Biography.

Early life and education.

Andrei Sergeevich Smirnov was born on 12 March 1941 in Moscow to the family of writer Sergei Smirnov - author of books about the defenders of the Brest Fortress.  When the young man studied in the seventh grade, the family moved to Maryina roshcha District, where Andrei continued his studies in a special French school.  After finishing school, he was accepted at the directing department of VGIK, Mikhail Romm's workshop. He graduated in 1962.

Career.

As a director, he made his debut with the war film "The Land of the Earth" (1964, together with Boris Yashin) based on the story of the same name by Grigory Baklanov.  Andrei Smirnov's first great success came when he directed the 1971 drama film "Belorussian Station", which showed the psychological atmosphere of events closely intertwined with the memory of the Great Patriotic War.  In his next film, "Autumn" (1974), he turned to the theme of love, with an unusual for that time boldness about the relationship between the thirty-year-old man and woman.  After the film "Faith and Truth" (1979), devoted to different stages of the construction of Moscow, Smirnov decided to leave the filmmaking. The reason was the criticism of various authorities and dissatisfaction with his own work.  Smirnov began to work mainly as a screenwriter and playwright. His play "My Own" in 1985 was staged by the Moscow Satire Theatre.  He wrote screenplays for the films "Sentimental Journey to Potatoes" (1986), "I Did Everything I Could" (1986), and also the episodes "The Medicine of Fear" in the second season of television series "Beyond the Wolves" (2004).  In the 1990s, Smirnov staged television performances, television concerts, and theater productions. Among them - "Dinner" in the Moscow Art Theatre - Theater-Studio O. Tabakov (1994), "A Month in the Country" in Comédie-Française (1997).  In 2011, he returned to filmmaking and made a national drama "Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman", acting simultaneously as a screenwriter and producer. The picture was recognized as the best film of the year according to the Russian cinema award Nika. It also received four more Nika prizes - for the best script work, best female role, best supporting actor and for the best work of the costume designer.  Andrei Smirnov as an actor starred in a number of notable roles. Among his works - the main roles in the films "Chernov" (1990) by Sergei Yursky, "His Wife's Diary" (2000) by Alexei Uchitel, "Fathers and Sons" (2008) by Avdotya Smirnova and "Elena" (2011) by Andrey Zvyagintsev. Smirnov also starred in the series "The Right to Defense" (2002), "The Idiot" (2003), "The Instructor" (2003), "Moscow Saga" (2004), "The First Circle" (2006), "The Apostle" (2008) ), "Heavy Sand" (2008), "Churchill" (2009), "The Thaw" (2013), "Black Cats" (2013), etc.  Andrei Smirnov was engaged in public activities. In 1988-1990, he was Acting First Secretary of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR.  Between 1987-1995 he was the artistic director of the studio "Debut".  He taught at the High Courses for Scriptwriters and Film Directors.

Personal life.

Andrei Smirnov is married with a second marriage to Honored Artist of Russia Elena Prudnikova. His first wife was actress Natalia Rudnaya. Smirnov has two daughters from his first marriage - Avdotya and Alexander, from the second - daughter Aglaya and son Alexey. Avdotya (Dunya) Smirnova - a well-known screenwriter and director, was the host of the television program "School of Slander". Andrei acted in her films "The Mania of Giselle", "His Wife's Diary" (Avdotya is credited as screenwriter), "Fathers and Sons", "Two Days".

Andrei Sergeyevich Smirnov (; born 12 March 1941, Moscow) is a Russian actor and film director who is known for directing the films "Angel" (1967), "Belarus Station" (1973) and "Autumn" (1974). He was a member of the jury at the 38th Berlin International Film Festival in 1988. In 2003 he was awarded the title of People's Artist of Russia.


History.

A post office called Pilot Mound has been in operation since 1865. The post office antedates the town's existence. Pilot Mound was laid out as a town in 1881. The community took its name from a prominent summit which affords a clear view of the surrounding area.

Geography.

Pilot Mound is located at (42.162554, -94.014372).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land. Bluff Creek flows near the town site.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 173 people, 83 households, and 47 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 99 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 96.0% White, 2.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, and 1.2% from two or more races.  There were 83 households of which 20.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 3.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.4% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 18% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.68.  The median age in the city was 51.9 years. 15% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 34.1% were from 45 to 64; and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.6% male and 47.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 214 people, 96 households, and 55 families living in the city. The population density was 225.6 people per square mile (87.0/km2). There were 102 housing units at an average density of 107.5 per square mile (41.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.53% White and 0.47% Native American.  There were 96 households out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.79.  In the city, the population was spread out with 20.1% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $29,750, and the median income for a family was $35,313. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $22,031 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,414. About 4.9% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 14.5% of those sixty five or over.

Education.

Pilot Mound is a part of the Southeast Webster-Grand Community School District, established on July 1, 2005 by the merger of the Grand Community School District and the Southeast Webster Community School District.

External links.

Pilot Mound is a city in Pilot Mound Township, Boone County, Iowa, United States. The population was 173 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Boone, Iowa Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the larger Ames-Boone, Iowa Combined Statistical Area.


Combat chronicle.

The 115th Infantry Division initially fought on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line in the Artois in April 1915, fighting in the Second Battle of Artois, and then moving to the Aisne region. On July 30, the division left the line and was transported to the Eastern Front, arriving in August and entering the line in the siege of Kovno. It participated in the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive and was in the line until November 1916, when it went to the Romanian Front. It fought on the Romanian front into late 1917, and then remained in Romania for several months after the armistice on that front. In April 1918, the division was transported back to the Western Front. After a period in reserve and on the Belgian/Dutch border, it entered combat in June 1916 in the Champagne region. It remained in the Champagne, Verdun and Woëvre regions and then fought against the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.

Order of battle on formation.

The 115th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on April 3, 1915, was as follows:

Late-war order of battle.

The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on February 1, 1918, was as follows:

The 115th Infantry Division ("115. Infanterie-Division") was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on April 2, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.


History.

SCUBA Diving International, launched in 1998 or 1999, is the sister organization of Technical Diving International. SDI was created by dive professionals from the technical diving field. This gives the organization the perspective of teaching recreational diving through the lens of experienced technical diving.  SDI's philosophy is to improve recreational scuba diving training, enhancing older diving practices by incorporating new diving technology and emphasizing safety. The curriculum is set up to take divers from the beginner level to instructor level and structures its courses around a logged dive and specialty course approach. Divers who progress through SDI's recreational diving courses are then in a position to advance to technical diving with the courses offered by Technical Diving International.

Training.

Whereas TDI and ERDI (the two sister companies of SDI) handle technical diving courses and emergency personnel courses respectively, SDI covers the recreational aspect of diving by offering the following courses:  SDI requires students to have access to a modern dive computer on all dives during training from the very start.  SDI is also unusual amongst recreational diver training organisations in that it recognises solo diving as part of recreational diving, and offers a special training course relating to it. Most major recreational diver training organisations mandate diving with a "buddy" at all times.

Entry Level Courses.

These courses are meant for people interested in taking the first steps towards Scuba diving:

Specialty Courses.

Advanced Diver Development Program - The aim of this program is for the diver to experience four different specialties to improve comfort level and skills in the water. To qualify as an advanced diver a minimum of 25 logged dives, which may include training dives, is required. These courses are for already certified divers, independent of their skill level, who wish to expand their knowledge of a specific area of interest:

Advanced Courses.

These courses are for already certified divers, wishing to further progress on their certification level:

Professional Courses.

The courses below are considered professional courses as they allow the diver to engage in appropriate paid work:

EUF Certification.

The SDI and the TDI training systems obtained CEN certification from the EUF certification body in 2006 with certificate number "S EUF CB 2006002", and is currently certified until 2022.

Corporate affiliates.

Scuba Diving International is one of the subsidiaries of International Training whose group includes Emergency Response Diving International, First Response Training International, Performance Freediving International and Technical Diving International.

Scuba Diving International (SDI) is a Scuba training and certification agency. It is the recreational arm of Technical Diving International, a technical diver training organization.


Biography.

Alexandre François Augustin Liautard was born on 15 February 1835 at 33 rue Neuve-Saint- Augustin, now rue Saint-Augustin, in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Jean-François Liautard, a locksmith contractor, and Charlotte Gabrielle Héloïse Vives, born in Paris, and who died in 1841 when Alexandre Liautard was only five years old. He had two sisters. His maternal uncle Étienne Gabriel Vives was a veterinarian in the military profession.

Veterinary studies.

In 1851, Alexandre Liautard was accepted as pupil at the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort. In 1855, his father died and, five days later, Alexandre was expelled from Alfort « for a very serious breach of discipline » the subject of which is unknown. In addition, he had been unable to take the exams at the end of the first semester, due to illness. After halting his studies for several months he was admitted to the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse where he finished his fourth year and obtained his diploma in 1856.

Veterinary practitioner in New-York.

