Publication.

The "Revue des Colonies" was an abolitionist journal edited in Paris by Cyril Bissette from 1834 to 1842. Its contributors were mainly free persons of color. Bissette published "Le Mulâtre" in the March 1837 issue, not long after the 19-year-old Séjour arrived from his native New Orleans to further his education and career. A Louisiana state law passed in 1830 restricted the dissemination of "seditious" writing, and Séjour's story detailing the injustice and cruelty of slavery was not published there, though it may have circulated privately through family connections. An English translation of "Le Mulâtre" was not published until 1997, when Philip Barnard's edition was included in the "Norton Anthology of African American Literature". Another translation, by Andrea Lee, appeared in the "Multilingual Anthology of American Literature" in 2000.

Structure and setting.

The main story takes place in Saint Domingue before the Haitian Revolution, and is told in third person. The narrative frame, however, is post-revolutionary: the first-person narrator, a visitor to the place, identifies Saint Domingue as "now the Republic of Haiti". This visitor, addressed as "Master," is presumably white. The "I" of the introduction hears the story told by an "old negro," Antoine, who is a contemporary of the mulatto protagonist of the events related. The author gives Antoine license to tell the story from a nearly omniscient point of view, but the story ends without returning to its initial narrative setting.  The story is set specifically in Saint Marc, the city from which Séjour's father had emigrated to New Orleans. Some of the writer's relatives still lived in Haiti, including a nephew, Frédéric Marcelin, who was a political activist and writer of the Romantic movement. The elder Séjour was a free mulatto whose parents were a white man and a free woman of color. Victor's mother was also a free woman of color, and his own baptismal record identifies him as a "free quadroon". "The Mulatto" is the only extant work by Séjour to be set in the "New World".  The setting established by the narrative frame—both the time of day and the site—enhances the story's themes. It begins as dawn is turning the black mountains white "("Les premiers rayons de l'aurore blanchissaient à peine la cime noire des montagnes")". Werner Sollors offers the interpretation that dawn and dusk are points in the 24-hour cycle that are neither night nor day, but both. The Classical goddess of the dawn, Eos to the Greeks, Roman Aurora, had myths associating her with Aethiopia, and was the mother of a black son, Memnon. Characters named Aurora, Aurore or Dawn in fiction on biracial themes—including "The Quadroon" by Mayne Reid, "The Grandissimes" by George Washington Cable, "The Foxes of Harrow" by Frank Yerby, and "The Black Madonna" by Muriel Spark—are symbolically situated between night (black) and day (white).  The first-person narrator as a visitor describes the verdant landscape as picturesque and exotic, expressive of "the sublime diversity of God's works." But Antoine, as he begins to take over the narrative, points to the dominant man-made structure, "an edifice that... in its peculiarity resembles a temple and in its pretense a palace". Here the "rentiers" and idlers would gather to play billiards and smoke Cuban cigars along with plantation owners in town to buy slaves. As in gothic literature by white writers, a grand human façade contrasts with the beautiful otherness of nature and masks a horror within. The description of this "edifice" as a temple, surrounded by fields "like young virgins at the foot of an altar," marks the violation of the black female body as a form of sacrifice.

Genre and themes.

"The Mulatto" is a melodrama with the gothic elements of curses, suicide, murder, and the monstrous. It is an example of how European artistic forms were adapted for transatlantic slave-owning culture. Melodrama in a domestic setting was particularly transferable to interracial questions of family legitimacy:  Dramas of patriarchal right, and hyperbolic investments in moral polarities of good and evil, virtue and villainy, are about investing the family with new symbolic potency... In the context of Saint-Domingue and Louisiana, and in 'Le Mulâtre,' the symbolic crisis of the Law of the Father and of social legitimacy is lived literally and viscerally. The colonial family romance here really means killing the father, as the conflict between slave and slave master is, so often, a family drama too.  Séjour's treatment of the "tragic mulatto" trope is unusual in that the protagonist is male rather than a beautiful woman. While it was common for stories employing this trope to end in the death of the mulatto, Séjour complicates his audience's response to the protagonist by having him commit patricide as well as suicide. The themes of slavery and "miscegenation" are thus imbued with oedipal conflict. Sollors sees "The Mulatto" and American slavery literature in general as having an inherent kinship with Greek tragedy in focusing on the violent disruption of family; in particular, "the biracial heir... may be denied his birthright and inheritance by his father and hence have to engage in a quest for recognition." The character doomed by biracialism is a theme that recurs in later African-American literature, including the short story "Father and Son" by Langston Hughes and the play he adapted from it, "The Mulatto".  Séjour's heavy reliance on dialogue points toward his forthcoming career as a noted playwright. It has been argued that Sejour's play "The Jew of Seville", set in 15th-century Spain, allows him to deal with racism and the concept of blood purity while evading the potential censorship that a more direct and contemporary treatment of slavery was likely to provoke. "Purity of blood" statutes ("limpieza de sangre") had imposed a lesser political and social status on "conversos", those who had converted to Christianity from Judaism or Islam or who had descended from converts, making ancestry a liability the individual could not overcome. Séjour may have seen parallels to the "one drop rule" in American society. "The Jew of Seville" was Séjour's first play, accepted in 1843 for production at the Comédie Française. Around the same time, two other plays on Paris stages featured a mulatto character. Like the protagonist in Séjour's earlier short story, the character in "The Jew of Seville" who plays the "mulatto" role of mixed identity also commits suicide, and the family is destroyed. Although the grand, classically constructed drama may seem removed from the abolitionist passion of "The Mulatto," historical distance allows Séjour to show that categorizations by "blood" are socially constructed and subject to change. The historical perspective also highlights that 1492—the year in which Jews were expelled from Toledo, and one of the acts in the anti-Semitic background of Séjour's play—was the year in which the New World was "discovered" by the expedition sponsored by Spain. Séjour can thus be seen as linking traditions of racism in the New and Old Worlds in order to criticize them.  At the time of his death in 1874, Séjour had written a play called "L'Esclave" ("The Slave"), but the manuscript has never been found. In 1861, a journal reported that Séjour was planning a play about the abolitionist John Brown, but this work too remains unknown.

Plot.

The story Antoine tells compresses several years of horrific and lurid events into about 5,500 words. The instigating action is the sale at auction of a beautiful Senegalese woman, Laïsa. In a display of his superior wealth, a 22-year-old planter named Alfred outbids other potential buyers who covet her beauty. Alfred compels Laïsa to share his bed, but when he fails to deprive her of her pride and self-containment, he grows bored and sends her to live in one of the poorest cabins on the plantation. There she gives birth to his child, whom he never acknowledges.  The boy, Georges, grows up on the plantation without ever learning who his father is. Laïsa refuses to reveal his identity, fearing that Alfred would kill the child to protect his own public image, but she gives Georges a pouch that she says contains a portrait of his father. Georges promises his dying mother that he won't look inside until he turns 25. Georges' high moral character is indicated by his keeping his promise.  A band of brigands has been terrorizing planters in the area, and Georges learns that his master will be the next target. He tries to warn Alfred, who suspects Georges of being part of the plot. Georges nevertheless defends Alfred against four assailants, and is himself seriously wounded. Alfred finally recognizes Georges' loyalty, and has him carried home to his cabin to be cared for. But while demonstrating his gratitude with frequent visits, Alfred becomes desirous of Georges' young and beautiful wife, Zélie, who like Georges is a mulatto. Zélie is virtuous and dignified, and rejects Alfred. He finally lures her into a situation where he can attempt to rape her, but she pushes him away so forcefully that he falls and sustains a head injury. Zélie knows at once that by the "Code noir" she will have to die: "Any slave who strikes his master, his mistress, the husband of his mistress, or their children, causing bruises or effusion of blood shall be punished by death." Although Georges begs Alfred to pardon her, Zélie is executed by hanging. Georges escapes to the depths of the forest, where he joins the slave rebels or Maroons and bides his time.  Three years later, Georges knows that Alfred is happily married and has become a father. He chooses this moment of happiness for his revenge. He enters the mansion by stealth, gives the wife poison, and forces Alfred to watch her die, taunting him. He then picks up an ax to behead Alfred. Only then does Alfred try to save himself by identifying himself as Georges' father—but too late. The head separates from the body in the middle of the word "father", a fatal syllable causing Georges at last to open the portrait pouch. When he learns the oedipal truth, he kills himself.  Although the story is presented as a melodrama—the villainous slave-dealer even twirls his mustache—it conveys the injustices of the "Code noir" and realities of how slavery disrupted family life. European legal and ethical traditions allowed Africans to be deprived of legal personhood and the right to control their own bodies; within this system, the Maroons who reclaimed their freedom became outlaws.

Characters.

Georges.

Georges begins as a potential hero, though the seeds of destruction are present from the beginning:  Georges had all the talents necessary for becoming a well-regarded gentleman; yet he was possessed of a haughty, tenacious, willful nature; he had one of those oriental sorts of dispositions, the kind that, once pushed far enough from the path of virtue, will stride boldly down the path of crime. He would have given ten years of his life to know the name of his father, but he dared not violate the solemn oath he had made to his dying mother. It was as if nature pushed him toward Alfred; he liked him, as much as one can like a man; and Alfred esteemed him, but with that esteem that the horseman bears for the most handsome and vigorous of his chargers.  Georges is instinctively drawn toward his natural father, who can only regard Georges as if he were a prized animal. Georges is Alfred's property rather than his heir, and by law can become the property of the half-sibling infant recognized as "legitimate". The mulatto, as he is called repeatedly throughout the story in place of his given name, is denied the oedipal knowledge of his identity that would prevent a tragic end.  Helpless to save his wife, Georges suffers the "tragedy of masculinity" that Antoine predicts as the fate of the enslaved "negro" male. Georges is subject to the patriarchal power denied to him even though he is a male head of family, as he is also denied the right to keep his family together and protect his wife and children. As Antoine harshly declaims at the beginning of the story, a slave's virtues as a man can never come to fruition: the institution corrupts virtue until it becomes monstrous, grotesque or destructive. Georges' heroic impulses are overwritten by gothic horror. He threatens to kill Alfred and drink his blood; his laugh becomes "infernal," his voice issues as if from a tomb, like "one of the damned."  Séjour's Georges may have been influenced by the "explosive rebel" named Georges in the play "Marie, or, Slavery in the United States" by Gustave de Beaumont, which had come out two years earlier. Georges was the interracial title character of an 1843 novel by Alexandre Dumas, who was a friend and patron of Séjour, with another character named Laïza. In English-language literature by African Americans, the figure of the mulatto is almost always a victimized female. Denied legitimate expressions of manhood, Georges exacts a horrific revenge that in the end consumes him.

