Early life.

Emma Zinn was born into a wealthy merchant family in Copenhagen. She was the daughter of Johann Friederich Zinn (1779-1838) and Eva Sophie Juliane Oldeland (1779-1812). Her father had inherited the family's trading house after the death of his father Johann Ludvig Zinn in 1802, initially in a partnership with his brother Carl Ludvig Zinn who died in 1808. Emma grew up in the Zinn House at Kvæsthusgade 3 and studied singing and piano with composer Andreas Peter Berggreen (1801–1880).

Compositions.

Her first published composition was music for a Student Association dance in February 1841. Five pamphlets with a total of 22 "Romances and Songs" were later published with lyrics by prominent names including Christian Winther, Frederik Paludan-Müller and Swedish Johan Ludvig Runeberg. The first pamphlet was published in 1848 by Horneman & Erslev but the last two were published posthumously. The title lead featured both her real name and her pseudonym when her collected romances and songs were published in 1892.  Her pseudonym was revealed in 1869 when the "Manual of anonymity and pseudonyms in Danish literature" was published.  The title leaf featured both her real name and her pseudonym when her collected romances and songs were published in 1892. A collection of her piano pieces was published privately by her youngest son Frederik (Fritz) Hartmann in 1908. A new issue was published by DCM in 2003.

Personal life.

Emma Zinn married J.P.E. Hartmann in 1829. He then worked as organist at the Garrison Church, a position he had taken over after his father. She gave birth to 10 children of which four died as infants. She was interested in literature, art and theatre. She died just 41 years old on 6 March 1851 and was interred in the Garrison Cemetery in Copenhagen. Her husband outlived her by almost fifty years and remarried in 1855.  Her son Emil Hartmann was also a composer. Her daughter Emma Sophie married Danish composer Niels W. Gade and her daughter Clara married pianist and composer August Winding.

Amalia Emma Sophie Hartmann née Zinn (22 August 1807 – 6 March 1851) was a Danish composer who used the pseudonym Frederick H. Palmer to publish music. She was married to the composer Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann (1805-1900). They lived on the second floor in the Zinn House at Kvæsthusgade 3 in Copenhagen.


Production.

Background.

Survivor Series is an annual gimmick pay-per-view, produced every November by WWE since 1987. The second longest running pay-per-view event in history (behind WWE's WrestleMania), it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and SummerSlam, dubbed the "Big Four". The event is traditionally characterized by having Survivor Series matches, which are tag team elimination matches that typically pits teams of four or five wrestlers against each other. Since WWE reintroduced the brand split in 2016, Survivor Series has centered around competition between Raw and SmackDown for brand supremacy. The 2018 event, which was the thirty-second event in the Survivor Series chronology, had traditional Survivor Series matches for the men and women with five members on each team. There was also a Survivor Series match for the brands' tag teams, featuring five tag teams on each team (totaling 10 wrestlers per team), but under the rule that if one member of a tag team was eliminated, both members of that particular tag team were eliminated—this match occurred on the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show.  The previous year's event began the theme of having the champions of the Raw brand facing their counterparts of the SmackDown brand in non-title matches. The 2018 event had Raw's Universal Champion against SmackDown's WWE Champion, Raw's Intercontinental Champion against SmackDown's United States Champion, and the Raw Tag Team Champions against the SmackDown Tag Team Champions. A match featuring the Raw Women's Champion against the SmackDown Women's Champion was planned but called off due to the latter sustaining a legit injury just days prior to the event. The Raw Women's Champion was instead scheduled to face a former SmackDown Women's Champion. As the 205 Live brand's WWE Cruiserweight Championship was the only title of its kind in WWE, it was the only title defended on the show and the only non-interbrand match. This was also the only Survivor Series to include the 205 Live brand, and the first since the 2009 event to feature three brands.

Storylines.

The card consisted of eight matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches, with results predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands. Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw", "SmackDown Live", and the cruiserweight-exclusive "205 Live".  At Evolution, Ronda Rousey defeated Nikki Bella to retain the Raw Women's Championship while Becky Lynch defeated Charlotte Flair in a Last Woman Standing match to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship. During a backstage interview following her win, Rousey was confronted by Lynch and an interpromotional non-title match between the two champions was scheduled for Survivor Series the following night on "Raw." On the November 12 episode of "Raw", Lynch led the SmackDown women's division in an invasion of Raw and applied the "Dis-arm-her" on Rousey. During the melee, Lynch suffered a legit broken nose and concussion following a punch from Nia Jax. Due to the injury, Lynch was pulled from the Survivor Series match and chose Flair as her replacement.  At Crown Jewel, AJ Styles defeated Samoa Joe to retain the WWE Championship, while Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman to win the vacant Universal Championship, setting up a rematch between Styles and Lesnar from the previous year's event. On the final "SmackDown" before Survivor Series, Styles and Daniel Bryan had a heated exchange stemming from their WWE Championship match two weeks prior. As such, "SmackDown" Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduled Styles to defend the championship against Bryan later that night. Bryan defeated Styles to become the new WWE Champion after hitting him with a low blow while the referee was knocked down, thus Bryan replaced Styles as Lesnar's opponent for Survivor Series. After the match, Bryan attacked Styles, solidifying his heel turn.  During the Crown Jewel Kickoff pre-show, Shinsuke Nakamura defeated Rusev to retain the United States Championship. Following the event, a match between Nakamura and Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins was scheduled for Survivor Series.  At Crown Jewel, The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus) retained the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The New Day (represented by Big E and Kofi Kingston), while on the November 5 episode of "Raw", AOP (Akam and Rezar) defeated Seth Rollins in a handicap match to become the new Raw Tag Team Champions. A match between the two teams was then scheduled for Survivor Series.  At Super Show-Down, Buddy Murphy defeated Cedric Alexander to win the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the October 31 episode of "205 Live", Mustafa Ali defeated Tony Nese to become the number one contender, and his championship match against Murphy was scheduled for Survivor Series.  On the November 5 episode of "Raw", Acting Raw General Manager Baron Corbin revealed Braun Strowman, Dolph Ziggler, and Drew McIntyre as the first three members of Team Raw's men's team while naming himself as captain, although stating he would not compete due to his managerial position. Kurt Angle interjected, wanting to replace Corbin as captain, therefore Corbin had Angle face McIntyre where if Angle won, he would have been on the team; however, Angle lost. The following week, Finn Bálor defeated Ziggler in a match and returning Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon rewarded Bálor by adding him to the team. Later, Bobby Lashley won the final spot by defeating Elias. Also on that episode, Stephanie promised Strowman another Universal Championship match against Brock Lesnar and also a match against Corbin, who had cost Strowman his Universal title match at Crown Jewel (with Strowman choosing the stipulations for either match), if he could lead Raw to another victory over SmackDown and not touch Corbin until after the event. For Team SmackDown's men's team, on the November 6 episode of "SmackDown", the brand's Commissioner Shane McMahon and General Manager Paige appointed The Miz and Daniel Bryan as co-captains of Team SmackDown. Miz and Bryan then added Shane to the team as he had won the WWE World Cup at Crown Jewel. Later, Rey Mysterio and Samoa Joe joined the team after defeating Andrade "Cien" Almas and Jeff Hardy, respectively. A brawl then ensued between Joe, Bryan, Miz, and Shane. The following week, Bryan was removed from Team SmackDown due to his actions and subsequent WWE Championship match victory against AJ Styles, therefore replacing Styles in the champion vs. champion match. Following that alteration, Hardy replaced him after defeating Almas.  On the November 5 episode of "Raw", Acting Raw General Manager Baron Corbin named Alexa Bliss as captain of Team Raw's women's team, but in a non-competing capacity due to injury. The following week, Bliss revealed Mickie James, Nia Jax, Tamina, and Natalya, who was absent, as her first four picks and revealed that the winner of a match between Bayley and Sasha Banks would be the final member. During the match, the women's team attacked Bayley and Banks, causing a no-contest ruling and Bliss said neither would be on the team and then introduced Ruby Riott as the final member. For Team SmackDown's women's team, on the November 6 episode of "SmackDown", SmackDown General Manager Paige revealed Asuka, Carmella, Naomi, Sonya Deville, and Charlotte Flair as the members of Team SmackDown, but Flair did not show up; the previous week, Paige asked Flair to be captain, but Flair felt she was not the right person and then said she would think about it. Flair was instead named Becky Lynch's replacement to face Ronda Rousey, and the final member of Team SmackDown was not revealed on the final "SmackDown" before Survivor Series.  On the November 6 episode of "SmackDown", The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The New Day (represented by Big E and Kofi Kingston) to become the captains of Team SmackDown in the 10-on-10 tag team elimination match. Immediately after the match, The Usos chose The New Day as their first pick. The following week, The Usos added Sanity (Eric Young, Alexander Wolfe, and Killian Dain), Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, and The Colóns (Primo Colón and Epico Colón) to the team. On the November 12 episode of "Raw", a tag team battle royal occurred to determine Team Raw's captains. The team of Bobby Roode and Chad Gable defeated The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson), The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel), Lucha House Party (Gran Metalik, Kalisto, and Lince Dorado), The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor), and the team of Heath Slater and Rhyno to win the captaincy of Team Raw, composed of all of the teams in the battle royal except Slater and Rhyno (who were the first eliminated) and the tag team elimination match was scheduled for the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show.

Event.

Pre-show.