His activities between 1856 and 1859 remain unknown. His award certificate for the Legion of Honor mentions three years of military service, and although this was initially quoted by Lester Crawford an investigation carried out at the Service historique de l'armée de terre (Army history department) in France did not find any mention of his name. In addition, the military service period was six years at that time, and in accordance with the Gouvion-Saint-Cyr law, admission was by recruitment or by random draw. It is therefore most likely that Liautard drew a "good number" and was not recruited.  He arrived at New York in 1859 where he settled and quickly opened a veterinary clinic. The city was in full expansion at that time, despite the Civil War which began in 1861. Developments were not only economic but also occurring at the university level. Fifteen universities were created during this wartime period, including Cornell, Swarthmore College and the MIT. Minds were also open to the creation of professional colleges.  At the beginning of Liautard’s career in New York, very few American veterinarians possessed diplomas and all those who did had received veterinary training in Europe. Many « horse doctors » were simply farriers. It was in this context that Liautard was able to establish himself in New York, despite the inevitable difficulties of acclimatizing to a new culture and working in a language foreign to him. He settled in the centre of New York City, at 215, Lexington Avenue. At the same time, he acquired the diploma of medical doctor (doctor in medicine) at the University Medical College, now the New York University School of Medicine. The intense activity that he deployed as a practitioner during his forty years of professional life in the United States enabled him to become very affluent, even wealthy, judging by his real estate acquisitions on his return to France in 1900. Above all, it provided him with the means to finance his undertakings in veterinary education and publishing in the United States.  To emphasize the extent of the market open to the veterinary profession, Liautard periodically published, in the American Veterinary Review, statistics on American livestock and meat exports which he compared with those of the main European countries and their imports. Horses were extremely important in towns at that time, due to the use of horse-drawn vehicles.

Importance of the equine population in the United States.

The end of the 19th century marked the heyday of the horse. Long considered as the century of steam and railways, the 19th century was above all an equine century. Rail transport and horse-drawn transport were complementary. During the Gilded Age the equine population in the United States rose from 7 million in 1860 to 25 million in 1900. Although town horses only represented 11 to 12% of this population, their importance in urban development was considerably greater. In 1900, the average density was 426 horses per square mile in the 46 largest cities of the United States, and 500 in New York City and Chicago. In 1900, horses lived and worked in Manhattan, in Chicago, and in Philadelphia. In 1879, the New York Times wrote : « "New York must move on wheels, the whole population must drive...This is obviously a « stable city" ».  Horse-drawn vehicles in the streets of New York, 1880-1900

Family life and return to France.

In New York, Alexandre Lieutard married Emily Joséphine Stouvenel the daughter of French immigrants to New-York. Their only daughter, Marie-Louise was born in 1864 in New York where she was brought up. In 1890, she married Octave Boyer who had come to New York to set up a branch of the Grande Maison de Blanc, a luxury Brussels store in Opéra district of Paris. The New York store on Fifth avenue was closed down in the 1960s. In 1900, when Octave Boyer was made director of the Grande Maison de Blanc, boulevard des Capucines, in Paris, Alexandre Liautard retired and returned to France with his wife, then confined to a wheelchair due to cerebral infarction, and with his daughter and son-in-law. It seems that Liautard was too attached to his daughter to let her leave without him. They lived in a vast apartment on the fourth floor of a luxury building at 14, avenue de l'Opéra.  Although no longer a practitioner, Liautard continued to develop numerous activities. As honorary dean of New York American Veterinary College, he kept up extensive correspondence from France with his American colleagues and continued to write editorials for his American Veterinary Review. He took part in the meetings of the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine which, in 1928 and thanks to Emmanuel Leclainche, became the Veterinary Academy of France (Académie vétérinaire de France). He became its president in 1911. From 1914 onwards he provided financial support for the activities of the Commission for Relief in Belgium initiated by Herbert Hoover (who would later become President of the United States), to provide aid to German-occupied Belgium. In 1911, he purchased a small 19th century chateau, La Mare aux Cerfs, at Bois-Jérôme-Saint-Ouen, near to Vernon, in the Eure. It was there that he died on April 18th 1918 following a heart attack.

Work and achievements.

Although Alexandre Liautard remains little known in France, he is famous and recognized by the veterinary world of the United States as a dominant figure in the history of the American veterinary profession. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), in 2013, an article in the association’s journal, the JAVMA, dated January 1st 2013, described him as one of the 12 most famous figures in the history of the American veterinary profession and, during that year, devoted the first of the twelve biographies of founders published by the journal, to him: « Dr Alexandre Francois Liautard, the father of the American veterinary profession, almost single-handedly transformed the uneducated, disorganized veterinarians of the United States into a learned profession. He founded two veterinary schools that served as the blueprints for veterinary education as it exists today. He also helped establish the AVMA and was the first editor of its Journal. »

« Entrepreneur » of veterinary education, founder and dean of the veterinary school.

In the United States (as in Great Britain) but unlike France, the first veterinary schools were private enterprises. Like the universities to which they are attached, many still are today. The first American Veterinary colleges, recognized legally as such, were created between 1850 and 1860 at Philadelphia, Boston and New York City. Today, the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1879, the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (PennVet) founded in 1884, the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine founded in 1885, and the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1894, are the four oldest American veterinary establishments still functioning. For the record, the French veterinary schools of Lyon and Alfort were founded in 1761 and 1765, respectively, the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse was created in 1825 and inaugurated in 1835 and the Royal Veterinary College of London in 1791. The first Principal of this latter was a French veterinarian, Charles Vial de Saint Bel, who trained at the Veterinary School of Lyon.

The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons.

The first three American veterinary colleges at Philadelphia, Boston and New York were not successful and did not last long. The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, founded in 1857 by Dr John Busteed (1815-1876), a doctor of Irish origin, is considered as the veritable precursor of veterinary teaching in the United States, but the establishment had to close down in 1859, due to lack of pupils. Dr Busteed did not abandon his project and reorganized his school in 1862. Liautard had been in New York since 1860 and had already set up premises at 205 Lexington Avenue. His notoriety must have already been well-established and his position sufficiently secure for him to be able to house this college in his own building, by private arrangement, where it opened in 1864. He was a member of the teaching staff and continued his activity as practitioner on the premises, which remained his property. Doctors formed part of the teaching staff. In 1870, Busteed retired and Liautard succeeded him as president of the teaching body. The establishment was directed by a board of trustees. In 1875, dissension arose within the board of trustees. All the teaching staff resigned and followed Liautard who founded his own school: the « American Veterinary College ».  The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons continued to function as best it could and finished by merging in 1899 with the American Veterinary College directed by Liautard. He trained a total of 292 graduate veterinary surgeons. In the meantime, some teachers left to create the « Columbia Veterinary College » which lasted from 1878 to 1884 and trained a total of 82 graduates.

The American Veterinary College.

In April 1875, two months after closure of the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, the American Veterinary College opened as a private establishment under the direction of Liautard, in a new building that he had purchased at 141 West 54th Street. Both the College and veterinary clinic were owned by Liautard who taught and had a practice there until his retirement and return to France in 1900. The College rapidly became very famous, mainly due to the personal genius of Liautard on all fronts, not only as a teacher and reputed clinician, but also as manager and remarkable organizer of a professional network of former pupils he had trained, and with whom he corresponded and supported through his journal, the « American Veterinary Review ». In April 1887, Liautard wrote: The clinical activities of the Hospital Department of the American Veterinary College were published annually; in 1887 he summarized the 12 previous years as follows :  It is remarkable that, throughout this entire period, all these results were obtained by self-financing with hardly any external support. Nevertheless, Liautard’s ambitions to develop his school would require such support, if not as aid from the public authorities, at least as private contributions, in accordance with the American culture favoring private initiative, and it was to these that he appealed in 1887. He relied on the results of the American Veterinary College and on a favorable editorial published by the New York Herald, then the most widely-read newspaper in the United States, from which Liautard reproduced the following extracts in the American Veterinary Review ː Between 1875 and 1899, the American Veterinary College trained 629 graduates.

Liautard and the creation of new veterinary colleges.

More than his own professional success, which was certainly fundamental but above all provided the means to satisfy his ambitions, Liautard’s grand project was to create or encourage the emergence of an organized American veterinary profession, recognized professionally and scientifically like the medical profession. He considered the Union territory sufficiently vast for other initiatives like his to be developed in other States and encouraged all of them provided that the professional standard, which he never ceased to promote, was respected.  His relationship with James Law, another great name in the history of American veterinary medicine, is highly instructive in this respect. James Law, a veterinarian of Scottish origin, was recruited by Ezra Cornell to provide veterinary teaching in the specialized University of Agronomy that he had founded at Ithaca, now Cornell University, in New York State. In 1894, James Law was responsible for creating the College of veterinary medicine within this private university, even though the American Veterinary College existed in the same State, in New York City, in Manhattan. Liautard opened the columns of his Journal to Law and supported his teaching and university projects, provided that they ultimately resulted in a college of veterinary medicine which applied the same statutes and professional standards to train veterinarians as those laid down for the American Veterinary College, and that in no case would it be a question of training empirics ː To which Law vigorously defended himself in the American Veterinary Review, explaining his vision and project which already corresponded to the demands of Research-linked higher education and received support for this from the public authorities. Many former pupils of Liautard taught at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine and in veterinary colleges in other States of the Union. James Law was the first veterinary professor of an American university and greatly improved the scientific standard of veterinary training.

« Triumph and Tragedy : The Story of Law and Liautard ».