Laïsa and Zélie.

African Americans writing in French were far more explicit about sexuality than those writing in English at the time. In particular, the sexual exploitation of women of color by white men was often implied and indirect in 19th-century American fiction in English. Séjour describes the commodification of Laïsa's body in blunt terms, and is explicit about sexual assault and forced concubinage.  Laïsa and Zélie are presented as mirroring characters whose fate is determined by the sexual demands of the white master. Though "pure as the morning dew" before she is sold at auction, Laïsa is forced into concubinage that leaves her a "fallen woman". She is discarded, but allowed to live, as is her child, only because she keeps silent. By contrast, Zélie fights off the master's assault, preserving her virtue, at the cost of her death. By not keeping silent and instead informing her husband, she also sets in motion his eventual fate.

Political influence.

After the execution of his wife, Georges escapes with his young son and joins the Maroons, described by Séjour as "slaves who have fled the tyranny of their master". Georges already knows their watchword: "Afrique et liberté", "Africa and freedom." Their use of the French Revolutionary rallying cry "liberté", later codified into the motto "liberté, egalité, fraternité", is a dramatic irony: white revolutionaries in France and America who fought for freedom in the 1770s and 1790s enslaved free Africans, and opposed the black-led Haitian Revolution of the same era. Séjour's contemporary readers may have viewed the familial bloodshed at the end of "The Mulatto" as prefiguring the Haitian Revolution itself, with the author casting Haiti as "the cradle of black freedom".  As a writer in exile, Séjour associated with radicals in the salons of Paris and via the Creole cultural triangle of Paris, New Orleans, and the Caribbean. His friends Cyril Bissette, Alphonse de Lamartine, Victor Hugo, and Alexandre Dumas were known to New Orleans Creoles of color as inspirational figures.

"Le Mulâtre" ("The Mulatto") is a short story by the American-born free person of color Victor Séjour. It was written in French, Séjour's first language, and published in the Paris abolitionist journal "Revue des Colonies" in 1837. It is the earliest extant work of fiction by an African-American author, and was noted as such when an English translation appeared in the first edition of the "Norton Anthology of African American Literature" in 1997.


Early career.

Hynes graduated Weatherford High School in 2003. He was an All-District selection in his senior year.  He spent two years at North Central Texas College in Gainesville, Texas. In his freshman season, 2004, he helped North Central Texas to an NJCAA Regional appearance. Hynes went 8–3 with a 2.96 ERA and 49 strikeouts. In his sophomore season, Hynes went 6–3 with a 2.70 ERA and 70 strikeouts. He was selected to the All-Conference team in both of his years at North Central Texas.  Hynes played two seasons at Texas Tech University where, in his first season, he went 5–3 with a team-low 2.93 ERA. His two saves were good enough for second place on the team. He saw time as both a reliever and a starter. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Professional career.

San Diego Padres.

In 2007, Hynes began his professional career with the Class A Short-Season Eugene Emeralds of the Northwest League. He had a 3–2 record with a 1.54 ERA, four saves, and 50 strikeouts in 41 innings pitched. His 30 games were all in relief.  Hynes was promoted to the Class-A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League in 2008. He went 0–2 with a 4.60 ERA and 38 strikeouts in 32 games.  In 2009, Hynes split the season between the Class A Fort Wayne Wizards and the Class A-Advanced Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League. He put together a 2–0 record with a 1.62 ERA in 13 games with Fort Wayne before his promotion to Lake Elsinore. With the Storm, he went 3–3 with a 2.90 ERA giving him a combined record of 5–3 with a 2.62 ERA, two saves, and 61 strikeouts in 75 innings pitched.  Hynes made his MLB debut with the Padres on July 14, 2013, pitching the ninth inning of a 10–1 victory against the San Francisco Giants. He appeared in six games for the Padres and was 1–1 with an 11.12 ERA in 5 innings. He was designated for assignment on October 25, 2013.

Los Angeles Dodgers.

He was traded to the Cleveland Indians for cash considerations on October 31, 2013. They designated him for assignment on March 30, 2014, and he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Duke von Schamann on April 6. He was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes. The Dodgers designated him for assignment on August 10.

Toronto Blue Jays.

On August 13, 2014, Hynes was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays and assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. He was invited to 2015 spring training, and pitched 12 shutout innings allowing only 3 hits and 2 walks, while striking out 11. His strong performance earned him a role in the bullpen to open the 2015 season. He was optioned Buffalo on April 19. On September 1, Hynes was designated for assignment. He elected free agency on November 6.  On February 12, 2016, Hynes agreed to a minor league contract with the Blue Jays. He started the season with the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, was promoted to the Buffalo Bisons on April 23, and returned to New Hampshire on April 25.

Cleveland Indians.

On August 4, 2016, Hynes signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians and was assigned to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers.

Oakland Athletics.

On August 31, 2016, Hynes was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Coco Crisp. He was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds on September 3.

Los Angeles Dodgers.

Hynes signed a minor league contract with the Dodgers in February 2017. They assigned him to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers of the Texas League to start the 2017 season. He appeared in 23 games for Tulsa (with four starts) and additional three games for the Oklahoma City Dodgers and was 6–1 with a 3.90 ERA between the two teams. On November 3, 2017, Hynes resigned a minor league deal with the Dodgers, however he was released on February 14, 2018.

Retirement.

On March 10, 2018, Hynes retired from baseball to join the Dodgers' front office as a minor league rehabilitation coordinator.

Joshua Colt Hynes (born June 28, 1985) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and Toronto Blue Jays.


Background.

"Tongue Tied" was written by the collective members of Grouplove and produced by Ryan Rabin. The song was recorded by Rabin at Captain Cuts Studios in Los Angeles, California. According to lead vocalist Christian Zucconi, "Tongue Tied" was conceived in swift fashion. While composing the piano score for a "really depressing, moody movie", Zucconi began to play around with various chords before settling on a melody. He then performed an instrumental version for bandmates Hannah Hooper and Sean Gadd.

Composition.

"Tongue Tied" is a three-minute, 38-second rock and electropop song influenced by indie music. It incorporates elements of synthpop and post-punk. The song is composed in the key of E-flat major using common time and a moderate dance tempo of 106 beats per minute. Andrew Lentz of "Drum Magazine" noted that "Tongue Tied" has a "dance-y four-on-the-floor feel".

Reception.

"Tongue Tied" received mixed reviews from critics. Robert Cooke of "Drowned in Sound" said that the song's "bloated synth sounds like the soundtrack to an advert for some E number-riddled sweets written by Katy Perry, while the almost-rapping in the middle-eight sounds like a Pussycat Dolls pastiche". Matt Edsall of "PopMatters" said that the song "pumps Passion Pit-like beats that push the band into that same electro-pop category that so many other projects are involved in today, ruining the tone of the album a mere five minutes in". Max Raymond of musicOMH said that the song was a "potential summer smash but too sugar-coated in synths". Huw Jones of "Slant Magazine" said that "Tongue Tied" and the following track, "Lovely Cup", were lackluster songs that "completely derail the momentum". Matt Collar of AllMusic praised the song for its "rollicking, post-punk exuberance", while Mischa Pearlman of BBC Music said that the song's lyrics were at "beautiful odds with [the song's] bouncy tune".

Music video.

The music video, directed by Jordan Bahat, for "Tongue Tied" was released to Vevo and YouTube on July 25, 2011, The video has since gained over 28 million views. The video features the band at a party, and the video goes mostly backwards. It shows a man running away from a group of people in a party who are in suits and masks. He trips and lands in an inflatable pool. At the beginning of the video, when it is the morning, he is seen fast asleep with his head in the water but with his body out of the water.

Credits and personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Never Trust a Happy Song".

"Tongue Tied" is a song by American indie rock band Grouplove, featured on their debut studio album "Never Trust a Happy Song" (2011). The song was released as the second single from the album on September 2, 2011. It was featured in an Apple iPod Touch commercial in 2011. On June 18, 2012, "Tongue Tied" reached the number-one position on the "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart, becoming their first number-one single. In May 2012, the song was covered by Fox television series "Glee" in the season 3 episode "Nationals". It also appears in "The Three Stooges", "Wadjda", "GT Racing 2: The Real Car Experience" and Premature.


Plot.

