Adult life.

Francesco began his work as a goldsmith before turning to illuminating. No information has been uncovered about his family as a child or adult, or about how he began illuminating. Goldsmiths turned illuminists were very common at the time because goldsmiths were trained to create fine details in their work which translated well for illustrating tiny books. He was creative in the details he included in his work. For example, in Book of Hours of Lorenzo the Magnificent and Clarice Orsini he incorporates astrological symbols that correspond with each member of their family into his designs. This pleased the Medici so much that they hired him again to work on more books for them. Through Francesco's work it is also clear that he had at least some knowledge of ancient Roman works. In the fifteenth century, Roman works were popular, but only known to the public through descriptions and copies by famous artists. Only the best artists of the time were able to see the uncovered Roman works and less famous artists rarely got a chance. Nevertheless, it was very popular for artists to replicate the classics to the best of their abilities through descriptions of the Roman works. Francesco designed his floral arrangements and the many putti in a classical Roman way throughout his works. Putti are commonly shown in Renaissance art; they are depictions of small naked children or, more typically, cherubs. Francesco's boldness and creativeness is exemplified by the numerous putti, candelabras, and the use of a rare sketch watercolor technique.  Francesco was also recorded to have been enrolled in the Compagnia di San Paolo in Florence which was one of the minor guilds for doctors and apothecaries. There was not a specific guild for artists so many relocated to the guild of doctors and apothecaries because it was common practice for artists to buy their pigment from the apothecaries. It was not until the 16th century that a guild specifically for artists was created. These guilds are important to history because most of them kept meticulous documents on who joined them and what art they created.  Francesco was often compared to the Pollaiuolo brothers in terms of his artistic style. Antonio Pollaiuolo was renowned for his skill in depicting the human figure and was one of the first artists to practice anatomical dissection. Pollaiuolo's style has been described as pure and sober, except for his female faces which are comparable to bright elegance of the madonnas created by Baldovinetti. Francesco and Antonio Pollaiuolo's landscapes were very similar which can be seen in the composition of three Marys at the Tomb (E 204, fol. 2v), or in the Communion of the Apostles (fol. 169r). Piero Pollaiuolo, the other brother, also has direct links to inspiring Francesco. In Francesco's "Disputationes" he represents his connection to Piero through a design on rug. The pattern on the rug is exactly the same as one Piero used in one of his work, but instead of a rug he had the pattern featured on a throne. Francesco was also compared by the art historian Annaroza Garzelli to Domenico Veneziano in terms of his luminosity.

Works.

The books Francesco illustrated ranged in all sizes and covered varied literary, scientific, historical, and religious topics. He produced works for the book merchant Vespasiano da Bisticci, who in turn commissioned works for prominent court libraries outside of Florence, including for Ferdinand I of Naples, Louis XI of France, and Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. Francesco's work for Matthias Cornvinus was displayed in Biblioteca Corviniana, the first great humanist library that was not located in Italy. In 1456, Francesco created his first piece for the Petrarch manuscript which was documented in the guild Compagnia di San Paolo.  His productions for the Medici family began in 1457 when he illustrated the "Exorcism of St Zeno" in choir-books for Pistoia Cathedral commissioned by Bishop Donato Medici. He continued his employment by the Medici family when Piero de’ Medici commissioned him in 1458 to illustrate Pliny’s Natural History. He later illuminated Cosimo il Vecchio's choir-books of the Badia of Fiesole in 1461. In 1463, in collaboration with Zanobi Strozzi, he helped illuminate a choir-book for Cathedral of Florence, now in the Laurentian Library (Nos. 149, 150, 151). Strozzi was eleven years older than Francesco, but was also a pupil of Fra Angelico which is where the two artists met. Strozzi famously created the "Madonna and Child with Four Angels" today located in the Museum of San Marco in Florence. The collaboration with Francesco took eleven years and took the help of an entire workshop which included Cosimo Rosselli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Attavante Attavanti and the Master of the Hamilton Xenophon. In Francesco's additions to "Triumphs" and "Apollo and Daphne" he used only drawings or tinted drawings. He also depicted a humanist working in his study while illustrating for Ptolemy and Pliny’s books which was the first of his time.  In 1475, Francesco illuminated a work for Ferdinando di Bologna. Ferdinando had been sent a copy of the "Livio" from Valencia (ms. 56 della Biblioteca Universitaria) of just plain text. Francesco was likely hired through Vespasiano da Bisticci, who handled most of Francesco's clients that were not located in Florence. Francesco illuminated the entire book for Ferdinando, utilizing his miniaturist skills. In the 15th century all books were sold just as text and did not include pictures. As a sign of wealth, the upperclass families would hire prominent illuminators to paint their books for them. In this way illuminators became popular and gained reputations based on the wealth of their clients.  When Francesco worked on illuminating works he focused on illustrating the different virtues and was said to be inspired by Botticelli. He believed that by illustrating them he would force readers to think about the specific traits they need to reach heaven. Through these virtues one could focus on their faith and gain salvation. The virtues most often depicted in his works were justice, prudence, temperance, and strength.  Francesco del Chierico worked on illustrating copies of Natural History by Pliny the Elder. The work is divided into 10 volumes and 37 books which cover everything the ancient Roman knew about natural sciences. Francesco illustrated Pliny twice in the books which are now located in Vienna and Naples. These depictions of Pliny are especially of significance due to his attire. He chose to depict Pliny in his standard portrait face and dressed in typical fourteenth century clothing, to be specific the clothing of a professor.