« "Triumph and Tragedy : The Story of Law and Liautard" » : It is in these terms that Donald Smith, who was dean of Cornell Veterinary College from 1997 to 2007, described the relationship between Liautard and Law, a « "triumph" » for Law who saw the fruition of his life’s work, in the creation of Cornell Veterinary College, which was ranked first of the 30 veterinary schools in the United States, and therefore first in the world, right from the beginning until just a few years ago, before being dethroned by that of Davis, in California. And yet a « "tragedy" », in the opinion of dean Smith, who considered Liautard’s strategic vision to have a major veterinary school in the university world of New York City, rather than in the countryside of Ithaca, was the better one

Integration of the Veterinary Colleges into the university system.

In 1899, the American Veterinary College merged with the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons to form the New York American Veterinary College, of which Liautard was dean. At the same time the college became part of the University of New York, (a private university), thereby satisfying Liautard’s expectations who considered the insertion of veterinary training into the American university systemn, like all American establishments of higher education, self-evident. This attachment was a prerequisite to obtaining the hoped-for aid, as the New York State Veterinary College, from the State of New York, just like the veterinary College of Cornell set up in 1894 within Cornell University, (a private university). According to T.F. Jones, New York University historian, « "the Veterinary School was, from its beginning, hampered by a meagreness of resources that was relieved only by the self-sacrifice of an enthusiastic faculty" ». Accreditation of the New York American Veterinary College as the New York State Veterinary College would have made it possible to hope that « "the metropolitan school would receive the same financial support from the Albany Assembly as that of its rural sister college at Ithaca" » but Liautard retired and returned to France in 1900. This objective was attained in 1913.  The 50th anniversary of the American Veterinary Medical Association celebrated in 1913 was the occasion to remember Liautard’s contribution to American veterinary medicine and to re-deliver the toasting speech made to him by Rush S. Huidekoper during the 25th anniversary of the American Veterinary College ː

Closure of New York University New York State Veterinary College.

In 1923, New York University New York State Veterinary College was closed down, leaving only the New York State Veterinary College of Cornell University. The severe diminution of the horse population, due to rapid expansion of the automobile, and before being supplanted by the dog as a pet animal, together with the enormous correlated reduction in the number of veterinary candidates (between 1914 and 1924, the number of veterinary students fell by 75 % throughout the Union), contributed to this closure. The decisive element, after death of the College dean, Horace Hoskins, in 1921, was the discontinuation of financial support from the New York State administration for the year 1921-1922, who concentrated their financial support on Cornell College. Thus there is no longer any veterinary college in New York City today.  The two main veterinary colleges in the United States ceased activity at the same time and for the same reasons : the Chicago Veterinary College (1883-1920) which trained graduates, notably for the army, and the Kansas City Veterinary College (1891-1918) which trained, and also the Mc Killip Veterinary College of Chicago (1892-1920), which trained graduates and was associated with enormous clinical activity ( cases treated in 1899). These creations and closures of veterinary colleges constitute an essential trait in the history of veterinary teaching in the United States where 41 veterinary schools were closed down.

Organizer of the American veterinary profession : at the origin of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

In 1863, during a local meeting of veterinarians at Philadelphia, Robert Jennings (founder of the first college of veterinary medicine at Philadelphia) proposed that a national congress should be held to improve the level of veterinary practice in the United States and for this invited veterinarians including John Busteed (founder of the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons), A.S. Copeman, A. Liautard, and Charles M. Wood. It was decided to meet in NewYork City on June 9, 1863. Colonel Charles A. Stetson, friend and supporter of the veterinary profession, lent them a large room in his hotel, Astor House, then the most prestigious hotel in New York. This first congress assembled 40 delegates representing 7 states : New York (state), Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maine, Ohio and Delaware. The association, entitled the United States Veterinary Medical Association, was created on June 10, 1863. Liautard was elected secretary. Aged 28 at that time, he had been living in America for only three years and was already considered as one of the profession’s most prominent figures. He would go on to be the president in 1874-1875, 1875-1876 and 1886-8732. In 1907, after retiring to France in 1900, Liautard wrote in the American Veterinary Review : Each time that the occasion presented itself, and in terms of encouragement, Liautard never omitted to emphasize the strong points of American veterinary medicine as compared with European veterinary medicine, including that of France.  In 1898, the United States Veterinary Medical Association became the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). In 1913, during the 50th anniversary meeting of the Association, held at New York, on September 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, at the Hotel Astor, Dr Hoskins rendered a resounding tribute to « "the father of the profession" » who had had to remain in France with his wife : During the inaugural session, the speech that Liautard had sent in was read, in which he retraced the history of the association.  Today the AVMA is a powerful professional organization and has more than members divided between the different professional groups, freelance veterinarians, the Administration, Teaching and Research, Industry etc. Its headquarters are at Shaumburg in Illinois.

Liautard, journalist and editor ː the American Veterinary Review.

On March 20, 1876, the USMVA, which preceded the American Veterinary Medical Association, launched publication of the American Veterinary Review. Alexandre Liautard was made chief writer, a post that he occupied until 1900, he was also the editor. In 1881, the Association donated it to him, in recognition of the work he had accomplished for the Review and for the profession. According to J. Fred Smithcors, the American veterinary profession historian, by taking over control of the Review, he was then able to express his ideas and his professional development program « totally independently » :  Liautard, owner of the Journal, made it a vector for the propositions that he put forward and developed in all fields of activity in the veterinary profession, current or yet to come. He also used it as a weapon, with his concise and potent editorials, in which he was prompt to denounce anything that seemed, to him, an obstacle to the common good, the national interest or professional ethics.

Organizing the profession.

Amongst his numerous and varied professional undertakings, particular mention must be made of those concerning veterinary public health and defense of the veterinary diploma :

Veterinary public health.

As early as 1880, during an outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Liautard urged the federal government and the States within the Union to set up a health program for the control of infectious diseases. In 1881, he demanded the creation of State veterinarians. This epidemic was so serious that it resulted in an embargo by the British government prohibiting the export of American cattle to Great Britain and Canada. In 1883, this embargo led the federal authorities to create a veterinary service within the USDA, to eradicate the disease, entrusting its direction to Daniel Elmer Salmon who, in 1884, made it the Bureau of Animal Industry. Liautard strongly encouraged his students to become involved or take a position in this newly created public service and would, if necessary, defend them. Thus in 1889, he spoke out vehemently against what he called the « political guillotine » used on public service veterinarians, victims of the spoils system which could result in their dismissal, in response to political changes, without any consideration of their competence.

Regulation of the veterinary diploma.

In 1880, Liautard was the only American representative among the 65 foreign honorary members of the British veterinary evaluation organization, the Council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.  Using this British model as a basis, in January 1882 he devoted an editorial to promote the creation of a College of veterinary surgeons of America in the form of an association of member veterinarians responsible for electing a board of examiners which had the exclusive right to grant a diploma, which would be the only qualification recognized and required to exercise veterinary medicine, and which would require students to take a final exam before this board of examiners.  This project was launched in 1948 with the creation by the AVMA of the National Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners (NBVME), and the commissioning in 1954 of a National Board Examination (NBE). To avoid conflicts of interest, the NBVME is now independent of the AVMA, and has been renamed International Council for Veterinary Assessment (ICVA). In January 1998, a computerized evaluation procedure, the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE®) replaced the NBE

The promotion of scientific advances.

At the same time, the American Veterinary Review served not only for information and professional training but also as a means to diffuse scientific knowledge thanks to contributions by the greatest European scientists working in the field of animal health, such as Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edmond Nocard, Henri Toussaint, Auguste Chauveau etc., whose articles he translated into English.

Support for Pasteur.

In the very first issues of the American Veterinary Review in 1877, Liautard asserted that he was a « rational Pasteurian », adhering to the germ theory of disease, like Henri Bouley, the most illustrious French veterinarian of the time, teacher and practitioner, publishing the latter’s famous lecture at the French Academy of Sciences, May 7th 1877, on the bacterial etiology of anthrax. Through his writings and teaching, he led the entire American veterinary profession to subscribe to this approach, in the same way that the French would do after Bouley, whereas in both the United States and France the medical world would do so much later.

Handover period: the JAVMA.

In 1896, Roscoe R. Bell, former pupil and professor at the American Veterinary College, became co-editor with Liautard. In 1900, Dr Robert W. Ellis became owner of one third of the Journal and was responsible for its management. Liautard continued as senior editor and Bell as editor. In September 1915, the American Veterinary Medical Association purchased the Review and the publication was renamed Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the JAVMA, that we know today as the official periodical of the association of American veterinarians. Liautard, who had retired to France in 1900, continued to contribute to each issue until his death

Personality.

His exceptional energy and capacity for hard work, the charisma exerted by this teacher on his students and former pupils, and the admiration, respect and affection that they accorded him in return, stand out as one reads the proceedings of the meetings and testimonials reported in the American Veterinary Review and the JAVMA.

The impact of Liautard on his pupils and on the veterinarians of his time.

Smithcors writes :

Liautard and American nationality.