Nicholas spends his summer holidays with his parents and Grandma at the seaside. He quickly makes new friends, including the boy Blaise who lives in the area, the English pupil Djodjo, the gourmand Fructueux, the righteous Côme and the crybaby Crépin. But just when Nicholas believes he's got everything under control, Isabelle appears, the daughter of his parents friends. He doesn't understand why she cares so much about him until he becomes suspicious that his parents are trying to set her up as his wife-to-be. The boy consults his friends about the looming threat to his "true love", marrying Marie-Edwige. His friends offer advice and plot to separate Isabelle and Nicholas. They tell him that he must tarnish his family's reputation in front of Isabelle's parents, which happens by circumstance (Granny wanting to go to the casino). Nicholas and his friends even contemplate putting vipers on their beds, to get them out of there. After a close encounter with the viper, they switch to a dirty trick, literally. The boys connect the water supply and sewage line in the shower. Isabelle walks in on him guarding her door as the boys do the job. He gets frightened and bolts, only to find Isabelle behind him on the other side. She then walks up to him in an enclosed space and gives him Marie-Edwige's bracelet (which Nicholas lost a few days ago). The two then start chatting and get to know each other well. His interest for Isabelle grows. When the boys find out, they are unhappy and disappointed. But, Isabelle shows what she could do and becomes their friend. But, Isabelle's mother's shower incident forces them to almost leave. The boys now sabotage to extend the stay. Isabelle even takes the chequebook from the coat, which forces them to stay. But, Isabelle's father thinks it is Nicholas dad who stole (due to Nick's aforementioned lie about the family). One day on the beach, a very loud and obnoxious movie producer from Italy is filming a movie on the beach, angering the vacationers. In a fit of anger, Nicolas's mother marches up to the movie producer and yells at him in public to stop being so inconsiderate to everyone else. To apologize, the producer sends his assistant to invite Nicolas's parents to a party he is throwing.

Nicholas on Holiday () is a 2014 French family comedy film directed by Laurent Tirard, starring Mathéo Boisselier, Valérie Lemercier, Kad Merad, Dominique Lavanant, François-Xavier Demaison and Bouli Lanners. It is the sequel to the 2009 film "Little Nicholas". The film was released in France on 9 July 2014. The film is based on René Goscinny's and Jean-Jacques Sempé's books for children about Nicholas and his friends.


Career.

Zhang was born in the province of Shandong on the east Coast of China. He first came to prominence nationally with a win at the Chinese youth championships in 2010. He proceeded to win the Chinese junior championships and the China City Games title the following year. A best of came as part of a fourth-place finish at the Chinese Athletics Championships. He competed abroad for the first time in 2012 and managed a new best of indoors in Villeurbanne. This served a preparation for the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships, where the 17-year-old was runner-up behind his older compatriot (and national record holder) Yang Yansheng. Another indoor best of followed at the Chinese Taipei vs. China international match a month later.  In the 2012 outdoor season, he defended his Chinese junior title. A debut on the IAAF Diamond League circuit came shortly after and he managed to finish seventh at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix meet. He had an outright personal best at the Chinese Athletics Grand Prix meeting in his home province in Zibo, winning with a mark of. He became the continental champion at the 2012 Asian Junior Athletics Championships with a championship record height. In spite of this success, he failed to register a valid mark at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. At the end of the season, he equalled his best to place third at the Chinese Championships, behind Yang and Xue Changrui.  Still eighteen, he cleared an Asian junior record of at the start of 2013. He won the national junior title for a third time running, but failed to record a height at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics – his senior global debut. He dropped down the national rankings at the 12th Chinese Games, taking sixth place. He topped the national scene for the first time at the 2014 Chinese Championships, taking the national title in a personal best of.  Zhang maintained his form into the following season and built upon his 2012 junior regional title with a senior gold medal at the 2015 Asian Athletics Championships in Wuhan, matching his best to see off a challenge from Japan's Seito Yamamoto.

Zhang Wei (; born 22 March 1994) is a Chinese male track and field athlete who competes in the pole vault. He has a personal best of, set indoors in 2013. He was a silver medallist at the Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in 2012 and won the regional title at the 2015 Asian Athletics Championships.


Route.

The race started on The Mall then headed out of London, using the King's Road via Putney Bridge, part of Roehampton, Richmond Park, Richmond Hill, Twickenham and Teddington running towards Hampton Court (on the Greater London border). From Hampton Court the race continued southwest, passing the towns of Walton on Thames and the outskirts of Weybridge, then turned south, however unlike the Olympic course, took the town centres of West Byfleet, Woking and Guildford, before heading east on the A25 to Dorking. From Dorking the race headed north around the Box Hill loop, twice instead of the nine for the Olympics, taking in The Zig Zag road climb twice. From there the race headed north through Leatherhead and Esher on its return to London via Hampton Court before going through Richmond Park from the south (Kingston upon Thames) and then heading along the same roads the race used on its outbound journey back to the Mall.

Teams and riders.

138 riders from 19 national teams and 10 trade teams took part in the race. Mark Cavendish was the pre-race favourite and he was joined in the race by his HTC teammate, Australian Matthew Goss. Other Australians accompanying Goss were Heinrich Haussler and Stuart O'Grady. Also in the race were Tom Boonen of Belgium and American Tyler Farrar.

Race.

The race gave one more leg than the previous year in Britain to the season-long UCI European Tour in 2011 by including not only the Rutland–Melton International CiCLE Classic and Tour of Britain but also this prototype long-distance circuit (taking in London twice and its large section within Surrey). The course would also witness most of the Summer Olympics road race in 2012, however was slightly modified. In the week preceding the race London experienced a series of riots; several football matches were called off, but the London–Surrey Cycle Classic was allowed to proceed. On race day British riders Liam Holohan, Kristian House and Tom Murray and Brazil's Cleberson Weber opened up a 6-minute gap in the breakaway before the peloton started to pull them back on the final Box Hill climb. 2009 British road race champion House won the King of the Mountains award. The lead quartet were swept up in the final 9 kilometres as Great Britain and England controlled the pace. Kurt Asle Arvesen then made a bid for the win before being brought back. With 12 kilometres to go, Tyler Farrar suffered a puncture. After chasing furiously he reached the peloton with 2 kilometres to go, only to see his chance of the win wiped out as a crash occurred; according to Heinrich Haussler it was caused by two riders fighting. The crash split the peloton and in a group of just 20 riders Mark Cavendish beat Sacha Modolo of Italy and France's Samuel Dumoulin in a sprint finish on the Mall.

Women's Reaction.

Unlike the road race the following year, no women's event was held, which led the 2008 Olympic Champion Nicole Cooke to accuse the organisers of sexism. 2010 World Time Trial Champion Emma Pooley was also disappointed, stating "How much extra effort would go in to putting on a women's race? I'm sorry, but we have a sport as well, it kind of annoys me every time." To remedy the lack of racing on the course Cooke and Lizzie Armitstead followed the race in the team cars to survey the course.  LOCOG's Director of Sport, Debbie Jevans declared herself pleased with the event. However, in her debrief with the UCI she said she would look at comments from riders, the impact of the full road closures along the route and the crowd restrictions on Box Hill. Jevans said that consensus was that it was a 'fantastic' course which was 'technically challenging.' However, riders complained about parts of the first part of the course; Dumoulin commenting that it was "a little dangerous." The Director also noted that the a section of the Box Hill area would be widened. As for the limited crowd of 3,400 on Box Hill, Jevans stated that she would look into trying to increase the capacity on that section as an estimated 100,000 people turned out to watch the event in total. Pat McQuaid, president of the UCI, was impressed by the spectator turnout.  BBC Surrey received complaints about inaccurate signage and road closures that cut off large parts of the towns. Complaints about the closures led Surrey County Council to issue an apology through Councillor Denise Saliagopolous for the problems experienced.

TV coverage.

A 20-minute highlights package was televised a week after the race on 21 August 2011. It was screened at 13:00 on BBC Two.

The London–Surrey Cycle Classic was a one-off, one-day bicycle race that served as one of three U.K. events in the year-long 2010–11 UCI Europe Tour and acted as the test event for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The race was part of the London Prepares series of events. The race was run over most of the Olympic course, starting in the Mall and heading into Surrey, where the riders completed two laps of the Box Hill loop before making their way back to the Mall. The course took the riders through or beside four Royal Parks and six London Boroughs. Most of the riders represented countries instead of trade teams; however, there were several, mainly British, trade teams in the race with England being classified as one of them. The race was won by 2011 Tour de France Green Jersey winner Mark Cavendish.


Early life.

James Hamilton was the son of James Hamilton of Cadzow, 5th Laird of Cadzow. He was born at Cadzow Castle, Lanarkshire. He first appears on record on a charter of 1426, granting him the rights to the lands of Dalserf, which had been alienated by his father.

Douglas connection.

Hamilton was intimately connected with the powerful House of Douglas: his paternal grand-mother was a daughter of James Douglas Lord of Dalkeith d. 1441, and also through his marriage in 1439/1440 with Lady Euphemia Graham, the youthful widow of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas and daughter of Euphemia Stewart, Countess of Strathearn. Hamilton became stepfather to the young 6th Earl of Douglas, his brother David, both who would be murdered in November 1440 at the 'Black Dinner' at Edinburgh Castle in the presence of James II. Furthermore, he was the stepfather of Margaret Douglas, known as the "Fair Maid of Galloway", who was to marry her cousins William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas.

Laird o' Cadzow to Lord Hamilton.

Prior to 1440 he achieved the status of knighthood, and c. 1440/1441 he inherited his father's estates. In 1445, Hamilton received letters patent creating him a Lord of Parliament. This charter raised all his estates into the entail of that rank, with its Capital Messuage at the "Orchard", (later Hamilton Palace), at Cadzow. Furthermore, the charter stated that henceforth the lands would be known as Hamilton as they are today.  Hamilton accompanied his stepson in law, the 8th Earl of Douglas, to Rome in 1450, and there obtained permission from the Holy See to convert the Parish Church at the new burgh of Hamilton into a Collegiate Establishment, with endowments for a Provost and six Canons.

Royal displeasure.