"Disputationes Camaldulenses".

There is still controversy today over the painters of many miniaturists' work. Luisa Vertova, a contributor to "The Robert Lehman Collection, V. Italian 15th to 17th Century Drawings", and Annarosa Garzelli have contradicting opinions on who illustrated the portrait of Federico da Montefeltro in the copy of the "Disputationes camaldulenses (Camaldolese Disputations) (Urb. lat. 508, Biblioteca Apostolica, Vatican)" by Cristoforo Landino. Francesco illuminated parts of the manuscript including an image of Landino and the Glory of Christ, yet there is speculation as to if he is the true artist to a portrait of two men.  On one particular page of the manuscript Francesco compares the spiritual to the secular. There are two paintings made in ovals on this page, the first depicting the author Cristoforo Landino, the second depicting Christ in glory. In this Christ is representing the spiritual, Landino the secular. There are other speculations that Francesco was trying to depict contemplation versus action with Christ as contemplation.  A miniature portrait of Federico da Montefeltro has him depicted on the left holding a book while looking at the man on the right, either the illuminator, Francesco, or the author, Cristoforo Landino. There is debate as to who the man on the right is due to little documentation or previous portraits of either Landino or Francesco. Vertova cites Francesco di Giorgio Martini as the artist, but mentions that sources differ on the painter, specifically mentioning Garzelli's book as having a different citation. Francesco di Giorgio Martini was of the same time period from Siena and was an accomplished architect, painter, sculptor, and military engineer. Although he was from Siena, Giorgio Martini had very Florentine qualities in his work which fueled the confusion between him and Di Antonio. His major paintings include the "Coronation of the Virgin" and "A Women in a Stormy Landscape". There was also some lesser speculation that the work was by Francesco Roselli, a student of Di Antonio's. It is commonly accepted that Francesco did illuminate all the borders of the book. Further evidence that he created the double portrait is that the two men in it are standing behind what looks like a window. The window frames the two men and cuts them off at the waist with a rug hanging over the sill. This is the rug that was previously mentioned for having and identical pattern to that of Piero Pallaiuolo. It was common for Francesco to put architectural aspects, such as this one, into his works. Although there is controversy on the particular work, the majority of sources site Francesco di Antonio del Chierico as the artist.  Later in Francesco's life it is speculated that he was the master of Francesco Rosselli due to their stylistic similarities. Rosselli was a Florentine native and twelve years Chierico's junior. Although there is little written documentation of his primary training, Rosselli and Francesco worked at the same time in Florence and Rosselli developed an artistic style like that of Francesco's. Rosselli would go on to illustrate the most important maps of the world at the time including one of the first full maps of the world after Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas. He was also said to have a great influence on relatively unknown artists such as the Master of the Decads and Bartolomeo di Domenico di Guido and on more popular artists, Attavante and the Master of the Hamilton Xenophon.  Francesco is often cited as being one of the first artists to connect Naples to Florence. Many works help prove that ideas between artists were circulating from Naples to Florence and vice versa, often along with sketches. Francesco was clearly a key piece of this sharing of styles when, after illuminating the double portrait Ferdinando di Bologna the style of the double portrait, it began to show up all over Italy.

Further reading.

Garzelli, Annarosa. “Miniatura Fiorentina Del Rinascimento. 1440-1525.” "Miniatura Fiorentina Del Rinascimento. 1440-1525", vol. 1, Giunta Regionale Toscana, 1985, pp. 141–142.