In the obituary published in 1918 by the « Société Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire » of which he had been president in 1911, one reads : Nevertheless, despite his remarkable success and perfect integration into American society, Liautard retained his French nationality. In a letter dated September 28, 1902, written from Paris to Henry MacCracken, chancellor of New York University, who had begged Liautard to return to New York to take up the post of dean of New York University New York American Veterinary College, Liautard replied : « the fact that I kept my nationality could raise objections, as was the case when I lived in New York ». Smithcors also mentioned: « Although he lived in the United States for forty years and amassed a small fortune, he never became a citizen. For much of his life here he was referred to affectionately as "Frenchy" by his closest associates - although perhaps not to his face ».

An element of mystery.

The reasons for his expulsion as a pupil from the Veterinary School of Alfort at the beginning of his fourth academic year, for « grave misconduct », after he had already received a reprimand in his 3rd year, remain unknown. But one can easily imagine such a forceful and outspoken character getting into conflict with some of his superiors who were not lucky enough to meet his esteem. It is not impossible that he made them aware of this in the same scathing terms that he would later use in America to stigmatize colleagues who hadn’t either. If this was the case, and knowing the extremely severe disciplinary regulations in French veterinary schools at this time, one can understand the sanction that followed. Liautard does not seem to have borne any grudge against the School of Alfort, and certainly not against the most illustrious figures that were there at that time, notably the director Eugène Renault, and the clinical professor Henri Bouley, to whom he paid tribute on numerous occasions in his Review.  Nor do we dispose of any financial accounts of his professional activity which enabled him to amass a « small fortune » according to Smithcors, but we can guess that he not only exerted powerful leadership within the school, of which he was the owner, but also had the eminent and lucrative position of being the most prominent veterinary practitioner in New York at this time.  His total investment in both his teaching and professional activities, right to the very end of his life, meant that his return to France not only came as a surprise but also created a vacuum that was difficult to fill, to such an extent that, as indicated above, the chancellor of New York University, Henry MacCracken, asked him to return to exercise his function as dean. It has been suggested that Liautard was too attached to his only daughter to agree to be separated from her when she returned to France. His devotion to the end to his wife, now in a state of profound mental impairment, also shows that, at that moment, he chose what he considered to be his family duty after devoting forty years of his life to his profession, even if he continued to serve this latter until the very end of his life.

Distinctions and tributes.

The only French distinctions that Liautard received were those of Knight of the Order of Agricultural Merit and Knight of the Legion of Honor. His Legion of Honor certificate indicates that this was awarded in recognition of services rendered in facilitating the installation of the Pasteur Institute at New York, he was the veterinary consultant. The greatest tribute rendered to Alexandre Liautard is to be honored today, as he was when still alive, and as written on the marker at the Père Lachaise cemetery, as the « Father of the American Veterinary Profession ».

Alexandre François Augustin Liautard was a French veterinarian born on February 15, 1835 in Paris and died April 20, 1918 at Bois-Jérôme-Saint-Ouen, ( Eure, France). After graduating from the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse in 1856, he emigrated to the United States in 1859 to exercise his profession of veterinary practitioner in New York until 1900, when he retired and returned to France. The name of Alexandre Liautard is associated with the beginning of private veterinary education in America. Liautard was the founder and dean of the New York American Veterinary College. He participated in organizing the American Veterinary profession and founded the United States Veterinary Medical Association, now the American Veterinary Medical Association, of which he was for many years a driving force. His name is still cited in the American veterinary press as a dominant figure in the history of the profession for having defined its professional standards and missions, and been a uniting force, and as founder of the American Veterinary Review, now the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA).


Design.

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-959" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-959" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men.

Service history.

On 2 May 1944, "U-959" was sunk by depth charges, south-east of Jan Mayen Island, in the Norwegian Sea, from a British Swordfish of 842 Squadron/K RNFAA from the escort carrier. Her crew of 53 were all lost.  The wreck is located at.

Wolfpacks.

"U-921" took part in two wolfpacks, namely.

German submarine "U-959" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. She was ordered on 5 June 1941, and was laid down on 21 March 1942 at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg, as yard number 159. She was launched on 3 December 1942 and commissioned under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Martin Duppel on 21 January 1943.


History.

Remerton was founded in 1899 as a company town for workers at the Strickland Cotton Mill. It was named for banker Remer Y. Lane. In 1951 Remerton was incorporated as municipality. In January 1979, Strickland Cotton Mills closed. Two months later the mill was purchased by Wipo Inc. and the mill began to operate as Sugar Creek Textiles.  During the 1980s Remerton underwent many changes. Apartments began being built to attract students from what was then known as Valdosta State College. Also, businesses including a Piggly Wiggly were built. In 1985 the L.E. Davis family purchased the Strickland Cotton Mill building from Sugar Creek Textiles. The next year Fred Wilkinson purchased the building and used the building for his Wilkinson Textile Company.  On 1 November 2005, the Strickland Cotton Mill building was purchased by Remerton Mills, LLC. Remerton Mills, LLC is a corporation with local businessman Joseph H. Tillman, Sr. as the registered agent. In 2006 Remerton Mills, LLC announced plans for renovating the Strickland Cotton Mill building into residential and commercial spaces.  In 2012 plans for the demolition of the historic Strickland Cotton Mill were put in motion by Remerton Mills, LLC despite calls from preservationists and locals to save it. Plans were announced to build a park at the site. The demolition of the mill building began in June 2013.

Geography.

Remerton is located at (30.843572, -83.308492).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 847 people, 440 households, and 124 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,117.8 people per square mile (1,557.3/km2). There were 492 housing units at an average density of 2,391.9 per square mile (904.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.68% White, 19.48% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 1.89% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.13% of the population.  There were 440 households out of which 12.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 15.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 71.8% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.54.  In the city, the population was spread out with 10.3% under the age of 18, 51.1% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 7.1% from 45 to 64, and 1.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $22,411, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $25,833 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,728. About 18.9% of families and 38.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.

Remerton is a city in Lowndes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,123 at the 2010 census. It was incorporated as a town in 1951, and chartered as a city under Georgia law in 2000. Remerton is an enclave of Valdosta and is a popular place for Valdosta State University students to live.


History.

Foundation.

The congregation was founded by St.Kuriakose Elias Chavara. It was founded as the Sisters of the Third Order Regular of the Order of Discalced Carmelites on 13 February 1866 at Koonammavu in the southern state of Kerala.  The first house of the new community was opened in Koonammavu with three women: Eliswa, a widow, her daughter Anna, Eliswa’s sister Tresa and another young lady named Clara came as the fourth member on the next day.. They were given the rules of the Discalced Third Order under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Verapoly, the Most Rev. Bernardine Baccinelli, O.C.D.Fr.Leopold Beccaro O.C.D. was their spiritual director.

Division.

In May 1887, the Holy See established the Syro-Malabar Church in India as independent of the hierarchy of the Latin Rite. This caused problems for the young congregation, as both Latin and Syrian bishops claimed authority over them. This had to be settled by Rome, which ruled that the Sisters were part of the Syro-Malabar Vicariate Apostolic of Trichur. The Sisters who belonged to the Latin Church separated and was named the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (C.T.C.).  With the eventual reorganization of the Syro-Malabar hierarchy, the Sisters found themselves divided among five different congregations, each under a different bishop and led by its own Superior General. The first foundation outside of Kerala from among the different groups was to the Punjab in 1958.

Union.

Full union of the disparate congregations did not take place until 16 November 1963, when they were recognized by the Holy See as a congregation of the Eastern Church, at which time the congregation took the name of Congregation of Mother of Carmel, by which it is currently known.

Current.

The congregation today is divided among 20 Provinces and six regions throughout India and Africa. They also serve in Germany, Italy and the United States.

Saints of the congregation.

Elias Chavara, the founder of the congregation, was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1986, in the course of his visit to India. One of the congregation's early members, Mother Euphrasia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2006. Fr.Chavara and Mother Euphrasia were canonised by Pope Francis on 24 November 2014.

The Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (C.M.C.) is a Syro-Malabar religious institute of Discalced Carmelite Religious Sisters founded in 1866. It was the first native congregation for women in that Church.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water. County 101 serves as a main route.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 437 people, 169 households, and 138 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 189 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 98.2% White, 0.2% African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.  There were 169 households of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.6% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 18.3% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.89.  The median age in the city was 51.8 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 11.4% were from 25 to 44; 41.9% were from 45 to 64; and 18.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 480 people, 173 households, and 144 families living in the city. The population density was 840.7 people per square mile (325.1/km2). There were 188 housing units at an average density of 329.3 per square mile (127.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.71% White, 0.42% Asian, 0.62% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.  There were 173 households out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.3% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.2% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.06.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 18.3% from 25 to 44, 36.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $153,881, and the median income for a family was $175,000. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $46,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $95,495. About 3.8% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Woodland is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, with lake shore property on Lake Minnetonka. The population was 437 at the 2010 census. The first settlers arrived in 1857, when Woodland was part of Minnetonka Township. The land was formally platted in 1882 and developed through the 1890s. Woodland was incorporated as the independent village of Maplewoods in December 1948. It was renamed "Woodland" in 1949.


History and recent developments.

