Plot.

Lasting just 61 seconds and consisting of two shots, the first shot is set in a wood during winter. The actor representing then vice-president Theodore Roosevelt enthusiastically hurries down a hillside towards a tree in the foreground. He falls once, but rights himself and cocks his rifle. Two other men, bearing signs reading "His Photographer" and "His Press Agent" respectively, follow him into the shot; the photographer sets up his camera. "Teddy" aims his rifle upward at the tree and fells what appears to be a common house cat, which he then proceeds to stab. "Teddy" holds his prize aloft, and the press agent takes notes. The second shot is taken in a slightly different part of the wood, on a path. "Teddy" rides the path on his horse towards the camera and out to the left of the shot, followed closely by the press agent and photographer, still dutifully holding their signs.

Background.

"Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King" was inspired by political cartoons that originally ran in William Randolph Hearst's "New York Journal". These cartoons depicted Roosevelt as a macho hunting enthusiast with a strong taste for publicity, killing a mountain lion in Colorado while the press took in the event. The film is based on 1901 "New York Journal" comics panels that ran on February 4 (first shot) and 18th (second shot) very closely. As the Edison Company filed a copyright for the finished film on February 23, "Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King" must have been made very quickly indeed. A paper print (LC 1887) was filed with the Library of Congress at the time of copyright; it was later rephotographed to flexible film in order to preserve the subject.

Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King is a 1901 American silent film directed by Edwin S. Porter. Produced by the Edison Manufacturing Company, it is the earliest known political satire in American film. It features three actors, all of whom are unknown.


Development.

The Austro-Hungarian Army was very pleased with its large siege howitzers like the "42 cm Haubitze M. 14/16", but they were all short-ranged. The Army asked Škoda to design a gun able to destroy important targets deep in the enemy's rear in 1916. To save time and resources, it was designed in concert with the "38 cm Belagerungshaubitze M 16" and used the same carriage and firing platform as the larger weapon. The gun used the forward trunnion mounts on the carriage, while the howitzer used the rear ones. Some sources claim that the gun was adapted from Škoda's 1901 naval gun of the same calibre and length, but this is wrong because the "M. 16" gun weighed almost less than the older naval gun.

Description.

The 40-caliber barrel was constructed of twelve parts, notably the inner tube and various inner and outer jacket pieces. The hydro-pneumatic recoil system was mounted on the cradle above the gun. It used the same horizontal sliding-block breech as the "38 cm Belagerungshaubitze M 16". The gun carriage rested on a base box or bedding platform which measured long, wide and high. The base box incorporated a turntable resting on a ball race capable of 360° traverse. At the rear of the turntable was a tilting crane used to move ammunition from the shell cart to the roller race and to help assemble the roller race and to remove the breech. The roller race was mounted directly behind the gun on four tilting arms. When the gun returned to the prescribed loading angle of 6° the roller race was raised so that it met the rear end of the breech, a shell was placed on roller race by the crane and it was hand-rammed with the shell sliding forward on the rollers. It was followed by a cartridge case containing the propellant. While the gun was being elevated to its firing angles between +10° and +41° 30' the roller race was lowered out of the recoil path of the gun.  The gun was transported in four loads, the barrel, carriage and one for each half of the base box. Each load was carried by an eight-wheeled electric-powered trailer with the electricity provided by an Austro-Daimler "Artillery Generator truck (Artillerie-Generatorzugwagen)" M. 16, designed by Ferdinand Porsche. The 6-cylinder, gasoline engine powered two electric generators which fed electric motors in each wheel of the trailer and the rear wheels of the truck. Top speed was. The solid rubber tires could be removed and the trucks could tow their trailers on the rails. For longer distances they could be towed by ordinary locomotives. One additional truck towed the ammunition trailer, which carried 28 rounds with their cartridge case as well as the loading crane.  It took eight to twenty hours in soft soil or gravel to excavate the large firing pit required to hold the halves of the base box. Six to eight hours were required to actually assemble the gun itself. Each half of the base box was maneuvered into position on rails that ran along each side of the pit and then it was jacked up off the wagon and the wagon was then removed. Each base box half was jacked down onto wheels that ran on the guide rails and then they were bolted together. The complete base box was pulled over the pit, the wheels removed and it was jacked down into the pit. Three rails were placed on top of the base box to guide the carriage wagon into position and the carriage was jacked up while the wagon was removed and it was then jacked down and bolted to the base box. The barrel wagon was guided into place using the same rails and two block and tackles were attached to the barrel clamp. The crew pulled on the ropes and slid the barrel into the cradle. The last steps were to connect the recoil brakes' pistons to the barrel, fill and test the recoil brake and recuperator, and install the roller race. Disassembly took around six hours.

History.

It appears that only two guns were delivered during the war, although nine guns and two spare barrels had been ordered. In the Spring of 1918, they equipped the "Third" and "Fourth Companies", each with one gun, of the "1st Heavy Artillery Regiment". Photographic evidence shows one gun near Dornbirn, Austria on the Italian Front and the other was near Reifenberg, Germany.  Only four more guns were under construction when the war ended. Škoda completed all of these by the end of 1921 as the new Czechoslovak Army decided to buy them. When the Czechs mobilized during the Munich Crisis, the guns formed the "Fifth" and "Sixth Batteries" of the "Third Battalion" of "Artillery Regiment 301", each battery with 2 guns, the two remaining guns being held in reserve. Nazi Germany bought all six of these weapons, the spare barrel and all their electric trucks, after the Munich Agreement in January 1939 for a price of over 55 million crowns.  The "M. 16" was known as the "schwere 24 cm Kanone(t)" in German service. They were assigned to the "Second Battalion" of "Artillery Regiment 84", where they formed three two-gun batteries. The battalion did not participate in the Invasion of Poland, but fought on the Somme during the Battle of France. A second reserve barrel was ordered on 31 July 1940 for delivery on 28 February 1942. For the rest of 1940, and until May 1941, the battalion was emplaced on Cap-Gris-Nez in the Pas de Calais to interdict British coastal convoys in the English Channel and to protect German ones. During Operation Barbarossa, the battalion was assigned to Army Group North and fought in the Siege of Leningrad, between January and June 1942, part-way through the siege, all six guns had to be returned to Škoda for repair and retubing. This was delayed when barrel Nr. 8 ruptured on 10 December 1942 and a number of roughly-machined barrel ingots in storage since 1918 proved to be substandard. The first two guns to be refitted were shipped to the battalion on 18 July 1943, but the rest were further delayed. The next pair of guns were shipped to the front on 11 January 1945. The battalion remained with Army Group North for the rest of the war until its surrender in the Courland Pocket at the end of the war.

The 24 cm Kanone M. 16 was a super-heavy siege gun used by Austria-Hungary during World War I and by Nazi Germany during World War II. Only two were finished during World War I, but the other six were completed in the early twenties and served with the Czechoslovak Army until they were bought by the Germans after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938. During World War I, one gun served on the Western Front and the other on the Italian Front. During World War II, they saw action in the Battle of France, Operation Barbarossa and the Siege of Leningrad.


Background.

In 1919, Finland was still reeling from the violent and traumatic effects of its Civil War. Many Whites (rightists and centrists) felt that a strong national government was necessary to prevent a new civil war. Some conservatives, especially monarchists, even wondered if Finland should keep its democratic and universal right to vote (for example Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, in the White Army's victory parade in Helsinki in May 1918, he called for the giving of Finland's leadership to a strong leader, free from partisan wrangling).  Liberals, such as the first President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, believed that discontent with Finland's political, social and economic order would be removed by making reforms. Monarchists had elected Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (a state of Germany) as the Finnish King in October 1918, but he had renounced the throne in December 1918, conscious of the problems that Finland would have in its relations with the United Kingdom and the United States if it had a citizen of the defeated Germany as its king. The parties that favoured a republic (Social Democrats, Agrarians and Progressives) disagreed on how much power the head of state (President) should have. The monarchist parties (National Coalitioners and Swedish People's Party) favoured a strong presidency if there was going to be a republic at all.  In the end, enough Finnish voters sided with the pro-republic parties that also promised significant social reforms, such as the freeing of tenant farmers and the distribution of excess farmland to them.

Parliamentary elections were held in Finland between 1 and 3 March 1919. The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest in Parliament with 80 of the 200 seats. Voter turnout was 67.1%.


Bluestein's algorithm.

Bluestein's algorithm expresses the CZT as a convolution and implements it efficiently using FFT/IFFT.  As the DFT is a special case of the CZT, this allows the efficient calculation of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of arbitrary sizes, including prime sizes. (The other algorithm for FFTs of prime sizes, Rader's algorithm, also works by rewriting the DFT as a convolution.) It was conceived in 1968 by Leo Bluestein. Bluestein's algorithm can be used to compute more general transforms than the DFT, based on the (unilateral) z-transform (Rabiner "et al.", 1969).  Recall that the DFT is defined by the formula  If we replace the product "nk" in the exponent by the identity  we thus obtain:  This summation is precisely a convolution of the two sequences "a" and "b" defined by:  with the output of the convolution multiplied by "N" phase factors "b". That is:  This convolution, in turn, can be performed with a pair of FFTs (plus the pre-computed FFT of complex chirp "b") via the convolution theorem. The key point is that these FFTs are not of the same length "N": such a convolution can be computed exactly from FFTs only by zero-padding it to a length greater than or equal to 2"N"–1. In particular, one can pad to a power of two or some other highly composite size, for which the FFT can be efficiently performed by e.g. the Cooley–Tukey algorithm in O("N" log "N") time. Thus, Bluestein's algorithm provides an O("N" log "N") way to compute prime-size DFTs, albeit several times slower than the Cooley–Tukey algorithm for composite sizes.  The use of zero-padding for the convolution in Bluestein's algorithm deserves some additional comment. Suppose we zero-pad to a length "M" ≥ 2"N"–1. This means that "a" is extended to an array "A" of length "M", where "A" = "a" for 0 ≤ "n" < "N" and "A" = 0 otherwise—the usual meaning of "zero-padding". However, because of the "b" term in the convolution, both positive and "negative" values of "n" are required for "b" (noting that "b" = "b"). The periodic boundaries implied by the DFT of the zero-padded array mean that –"n" is equivalent to "M"–"n". Thus, "b" is extended to an array "B" of length "M", where "B" = "b", "B" = "B" = "b" for 0 < "n" < "N", and "B" = 0 otherwise. "A" and "B" are then FFTed, multiplied pointwise, and inverse FFTed to obtain the convolution of "a" and "b", according to the usual convolution theorem.  Let us also be more precise about what type of convolution is required in Bluestein's algorithm for the DFT. If the sequence "b" were periodic in "n" with period "N", then it would be a cyclic convolution of length "N", and the zero-padding would be for computational convenience only. However, this is not generally the case:  Therefore, for "N" even the convolution is cyclic, but in this case "N" is composite and one would normally use a more efficient FFT algorithm such as Cooley–Tukey. For "N" odd, however, then "b" is antiperiodic and we technically have a negacyclic convolution of length "N". Such distinctions disappear when one zero-pads "a" to a length of at least 2"N"−1 as described above, however. It is perhaps easiest, therefore, to think of it as a subset of the outputs of a simple linear convolution (i.e. no conceptual "extensions" of the data, periodic or otherwise).

z-transforms.

