnic space. Community Park includes a Disc Golf course and a scenic trail system. Central Park is the home of SK8 Zone skate park and serves as the location for the community's annual Three Rivers Festival. Neighborhood parks are currently located in 16 areas, with five new locations planned.

Geography.

Channahon is located at.  According to the 2010 census, Channahon has a total area of, of which (or 91.31%) is land and (or 8.69%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,344 people, 2,279 households, and 1,989 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,019.0 people per square mile (393.3/km2). There were 2,346 housing units at an average density of 325.5 per square mile (125.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.22% White, 0.42% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.27% Asian, none Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 3.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 2,279 households out of which 50.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.7% were non-families. 10.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 3.47.  In the village, the population was spread out with 32.8% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $118,501; making it the 77th wealthiest city in Illinois.

Government.

Channahon is run by a Village Board of Trustees. The current President of the Board of Trustees is Missey Schumacher (elected in April 2015). At the county level, Will County residents are located within Board District 6, and are represented by Don Gould (R-Shorewood) and Joe VanDuyne (D-Wilmington). Grundy County residents are part of Board District 2, and they are represented by Chris Balkema (R), Debra Jo Kinsella (R), Lana Phillips (D), Eric Rasmusson (R), Greg Ridenour (R), and Deb Warning (R). In the Illinois State Senate, Channahon is represented by:  In the Illinois House of Representatives, Channhon is represented by: Channahon School District 17 is governed by a locally elected, seven-member Board of Education: Joe Pope (President), Derek Breen (Vice President), Julie Bankes (Secretary), Christine Bucciarelli, Patricia Clower, Brandt Compton, and Kevin Murphy. School board members are volunteers and are elected to four-year terms in April of odd-numbered years. They receive no monetary compensation for attending meetings and spending countless additional hours working to provide the best educational environment for children while working to maintain a balanced budget. The Board of Education has control over local school matters, subject to limitations imposed by state and federal law. The Board of Education also sets educational goals and policies for the schools based on state laws and community values.  At the federal level, Channahon is represented by: Senators Dick Durbin (D-Illinois), Tammy Duckworth (D-Illinois), and Representative Adam Kinzinger (R-16th District).

Channahon is a village in Grundy and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 12,560 at the 2010 census. Located in a rural area southwest of Joliet, Illinois, most of the village is within Channahon Township in Will County. The current village president is Missey Moorman Schumacher.