During the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show, the 10-on-10 Survivor Series tag team elimination match featuring Team Raw's tag teams (Bobby Roode and Chad Gable, The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor), Lucha House Party (Kalisto and Lince Dorado, with Gran Metalik), The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder), and The B-Team (Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas)) against Team SmackDown's tag teams (The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods, with Kofi Kingston), The Colóns (Primo and Epico), Sanity (Killian Dain and Eric Young, with Alexander Wolfe), and Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson) occurred. Kalisto suffered a knee injury and the referee allowed Metalik to replace him. The Revival performed "Shatter Machine" on Primo to eliminate The Colóns. Anderson pinned Dallas with a schoolboy to eliminate The B-Team. Gable and Roode performed their neckbreaker/moonsault combo on Young to eliminate Sanity. Woods, with assistance from Big E, performed a splash on Viktor to eliminate The Ascension. Metalik performed a springboard swanton on Anderson to eliminate Gallows and Anderson. Jey performed the "Alley Uce" on Dorado to eliminate Lucha House Party. New Day performed "UpUpDownDown" on Gable to eliminate Roode and Gable. The Revival performed "Shatter Machine" on Woods to eliminate The New Day. In the climax, Jimmy performed the "Uso Splash" on Dawson to eliminate The Revival and win the match as the lone survivors for Team SmackDown.  Also during the pre-show, Naomi was revealed as the captain of Team SmackDown's women's team and introduced Mandy Rose as the final member of their team. For Team Raw, a brawl ensued between Natalya and Ruby Riott. Team captain Alexa Bliss then removed Natalya and Riott from the team and replaced them with Sasha Banks and Bayley.

Preliminary matches.

The actual pay-per-view opened with the women's 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination match, pitting Team Raw (Nia Jax, Tamina, Mickie James, Sasha Banks, and Bayley) (accompanied by Alexa Bliss) against Team SmackDown (Naomi, Asuka, Carmella (accompanied by R-Truth), Sonya Deville, and Mandy Rose). Tamina performed a superkick on Naomi to eliminate her. Carmella then surprised Tamina with a schoolgirl to eliminate her. Deville performed a sliding knee on James followed by Rose pinning James to eliminate her. Bayley performed the "Bayley to Belly" on Carmella to eliminate her. Banks applied the "Bank Statement" on Rose, forcing Rose to submit, thereby eliminating Rose. Bayley and Deville brawled outside of the ring to a double countout, eliminating both women. Asuka applied the "Asuka Lock" on Banks (whom Jax betrayed) and forced Banks to tap to eliminate her. In the climax, Jax performed three leg drops and a Samoan drop on Asuka to win the match as the sole survivor for Team Raw.  Backstage, Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon and Acting Raw General Manager Baron Corbin celebrated the win. Stephanie told Corbin that if Raw has a clean sweep over SmackDown on the main card, she would consider making him the permanent Raw General Manager.  Next, Raw's Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins faced SmackDown's United States Champion Shinsuke Nakamura. During the match, Rollins performed three suicide dives and a springboard clothesline on Nakamura for a nearfall. Rollins performed a ripcord knee for a nearfall. Nakamura performed a "Kinshasa" for a nearfall. In the end, Rollins performed "The Stomp" on Nakamura to win the match.  After that, Raw Tag Team Champions AOP (Akam and Rezar) (with Drake Maverick) faced SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus) (with Big Show). In the climax, Sheamus performed the "Brogue Kick" on Rezar, but during the pin attempt, Maverick placed Rezar's foot on the bottom rope, voiding the pinfall. Cesaro chased Maverick, who ran into Big Show. Big Show grabbed Maverick by the throat only for Maverick to soil his pants. This distraction allowed AOP to perform a neckbreaker/powerbomb combo on Sheamus to win the match for Raw.  Next was the only non-interpromotional match and only title defense on the show in which Buddy Murphy defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Mustafa Ali. In the end, Murphy performed "Murphy's Law" on Ali to retain the title.  In the fifth match, the men's 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination match, featuring Team Raw (Drew McIntyre, Dolph Ziggler, Braun Strowman, Bobby Lashley (with Lio Rush), and Finn Bálor) (with Baron Corbin) against Team SmackDown (The Miz, Shane McMahon, Rey Mysterio, Samoa Joe, and Jeff Hardy) was contested. Strowman was going to start the match, only for McIntyre to quickly tag himself in. As McIntyre mocked Strowman, Joe took advantage and applied the "Coquina Clutch" on McIntyre, who was able to escape and performed the "Claymore" to eliminate Joe. Shane and Ziggler then faced off. A brawl broke out between Strowman and McIntyre which led to Team SmackDown attacking them. Outtside of the ring, Shane performed an elbow drop on Strowman through an announce table. Mysterio eliminated Bálor after a "619" and a springboard frog splash. Shane performed a "Coast to Coast" on Ziggler to eliminate him. Shane attempted another "Coast to Coast" on Lashley only for Strowman, who recovered from earlier, to perform a clothesline in mid-air on Shane. Strowman then performed running powerslams on Hardy, Mysterio, and Miz to eliminate all three. In the climax, Strowman performed a running powerslam on Shane to win the match for Team Raw with Strowman, McIntyre, and Lashley as the survivors. After the match, Corbin attacked Strowman and quickly retreated with McIntyre and Lashley.  Backstage, Seth Rollins was interviewed by Charly Caruso. She informed Rollins that he would be defending the Intercontinental Championship against his friend-turned-rival Dean Ambrose at.  In the penultimate match, Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey faced SmackDown's Charlotte Flair. In the climax, as Rousey attempted to attack Flair outside of the ring, Flair struck Rousey with a kendo stick, thus Rousey won by disqualification. After the match, Flair continued to attack Rousey with kendo sticks. In the ring, Flair performed "Natural Selection" on Rousey on a chair. Flair positioned Rousey's neck in the chair and stomped on it before departing backstage.

Main event.

In the main event, Raw's Universal Champion Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) faced SmackDown's WWE Champion Daniel Bryan. Lesnar performed several suplexes on Bryan. Lesnar performed an "F-5" on Bryan, but during the pin attempt, he intentionally broke the fall himself. Lesnar attempted a second "F-5" on Bryan, only to accidentally hit the referee in the process. While the referee was down, Bryan seized the opportunity to low blow Lesnar. Bryan performed a running knee on Lesnar for a nearfall. Bryan began to target Lesnar's knee by slamming it into the ring post. Back in the ring, as Lesnar attempted another "F-5", Lesnar's knee gave out. Bryan capitalized and performed the "Yes! Lock" submission only for Lesnar to escape. In the end, as Bryan applied a triangle hold on Lesnar, Lesnar countered and performed the "F-5" on Bryan to win the match, with Raw winning brand supremacy with a clean sweep over SmackDown on the main card.

Enzo Amore hijacking incident.

Former WWE wrestler Enzo Amore was spotted during the event wearing a disguised wig and hoodie in the background. At the beginning of the AOP and The Bar match, when it became clear that it was Amore, he started making a scene, standing on his chair, dancing and yelling at the crowd. While WWE did not acknowledge his presence, Amore was then escorted out of the building by security and was banned from future events at the Staples Center. Reports also stated that Amore had bumped into a woman, causing her to get knocked over, injuring the fan in the process.  This incident came hours after he released a new album called "Rosemary’s Baby Pt. 1: Happy Birthday" featuring a song that seems to include lyrics about his ex-girlfriend and current WWE wrestler Liv Morgan.

Aftermath.

Raw.

The following night on "Raw", Commissioner Stephanie McMahon opened the show and celebrated the Raw brand's clean sweep over SmackDown. Stephanie was interrupted by Braun Strowman, who wanted his promised matches. She granted Strowman a match with Acting Raw General Manager Baron Corbin at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs and Strowman chose a TLC match as the stipulation. In regard to his promised Universal Championship match, Stephanie said that if Strowman defeated Corbin, then he would get his title match at the Royal Rumble and Corbin would be stripped of all authority, but if Corbin won, Corbin would become the permanent Raw General Manager. Later that night during an elimination tag team match, Corbin, Drew McIntyre, and Bobby Lashley attacked Strowman, injuring his elbow, as a storyline excuse for Strowman to undergo surgery to remove bone spurs.  Fresh off her disqualification victory over Charlotte Flair, Ronda Rousey confirmed that she would be defending the Raw Women's Championship against Nia Jax at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs as Jax had won a 20-woman battle royal at Evolution to earn the title match. Rousey then made an open challenge and successfully defended the title against Mickie James. After the match, Rousey was taunted by Jax and Tamina.

SmackDown.

Charlotte Flair explained her actions on the November 20 episode of "SmackDown", stating that her attack on Ronda Rousey was for the women of SmackDown and for her friend Becky Lynch. However, SmackDown General Manager Paige fined Flair $100,000 for attacking WWE officials during the brawl. After being interrupted by The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), Flair had back-to-back singles matches with both. She defeated Kay by submission and then Royce by disqualification after Kay attacked Flair, who in turn laid out both IIconics.  WWE Champion Daniel Bryan explained his actions from the previous week by stating that he was following his dream and accusing the fans of not being there for him during his three-year quest to return to the ring, while also saying that the "Yes! Movement" was dead and that he was now the "new" Daniel Bryan. It was then announced that AJ Styles would receive his WWE Championship rematch against Bryan at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs.

Survivor Series (2018) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for their Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands. It took place on November 18, 2018 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the thirty-second event promoted under the Survivor Series chronology. The theme of the event was brand supremacy, where all but one match involved wrestlers of the Raw brand facing wrestlers of the SmackDown brand.