Bluestein's algorithm can also be used to compute a more general transform based on the (unilateral) z-transform (Rabiner "et al.", 1969). In particular, it can compute any transform of the form:  for an "arbitrary" complex number "z" and for "differing" numbers "N" and "M" of inputs and outputs. Given Bluestein's algorithm, such a transform can be used, for example, to obtain a more finely spaced interpolation of some portion of the spectrum (although the frequency resolution is still limited by the total sampling time, similar to a Zoom FFT), enhance arbitrary poles in transfer-function analyses, etc.  The algorithm was dubbed the "chirp" z-transform algorithm because, for the Fourier-transform case (|"z"| = 1), the sequence "b" from above is a complex sinusoid of linearly increasing frequency, which is called a (linear) chirp in radar systems.

The chirp Z-transform (CZT) is a generalization of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). While the DFT samples the Z plane at uniformly-spaced points along the unit circle, the chirp Z-transform samples along spiral arcs in the Z-plane, corresponding to straight lines in the S plane. The DFT, real DFT, and zoom DFT can be calculated as special cases of the CZT.


Earliest times to first intermediate period.

The earliest temple was built c. 3200 BC and was little more than a cultic niche lodged between three large natural granite boulders. This earliest temple was very small, housing a sanctuary of about that was made of mud bricks. In front of the sanctuary, on the East side, there were some mud brick houses. The temple was enlarged during the 1st and 2nd Dynasties and rebuilt during the Third Dynasty, but its old plan was kept. On the South side outside the niche between the boulders, some granaries were added. The temple was again rebuilt during the Fifth Dynasty, possibly under Nyuserre Ini, at which point the sanctuary located at the center of the rock niche was enlarged. In front of it was now a forecourt, about in size, which was surrounded by an open walkway. A deposit of votive offerings was discovered under the floor of the sanctuary. These were dedicated to the goddess over a few hundred years during the course of the Old Kingdom by both royal and private individuals and comprised mainly small faience figures, showing humans and animals. Beyond that, on the South side, granaries and a mud brick administrative building were located.  Pepi I, the second pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty ordered once more a rebuilding of the temple. The old plan was kept, but the brick walls were enlarged and a granite sanctuary for the goddess' statue was added. By this time, the god Khnum was also worshipped in the temple.

Middle Kingdom.

Towards the end of the First intermediate period, in the early Eleventh Dynasty, the Theban king Intef III totally renovated the temple. The central chapel was left at its original place between the three natural boulders. The hall which stood in front of the chapel was paved and decorated with limestone slabs for the first time.  Shortly after, Mentuhotep II did further modifications in the temple, building an entirely new sanctuary. He added new inscriptions and, on the North side, a columned courtyard and a lake part of an installation to celebrate the Nile flood, which the Ancient Egyptians believed, started in Elephantine. The temple was then still mainly made out of mud bricks, with only the most important walls lined with decorated limestone blocks.  Less than 100 years later, early in the subsequent dynasty, pharaoh Senusret I replaced Mentuhotep's structure with a totally new temple and courtyard. While all earlier building follow the same layout and exclusively used mud bricks, the new temple was entirely made in limestone. By this time, the level of the temple was above the rock niche of the Old Kingdom. However, the main sanctuary was built directly over the old one, therefore keeping the old tradition. The temple of Senusret I was fully decorated, but only few fragments of the decoration survived, these include the remains of a long inscription of the king. At the same time, the god Khnum was given his own separate temple on the island. The temple of Satet was originally adorned with many statues, among which is a statue of the Thirteenth Dynasty king Amenemhat V that bears a dedication to the goddess:  Another statue once adorning the temple belongs to king Senusret III. There is also a dyad of king Sobekemsaf I adoring the goddess that was certainly once in the temple. Indeed, even though these statues were all discovered in the nearby sanctuary of the local saint Heqaib, according to their inscriptions they must originally have been in the temple of Satet.

New Kingdom and later times.

During the New Kingdom period, the temple was built anew under queen Hatshepsut (1507–1458 BC) in the early 18th Dynasty and further enlarged by her successor, Thutmose III. The temple was then a solid rectangular building, some in size, completely surrounded by a walkway that had 7 × 10 pillars on the outside. The sanctuary of the new temple was placed directly over the sanctuary of the older periods. Evidently the New Kingdom temple kept the old tradition of the sanctuary's place. There are indications for further construction work during the 26th Dynasty (664–525 BC), but very little of that temple has survived. There are several blocks of a gateway that was once about high, that led to a brick enclosure wall, the latter perhaps once belonging to the temple. Shortly before the Persian conquest of Egypt, pharaoh Amasis II (570–526 BC) added a colonnade or kiosk to the temple. Six limestone columns and screen walls were found.  A totally new temple was built under Ptolemy VI (180–145 BC), during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. It was again a rectangular building. At the back on the West side, there was the main sanctuary, in front of it there was a broad hall and in front of the latter two further smaller halls, with smaller rooms leading from them on the short sides. In front of the new temple was erected a free standing kiosk. The sanctuary was no longer built over the place of the Old Kingdom sanctuary. It seems that the location and its importance were forgotten. Ptolemy VIII (182–116 BC) finally added a pronaos to the temple with two by four columns.

The Temple of Satet or Satis was an Ancient Egyptian temple dedicated to the goddess Satet, a personification of the Nile inundation. The temple was located on the Nile Valley island of Elephantine, Egypt. Founded during the late Predynastic Period around 3200 BC, it was enlarged and renovated several times from the Early Dynastic Period onwards over the next 3000 years until the Ptolemaic Period. The temple of Satet is the best example of an Ancient Egyptian temple whose construction is attested over the entire pharaonic period.


History.

The castle was created on the site of a 1710-built church property.  Today's castle was designed by the architect Heinrich Theodor Schmidt in 1884–1887 as the residence for the family of the winery owner Eduard Puricelli. Eduard Puricelli founded and led several gas industries, including in Trier and also in the Rheinböller hut. Puricelli applied several times for Catholic and conservative parties to Members mandates and belonged to the constituent Reichstag of the North German Confederation. After the German-French war 1870/71 Puricelli continued for economic reasons, together with eleven other companies in Trier for the Annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. Eduard Puricellis daughter Maria, sole heiress of parental possessions, married in 1880 the high Prussian officer Dr. Clemens Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst/ Clemens Freiherr von Schorlemer-Lieser (1856–1922). Through its activities in the Prussian administrative services Clemens von Schorlemer made the acquaintance Kaiser Wilhelm II, who appreciated him.  In 1895/1904-1906 the castle was extended when Maria and Dr Clemens Freiherr von Schorlemer moved into the castle.  The castle consists out of two components, the older part in forms of Neo-Renaissance and the younger part in the forms of Art Nouveau.

Outside.

The outside side is influenced by the Neo-Renaissance, but in outline – according to the architect – Neo-Gothic. The jewellery forms bays, gables and towers are oriented to the German forms of Late Renaissance. The entrance is protected by a tower were two free-standing granite columns rise. The Risalit/Avant-corps on the left side of the main facade is Risalit by large, spread over two floors, is emphasized. The Madonna statue at the corner near the chapel comes from Peter Fuchs, who also worked at the Cologne Cathedral. On the main facade there are representations from the fields of industry and agriculture. For the stone construction Mosel slates and red – on the ground floor – brighter "Udelfanger" sandstone were used. The roof has been made from the slate quarries of "Cauber Erbstollens".

Ground plan, ground floor and staircase.

The ground plan is located between the Mosel river and the mountains, so that all rooms within the building – as in English country houses - are along a corridor. The basic design of the building with the octagonal hall is based on Italian villas of the 16th (Palladio) and 17th centuries.  The ground floor, in which mainly economic areas and the bottling plants were located, has been created very high for flood protection.  In the stairwell between eight large pilasters painted landscapes and architectural motifs from the Mosel region created by Karl Julius Grätz are located. The stairwell window with lead glazing has four painted medallions of Binsfeld and Janssen in Trier. The staircase itself is a self-construction of Trier sandstone with wrought-iron, partly gilded railings.

First floor.

The first floor is a Beletage with representation rooms. In the octagonal hall, where the stairs end, the sculptor's work, the pillars and the wall panelling have been created in light Burgreppacher sandstone. The ceiling has been plastered and contains several paintings. The first floor contains the rather sober work room, reception room, with pitch pine and oak wood-panelled dining room large with a rich and carved wooden ceiling and several doorframes, the small dining room for everyday use, a poolroom, several garden rooms, guest rooms and a kitchen.

Second floor.

The second floor is the private sector of the house. Is had been equipped with livingrooms, sleepingrooms, tourist rooms and rooms for servants. It also contains a wall table and a marble fireplace. The copper plate of the fireplace has been decorated with a presentation of Hubert Salentin from Düsseldorf.

Chapel.

The hall of Beletage links to the chapel, which is a building on its own. The wallpaintings are by Karl Julius Grätz. The glass paintings are by Binsfeld and Janssen. Peter Fuchs created the saint statues. The mosaic floor with his figural representations was designed by the architect and produced in Mettlach.

The statue of the "housewife" and the other facilities.

A special feature of the paintings is the image originally situated on the terrace sculpture of the wife of the owner. With her old German costume, keys and wallet in hand, it symbolizes allegorical excessive.  The carpentry work, furniture and other equipment details were drawings of the architects of Epple and Ege in Stuttgart. From the company M. Armbruster in Frankfurt the construction locks and art metalwork were created.