He was certainly with the 9th Earl of Douglas, a month after the murder when the 9th Earl burned the town of Stirling. There followed open warfare in which King James II attacked Douglas lands. An agreement was reached between the King and the Douglas faction at Douglas Castle, in August 1452 that was to last until 1455 in which the Douglas forgave the King's killing of his brother. In 1453, Hamilton was in England, again with the 9th Earl of Douglas, arranging the release of his brother in law, Malise Graham, Earl of Strathearn. For this action Strathearn granted Hamilton the lands of Elliestoun in Linlithgowshire. Hamilton was again in London the following year negotiating a treasonous bond in which Douglas was to swear fealty to King Henry VI in return for support against King James, but the negotiations came to nothing. He was back in Scotland by February 1455 at which time Hamilton and the Earl of Douglas's brothers ravaged and burned much of Lanarkshire.

Siege of Abercorn and fall of the Black Douglas.

In March 1455, King James took to the field against Douglas, sacking his properties and burning his crops. Hamilton's lands, he being a partisan of the Douglases, were also particularly devastated. King James then besieged the Douglas stronghold of Abercorn Castle, using cannons to destroy it. Douglas mustered his men from Douglasdale, Galloway and the Forest; Hamilton, his levies from Clydesdale. The troops marched to raise the siege, but the Earl of Douglas' indecision on a plan of attack is said to have perplexed Hamilton, and cause him to withdraw his support for the Douglas cause. Hamilton changed sides and became a partisan of the Royal party. There is evidence to suggest that Hamilton's uncle, James Livingstone, 1st Lord Livingston had a part in this change of heart. Douglas fled to England, his Castle of Abercorn was slighted, two of his brothers died at and following the Battle of Arkinholm; finally Douglas' great fortalice of Threave Castle fell and Douglas was attainted, all his enormous patrimony forfeit.

Return to Favour.

Following the collapse of the Douglas rebellion, Hamilton was warded at Roslin Castle, in Midlothian for a short while. As recompense for his "Volte-Face", Hamilton was created Sheriff of Lanark, in July 1455, and certain of the Earl of Douglas' forfeited lands were made over to him. These, and his existing lands, being confirmed in Royal charters of October that year. The Barony of Hamilton was increased to include the lands of Drumsergard, Cessford, Kinneil etc., and carefully entailed to whosoever might bear the name and Chief arms of Hamilton. Hamilton was made Bailie of the Priory of Lesmahagow, a Douglas foundation, and was granted the privilege of the lands of Finnart. Hamilton's new patron was the new Lord of Douglas, George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, the head of the "Red line" of the House of Douglas, and a supporter of the King.

Marriage and issue.

Hamilton married first, Lady Euphemia Graham, daughter of Patrick Graham, de jure Earl of Strathearn and Euphemia Stewart, Countess of Strathearn and widow of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas. They had a daughter: He married secondly, Princess Mary Stewart of Scotland, daughter of James II of Scotland, and widow of Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran. By Princess Mary, Hamilton had three children:  Illegitimate children included Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil, father of Master Patrick Hamilton, burnt for heresy in 1528 and a Protestant martyr. Lord Hamilton also had a daughter who married Sir John MacFarlane, 11th chief of Clan MacFarlane. John Hamilton of Broomhill (d. c. 1550), another illegitimate child of James, 1st Lord Hamilton, was by Janet Calderwood. In 1512 John's birth was legitimised. His grandson, James Hamilton, notably served as Sheriff of Perthshire, and his descendants became the Lords Belhaven and Stenton. Another illegitimate child by Janet Calderwood was David Hamilton, Bishop of Argyll and commendator of Dryburgh Abbey.

James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton, 6th Laird of Cadzow (c. 1415 – 6 November 1479) was a Scottish nobleman, scholar and politician.


Project description.

The entire length would have been 4,600 kilometres, with approximately 70 percent (3,000 kilometres) being existing pipeline that would have been converted from carrying liquified natural gas to carrying diluted bitumen. The pipeline route would have run from Alberta to New Brunswick, crossing through Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The original project proposal included a marine oil export terminal in Cacouna, Quebec, but that configuration was abandoned due to the impact it would have on a beluga whale habitat. The project would have had a capacity of 1.1 million barrels (~200,000 tonnes) of crude oil per day.  Irving Oil had announced plans to build a new $300-million terminal at its Canaport facility in Saint John to export the oil delivered from the pipeline.

Background.

In a November 10, 2011 phone call, then-President Barack Obama told then Prime Minister Stephen Harper that the Keystone XL approval process was on hold. In response, Frank McKenna, who was then New Brunswick Premier, wrote a "Financial Post" opinion piece suggesting a west-east pipeline. In June 2013, Irving Oil's Arthur Irving and Frank McKenna discuss the TransCanada negotiations which have frustrated Irving and Irving and TransCanada finally reach a deal. The July 6, 2013 the fire and explosion with a blast radius in the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster, the deadliest rail accident since Canada's confederation in 1867, took place. It was caused by the derailment of a freight train carrying Bakken Formation crude oil. Forty-two people died. About half of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec downtown area was destroyed immediately and almost all the remaining downtown buildings had to be demolished because of petroleum contamination.  There were a number of factors that contributed to TransCanada's October 5, 2017 decision to cancel the Energy East project, including "politics, the energy market and the economics of the energy industry."  In 2015, National Energy Board members—NEB's chief executive, Peter Watson, Lyne Mercier, Jacques Gauthier and Roland George "derailed" the Board's public hearings and were "forced to recuse themselves from further dealings with Energy East". They had held secret, private meetings in January 2015, with stakeholders, including Jean Charest, former Premier of Quebec who represented TransCanada at the time as a consultant. Board members were "supposed to handle all of their dealings with stakeholders in public." Conservative MP, Lisa Raitt said the board members made a mistake with Energy East. "The NEB is there to make sure they do everything legally, by the book...If I were the minister in charge, I would read them the riot act." Prior to the 2015 general election, then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper renewed the mandates of all nineteen politically-appointed permanent NEB members. This prevented the "incoming government from making its own appointments to the regulator before the next federal election, scheduled for 2019."  The proposed route crossed the "traditional territory of 180 different aboriginal communities", most of which were strongly against it. Each of the 180 may in law have had a veto under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples which Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau had previously vowed to sign and uphold. This veto right was supported by some Canadian oil extraction corporations such as Suncor.  Energy East had generated controversy in various areas. Some communities through which it was proposed to pass (notably North Bay, Kenora, and Thunder Bay) opposed it categorically.  In partial response to these concerns, the NEB had planned to hear aboriginal oral evidence from 70 specific intervenors.  The project was also strongly opposed by some Canadians on scientific grounds. The Pembina Institute released a report urging the National Energy Board to consider the impact on carbon emissions, estimating the project's upstream impact as being between 30 and 32 million tonnes of carbon emissions per year. This position was supported by the Governments of Ontario and Quebec, who had wanted the impact of the project on greenhouse gases examined as part of the National Energy Board review process, but did not oppose the project in principle. The Ontario Energy Board also had right to assert its own conditions and jurisdiction, but did not before the project was cancelled.  Another controversial aspect was a new supertanker complex at the eastern end of the pipeline near Quebec City. Exploratory work was put on hold for a month after the Quebec Superior Court found that the Quebec environment ministry had not considered the impact of the project on beluga whales in the area. A public opinion poll held in Quebec found only one-third of Québécois supported the pipeline, while it was supported by one-half of Canadians outside of Quebec.

Project endorsements and process concerns.

The project was endorsed by the Liberal Government of New Brunswick, which claimed it would create over 2000 construction jobs in a province with 11% unemployment. Former Conservative Party of Canada Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper endorsed the project, as did the Government of Alberta. This endorsement was renewed by the former NDP Premier of Alberta Rachel Notley after her government's election in 2015. The Saskatchewan Legislature unanimously endorsed a motion supporting the pipeline in November 2014, and the Premier of Saskatchewan Brad Wall called on Prime Minister Harper "to take leadership in supporting TransCanada’s proposed Energy East pipeline". Accordingly, the provincial governments of Alberta, Saskatchewan and New Brunswick were in support. Wall and Notley had taken the position that Ontario and Quebec could not "veto" the pipeline.  The Maliseet First Nations raised concerns about the project during National Energy Board board hearings, but the six Maliseet first nations did not take a unified position on the project at that point, saying that they were reserving judgment pending the results of a traditional land use study and technical review. TransCanada said that it would "strive to reach consent" with the First Nations to avoid and mitigate any possible adverse effects of the Energy East pipeline.  Wall's (but not Notley's) position was that provincial equalization could be withheld from provinces that did not support the project. Ontario and Quebec had imposed approval conditions on Energy East but had dropped climate change concerns in December 2014.  After the election of Justin Trudeau as Prime Minister in the 2015 Canadian federal election, and the replacement of Conservative pro-pipeline MPs with Liberal Party of Canada MPs along the entire route of the pipeline in New Brunswick and part of the route in Quebec, the Canadian federal position became unclear. The Prime Minister had strongly condemned the Harper-era process of regulation, citing serious conflict of interest and mandate flaws, and had also promised to "work with the provinces to map out a plan to reduce Canada's collective carbon footprint within 90 days of taking office by putting a price on carbon pollution." Other Harper-era approvals such as Northern Gateway had been sharply criticized and even called a "farce" by some public officials objecting to the lack of oral cross-examination. Northern Gateway was ultimately cancelled as well by the federal government in November 2016.