Participating countries.

Australia.

In Australia, the occasion is known as the Anzac Centenary. Committees planning the event included the National Commission on the Commemoration of the Anzac Centenary and the Anzac Centenary Advisory Board. The government had budgeted $83.5M for a seven-year programme which will include commemorative events in Australia and overseas; educational activities and resources; and refurbishments of galleries and war graves. The Brisbane City Council has spent $13.4 million to refurbish the Shrine of Remembrance, Brisbane located in ANZAC Square and $1 million revitalising 31 suburban war memorials. Many commemorative events were organised by governments and other organisations. In 2015 the Australian Government committed a further $100M to the Anzac Centenary for the creation of the Sir John Monash Centre, unveiled on Anzac Day 2018. It is the Western Front's most expensive visitor centre. During the centenary of the First World War, Australia is said to have spent more than any other country put together to celebrate the Anzacs.

Belgium.

The centenary of World War I was marked by a program of exhibition, lectures and academic research focusing on the theme of Belgian involvement in the conflict and the occupation. The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels hosted an exhibition titled "Expo 14–18: It's Our History" from 2014 to 2015.

Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The city of Sarajevo, where the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand took place, organized a commemoration in the period 21–28 June 2014. The event was named "Sarajevo, heart of Europe".  Filmmaker Emir Kusturica announced an initiative to hold a ceremony on 28 June 2014, in which a re-trial of Gavrilo Princip would be started. The motivation behind the initiative was that Austria-Hungary never ratified the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and that a verdict of high treason therefore should be considered illegal. "It was a political murder, but definitely not high treason. If Princip was convicted of murder, it wouldn't have been possible to sentence him to lifetime imprisonment", Kusturica commented. Further, he will exhibit letters written by Oskar Potiorek, and argues that they prove that a war was planned long before the Sarajevo Assassination.

Canada.

The centenary of the First World War was commemorated on 3 August, the date of the German declaration of war on France. A wreath-laying ceremony was held at the National War Memorial, before continuing at the Canadian War Museum. During the ceremony, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the permanent extension of the Ceremonial Guard's sentry hours, from Vimy Ridge Day to Remembrance Day.  Other tributes were also held in Halifax, where lights were shut off at major landmarks, and an ecumenical service at the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in St. John's. The event was also commemorated in Toronto in an event organized by the tourism office for Flanders, where a group of men in newsboy costumes distributed fictitious historical newspaper describing the major events of the war. The centenary of the war was also the theme of the 93rd annual Warrior's Day Parade, held on 10 August at Toronto's Canadian National Exhibition.

Czech Republic.

The Czech Radio ran several accounts on the social networks where they are remembering all the events from the World War I day-by-day. That was accompanied by a special website with an archive of radio programmes with stories from World War I.  The Czech Republic was part of Austria–Hungary.

Denmark.

The cultural network "Golden Days" planned a commemoration in September 2014, "1914, the Gateway to Modern Europe".  Denmark remained neutral during World War I and did not take part in the warfare. The biggest event from a Danish perspective is the reunification with Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) in 1920. After the Second War of Schleswig in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. In 1918, the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. After the Schleswig Plebiscites Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) was recovered by Denmark in 1920. The reunion day ("Genforeningsdag") is celebrated every 15 June on "Valdemarsdag".

France.

In France, the government carried out a policy of national remembrance. An early start was made in 2011 with the opening of "Le Musée de la Grande Guerre" in Meaux on Armistice Day. France set up an official board for the commemoration of the centenary under the name of "Mission du Centenaire".  A worldwide-level Armistice Day military ceremony, held at the Arc de Triomphe in the capital of Paris, took place at 11 a.m. on November 11, 2018 and was led by President Emmanuel Macron. It was broadcast to Europe and the world by the European Broadcasting Union and through the French media. Leaders from more than 40 international organizations and dignitaries from nearly 200 countries, included approximately 120 heads of state and government, took part in the event (see the list below). Before the main ceremony, Mr Macron hosted a reception party for all the visiting leaders on 10 a.m. at the Elysee Palace. The celebration was the largest gathering of international leaders for a commemoration ceremony in world history.  Also after the ceremony, the first ever Paris Peace Forum was organized as part of the celebrations, with Justin Vaisse and Pascal Lamy (which were both presented at the Arc de Triomphe ceremony) as the co-organizers and attracted as many of the same dignitaries as the military event. The forum went on to be held annually on November in Paris.

Ireland.

The centenary of the First World War was marked in Ireland. A cross of sacrifice was erected in Glasnevin in Dublin, which also included a joint Irish-British commemoration ceremony. A season of First World War programmes will also be broadcast on RTÉ.

Kenya.

The Centenary commemorations were marked primarily in Taita Taveta County, with events starting from 16 August 2014 and going on for another 5 years. Kenya, known as British East Africa during World War I, borders Tanzania, then known as German East Africa. Taita Taveta County was therefore the site of several important battles in what was known as the East African Campaign of World War I. The German Schutztruppe occupied Taveta and built fortified outposts with an intention of blocking the British from using the Voi-Taveta Railway. Major battle sites and commemoration locations include: Commemorations will also take place at the Voi, Maktau and Taveta Commonwealth War Graves. The commemorations will be held in conjunction with the National Museums of Kenya, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and the Kenya Wildlife Service.

New Zealand.

New Zealand government agencies and other organisations worked together on commemorations to mark the centenary, which was identified as WW100. The commemorations are being led by the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage, Maggie Barry. A WW100 Programme Office has been established by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the New Zealand Defence Force and the Department of Internal Affairs.  New Zealand's centenary commemorations honoured those who fought, but also told the stories of the people who remained at home. $17 million in lottery funding has been allocated by the Lottery Grants Board to commemorate the First World War Centenary.  The New Zealand Government’s key centenary projects included the development of a National War Memorial Park in Wellington, an education / interpretation centre at the National War Memorial, a series of new histories, and the Ngā Tapuwae New Zealand First World War Trails in Gallipoli and along the Western Front.  A First World War Centenary Panel was established, chaired by Brian Roche of New Zealand Post. The Panel's role was to advocate for the First World War Centenary, attract sponsorship or philanthropic support for centenary projects, coordinate with any equivalent bodies overseas, particularly Australia; and provide advice to the government on the centenary commemorations. Dame Anne Salmond, Bob Harvey, Dr Monty Soutar, Matthew Te Pou and Sir Peter Jackson are all involved.  Several media commentators have criticized different aspects of the official Centenary commemorations. Professor Bryce Edwards noted on 24 April 2015: "As the nation moves into commemorating the Anzac Day centenary, there are growing signs of WWI overload and fatigue."

Slovakia.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War, the international project Tree of Peace was established. The Tree of Peace (Slovak: "Strom pokoja", Russian: "Дерево мира", German: "Der Friedensbaum") is an international project that originated in Slovakia. The main goal of the project is to promote a message of peace by planting Trees of Peace on every continent. The first tree was planted on 28 September 2018 at a military cemetery in the village of Velkrop in the Stropkov district in northeast of Slovakia. The war cemetery in Veľkrop is the biggest cemetery from the First World War in Slovakia. 8,662 soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies have found a final resting place here. Only 11 of the buried soldiers from the total number are known by their names. The cemetery originated after being moved from the front. By 2020 thirteen Peace Trees have been planted in important places regarding military and world history, such as the National WWI Museum and Memorial of the United States in Kansas City, The Imperial Villa in Bad Ischl, The Monument to the victims of the 71st Trenčín Infantry Regiment in Kragujevac, The Monument to the Battle of the Nations in Leipzig, or the palace complex of the Tsarskoe Selo State Museum in St. Petersburg. Six trees have been planted in Slovakia and others in Germany, Serbia, Austria, Poland, Russia, the United States and the United Kingdom. The thirteenth tree was planted by the President of the Slovak Republic, Madam Zuzana Čaputová. The umbrella organization for the Tree of Peace project is the Servare et Manere, civic association founded in Slovakia. There is also an official Congressional Record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress, about planned planting Tree of Peace in Kansas City, published in Washington, Thursday, June 20, 2019, Vol. 165, No. 104.

Turkey.

Official Anzac Day commemorations were held at Gallipoli, Turkey over two days beginning on 25 April 2015 to mark the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landing. The commemoration was attended by the following leaders : A service was held during the dawn of 25 April to remember fallen soldiers.