The extension of 1895/1904-1906.

It is unclear whether the extension of the castle was created in 1904–1906, or already built in 1895 — the information differs. The historicism here takes the form of Art Nouveau. The main pavilion is a mid-wing, which served as a wintergarden. In front of the central axis of the three-pavilion construction a "three-Söller" has been placed. The entrance to a building along is followed by a concrete tower. Inside the extended building is in one of the two staircases, an Art Nouveau railing.

Schloss Lieser (Castle of Lieser) in the Mosel valley nearby Bernkastel-Kues is one of the most striking buildings within the village of Lieser, Germany. The building currently houses a 49-room Autograph Hotel, called SCHLOSS LIESER, AUTOGRAPH COLLECTION, which is scheduled to open for guests summer 2019.


History.

In 1989, International Rectifier (IR) introduced the first monolithic HVIC gate driver product, the high-voltage integrated circuit (HVIC) technology uses patented and proprietary monolithic structures integrating bipolar, CMOS, and lateral DMOS devices with breakdown voltages above 700 V and 1400 V for operating offset voltages of 600 V and 1200 V. Later in 2015, International Rectifier (IR) was bought by Infineon Technologies.  Using this mixed-signal HVIC technology, both high-voltage level-shifting circuits and low-voltage analog and digital circuits can be implemented. With the ability to place high-voltage circuitry (in a ‘well’ formed by polysilicon rings), that can ‘float’ 600 V or 1200 V, on the same silicon away from the rest of the low-voltage circuitry, high-side power MOSFETs or IGBTs exist in many popular off-line circuit topologies such as buck, synchronous boost, half-bridge, full-bridge and three-phase. The HVIC gate drivers with floating switches are well-suited for topologies requiring high-side, half-bridge, and three-phase configurations.

Purpose.

In contrast to bipolar transistors, MOSFETs do not require constant power input, as long as they are not being switched on or off. The isolated gate-electrode of the MOSFET forms a capacitor (gate capacitor), which must be charged or discharged each time the MOSFET is switched on or off. As a transistor requires a particular gate voltage in order to switch on, the gate capacitor must be charged to at least the required gate voltage for the transistor to be switched on. Similarly, to switch the transistor off, this charge must be dissipated, i.e. the gate capacitor must be discharged.  When a transistor is switched on or off, it does not immediately switch from a non-conducting to a conducting state; and may transiently support both a high voltage and conduct a high current. Consequently, when gate current is applied to a transistor to cause it to switch, a certain amount of heat is generated which can, in some cases, be enough to destroy the transistor. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the switching time as short as possible, so as to minimize switching loss. Typical switching times are in the range of microseconds. The switching time of a transistor is inversely proportional to the amount of current used to charge the gate. Therefore, switching currents are often required in the range of several hundred milliamperes, or even in the range of amperes. For typical gate voltages of approximately 10-15V, several watts of power may be required to drive the switch. When large currents are switched at high frequencies, e.g. in DC-to-DC converters or large electric motors, multiple transistors are sometimes provided in parallel, so as to provide sufficiently high switching currents and switching power.  The switching signal for a transistor is usually generated by a logic circuit or a microcontroller, which provides an output signal that typically is limited to a few milliamperes of current. Consequently, a transistor which is directly driven by such a signal would switch very slowly, with correspondingly high power loss. During switching, the gate capacitor of the transistor may draw current so quickly that it causes a current overdraw in the logic circuit or microcontroller, causing overheating which leads to permanent damage or even complete destruction of the chip. To prevent this from happening, a gate driver is provided between the microcontroller output signal and the power transistor.  Charge pumps are often used in H-Bridges in "high side drivers" for gate driving the high side n-channel power MOSFETs and IGBTs. These devices are used because of their good performance, but require a gate drive voltage a few volts above the power rail. When the centre of a half bridge goes low the capacitor is charged via a diode, and this charge is used to later drive the gate of the high side FET gate a few volts above the source or emitter pin's voltage so as to switch it on. This strategy works well provided the bridge is regularly switched and avoids the complexity of having to run a separate power supply and permits the more efficient n-channel devices to be used for both high and low switches.

A gate driver is a power amplifier that accepts a low-power input from a controller IC and produces a high-current drive input for the gate of a high-power transistor such as an IGBT or power MOSFET. Gate drivers can be provided either on-chip or as a discrete module. In essence, a gate driver consists of a level shifter in combination with an amplifier. A gate driver IC serves as the interface between control signals (digital or analog controllers) and power switches (IGBTs, MOSFETs, SiC MOSFETs, and GaN HEMTs). An integrated gate-driver solution reduces design complexity, development time, bill of materials (BOM), and board space while improving reliability over discretely-implemented gate-drive solutions.


Early life and military career.

Born in Adams County, Ohio, Anderson moved with his parents to Galesburg, Illinois. He attended the common schools and Knox College, in Galesburg. He moved to Taylor County, Iowa, in 1857 and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1860 and commenced practice in Clarinda, Iowa. He was appointed postmaster of Clarinda by President Lincoln in 1861. He resigned to enlist in the Union Army as a private in Company K, 4th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was commissioned first lieutenant for gallant service at the Battle of Pea Ridge, became captain during the Siege of Vicksburg and assistant Adjutant-General during the Atlanta campaign. He was promoted through the ranks to become major of his regiment, and was commissioned lieutenant colonel in 1865. He was mustered out in August 1865 and returned to Clarinda.

Political career.

Anderson moved to Sidney, Iowa, in 1866 and resumed the practice of law. He served as assessor of internal revenue from 1868 to 1871. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1872. He served as district attorney from 1876 to 1880. and state railroad commissioner for a single term beginning in 1881. In 1882, he was the Republican Party's nominee for election to the Forty-eighth Congress in Iowa's 9th congressional district, but was defeated by Democrat William Henry Mills Pusey. Two years later, Anderson was not the Republican nominee, but he was credited with causing the nomination of "dark horse" candidate Joseph Lyman, who then defeated Pusey in the general election.  In April 1886, Fremont County, where Anderson lived, was added to the Iowa's 8th congressional district, which Republican William Peters Hepburn had represented since 1881. Anderson immediately ran for Hepburn's seat. Refusing to heed the Republican district convention's endorsement of Hepburn, he ran in the general election as an "Independent Republican." While remaining a Republican, he ran hard on a platform of stricter regulation of the railroads, and the use of tariffs for revenue only, that earned him the joint endorsement of the Democratic and Greenback parties. Anderson won the general election decisively, by 2,225 votes. Hepburn's defeat caused many of his colleagues in the House to worry that they might meet the same fate if they did not respond to the popular anger by supporting stricter federal railroad regulation."  Anderson served in the Fiftieth Congress, voting with the Democratic caucus for John G. Carlisle as its choice for Speaker of the House but sitting with the Republicans. Hepburn waited several years before attempting to regain his seat. However, a different winner of the Republican endorsement process, James Patton Flick, defeated Anderson in the next general election. In all, Anderson served in Congress from March 4, 1887, to March 3, 1889.  One of the last votes Anderson cast in Congress was on the Enabling Act of 1889, which set in motion the admission into the union of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington. In 1892, after leaving Congress, Anderson moved to Hot Springs in Fall River County, South Dakota, where he continued to practice law. He served as mayor of Hot Springs in 1895 and 1896, and was elected State attorney of Fall River County on November 8, 1898.  Anderson died at Hot Springs on November 17, 1898. He was interred in Sidney Cemetery.

References.

Retrieved on 2009-05-07

Albert Raney Anderson (November 8, 1837 – November 17, 1898) was a one-term U.S. Representative from Iowa's 8th congressional district in southwestern Iowa. He is best known for winning election to Congress and defeating a well-known incumbent, without winning his own party's endorsement.


Origin.

Recording.

"Everything She Wants" was recorded in Paris and London after a few other tracks for "Make It Big" had been finished at Studio Miraval in southeastern France.

History.

Upon release, "Last Christmas" took the majority of the attention and airplay as it was appropriate in early December as Christmas approached. However, the presence of an equally-billed flip side meant that radio stations had something else to play once "Last Christmas" had lost its topicality.  A five-minute song (there also exists a six-and-a-half-minute-long version with an added bridge), "Everything She Wants" is written from the angle of a man being disillusioned by the material demands of his female partner, despite the amount of work he does to keep her happy. In a twist, the second verse takes the story a step further by revealing that the woman is pregnant but the man cannot find any happiness in the announcement because "if my best isn't good enough, then how can it be good enough for two?"  The presence of the Band Aid project meant that the double A-side peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart, although in the process it became the biggest-selling record not to get to number one. However, in the USA, the song did reach number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and became the third number-one song in a row from 1984's "Make It Big" album.  Wham! had two more number-one hits in the UK before splitting at their height in 1986.  Although Michael bemoaned much of Wham!'s material as he began his solo career, "Everything She Wants" remained a song of which he was proud, and he continued to perform it in his shows. Furthermore, Michael remarked in an interview (to promote 25 Live tour) that "Everything She Wants" was his favorite Wham! song.  In 1996, the song was performed at the "MTV Unplugged" concert.  In 1997, the song was remixed and re-released as "Everything She Wants '97" for the greatest hits album "".  In September 2011 during the Symphonica Tour, at a concert at SAP Arena, Mannheim, Germany, George Michael said that "Understand" featured on "Twenty Five" was written as a follow-up to "Everything She Wants" with the man in the song realizing that his woman cared a lot more about love than he ever dreamed of.  "Everything She Wants" was featured on the official soundtrack album to Last Christmas released by Sony Music on CD, 2-disc vinyl, and digital formats on 8 November 2019.

Other versions.

"Everything She Wants" was used as a sample on rapper Foxy Brown's "I Can't" from her second album, "Chyna Doll", in 1999.  The a cappella group Naturally 7 sampled "Everything She Wants" on their 2011 song "Life Goes On", an arrangement that was personally approved by Michael.  The song features in the 2013 video game "Grand Theft Auto V" as part of the radio station Non-Stop-Pop FM. The Egyptian Lover's cover appears on iFruit Radio.

Court case.

The song was mentioned in a landmark 1998 sampling copyright decision in the case of "Santrayll v. Burrell". US Federal Court Judge Peter K. Leisure concluded that MC Hammer had sampled music by another rap group (The Legend). The Legend admitted to sampling Wham!'s "Everything She Wants" (among other songs) and not disclosing the sampled works when filing for copyright registration.