The Energy East pipeline was a proposed oil pipeline in Canada. It would have delivered diluted bitumen from Western Canada and North Western United States to Eastern Canada, from receipt points in Alberta, Saskatchewan and North Dakota to refineries and port terminals in New Brunswick and possibly Quebec. The TC PipeLines project would have converted about 3,000 kilometres of natural gas pipeline, which currently carries natural gas from Alberta to the Ontario-Quebec border, to diluted bitumen transportation. New pipeline, pump stations, and tank facilities also would have been constructed. The 12 billion pipeline would have been the longest in North America when complete.


Legal background.

Human cadavers have been dissected by physicians since at least the 3rd century BC, but throughout history, prevailing religious views on the desecration of corpses often meant that such work was performed in secrecy. The Christian church forbade human dissection until the 14th century, when the first recorded anatomisation of a cadaver took place in Bologna. Until then, anatomical research was limited to the dissection of animals. In Britain, human dissection was proscribed by law until 1506, when King James IV of Scotland gave royal patronage to the Barber-Surgeons of Edinburgh, allowing them to dissect the "bodies of certain executed criminals". England followed in 1540, when Henry VIII gave patronage to the Company of Barber-Surgeons, allowing them access to four executed felons each year (Charles II later increased this to six felons each year). Elizabeth I granted the College of Physicians the right to anatomise four felons annually in 1564.  Several major hospitals and teaching centres were established in Britain during the 18th century, but with only a very few corpses legally available for dissection, these institutions suffered from severe shortages. Some local authorities had already attempted to alleviate the problem, with limited success; in 1694, Edinburgh allowed anatomists to dissect corpses "found dead in the streets, and the bodies of such as die violent deaths... who shall have nobody to own them". Suicide victims were given over, as were infants who had died while being born and also the unclaimed bodies of abandoned children. But even though they were supported by the common law, anatomists occasionally found it difficult to collect what was granted to them. Fuelled by resentment of how readily the death penalty was used, and imbued with superstitious beliefs, crowds sometimes sought to keep the bodies of executed felons away from the authorities. Riots at execution sites were commonplace; worried about possible disorder, in 1749 the Sheriff of London ignored the surgeons and gave the dead to their relatives.  These problems, together with a desire to enhance the deterrent effect of the death penalty, resulted in the passage of the Murder Act 1752. It required that "every murderer shall, after execution, either be dissected or hung in chains". Dissection was generally viewed as "a fate worse than death"; giving judges the ability to substitute gibbeting with dissection was an attempt to invoke that horror. While the Act gave anatomists statutory access to many more cadavers than were previously available, it proved insufficient. Attempting to bolster the supply, some surgeons offered money to pay the prison expenses and funeral clothing costs of condemned prisoners, while bribes were paid to officials present at the gallows, sometimes leading to an unfortunate situation in which corpses not legally given over for dissection were taken anyway.

Commodification.

Documented cases of grave robbery for medical purposes can be found as far back as 1319. The 15th-century polymath Leonardo da Vinci may have secretly dissected around 30 corpses, although their provenance remains unknown. In Britain, the practice appears to have been common early in the 17th century. For example, William Shakespeare's epitaph reads "Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones" and in 1678, anatomists were suspected of being involved in the disappearance of an executed gypsy's body. Contracts issued in 1721 by the Edinburgh College of Surgeons include a clause directing students not to become involved in exhumation, suggesting, according to historian Ruth Richardson, that students had already done the exact opposite. Pupils accompanied professional body snatchers as observers, and were reported to have obtained and paid for their studies with human corpses, perhaps indicating that their tutors were complicit. The unauthorised removal of bodies from London graveyards became commonplace and by the 1720s, probably as a direct result of the lack of legally available bodies for anatomical research, fresh corpses had likely undergone commodification. Corpses and parts thereof were traded like any other merchandise: packed into suitable containers, salted and preserved, stored in cellars and quays and transported in carts, waggons and boats. Encouraged by fierce competition, anatomy schools usually paid more promptly than their peers, who included individual surgeons, artists and others with an interest in human anatomy. As one body snatcher testified, "a man may make a good living at it, if he is a sober man, and acts with judgement, and supplies the schools". In London, late 18th-century anatomists may have delegated their grave-robbing almost entirely to body snatchers, or, as they were commonly known, resurrectionists. A fifteen-strong gang of such men, exposed in Lambeth in 1795, supplied "eight surgeons of public repute, and a man who calls himself an Articulator". The report into their activities lists a price of two guineas and a crown for a dead body, six shillings for the first foot, and nine pence per inch "for all it measures more in length". These prices were by no means fixed; the black market value of corpses varied considerably. Giving evidence to the 1828 Select Committee on Anatomy, the surgeon Astley Cooper testified that in 1828 the price for a corpse was about eight guineas, but also that he had paid anything from two to fourteen guineas previously; others claimed they had paid up to twenty guineas per corpse. Compared to the five shillings an East End silk weaver could earn each week, or the single guinea a manservant to a wealthy household was paid, these were considerable sums of money and body snatching was therefore a highly profitable business. Surgeons at the Royal College in Edinburgh complained that resurrectionists were profiteering, particularly when local shortages forced prices up. One surgeon told the Select Committee that he thought the body snatchers were manipulating the market for their own benefit, though no criticism was made of the "Anatomy Club", an attempt by anatomists to control the price of corpses for their benefit.  Prices also varied depending on what type of corpse was for sale. With greater opportunity for the study of musculature, males were preferable to females, while freaks were more highly valued. The body of Charles Byrne, the so-called "Irish Giant", fetched about £500 when it was bought by John Hunter. Byrne's skeleton remains on display at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Children's bodies were also traded, as "big smalls", "smalls" or foetuses. Parts of corpses, such as a scalp with long hair attached, or good quality teeth, also fetched good prices—not because they held any intrinsic value to the anatomist, but rather because they were used to refurbish the living. With no reliable figures for the number of dissections that took place in 18th-century Britain, the true scale of body snatching can only be estimated. Richardson suggests that nationally, several thousand bodies were robbed each year. The 1828 Select Committee reported that in 1826, 592 bodies were dissected by 701 students. In 1831, only 52 of 1,601 death penalties handed down were enacted, a number far too small to meet demand. Since corpses were not viewed as property and could neither be owned nor stolen, body snatching remained quasi-legal, the crime being committed against the grave rather than the body. On the rare occasions they were caught, resurrectionists might have received a public whipping, or a sentence for crimes against public mores, but generally the practice was treated by the authorities as an open secret and ignored. A notable exception occurred in Great Yarmouth in 1827, with the capture of three resurrectionists. At a time when thieves were regularly transported for theft, two of the body snatchers were discharged and the third, sent to London for trial, was imprisoned for only six months. Resurrectionists were also aided by the corpse's anatomisation; since the process also destroyed the evidence, a successful prosecution was unlikely.

Resurrection.

Method.

Resurrectionists usually found corpses through a network of informers. Sextons, gravediggers, undertakers, local officials; each connived to take a cut of the proceeds. Working mostly in small gangs at night with a "dark lanthorn", their "modus operandi" was to dig a hole—sometimes using a quieter, wooden spade—down to one end of the coffin. To disguise this activity, the spoil was sometimes thrown onto a piece of canvas at the side of the grave. A sound-deadening sack was placed over the lid, which was then lifted. The weight of soil on the remainder of the lid snapped the wood, enabling the robbers to hoist the body out. The corpse was then stripped of its clothing, tied up, and placed into a sack. The entire process could be completed within 30 minutes. Moving the corpse of a pauper was less troublesome, as their bodies were often kept in mass graves, left open to the environment until filled—which often took weeks.  If caught in the act, body snatchers could find themselves at the mercy of the local population. A violent confrontation took place in a Dublin churchyard in 1828, when a party of mourners confronted a group of resurrectionists. The would-be body snatchers withdrew, only to return several hours later with more men. The mourners had also added to their number, and both groups had brought firearms. A "volley of bullets, slugs, and swan-shot from the resurrectionists" prompted a "discharge of fire-arms from the defenders". Close-quarters fighting included the use of pick axes, until the resurrectionists retreated. In the same city, a man caught removing a corpse from a graveyard in Hollywood was shot and killed in 1832. In the same year, three men were apprehended while transporting the bodies of two elderly men, near Deptford in London. As rumours spread that the two corpses were murder victims, a large crowd assembled outside the station house. When the suspects were brought out to be transported to the local magistrates, the approximately 40-strong force of police officers found it difficult to "prevent their prisoners being sacrificed by the indignant multitude, which was most anxious to inflict such punishment upon them as it thought they deserved."

Gangs.