United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom, the Imperial War Museum (IWM) led a national programme of commemorative events and planned new galleries for the occasion (www.1914.org). In May 2010 the museum launched its First World War Centenary Partnership Programme. Partner organisations receive access to IWM collections objects and expertise, and to digital resources, branding and a collaborative extranet. By November 2011, 330 national and international organisations had become partners. The museum also opened a new permanent First World War gallery at its London branch on 19 July 2014, as part of a £35 million redevelopment of the building.  In November 2011, it was announced that Prime Minister David Cameron had appointed Andrew Murrison MP as his special representative for First World War centenary commemorations. On 11 October 2012, Cameron announced £50 million to fund national centenary commemorations. The anniversaries of Britain's declaration of war on Germany, the opening of the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Jutland, and the November 1918 Armistice will be marked by national commemorations. The redevelopment of the Imperial War Museum, where Cameron delivered his speech, will be supported by an additional £5 million. A further £5.3 million will fund visits to Western Front battlefields by pupils from English schools. The Heritage Lottery Fund will provide £15 million to community projects, led by young people, to conserve local heritage associated with the war. In addition the preservation of the former Royal Navy light cruiser HMS "Caroline", which served at the Battle of Jutland, will be supported by a grant of up to £1 million.  The Heritage Lottery Fund provided funding to educational projects in fields such as local history, online access to museums and archives, youth heritage projects - such as the Great War Live archive site, which showcases the war day by day as it happens, family history, the preservation of war memorials, and the conservation of historic artefacts.  The BBC planned a First World War centenary season of around 2,500 hours of television, radio and online programming over four years. The programming included documentaries, drama, arts and music, commemorative programmes and programmes for children and schools.  On 14 January 2014, the National Archives released a first batch of digitised British Army war diaries. The same day, the National Archives, together with Imperial War Museums and Zooniverse launched 'Operation War Diary', a crowdsourcing project to tag data on each diary page.  The installation "Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red" at the Tower of London, by Paul Cummins and Tom Piper, was especially popular — over five million people visited it before it closed in November 2014, with calls for it to be extended. Most of the ceramic poppies were sold to the public and special features from it have been preserved to go on tour and then be displayed in the Imperial War Museum. Artistic reception was mixed but the Queen praised the exhibit in her Christmas message and the artists were honoured in the new year. A similar tribute, "Beyond the Deepening Shadow", in which 10,000 flames were lit, again at the Tower of London, and designed by Piper, was installed to mark the centenary of the end of the war. It ran nightly, ending on Armistice Day (11 November) 2018.  The "Shrouds of the Somme" was laid out at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park from 8 to 18 November 2018 to commemorate the 72,396 servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave recorded at Thiepval Memorial as missing presumed dead in the Battle of the Somme; the work comprises 72,396 small human figurines, each separately wrapped in a calico shroud which was cut and sewn by hand. All of them were held in the presence of about 2,000 invited guests, included Queen Elizabeth II, British Prime Minister Theresa May and President of Germany, Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

United States.

The United States World War One Centennial Commission was established in 2013. The Commission planned, developed, and executed programs, projects, and activities to commemorate the centennial of World War One. A large part of its mandate was to encourage private organizations and State and local governments to organize and participate in activities that commemorate the centennial of World War I and to facilitate and coordinate activities throughout the U.S. The Commission will also serve as a "clearinghouse" for information about events and plans for commemoration.

International organizations.

The European Union.

The European Union marked the occasion with a special meeting of Prime Ministers or Presidents of the 28 EU members in Ieper (Ypres) which included the national leaders standing together at the Menin Gate while the Last Post is being played.

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU).

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) organised a concert in Sarajevo with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. It took place in the library that had recently been renovated from the devastation of the 1990s wars of disintegration of Yugoslavia, and which is adjacent to the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which triggered the war.

Europeana.

Europeana had three digital projects to commemorate the First World World across Europe. These made a range of materials freely available on the web.

Red Cross.

The Red Cross had an archive of records about the twenty million soldiers that were captured or buried by other countries. It planned to put all these paper records online for the centenary.

The First World War Centenary is the centenary of the First World War, which started on 28 July 2014 with a series of commemorations of the outbreak of the war organized across the continent of Europe and ended on 11 November 2018 with a large ceremony in Paris (France) attended by 80 heads of state and 30 heads of government.


Libretto.

<poem lang="it" style="float:left;">French  [Recitative] Ils s'éloignent enfin; j'ai cru le reconnaître: Mon cœur n'a point trompé mes yeux; Il a suivi mes pas, il est près de ces lieux. Je tremble!...s'il allait paraître! Quel est ce sentiment profond, mystérieux Dont je nourris l'ardeur, que je chéris peut-être? Arnold! Arnold! est-ce bien toi? Simple habitant de ces campagnes, L'espoir, l'orgueil de tes montagnes, Qui charme ma pensée et cause mon effroi? Ah! que je puisse au moins l'avouer moi-même! Melcthal, c'est toi que j'aime; Sans toi j'aurais perdu le jour; Et ma reconnaissance excuse mon amour.</poem> <poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">English  [Recitative] They go at last, I thought I saw him: My heart has not deceived my eyes; He followed my steps, he is near this place. I tremble!...if he were to appear! What is this feeling, deep, mysterious I nourished the ardour, which I cherish perhaps? Arnold! Arnold! is it really you? Simple inhabitant of these fields, The hope and pride of the mountains That charms my mind and causes my fear? Ah! I can at least admit to myself! Melcthal, it's you I love; Without you I would have lost the day; And my gratitude excuses my love.</poem> <poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">Italian  [Recitative] S'allontanano alfine! Io sperai rivederlo, E il cor non m'ha ingannata, Ei mi seguìa... lontano esser non puote... Io tremo... ohimè!.. se qui venisse mai! Onde l'arcano sentimento estremo Di cui nutro l'ardor, ch'amo fors'anco! Arnoldo! Arnoldo! ah! sei pur tu ch'io bramo. Semplice abitator di questi campi, Di questi monti caro orgoglio e speme, Sei tu sol che incanti il mio pensiero, Che il mio timor cagioni. Oh! almen ch'io possa Confessarlo a me stessa... io t'amo, Arnoldo! Tu i giorni miei salvasti, E l'amor più possente in me destasti.</poem>  <poem style="margin-left; float:left;">[sung] Sombre forêt, désert triste et sauvage, Je vous préfère aux splendeurs des palais: C'est sur les monts, au séjour de l'orage, Que mon cœur peut renaître à la paix; Mais l'écho seulement apprendra mes secrets. Toi, du berger astre doux et timide, Qui, sur mes pas, viens semant tes reflets, Ah! sois aussi mon étoile et mon guide! Comme lui tes rayons sont discrets, Et l'écho seulement redira mes secrets.</poem>  <poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">[sung] Dark forest, wilderness sad and wild, I prefer you to the splendours of the palace: It is on the mountains, the place of the storm That my heart can regain peace; And only the echo will learn my secrets. You, the sweet and shy star of the shepherd, Whose light illuminates my footsteps, Ah! be also my star and my guide! Like him, your rays are discrete, And only the echo will repeat my secrets.</poem>  <poem style="margin-left:4em; float:left;">[sung] Selva opaca, deserta brughiera Qual piacer la tua vista mi dà. Sovra i monti ove il turbine impera Alla calma il mio cor s'aprirà. L'eco sol le mie pene udirà. Tu, bell'astro, al cui dolce riflesso Il mio passo vagante sen va, Tu m'addita ove Arnoldo s'aggira; A lui solo il mio cuor s'aprirà, Esso sol le mie pene udirà.</poem

"Sombre forêt" ("Dark Forest") is a soprano aria from act two of the opera "William Tell" by Gioachino Rossini, to a French libretto by Etienne de Jouy and Hippolyte Bis. It is sung by Mathilde, a princess of the Habsburg house, as she waits in the forest on the heights of Rütli for her Swiss lover, Arnold Melchthal.


History.

In 1977, co-founders Stephan Rechtschaffen, author of "Timeshifting," and Elizabeth Lesser, author of "The Seeker’s Guide" and "New York Times" best-selling "Broken Open", say they were inspired to create the Omega Institute by scholar and Eastern meditation teacher, Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan. The name “Omega” came from the teachings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a 20th-century French philosopher and Jesuit priest who used the term “Omega Point” to describe the peak of unity and integration toward which all life is evolving. First established while Lesser and Rechtschaffen were staying at New Lebanon Shaker Village, then in 1980 it found a new home at a land which once housed the Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute's Camp Boiberick, in the Hudson River Valley.  Omega Institute began its programming with several workshops, and now holds more than 300 workshops in Rhinebeck, New York City, Costa Rica, and California.

Rhinebeck, New York Campus.

In 1982, Omega expanded from rented facilities in New York and Vermont to its current location on the former grounds of Camp Boiberik, a Yiddish camp, in Rhinebeck, New York. There are more than 100 buildings on the campus, including a dining hall, café, and bookstore. Its buildings also include the Ram Dass Library, named for author Ram Dass who "has been a trusted guide to Omega". In honor of Dass' life’s work, the organization commissioned the library, which is designed in an eight petal lotus blossom shape to represent Ram Dass’ service to public health, advancing social justice, and supporting spiritual development throughout the world.  The campus also includes the (OCSL), which is an education center powered by a 48.5 kW solar electric system and has a water reclamation facility.  The OCSL was one of the first two buildings in the world to be certified as "living" by the International Living Building Institute. The Omega Center for Sustainable Living is a wastewater filtration facility that is designed to use the treated water for garden irrigation and in a grey water recovery system. Omega will use the system and the building as a teaching tool in their educational program designed around the ecological impact of their campus.

Programs and faculty.

Omega’s educational programs include workshops, professional trainings, retreats, and conferences. Workshops are organized into six categories: body, mind, and spirit; health and healing; creative expression; relationships and family; leadership and work; and sustainable living.  New York City events have included speakers such as Al Gore, Christopher Reeve, and Eckhart Tolle. Annually, Omega hosts a yoga service conference, and the Omega Women’s Leadership Center offers a conference that has included speakers such as Eve Ensler, Isabel Allende, and Sally Field. Omega offers scholarships to a variety of its workshops, trainings, conferences, and retreats.  Other Omega speakers and teachers have included Adyashanti, Maya Angelou, Deepak Chopra, Pema Chödrön, Jeanne Fleming, Jane Goodall, Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan, Ram Dass, Thich Nhat Hanh, Allen Ginsberg, Gloria Steinem, Pete Seeger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Philip Glass, Betty Williams, Lon Milo DuQuette, and many others.

