Plot.

In the year 2274, the remnants of human civilization live in a sealed city contained beneath a cluster of geodesic domes, a utopia run by a computer that takes care of all aspects of life, including reproduction. The citizens live a hedonistic lifestyle but, to prevent overpopulation, everyone must undergo the rite of "Carrousel" when they reach the age of 30. There, they are killed under the guise of being "renewed”.  To track this, each person is implanted at birth with a "life-clock" crystal in the palm of the hand that changes color as they get older and begins blinking as they approach their "Last Day.” Most residents accept this chance for rebirth, but those who do not and attempt to flee the city are known as "Runners”. An elite team of policemen known as "Sandmen”, outfitted in predominantly black uniforms and serving in an agency of the city called "Deep Sleep”, are assigned to pursue and terminate Runners as they try to escape.  Logan 5 and Francis 7 are both Sandmen. After terminating a Runner, to whose presence they were alerted during a Carrousel rite, Logan finds an ankh among his possessions. Later that evening, he meets Jessica 6, a young woman also wearing an ankh pendant. Logan takes the ankh to the computer, which tells him that it is a symbol for a secret group whose members help the Runners find "Sanctuary”, a mythic place where they will be safe to live out the rest of their lives.  Logan learns that the Sandmen have lost 1,056 Runners this way. The computer instructs Logan to find Sanctuary and destroy it, a mission which it code names "Procedure 033-03”, which he must keep secret from the other Sandmen of Deep Sleep. Then, by a procedure it calls "retrogram", the computer changes the color of his life clock to flashing red, suddenly making him four years closer to Carrousel. Scared, he asks if the four years will be restored to him when his mission is completed but receives no response. In order to escape this, Logan is now forced to become a Runner. Logan meets Jessica and explains his situation. They meet with the underground group that leads them to the periphery of the city.  Logan learns that the ankh symbol is actually a key that unlocks an exit from the city. They come out into a frozen cave, with Francis following closely behind. In the cave, they meet Box, a robot designed to capture food for the city from the outside. Logan discovers, to his horror, that Box also captures escaped Runners and freezes them for food. Before Box can freeze Logan and Jessica, they escape, causing the cave to collapse on the robot.  Once outside, Logan and Jessica notice that their life clocks are no longer operational. They see the Sun for the first time and discover that the remains of human civilization have become a wilderness. They explore an old, seemingly abandoned city which was once Washington, D.C. In the ruins of the United States Senate chamber, they discover an elderly man living with many cats. His appearance is a shock to them, since neither has ever seen anyone over the age of thirty. The old man recounts what he remembers about what happened to humanity outside the city, and Logan realizes that Sanctuary has always been a myth.  However, Francis has followed them and he and Logan fight. Logan fatally wounds Francis; as he dies, Francis sees that Logan's life clock is now clear and assumes Logan has renewed. Logan and Jessica persuade the old man to return to the city with them as proof that life exists outside the domed city. Leaving the man outside, the two enter and try to convince everyone that Carrousel is a lie and unnecessary. The two are captured by other Sandmen and taken to the computer, which interrogates Logan about Procedure 033-03 and asks if he completed his mission.  Logan insists, "There is no Sanctuary". What he had found was "old ruins, exposed”, "an old man”, and that the missing Runners were "all frozen”. These answers are not accepted by the computer, even after scanning Logan's mind, and the computer overloads, causing the city's systems to fail violently and release the exterior seals. Logan, Jessica, and the other citizens flee the ruined city. Once outside, the citizens see the old man, the first human they have met who is older than thirty, proving that they can, indeed, live their lives much longer.

Production.

Development.

MGM's early attempts to adapt the book led to development hell. Producer George Pal's attempt was troubled in 1969 by competing views of what the film's story should be, including the possibility of incorporating symbolism of real life issues, in comparison to screenwriter Richard Maibaum's vision.  Rewriting Maibaum's screenplay would have taken between two and three months, and the budget would have had to have been reassessed. Pal became concerned the delays would cause the film to miss the wave of success science fiction was enjoying with "" and "Planet of the Apes" in 1968.  American International Pictures offered to buy Pal's projects, including "Logan's Run", for $200,000, but MGM declined, only willing to accept a minimum of $350,000. Pal left the project to produce "" (1975) for Warner Bros.  Saul David assumed responsibility in 1974, with "Soylent Green" author Stanley R. Greenberg assigned to write. Greenberg devised the idea of Carrousel but afterwards dropped off the project. David Zelag Goodman wrote a nearly completely new screenplay, raising the age of death from 21 to 30 to allow for more actors to be considered for casting.

Casting.

York, Agutter, and William Devane were cast in the lead roles, with Devane announced to play an "elite" Sandman in May 1975. Devane withdrew from the project and replaced Roy Thinnes in Alfred Hitchcock's 1976 film "Family Plot".  Richard Jordan stepped in for Devane and was best known for his performances in "Lawman" (1971), "Chato's Land" (1972), "Rooster Cogburn" (1975) and the 1976 TV mini-series "Captains and the Kings". York had previously appeared in "Cabaret" (1972), "The Three Musketeers" (1973) and "Murder on the Orient Express" (1974), while Agutter was best known for "The Railway Children" (1970) and "Walkabout" (1971). York and Agutter were 33 and 23 respectively, casting made justifiable by Goodman raising the age of death to 30.  In September 1975, it was announced Peter Ustinov would play "the last man alive in Washington, D.C." in the film. Farrah Fawcett has a small role, but her rising celebrity in television earned her prominent credit as Farrah Fawcett-Majors.

Filming.

Special effects artists L. B. Abbott and Glen Robinson regarded Carrousel as the most difficult part of the film to portray, requiring hidden wires to depict the levitation. For the scene in which Logan is interrogated by the Deep Sleep central computer, it was decided that genuine holograms would be most convincing, with Saul David advocating a new hologram effect be created. The robot character Box was portrayed by placing actor Roscoe Lee Browne in a robot costume.  The filmmakers also made use of wide-angle lenses not generally available. It became the first film to use Dolby Stereo on 70 mm prints. Nine entire sound stages were used at MGM in Culver City, California, hosting a miniature city among the largest of its kind built to date.  Producers saved $3 million by finding readily available locations in numerous Dallas buildings, including the Apparel Mart at Dallas Market Center (The Great Hall), Oz Restaurant and Nightclub (The Love Shop) and Pegasus Place (Sandman headquarters), the Fort Worth Water Gardens, and the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Houston. The Sewage Disposal Plant in El Segundo, California was used for the underground escape sequences.

Post-production.

Post-production took eight months, including completion of the score. The score was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith, with orchestrations by Arthur Morton. The score "adheres to two distinct sound palettes: strings, keyboards and abstract electronics only for cues inside the City and full orchestra for outside." The first release of portions of the score was on MGM Records on LP, in 1976. The complete expanded and newly remixed score was issued on CD in January, 2002 by "Film Score Monthly".  The film was previewed for test audiences prior to its release. A few sequences were edited or shortened as a result. These included a longer sequence in the ice cave, where Box asked Logan and Jessica to pose for his ice sculpture. This was cut due to extensive nudity so that the film could receive a PG rating (PG-13 did not exist yet) and for length. Other scenes were removed, including a sequence where Francis hunts down a runner by himself at the beginning of the film. Other sequences were trimmed. Some of these scenes are featured as extras in the 1998 DVD release. Other scenes survive in the shooting script, but the footage appears lost. At the end of the process, the budget had escalated from the projected $3 million to $9 million, an expensive film for 1976. It was noted for being the most expensive MGM film made in 10 years, with most of the budget going to the sets.

Themes.

"Logan's Run" explores utopian and dystopian themes, with the idea that characters willingly die instead of reaching advanced ages, reflecting the idea that "Utopias require its participants to give something up in order to create harmony and uniformity". Common dystopian themes include an evil ruling authority, the confiscation of children from parents, life in a city, and the idea of human overpopulation, in this case causing the protagonists to leave the urban environment.  Prominent concepts in the film are "the dangers of hedonism, youth worship, and, particularly, the dangers of government-sponsored euthanasia". The hedonism is primarily conveyed in the form of sensuality and "images of sexual abandon". Aside from sexual freedom, the pursuit of pleasure is also reflected in how this was envisioned in the 1970s, including miniskirts, little career, relaxed gyms, and Farrah Fawcett's "shag" haircut. Author Barna William Donovan argues this serves to criticize many social developments underway in the 1970s, targeting the "Me generation". Writer Robert Tinnell hypothesizes the design of the city, reminiscent of a shopping mall, is also suggestive of "anticonsumerist sentiment". The film may ultimately serve as a warning against overthrowing older generations, aimed at young viewers following the counterculture movements in the 1960s.  Another interpretation is that individualism, the "freedom to "live" and "be"," is curbed by "social mechanisms" telling citizens to have a good life for only a limited time. Logan, originally part of an "artificial society" centred on "pleasure and spectacle," becomes "re-individualised" and defies a "conformist system". Despite the reflections of the 1970s, Donovan argues the film may also have relevance to the Internet age, with elements evocative of online dating.  Writers have also examined the film's statements on gender and race. At one point in the film, Logan asks Jessica whether she is a lesbian after she expresses no romantic interest in him. His casual, nonjudgmental tone indicates homosexuality is no longer taboo in the film's futuristic society, a possible side effect of sex no longer being related to child bearing. Ultimately, author Bonnie Noonan believes the idea of returning to the concept of "beloved wife" is a sign that in the story, women's liberation, and not technology, is at the root of the dystopia.  The character of Box, being voiced by African-American actor Roscoe Lee Browne, could serve as a precursor to Darth Vader, voiced by African-American actor James Earl Jones in "Star Wars" (1977), in "racializing cyberphobic primers available to Generation X".