Music video.

The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan, and is footage of a live performance in black and white.

"Everything She Wants" is a song by British pop duo Wham!, originally released as a single in 1984 on Epic Records on a double A-side with "Last Christmas". It was written and produced by George Michael, one half of the duo, becoming their third consecutive million-selling number-one hit in the United States.


Early life and education.

Pennell was born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania to entrepreneur Harold Pennell and homemaker Ruth Pennell. His parents moved to Niagara Falls, New York during the Great Depression in search of better opportunities. After a short time in New York, the family moved to California. They lived in a studio apartment overlooking Angels Flight in Downtown Los Angeles. His family moved again when he was still young, purchasing a home near Paramount Studios in Hollywood. He became a newsboy on the studio lot, but athletics distracted him from any early interest in film.  Pennell played baseball throughout his youth. He attended Hollywood High School, at which he played first base and was later inducted into the school's athletic hall of fame. He was recruited by Rod Dedeaux to play baseball at USC, where he began playing in 1947. Pennell attended the university on a full baseball scholarship and became one of the school's all-time letter winners. He left school early to play professionally for the Boston Braves organization, from 1948-53.

Baseball career.

Just shy of graduating from USC, Pennell left the university to play professionally for the Boston Braves. During his time with the Braves, his teammates often referred to him as "Bud", a nickname that stuck with him throughout his life. He was with the organization for a total of seven seasons between 1948 and 1954, playing first base and outfield for the Evansville Braves, Boston's minor league affiliate.  In his first year in professional ball, he broke the Appalachian League record for runs batted in with 147 and hit.338 for the season while belting 18 home runs. He was portrayed in "Hall of Famer", Eddie Mathews' autobiography, as a "fun-loving teammate." He did not play during the 1950–1953 seasons due to his service during the Korean War. He served in counter intelligence in the United States Army and received an honorable discharge upon completion of his service. Upon his return home, his baseball contract was purchased by the Brooklyn Dodgers. Pennell never reported to spring training for the Dodgers and instead decided to pursue acting, a career he dabbled in during the off seasons. Regarding his retirement from baseball, sportswriter Furman Bisher was quoted as saying "his future seemed unlimited...I shall always be frustrated by a desire to know how great a star he might have become."

Acting career.

In the baseball off-seasons, Pennell returned home to Hollywood. Shortly after his contract was purchased by the Brooklyn organization, he decided not to report spring training and instead began his career in films. After being seen by a talent scout, Pennell got a screen test at Paramount Pictures where he went under contract. Then he traveled to New York City to learn his new craft from drama icons such as Sanford Meisner and Stella Adler.  It was in 1955 when Pennell's acting career was launched. He appeared in his first role as Oliver Brown in the movie "Seven Angry Men", a film about abolitionist John Brown, starring Raymond Massey. That role led him to a lead in Hell's Horizon, which was followed by "The Far Horizons", starred Charlton Heston and Donna Reed. His next film role was as George Crandall opposite James Stewart in "'The FBI Story".  Other roles followed, including the leading role as Johnny Jargin in the car racing adventure movie "The Devil's Hairpin". Early in his acting career, Pennell went to Europe to appear in films, including "Old Surehand", a German production based upon a Karl May novel. In European films he was occasionally credited as Alessandro Pennelli. He returned to the United States and made guest appearances in several western television series such as "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater", "Death Valley Days", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "Wagon Train", "The Big Valley", "The Virginian", "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "Rango", "Custer", "Branded", "The Rough Riders", "Cimarron City" and "Tombstone Territory". In 1961, he landed the leading role on the television series "Ripcord" as the handsome, headstrong, youthful, colorful, audacious, intrepid and brave skydiver Theodore (Ted) McKeever. His co-star was Ken Curtis, later as Festus Haggin on "Gunsmoke", as his inseparable, level-headed older mentor and best buddy James "Jim" Buckley. Ripcord ran for a total of 76 episodes between 1961 and 1963 and inspired a range of tie-in merchandise such as toy parachutes, action figures, board games, clean slates, reading books, comic books and coloring books, to name a few. More television guest appearances followed on "The Outer Limits", "Thriller", "The Millionaire", "The West Point Story", "Wire Service", "The Case of the Dangerous Robin", "Steve Canyon", "Sea Hunt", "The Aquanauts, The Everglades, Adventures in Paradise", "Dragnet, and "Suspense Theater.  As Dash Riprock on "The Beverly Hillbillies", he appeared in ten episodes as a film star courting Elly May Clampett (Donna Douglas). After "The Beverly Hillbillies", Pennell guest starred in other television series like "Blue Light", "My Friend Tony", "Mayberry, R.F.D.", "Family Affair", "Land of the Giants", "Bracken's World", "BJ and the Bear" and "Salvage 1".  Throughout his career, Pennell continued to appear in a variety of genres in television series and movies made for television. He was cast in a lead role as Keith Holden in 1972 in the CBS series "Lassie". He made guest starring appearances in various shows, including "Mannix", "Longstreet", "Hunter", "Banacek", "", "The Streets of San Francisco", "McMillan and Wife", "Magnum, P.I.", "The Rookies", "Little House on the Prairie", "", "O'Hara, U.S. Treasury", "Run, Joe, Run", "Apple's Way", "Silk Stalkings", "Diagnosis Murder", "Quantum Leap" and "Firefly" and soap operas such as "General Hospital" and "The Young and the Restless".  Pennell's film credits include roles in films such as "The Great White Hope" (1970), starring James Earl Jones and Jane Alexander in which Pennell played former heavyweight champion Frank Brady. Pennell also appeared in the big budget World War II film "Midway" (1976), as Captain Cyril Simard, alongside Charlton Heston and Henry Fonda. He had roles in other major films such as "The Revengers", "Journey Through Rosebud" and "Matilda". Pennell bore a striking resemblance to Clark Gable and played the icon in three roles. One of his notable roles as Gable was in the television film "" (1980). It was said of his work in that role "Pennell's performance is a little gem." In 1992, Pennell and Tom Selleck rejoined for a third time to appear in "Mr. Baseball". Other films include "The Fear" (1999), "Bubba Ho-Tep" (2002) starring Ossie Davis, "Five Minutes" (2002), "Last Confession" (2005), "Seasons of Life" (2006) and "The Passing" (2011).  Pennell continued to experiment with his acting and writing craft in study with drama masters such as Milton Katselis and Daniel Mann. Pennell's stage work encompassed over 50 plays, including "The Poker Game", "Desperate Hours", "Pieces of Time" and "Dead Autumn's Soul". He wrote and starred in "The Signing" and "Close-Up" and won best actor at The Method Fest 2002 for his work in the short film "Five Minutes". Throughout his career, Pennell accumulated over 400 credits in roles across stage, film and television, in addition to commercials and print advertisements.

Personal life.

Pennell met his wife Patricia Throop, a fashion model, actress, former Miss Oregon and finalist in the 1954 Miss America Pageant. He was shooting a film when they met. Throughout his life he enjoyed sports of all kinds such as baseball, football, tennis, boxing, running and horseback riding. Also he was an avid historian and a patriot with ancestral links in the American Revolution and the Mayflower Compact. Pennell died on August 28, 2013 at age 85.

Lawrence Kenneth Pennell (February 21, 1928 – August 28, 2013) was an American television and film actor, often remembered for his role as "Dash Riprock" in the television series "The Beverly Hillbillies". His career spanned half a century, including starring in the first-run syndicated adventure series "Ripcord" in the leading role of Skydiver Theodore "Ted" McKeever, as well as playing Keith Holden in "Lassie". He was also a baseball player, playing on scholarship for the University of Southern California (USC) and later professionally for the Boston Braves organization.


History and architecture.

Anga Church takes its name from a now vanished farmstead, mentioned in a runestone inscription at the end of the 11th century. The first church was probably built as a church for the large farm. During archaeological excavations carried out in 1946–1947, traces of burnt wood were found, indicating that the first church may have been a stave church.  The presently visible Romanesque church was built during the 13th century. Thanks to dendrochronological investigations of still intact wooden details, the church can be dated quite precisely. The choir and apse were built circa 1215, and are the oldest parts of the church. The nave dates from 1250 and the tower from 1265.  The church is one of the most well-preserved Romanesque churches on Gotland, and gives a good impression of how most of the churches on the island might once have looked. The interior still has a rich decoration in the form of murals. The wall paintings date from two periods, the oldest ones from the end of the 13th century. These are mostly ornamental, and unusual in that they are signed by the artist, a painter named Halvard. From the same time dates a runic inscription in Old Gutnish, which tells the name of the farmers of the parish who contributed oxen and day's works to the construction of the church, showing that the building of the church was a communal undertaking. A later set of murals depict the Passion of Christ together with legends of saints, and were made during the middle of the 15th century.  The church used to house medieval wooden sculptures, the majority of which are today at the Museum of Gotland in Visby. Still in the church is the altarpiece, dating from the 1370s, and the triumphal cross from the 15th century. There is also a gravestone in the choir from the 13th century, with a runic inscription.  The church belongs to the Church of Sweden and lies within the Diocese of Visby.

Anga Church () is a 13th century church in Anga on the Swedish island of Gotland. It is one of the most well-preserved Romanesque churches on Gotland, and was possibly preceded by a stave church. Inside, the church is decorated with medieval murals from three different periods, as well as some medieval furnishings. Some wooden sculptures from the church are today exhibited in a museum in Visby. The church belongs to the Church of Sweden and lies within the Diocese of Visby.


Plot.