As many as seven gangs of resurrectionists may have been at work in 1831. The 1828 Select Committee on Anatomy believed that there were about 200 London resurrectionists, most of them working part-time. The London Borough Gang, which operated from about 1802 to 1825, at its peak consisted of at least six men, led first by a former hospital porter named Ben Crouch, and later by a man called Patrick Murphy. Under the protection of Astley Cooper, Crouch's gang supplied some of London's biggest anatomical schools, but relations were not always amicable. In 1816 the gang cut off supplies to the St Thomas Hospital School, demanding an increase of two guineas per corpse. When the school responded by using freelancers, members of the gang burst into the dissecting rooms, threatened the students and attacked the corpses. The police were called, but worried about adverse publicity, the school paid their attackers' bail and opened negotiations. The gang also attempted to put rivals out of business, sometimes by desecrating a graveyard (thereby rendering it unsafe to rob graves from for weeks thereafter) and other times by reporting freelance resurrectionists to the police, recruiting them once freed from prison. Joshua Naples, who wrote "The Diary of a Resurrectionist", a list of his activities from 1811–1812, was one such individual. Among entries detailing the graveyards he plundered, the institutions he delivered to, how much he was paid and his drunkenness, Naples diary mentions his gang's inability to work under a full Moon, being unable to sell a body deemed "putrid", and leaving a body thought to be infected with smallpox.  Violent mobs were not the only problems body snatchers faced. Naples also wrote of how he met "patrols" and how "dogs flew at us", references to some of the measures taken to secure graves against his ilk. The aristocracy and very rich placed their dead in triple coffins, vaults and private chapels, sometimes guarded by servants. For the less wealthy, double coffins were available, buried on private land in deep graves. More basic defences included the placing of heavy weights over the coffin, or simply filling the grave with stones rather than soil. Such deterrents were sometimes deployed in vain; at least one London graveyard was owned by an anatomist who, it was reported, "obtained a famous supply [of cadavers]... and he could charge pretty handsomely for burying a body there, and afterwards get from his pupils from eight to twelve guineas for taking it up again!" Ever more elaborate creations included "The Patent Coffin", an iron contraption with concealed springs to prevent any levering of its lid. Corpses were sometimes secured inside their caskets by iron straps, while other designs used special screws to reinforce metal bands placed around the coffin. In Scotland, iron cages called mortsafes either encased buried coffins, or were set in a concrete foundation and covered the whole grave. Some covered more than one coffin, while others took the form of iron lattices fixed beneath large stone slabs, buried with the coffin. They may not have been secure enough; as one 20th-century writer observed, an empty coffin found beneath a buried mortsafe in Aberlour had probably been "opened during the night succeeding the funeral, and carefully closed again, so that the disturbance of the soil had escaped notice or had been attributed to the original burial."

Other methods.

Occasionally, resurrectionists paid women to pose as grieving relatives, so that they might claim a body from a workhouse. Some parishes did little to stop this practice, as it reduced their funeral expenditure. Bodies were also taken from dead houses; Astley Cooper's servant was once forced to return three bodies, worth £34 2s, to a dead house in Newington parish. Bribes were also paid, usually to servants of recently deceased employers then lying in state, although this method carried its own risks as corpses were often placed on public display before they were buried. Some were taken from private homes; in 1831 "The Times" reported that "a party of resurrectionists" burst into a house in Bow Lane and took the body of an elderly woman, who was being waked' by her friends and neighbours". The thieves apparently "acted with the most revolting indecency, dragging the corpse in its death clothes after them through the mud in the street". Bodies were even removed—with no legal authority—from prisons and naval and military hospitals.  While some surgeons eschewed human cadavers in favour of facsimiles, plaster casts, wax models and animals, bodies were also taken from hospital burial grounds. Recent excavations at the Royal London Hospital appear to support claims made almost 200 years earlier that the hospital's school was "entirely supplied by subjects, which have been their own patients".

Dissection and anatomy.

Public view.

The moving in 1783 of London's executions, from Tyburn to Newgate Prison, reduced the likelihood of public interference and strengthened the authorities' hold over felons. However, society's view of dissection remained unequivocal; most preferred gibbeting to the laying open of a corpse. Martin Gray, sentenced to death in 1721 for returning early from transportation, was "greatly frighted, least his Body should be cut, and torn, and mangled after Death, and had sent his Wife to his Uncle to obtain some money to prevent it." Vincent Davis, convicted in 1725 of murdering his wife, said he would rather be "hang'd in Chains" than "anatomiz'd", and to that effect had "sent many Letters to all his former Friends and Acquaintance to form a Company, and prevent the Surgeons in their Designs upon his Body". There are cases of criminals who survived the short drop, but dissecting the body removed any hope of escape from death's embrace. Anatomists were popularly thought to be interested in dissection only as enactors of the law, a relationship first established by kings James IV and Henry VIII. Thomas Wakley, editor of "The Lancet", wrote that this lowered "the character of the profession in the public mind." It was also thought that the anatomists' work made the body's owner unrecognisable in the afterlife. Therefore, while less hated than the resurrectionists they employed, anatomists remained at risk of attack. Relatives of a man executed in 1820 killed one anatomist and shot another in the face, while in 1831, following the discovery of buried human flesh and three dissected bodies, a mob burnt down an anatomy theatre in Aberdeen. The theatre's proprietor, Andrew Moir, escaped through a window, while two of his students were chased through the streets.  Some aspects of the popular view of dissection were exemplified by the final panel of William Hogarth's "The Four Stages of Cruelty", a series of engravings that depict a felon's journey to the anatomical theatre. The chief surgeon (John Freke) appears as a magistrate, watching over the examination of the murderer Tom Nero's body by the Company of Surgeons. According to author Fiona Haslam, the scene reflects a popular view that surgeons were "on the whole, disreputable, insensitive to human suffering and prone to victimis[ing] people in the same way that criminals victimised their prey." Another popular belief alluded to by Hogarth was that surgeons were so ignorant of the respect due to their subjects, that they allowed the remains to become offal. In reality, the rough treatment exacted by body snatchers on corpses continued on the premises they delivered to. Joshua Brookes once admitted that he had kicked a corpse in a sack down a flight of stairs, while Robert Christison complained of the "shocking indecency without any qualifying wit" demonstrated by a male lecturer who dissected a woman. Pranks were also common; a London student who jokingly dropped an amputated leg down a household chimney, into a housewife's stewpot, caused a riot.

Anatomy Act 1832.

In March 1828, in Liverpool, three defendants charged with conspiracy and unlawfully procuring and receiving a corpse buried in Warrington were acquitted, while the remaining two were found guilty of possession. The presiding judge's comment, that "the disinterment of bodies for dissection was an offence liable to punishment", prompted Parliament to establish the 1828 Select Committee on Anatomy. The committee took evidence from 40 witnesses: 25 members of the medical profession, 12 public servants and 3 resurrectionists, who remained anonymous. Discussed were the importance of anatomy, the supply of subjects for dissection and the relationship between anatomists and resurrectionists. The committee concluded that dissection was essential to the study of human anatomy and recommended that anatomists be allowed to appropriate the bodies of paupers.  The first bill was presented to Parliament in 1829 by Henry Warburton, author of the Select Committee's report. Following a spirited defence of the poor by peers in the House of Lords, it was withdrawn, but almost two years later Warburton introduced a second bill, shortly after the execution of John Bishop and Thomas Williams. The London Burkers, as the two men were known, were inspired by a series of murders committed by William Burke and William Hare, two Irishmen who sold their victims' bodies to Robert Knox, a Scottish surgeon. Even though Burke and Hare never robbed graves, their case lowered the public's view of resurrectionists from desecraters to potential murderers. The resulting wave of social anxiety helped speed Warburton's bill through Parliament, and despite much public opprobrium, with little Parliamentary opposition the Anatomy Act 1832 became law on 1 August 1832. It abolished that part of the 1752 Act that allowed murderers to be dissected, ending the centuries-old tradition of anatomising felons, although it neither discouraged nor prohibited body snatching, or the sale of corpses (whose legal status remained uncertain). Another clause allowed a person's body to be given up for "anatomical examination", provided that the person concerned had not objected. As the poor were often barely literate and therefore unable to leave written directions in the event of their death, this meant that masters of charitable institutions such as workhouses decided who went to the anatomist's table. A stipulation that witnesses could intervene was also abused, as such witnesses might be fellow inmates who were powerless to object, or workhouse staff who stood to gain money through wilful ignorance.  Despite the passage of the Anatomy Act, resurrection remained commonplace, the supply of unclaimed paupers' bodies at first proving inadequate to fulfil the demand. Reports of body snatching persisted for some years; in 1838, Poor Law Commissioners reported on two dead resurrectionists who had contracted an illness from a putrid corpse they had unearthed. By 1844, the trade no longer existed.

References.

Footnotes Notes Bibliography

Resurrectionists were body snatchers who were commonly employed by anatomists in the United Kingdom during the 18th and 19th centuries to exhume the bodies of the recently dead. Between 1506 and 1752 only a very few cadavers were available each year for anatomical research. The supply was increased when, in an attempt to intensify the deterrent effect of the death penalty, Parliament passed the By allowing judges to substitute the public display of executed criminals with dissection (a fate generally viewed with horror), the new law significantly increased the number of bodies anatomists could legally access. This proved insufficient to meet the needs of the hospitals and teaching centres that opened during the 18th century. Corpses and their component parts became a commodity, but although the practice of disinterment was hated by the general public, bodies were not legally anyone's property. The resurrectionists therefore operated in a legal grey area.


Team history.

When founded by Gordon Spice and Raymond Bellm, who funded the company with Listerine sponsorship, Spice Engineering initially used Tiga sports cars in the World Sportscar Championship, running in the smaller C2 category. Debuting in the 1984 season, the team managed to score five class wins in the championship, aiding Tiga in finishing third in the constructor's standings. For 1985, the engineering arm of Spice began to develop, as the team assisted in the development of the new Tiga GC85 chassis. Gordon Spice and Ray Bellm managed to take another five class victories that year, including at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and winning the teams championship. Now constructing their own cars for 1986, Spice also expanded to the IMSA GT Championship, where they assisted in the running of Pontiac's Camel Lights competitor. Meanwhile, in the WSC, Spice would score another two victories, yet miss out on a repeat of the team's championship to Ecurie Ecosse. Spice would return to form in 1987, with seven victories and retaking the championship. Spice would expand on this even more in 1988, when in an eleven race season, they failed to win their class only once, thus earning them a third championship title.  In 1989, Spice would attempt to move into the larger C1 class, where major manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Jaguar, Nissan, Toyota, and Aston Martin competed. Spice would finish a disappointing ninth in the teams championship, with a race result of fourth that season. Fortunes would improve in 1990 when a large number of the major manufacturers exited the series, leaving Spice to be able to take fourth place in the championship, ahead of the various private Porsche outfits and the factory Toyota squad.  In 1991, Spice chose to concentrate on the IMSA GT Championship. However Euro Racing achieved a string of good results in the 1991 WSC with a Spice SE90C, including four fourth places, helping the team to fourth in the teams championship whilst drivers Cor Euser and Charles Zwolsman finished fifth and sixth in the drivers standings. In addition another Spice had the distinction of being the only C1 class car to be a classified finisher in the 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans. The following year saw Chamberlain Engineering successfully campaigning a Spice SE89C in the declining WSC - the team consistently scored points, including a third place at the 1992 500km of Silverstone and finished fourth in the championship, whilst their lead driver Ferdinand de Lesseps finished seventh in the drivers championship. Chamberlain also dominated the FIA Cup, with de Lesseps winning all six rounds. Following the collapse of the GTP class in IMSA at the end of 1993. Spice was active in creating update and modification kits to allow existing chassis to be updated to the then-new IMSA WSC specification.