Staff.

Omega has a core staff of 85 and a seasonal staff of more than 250. The core staff plan and develop the curriculum, marketing, and production for the season’s programs, and its seasonal staff manage and staff campus departments. Inspired by Ram Dass, Omega created a curriculum for Omega’s staff that includes classes designed to encourage self-development, mindfulness, and community service.

Omega Institute for Holistic Studies is a non-profit educational retreat center located in Rhinebeck, New York. Founded in 1977 by Elizabeth Lesser and Stephan Rechtschaffen, inspired by Sufi mystic, Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan and his ecumenical spirituality, today it offers classes to over 25,000 people a year, at the campus.


History.

Although the song has long been associated with Gene Autry, the original version of "Back in the Saddle Again" was written by Ray Whitley for the film "Border G-Man" (RKO Pictures, June 24, 1938) starring George O'Brien, Laraine Day, and Ray Whitley in which Ray Whitley and his Six Bar Cowboys sang the song. With Ray Whitley's Rangers, Whitley recorded the song for Decca Records on 26 October 1938, matrix number 64701, issued as Decca 5628 backed with "On the Painted Desert", matrix number 64703.  Gene Autry liked the song and together with Whitley revised it and recorded it in April 1939, then performed "Back in the Saddle Again" on film in "Rovin' Tumbleweeds" (Republic Pictures, November 16, 1939), and introduced it as his theme song for "Gene Autry's Melody Ranch", which premiered over the CBS Radio Network on January 7, 1940, on which the show ran until 1956. The song also became the title song for the Autry film "Back in the Saddle" (Republic Pictures, March 14, 1941).  Gene Autry recorded "Back in the Saddle Again" for the first time on April 18, 1939, in Los Angeles for Columbia Record Corporation, matrix number LA 1865, which was originally issued on Vocalion 05080. LA 1865 also issued on the Conqueror, OKeh, and Columbia labels. Early Vocalion and Conqueror labels say "BACK TO THE SADDLE". Conqueror was a private label for Sears. In the U.K. markets LA 1865 issued on the EMI Regal Zonophone label. Gene Autry later made two additional commercial recordings of the song, both for Columbia. Matrix number HCO 1707 recorded on February 13, 1946, issued on the Columbia label. Matrix number RHCO 10195 recorded on June 19, 1952, also issued on Columbia. The matrix number is found in the run-out groove area of the record and is often also shown on the record label. The prefix indicates the facility where the recording was made. Often there are several takes for a recording. The matrix number in the run-out area may also include a suffix to identify the take used for the issue.  In addition to being used as the theme for Autry's radio program "Gene Autry's Melody Ranch", "Back in the Saddle Again" was also used for "The Gene Autry Show" on television as well as for personal appearances.  In 1971, the comedy group Firesign Theatre wrote lyrics to the parody song "Back From the Shadows Again" for their album "I Think We're All Bozos on This Bus". The song was sung by three computer-generated hologram characters when they appeared. The group reused the parody title in 1993 for and its live recording album.  The 1993 film "Sleepless in Seattle" included "Back in the Saddle Again" as one of "a number of standards" heard in its soundtrack.

Discography.

78rpm commercial phonograph recordings and issues of "Back in the Saddle Again"

"Back in the Saddle Again" was the signature song of American cowboy entertainer Gene Autry. It was co-written by Autry with Ray Whitley and first released in 1939. The song was associated with Autry throughout his career and was used as the name of Autry's autobiography in 1976. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as fifth of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.


History & Archaeological Excavations.

Lauriya has 15 Stupa mounds in three rows, each row upwards of 600 m; the first row begins near the pillar and goes E to W, while the other two are at right angles to it and parallel to each other.  Alexander Cunningham partially excavated one of them in 1862 and found a retaining wall of brick (size 51 X 20 cm). A few years later Henry Bailey Wade Garrick excavated several mounds with indifferent results. In 1905 T. Block excavated four mounds, two in each of the N to S rows. In two of them, he found at the center of each, at a depth of "1.8 m to 3.6 m" (probably meaning 1.8 m in one and 3.6 m in the other) a gold leaf with a female figurine standing in frontal pose and a small deposit of burnt human bones mixed with charcoal. The core of the mounds was, according to him, built of layers of yellow clay, a few centimeters in thickness, with grass leaves laid between. Further down in one of them he found the stump of a tree. His conclusions were that the earthen barrows had some connection with the funeral rites of the people who erected them, and he found an explanation of the phenomena encountered by him in the rites of cremation and post-cremation prescribed in the Vedas. On the basis of this hypothesis he identified the gold female figurine as the earth goddess Prithvi and ascribed the mounds to a pre-Mauryan age. After him the mounds came to be known loosely as "Vedic burial mounds". The locals call these mounds Bhisa, a word also recorded by Cunningham. Some believe that the 26-metre-high ancient brick sepulchral mound is the stupa where the ashes of Lord Buddha were enshrined.  In 1935-36, archaeologist Nani Gopal Majumdar re-examined the four mounds with important results. He found that all of them were earthen burial memorials with burnt brick revetments, two being faced with a brick lining in a double tier, so that there was no justification of regarding them as mere earthen barrows. He also pointed out that the golden leaves found by Block had their exact replica in the Stupa at Piprahwa which is definitely a Buddhist Stupa of 300 B.C. or earlier. The respective Lauriya Stupas might be of a comparable date and there is nothing to connect them with Vedic burial rites. The layers of yellow clay which had a share in the building up of the Vedic theory of Block, are according to observations of archaeologist Amalananda Ghosh, nothing but mud bricks, husk and straw being a common ingredient in ancient brick. Excavation of the Nandangarh site was started by Majumdar in 1935 and continued by Ghosh until 1939. Before excavation the mound had a height of 25 m and a circumference of about 460 m, standing at the East of a brick fortification about 1.6 km in perimeter and roughly oval of plan, no doubt enclosing a habitation area, perhaps the headquarters of a clan that was responsible for the erection of the Lauriya Stupas. Surface finds indicate that it was inhabited in Shunga (if not earlier) and Kushans times.  On excavation, Nandangarh turned out to be stupendous Stupa with a polygonal or cruciform base; with its missing dome which must have been proportionately tall, the Stupa must have been one of the highest in India.  The walls of the four cardinal directions at the base (only the W ones and partly the S ones were excavated) are each 32 m long and the wall between each has a zigzag course with 14 re-entrant and 13 outer angles. The walls flanking the first and second terraces following the polygonal plan of the base; those pertaining to the upper terraces were circular. An extensive later restoration hid the four upper walls and provided new circular ones; the polygonal plan of the walls of the base and the first terrace were left unaltered. The top of each terrace served as a pradakshina-path (South facing pathway), though no staircase to reach the top was found in the excavated portion.  The core of the stupa consists of a filling of earth with a large number of animal and human figurines in the Shunga and Kushana idiom, a few punch marked coins and cast copper coins, terracotta sealing of the 2nd and 1st century B.C. and iron objects. As the earth was brought from outside, obviously from a part of the habitation area to the south of the stupa where the resultant pond is still visible, the objects are understandably not stratified.  In a shaft dug into center of the mound an undisturbed filling was found at a depth of 4.3 m the remains of a brick altar 1 m high; it has previously been truncated, perhaps by one of the explorers of the 19th and the early 20th centuries. Further down at a depth of 4.6 m from the bottom of the altar the top of an intact, miniature stupa was found, complete with a surmounting square umbrella. This stupa is 3.6 m high and polygonal on plan. An examination of its interior yielded nothing meaningful, but beside there lay a tiny copper vessel with a lid fastened to it by a wire. Inside the vessel was a long strip of the birch leaf manuscript, which having been squeezed into it was so fragile that it was impossible to spread it out and examine thoroughly without damaging it. The bits that could be extricated showed Buddhist text (probably the Pratītyasamutpāda since the word nirodha could be read a few times) written in characters of the 4th century A.D. No excavations were made at a further depth.

Pillar of Ashoka.

Less than half a kilometer from the village and 2 km from the mound, stands the famous pillar of Ashoka. It is a single block of polished sandstone over 32 feet (10 m) high. The top is bell shaped with a circular abacus ornamented with Brahmi geese supporting the statue of a lion.  The pillar is inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka in clear and beautifully cut characters. The lion has been chipped in the mouth and the column bears the mark of time just below the top which has itself been slightly dislodged. Signs of vandalism over the years are clearly visible.

Lauria Nandangarh, also Lauriya Navandgarh, is a city or town about 14 km from Narkatiaganj (or Shikarpur) and 28 km from Bettiah in West Champaran district of Bihar state in northern India. It is situated near the banks of the Burhi Gandak River. The village draws its name from a pillar (laur) of Ashoka standing there and the stupa mound Nandangarh (variant Nanadgarh) about 2 km south-west of the pillar. Lauriya Nandangarh is a historical site located in West Champaran district of Bihar. Remains of Mauryan period have been found here.


Biography.