In 1948, Dave Hirsh is a cynical Army veteran who winds up in his hometown of Parkman, Indiana after being put on a bus in Chicago while intoxicated. Ginny Moorehead, a woman of seemingly loose morals and poor education, was invited by Dave in his drunken state to accompany him to Parkman. When Dave sobers up, he realizes it was a mistake, and gives her money to return to Chicago. However, she decides to stay because she has fallen in love with Dave and is also trying to avoid a violent boyfriend in Chicago.  Dave left 16 years before and had a career as a writer before the war, publishing two books. He did not stay in touch with his older brother, Frank, because of how Frank and his wife Agnes treated him when he was a child. Frank, who was newly married to the well-off Agnes, had placed Dave in a charity boarding school rather than take him to live in his home. Frank has since inherited a jewelry business from Agnes' father, sits on the board of a local bank, and is active in civic affairs. Frank and Agnes are very concerned about their social status and reputation in the town, which is threatened when Dave returns without letting them know and then deposits $5,500 ($58,700 in 2019) in the bank that competes with Frank's bank. Frank attempts to make amends with Dave in order to get him to move the bank deposit. Agnes wants nothing to do with Dave, but is forced to welcome him after two of her wealthy social acquaintances, Professor French and his daughter Gwen, a schoolteacher, ask to meet Dave because they admire his books.  When Dave meets Gwen, he immediately falls in love with her. She is attracted to him as well, but is afraid of the passionate feelings he arouses in her and of his lifestyle. Each time Gwen rejects him, he ends up back with Ginny, even though her lack of intelligence frustrates him and she is nothing like Gwen. Dave has also befriended a hard-partying but good-hearted gambler, Bama Dillert, and the two get into trouble when Ginny's ex-boyfriend, a gangster named Ray, comes to town stalking her.  Frank is upset about the bad reflection on him from Dave's lifestyle. However, Dave is shown to be a good man despite his notorious reputation when he treats Ginny with kindness and takes a fatherly interest in his niece, Frank's daughter Dawn, who becomes upset and tries to run away when she sees her father in a lovers' lane with his secretary, Edith.  Dave's new story that he wrote with Gwen's encouragement is published in "The Atlantic" magazine, and Gwen confesses her love to him by telephone while he is on a gambling trip out of town with Bama and Ginny. Gwen's phone call leads the gamblers to think Dave is cheating at cards, triggering a fight in which Bama is stabbed. During his hospital stay, Bama is informed he has diabetes, but chooses to disregard medical advice, especially about his incessant drinking.  Ginny visits Gwen at her school to ask if Gwen and Dave are in a relationship and confess her own love for Dave. Gwen is horrified to discover Dave has been seeing Ginny, assures Ginny that there is nothing between her and Dave, and then cuts Dave off. Dave, at the end of his rope from Gwen's rejection, decides to marry Ginny, even over Bama's objections. While she is not Dave's social or intellectual match, Dave recognizes that she gives him unconditional love that he's never had from anyone else. The two marry that night, but soon after they leave the judge's house, while walking among the crowds of the town's fair, Ray comes after them with a gun, shoots and injures Dave, and then shoots Ginny dead as she tries to protect Dave.  In the final scene, most of the main characters are in attendance at Ginny's funeral, but with Dave and Bama standing separately and at a distance. Bama does remove his hat in final scene, which he never took off, as a show of respect.

Production.

Much of the film was shot in and around the town of Madison, Indiana. Shirley MacLaine reported that Sinatra was "besieged" by the local Indiana women, and that at one point a woman broke through a rope barrier around a house and flung herself at Sinatra as her husband ran to stop her, pleading "Helen, you don't even know the man!".  One significant change from the James Jones novel was the death of Ginny; in the novel, it is Dave who is killed, shot in the face by the character of Ray.

Reception.

Released to critical plaudits, "Some Came Running" was praised both nationally and internationally on release, The "Variety" review stated, "Jones' novel has been stripped to essentials in the screenplay, and those are presented in hard clean dialog and incisive situations."  Sinatra garnered some of the strongest notices of his career; "Variety" noted that "Sinatra gives a top performance, sardonic and compassionate, full of touches both instinctive and technical. It is not easy, either, to play a man dying of a chronic illness and do it with grace and humor, and this Martin does without faltering."  The film was popular with the public. According to MGM records, it earned $4,245,000 in the US and Canada and $2,050,000 elsewhere, becoming the 10th highest-earning film of 1958. But its high cost meant that MGM would record a loss of $207,000 ($ million today) on the film.

Academy Awards.

At the 31st Academy Awards, the film received the following nominations:

Legacy.

Martin Scorsese included a clip from the film for his "A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies"; the film's final carnival scene remains for Scorsese one of the best and most expressive uses of CinemaScope.  In his book "Who the Hell's in It", director Peter Bogdanovich writes extensively about "Some Came Running". He later filmed a short segment for Turner Classic Movies on its influence on cinema.  In the 1997 movie "Flubber", the robot Weebo uses a clip from the film as a shout-out for why she won't sabotage the professor’s relationship anymore.

DVD.

"Some Came Running" was released to DVD by Warner Home Video on May 13, 2008 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and also on the same date as part of the 5-disc box set "Frank Sinatra: The Golden Years" with "Some Came Running" as the fourth disc.

Some Came Running is a 1958 American drama film directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Shirley MacLaine, based on the novel of the same name by James Jones. Set in 1948, it tells the story of a troubled Army veteran and author who returns to his Midwestern hometown after 16 years, to the chagrin of his wealthy, social-climbing brother.


History.

The garden was founded in 1852 by the Dutch botanist Johannes Elias Teijsmann as a branch of the Bogor Botanical Gardens, and its layout was completed under Rudolph Scheffer in later years.

Overview.

The gardens were built at a high altitude, allowing the growth of subtropical plants. The garden is approximately above mean sea level, with an average temperature across the year of 20.06 °C, and an average humidity of 80.82%.  The gardens are the first place that Cinchona trees were grown in Indonesia for quinine production in 1854. The trees was originally brought to Java by Justus Carl Hasskarl from South America and was successfully experimented in the garden. Plants which are exotic to Indonesia, such as Eucalyptus from Australia, Conifers from Europe, and others are cultivated in the area.

Collection.

There are approximately 10,792 living specimens in the garden, including 320 orchids, 289 cacti, 22 succulent plants, 216 algae, 103 ferns, and 1162 garden plant species that live within the proximity of the botanic garden. Only 114 of the plant species present in the garden are native to West Java. Its herbarium contains approximately 4,852 preserved specimens of plants.  The collections are divided into outdoor and indoor sections. The indoor section houses plants within glasshouses, including cacti and orchids. The outdoor section is divided into a sakura garden, algae garden, rhododendron garden, fern garden, and medicine garden.  In April 2014, the botanic garden opened a new section, the House of Nepenthes (""), containing 55 species and 47 hybrid species of nepenthes.

Cibodas Bryophyte Park.

The Cibodas bryophyte park, or "Taman Lumut Cibodas", is part of the Cibodas Botanical Garden and is located between Mount Gede and Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. It was built in 2004 and opened to the public officially on April 11, 2006, on the occasion of the 154th anniversary of the Cibodas Botanical Gardens. The 1,500 m2 garden was designed to resemble the natural habitat of mosses. Natural shade is also provided by the shade of native Indonesian plants that grow around it to give the desired humid conditions.

Cibodas Botanical Gardens (, KRC) is an botanical garden on the slopes of Mount Gede, located in the Cibodas subdistrict of West Java, Indonesia. It is operated by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).


Background and release.

"Upgrade U" (or "Upgrade You") was written by Beyoncé Knowles, MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Jay-Z, Willie Clarke, Blowfly and Solange Knowles; with production from Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace, and Knowles. It was recorded at Sony Music Studios in New York City. T.I. was to be the original rap guest on the song; however, he was unable to record his verse for the song due to business reasons. Ultimately, Jay-Z was selected as the featuring artist; "Upgrade U" becoming his second collaboration with Knowles on "B'Day" – the first being "Déjà Vu" (2006). The song was released as a twelve-inch promotional single on November 27, 2006, in the United States only.

Music structure, theme and lyrics.

"Upgrade U" (or "Upgrade You) is a hip hop song, with influences of pop, soul, and contemporary R&B. According to the sheet music published at "Musicnotes.com" by EMI Music Publishing, the song is set in the key of D minor, with a moderate groove of 92 beats per minute in common time. Knowles' vocals range from the note of G to E. The song features a synth-horn backdrop as well as a bounce-based hand clap beat. Like most of the tracks on the album, the beat is reinforced by the Roland TR-808 drum machine, while the song also features a heavy bass. "Upgrade U" samples Betty Wright's 1968 song "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do", composed by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine noted that similarities between "Upgrade U" and songs from the Destiny's Child era in the sense that it could make a "female self-empowerment" anthem. According to Mike Joseph of PopMatters, "Upgrade U" contains "the natural chemistry" that Knowles and Jay-Z have in real life. The concept of the song revolves around a woman offering luxuries to a man, to upgrade the lifestyle and the reputation of the latter; similar to the concept of "Suga Mama", another track from "B'Day". Similarly, Phil Harrison of "Timeout" commented that the song has "a strange business-like" quality, which seems to posit a love affair as a business arrangement. Throughout the song, both Jay-Z and Knowles name-check a list of goods from prestige brands, companies, and personalities: "Audemars Piguet", a Swiss watchmaker; "Jacob the Jeweler", a celebrity jeweler; "Cartier", a jeweler and watch manufacturer; "Hermès", a luxury goods company; "Lorraine Schwartz", a celebrity jeweler; "Ralph Lauren Purple Label", a higher-end division of the famous designer's clothing line; "Natura Bisse Diamond Cream", a diamond dust mixed with cream; "6 star pent suites" (penthouse), of which only a handful exist in the world, such as at Crown Macau in China and Dreams Los Cabos near San Jose del Cabo in Mexico; "The Amalfi Coast", located in Southern Italy; "Fendi", a luxury goods company; and "The Bloomberg Luxury Accommodation Group", partly owned by the Calangian and Zobel families and located around the world catering to Hollywood-millionaire types. According to Eb Haynes of AllHipHop, Knowles displays "a lot of strength and confidence" when she mentions the assets she will gift her man to upgrade his lifestyle.  The song opens with a dialogue between Knowles and Jay-Z, with his verse rap sampling the lyrics, "How you gon' upgrade me? What's higher than number one? You know I used to beat that block. Now I be's the block." In the first verse, Knowles sings, "I hear you be the block but I'm the lights that keep the streets on". The chorus samples the lyrics: "You need a real woman in your life, that's a good look [...] Take care of home and still fly, that's a good look [...] Let me upgrade you, flip a new page". In the second verse, according to Sarah Rodman of "The Boston Globe", Knowles "disturbingly conflates transforming her man into a leader" by providing him with Veblen goods with "what Martin [Luther King, Jr.] did for the people", and after declaring herself the equal of her man offers to "let [him] take the lead role". Describing the lyrics of the second verse as Knowles' "funnier and more idiosyncratic than ever", Tim Finney of "Pitchfork" commented that she boasts of the song's "extreme makeover hard-sell" as she probably knows that she is "the only R&B singer" who could deliver those lines "with a straight face." Before the song ends, Jay-Z performs another verse-rap where he compares "the rock on his lady's finger to a tumor". In the third verse, Knowles declares to her love interest that his dynasty will ever remain incomplete without "a chief like [her]". She then delivers the chorus again before switching to her fourth and last verse: "Hermes briefcase, Cartier top clips, silk-lined blazers" and the song ends.