Reception.

Box office.

In its first five days in theatres in 1976, "Logan's Run" grossed $2.5 million, a substantial sum. The film finished its run with a gross of $25 million in North America, and a solid performance in other territories.  The film is credited with helping MGM recover from debt, and was a hit with young audiences in particular.

Critical response.

The film received a generally mixed response. Roger Ebert gave the film a three-star rating, calling the film a "vast, silly extravaganza", with a plot that's a "cross between Arthur C. Clarke's "The City and the Stars" and elements of "Planet of the Apes"" and "that delivers a certain amount of fun". "Variety" staff called the film "rewarding" in its escapism and intelligence.  Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" was less positive:  Just why and for what particular purpose Logan makes his run is anything but clear after you've sat through nearly two hours of this stuff. "Logan's Run" is less interested in logic than in gadgets and spectacle, but these are sometimes jazzily effective and even poetic. Had more attention been paid to the screenplay, the movie might have been a stunner.  Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film zero stars out of four, calling it "unquestionably the worst major motion picture I've seen this year." He described the technological gadgets as "lackluster" and the script "loaded with stupidities that had a preview audience laughing in derision." What he found "most contemptible is the way the film never justifies any of its characters' behavior. Jessica's subversive group doesn't do anything except hide in what looks like a boiler room. The main story of Logan's flight consists of a simple fistfight." He concluded, "'Logan's Run' is an artistic con job from beginning to end."  "New York" was also negative, writing that the film was "yet another of those tiresome world-after-the-holocaust bits," and "hardly a hop for your money". However, the review complimented York and Agutter as "gifted".  Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" was mixed, writing that "its visual razzle-dazzle... propels 'Logan's Run' past some foolish concocting, indifferent acting, slow pacing and uncertain toning."  In 2000, Ian Nathan wrote in "Empire" that the film "can't escape its '70s origins", but contains "warnings about decadence, ageism, and allowing technology and science to run riot, done to a disco groove". In his "2015 Movie Guide", Leonard Maltin gave the film two stars, finding the first half "dazzling" and the second "dreary". In 2015, "Rolling Stone" named it 27th among the 50 Best Sci-Fi Movies of the 1970s. The film has a 62% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews.

Awards and honors.

At the Academy Awards, the film won a Special Academy Award for visual effects, tied with the 1976 remake of "King Kong", indicating "Logan's Run" made its mark in visual and special effects that few previous science fiction films had the money for. "Logan's Run" was very popular at the Saturn Awards, winning the six awards, including Best Science Fiction Film. The film was also in competition for the Golden Prize at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival.

Legacy.

Intrigued by the film's success with young viewers, CBS and MGM Television paid Nolan $9 million to base a television series on the film starring Gregory Harrison and Heather Menzies, but after debuting in 1977, the series was cancelled before the end of the season. MGM also expressed interest in adapting Nolan's sequel novel "Logan's World", but Saul David had opted to focus on the television series instead.  Marvel Comics published a short-lived comic book series in 1977, with George Pérez drawing five issues between January and May 1977, with "acceptable" sales. The comics adapted the film's story in five issues and briefly continued beyond. In his art, Pérez sought to follow the art direction of the film. The book was cancelled after issue #7 in July 1977.  In the mid-1990s, Warner Bros. began development of a remake. In 2000, ideas for a film remake centred on a more faithful adaptation of the novel, restoring Crazy Horse Mountain and the sky gypsies. In August 2010, Nolan confirmed that the long-awaited Warner Bros. remake would be on production in 2010–2011 and that producer Joel Silver announced that it [would] be shot in 3-D, and that Carl Rinsch [would] direct from a screenplay ([then still] in progress) from writer Alex Garland. The death age would be lowered to 21 to match the novel and the film would be much closer to the original book. However, as of 2018, the film was still in pre-production.

References.

Notes Bibliography

Logan's Run is a 1976 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Anderson and starring Michael York, Jenny Agutter, Richard Jordan, Roscoe Lee Browne, Farrah Fawcett, and Peter Ustinov. The screenplay by David Zelag Goodman is based on the 1967 novel "Logan's Run" by William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson. It depicts a utopian future society on the surface, revealed as a dystopia where the population and the consumption of resources are maintained in equilibrium by killing everyone who reaches the age of thirty. The story follows the actions of Logan 5, a "Sandman" who has terminated others who have attempted to escape death and is now faced with termination himself.


Biography.

Duncker was born in Hamburg as a merchant's son. He studied music at the Leipzig Conservatory, then history, economics and philosophy at the University of Leipzig. He joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1893. In 1898 he married Käte Duncker (née Doell) who was then a teacher, but also became a socialist politician, journalist and feminist. The couple had three children: daughter Hedwig (1899–1996, physician), and sons Karl (1903–1940, Gestalt psychologist) and Wolfgang (1909–1942, journalist and film critic).  In 1900, Duncker started teaching at the Leipzig workers' educational association. In 1903 he completed his Ph.D. under supervision of Karl Bücher and Karl Lamprecht. In the same year, Duncker became a journalist at the SPD-affiliated "Leipziger Volkszeitung". In 1904, he founded a "workers' secretariat" (information and advice centre for the labour movement) in Leipzig, and in the following year in Dresden. In 1907, the family moved to Stuttgart from where Hermann Duncker toured the country as an itinerant teacher for workers' education.  During the First World War, Hermann and Käte Duncker were protagonists of the SPD's leftist, internationalist and pacifist wing. Together with Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Clara Zetkin they were among the founders of the Spartacus League that became the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Both Käte and Hermann Duncker were elected to the KPD's first central committee. He resumed his lecture tours and directed KPD schools on the regional and national level. In 1925 he co-founded the Berlin Marxist Workers' School. In the KPD central committee he was responsible for education and instruction. He represented the relatively moderate "Middle Group" within the party that aimed for a united front with the Social Democrats. Therefore, he was sidelined from the radicalising party leadership after 1929.  After the Nazis' seizure of power, Duncker, like most communist leaders, was taken into "protective custody" in February 1933, but he was released in November of the same year. In 1936 he emigrated to Denmark, then to England and France. Duncker was distraught over the persecution of his son Wolfgang and his comrade and friend Nikolai Bukharin during Stalin's Great Purge in the Soviet Union (Wolfgang died at Vorkutlag in 1942, but his parents were uncertain about his fate until 1948). Duncker also fell out with the KPD's Moscow leadership over the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which he strongly opposed.  Käte Duncker had fled to the United States, living with their son Karl who suffered from depression and committed suicide in 1940. When the German "Wehrmacht" invaded France in the Summer of 1940, Duncker fled from Paris to Vichy France's so-called "zone libre". His wife organised a visa for Duncker's entry to the United States in late-1940. During a stopover in Casablanca (French Morocco), he was temporarily detained, and only arrived in New York in September 1941. In the US, Duncker joined the Council for a Democratic Germany in 1944. After the end of the war, Käte and Hermann Duncker returned to Germany (Soviet occupation zone) in May 1947. He joined the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED; created by the forced merger of KPD and SPD). In the same year he was appointed professor at the University of Rostock, teaching history of social movements, and dean of the faculty of social sciences. In the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany), Duncker became the rector of the Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB) academy in Bernau bei Berlin in 1949. Almost blind by that time, he held that position until his death. From 1955 to 1960 he was also a member of the East German trade union federation's executive board.  Duncker was awarded the Order of Karl Marx (highest decoration of the GDR) in 1953, a honorary doctorate of the University of Leipzig in 1954 and the highest class of the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1955. He was buried near the Memorial to the Socialists at the Berlin Friedrichsfelde central cemitery.