The history of The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK) can be traced back to 1853. St. Paul's College introduced the first formalised program of in-service teacher training. This was described in its Annual Report for 1994/95. On 25 April 1994, under the recommendation made by the Education Commission Report No 5, The Hong Kong Institute of Education (HKIEd) was formally established by the merger of:  Established in 1994 upon the foundation of 70 years of teacher training by the former Colleges of Education, the HKIEd is the only University Grants Committee funded institution dedicated professional teacher education in Hong Kong. HKIEd provides doctorate, master and undergraduate degrees, postgraduate diploma, certificates and a range of in-service programmes to around 7,000 pre-service students and serving teachers.  In October 1997, the Institute moved to its new campus in Tai Po near the Tai Po Industrial Estate. It has a Sports Centre at Pak Shek Kok, Tai Po, as well as a Town Centre campus in Tseung Kwan O.  In 2001, the HKIEd HSBC Early Childhood Learning Centre was established on the campus. The HKIEd Jockey Club Primary School was founded on the campus in the following year.  From 1 May 2004, the institute was granted self-accrediting status in respect of its own teacher education programs at degree-level and above.  In June 2009, the Institute won extra annual funding of HK$22 million from the Hong Kong Government to provide 120 undergraduate degree places for three new undergraduate programs and 30 research postgraduate places for the 2009–2012 triennium.  In January 2010, the University Grants Committee endorsed the HKIEd's plans for Research Postgraduate programmes and undergraduate programs in three disciplines: "Humanities" (mainly Language), "Social Sciences", and "Creative Arts & Culture".  The approval is seen as a step closer for the institute to gaining its university title by becoming a fully-fledged university of education with a range of disciplines and strong research capacity.  HKIEd will launch its first batch of non-education programmes, namely the Bachelor of Arts in Language Studies and Bachelor of Social Sciences in Global and Environmental Studies in September 2010. Both programs have already secured the support of the External Validation Panel of the Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifications.  Preparations for the launching of the third Education-Plus programme, Bachelor of Arts in Creative Arts and Culture, in 2011/2012 are underway.  The Institute operates four institute-level research centres had been set up to facilitate the growth of expertise in multi-disciplinary research.  On 11 September 2015 the University Grants committee accepted the application by the Institute of Education to become a university, and on 26 January 2016 the adoption of the title "The Education University of Hong Kong" was approved. Accordingly, "The Hong Kong Institute of Education (Amendment) " will be gazetted on 19 February 2016 and introduced into the Legislative Council on 2 March 2016.  In January 2016, the Institute was awarded self-accrediting status in three further programme areas, covered by its existing Programme Area Accreditation status: Chinese Studies, English Studies and Environmental Studies.  On 27 May 2016, the Institute was formally renamed The Education University of Hong Kong in recognition of its "efforts and contributions over the years".

Academic organisation.

There are three faculties and a number of non-faculty academic units at the University, which provide study programmes and courses for students.  The Graduate School was established in April 2010 to support EdUHK (the then HKIEd) in the management and quality assurance of its higher degree programmes.

Major facilities.

Sports centre.

The 5.3 hectare Sports Centre is located at 55 Yau King Lane, Tai Po Kau, facing Tolo Harbour. It houses a range of outdoor and indoor sports and recreational facilities including:

Controversy over the proposed HKIEd-CUHK merger.

In January 2007, a public row broke out between the management and the government over the future of the institute. Battle lines were drawn between the Vice-Chancellor Paul Morris and former Secretary for Education and Manpower, Prof. Arthur Li. The dispute had apparently been brewing for some time, as far back as June 2002, when the new Education Secretary Arthur Li was appointed. Apparently, Li favoured a merger of the institute with The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK). Morris opposed the merger, and had for some time been campaigning to establish the institute as a university in its own right. Morris maintained he had been warned by the Chairman of the Council, Dr. Thomas Leung Kwok-fai, as far back as June 2006, that his tenure would end unless he agreed to the amalgamation of the institute with the CUHK.

The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK ; ), founded in 1994 as The Hong Kong Institute of Education (Abbreviated: HKIEd, ), is one of eight subsidised Universities under the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong and the only one dedicated to teacher education. According to the "2018 QS World University Rankings": "In the field of Education, it is ranked 9th in the world and 2nd in Asia; in the field of linguistics, it is ranked 151-200th in the world; in the field of Psychology, it is ranked 251-300th in the world; in the field of Social Science and Management, it is ranked 323rd in the world".


History.

Incorporated on June 18, 1959, Royal Palm Beach has grown from a primarily uninhabited swamp and natural preserve and former Seminole hunting ground into a thriving village of nearly 25,000 residents.  It was not until the 1950s, when Philadelphia supermarket magnates Sam and Hattie Friedland purchased for approximately $1.25 million in what is now the Royal Palm Beach village and Acreage areas, that the natural wilderness landed on national fastest growing community lists (in its size category) in the 1980s. The Friedlands subsequently sold their land to Miami developer Arthur Desser, founder of Lefcourt Realty Group. About were earmarked for Desser's Royal Palm Beach development.  It was Desser's vision that spurred the initial development of the Village of Royal Palm Beach. A massive drainage project ensued and in 1959, the state legislature granted a charter which named the development Royal Palm Beach.  According to a former Lefcourt engineer now living in Wellington, Desser wanted the name "Palm Beach" to be included in the new community's name, so it was decided that since Desser also liked the stately royal palms of Palm Beach, he would dub his development "Royal Palm Beach."  On June 30, 1959, with Seminole tribe officials on hand for the festivities (and to renounce all former claims to the land), a groundbreaking ceremony was held. Engineering began for the village's myriad waterways and a basic system of roads. A sales/recreational center was built with a motel facility in the area now occupied by the Royal Inn and two bedroom, one-bath model homes were erected starting at $8,250.  Village government — initially in the form of a developer-appointed council — later became popularly elected in 1964. Not until 1977 did the Village Council find a permanent home in the present Village Hall complex. To date, there have been 15 mayors who have served the village — some as single-term and part-term mayors — others, like Sam Lamstein (1982–1990), formal County Commissioner Tony Masilotti (1992–1998), and current Mayor David Lodwick (since 1998) have won voter approval for multi-terms.  Arthur Desser's dream of a "nouveau" Palm Beach were short-lived, however, with the bankruptcy of Lefcourt in 1961. His interest was bought out by Friedland who then established Royal Palm Beach Colony Inc. to continue village development. A grocery store magnate with no experience in the housing market, Friedland nonetheless was a savvy businessman who put together a team of professionals who set up a comprehensive land sales/development/building enterprise. With the late Herbert Kaplan as RPB Colony CEO, the company and the town grew slowly from 1960-67 — first in the original "Colony" section of floral-named streets east and west of the southern end of Royal Palm Beach Blvd., and then expanded with vigor into the Willows and LaMancha subdivisions (east of RPB Blvd.).  A marketing push began in 1979 to offer to builders tracts of land. With this growth phase the Village ballooned over the next 15 years. In 1983, Crestwood Middle School opened as the first community school followed in 1985 and 1989, respectively, by H.L. Johnson and Cypress Trails Elementary schools. Royal Palm Beach High School opened its doors to 1,100 students in 1997. Schools in the western communities continue to open in rapid succession — often with student bodies at or near capacity the first year. The 2002-2003 school year included the opening of the village's third elementary school on Okeechobee Blvd., just west of the Madison Green residential development.  In 1986, both Palms West Hospital and Wellington Regional Medical Center opened with 117 and 120 beds, respectively, and both are continuing with major expansion projects to meet the health care needs of local residents. With the hospitals came a building boom of medical office complexes on the campuses of both hospitals, as well as a Royal Palm Beach health center built by West Palm Beach's Good Samaritan Medical Center.  Since the village's inception, public safety has been foremost in the minds of residents and village officials. In June 1960, Joseph Klopp became the first Royal Palm Beach police chief. That first year, "Klopp the Cop" was the sole full-time officer with several auxiliary part-timers. Today, the accredited department counts nearly 50 sworn officers in addition to dispatchers, school crossing guards, detectives, a captain, and the chief based in a modern, computerized department in a building within the Village Hall complex. In 2007 the policing duties were contracted out to the Palm Beach County Sheriff's department with a significant savings to the Village taxpayers.  Royal Palm Beach residents have also appreciated the security of a local fire department since a volunteer force of eight individuals was recruited in a construction trailer in January 1963. In 1969, the department moved its headquarters to a maintenance building in the present Commerce Park, which featured three bays and two trucks. A final move in 1976 to the department's building on Royal Palm Beach Blvd. enabled the department to expand its manpower and equipment. At that time, the department shared the building with the police department.  Village firefighters weren't paid until 1972 and the two full-timers on staff made about $6,000 a year. The following year, three more full-time firefighters were hired, and in 1975, Combs became the first full-time chief at a salary of $13,500 a year. With a growing population, and thankfully few structural fires, the focus of the department expanded to include emergency medical treatment. Combs and a department lieutenant were enrolled in the county's first paramedic-rescue course and, less than a week later, answered a cardiac arrest call for a village resident who would have died had Combs not taken the course. Within the next four years, the department hired 18 additional paramedic/EMT trained firefighters. A second station opened in 1994 at the entrance of the Counterpoint Estates to cut response times to residents living in the State Road 7 area. In March 1999, following a council-authorized study by consultants, a controversial and much-debated decision was made to curtail an independent village fire department and instead merge equipment and personnel with Palm Beach County Fire-Rescue.  Village recreation needs were not overlooked during the booming growth period and since 1974. Under the department's purview are approximately of parks and green space as well as the village's Cultural Center which opened in 1993.  Since 1990, Royal Palm Beach has been named as a Tree City USA. Its entire area is designated as a bird sanctuary.