Shimizu Toyoko () was born on 11 January 1868 in Bizen, Okayama, Japan to Shimizu Sadamoto. Most of her childhood was spent in Kyoto, where her father worked as a government bureaucrat. She graduated from Kyoto Municipal Women’s Teacher Training School at the age of fourteen and was considered highly educated in a society which still believed education beyond primary school for women was not worthwhile. Unable to continue her education, Shimizu made use of her father’s library which contained western literary classics as well as works by Japanese intellectuals. In 1885, she married Okazaki Masaharu, who was involved with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in Kyoto. Two years later they were divorced, most probably because Okazaki had a concubine, but through his contacts, she met Ueki Emori, Kageyama Hideko and others who were involved in social activism. Shimizu began lecturing on social issues throughout the country. She was one of the activists who presented a petition in 1888 hoping to reform the penal code, which among other things made adultery by women a punishable crime. She also spoke out against polygyny and its impact on women. That same year, she was one of the women who wrote essays for the preface of Ueki's "Tðyð no fujo" (Women of the Orient) (1889).  At 23, Shimizu moved to Tokyo to work at Iwamoto Zenji's journal "Jogaku zasshi" ( Magazine of Women's Learning), just a few months after a legislative act had been passed prohibiting women from political participation in assemblies. Opposed to the ban, she wrote essays in favor of women's inclusion, like her 1890 piece, "Tōkon jogakusei no kakugo wa ikan?" (How Determined Are Today's Women Students?). Within six months, she had become the journal's editor in chief. She began working simultaneously as the writing instructor at the Meiji Girls' School. Around this same time, Shimizu began an affair with Ôi Kengarô, common law husband of Kageyama Hideko, who had become her best friend. Shimizu became pregnant during the course of the relationship and took a leave of absence, returning home to Kyoto, where her father was gravely ill. She cared for him and gave birth to her son. Ôi, pressuring Shimizu to marry him, confused the addresses in letters he sent to the two women, and Hideko learned of the affair. The rift between her and Hideko never healed. Shimizu suffered a breakdown and was hospitalized in 1892 and her son was sent to live with family members.  Returning that same year to "Jogaku zasshi", her brother introduced her to Kozai Yoshinao, a faculty member at the Tokyo School of Agriculture and the couple began a correspondence. In spite of the era's low opinion of divorced women and single mothers, and Shimizu's confession of her past, the relationship flourished. They were married later that year and Shimizu had their first child the following year. In 1895, her husband went abroad to study in Germany, and Shimizu moved back to Kyoto, living with her mother-in-law and writing as a correspondent. Shimizu used a number of pseudonyms including Tsuyuko, Toyo and Fumiko, predominately using Shikin after 1896. She employed different names for different genres, such as using Tsuyuko for fiction. Her husband returned from his studies around 1900 and Shimizu's last known writings appeared the following year. She joined him in Tokyo, where he became the president of the Tokyo University of Agriculture and she retired from writing. While it was speculated that her husband forced her to stop writing, her nature conflicts with that conclusion. She raised six children and cared for her elderly father and brother after she stopped writing, maintaining a home and the social responsibilities of a university president. Shimizu died in 1933.  Shimizu was the first professional woman journalist in Japan, forced to turn to writing when public activism was barred. Though she experimented with style, employing "genbun itchi" (), a more colloquial, less narrative style of writing which more closely mimics speech, for a while before settling on the gesaku () style, Shimizu's writing is centered on social issues. She wrote about the right to equality, evaluating such themes as women's education, marriage, divorce, double standards towards men and women, and discrimination towards the Burakumin. She strove to impart her works with encouragement for women to seek their own emancipation and have the courage to express themselves.

Shimizu Shikin (; 1868–1933), pen name of Shimizu Toyoko, was a Japanese novelist and women's rights activist of the Meiji period in Japan. A lecturer on equality and social issues, she was forced to turn to writing when the law changed to bar women from political assembly. She became one of the first women professional journalists in Japan.


Academic background.

Sabar earned a bachelor's degree with distinction in Middle Eastern History and African History at Tel Aviv University in 1985. In 1982, while still an undergraduate, she traveled to Ethiopia to guide a group of American Jews who supported the clandestine Operation Moses (at the time not yet given that name). Between 1982 and 1984, she visited Ethiopia over 20 times, providing funds and information for Ethiopian Jews prior to their journey to Sudan. These two years in Ethiopia had a profound impact on her life, and since then she has continued to visit the continent, with the aim of conducting research as well as for purposes of social and public engagement. In 1987 she received a master's degree in African Studies from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, which she completed summa cum laude. Her graduate dissertation, supervised by Professor Mordechai Abir, examined Ethiopia's post-revolution consolidation of national identity.  In 1989, Sabar moved with her family to Kenya, where she stayed for three years gathering data for her doctorate. Though the research commenced with the disciplines of history and political science in mind, it eventually shifted to anthropology. In 1993, Sabar received her doctorate in African Studies from Hebrew University. Her research focused on the complex relations between church, state, and society in Kenya, and was supervised by Professor Naomi Chazan and Professor Steven Kaplan. In 1994, she began lecturing at the Department of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University. In 1996, she returned to Kenya, where she led an international research group that examined socio-political aspects of the AIDS epidemic in collaboration with Professor Sobbie Mulindi of Kenyatta National Hospital. Since 1998 Sabar has focused her research on African labor migrants and asylum seekers in Israel.  In May 2009, Sabar received the Unsung Heroes of Compassion Award, sponsored by the international organization Wisdom in Action and delivered by the Dalai Lama. The prize is awarded once in several years, and so far it has been given to 150 people worldwide. Sabar was awarded in appreciation of her long and dedicated involvement in both research and social activism in issues pertaining to Ethiopian Jewry as well as to African labor migrants in Israel, and for bringing these issues to the Israeli public eye. Sabar, together with Ms. Ibtisam Mahamid are the first Israelis to be awarded this prize. Sabar received the prize in a ceremony held in San Francisco in May 2009, along with 49 other activists worldwide.

Personal life.

Together with her partner, Ofer Shechter, Sabar is raising five children: Matan, Noam, Yuval, Or and Bar.

Social Involvement.

Sabar is a volunteer board member in four organizations: the Jerusalem AIDS Project (JAIP), IRAC - the Israel Religious Action Center of the Jewish Reform movement, the Hotline for Migrant Workers and NALA, an Israeli-based foundation providing consultation about and implementation of programs for infectious disease control in Africa. Since 2011, Sabar has co-organized, together with Dr. Shiri Tenenbaum, several different courses and workshops aimed at the promotion of health and human rights for African refugees and asylum seekers in Israel. Two of the courses addressed Israeli health workers and two addressed migrants and refugees themselves. All courses were held in collaboration with the "Social Clinic" at Sheba Hospital.

Research.

Christianity in Africa.

From 1987 to 1997, Sabar focused her research on relations between church, state, and society in Kenya. She spent four years in Nairobi, Kenya. Her research was based on thousands of local church documents and official British and Kenyan documents as well as extensive fieldwork conducted throughout the country, which included hundreds of interviews with church members and leaders, and long hours of participant observation in various religious activities.  In 2002 she published in England her book, "Church, State and Society in Kenya: From Mediation to Opposition, 1963-1993". The book traces the complex relations between religion, society and state in Kenya in the years 1963-1993. It emphasizes the centrality of religion in our contemporary modern world. It shows how Kenyan churches helped to shape the social, religious and political arenas in the country. Sabar claims that the churches created alternative politics and a new language with which to discuss human rights issues and the struggle for democracy. Concurrently, the book exposes the churches' widespread corruption and nepotism.

The AIDS epidemic in Africa.

Between 1995-1999, Sabar led an international team of experts which examined the spread of AIDS in Africa through examining the epidemic's socio-political aspects. An emphasis was put on tracing cultural components which make AIDS especially prevalent in some areas. Sabar, together with Prof. Mulindi of Kenyatta National Hospital and Prof. Allie Dubb from Israel, examined the processes which led churches to take key roles in the struggle against AIDS.  During her stay in Kenya in 1996-1997, Sabar broadened the scope of her research on churches to include their contributions to the effort to prevent the further spread of AIDS. She was one of the organizers of the 9th international conference on AIDS prevention, which was attended by renowned scholars on AIDS, including Professor Robert Gallo and Professor Jonathan Mann. From 1997 to 2002, she led an international team of experts which studied the economic, social, ethnic and religious elements which affect Kenyan teenagers in their engagement in sexual relations. AIDS Education Prevention in Multi-Cultural Societies  This book is a collection of essays edited by Sabar together with Inon Schenker and Francisco Sy. Published in 1996, the book brought together articles from various disciplines (e.g., women and AIDS, religion and AIDS, art and AIDS) and from various places, all of which dealt with AIDS prevention. This was the first book in the corpus of AIDS prevention research to tackle the disease from such a wide perspective. While today such an interdisciplinary approach is widely accepted, at the time of the book's publication, it was rather revolutionary.

"Modern Kenyan History: From a White Man’s Colony to an Independent Country".

Sabar, with Professor Mordechai Tamarkin, co-authored this book, which was published in 1997 by the Open University of Israel. It was the first Hebrew-language book to analyze the modern political history of Kenya from the early 1900s to 1992. The book's uniqueness is its attempt to link classical historical writing with writing from other perspectives, including that of gender, workers' unions and religious congregations. The book's main innovation is in its emphasis on the centrality of Christianity in shaping the Kenyan political arena.

African labor migrants.