Hermann Ludwig Rudolph Duncker (24 May 1874 – 22 June 1960) was a German Marxist politician, historian and social scientist. He was a lecturer for the workers' education movement, co-founder of the Communist Party of Germany, professor at the University of Rostock, and rector of East Germany's trade union academy.


Location.

The lake is located east of Belgrade, northeast of Požarevac and west of Veliko Gradište.

Geography.

The lake itself is in the broad, low valley of the Danube, but the neighboring hills rise up from on the north (Gorica hill) to on the south (Lipovača hill), while the entire western part of the valley is enclosed by the elongated hill of Veliko brdo and its highest peak of Anatema (). The mouth of the river Pek into the Danube, known by its inverse flow during the high water levels, is just south of the lake. Historical sites of the medieval city-fortresses of Ram and Golubac also in the vicinity of the lake, so as the springs of "Hajdučka voda" (Hajduk's water).  Silver Lake is an arm of the Danube on its right bank. With the main river bed of the Danube it engulfes the marshy "ada" (river island) of Ostrovo. On both points which connect the lake to the Danube it was dammed and bridged in 1971 by the Veliko Gradište-Zatonje road which also crosses the island. Other settlements on the lake are Biskuplje and Kisiljevo.  Silver Lake has an irregular arch shape, it is long, up to wide and covers an area of. It is situated at the altitude of and deep as much as. The water is clear due to the lack of pollution and the natural filtration of the water through many sand dunes. The lake is abundant in fish, including white amur, common carp (the largest had ), wels catfish, northern pike, perch, zander, grass carp and other freshwater whitefish.

Economy.

The lake has been a popular holiday and fishing destination for decades, but recently experienced visitor's boom, attracting tourists from all over Central Serbia, despite lack of major accommodations. The lake has one hotel ("Srebrno jezero"), several restaurant-boardinghouses, a weekend-settlement and the largest car camping park in Serbia.  As a result of the lake's growing popularity, it has been since recently advertised as "Serbian sea", since Serbia is landlocked. A major plans for turning Silver Lake from the resort of the middle class into a more elite place were announced in July 2007. In the next seven years it is planned to build three hotels, congressional halls, pools (both opened and covered), golf courses, cycling paths, shopping malls and marina. The tennis courts have been constructed earlier in 2007.  In 2017, the Silver Lake had the tourist capacity of 2,000 beds with 500 being in construction with the deadline in 2018. There are over 50 objects as part of the village tourism, seven villas, but still only one hotel. Basketball player Miloš Teodosić opened his TEO4 Basketball Camp on the lake. Vicinity of the lake is the location of many festivities: the annual Silver Lake Chess Festival, Serbian beach volley championships, "The Days of Carevac" (dedicated to Vlastimir Pavlović Carevac), "Bean Festival", "Fishermen Evenings" (fish soup cooking competition, dating from the 1960s), Silafest (international festival of tourism and environmental film), "The Dusks of Ram" (poetry festival), etc. There were over 50,000 visitors in 2016, including many from the neighboring Romania, who mostly visit by weekends.

Silver Lake or Srebrno jezero () is an oxbow lake along the right Danube bank in the Braničevo region in eastern Serbia, near the town of Veliko Gradište. It is a popular tourist resort.


Location.

Located in the county of Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, the Brend is its second highest point after the elongated Rohrhardsberg-Farnberg Plateau. Before the 1973 county reform it was the highest point in the county of Donaueschingen.  The southern mountainside of the Brend lies in the parish of Simonswald in the county of Emmendingen. There it is the third highest point, together with the Rosseck, after the Kandel and the Rohrhardsberg-Farnberg Plateau. In the wake of an exchange of territory in 1977, ownership of the observation tower, the restaurant and a farmstead on the northwestern slopes was transferred from Obersimonswald, Emmendingen, to the town of Furtwangen, Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis.  In clear weather the summit has good all-round view that includes the Hochfirst, Feldberg, Belchen, Schauinsland and Kandel. To the south may be seen the chain of the Swiss Alps from Säntis in the Appenzell Alps to the mountain trio of the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau in the Bernese Oberland, to the northwest the Vosges from Gazon de Faîte to Mont Sainte-Odile and to the east the "Trauf" of the Swabian Jura from the Zollernalb to the Hegaualb. At the summit, in addition to the "Gasthaus" and the "Brendturm" tower is a Friends of Nature House.  Together with the adjacent Rohrhardsberg to the north the Brend forms one of the largest and, at 1,100 metres, one of the highest highland areas of the Black Forest. The highlands belong to the largest natural regions in the state of Baden-Württemberg that is not bisected by through roads. It is only accessible on cul-de-sac roads. The summit itself and a large barbecue area are accessible from Furtwangen or Gütenbach by car.

The Brend is a mountain,, in the Central Black Forest in Germany. It is the highest point in the borough of Furtwangen of which it is the "Hausberg".


Plot.

Advertising executive Nick Beam (Tim Robbins) thinks his life is going very well, until he returns home from work and finds his wife Ann (Kelly Preston) apparently having an affair with another man. He deduces that the man is his boss, Philip Barrow (Michael McKean), after finding a pair of Philip's cufflinks in the kitchen. On the edge of a nervous breakdown, Nick drives around the city until carjacker T. Paul (Martin Lawrence) jumps into his car and attempts to rob him. Turning the tables on his mugger, Nick kidnaps T. Paul and drives him to a diner in the Arizona desert. After T. Paul robs a gas station, Nick teams up with him and plans to rob Philip in revenge for the affair. Nick knows the combination to a safe in Philip's office containing a large amount of cash, as well as the best time to enter, and where not to venture in the building. T. Paul knows the weaknesses of the security system, how to avoid the cameras, and how to get through any electronic locks that they might encounter.  Another criminal duo, Davis "Rig" Lanlow and Charles "Charlie" Dunt (John C. McGinley and Giancarlo Esposito) get blamed for the gas station robbery. When they find Nick and T. Paul, the duo ram Nick's truck off the road and hold the pair at gunpoint. After a brief confrontation, T. Paul manages to disarm them, but accidentally shoots Nick in the arm. They make their escape as Rig and Charlie follow them back to Los Angeles. Meanwhile, T. Paul takes Nick to his apartment so they can rest and his wife can bandage Nick's arm; while at the apartment, Nick sees T. Paul's electrical engineering certification and a stack of rejection letters from prospective employers. The next night, the pair execute their plan. During the robbery, Nick damages Philip's prize fertility statue and reveals himself to the security camera, taunting his boss about getting revenge. The pair then hide from a security guard (Steve Oedekerk) who lip-synches to music for over an hour. The guard soon leaves and they leave the office unseen and they settle at a hotel. It becomes bad when Rig and Charlie, who stole Nick's business card and followed them from the office to the hotel, show up at their room, take T. Paul hostage and steal the money. Meanwhile, Nick has gone to the bar to have a drink, where he meets Danielle (Rebecca Gayheart), a flower shop woman he met earlier. When Danielle takes him up to her room to have sex with him, Nick is about to sleep with her until he refuses and leaves.  Nick calls Ann to confront her about the affair, but she explains that he was wrong. Nick actually caught Ann's sister and her fiancee in bed when they came into town earlier than expected; having never seen her sister before, Nick mistook her for Ann. He learns that Philip's cufflinks were left behind at a past Christmas party and Ann left them out for Nick to return them to Philip and Ann still loves him. Overcome with remorse, Nick remembers about T. Paul, returns to the room and saves T. Paul from a trap that Rig and Charlie placed him in. They catch up to Rig and Charlie and chase them into an alley. Nick shoots the gun out of Rig's hand and the pair get back the money as they leave Rig and Charlie tied up for the police to find them. As they're driving away, Nick insists on returning the money back to the office, but T. Paul, who had planned on using the money to move his family out of their troubled neighborhood, refuses to take it back and they get into a fight. After they stop fighting, Nick assures T. Paul that nobody will bother to look at the security tapes unless something is missing or damaged and that he can still make things right. T. Paul decides to give the money to Nick and ends their partnership. He walks back home to his family, while Nick drives back home and reunites with Ann.  Returning to his job, Nick is told that Philip is reviewing the security tapes to investigate a burglar who vandalized his statue. Nick races to his boss' office but he is too late to stop them, only to discover that the tape was recorded over right before the "burglar" removed his mask, and that a man identifying himself as an electrician was allowed into the building earlier in the day.  Knowing that T. Paul is the one who recorded over the tape, Nick goes to see T. Paul and thanks him for saving Nick from losing his job. In return, Nick offers T. Paul a job as an electrician and a security expert to work on a new security system for his company, which he happily accepts.  In the post-credit scene, a mailman shows up at the gas station in Arizona and returns the money that T. Paul stole.

Reception.

Critical reception.