Geography.

Royal Palm Beach is located at (26.705851, -80.226554).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26.1 km2), of which 9.9 square miles (25.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.5 km2) (1.79%) is water.

Demographics.

As of 2010, there were 12,854 households, out of which 10.1% were vacant. In 2000, there were 7,604 households of which 63.9% were child-free married couples, 42% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 11% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-related individuals. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.20.  In 2000, the village, the population was spread out with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.  In 2000, the median income for a household in the village was $54,766, and the median income for a family was $61,063. Males had a median income of $39,356 versus $29,991 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,875. About 3.7% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.  As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 85.80% of all residents, while Spanish was at 11.49%, and Tagalog as a mother tongue made up 0.48% of the population.  As of 2000, Royal Palm Beach had the eighty-ninth highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 2.95%, while its Jamaican community had the thirty-second highest percentage in the US, with 4.10% of the population (tied with Tamarac and Goulds.)

Local government.

Royal Palm Beach is governed by a mayor-council government.

Mission statement.

The Mission of the Village of Royal Palm Beach Mayor and Council is to represent the public interest, promote quick, courteous response to residents' problems, provide leadership and direction to the Village's future, and assure the present and future fiscal integrity of the municipal government. The Village of Royal Palm Beach strives to provide its citizens with a clean, safe, family oriented community.

Mayor.

The Mayor of Royal Palm Beach is currently Fred Pinto. His term expires in March 2020.

City Council.

The city council consists of four chairs. The following are established and filled as :

Public safety.

The Village of Royal Palm Beach does not have a Public Safety Department. Both Fire and Police services are provided by Palm Beach County. On March 19, 1999, Royal Palm Beach Fire-Rescue merged with Palm Beach County Fire-Rescue.

Fire and Rescue Department.

Currently, Palm Beach County Fire-Rescue provides Fire Protection and Emergency Medical Services to the citizens of Royal Palm Beach. There are two fire station in RPB: Station 28 and Station 29. Station 28 is the Battalion 2 Headquarters. The Battalion Chief over Royal Palm Beach, and the other six Palms West Communities fire stations is Nigel Baker.

Police Department.

Currently, the police department over Royal Palm Beach is the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office: District 9. District 9 covers Royal Palm Beach, and is commanded by Captain Paul Miles and Lieutenant Ulrich Naujoks. The command staff of District 9 is as follows: Major Eric Coleman, Captain Ulrich Naujoks and Lieutenant Michael B.Ferrante.

Federal government.

At 9300 Belvedere Road exists the USCIS West Palm Beach Field Office, which handles a variety of immigration matters for eight Florida counties.

Local newspapers.

The "Town-Crier" is the only weekly or more frequent newspaper specifically located in and serving the Palms West Communities of Royal Palm Beach, Wellington, Loxahatchee Groves and The Acreage. Published weekly, The Town-Crier was founded by Bob Markey Sr, and family and sold in 1998 to the Manning family. The Town-Crier was published twice-weekly, featured editions in nearby communities and its own printing presses during the 1980s and early 1990s. The Town-Crier published the first newspaper Web site in Palm Beach County in 1995.  "Palms West Monthly" is a monthly news and features paper published by Rob Harris in and for the communities of Royal Palm Beach, Wellington and environs.  The "Palm Beach Post" is a daily newspaper that serves all of Palm Beach County.

Royal Palm Beach is a village in southeast Florida, located within Palm Beach County. The population was measured at 34,140 in the 2010 census. Despite its name, the village is located approximately fifteen miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean.


Premise.

The series is about Vambre and Prohyas, a cute and clumsy sibling team of "Warriors for Hire", who go on hilarious adventures and crazy quests around the world to find and collect magical swords known as "Magiswords".

Magiswords.

A Magisword is a sword that contains a specific magical ability based on its design. There are many Magiswords scattered across the land and Vambre and Prohyas go around to collect them, while also using Magiswords they previously collected. Magiswords can also be bought at the Mount Ma'all in Ralpho's House of Swords, others are one-of-a-kind that can be found in certain areas of the Rhyboflaven Kingdom. Some Magiswords are also living entities that can speak human language or get sick, such as Zombie Pumpkin Magisword and Dolphin Magisword.

Background and production.

"Mighty Magiswords" is created by Kyle Carrozza, an animator, voice actor, musician and storyboard artist who currently writes songs for The FuMP and was previously the creator, storyboard artist and voice actor for his short "MooBeard: The Cow Pirate" on Nicktoons Network series, "Random! Cartoons". Produced in Flash animation, this series is the first original cartoon show on Cartoon Network made specifically for online. These characters were created by Carrozza in 1996, and was pitched to Cartoon Network in 2005–2006 under the names "Legendary Warriors for Hire", and to Mondo Media in 2007–2008 as "Dungeons and Dayjobs", before Cartoon Network picked it up in 2013. Most of the series is done in-house at Cartoon Network Studios, with the original shorts animated by their newly-established Flash unit, while the overseas mid-production was done at Malaysian animation studio, Inspidea, although the in-house crew were still used for animation revisions, interstitials and other additional content. Production for the series wrapped in 2018 and the remaining episodes were released simultaneously from May 6 to May 17, 2019.

Broadcast.

The "Mighty Magiswords" short-form series premiered on Cartoon Network in Australia and New Zealand on January 16, 2016. Cartoon Network Australia aired a sneak peek premiere of the full-length series on December 10, 2016. "Mighty Magiswords" premiered as a full series in Australia on January 16, 2017.  "Mighty Magiswords" premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on September 29, 2016 and aired re-runs on its sister channel Boomerang from May 29, 2018 to June 8, 2018, then returned to the network's schedule on April 29, 2019. "Mighty Magiswords" fully premiered on Cartoon Network UK on April 8, 2017 and aired on CITV on April 6, 2018.  On Cartoon Network Africa, the shorts premiered in January 2017, and the show fully premiered in March 2017. The series also premiered in India on May 6, 2017.

Reception.

The show's TV version has received mixed reviews, with the most criticized aspect being the series’ pacing issues. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media wrote, "...Short on substance or value. Kids may not learn much from watching, but they'll undoubtedly enjoy the characters' antics and the laughable mayhem that ensues when each new magisword gets put to use."

Mighty Magiswords is an American animated television series created by Kyle Carrozza specifically for Cartoon Network Video as the network's first online original series. The web shorts officially premiered online on May 6, 2015 as well as the interactive games shown in the app "Cartoon Network Anything".


History.

The WeSwap idea first stemmed from founder Jared Jesner's experiences as a city trader at JP Morgan: "I saw first hand the amazing rates that banks can change money at... but there was no way for consumers to access that same rate.". He went on to work for Royal Dutch Shell, where his exposure to the world of payments inspired the idea to partner with a prepaid card provider as the delivery mechanism for the service. At Shell he was also introduced to corporate finance adviser Simon Sacerdoti, whose experience enabled them to start commercialising the idea and together they co-founded the service. At launch, the service supported 6 currencies. In 2014, WeSwap was serving customers from across 10 European countries and supported 18 currencies. In March 2018, WeSwap launched the ability to spend globally, anywhere the Mastercard symbol is accepted. This is alongside continuing to support 18 swappable currencies.

Investors.

Seed funding came from a mixture of high net worth angel investors and super angels., including LoveFilm and Zoopla co-founder Alex Chesterman. In October 2014, one year after launching, WeSwap secured another £4.5M in Series A funding. This was led and structured by IW Capital and supported by EC1 Capital along with the investors who had helped to raise £1.2M in seed funds.

Awards.

In January 2015, WeSwap won the 'Innovation in Travel Award' at the Globe Travel Awards. Commercial director of Travelport, Paul Broughton, who presented the trophy said: "Our winner showed the most potential for disrupting its marketplace and changing how business is done." In March 2018 WeSwap won the Best Travel Money Provider at the British Bank Awards.

WeSwap is a peer-to-peer currency exchange platform. WeSwap matches travellers heading in opposite directions and swaps their travel money directly. The London-based startup company was launched in 2013 by Jared Jesner and Simon Sacerdoti and currently supports 18 different currencies around the world.


Geography.

Riverside and Avondale are located to the southwest of Downtown Jacksonville along the St. Johns River. The neighborhood's boundaries are roughly Interstate 10 to the north, the St. Johns River to the east, Fishweir Creek to the south, and Roosevelt Boulevard and the CSX Railroad line to the west. It borders the Brooklyn and North Riverside neighborhoods to the north, Murray Hill to the west, and Lake Shore and Fairfax to the south. The boundary between Riverside and Avondale is not clear cut, even for those living in the neighborhood. It is sometimes given as Seminole Road and Belvedere Avenue, the northern limit of the Avondale Historic District. Alternately, author Wayne Wood of the Jacksonville Historic Landmarks Commission puts it at about McDuff Avenue.