Critical reception.

"Upgrade U" received positive reviews from music critics, including those who complimented the assertive way in which Knowles expresses her desire of upgrading her partner with valuable assets. Eb Haynes of AllHipHop called the track "the finest of the Bonnie and Clyde, Ride or Die series". Sarah Rodman of "The Boston Globe" complimented the way that Knowles "declares herself an equal" and "disturbingly conflates transforming her man into a leader". Chris Williams of "The Washington Post" described the track a reflection of "buy-me-love sentiments". Andy Kellman of AllMusic considered "Upgrade U" the "most potent track on the album", which he described as a "low-slung Cameron Wallace production where Beyoncé wears and buys the pants while making her proposition sound more like empowerment than emasculation". Tim Finney of "Pitchfork" called it a "stiffly blaring" track and praised its lyrics, describing them to paraphrase as eccentric in a pleasant manner. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine found "Upgrade U" could very well be a Destiny's Child track.  Bernard Zuel of "The Sydney Morning Herald" referred to it as a "mechanical" track. Phil Harrison of "Timeout" commented that "['Upgrade U'] hints at ambivalence towards bling aspirations." Mike Joseph of PopMatters wrote that the song survives not only due to Knowles' confident vocals, but also due to the chemistry that she and Jay-Z have both in the song and in real-life. He also added that Jay-Z's rhymes strongly suggest that "this rhyme animal is hungrier than ever". Carolyn Davis of "US Magazine" described "Upgrade U" as a "catchy track" where Knowles and Jay-Z address rumors concerning "a possible engagement".  Joy Rosen of "Entertainment Weekly"s listed "Upgrade U" at number five on his list of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, complimenting the collaboration of Knowles and Jay-Z in the song as "both halves of music's power couple pay tribute to the virtues of materialism." Shaheem Reid, Jayson Rodriguez and Rahman Dukes of MTV News placed the song at number 11 on his year-end list of 27 Essential R&B Songs of 2007. On their ranking of the best singles of aughts, "Slant Magazine" included the song at number 168."Upgrade U" was nominated in the category of Best Duet/Collaboration at the 2007 BET Awards, but lost to "Runaway Love" by Ludacris (featuring Mary J. Blige).

Chart performance.

After the release of "B'Day", and before "Upgrade U"'s official release as a single, the song gained popularity on R&B and hip hop radio stations in the United States. Consequently, it entered the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and later the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at number 92 in the issue dated November 18, 2006. After its release as a promotional single, it reached a peak at number fifty-nine on the Hot 100 chart and a peak at number 11 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song re-entered the "Hot 100" chart on four occasions: it first fell out of the chart on January 13, 2007; re-entered on January 20, 2007, at number 94 and charted for two weeks only; it re-entered the chart on February 10, 2007, and was given the title of 'Best Comeback', though it fell off the chart the following week; it re-entered seven weeks later on March 24, 2007, at number 98, and stayed there for two weeks; The song made its last comeback on the Hot 100 chart on April 14, 2007, at number eighty, once again gaining the title of the 'Best Comeback'. This time it remained in the chart for five weeks. Overall, it remained on the Hot 100 for eighteen non-consecutive weeks. Although not officially released in the United Kingdom, "Upgrade U" charted for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 176 on May 19, 2007.

Music video.

The music video for "Upgrade U" was shot during the two-week filming for the "B'Day Anthology Video Album". It was directed by Melina and Knowles herself. The video was shot between those of "Kitty Kat" and "Green Light", and took about one and half days of filming. Jay-Z performed his rap scenes first, afterwards Knowles studied his scene, and then did her impersonation of him. Melina said: "If anybody knows Jay-Z, it would be Beyoncé". Knowles commented on her impersonation of Jay-Z on MTV, "I love what I did in ['Upgrade U'] because it's completely out of my character, or at least the character that people think I am. I was pretending to be Jay[-Z], and he was there, and I told him he had to leave, because I couldn't do it with him in the room — it was way too embarrassing. I think I did a pretty good job. I had the lip curl down!" The video premiered on February 28, 2007, on BET's "106 & Park", with the video for Knowles' other single release, "Beautiful Liar" (2007) featuring Shakira, premiering the same day on "Total Request Live" (TRL).  In the beginning of the video, Beyoncé is seen mouthing the words of Jay-Z's lyrics, dressed in masculine hip-hop style clothing. She is later seen wearing vintage Cazal 907 sunglasses while singing in the backseat of a Rolls Royce Silver Cloud III. During the choruses she dances in a gold minidress, in front of a group of male back-up dancers. She continues the Jay-Z imitation through his rapped verse and, halfway through it, Jay-Z appears to finish the rap himself with Beyoncé dancing around him, wearing a classic white dress-shirt. Beyoncé is seen amidst gold watches and jewelry, continuing the motif of luxury that is alluded to in the song. The music video for "Upgrade U" peaked at number six on Black Entertainment Television's "106 & Park" while it peaked at number one in the United Kingdom on MTV Base's "Chart Show" on May 16, 2007. The music video has been used as a commercial to advertise high definition satellite television from DirecTV; though portions of the video were re-shot for her announcement.

Live performances and covers.

Although Knowles did not perform the song in any televised appearances, it was a part of her set list on The Beyoncé Experience with Jay-Z in Los Angeles on September 2, 2007, and her worldwide I Am... Tour. When Knowles performed the song in Sunrise, Florida, on June 29, 2009, she was wearing a glittering gold leotard. As she sang, animated graphics of turntables, faders, and other nightclub equipment pulsed behind her, her dancers and the musicians. Knowles was accompanied by two drummers, two keyboardists, a percussionist, a horn section, three backup vocalists (collectively called Suga Mama), and guitarist Bibi McGill. "Upgrade U" was included as the fourteenth and twenty-second tracks on her live albums "The Beyoncé Experience Live" (2007) and "I Am... World Tour" (2010), respectively. "Upgrade U" was part of the set list of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's co-headlining On the Run Tour (2014).  2 Pistols' debut single "She Got It" which features T-Pain phrases "let me upgrade u" has been used on his 2008 debut album, "Death Before Dishonor". Additionally, Fabolous' "Make Me Better" featuring Ne-Yo phrases "front page ya" has been used on "From Nothin' to Somethin'". The phrase "let me upgrade U" from the song has also been used in Lil' Mama's "Lip Gloss", Kanye West's first verse in the freestyle of Rich Boy's "Throw Some D's", and Bow Wow's rap verse on the remix of Paula DeAnda's "Easy". Lil Wayne performed a freestyle over the beat of "Upgrade U" on his mixtape "Da Drought 3 "that was also included on Nicki Minaj's mixtape "Playtime Is Over". Beyoncé's former Destiny's Child group member LeToya Luckett referenced this song on a bonus track entitled "Swagger" on her second album "Lady Love" 'like bee say, 'let me upgrade ya'.  Side one

Formats and track listings.

Side two

Credits and personnel.

Credits are taken from "B'Day" liner notes.

"Upgrade U" is a song by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her second studio album "B'Day" (2006). The song features additional vocals from American rapper Jay-Z. It was composed by Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace, Beyoncé, MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Jay-Z, Willie Clarke, Clarence Reid, and Beyoncé's sister, Solange. Columbia Records released "Upgrade U" as a promotional single on 8 October 2006 in the United States only. "Upgrade U" draws from the genres of hip hop and contemporary R&B. The concept of the song revolves around a woman offering luxuries to a man to upgrade his lifestyle.


Personal life.

Halim Haryanto Ho was born in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia on 23 September 1976 to Hadimulya Ho and Ana Wun. Haryanto began playing badminton at the age of 8. He graduated from West Java, Indonesia High School in 1994 and joined the Indonesia National Badminton Team in 1995, specializing as a men's doubles player. He is currently married to Jeanny N. Ho, whose father is Hariamanto Kartono, silver medalist at the 1980 IBF World Championships and gold medalist of the All England, Indonesian Open, and Thomas Cup. Together they have two daughters, Gabriella Ho and Graciella Ho. Amongst his hobbies are basketball, swimming, watching James Bond movies, and That '70s Show. He also became a certified massage therapist in 2006. After living in the United States for seven years, Haryanto gained his U.S Citizenship on 19 August 2011.

Career.

From 1995 to 2004 Haryanto played for the Indonesia National Badminton Team with various partners before immigrating to the U.S in fall of 2004 to pursue a career as a badminton coach. In those 9 years he played for Indonesia, he enjoyed his most success with fellow countryman and now U.S citizen, Tony Gunawan. He won his first ever gold medals at the 1998 Malaysia Open and Brunei Open in men's doubles with Tony Gunawan. That year he was also the bronze medalists at the Badminton Asia Championships. In 2001 he won the bi-annual International Badminton Federation World Championship as well as the 2001 All England Championship in men's doubles with Tony Gunawan. They also won the 2001 Singapore Open that year as well. The Singapore Open would be the last international badminton tournament that Haryanto and Gunawan would compete in together under the PBSI.

2002-2004.

After the Singapore Open, Haryanto was paired up with Tri Kusharjanto as a part of the Indonesian 2002 Thomas Cup team. They eventually won the 2002, winning their final round match against Malaysia in men's doubles. Near the end 2002 Haryanto began coaching the Indonesian Junior National Badminton team at the SGS Badminton Club in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. In 2003 Haryanto was paired up with Candra Wijaya, Olympic gold medalist at the 2000 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with Haryanto's previous partner, Tony Gunawan. Their short-lived partnership won them the Copenhagen Masters in 2003 before Haryanto resigned from the Indonesia National Badminton Team and moved to the United States in October 2004.

2004–present.