"Nothing to Lose" was met with negative reviews from professional critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 28% of the critics has given the film a positive review based on 25 reviews (7 "Fresh", 18 "Rotten") with an average rating of 5.1/10. Phil Villarreal of the "Arizona Daily Star" gave the film a positive review and stated, "Tim Robbins' understated depression and Martin Lawrence's hyperactive ranting are the perfectly hilarious foil for one another."  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

Box office.

The film made its debut at #4 at the North American box office, and made $11,617,767 on its opening weekend in 1,862 theaters. Its widest release was 1,888 theaters. During its run, the film made a domestic total of $44,480,039. Its production budget was $25 million.

Soundtrack.

A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on July 1, 1997 by Tommy Boy Records. It peaked at #12 on the "Billboard" 200 and #5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified gold on September 3, 1997.

Miscellaneous.

The credits of the film list Martin Lawrence's character as T. Paul. The character is never called T. Paul by anyone in the film (his name appears on his certificate on the wall at his home). He is called Terrence by his wife and is always called T. by Nick. T. Paul says his friends call him "T.".

Nothing to Lose is a 1997 American buddy action comedy film starring Tim Robbins and Martin Lawrence. The film was directed by Steve Oedekerk, who also wrote the film and made a cameo appearance as a lip-synching security guard in the film.


History.

Prior to 1802, this section of Georgia was owned by the Creek Indians. Treaties were made in 1802-1805 by which all lands east of the Ocmulgee River were taken from the Creek Indians. This land was distributed by lottery to the citizens of Georgia. In 1803 Wilkinson County was organized under that treaty. Telfair and Laurens counties were formed from Wilkinson County. In 1808 Pulaski County was formed from Laurens. In 1869, the Macon and Brunswick Railroad was built. Towns began to spring up all up and down the line, and, as this section was so far removed from the county seat, Hawkinsville, it was deemed expedient to create a new county and place the county seat at this point. A large portion of the county was taken from Laurens County, and also smaller portions from Pulaski, Montgomery, and Telfair counties. Dodge County was organized on October 26, 1870, during the Reconstruction era. The county was named by the Republican-dominated legislature for William E. Dodge. The county courthouse was built by Dodge and used until 1908, on the same area the courthouse stands now.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.4%) is water.  The western half of Dodge County, roughly west of Eastman, is located in the Lower Ocmulgee River sub-basin of the Altamaha River basin. The eastern half of the county is located in the Little Ocmulgee River sub-basin of the same Altamaha River basin, with a small northern corner of Dodge County, north and west of Chester, located in the Lower Oconee River sub-basin of the larger Alamaha River basin. The rivers were important for trade, carrying cotton and timber downriver to markets.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 21,796 people, 8,177 households, and 5,528 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 9,857 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 66.8% white, 29.8% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.6% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 33.5% were English, and 12.9% were American.  Of the 8,177 households, 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.4% were non-families, and 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age was 38.5 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $33,580 and the median income for a family was $46,460. Males had a median income of $38,050 versus $28,418 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,288. About 17.1% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 18.1% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation.

Airport.

The Heart of Georgia Regional Airport is located three miles east of Eastman off of State Route 46. Elevation 304'. Runway 02/20 is 6,506'x100'and has a precision instrument landing system. The airport is owned by the Heart of Georgia Regional Airport Authority and is home to the Middle Georgia State College Georgia Aviation campus. Middle Georgia State College operates the Federal Aviation Administration's #1 ranked student control tower in the United States. Other businesses at the airport include aircraft manufacturing, aircraft metal finishing, and general metal fabrication. The airport's fixed-base operator is located in the terminal building midfield. The terminal building is named after W. S. Stuckey, Sr., founder of Stuckey's Candy Company (now Standard Candy) an aviation pioneer who is from Eastman.

Dodge County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of 2010, the population was 21,796. The county seat is Eastman. Dodge County lies in the Historic South and Black Belt region of Georgia, an area that was devoted to cotton production in the antebellum years. It has significant historic buildings and plantations, has a substantial African-American population, and shows cultural aspects of the South.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (5.8%) is water. The entirety of Quitman County is located in the Middle Chattahoochee River-Walter F. George Lake sub-basin of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin).

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,598 people, 1,047 households, and 755 families living in the county. The population density was 7/km2 (17/mi2). There were 1,773 housing units at an average density of 5/km2 (12/mi2). The racial makeup of the county was 52.12% White, 46.88% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. 0.50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 1,047 households out of which 26.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.20% were married couples living together, 18.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.80% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.95.  In the county, the population was spread out with 24.00% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 23.60% from 25 to 44, 25.40% from 45 to 64, and 19.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 88.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.10 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $25,875, and the median income for a family was $30,691. Males had a median income of $23,365 versus $19,069 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,301. About 16.10% of families and 21.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.60% of those under age 18 and 24.50% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,513 people, 1,053 households, and 689 families living in the county. The population density was. There were 2,047 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 51.3% white, 47.9% black or African American, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 12.8% were Irish, 10.0% were English, 6.1% were German, and 5.5% were American.  Of the 1,053 households, 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.6% were non-families, and 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 46.4 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $28,912 and the median income for a family was $34,342. Males had a median income of $27,096 versus $22,331 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,642. About 21.2% of families and 31.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.4% of those under age 18 and 24.5% of those age 65 or over.

Quitman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,513, making it the second-least populous county in Georgia. The county seat is Georgetown. The county was created on December 10, 1858 and named after General John A. Quitman, leader in the Mexican–American War, and once Governor of Mississippi. In November 2006, residents voted to consolidate the city government of Georgetown and the county government of Quitman into a consolidated city-county.


Etymology.

The origin of the "Potters" element of the town's name is uncertain but is generally thought to be either a reference to a Roman pottery, believed to have been sited locally, or alternatively to the "Pottere" family who lived in neighbouring South Mimms parish. The "Bar" is thought to refer to the gates leading from the South Mimms parish and into the Enfield Chase parish, or possibly from some sort of toll on the Great North Road, said to have been by what is now the disused Green Man pub, or at the current entrance to Morven House. See also Temple Bar which is a mediaeval gate re-erected close to St Paul's Cathedral.

History.

Potters Bar is located on the Great North Road, one of two road routes from the City of London to the north of England. The road was originally numbered as the A1, and later the A1000.  Potters Bar was historically part of Middlesex and formed the Potters Bar Urban District of that county from 1934. From 1894 to 1934 its area had formed the South Mimms Rural District. In 1965 the district was transferred to Hertfordshire County Council while most of the rest of Middlesex County Council became part of Greater London.  The urban district covered an area of. In 1939 it had a population of 13,681, increasing to 24,613 in 1971. In 1974 the urban district was abolished and the area became part of the borough of Hertsmere. Having been part of Middlesex, the area continued to form part of the Metropolitan Police District; with the creation of the Greater London Authority it was transferred to the Hertfordshire Constabulary in 2000.

Byng family.

Wrotham Park estate, home of the Byng family, sits within Potters Bar and Barnet on 2,500 acres of land. The Byng family still own a lot of land in the Potters Bar area and "The Admiral Byng" pub in Darkes Lane is named after Admiral John Byng, who was executed for failing to obey orders in the Minorca campaign.

Geography.

Climate.

Potters Bar experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb") similar to almost all of the United Kingdom.

Transport.

The A1 was built as a major 'arterial' road and a crossroads at Bignells Corner linked it to the Barnet – St Albans road. Potters Bar is now also served by junctions 23 and 24 of the M25 motorway.  Potters Bar railway station is the highest on the line between London's King's Cross railway station and York. The Great Northern route serves various North London suburbs to the south before terminating at either King's Cross or Moorgate station. Northbound, the railway runs to Peterborough, Cambridge, Hatfield and Welwyn Garden City.  The nearest London Underground station is at Cockfosters, which is approximately south on the A111 from junction 24 of the M25.  Potters Bar has a bus depot that services local bus routes as well as some London bus routes. The 84 bus route travels south to New Barnet and north-west to St. Albans. Other routes include the 298 to Arnos Grove, the 313 to Enfield and Chingford, the 242 to Waltham Cross, the 398 to Watford and the 610 to Enfield and Hatfield. There are also school bus services run from various places to Dame Alice Owen's School and to Chancellor's School.

Potters Bar rail accidents.

Potters Bar has been the scene of three train crashes; two major and one minor. On 19 March 1898, a train crashed on the platform, but no one was killed or seriously injured. On the night of 10 February 1946, a local train hit buffers at the station, became derailed, and two express trains travelling in opposite directions struck the wreckage. On 10 May 2002, a northbound train derailed at high speed, killing seven people and seriously injuring another 11. On 10 May 2003, a small piece of art that resembles seven faces was erected at the station as a memorial to those killed.

Churches.