History.

Riverside.

Riverside and Avondale were developed out of former plantation land. Most of this area was part of two plantations: Dell's Bluff, granted by the Spanish Florida government in 1801, and a tract eventually known as Magnolia Plantation, granted in 1815. Both changed hands several times before the American Civil War. In 1868, Dell's Bluff's then owner, Miles Price, sold off the southern part of the plantation to "Florida Union" editor Edward M. Cheney and Boston developer John Murray Forbes, who platted the original Riverside development. The northern part Price developed himself as Jacksonville's Brooklyn neighborhood.  Riverside and Brooklyn saw modest growth until 1887, when the city of Jacksonville annexed them and established a streetcar line. Following the Great Fire of 1901, which destroyed most of Downtown Jacksonville, many displaced residents moved to Riverside. Wealthy citizens built mansions close to the river, while the less well-to-do purchased more modest bungalows and other homes further inland. The neighborhood grew steadily, with development continuing well beyond its original bounds to the south, until the collapse of the Florida land boom in the late 1920s. During this period, so many architects working in such a wide variety of contemporary styles experimented in Riverside that it has become the most architecturally diverse neighborhood in Florida. Largely due to Riverside's profusion of bungalow homes, Jacksonville has what is likely the largest number of such structures in the state.  One notable section of Riverside is Silvertown, a subdivision developed in 1887 for African Americans. Initially isolated from largely white Riverside to the east, it was eventually absorbed into the growing neighborhood. As such, Silvertown residents became some of the few black homeowners in Riverside through the period of segregation. A few one-story wood-frame houses in the area may date to the original development, including one house owned by a woman and then her daughter from 1887 into the 1980s.

Avondale.

Avondale was developed later as a new area of Riverside on former Magnolia Plantation land. In 1884 Northern developers planned and platted a community in this area called "Edgewood", however it did not take off and the land was largely undeveloped; hunters still pursued game there until the 1910s. In 1920 an investment group led by Telfair Stockton purchased Edgewood and surrounding land to develop as an exclusive upscale subdivision. Named for Cincinnati's Avondale neighborhood, home of former Edgewood owner James R. Challen, the development was billed as "Riverside's Residential Ideal", which was "...desirable because the right kind of people have recognized its worth and because the wrong kind of people can find property more to their liking elsewhere."  Avondale was a restricted, whites only development, and the most extensively planned community Jacksonville had ever seen. In contrast to the architectural diversity in the rest of Riverside, Avondale featured more uniform architecture predominantly in the Mediterranean Revival style. Following its success, several adjacent developments sprung up, which eventually became lumped together as part of Avondale.

Later history and preservation.

The mid-20th century brought change to Riverside and Avondale, including the construction of Interstate 95 and the Fuller Warren Bridge, the establishment of St. Vincent's Medical Center, and the construction of office buildings along Riverside Avenue. Through this time, a number of Riverside and Avondale's historic buildings were demolished or allowed to decay. Neighborhood advocates fought this trend by forming a historic preservation organization, Riverside Avondale Preservation, in 1974, and lobbying for the creation of historic districts in the neighborhood.  As a result, the Riverside Historic District, Jacksonville's first historic district, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985; it now comprises 6870 acres and contains 2120 historic buildings. In 1989, the Avondale Historic District was added, and the following year the Jacksonville City Council established the Jacksonville Historic Preservation Commission in order to protect historic structures. Riverside Avondale Preservation has grown into one of the largest such organizations in the country. As a result of this focus on preservation and planning, the American Planning Association named Riverside and Avondale one of the country's top ten neighborhoods in 2010.

Commercial districts.

Riverside and Avondale are chiefly residential, but they have some commercial zoning, including several commercial centers that are architecturally integrated with the rest of the neighborhood.

Five Points.

Five Points is a small commercial district centered on the five-way intersection between Park, Lomax, and Margaret Streets. The area was originally residential, but transitioned to commercial uses after World War I and several retail buildings were constructed. The Park Arcade Building, an Italian Renaissance revival structure with storefronts marked by variant rooflines, set the architectural tone for the district when it was completed in 1928. Other notable features include Sun-Ray Cinema, formerly Riverside Theater, which opened in 1927 as the first movie theater in Florida equipped to show talking pictures. Over the last several decades, Five Points has become known for its edgy, bohemian character and many independent shops, restaurants and businesses.

King Street District.

The King Street District originated with Whiteway Corner, a group of commercial buildings at the intersection of King and Park Street built by the Nasrallah brothers beginning in 1927. The Nasrallahs' buildings included the novelty of electric exterior lights, hence the name "White Way". Other notable buildings at this corner are a 1942 Style Moderne structure built for Lane Drug Company by Marsh & Saxelbye, and the 1925 Riverside Baptist Church, designed by prominent architect Addison Mizner.  Subsequently, commercial development and zoning spread along King Street and its cross streets. After several decades of decline, King Street has experienced a revival since 2005 following a successful streetscaping project. A popular beer bar that opened that year set the tone for later establishments, many of them craft beer oriented. Subsequently, the district has become the home of many bars, restaurants, stores, and night clubs, as well as an arts district and two craft breweries to the north. As a result of this growth, the King Street District emerged as Jacksonville's beer hub in the 2010s.

Shoppes of Avondale.

The Shoppes of Avondale is an upscale shopping center comprising about 46 storefronts on St. Johns Avenue. Like Five Points, it dates to the 1920s, when Avondale was first developed. Its small-scale buildings were designed to blend with the residential neighborhood; the most notable is a 1927 edifice designed by Henry J. Klutho in partnership with Fred S. Cates and Albert N. Cole at 3556-3560 St. Johns Avenue. The center was renovated in 2010 under Jacksonville's Town Center Program, which allocated funds for revitalizing neighborhood commercial districts.

Features.

City parks in Riverside and Avondale include Riverside Park and Memorial Park, which is situated on the river and features a statue of the "winged figure of youth" sculpted by C. Adrian Pillars. The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens is located in Riverside; founded in 1961, it contains one of the world's three most comprehensive collections of Meissen porcelain, large collections of American, European and Japanese art, and two acres of Italian and English gardens listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The neighborhood is home to Robert E. Lee High School, one of the city's oldest schools still in use, and the Kent Campus of Florida State College at Jacksonville, the institution's oldest campus.

Riverside and Avondale are two adjacent and closely associated neighborhoods, alternatively considered one continuous neighborhood, of Jacksonville, Florida. The area is primarily residential, but includes some commercial districts, including Five Points, the King Street District, and the Shoppes of Avondale.


Life.

Dihau was born in Lille in 1843.  She studied music at the Conservatoire de Lille where she obtained a First prize in 1862. She was the sister of Désiré Dihau, ten years her senior, a bassoon player at the Paris Opera and composer, whose melodies she interpreted. A teacher of singing and piano, she was a pianist by the Concerts Colonne and singer at the Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire. She divided her time between her hometown and Paris where she settled with her brother after the 1870 Franco-Prussian War.  It is in their apartment on Montmartre, at number 6 rue Frochot, that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, their cousin, was introduced to Edgar Degas. In 1867-1868, he painted her first portrait, "Mademoiselle Marie Dihau", kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Between 1869 and 1872, he painted a second portrait of the artist, "Mademoiselle Dihau au piano", kept at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.  In 1890, Lautrec, who called himself her "ordinary painter", a great admirer of Degas, painted another portrait entitled "Mademoiselle Dihau au piano", kept at the Musée Toulouse-Lautrec of Albi and in 1898 "La Leçon de chant" where Dihau at the piano accompanies her friend Mrs Janne Favereau standing up. The painting is exposed at the Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum of Cairo.  The paintings are hung in the Dihau's living room and then, after Désiré's death in 1909, in Marie's modest apartment on rue Victor-Massé where "the charming old maid lives off a small income and the product of the music lessons she gives, often free of charge, to the young girls of Montmartre who are preparing to sing in the cafés". In need of money, she sold her first portrait painted by Degas to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1922. Not wanting to separate herself from the two other Degas paintings she owned, "L'Orchestre de l'Opéra" and her portrait on the piano, she sold them to the Musée du Luxembourg in 1923, subject to usufruct and the payment of an annual rent of 12,000 Francs, financed by David David-Weill for "L'Orchestre" and for the portrait. Faced with the enthusiasm aroused, during an exhibition in 1924 at the Galerie Petit, by the two works which had never before been shown to the public, except for a few artists and a few relatives of the Dihau such as Toulouse-Lautrec, the contract was bought by the Musée du Louvre where they were exhibited after Dihau's death in 1935. They were transferred to the Musée d'Orsay in 1986. Under the same conditions, she bequeathed her portrait and the portraits of her two brothers painted by Toulouse-Lautrec to the city of Albi, which assigned them to the Toulouse-Lautrec Museum upon her death.  Dihau died in Paris on 14 May 1935 at age 92.

Marie Dihau (12 September 1843 – 14 May 1935) was a French singer, pianist as well as singing and piano teacher.


Academic achievements.