After moving to the United States he procured a job as a badminton coach at Bay Badminton Center in Burlingame, California, while maintaining international presence. In 2005 Haryanto paired up with his former partner, Tony Gunawan (who moved to the United States as well), and won the 2005 Chinese Taipei Open, 2005 Bitburger Open, and the U.S. Open later in 2006. Since then, Haryanto has competed in and several won national level titles including the international level U.S Open as a representative of the United States. Haryanto is also a legendary coach, achieving Level 4 Certified High Performance Coach of USA Badminton, the highest coaching status in the United States. He was also a part of the 2011 United States Pan American Games Badminton Team that competed at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico. He is currently working as Apex Badminton Academy head coach at [San Diego Badminton Center Court - https://www.sdbccinc.com] in San Diego, California.

Achievements.

World Championships.

"Men's doubles"

Pan American Games.

"Men's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

Asian Games.

"Men's doubles"

Asian Championships.

"Men's doubles"

BWF Grand Prix.

The BWF Grand Prix has two levels: Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.  "Men's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

BWF International Challenge/Series/Satellite.

"Men's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

Invitation Tournament.

"Men's doubles"

Halim Haryanto Ho (born 23 September 1976) is an Indonesian former badminton player. He is a former world champion along with his doubles partner Tony Gunawan. Haryanto immigrated to the United States in 2004 to pursue a coaching career. He now resides in San Diego, California, Apex Badminton Academy head coach at SDBCC in San Diego and representing the United States as a badminton player of Team USA.


Life and career.

Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States, the only son of Margaret T. (Wehr) and Leonard Kunz, a master baker who played the French horn. He made his debut aged six and made his first appearance as a prodigy aged seven. During World War I he led his own resident band, while working in a munitions factory.  He came to the United Kingdom in 1922 as a pianist in a small dance band. He was to remain there until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery. He was such a distinctive and popular pianist that he abandoned his orchestra to concentrate on his piano playing, both at music hall venues and on the BBC. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his orchestra in the 1930s: Vera Lynn and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known crooner was George Barclay. Kunz was the pianist in a dance band which was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. The band came to London in 1922 to play a residency in the London Trocadero. The band returned without Kunz to Pennsylvania after a successful run at the 'Troc' and, until 1998, still got together for sessions for retirement homes, renamed as 'The B Flats'.  His debut as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire, London followed by countless variety theatres in Britain and the Continent, after playing in hotels, restaurants and ballrooms. The same year saw the beginning of what was to become a continuous output of solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys". His signature tune was "Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie", and his closing theme was "Pink Elephants".  He became the highest paid pianist in the world, earning up to £1,000 a week. His piano transcriptions sold widely in the teaching of piano-playing. Kunz's playing style was a relaxed flowing interpretation of popular melodies played with subtle soft and loud accents, which he called "melody and rhythm with expression".  He was married three times:  He is buried in Streatham Park Cemetery in London.

Charles Leonard Kunz (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was an American-born British musician popular during the British dance band era, and who became a pianist.


Academic work.

Lindblom was one of the early developers and advocates of the theory of incrementalism in policy and decision-making. This view (also called gradualism) takes a "baby-steps", "Muddling Through" or "Echternach Theory" approach to decision-making processes. In it, policy change is, under most circumstances, evolutionary rather than revolutionary. He came to this view through his extensive studies of Welfare policies and Trade Unions throughout the industrialized world. These views are set out in two articles, separated by 20 years: "The Science Of 'Muddling Through'" (1959) and “Still Muddling, Not yet through” (1979), both published in Public Administration Review.  Together with his friend, colleague and fellow Yale professor Robert A. Dahl, Lindblom was a champion of the Polyarchy (or "Pluralistic") view of political elites and governance in the late 1950s and early 1960s. According to this view, no single, monolithic elite controls government and society, but rather a series of specialized elites compete and bargain with one another for control. It is this peaceful competition and compromise between elites in politics and the marketplace that drives free-market democracy and allows it to thrive.  However, Lindblom soon began to see the shortcomings of Polyarchy with regard to democratic governance. When certain groups of elites gain crucial advantages, become too successful and begin to collude with one another instead of compete, Polyarchy can easily turn into Corporatism.  Lindblom died on January 30, 2018 at the age of 100.

"Politics and Markets (1977)".

In his best known work, "Politics And Markets" (1977), Lindblom notes the "Privileged position of business in Polyarchy". He also introduces the concept of "circularity", or "controlled volitions" where "even in the democracies, masses are persuaded to ask from elites only what elites wish to give them." Thus any real choices and competition are limited. Worse still, any development of alternative choices or even any serious discussion and consideration of them is effectively discouraged. An example of this is the political party system in the United States, which is almost completely dominated by two powerful parties that often reduce complex issues and decisions down to two simple choices. Related to this is the concurrent concentration of the U.S. mass communications media into an Oligopoly, which effectively controls who gets to participate in the national dialogue and who suffers a censorship of silence.  "Politics And Markets" provoked a wide range of critical reactions that extended beyond the realms of academia. The Mobil Corporation took out a full page ad in "The New York Times" to denounce it. This helped the book achieve greater notoriety, which in turn helped it get onto "The New York Times" Best Seller list (a rarity for a scholarly work). Due to his criticism of democratic capitalism and polyarchy, and also for his seeming praise for the political-economy of Tito's Yugoslavia, Lindblom was (perhaps predictably) labeled a "Closet Communist" and a "Creeping Socialist" by conservative critics in the west. Marxist and Communist critics chided him for not going far enough. Originally, Dahl, too, disagreed with many of Lindblom's observations and conclusions; but in a recent work "How Democratic Is the American Constitution?" he also has become critical of polyarchy in general and its U.S. form in particular.  Lindblom elaborated on his work in a 1982 "Journal of Politics" article. According to Lindblom, it is hard for politicians to implement change when those changes adversely affect those who control capital, because those who control capital create the conditions that determine the success of society. Unlike other actors, who must proactively advocate for and against policies, the owners of capital can by virtue of their importance for society shape public policy decisions.  In "The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What to Make of It" (2001), Lindblom echoed and expanded upon many of his concerns raised in "Politics And Markets". The most important of these is that while the Market System is the best mechanism yet devised for creating and fostering wealth and innovation, it is not very efficient at assigning non-economic values and distributing social or economic justice.

Charles Edward Lindblom (March 21, 1917 – January 30, 2018) was an American academic who was Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Economics at Yale University. He served as President of the American Political Science Association and the Association for Comparative Economic Studies, as well as Director of Yale's Institution for Social and Policy Studies.


History.

The firm was founded in 1964 by Egon P.S. Zehnder (a 1956 Harvard Business School graduate) and would later grow to having 68 offices in 40 countries.  In 1992, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Dr. Zehnder, who at the time was 62, had transitioned out of running the firm and that A. Daniel Meiland, who had been the firm's regional director for North America, would be named chairman of the executive committee and chief executive officer of the company.  In 2000, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Egon Zehnder International (as the company was called at the time) was the largest executive search firm in Europe.  From 2008 to 2014, Damien O’Brien was the chief executive officer. O'Brien then served as Chairman from 2010 to 2018. Jill Ader is his successor, and was elected as Chairperson June 2018. Currently Edilson Camara serves as CEO

Corporate structure.

In 2013, "The Wall Street Journal" reported the firm has some 1,200 employees, including 420 consultants. In early 2013, the firm rebranded worldwide, dropping International from its name.

Events & Initiatives.

Leaders & Daughters.

Egon Zehnder introduced Leaders & Daughters in March 2015 in London to provide a forum for addressing both the gender divide and the opportunity gap faced by the next generation of women leaders. The event brings together leaders and their daughters and mentees to discuss the obstacles women leaders face and how to tackle such obstacles.  The event, which marks its 6th year in 2020, is held across 32 cities worldwide and over 5,000 attendees annually.

Letters to My Daughter.

As part of the Leaders & Daughters initiative, Egon Zehnder invites leaders to write letters to their daughters to collectively inspire, cultivate and pave a better future for the next generation of female leaders.

Exclusive Research.

Egon Zehnder has conducted exclusive research on diversity, inclusion and leadership.

Leaders and Daughters Survey 2017.

The Leaders & Daughters 2017 survey explores findings from over 7,000 professional female respondents worldwide in Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, India, the United States and the United Kingdom on topics ranging from career motivations and ambition to professional advancement and key influencers.

The CEO: A Personal Reflection.

Egon Zehnder's "The CEO: A Personal Reflection" surveyed 402 CEOs from various industries, countries and corporate structures. They shared perspectives on the realities of the role, their preparation, their succession planning process, and how they lead and cope in these volatile times.

Global Board Diversity Analysis: 2012-2018.

Egon Zehnder has tracked gender and international diversity on boards around the world for the past 14 years.

2012 European Board Diversity Analysis.

The "2012 European Board Diversity Analysis" looked at the boards of 353 of the largest companies across 17 European countries between May and June 2012. The analysis aims to contrast and compare the progress made by European companies in diversifying their boards. Data was gathered to measure how many women are engaged as board members in Europe, what is the nature of their engagement – executive roles vs. non-executive roles, leadership roles on the board or within committees – and whether women’s participation on boards has increased or decreased over time. The research also looked briefly at wider definitions of diversity such as non-national board memberships.

2014 European Board Diversity Analysis with a Global Perspective.

The "2014 European Board Diversity Analysis" – the sixth in a series of biennial studies initiated in 2004 – profiles the boards of 356 of the largest companies across 17 European countries. The 2014 study also includes a global perspective, exploring gender diversity across 568 large company boards in other regions of the world.

2016 Global Board Diversity Analysis (GBDA).

The Egon Zehnder "2016 Global Board Diversity Analysis (GBDA)" evaluates board data from 1,491 public companies with market capitalization exceeding EUR 6bn across 44 countries.

2018 Global Board Diversity Tracker: Who’s Really On Board?

Their 2018 report", Who's Really on Board?", analyzes BoardEx data from 1,610 public companies with market caps above 7 billion euros in 44 different countries as of May 2018. In countries with fewer large companies, they use the six largest companies as measured by market capitalization.

Egon Zehnder is a global management consulting and executive search firm. Egon Zehnder is the world's largest privately held executive search firm and the third largest executive search and talent strategy firm globally. The firm offers services in Executive Search, Board Consulting and Leadership Strategy Services.


Career.