There are eight churches in Potters Bar. These include St Mary the Virgin and All Saints' Church at the top of the Walk, the first Anglican parish in the town created from the parish of South Mimms in the 1800s. Other churches are Our Lady and St Vincent ( Roman Catholic), King Charles the Martyr, Christ Church, Potters Bar Baptist Church, St John's Methodist Church and Causeway Free Church. Potters Bar Spiritualist Church is on Hill Rise. There was briefly a Salvation Army in Station Road. There is also the Jain Temple at the Oshwal Centre, which "recreates a general Māru-Gurjara aesthetic".

Education.

There are six primary and infant state schools in Potters Bar and the surrounding area; they are Cranborne School, Ladbrooke JMI, Little Heath Primary, Oakmere Primary, Pope Paul RC Primary and Wroxham School.  Mount Grace School is a mixed grant maintained School in Potters Bar opened in 1954.  Lochinver house school is an all-boys preparatory school in Potters Bar, which opened in 1947.  Stormont School is an all-girls preparatory school in Potters Bar, which opened in 1944.  Dame Alice Owen's School is a mixed grant-maintained school in Potters Bar. Founded in 1613 and based in Islington until 1973, it is unusual in its 'Visitation' and 'Beer Money' traditions.  The town also houses many veterinary medicine (mostly third, fourth and fifth-year) students from the Royal Veterinary College.

Sports, entertainment and recreation.

Potters Bar has a King George's Field in memorial to King George V, which is situated behind the Furzefield Centre. There is a swimming pool and leisure centre run by Hertsmere council, which is home to St Albans and Hertsmere Canoe Club. Also in the town are Potters Bar Town F.C., Potters Bar Swimming Club (PBSC), a Scuba diving Club (the Potters Bar Sub Aqua Club), a tennis club, a cricket club. The Wyllyotts Centre is a theatre, cinema and events venue, and is also the location of the town's museum. Potters Bar is also home to the Hertfordshire Showband (formally known as the Marching Blues).  In December 2018, the golf course at Potters Bar ceased trading after 95 years.  In 1983, the area around Potters Bar was used for the on-location filming of the comic-horror film "Bloodbath at the House of Death". Also, in 2005, David Walliams and Matt Lucas shot two scenes for the third season of the comedy "Little Britain": one scene at Mount Grace School gym, the other at a wedding shop on the High Street. Potters Bar is also home to the performing arts school, Top Hat Stage School, which has been running classes at Elm Court Community Centre since 1994.

Potters Bar is a town in Hertfordshire, England, north of London. In 2011, it had a population of 21,882. Historically in Middlesex, the town dates to the early 13th century but remained a small, mainly agricultural, settlement until the arrival of the Great Northern Railway in 1850. It is now part of the London commuter belt.


Geography.

Sewanee lies on the western edge of the Cumberland Plateau in the southeastern part of Middle Tennessee. It is located at (35.201232, -85.921524). It is at elevation.  The primary road in Sewanee is a merged section of U.S. Route 41A and Tennessee State Route 56, which connects the community with Monteagle to the east. In the western part of Sewanee, the two highways diverge, with US 41A descending the Plateau to the west and continuing toward Cowan and Winchester, and SR 56 descending the Plateau to the south and continuing toward Sherwood and Alabama.  The University of the South campus occupies most of the northern portion of Sewanee, with several small neighborhoods scattered around it. A small commercial district is concentrated around the intersection of US 41A and University Avenue, the latter being a wide road that connects the highway with the university campus.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which is land and (0.49%) is water.

Climate.

The climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,361 people, 494 households, and 302 families living in the CDP. The population density was 510.2 people per square mile (196.9/km2). There were 554 housing units at an average density of 119.7/sq mi (46.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.10% White, 5.42% African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.65% of the population.  There were 494 households out of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.76.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 9.5% under the age of 18, 56.9% from 18 to 24, 11.3% from 25 to 44, 12.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $55,625, and the median income for a family was $75,681. Males had a median income of $51,125 versus $41,518 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,484. About 3.3% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Healthcare.

Sewanee has one hospital, Southern Tennessee Regional Health Care - Sewanee (formerly known as Emerald-Hodgson Hospital)

Education and culture.

Sewanee is the home of The University of the South, founded and owned by the southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church, and generally known as "Sewanee."  Sewanee Elementary School serves Sewanee and nearby communities.  The university hosts the Sewanee Writers' Conference each summer. The Sewanee Summer Music Festival is an annual, month-long music camp for young orchestral musicians under the tutelage of accomplished teachers and conductors.  Nearby St. Andrew's-Sewanee School, one of the oldest boarding-day schools in the South, is a private school for grades 6 through 12 with a student population of 100 boarding and 150 day students.  The "Sewanee Review", a literary magazine, has been published in Sewanee continuously since 1892.  The Templeton Library, which was to be the repository of the papers of financier Sir John Templeton, a native of the area, sits prominently on a bluff of the plateau, overlooking the valley below. No longer a library, it now houses several private apartments.

Sewanee is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 2,311 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Tullahoma, Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area.


Early Life.

He was born 7 April 1832.Resterhafe, East Frisia Freeland, off the northeastern coast of Germany. It is located in the province of Hanover. The father Gottfried Christian Kittel was Gaz Freit, a priest. Mother Tudov Helen Hubert. Kittel is the eldest of his 5 children. His education was praised by the headmaster as "Never Less Than Good." Join the Basel Mission as the desire of his father.

In India.

He learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and English.He arrived in India in 1853. As a missionary, he endeavoured to follow Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians and "become as an Indian unto the Indians". He has a great desire to learn Kannada.  He undertook exhaustive studies learning the Kannada language, customs and local music. This earned rebuke from the Basel Mission, where he was already an outsider on account of his North German origin and academic education (the other missionaries were chiefly from southwest Germany and the lower/middle classes, though Gottfried Weigle had studied at Tübingen). This marginalised him by pushing him to a remote station in the Nilgiris and later confining him to the mission's press in Mangalore. He returned to Germany, but visited India again in his fifties to complete his dictionary, which by then had become for him an end in itself, and not merely an instrument secondary to missionary work.

Contribute to Kannada.

worked in Mangalore, Madikeri and Dharwad in Karnataka and inspired and attracted towards Kannada Literature.  He is most famous for his studies of the Kannada language and for producing a Kannada-English dictionary of about 70,000 words in 1894. Many Kannada dictionaries existed at least since poet Ranna's 'Ranna Khanda' in 10th century. He also composed numerous Kannada poems.  In 1862, Rev. Kittel, published his poetical Kannada work `Kathamale' which presented the life of Jesus Christ in the form of Indian musical metre style. He produced the first Kannada-English dictionary in 1894, with about 70,000 words. Reverend Ferdinand Kittel also wrote a book on Kannada grammar called "A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the language". He translated Nagavarma's work on Kannada prosody.

Today Recognition.

He arrived in India in 1853. As a missionary, he endeavoured to follow Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians and "become as an Indian unto the Indians", and He is today almost forgotten in Germany, but widely recognised in Karnataka. Many educational institutions have been named after him. A statue at the end of Mahatma Gandhi road in the city of Bangalore commemorates him. Austin Town in Bangalore was renamed "Kittel Nagar".

Legacy.

The book "An Indian to the Indians? On the Initial Failure and the Posthumous Success of the Missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903)", edited by Reinhard Wendt, describes various aspects of his work.

Reverend Ferdinand Kittel was a priest and indologist with the Basel Mission in south India and worked in Mangalore, Madikeri and Dharwad in Karnataka. He is most famous for his studies of the Kannada language and for producing a Kannada-English dictionary of about 70,000 words in 1894. Many Kannada dictionaries existed at least since poet Ranna's 'Ranna Khanda' in 10th century. He also composed numerous Kannada poems.


History.