Constructor history.

Following Spice's initial work on the Tiga GC85, Gordon Spice decided to build his own chassis, not only for the C2 class in the World Sportscar Championship, but also for the Lights class in IMSA GT. He received engineering input from General Motors for the IMSA effort, using Pontiac engines in place of the Ford Cosworths. The first design by the team was the SE86, which the SE standing for Spice Engineering, and 86 for the year of its construction, 1986. This numbering scheme would be used by nearly all Spice chassis.  After having considerable success with their smaller chassis, Spice made the move to the larger C1 and GTP classes with the SE89. This would be replaced by the successful SE90 the following year, of which Spice built near 30 chassis of that design or similar over several years. Many privateers bought the SE90s, winning various championships. Spice would also end its relationship with General Motors, instead becoming the factory squad for Honda, running Acura engines in SE90-based chassis, winning the Camel lights for Honda in 1991, 1992 and 1993.In 1990 Gordon Spice and Ray Bellm sold their interests in Spice Engineering to Jean Louis Ricci, a Spice customer.  By 1992, Spice began to develop newer designs to replace their older chassis, but the company would soon hit financial troubles before multiple cars could be built. Spice's final GTP chassis was finished in 1993, at which time the GTP and GT Lights Championships had been canceled and IMSA was adopting a new set of rules for open-cockpit sportscars in 1994. Spice built at least three new chassis for the IMSA WSC championship with new suspension and bodywork. In 1994 Spice won the manufacturers championship with Oldsmobile beating Ferrari. Spice also made available a kit to convert existing Group C and IMSA chassis to the new WSC regulations and some teams took up this option, with some opting to carry out their own conversion and development work, without factory assistance. Some of these heavily modified designs would still be racing competitively until 1999.  During Spice's stint as the factory Pontiac team, they also constructed several Pontiac Fiero race cars for the IMSA GTO and GTU classes, having some mixed success. These would be the only Spices based on production cars instead of purpose-built sports cars.

Later projects and demise.

Following the collapse of the major sportscar championships in the early 1990s, Spice won the Manufacturers Championship for Oldsmobile in 1994. Spice planned to build its own road cars and race them in the newer GT championships. The company also announced ambitious plans to create a Formula One team in their new headquarters in Australia. However, the plan never got off the ground and Spice soon closed.

Successes.

Both as a team and as a constructor, Spice had considerable success during their racing career through the 1980s and into the 1990s.

Spice Engineering was a British racing team founded by driver Gordon Spice with Raymond Bellm in the early 1980s, later becoming a successful sports car constructor in 1986. They competed in the World Sportscar Championship in Europe as well as the IMSA GT Championship in North America, at times partnering with major manufacturers such as General Motors and Honda as well as race engine manufacturer Comptech.


Mechanics.

The EER model includes all of the concepts introduced by the ER model. Additionally it includes the concepts of a subclass and superclass (Is-a), along with the concepts of specialization and generalization. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of a union type or category, which is used to represent a collection of objects that is the union of objects of different entity types. EER model also includes EER diagrams that are conceptual models that accurately represent the requirements of complex databases.

Subclass and superclass.

Entity type Y is a subtype (subclass) of an entity type X if and only if every Y is necessarily an X. A subclass entity inherits all attributes and relationships of its superclass entity. This property is called the attribute and relationship inheritance. A subclass entity may have its own specific attributes and relationships (together with all the attributes and relationships it inherits from the superclass). A common superclass example is a Vehicle superclass along with the subclasses of Car and Truck. There are a number of common attributes between a car and a truck, which would be part of the superclass, while the attributes specific to a car or a truck (such as max payload, truck type...) would make up two subclass

Further reading.

Textbooks discussing EER and implementation using purely relational databases:  Booklet discussing EER and implementation using object-oriented and object-relational databases:  Textbook discussing implementation in relational and object-relational databases:  Shorter survey articles:

The enhanced entity–relationship (EER) model (or extended entity–relationship model) in computer science is a high-level or conceptual data model incorporating extensions to the original entity–relationship (ER) model, used in the design of databases.


Early life and education.

Ben-Shahar received his PhD in Organizational Behavior from Harvard University. His dissertation, completed in 2004, was titled "Restoring Self-Esteem's Self-Esteem: The Constructs of Dependent and Independent Competence and Worth." He has a bachelor's degree from Harvard in Philosophy and Psychology. His undergraduate thesis, completed in 1996, is titled "Honesty Pays: Bridging the Gap Between Moral Theory and Practice."

Career.

Ben-Shahar consults and lectures around the world to executives in multinational corporations, Fortune 500 companies, educational institutions, and the general public. Topics include leadership, education, ethics, happiness, self-esteem, resilience, goal setting, and mindfulness.  In 2011, Ben-Shahar co-founded Potentialife to "bring the science of flourishing to the world" and uses behavioral science and technology to allow anyone to embed the scientifically proven behaviors of positive psychology in their daily lives. It has proven particularly popular with organizations who wish to develop leadership behaviors in many of their people quickly - while the company also runs several not-for-profit programs including with school and communities. Potentialife now operates in twelve countries and, because of the innovative way in which it tracks behavioural change data, is allowing businesses and researchers alike to see the impact of positive psychology first-hand.  He is the author of the international best sellers Happier and Being Happy, which have been translated into 25 languages.  He has also written two children’s books in collaboration with Shirly Yuval-Yair in Hebrew; one about Helen Keller and the other about Thomas Edison. The books aim to teach children about happiness.  Ben-Shahar appeared on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" on August 9, 2007.  He is the narrator of the 2012 documentary "Israel Inside: How a Small Nation Makes a Big Difference", produced by Raphael Shore.  Ben-Shahar taught at Harvard, where his classes on Positive Psychology and The Psychology of Leadership were among the most popular courses in the university's history.

Tal Ben-Shahar (Hebrew: טל בן-שחר, also known as Tal David Ben-Shachar) born 1970, is an American and Israeli teacher, and writer in the areas of positive psychology and leadership. As a lecturer at Harvard University, Ben-Shahar created the most popular course in Harvard's history. He has subsequently written several best-selling books and in 2011 co-founded Potentialife with Angus Ridgway, a company that provides leadership programs based on the science of behavioral change to organisations, schools and sports organisations globally.


Appearances.

Both the Great Intelligence and the Yeti appeared twice in the fifth season of the series as adversaries of the Doctor's second incarnation (Patrick Troughton). The 1967 serial "The Abominable Snowmen" depicts the Great Intelligence as having possessed the body of the High Lama Padmasamabhava (Wolfe Morris), ever since encountering the man on the astral plane some centuries ago. Using Padmasambhava the Great Intelligence moves small Yeti pieces around a chess-like map of the monastery and mountainside, with the Yeti protecting a cave hiding a pyramid of spheres that house the Great Intelligence. The Great Intelligence intends to create a physical body for itself, but these plans are foiled by the Doctor and his companions.  In the sequel "The Web of Fear", aired in 1968 and set forty years after "The Abominable Snowmen", the Great Intelligence returns when a control sphere is activated and enters a Yeti. The Great Intelligence uses an army of Yeti to take over the London Underground and begins filling London with a Web. The Great Intelligence primarily possesses the mind of Staff-Sergeant Arnold (Jack Woolgar) to sabotage the military resistance to the Yeti invasion. The invasion is revealed as a trap designed to draw in the Doctor so that the Great Intelligence can drain the Doctor’s mind, but it is again defeated and banished.  The 2012 Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) episode "The Snowmen" provides an origin for the Great Intelligence, whose voice is provided by Sir Ian McKellen. It reveals that the Intelligence originated as a crystalline organism that looks like snow and responds to the thoughts of others. The snow-like organism became influenced by the thoughts of a young boy, Walter Simeon, during the 1800s, forming a mental symbiosis. From there, the Great Intelligence had the adult Dr. Simeon (Richard E Grant) create "The Great Intelligence Institute" and orchestrate a scheme to obtain the DNA of a governess who froze to death in the Latimer family's pond. He intends to use her DNA to create ice-based lifeforms incapable of melting to take over the world. After the ice creature is destroyed, the Doctor uses a "memory worm" on Dr Simeon to erase his memories, expecting this to destroy the Intelligence. However, the Great Intelligence has existed long enough to become an independent entity and uses Simeon's brain-dead husk to attack the Doctor before withdrawing from his vessel when the Latimer family cries for the dying Clara, triggering his snow to melt. It is implied these events lead to "The Web of Fear" as the Doctor shows a map of the London Underground from 1966 to the Great Intelligence.  The Great Intelligence appears in the 2013 episode "The Bells of Saint John", set in the present day. The Great Intelligence uses a woman called Miss Kizlet (Celia Imrie) to aid him in creating an organization based at the Shard to collect and harvest the minds of people using Wi-Fi for it to feed on. The Eleventh Doctor manages to upload Miss Kizlet into this "data cloud", forcing the workers to free the minds trapped in the data cloud and return them to their bodies. To preserve its secrecy and hinder UNIT's investigation, the Great Intelligence has Miss Kizlet wipe all memories of its existence from her and the other employees's memories. It communicated with humans on video screens using the likeness of Simeon.  In the Series 7 finale, "The Name of the Doctor", the Great Intelligence manifests through and manipulates dark creatures called the Whisper Men, changing the one it inhabits into the form of Dr Simeon. The Whispermen kidnap the Paternoster Gang, close associates of the Eleventh Doctor, taking them to Trenzalore, the site of the Doctor's future grave. Having thereby lured the Doctor to his own grave, the Great Intelligence gains access to Doctor's tomb (his future dead TARDIS), by threatening the lives of the Gang. It is revealed the Doctor's travels through time have created a temporal rift "body" inside the dead husk of the future TARDIS. The Great Intelligence claims that it plans on getting revenge on the Doctor for foiling its schemes by scattering itself along the Doctor's timeline. Through scattering itself, the Great Intelligence intends to overturn all of the Doctor's various victories and destroy him, even though this would destroy the Great Intelligence itself. After it has entered the rift, however, the Doctor's companion Clara Oswald follows him, likewise scattering herself along the timeline, saving the Doctor, who in turn enters his own timeline to rescue Clara. The Intelligence is presumed destroyed, though multiple versions of it are laced in the Doctor's timeline.