Starting in 1998, Sabar embarked on a large-scale research project on African labor migrants in Israel. During eight years of extensive field research, she actively participated in their various social activities: churches, sports associations and educational initiatives, attempting to gain insights into their lives, modes of thought and worldviews. In her research, Sabar points at the labor migrants' double identity, as endorsed by the churches: on the one hand, a Christian-religious identity adjusted to life in Israel, and on the other hand, a trans-national modern identity, in line with the globalization process. The findings from her research were published in academic journals.  "We're Not Here to Stay: African Migrant Workers in Israel and Back in Africa". Tel Aviv University Press, 2008. Following massive deportation of non-documented African labor migrants from Israel, Sabar followed the migrants back to their home countries. In 2008, she published "We’re Not Here to Stay", a book that traces and analyzes the full circle of migration: leaving home, establishing life in Israel and returning home. The book analyzes the social, religious and political structures labor migrants established in Israel and their life histories once returning home. In a paper entitled " African-Israel-Africa. Return migration experiences of African Labor migrants", Sabar highlights the significance of the non-material assets returning migrants brought back with them as a key factor in determining the nature of their return experience.  Since 2007 Sabar has focused her research on African asylum seekers, mainly from Sudan and Eritrea, who have entered Israel through its penetrable Egyptian border. Sabar has focused her research on the asylum seekers’ social and cultural lives. In a comparative article entitled "Israel and the ‘Holy Land’: The Religio-Political Discourse of Rights among African Migrant Labourers and African Asylum Seekers, 1990-2008," she explores the religious arena of African Christians in Israel. In a joint research project with Rachel Posner, she highlights the cultural life of African asylum seekers with special emphasis on local restaurants as culinary safe havens.

Galia Sabar (, born 1963, Israel) is the President of Ruppin Academic Center, one of Israel leading public colleges. Prior, she was a Professor of African Studies at Tel Aviv University and the Chair of African Studies at the Department of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University, where she also served as the Coordinator of African Studies at the S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies. Sabar has published seven books and dozens of articles in professional journals. In addition to her academic research, Sabar has been a leading social activist in Israel mainly in relation to Ethiopian immigrants as well as in partnership with various NGOs assisting African labor migrants and asylum seekers. In May 2009, in recognition of her work combining academic rigor with social activism, Sabar received the Unsung Heroes of Compassion Award, sponsored by the international organization Wisdom in Action and delivered by the 14th Dalai Lama.


Early life.

Palmer was born in Solihull, Warwickshire, one of seven children. Reportedly dyslexic, Palmer left school at 15 and joined his brother Malcolm in a roof tiling business and also sold paraffin from "the back of a lorry". He married Marnie J. A. Ryan in 1975 in Bristol.  He ran a gold and jewellery dealing company, Scadlynn Ltd, in Bedminster, Bristol with business partners Garth Victor Chappell and Terence Edward James Patch. Palmer and Chappell had been arrested in 1980 when they worked together selling furniture. The two men were charged with obtaining credit on furniture by providing false references, with Palmer receiving a six-month suspended prison sentence.

Brink's-Mat involvement and acquittal.

In 1985, following the November 1983 Brink's-Mat robbery, Chappell and Patch of Scadlynn Ltd were arrested for their involvement in melting down £26 million worth of gold from the robbery to try to pass it off as legitimate. Two days after armed robbers Brian Robinson and Micky McAvoy were jailed, Chappell withdrew £348,000 from the company's accounts. Throughout their trial, a total of £1.1 million had been withdrawn.  During the raids, one of the suspects refused to confirm what they had been melting that morning. It was revealed that the company had been processing millions of pounds' worth of gold, but claimed it was gold they had purchased themselves. The company's books stated that they were selling the melted gold for virtually the same amount as they had purchased it for—which didn't make sense, unless the records were false. Confiscated documents also showed that the company had been evading tax, and were ordered for pay £80,000 in unpaid tax.  Palmer evaded arrest at the time, after fleeing to Tenerife with his family only days prior to his company being raided and its directors arrested. His family returned to England, whilst he sold his remaining assets back home and set up a timeshare business at Island Village, near Playa de las Américas. He attempted to move to Brazil after Spain signed an extradition treaty with the UK, but he was arrested and his entry refused as he had travelled on an expired passport. Deported back to England, he was forced to face trial.  Despite Palmer admitting to melting down gold bars from the robbery in his garden, he was acquitted during the trial in 1987 after claiming that he wasn't aware they were stolen. Chappell was sentenced to ten years in the earlier trial.  He was reported by "The Independent" in 1993 as being subject to an asset-freezing Mareva Injunction gained by Brink's-Mat from the High Court of Justice, enabling investigators to track his substantial financial resources. He later paid out £360,000 to Lloyd's the insurers as a result of a civil action brought against him, but continued to plead his innocence in the 1987 robbery and in 1999 claimed the authorities were persecuting him. For his connection to the Brink's-Mat robbery, Palmer acquired the sobriquet of 'Goldfinger'.

Conviction for time-share fraud and later events.

In 2001, he defended himself after sacking his legal team in one of the longest fraud trials in British legal history. He was found guilty "of masterminding the largest timeshare fraud on record" and jailed for eight years. It is reported that he swindled 20,000 people out of £30 million, but attempts by the Crown to confiscate this profit were later stopped in a court hearing. Sentenced to 8 years, he served just over half of this term. His fortune at the time of his conviction was estimated at about £300 million, but Palmer was declared bankrupt in 2005 with debts of £3.9m.  In 2007, he was arrested on charges including fraud. Reportedly, he had been able to continue his criminal activities during his incarceration, following his 2001 conviction. In 2009, after two years without charge in a high security Spanish jail, he was released on bail, but was required to report to court authorities every two weeks.  In 2015, it was alleged by "The Times" from leaked Operation Tiberius files, that Palmer was protected from arrest and investigation by a clique of high-ranking corrupt Metropolitan Police officers. Palmer's companions were reportedly once detained in possession of a silenced Uzi submachine gun and 380 rounds of ammunition.

Death.

Palmer was murdered on 24 June 2015 at the age of 64 in his gated home of South Weald, near Brentwood, Essex by means of gunshot wounds to the chest. The fact he had been shot 6 times was only revealed during a post-mortem as he had undergone open-heart surgery for which the wounds were mistaken. It was later revealed that at the time of his death, Palmer faced charges in Spain for fraud, firearm possession and money laundering. It was only after his death that it was revealed that in addition to his activities in Spain, Palmer also opened the first Russian timeshare company in the 1990s. It was suggested that he had secret service connections, but lost the Russian business to rivals.  A special BBC documentary presented by broadcaster Roger Cook revealed that since 1999, police had run an intelligence operation on Palmer from the RAF Spadeadam base in Cumbria. Palmer was under electronic surveillance by a secret police intelligence unit for 16 years until his assassination by a hitman in 2015, according to the special BBC television investigation. The Serious and Organised Crime Agency (Soca), now the National Crime Agency had gathered intelligence on Palmer in an operation codenamed Alpine because of concerns of corruption in the Metropolitan police.  Following his death, it was revealed Palmer's partner Christina Ketley remained under police surveillance following reports from Spanish law enforcement agencies that she played a "predominant role" in his criminal empire. Ketley and fellow mistress Saskia Mundinger, who both had children with Palmer, demanded payouts from him in 2005 to "keep them in the lifestyle they became accustomed to". He also had two daughters with his wife Marnie.  On 4 February 2017, a 50-year-old man was questioned on suspicion of Palmer's murder. Police said they had questioned a man who was originally from Tyneside although currently living in southern Spain. The man was not arrested but volunteered to be interviewed at a police station in the UK. The force did not specify at which police station he was interviewed.

John Edward Palmer (September 1950 – 24 June 2015) was an English gangster, former market trader and gold dealer, involved in various criminal activities including mortgage and timeshare fraud.


Plot.

Bernard Chetwin is a boarder at John Anderson's farm in England. He is unimpressed by Anderson's spoiled daughter Bella, but is attracted to their orphaned servant, Lydia Wilton. She tells him of her dreams for a happier life, and they fall in love. Wilton also meets Eustace Pelham, who introduces her to his philosophy of "life's shop window": that many people make life decisions on purely superficial grounds. Chetwin marries Wilton in a secret ceremony.  Intending to establish a farm to support his new family, Chetwin leaves the English countryside for Arizona. Concerned about the dangers of frontier territory, he travels without his newlywed wife, intending to send for her later. When she gives birth to Chetwin's child, Anderson's wife refuses to accept evidence of her marriage, and throws her out of the farm for having a child out of wedlock. She takes the infant with her to Arizona and reunites with Chetwin at his ranch.  The demands of managing the ranch consume all of Chetwin's time, leaving Wilton to feel neglected and unloved. One day, a traveler is injured near the ranch, whom she recognizes as Pelham. Pelham courts her, taking advantage of her loneliness. Although she admits she does not love him, he convinces her to abandon her family and run away with him. As she is preparing to depart, she is confronted by Starlight, an Indian woman who works as a servant on the ranch, who reminds Wilton of the needs of her child. She spurns Pelham and returns to her family. Eventually, Chetwin forgives her and devotes more of his time to her. Pelham may have been killed by Starlight, although his ultimate fate is left unclear.

Production.