Frankfurt had an institute for the teaching of music since 1878. The Hoch Conservatory flourished and had a worldwide reputation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Through teachers like the pianist Clara Schumann and composers Joachim Raff, Bernhard Sekles and Engelbert Humperdinck, the Hoch Conservatory attracted students from around the world, including the composers Hans Pfitzner, Edward MacDowell, Percy Grainger, Paul Hindemith and Ernst Toch, and the conductors Otto Klemperer and Hans Rosbaud.  In April 1933, when the National Socialists came to power in Germany, the director Bernhard Sekles, Mátyás Seiber, head of the world's first jazz department, and twelve other members of the teaching staff who were Jewish or foreign, were removed from their positions. Later, the Hoch Conservatory was degraded to a Music School ("Musikschule des Dr Hoch's Konservatorium"). In 1938 the "Hochschule für Musik" was established. In 1940 its name was the "Staatliche Hochschule für Musik – Dr Hoch's Konservatorium", but in 1942 the subtitle "Dr Hoch's Konservatorium" was dropped, leaving the full name as "Staatliche Hochschule für Musik". In his testament Joseph Hoch, benefactor of the conservatory, had stipulated that the name "Dr Hoch's Konservatorium" should never be changed. The "Hochschule" thus became a new and separate institution, distancing itself from the conservatory its history.  In the closing stages of World War II, both institutions closed down. After the war both were reopened, and they now work together in a three-tier system of the Hochschule, the Hoch Conservatory and the Music School. Helmut Walcha, who had taught the organ at the Hoch Conservatory from 1933 to 1938, initiated the reopening of the Hochschule in 1947. The first department to be reopened was that of church music, followed by the department of school music and, in 1949, the seminar for the teaching of music.  In the summer of 1950, the violinist Walther Davisson, who had studied and taught at the Hoch Conservatory, became artistic director of both the Hochschule and the Hoch Conservatory. Under his directorship the Department of Performance was, step by step, restarted in instrumental and vocal training. During this post-war period, teaching was still taking place in private homes and in the partly renovated conservatory building – which was still in ruins. (It was unfortunately pulled down later.) Not until 1956 did the Hochschule have its own building: it was given the Radio-House of the Hessischer Rundfunk, built in 1933.  The development of the Hochschule continued through the 1950s and 60s: including the establishment of the opera school and opera-choir school (1954 and 1958), the drama school (1960) and the dance school (1961). In the 1960s the Studio for New Music and the Studio for Early Music were initiated. Later, departments of jazz and popular music were opened and in 1982 the department of musicology was established. From 1989 the Hochschule was given the right to offer graduate studies in the teaching of music and musicology.  From 1990 until 1993 the Hochschule's new main building and library were built. The Historical Performance Practice and Contemporary Music Institutes were founded in 2005.

References.

Sources

The Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts () is a state Hochschule for music, theater and dance in Frankfurt and is the only one of its kind in the Federal State of Hesse. It was founded in 1938.


Barangays.

Abulug is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. In 1957, barrio Colonia was renamed to Libertad.

Demographics.

In the, the population of Abulug, Cagayan, was people, with a density of.

Economy.

Java Commercial Center - A commercial complex which houses hotel, boutiques, salons, financial firms, shopping center, restaurants and one of the largest drugstore companies in the Philippines, the Mercury Drug.  Hyundai Abulug Satellite - A car dealer company located along Maharlika Highway, Calog Sur, Abulug, Cagayan.

Banks.

Philippine Resources Savings Bank - Abulug Maharlika Highway, Libertad, Abulug, Cagayan  Ficobank - Abulug Maharlika Highway, Libertad, Abulug, Cagayan  Rural Bank of Luna (Ap.) - Abulug Calog Road, Libertad, Abulug, Cagayan  Claveria Agri-based MPC Maharlika Highway, Libertad, Abulug, Cagayan  Claveria Farmers MPC Maharlika Highway, Libertad, Abulug, Cagayan  Masisit -Dacal MPC - Abulug Libertad, Abulug, Cagayan  Cooperative Bank of Cagayan - Abulug Maharlika Highway, Calog Sur, Abulug, Cagayan

Tourist Spots.

Lucban Bridge - is the seventh longest bridge in the Philippines. The bridge has a length of 825 linear meters, consists of 12 spans with 436.90 linear meters in total length approaches.  Miraculous Image of Santa Rosa de Lima  Rio de Abulug/Abulug River  Sta. Rosa Dragon Fruit Platations  Wine Making Industry  Junction Luna

Education.

College:  F.L. Vargas College - Abulug Campus  High School:  Abulug School of Fisheries  Abulug National Rural and Vocational High School  Libertad National High School  Divine Word High School - Dana-ili  F.L. Vargas College - High School Department  Lyceum of Abulug  Elementary:  Abulug Central Elementary School  Alinunu Elementary School  Bagu Elementary School  Banguian Elementarry SchoolSchool  Calog Norte Elementary School  Calog Sur Elementary School  Canayun Elementary School  Dana-ili Elementary School  Dugo Elementary School  Guiddam Eementary School  Libertad Elementary School  Lucban Elementary School  Macugay Elementary School  Muru Elementary School  Pinaron Elementary School  Pinili Elementary School  San Agustin Elementary School  San Julian Elementary School  Sawang Elementary School  Sirit Elementary School  Santa Filomena Elementary School  Santa Rosa Elementary School  Santo Tomas Elementary School  Tayak Elementary School  F. L. Vargas College - Elementary Department  Training Centers:

Notable People.

Maja Ross Andres "Aka Maja" Salvador - a model, singer, dancer, actress and producer of ABS-CBN management and she is regarded as the "Dance Princess". She is from Canayun, Abulug, Cagayan  Jeth Roy U. Rosario - a professional basketball player of TNT ka Tropa of PBA. He is from Alinunu, Abulug, Cagayan  Marlan Sabbun - Manguba - a professional dancer; Mrs. World Philippines 2014. She is from Centro, Abulug, Cagayan  Jamiko Allan "Aka Miko" Manguba - a singer and winner of the boyband show "To the Top" of GMA Network. The son of Marlan Sabbun- Manguba, the Mrs. World 2014.

', (; ; ), officially the ', is a in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.


Moderation.

All questions are read by a team of moderators to make sure they are within the moderation code, which prohibits insulting statements, incitement, discrimination, questions concerning private life, and requests that are bound to discretion.  Questions that violate the code are not activated and published, but the politician is informed about the incident. Beyond that, the project is strongly committed to neutrality and stays above party politics. In addition to general information about deputies, their voting behavior in issues that attract special public attention is documented.

Statistics.

In average, the website counts 6,800 visitors a day and about three million page impressions per month. More than 80% of all MPs of the federal parliament answer questions through Parliament Watch. In Germany, the project covers the federal parliament, the European parliament, nine state parliaments and 54 parliaments on the communal level. All in all the digital voters' memory counts 143,507 questions and 115,921 answers (as of 31 January 2013).

Media partnerships.

The project has several partnerships with online outlets of the following media:

Landesparlamente.

Due to "abgeordnetenwatch"'s success in the German Bundestag, fundraising groups were established in August 2007 in order to make the site available for Germany's 16 "Landesparlamente" ("states"). Donations and sustaining members in each state enable the implementation of the project on the state level; each state's portal is activated once 90 days' advance financing is accrued.

Hamburgische Bürgerschaft.

abgeordnetenwatch.de is based in Hamburg; the project started in December 2004 for the Hamburgische Bürgerschaft ("Hamburg Parliament") after a successful referendum to reform and democratize the electoral system. The online dialog on abgeordnetenwatch.de enabled the citizens to get to know their politicians better and make a more qualified decision in the elections. After the election, the site made it possible to ask questions of members of Hamburg's "Bezirksversammlungen" ("Diets of the borough").  After the establishment of the city parliament that was elected in February 2008, the project was temporarily stopped until enough funding was provided. It was no longer possible to administer abgeordnetenwatch.de on a volunteer basis.

Controversy.

During the 2007 election campaigns in the German states of Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden-Württemberg, Saxony-Anhalt, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Berlin, and Bremen, it was also possible to question the candidates.  In Bremen, candidates of the Social Democratic Party ("Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands", SPD) and The Left ("Die Linke") launched a boycott against the project because right-wing candidates had not been excluded. However, the boycott was interrupted by Social Democrat Helga Ziegert, and Joachim Weihrauch from The Left enhanced his Parliamentwatch profile during the election.

Profile enhancements.

The site publishes basic information about each candidate at no cost. For a €179 fee, candidates can add a photo and web link, announce specific dates and events regarding election campaigns, and publish a résumé of their political work and goals. The proceeds from profile enhancements contribute to the project's budget.

Other countries.

So far further Parliament Watch projects can be found in Ireland, Austria, Luxemburg and Tunisia. In addition, Parliament Watch inspires similar projects in other countries, e.g., Malaysia.

Parliamentwatch (abgeordnetenwatch.de) is an Internet portal that allows German citizens to question their representatives in the German parliament (the Bundestag) publicly. The independent, nonpartisan site aims to increase transparency in government and deepen German democracy. Questions and answers are published, as well as the voting records of the deputies. Users of the site can contact representatives of the Bundestag, German deputies of the European Parliament and of the German federal states.


Legacy.