He used also to teach Maltese in evening classes while in 1936 he became a Master teaching Maltese at the Lyceum. During the years he was also an examiner of the Maltese Language at the Royal University of Malta. Regarding his character it is best if one reads the sonnet about him written by one of the poets of his time, namely Nicol Biancardi.  Ninu Cremona was one of the founders of the Għaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti (the Maltese Writers Society) now known as the Akkademja tal-Malti (the Maltese Academy). Throughout his life he kept the position of Vice President and was also the editor of "Il-Malti", the Writers Society magazine. His biggest contribution to the Maltese language was the formulation of the Maltese orthography, a very important task, in which he had the help of Ġanni Vassallo. His study is still valid in modern times and could be found in the booklet Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija (Information about the Maltese Grammar), which was published for the first time in 1924.  He was a prolific writer. He was very fond of drama, and his best work is without any doubt Il-Fidwa tal-Bdiewa (The Farmers’ Liberation) a play based on the classical Greek structure. He published many books (see bibliography below).

Research work.

He wrote a number of biographies, but the principal one used by other researchers to expand upon is Mikiel Anton Vassalli u Żminijietu (1937), which was translated by May Butcher, Vassalli and his times in 1940. Among other biographies, Rużar Briffa published in Il-Malti of June 1963, the year in which the poet died gives an interesting insight into the establishment of L-Għaqda tal-Malti (Università) which had been established by Rużar Briffa and Ġużè Bonnici in 1931.

Honours.

In 1964 he received the gold medal Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi and on the June 4, 1960 was honoured by the Royal University of Malta with the degree D.Litt. Honoris Causa in Literature for his great contribution in the sphere of literature, grammar and science of the Maltese language. On September 21, 1969 he was awarded the Silver Medal of Merit by the Confederation of Civic Councils. On the 40th anniversary of his death, an exhibition of his life and work was organised in the Banca Giuratale.

Last days.

He spent his last few months in the small island of Gozo where he had been born. He died on Tuesday January 4, 1972 at the venerable age of 91 years. All the Maltese newspapers and many magazines honoured him by detailed appreciations of his works, amongst which was the specialised Leħen il-Malti issue number 18 in 1973.

Ninu "Anthony" Cremona (May 27, 1880 - January 4, 1972), colloquially known as "Is-Sur Nin", was a Maltese writer and health inspector.


Biography.

Stephanie Hélène Swarth (when she was married, Lapidoth-Swarth) was born in Amsterdam, 25 October 1859. Her father was a merchant, Eduard Swarth, who for a while was the consul for Portugal in Amsterdam, and her mother was Maria Jacoba Heijblom. She grew up in Brussels, where her father was a banker, and lived in Mechelen until her marriage to Dutch author Frits Lapidoth, which lasted from 1894 to 1910. This unhappy marriage is the subject of a monograph by Jeroen Brouwers, "Hélène Swarth. Haar huwelijk met Frits Lapidoth, 1894-1910" (1986).  Her poetic debut was a collection of poems in French influenced by Alphonse de Lamartine, but she switched to Dutch-language poems on the advice of Pol De Mont. An early admirer was poet Willem Kloos who called her "the singing heart of Holland" and published her poems in his magazine "De Nieuwe Gids". She died in Velp on 20 June 1941.

Poetry.

After two collections in French, Swarth published a Dutch volume of songs and sonnets, "Eenzame bloemen" ("Lonely flowers", 1883). A reviewer in "De Gids" thought the songs frequently too sentimental (and in the vein of Heinrich Heine), but appreciated the sonnets. Conrad Busken Huet saw in her second Dutch collection, "Blue Flowers" ("Blue Flowers", 1884), a poetry receptive to nature and a female spirit which would make whichever man she chose as a lover very happy; a reviewer for "De Gids" saw worthwhile thoughts and images in only a few of the sonnets. Lodewijk van Deyssel likewise criticized the volume's songs and praised the sonnets—even to the point of prophesying that her name would be blessed.  By the time "Sneeuwvlokken" ("Snow flakes", 1888) was published, she had gained a reputation for a poetry of love and suffering. By this time she had moved to Mechelen. A review in "De Gids" compared her work favorably to "sweet, homely poetry", which he likened to a sweet little tune on a fiddle, whereas Swarth's "deep, full poetry" was like hearing Beethoven played by a full orchestra. Again, especially her sonnets were praised. An overview article in "Vlaamsche School" (1889) pointed at the influence of Pol de Mont, who had advised her to forgo reading narrative and epic, and instead focus on lyrical poetry, sonnets. The origin of the sadness in her poetry was located in a "loss of faith and bitter disappointments".  At least one critic gave her entire oeuvre (including the anthologized "Jeux Innocents") an autobiographical reading: Swarth supposedly gave her heart to a young poet but he was unfaithful to her. According to Jacob Ek Jzn, this particular cause of sorrow speaks in all her work, without becoming a distraction or a bore since she found many different ways and forms of expressing both the initial sentiment and its recollection. Swarth and her poetry figure in Ina Boudier-Bakker's best-known novel, "De klop op de deur", as a female poet unafraid to express her suffering for love.  A key line from "Jeux Innocents" was cited in 1954 by then-foreign minister Johan Willem Beyen during a discussion on European unification: "Wij speelden pandje met ons leven" ("we bargained with our lives") was used to emphasize that all countries, even small ones, had much at stake in the era of globalization.

Stéphanie Hélène Swarth (1859-1941) was a prolific Dutch poet active from 1879 to 1938. She is considered one of the Tachtigers and acquired a reputation as a sonneteer.


Biography.

Mundó was born in 1976 in Vic, Spain. He graduated from the Pompeu Fabra University in 1999 with a degree in law and a master's degree in Urban Law (IDEC-UPF). The same year, he was elected to the City Council of Gurb as a member of the ERC, retaining the position until 2015. In 2006, Mundó joined the Bar Association of Barcelona, and is currently responsible for the area of Civil Law of Bufet Vallbé of Barcelona. Between December 2003 and May 2006, Mundó served as the Head of the Cabinet of the Department of Education. He served as the Head of the Department of Culture and Media from December 2006 until January 2008, when he became the Secretary of Media of Communication from the Generalitat de Catalunya. He held this position until January 2011, during which time he supervised the switch of television broadcasts in Spain from analog to digital. He was also the president of the Catalan News Agency (ACN). He has been one of the promoters of the Rights Association, dedicated to denouncing the acts of anti-Catalanism.  On January 14, 2016, he was appointed regional Minister of Justice of the Generalitat by Carles Puigdemont. During his term, the Justice Department closed the Barcelona Model prison, the Civil Code of Catalonia was completed, sixty-six thousand victims of Francoist Spain had their judgements annulled, and the Law of Digital Will was approved.

Spanish constitutional crisis, imprisonment and judicial case.

On 27 October 2017, after the Parliament of Catalonia declared Catalonia's independence, the Senate of Spain dismissed the Catalan Parliament, including Carles Mundó. On 2 November 2017, eight members of the Catalan Government, including Carles Mundó, were tried before the Audiencia Nacional for rebelling against the Spanish government. The eight members were subsequently imprisoned from 2 November until 4 December, when he and the other seven members of the Catalan Government were released on bail after their case reached the Supreme Court of Spain.  In the 2017 Catalan Parliament elections, he was elected as a member of the Catalonia Yes party, although he resigned from the position of deputy for "personal reasons".  The trial began on 12 February 2019 and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.  On 14 October 2019, Mundó was sentenced to a year and 8 months of disqualification and a fine of 60.000€ for disobedience.

Carles Mundó i Blanch (born 1976) is a Spanish lawyer and politician from Catalonia who served as the Minister of Justice of Catalonia until the dismissal of the Parliament of Catalonia and of the Catalan Government in 2017 due to its declaration of independence. He was reelected to the Catalan Parliament on December 21, 2017 as a member of the Catalonia Yes party until he resigned.


Governance.

Ringmer is part of the electoral ward called Ouse Valley and Ringmer. the population of this ward at the 2011 census was 6,422.

Landmarks.

Ringmer Mill stood for centuries on Mill Plain overlooking Ringmer. This post mill was in operation until 1921 but collapsed in 1925 leaving the mill post, on which the body of the mill rotated, remaining as a local landmark.  Plashett Park Wood is a Site of Special Scientific Interest partly in the parish. It is a site of biological importance as an area of ancient woodland. Plashett Wood and the adjoining Plashett Park Farm provide habitats for a wide variety of breeding birds and bats, plus a number of rarer invertebrates and flora.

Sport and leisure.

Ringmer has a Non-League football club AFC Ringmer who play at The Caburn ground.

2006 fireworks factory fire.

On 3 December 2006 the Festival Fireworks factory which is located in the parish, near Shortgate, caught fire detonating the display pyrotechnics stored on the site. Successive explosions then followed for more than eight hours. Sussex Police, which described it as "a serious incident", established a exclusion zone around the factory. Television pictures showed a large fireball at the centre of the blaze. Two members of Sussex fire services died and nine fire service workers were injured along with two members of the public and a police officer. Hundreds of rockets continued to explode more than five hours after the initial blasts.

Ringmer is a village and civil parish in the Lewes District of East Sussex, England. The village is located east of Lewes. Other small settlements in the parish include Upper Wellingham, Ashton Green, Broyle Side, Little Norlington and Shortgate.