Annie Sophie Cory, writing as Victoria Cross, was a popular but controversial British New Woman novelist. Adultery and female sexuality are common themes in her works, which often reversed the expected gender roles of the time, permitting female desire to motivate the plot. Elizabeth Bisland described Lydia, the main character of Cory's 1907 novel "Life's Shop Window", as "a very modernist heroine", comparing her to a more socially successful Hester Prynne. Like many of Cross's novels, it attracted controversy, and was banned for a time by the Circulating Libraries Association in the United Kingdom. "Life's Shop Window" had already become the basis of a successful play, based on an expurgated version of the novel's plot.  In 1914, William Fox was operating the successful film distributor Box Office Attraction Film Rental Company. Box Office purchased films from studios such as Balboa Amusement Producing Company, showing them in Fox's New York area theaters and renting prints to exhibitors elsewhere in the country. "Life's Shop Window" may have originally been considered for production in this manner. However, Fox decided he was unwilling to depend on others for the products his business required, and instead prepared to produce his own films under the Box Office Attractions Company name. He purchased the Éclair film studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey and property in Staten Island, arranged for actors and crew, and began production with an adaptation of an established work, as was common at the time.  Rights to the film adaptation were purchased for $100. Like the theatrical adaptation, Mary Asquith's screenplay removed much of the book's controversial sexual elements, censorship intended to make Fox's nascent studio appear more respectable to the industry. Fox selected J. Gordon Edwards to direct, in what may have been his directorial debut; credit for the earlier "St. Elmo" is disputed, with sources disagreeing whether Edwards or Bertram Bracken directed.  Filming for "Life's Shop Window" took place at a farm on the Staten Island property, and possibly in the Fort Lee studio. The budget for this five-reel feature film was small, with the cost of production reported as $4,500 or $6,000; Fox would exaggerate the cost of production to over thirty times its true value in later advertising. At the time, films of comparable length generally required between $20,000 and $30,000 to produce. Film historian Terry Ramsaye reported that Fox was not pleased with the completed film and initially declared: "Let's burn the damn thing", before being convinced to allow its release. "Life's Shop Window" premiered at the Academy of Music in New York on October 20, 1914, although it did not receive its official release until November 19.

Reception and legacy.

Contemporary reviews were mixed. "Moving Picture World" film critic W. Stephen Bush called the film "first-class" despite problems with the plot, cinematography, and the "unbelievably poor" music accompaniment at the Academy of Music. He also remarked on the censorship of the novel's plot, stating that "not even the sternest of moralists can find anything objectionable" in the film. Fox's response was published the following week, in which he praised Bush's review and committed to avoiding "the salacious or the sex drama". Peter Milne of "Motion Picture News" also praised the decision to make a "clean" adaptation of the novel, as well as the film's realism. However, "Variety" gave the film a negative review that criticized its editing, its direction, and Whitney's acting ability, suggesting that the film would profit solely on the name of the book it adapted.  Despite some critical reviews, the film was popular, especially with women, and financially successful. Double-file lines over a block long were reported for opening-week showings at the Audubon Theatre in New York. After the incorporation of the Fox Film Corporation, distribution of this film continued under the new company's name. The success of the initial New York showings featured in subsequent advertising, as did Fox's greatly inflated claims of the cost of production.  The 1937 Fox vault fire destroyed most of Fox's silent films, probably including "Life's Shop Window". The Library of Congress is not aware of any extant copies.

Life's Shop Window is a 1914 American silent drama film directed by J. Gordon Edwards and starring Claire Whitney and Stuart Holmes. It is a film adaptation of the 1907 novel of the same name by Annie Sophie Cory. The film depicts the story of English orphan Lydia Wilton (Whitney), and her husband Bernard Chetwin (Holmes). Although Wilton's marriage is legitimate, it was conducted in secret, and she is accused of having a child out of wedlock. Forced to leave England, she reunites with her husband in Arizona. There, she is tempted by infidelity with an old acquaintance, Eustace Pelham, before seeing the error of her ways and returning to her family.


Early years.

Smith was born in Anchorage, Alaska. He played at Taft High School in the San Fernando Valley, where he set the state records for most receptions (271) and yardage (4486) in a varsity career, and led the Toreadors to two consecutive Los Angeles City Section Championship games (although they lost both games). His career yardage record was surpassed by Canyon High School Wide Receiver, Drew Wolitarsky on October 5, 2012. He played in the 2003 U.S. Army All-American Bowl with several of his USC Trojan teammates including Reggie Bush, LenDale White, and Sam Baker. He also played high school basketball and was a teammate with former Los Angeles Lakers point guard Jordan Farmar.

College career.

Smith attended the University of Southern California, where he was one of the top two wide receivers by yardage for the USC Trojans football team. He was on the Maxwell Award 2006 watch list for the best player in college football and was named to the 2006 All Pac-10 team First Team and to the 2006 All Pac-10 Second Team by rivals.com. Smith was named honorable mention on the SI.com All-American team and First-team All-American by CBS Sportsline. Smith was voted team MVP in 2006 by teammates of his 4th ranked Trojans team. Smith caught three touchdown passes from Heisman Trophy winner Matt Leinart in USC's 55-19 national championship/Orange Bowl victory over Oklahoma.

Professional career.

New York Giants.

Smith was drafted in the second round (51st overall) by the New York Giants in the 2007 NFL Draft. He wore number 12. Smith only played in 5 games in the 2007 regular season (Weeks 1, 2, 15, 16, 17), recording 8 catches for 63 yards and no touchdowns. However, after returning from a shoulder and hamstring injury, Smith turned in an outstanding postseason as he became a reliable third down receiver for quarterback Eli Manning. He made two big catches at the end of the first half in Dallas, which set up a game-tying touchdown and caught five passes in Super Bowl XLII, including four on third down. One of which was a 12-yard reception on a third and 11 with 45 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter. Smith and the Giants prevailed over the New England Patriots 17-14. In the 2008 regular season, Smith became one of Manning's favorite targets, and not just on 3rd down as Smith led the Giants in receptions over Amani Toomer and Plaxico Burress, who both started over Smith. Smith helped the Giants win the NFC East division.  In the 2009 season, with the Giants' loss of Burress and Toomer, Smith and Domenik Hixon were named the starting wideouts. Smith opened the season explosively, and by the end of week 4, Smith led the NFL in receptions (34), receiving yards (411), and touchdown receptions (4).  In Week 15, in a game against the Redskins, Smith broke the Giants franchise record for most receptions in a single season, also becoming the first Giants receiver in history to make 90 catches in one season.  Smith was selected as an alternate in the 2010 Pro Bowl. He later replaced Arizona Cardinals wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald on the 2010 Pro Bowl roster after Fitzgerald withdrew with an injury.

Philadelphia Eagles.

On August 10, 2011, Smith agreed to a one-year, $2 million deal with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list on August 13. He was activated from the list on August 27.  He had eleven catches for 124 yards and a touchdown before he was placed on injured reserve on December 12 due to a bone bruise in his knee. He played in nine games for the Eagles, with one start against the Arizona Cardinals on November 13, in which he made five catches for 47 yards.

St. Louis Rams.

The St. Louis Rams signed Smith on March 26, 2012.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

On April 2, 2013, Smith signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Smith announced his retirement on May 29, 2013. Five years later, in his first year of eligibility, Smith was mistakenly announced as a modern-era nominee to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Personal life.

Smith's brother, Malcolm Smith, currently a free agent linebacker, was the MVP of Super Bowl XLVIII with the Seattle Seahawks. According to his biography page from the New York Giants, Steve was a Public Policy/Management and Planning major at USC. He was born in Anchorage, Alaska, raised in Woodland Hills, California and Canoga Park, California, but currently resides in Woodland Hills, CA.  Smith was robbed at gunpoint on November 25, 2008 after arriving home, according to Clifton, New Jersey police. Smith had just returned to his house when he was approached from behind by a man who put a gun to Smith's head, Clifton police Captain Robert Rowan said. "He said to him, 'Give me everything you got,' and Mr. Smith turned over his jewelry, money and cell phone," Rowan said. Smith suffered no injury.

Steven Smith (born May 6, 1985) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Southern California (USC), and earned All-American honors. He was drafted by the New York Giants in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft, and has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He is often mistaken for Steve Smith Sr., the Carolina Panthers and Baltimore Ravens wide receiver of the same name.


Etymology.

"Shir Kuh" or "Shirkuh" is formed of two words: "sher" in Middle Persian or "shir" in Modern Persian means "lion", and "kof" in Middle Persian or "kuh" in Modern Persian means "mountain". So, in Persian "Shir Kuh" could mean (the) "Lion Mountain".

Geology.

Geologically, Shir Kuh is made chiefly of Jurassic granite surrounded by Cretaceous rocks. It is located almost in the vicinity of the Sahand-Bazman volcanic arc, a volcanic arc that was formed during the Tertiary and mainly in the Eocene volcanism. Shir Kuh consists mainly of intrusive rocks (Jurassic granite) that were made in the Late Cimmerian orogeny in the Late Jurassic. This mountain is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan geological and structural zone. Sanadaj-Sirjan was subjected to magmatism and metamorphism in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. This section along with other Iranian microplates were separated from Gondwana in the Carboniferous (when magmatism was caused by rifting and the process of detachment) and moved northwards. From the Early Jurassic to the Middle Miocene Sandaj-Sirjan was adjacent to a subduction zone and there was magmatism because of the subduction zone which was situated in the south and south-west of this structural zone. Consequently, in the Late Jurassic, Sanandaj-Sirjan region was subjected to the magmatism of the Late Cimmerian orogeny in the form of both volcanism and plutonism. Shir Kuh was formed as a result of the plutonism of this orogenic phase.

Climate.

Having a high elevation, Shir Kuh and its neighbourhood have a cold mountain climate although the region is placed in a location that is surrounded by a hot semi-desert climate.

Shir Kuh or Shirkuh () is a high peak (4055 m) in the central part of Iran about 40 km south-west of the city of Yazd in Yazd Province. The first woman to climb the mountain was Banoo Khosrawy.