Magnusson's Swedish national titles included seven in women's singles between 1982 and 1990. She won the bronze medal at the 1989 IBF World Championships and a silver medal at the 1991 IBF World Championships in women's doubles with Maria Bengtsson. She also represented Sweden at the 1992 Summer Olympics and 1996 Summer Olympics. She won gold in women's doubles at the 1992 and 1994 European Badminton Championships with Lim Xiaoqing and the Badminton World Cup women's doubles with Lim in 1993.  In the Open Grand Prix Circuit Christine Magnusson won the USSR International titles in singles and doubles (with Maria Bengtsson) in 1981, the Scottish Open singles titles in 1985, 1986 and 1988. In 1987 she won the Belgian International in women's singles and the Dutch Open doubles title with Maria Bengtsson. She won more women's doubles titles again with Maria Bengtsson at the Belgian International 1988 and also at the Chinese Taipei Masters Open 1988 and the Finnish International 1990. In 1991 she won both the singles and doubles titles (with Maria Bengtsson) at the Chinese Taipei Masters Open.  She won the Scottish Open and German Open women's doubles titles in 1991 and 1992 with Lim Xiaoqing. She also won the doubles title at the Danish Open with Lim Xiaoqing in 1992 and 1994, the US Open in 1992, and both the Malaysia Open and Chinese Taipei Open in 1993.  In 1996 Christine Magnusson won the Polish Open doubles title with Marina Andrievskaia.

Personal life.

Christine Magnusson was born in Uganda, as daughter of an Ugandan mother and a Swedish father. The family fled Uganda during the rule of Idi Amin and moved to Sweden in 1975 after also living in Kenya for a while, where she first came in contact with badminton. After arriving in Sweden she became a member of the Taby Badminton Club at the young age of ten years. Under the guidance of trainer Dan Andersson she quickly improved her skills and already at a young age of 16 years she was selected by the National badminton team of Sweden. Eventually playing two Olympic Games and many international events at the top level of the sport of badminton for many decades.  Christine was married to fellow Danish badminton player Max Gandrup and the pair have two children; daughter Tanja born in 1997 and son Kevin born in 1999. After retirement in the sport she started working as a sales coordinator at a cosmetics company. In her free time she now plays golf.

Christine Kajumba Magnusson (born November 21, 1964 in Toro Kingdom, Uganda) is a retired Swedish badminton player who won events in numerous Swedish National, open European and other international tournaments.


Career.

As player.

Manthey had his greatest success in Dessau. His first senior matches came when he was just 17 years old, playing for Meidericher SV in the Bezirksklasse Niederrhein. For the 1932-33 season Manthey joined the Bezirksliga side SV Schwarz-Weiß Westende Hamborn where he stayed until 1936. He then left the Rhine area and joined SV Dessau 05, competing in the Gauliga Mitte, one of then 16 top flight leagues. He won the Gauliga championship six times, qualifying for the German championship play-offs. Manthey played in 17 of the 22 championship play-off matches, establishing himself as a midfielder. His last match in the German championship came on 16 April 1944, when Dessau lost at home 2-3 after extra time to Holstein Kiel. After World War II, Dessau 05 was disbanded and replaced by a new club which changed names frequently. Manthey played for this new club, then called Sport-Union Dessau, until 1947 when he left for Werder Bremen. After staying in Bremen for half a year, he returned to Dessau and re-joined his club. After another short stint at Bremen, Manthey finally settled in Dessau and became player-manager of SG Dessau-Nord, which was renamed BSG Waggonbau Dessau in 1949.

As player-manager.

Waggonbau Dessau were one of the founding members of the Oberliga that was introduced as the top flight in the Soviet occupation zone in 1949. With Manthey at the helm, Dessau finished third in their first season and also won the inaugural FDGB-Pokal, beating Gera Süd 1–0. Manthey kept playing until the end of 1950–51 Oberliga season and played in 46 Oberliga matches. In his playing career, Manthey won several caps for the selections of the Gauliga Mitte, of Saxony-Anhalt (4) and of the Soviet occupation zone (2).

As manager.

At the start of the 1951–52 season, DDR-Liga side BSG Stahl Magdeburg signed Manthey as manager. He officially acted as player-manager again in his first season, playing in three matches. The club was soon renamed to BSG Motor Mitte Magdeburg, but Manthey was unable to win promotion to the Oberliga with the side. At the end of the 1954–55 season he was replaced by Heinz Joerk, but re-hired on 30 September 1956 when the club was in danger of relegation. He finished in third place and saw the club absorbed into SC Aufbau Magdeburg in 1957. When Magdeburg had a bad start to the 1958 season, he was fired again in April 1958. He later managed lower league sides such as TuS Neustadt in Magdeburg or Chemie Rodleben.

Johannes "Hans" Manthey (born 8 March 1914) is a former football player turned manager. He played in pre–World War II Germany, as well as in the Bizone and East Germany. He later managed clubs in the DDR-Oberliga.


Background and political career.

Aged 49 at the time that she assumed office as Premier, Jenkins had been the Mayor of the Pixley ka Seme (formerly Bo Karoo) District Municipality, at De Aar in the Karoo. Previously she was a teacher.  Born on 6 June 1960 in Ceres in the Western Cape, she was educated in Worcester, matriculating from the Esselen Park High School. She graduated with a teaching diploma from the Bellville Training College, with her first posting as a teacher at Rocklands High School in Mitchell's Plain, Cape Town. Jenkins was a Youth Councillor in the Anglican Church.  In 1995 Jenkins was elected as a Councillor in De Aar's Emthanjeni Local Municipality, going on to serve as Executive Mayor for the Bo-Karoo District Municipality. She served two terms as the Deputy Chairperson of the South African Local Government Association.

Premier of the Northern Cape.

In 2009, following the landslide victory of the ruling African National Congress in the general election, Jenkins was announced as the party's nominee for Premier of the Northern Cape, in succession to Dipuo Peters. The announcement drew criticism from the provincial ANC branch, however, which was annoyed at the sidelining of its chairperson John Block. Jenkins said at the time: "We will work as a united force. Contrary to what some might say about the premier being a puppet on a string, we will work as a collective..." Block pledged his support, adding "I still remain the political head of the Province and together with the PEC (Provincial Executive Council) will assist and guide Jenkins and the rest of the Executive Council."  Her Premiership became effective on 6 May 2009.

Appointment of Acting Premiers.

Jenkins collapsed, suffering a stroke, while delivering her 2012 State of the Province Address in Kimberley on 17 February 2012, and was admitted to the intensive care unit at Kimberley Hospital. The Executive Council of the Province met on 20 February, unanimously resolving to appoint the MEC for Education, Ms Grizelda Cjiekella, as Acting Premier for the duration of Premier Hazel Jenkins’ incapacity leave.  Premier Jenkins, following a lengthy hospital stay, made a surprise first public appearance at the Northern Cape ANC elective conference in Upington on 7 June 2012. "She appeared healthy," reported the media, "singing and dancing along with President Jacob Zuma and other members of the party’s upper echelons."  On April 2, 2013, Hazel Jenkins officially stepped down from the post of Premier of the Northern Cape and was to be succeeded by Sylvia Lucas, the Provincial Minister for Environmental Affairs. However the motion to recognize Jenkins' stepping down was opposed on procedural grounds. A vote in the Northern Cape legislature on 30 April 2013, in which opposition parties COPE and the Democratic Alliance took part, failed to achieve the required two thirds support for the motion to be carried. Accordingly, Jenkins technically remained premier and Lucas was sworn in on the same day as Grizelda Cjiekella's successor as acting premier of the province.  Jenkins resigned as premier with effect from 22 May 2013, paving the way of Lucas to be sworn in as her successor.

Hazel Gertrude Jenkins is a South African politician and former Premier of the Northern Cape province. She served as Premier from May 2009 until she officially stood down in April 2013, following a stroke. The motion to recognise her stepping down as Premier (on medical grounds) was defeated in a vote by the legislature on 30 April 2013 so that technically Jenkins remained Premier. Hence Sylvia Lucas was sworn in on 30 April not as Jenkins' successor but as Acting Premier. Jenkins subsequently resigned, as of 22 May 2013, paving the way for Lucas to be sworn in as her successoron 23 May 2013.


Structure.

Law XII (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Santiago de Chile) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of the "Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias" of 1680—which reproduces Philip IV's decree of February 17, 1609—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia.  In the city of Santiago de Chile shall reside another Royal "Audiencia" and Chancellery of ours, with a president-governor-captain general; four judges of civil cases ["oidores"], who shall also be judges of criminal cases ["alcaldes del crimen"]; a crown attorney ["fiscal"]; a bailiff ["alguacil mayor"]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials, which will have for district all of said Kingdom of Chile, with the cities, towns, places and lands, which are included in the government of those provinces, including what is now pacified and populated, as well as what shall be subdued, populated and pacified inside and outside the Straits of Magellan and inland to the Cuyo Province, inclusive. And we order that said president-governor-captain general govern and administer its government ("gobernación") in all matters and by all means, and that said "Audiencia", nor any other minister interfere in this, except our Viceroy of Peru, in the cases, which comply with the laws in this book and as permitted by our orders, and that said president do not intervene in matters of justice, and leave the "oidores" to decree in them freely, and that all sign that which they decree, sentence or dispatch. The Province of Cuyo was transferred to the Audiencia of Buenos Aires, when the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in the late eighteenth century.

Independence.

The "Audiencia" continued to function after the establishment of the First Government Junta of the Kingdom of Chile on September 18, 1810, until the Figueroa mutiny of April 1, 1811. In fact, its Regent, Fernando Márquez de la Plata, was elected as one of the junta's members. The Figueroa uprising provided a reason to dissolve the "Audiencia", seen by many as a bastion of royalism, and it was replaced by a "Tribunal de Apelaciones" or Appeals Court.  With the temporary return of royalists to power after the Battle of Rancagua, the body was reconstituted by the new Governor-Captain General, Mariano Osorio. It functioned until 1818, when it was finally shut down by the independent government of Bernardo O'Higgins, again replaced by a new appeals court, this time called the "Cámara de Apelaciones". This was in turn the ancestor of today's Chilean Appeals Court in Santiago.

The Royal "Audiencia" of Santiago () was an "Audiencia Real" or royal law court that functioned in Santiago de Chile during the Spanish colonial period. This body heard both civil and criminal cases. It was founded during the 17th century and abolished in 1818.