Spin-off appearances.

The Great Intelligence and its Yeti servants are featured in the 1995 spin-off video film "Downtime", produced by Reeltime and featuring Victoria Waterfield (Deborah Watling), the Brigadier (Nicholas Courtney) and Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) with a now deceased Professor Travers (Jack Watling) serving as a vessel for the Intelligence. Here the Great Intelligence plans on infecting the Internet so as to use it as a new body, using control spheres to transform humans into Yeti servants. "Downtime" was novelised by Marc Platt as part of Virgin's "Missing Adventures" range in 1996.  The Great Intelligence also features in several New Adventure novels ("All-Consuming Fire", "Millennial Rites", "Business Unusual", "The Quantum Archangel" and "Divided Loyalties") in which it is identified with H. P. Lovecraft's Yog-Sothoth, a being from the universe before this one.  The Great Intelligence also appeared in a back-up comic strip in "Doctor Who Weekly" Nos. 31–34.

Powers.

The Great Intelligence had no physical form and thus relied on possession of living creatures to manipulate its environment. It existed on the astral plane and could enter the people it encountered. It allowed Padmasambhava to live over 300 years while he created the Robot Yeti and it also reanimated dead bodies like Staff Sergeant Arnold. It had considerable mental powers such as mind control and could even mentally attack the Doctor, causing him great pain, and travel through time and space.  The Great Intelligence could also manifest itself in simple forms such as a slime that glowed brightly, a dense fog that consumed anything that entered it, and a poisonous web/fungus that could trap the Doctor's TARDIS and could not be destroyed by chemicals, explosives or flamethrowers.

Physical servants.

Yeti.

The Yeti were an effort by the production team to create more recurring antagonists for the Doctor in lieu of the Daleks, whose creator and part-copyright owner Terry Nation desired to have appear in an American spin-off series. Writers Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman chose the stories of the yeti to base their new monster upon. The Yeti are controlled by the Great Intelligence through control spheres. These are depicted as capable of seeking out inactive Yeti, emitting a series of whistle-like beeps whilst doing so. "The Web of Fear" shows the characters experimenting upon one of the spheres and eventually able to control the Yeti it is stored within by using a short-range remote control.

Snowmen.

In "The Snowmen", the Great Intelligence's first appearance in the internal chronology of the series, the Great Intelligence in the form of psychic snowflakes – animated snowmen across Victorian London to fight for it. In the course of the episode, it also reanimates and takes control of a woman who died by freezing to death in a pond, and later still possesses the brain-dead body of its aide Dr. Walter Simeon (Richard E Grant) after he was bitten by a Memory Worm that wipes out all his memories.

Spoonheads.

The Spoonheads are robots used by the Great Intelligence's operatives in "The Bells of Saint John" to harvest human minds for him to feast upon. They are also referred to as "Servers" by Miss Kizlet (Celia Imrie) and as walking Wi-Fi base stations by the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith). They have a spoon-shaped head through which they absorb a person's soul, and are able to disguise themselves as figures from the target's subconscious. Steven Moffat said that he wrote "The Bells of Saint John" as an "action rollercoaster", with the Spoonhead robots devised in contrast to other monsters he had created such as the Weeping Angels and Silence with a focus on scares. He has also said that the Spoonheads are not a critique on contemporary obsessions with technology and that the Wi-Fi concept was more of an invasion method new to "Doctor Who".

Whisper Men.

In "The Name of the Doctor", the Great Intelligence is assisted by the Whisper Men, invulnerable manifestations that whisper in rhymes. They appear as Victorian gentlemen, with no facial features other than mouths with sharp teeth. The Great Intelligence is able to physically manifest in place of any of the individual Whisper Men, taking the form of his last human host, Walter Simeon (Richard E Grant). Their whispers are implied to be prophetic, when chasing the Doctor on Trenzalore, whispering rhymes such as: "the man who lies will lie no more, when this man lies at Trenzalore," and "This man must fall as all men must, the fate of all is always dust." The rhymes often cryptically refer to past or future events that the Whisper Men had no obvious way of having knowing about.

Reception.

Critic Graham Sleight commented in an analysis of "Doctor Who" monsters that the use of Yeti robots by the Great Intelligence was uninteresting as they provided merely a physical and voiceless threat. Some reviewers have seen this as a strength, with Nick Page felt that the Yeti being controlled by the Great Intelligence gave them greater menace, arguing that because "the Great Intelligence... always turned off their power when it was not required", this creates suspense when the characters interacted with a dormant Yeti.  Ian McKellen's performance of the Great Intelligence's voice for its return in the 2012 Christmas Special was generally well received. Patrick Mulkern, writing for "Radio Times", said "hats off to Steven Moffat" for reintroducing the character and described the casting of Ian McKellen as "a coup" and "wizardly". The character was seen by some reviewers as being underdeveloped, with Kyle Anderson of the Nerdist feeling that although McKellen and Richard E Grant, who portrayed its human minion Dr Simeon, were excellent casting choices the Great Intelligence's plan was "the least fleshed out part of the script". Matt Risley's review on IGN similarly praised the acting of McKellen and Grant, but felt the story was "stuffed with ideas" and the Great Intelligence's return was overshadowed by the "fully formed and utterly unpredictable" performance of Jenna-Louise Coleman as Clara Oswald.  The character's appearance, portrayed by Richard E Grant, in "The Bells of Saint John", was perceived as establishing the Great Intelligence as a prominent antagonist for Series 7. Simon Brew felt that the Great Intelligence's appearance was "very welcome" and compared the character's use to that of Moriarty in Steven Moffat's series "Sherlock". Mark Snow described the Great Intelligence in his review as a "Big Bad" and felt that the character's involvement tied nicely into the Spoonhead plot. Neela Debnath of "The Independent", despite feeling that the episode was a "rehash" of elements of "Blink" and "Sherlock", commented that it appeared to be establishing the groundwork for a battle between the Doctor and Great Intelligence.

The Great Intelligence is a fictional character from the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Although the Great Intelligence has no physical form, it is capable of communicating, both by itself and through possession, with other characters within the series. The Great Intelligence was originally created by Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman and first appeared in the 1967 serial "The Abominable Snowmen" where it encountered the Second Doctor and his companions Jamie and Victoria. The Great Intelligence tries to form a physical body so as to conquer the Earth, making use of Yeti robots that resemble the cryptozoological creatures. Initially the Great Intelligence used the Yeti robots to scare off curiosity seekers, only later using them as an army. Both the Intelligence and the Yeti returned in its sequel "The Web of Fear".


Biography.

Mason was born in 1937 in Washington, D.C. and began her career in the early 1960s. She attended a private school for girls in Danville, Virginia. At the age of 17, she moved to Florida with her family. She was managing the cosmetics department for Jordan Marsh in Miami.  There, her parents went to the opening of the new Playboy Club. They were guests of their friend Tony Roma. Roma suggested to her father (who built custom homes) that his daughter apply to be a bunny at the newly opened Playboy club. Playboy clubs were all the rage across the country and in London, England. He said they were looking for pretty girls with great personalities and good figures. Mason was hired as the "camera bunny", and was a huge hit with all the customers because of her "bubbly personality".  Mason then moved to Chicago, and met Hugh Hefner and moved into his mansion and went to work at the club as the bunny photographer. He asked her if she would be interested in testing with the magazine's staff photographer, to be featured as center fold for the popular "Playboy" magazine. She was chosen by Hefner to be "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its June 1963 issue. Then, one night when she was working, Mason was introduced to the Oleg Cassini, Jackie Kennedy's personal designer. Cassini encouraged her to come to New York City, where he introduced her to the Eileen Ford Agency. The agency signed Mason, thus beginning a career in fashion modeling and national TV commercials.  Mason was discovered by director Herschell Gordon Lewis in 1963; she was cast in the starring role to work in the horror movie "Blood Feast" (1963) directed by him the same year. This was followed by the leading part in the film "Two Thousand Maniacs!" (1964), also directed by Lewis.  She met and married Shelly Kasten in New York City, who was the entertainment director for all the Playboy Clubs.

Connie Mason (born August 24, 1937 in Washington, D.C.) is an American model and actress who was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its June 1963 issue. Mason then acted in the gore movies pioneered by Herschell Gordon Lewis, "Blood Feast" and "Two Thousand Maniacs!" Her centerfold was photographed by Pompeo Posar. She was also a Playboy Bunny at the Chicago club.