Chwa II Kabalega (June 18, 1853 – April 6, 1923), was the ruler or Omukama of Bunyoro in Uganda from 1870 to 1899, and a celebrated hero who fought against British colonialism. He was born on June 18, 1853 to Omukama Kamurasi Mirundi Rukanama rwa Kanembe KYEBAMBE IV of Bunyoro-Kitara. His mother was called Kanyange Nyamutahingurwa Omunyonzakati Abwooli. Kabalega ascended the throne in 1869 at the age of 16 as the 23rd Omukama from the Babiito Dynasty following the death of his father. He chose the throne name CHWA II after Omukama CHWA 1 Ente-Nkore Rumoma-Mahanga whose stories inspired him as a child. He was also later named Yohana (John) upon being baptised in captivity. Kabalega led a historic revival of the kingdom and registered several victories in reclaiming lost territories, increased food production, cattle keeping and trade given that Bunyoro was the centre of iron smelting at that time, and had the Kibiro Salt Works. He was a war genius. His blacksmith, who had acquired the art of duplicating European guns, manufactured for him his famous “Bagwigairebata” gun. He resisted the British attempts to colonise his kingdom. In June, 1872 Kabalega defeated Sir Samuel Baker at Masindi frustrating his attempt to annex Bunyoro and the entire Lake Victoria region to the equatorial province of Egypt. In 1888 Kabalega backed Prince Kalema of the neighbouring Buganda kingdom, and attacked Mengo and forced Kabaka Mwanga II to desert his capital and flee to Bulingugwe Island. Kalema ruled Buganda for 1 year before Mwanga II returned. At the height of the British offensive on his kingdom, Kabalega went into hiding in Acholi in the north under the protection of Chief Awich Abok of Payira. It’s from there that he consistently led his rebellion dubbed “Nyangire” that proved a thorn on the colonial skin. For five years, Kabalega was able to fend off the British, who had enlisted help from other countries including Somalia and Nubia. On April 9, 1899, Kabalega was shot by the British, who captured him and the anti-imperialist Mwanga II of Buganda, who had been deposed by the British and had become allied to Kabelega. Kabalega was exiled to the Seychelles for 24 years. His son Kitahimbwa was appointed king but had little power as the kingdom was administered nearly directly by the colonial authority. In science and innovation, according to R.W Felkin (a medical missionary), in 1879 Kabalega’s Bunyoro was the only place in the world where Caesarean section was performed to save both mother and baby. In other areas, the mother’s life was sacrificed for the child. Further during Kabalega’s reign Bunyoro discovered a cure for sleeping sickness and Bunyoro’s citizens used to be immunised against endemic syphilis. In 1923, Kabalega was given permission to return to Bunyoro but died in Jinja on April 6, 1923, shortly before reaching the borders of the kingdom.  In 1972, President Idi Amin renamed Murchison Falls, located within Murchison Falls National Park, Kabalega Falls after the Omukama.  On 8 June 2009, Kabalega was declared a national hero of Uganda by President Museveni.  In 2010, the Most Honourable Order of Omukama Chwa II Kabalega was founded in honour of Kabalega by the Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara

Chwa II Kabalega (18 June 1853 – 6 April 1923), was the ruler or Omukama of Bunyoro in Uganda from 1870 to 1899.


Industrialist and philanthropist.

Moriz was born in Ottakring, Lower Austria (then a suburb of Vienna, now a city district), the son of Ignaz Kuffner, member of a Jewish industrialist dynasty from Lundenburg, who (together with his cousin Jacob) had taken over the brewery in Ottakring in 1850. Ignaz had been mayor of Ottakring from 1869 to 1876, and was elevated to minor Austrian nobility ("Edler von Kuffner") in 1878.  Moriz studied chemistry at the K.K. Polytechnisches Institut (the predecessor of the Technical University of Vienna). When his father died in 1882, Moriz upgraded and greatly extended the brewery he had inherited. In 1902 he transformed it into a joint stock company, with his cousins Wilhelm Kuffner and Karl Kuffner de Diószegh as partners. He was also president of the sugar refinery in Diószeg in Western Slovakia and of the Steinbruck brewery in Budapest; was among the largest owners of real estate in Vienna; owned significant collections of art including many works by Albrecht Dürer; and was a founding member of the Musikverein. From 1900 to 1919 he was an executive director of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien. In addition, Moriz was an enthusiastic and highly reputed alpinist who scaled most of the alpine summits of 4,000 m height and above, establishing new routes on the Eiger, Mont Blanc, Mont Pelvoux, Mont Maudit (on which the well-known Kuffner or Frontier ridge is named after him) and others.  On top of all this Moriz von Kuffner was so fascinated by astronomy that he sponsored the construction, equipment and operation of an observatory on some of his real estate on the slope of the Gallitzinberg where at the time of its construction (1884-1892) the Wienerwald reached almost down into Ottakring. This Kuffner observatory is his most important surviving legacy. Kuffner named asteroids 242 Kriemhild and 243 Ida, by courtesy of their discoverer Johann Palisa.  During the same period, in 1887, Moriz had a representative residence (the Palais Kuffner) built in Ottakring. It quickly became an attraction for Viennese society, culture, and politics.  World War I dealt a significant economic blow to the Kuffner family, and essentially ended the era of their sponsorship. Brewery product sales recovered only very slowly, and profits never returned to the levels seen during the "century of the brewers."

Mountaineering.

During the 1880s and 1890s Moriz von Kuffner became one of the leading mountaineers in Austria. As a keen and recognised Alpinist he conquered most of the Alpine four-thousanders, blazing new routes, some of which were later named after him, like the Kuffer Ridge ("Kuffnergrat") on Mont Maudit and the Kuffner Pillar ("Kuffnerpfeiler") on the Piz Palü. He was accompanied on most of his expeditions by mountain guides, Alexander Burgener, J. M. Biner (also Biener), J. Furrer, A. Kalbermatten, Cl. Perren, Christian Ranggetiner, E. Rubesoir, J. P. Ruppen and Martin Schocher.  Selection of first ascents:

Forced emigration and death.

The year 1938 was disastrous for the 84-year-old Moriz von Kuffner in multiple ways. In January his wife Elsa and then in February his eldest son Ignaz died, and he himself fell ill. Moreover, after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the Third Reich the Kuffner family was subjected to the full range of harassments and physical threats which the newly empowered National Socialists could mount against Jewish industrialists. On March 13, 1938 Moriz averted a forceful attempt by a Sturmabteilung to take over the brewery only by placing his single non-Jewish executive - the laboratory director - formally in charge of the company. In a desperate attempt to salvage whatever he could before the family had to leave Vienna, Moriz' son Stephan Kuffner negotiated the sale of the brewery to an "Aryan" industrialist for 14 million Schilling. Although this was much more than Jewish proprietors of comparable assets had to settle for, it represented only a fraction of the brewery's actual valuation at this time. The government approved the transaction on June 6, 1938 and immediately fined the new owner, Gustav Harmer, a penalty tax of 3 million Reichsmark for "attempts to disguise Jewish property."  With the assistance of a fellow alpinist Moriz von Kuffner - an already very old and very ill man - obtained an immigration permit for Switzerland. Of course he had to pay the "Reichsfluchtsteuer" (the emigration tax) before leaving the Third Reich; it amounted to 3 million Reichmark. Kuffner died on March 5, 1939 in Zürich's Hirslanden clinic and was interred at the Rehalp cemetery in the Weinegg district.

Post-war restitution.

The modalities of compensation which were negotiated with Kuffner's heirs after World War II have been cited as a positive example for the restitution of Jewish assets that were expropriated under the rule of National Socialism in Austria. The owners of the Ottakring brewery made contact with the Kuffner family as soon as 1945. In August 1950 an agreement was reached under which Moriz' seven entitled heirs received $440,000; Stephan Kuffner received Schwechat brewery stock worth one million Austrian Schillings. In return, the Kuffner family waived their rights to the Palais Kuffner. Those parts of the confiscated Kuffner library which had been incorporated into the Austrian National Library were restituted by the state.

The Kuffner foundation.

In 1960 Stephan Kuffner established the Moriz und Elsa von Kuffner foundation in Switzerland. It supports collaborative projects in remote Swiss mountain areas and nurse education.

Honors.

In 2006 the main-belt asteroid 12568 Kuffner was named in honor of Moriz von Kuffner's sponsorship of astronomy.

Moriz von Kuffner (January 30, 1854 – March 5, 1939) was a Jewish-Austrian industrialist, art collector, mountaineer and philanthropist. From the 1880s to the early 1910s he made a fortune in the brewery business, and became a significant sponsor of Vienna's social and cultural life as well as a mentor of astronomy. Moriz von Kuffner was forced to sell his Austrian assets and to leave Vienna in 1938.


Geography.

Geusa is approximately 5 kilometres west of Merseburg. The Geiseltalsee is found to the south-west. The A38 goes through the neighborhood.

History.

The village of Geusa was mentioned as early as 880/890 in the Hersfeld Tithe Register () as "Husuw(n)a", or "Husiuwa". Additional nobility maps dating back to 1000 have the town marked as "Geußau", "Geißau", "Geusau", and "Geußen". It appears as "Gusau" in an August 9, 975 entry in the "Pago Hassaga", a record of noble land holdings for the region during the reign of Otto II. The town appears as "Geuse" in Willem Blaeu's 1645 edition of Atlas Novus in the map of Mansfeld Land entitled Mansfeldia Commitatus.

Origin of name.

The of Geusa maintains that the name derives from the Latin "gans" for "goose." However, while this cannot be ruled out, no salient documents exist to support this claim. It is equally probable that the name Geusa shares its origin with the Geisel River Valley, but since both names date back to the days of the Carolingian Empire, the original spelling and etymology have been lost. There are several equally valid possibilities:

Proto-Germanic origin.

Due to its age, the name is likely related to the Proto-Germanic root hūsą, meaning "house" or "home." The first documented mention of the village was in a tithing document created between 881 and 899 in Hersfeld Abbey where the place name was listed as "Husuuua" in the district of Friesenfeld. This is likely to mean "House by the meadow".

Old High German origin.

The name may also derive from Old High German "gewi", (from the Gothic "gavi", (neuter) or "gaujis" (genitive)), a medieval term for a region within a country, often a former or actual province. Another possibility is it come from the OHG "gīsl" or "gīsal" meaning "hostage."

Geusa is a village and a former municipality within the district Saalekreis, in the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since January 1, 2010, it is within the town limits of Merseburg.


History.

Two options were examined for the route: a direct line along the course of the Rhine would have been cheaper. This would have passed through a sparsely populated area, which would have produced few passengers. Half a century later this route was used by the Rhine Bank Railway ("Rheinuferbahn") built by another "Cologne-Bonn railway" ("Köln-Bonner Eisenbahnen")—now line 16 of the Cologne and Bonn Stadtbahns.  Another option was built, a 29 km-long line, later part of the West Rhine line ("Linke Rheinstrecke"). It runs in a wide arc through Roisdorf, Sechtem, Brühl and Kalscheuren to St. Pantaleon station in Cologne. This terminal station was built immediately after passing through the Pantaleon gate of the medieval Wall. The site for Bonn station was strongly debated. The location in Poppelsdorfer Allee was finally selected, because it was easier to extend the line from there to the south.  The first earthworks were built in March 1842. The line was opened on 15 February 1844 after a grand ceremony of inauguration on 13 February. From the summer of 1844 six daily pairs of trains ran. The first four locomotives came from Manchester.

Extension to Rolandseck.

In 1844, the BCE increased its capital to fund an extension to Koblenz and the shares were oversubscribed fourfold. Construction of the new route, however, was delayed partly because Bonn University protested to the Prussian king Frederick William IV against the fragmentation of Poppelsdorfer Allee (avenue) on its land. The king finally commissioned the landscape architect Peter Joseph Lenné to design of the intersection of the railway and Poppelsdorfer Allee.  The BCE was authorised on 4 August 1854 to extend its line at least to Rolandseck. This was an important part of its success, as it was possible for travellers to change conveniently from train to steamship at the station. In addition the constriction of the Rhine Valley there made the construction of competing lines on the western side of the Rhine impossible. On 18 October 1855 the line was completed via Bad Godesberg and Mehlem to Rolandswerth and on 21 January 1856 the entire 14 km long extension to Rolandseck was opened.

Takeover of the company.

On 1 January 1857, the Bonn–Cologne Railway Company was acquired by the Rhenish Railway Company for 1.05 million Prussian thalers.  Forty years later with the "Köln-Bonner Eisenbahnen" (KBE) was established with a similar name (but with more modern spelling), but it was not related to the BCE.

The Bonn–Cologne Railway Company (, BCE) is a former German Railway company, founded in July 1837 in Bonn and granted a concession on 6 July 1840 to build and operate a railway line between Bonn and Cologne.


Biography.

Hansson published his first works, "Dikter" (""Poems"") in 1884 and "Notturno" in 1885. In those he expressed a celebration of the natural beauty and folk culture of his native province Skåne, southern Sweden. The refined poetry did not fit the Swedish realism of the 1880s-90s and gained little attention. Hansson followed up with the decadent "Sensitiva Amorosa" (1887), a collection of morbid, erotic sketches that shocked the Sweden of his day. The reaction from the public was harsh, and Hansson left his country for Germany in 1889. He would then continue to live abroad for the remainder of his life, in countries such as Switzerland and Turkey (where he also died).

Ideas and works.

In the period following the notorious "Sensitiva Amorosa" (1887) he proclaimed himself an adherent of Nietzschean ideas, a view he made public with the cycle of poems "Ung Ofegs visor" (1892). Here he voiced his contempt of the general crowd and belief in the "Übermensch". Hansson, together with Georg Brandes was instrumental in calling attention to Nietzsche's works in Germany, and he also helped publicize Strindberg's work in German magazines at a point when the latter was not appreciated in Sweden. The two men rapidly became enemies, though, after Strindberg moved to Berlin in 1892.  While in Germany, he wrote and published works in German, Danish and Norwegian, for example "Fatalistische Geschichten" (German, 1890) which was published the same year in Danish as "Skæbnenoveller". Other German language works during this period included "Im Huldrebann" (1895), "Meervögel" (1895), "Der Weg zum Leben" (1896; also in Swedish, "Vägen till lifvet", 1896), and "Der Schutzengel" (1896).  Later in the 1890s he came to loathe Germany, and a hatred of people grew to fanatical proportions, manifesting itself in anti-semitism among other things. For a short period he expressed an adherence to Catholicism. These peculiarities further alienated him from contemporary Sweden. He did however gain some recognition in Germany thanks to his German wife Laura (1854–1928; pseudonym Laura Marholm), who spread Hansson's works to a larger audience.

Legacy.

A productive writer, his writings are uneven. However, he is considered today a pioneer within modern Swedish poetry, who reshaped nature poetry; he has sometimes been called the only one among late-19th-century Swedish poets who really absorbed the influence of French Symbolism and "fin-de-siècle" moods. In 1906 Vilhelm Ekelund, a major poet of the next generation, published a paeanic poem hailing him as the like of Pindar, the bard of his province and a poetic forerunner. Ekelund, like Hansson, was a native of the rural southern province of Scania and felt in opposition to the literary fashions of Stockholm; he felt these had rejected Hansson and driven him into exile. From this point on, Ola Hansson began to be reappraised, and in his final years an (unsatisfying) edition of his collected works began to appear in Sweden (greeted by the author's angry pointing out of its shortcomings in newspaper articles dispatched from his exile). He has remained, in particular, an invoked hero of Scanian writers.  In 1913 he was awarded the first scholarship in memory of Gustaf Fröding, elected by Swedish university students.

Ola Hansson (12 November 1860, Hönsinge, Sweden – 26 September 1925, Büyükdere, Turkey) was a Swedish poet, prose writer, and critic.


Globe front sight.

The globe front sight consists of a hollow cylinder with a threaded cap, which allows differently shaped interchangeable front sight elements to be used. Most common are posts of varying widths and heights or rings or holes of varying diameter — these can be chosen by the shooter for the best fit to the target being used. Tinted transparent plastic insert elements may also be used, with a hole in the middle; these work the same way as an opaque ring, but provide a less obstructed view of the target. High end target front sight tunnels normally also accept accessories like adjustable aperture and optical systems to ensure optimal sighting conditions for match shooters. Some high end target sight line manufacturers also offer front sights with integrated aperture mechanisms.

Complementing rear sight element.

The complementing rear sight element may be an open type iron sight or an aperture sight as used in ghost rings and target aperture sights such as a target shooting diopter sight.

Diopter and globe sighting line principle.

The use of round rear and front sighting elements for aiming at round targets, like used in ISSF match shooting, takes advantage of the natural ability of the eye and brain to easily align concentric circles (circles all having a common centre).  For optimal aiming and comfort the shooter should focus the aiming eye on the front sighting element. To avoid eye fatigue and improve balance the non-aiming eye should be kept open. The non-aiming eye can be blocked from seeing distractions by mounting a semi-transparent occluder to the diopter.  Even for the maximum precision, there should still be a significant area of white visible around the bullseye and between the front and rear sight ring (if a front ring is being used). Since the best key to determining center is the amount of light passing through the apertures, a narrow, dim ring of light can actually be more difficult to work with than a larger, brighter ring.  The precise sizes of the employed components are quite subjective, and depend on both shooter preference and ambient lighting, which is why target rifles come with easily replaceable front sight inserts, and adjustable aperture mechanisms.

A globe sight is a front sight component used to assist the aiming of a gun/device, usually those intended to launch projectiles, such as firearms, airguns, and crossbows. It is found in particular as a front sight element on rifles.