Francesco di Antonio del Chierico (1433–1484) was a manuscript illuminator of the early Renaissance period in Florence. Francesco began as a goldsmith before changing occupations to become a successful illustrator. He was one of the pupils of Fra Angelico and became famous for being Lorenzo de' Medici's favorite illuminator. He worked under some of the most prestigious patrons of the time, including Lorenzo de' Medici (otherwise known as Lorenzo the Magnificent), Piero de’ Cosimo de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio, and Vespasiano da Bisticci. He gained a reputation for his well executed illustrations in varying types of books ranging in size from small books of hours to large choir books. His illustrations often included intricate floral arrangements, putti, and candelabras. He decorated both the borders of manuscripts and full pages.


List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal

A.

Abrantes  Águeda  Alcobaça  Alcoutim  Alfândega da Fé  Aljezur  Aljustrel  Almada  Almeirim  Alpiarça  Alvito  Amadora  Amarante  Anadia  Angra do Heroísmo  Ansião  Arcos de Valdevez  Arganil  Arouca  Arraiolos  Arruda dos Vinhos  Aveiro

B.

Barcelos  Barreiro  Batalha  Belmonte  Braga  Bragança

C.

Cabeceiras de Basto  Caldas da Rainha Câmara de Lobos  Caminha  Cantanhede  Cartaxo  Cascais  Castanheira de Pera  Castelo Branco  Castro Daire  Castro Marim  Celorico de Basto  Chaves  Coimbra  Condeixa-a-Nova  Constância

E.

Entroncamento Évora

F.

Fafe  Faro  Felgueiras  Figueira da Foz  Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo  Funchal

G.

Golegã  Gondomar  Guarda  Guimarães

I.

Idanha-a-Nova  Ílhavo

L.

Lagoa, Algarve  Lagoa, Azores  Lamego  Leiria  Lisbon  Loulé  Loures  Lourinhã  Lousada

M.

Macedo de Cavaleiros  Madalena  Maia  Manteigas  Marinha Grande  Matosinhos  Mêda  Mira  Miranda do Corvo  Miranda do Douro  Mirandela  Mogadouro  Moita  Monção  Montemor-o-Velho  Mortágua

N.

Nazaré

O.

Óbidos  Oeiras  Oleiros  Oliveira do Bairro  Ourém

P.

Paços de Ferreira  Paredes de Coura  Penamacor  Pinhel  Ponta Delgada  Ponte da Barca  Ponte de Lima  Ponte de Sor  Porto  Póvoa de Varzim

R.

Ribeira Grande

S.

Santa Maria da Feira  Santarém Santiago do Cacém  Santo Tirso  São João da Madeira  São Pedro do Sul  Seia  Seixal  Sernancelhe  Sesimbra is a member of the Douzelage, a town twinning association of towns across the European Union. Sesimbra also has one other twin town.  "Douzelage" "Other" Setúbal  Sines  Sintra  Soure  Soure – Samuel is a member of the "Charter of European Rural Communities", a town twinning association across the European Union, alongside with:

T.

Tarouca  Tavira  Tomar  Tondela  Torres Novas  Torres Vedras

V.

Vale de Cambra  Valpaços  Viana do Castelo  Vila do Bispo  Vila do Conde  Vila Franca de Xira  Vila Nova da Barquinha  Vila Nova de Poiares  Vila Pouca de Aguiar  Vila Real  Vila Verde  Viseu  Vizela

This is a list of municipalities in Portugal having standing links to local communities in other countries. In most cases, the association, especially when formalised by local government, is known as "town twinning" (though other terms, such as "partner towns" "(geminações)" or "sister cities" are sometimes used instead), and while most of the places included are towns, the list also comprises villages, cities, districts, counties, etc. with similar links.


Background.

When the War of the Spanish Succession ended in 1713, Spain lost its Italian possessions of Sicily and Sardinia, and their recovery was a priority for Giulio Alberoni, the Chief Minister. Sardinia was reoccupied in 1717 but when they landed on Sicily in July 1718, the Royal Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro, beginning the War of the Quadruple Alliance.  To divert British resources from the Mediterranean, Alberoni devised a plan for 7,000 Spanish troops to land in South-West England, march on London and restore James Stuart. Historians question how serious he was; since Alberoni was one of the few contemporary statesmen with experience of amphibious operations, he was well aware of how unlikely this was. Cape Passaro demonstrated the Royal Navy's power in far less favourable circumstances, which meant the Spanish fleet was unlikely to even reach England, let alone be allowed to disembark large numbers of troops. When the Spanish fleet finally left Cádiz in March, it was battered by a ferocious storm, and took refuge in Coruña, where it remained.  The plan included a simultaneous rising in Scotland, to capture Inverness, and allow a Swedish expeditionary force to disembark. Driven by Charles XII of Sweden's dispute with Hanover, it shows the complexity caused by its ruler George I also being British monarch. Charles died in November 1718, ending any hope of Swedish support, and thus the entire purpose of the Scottish uprising.  In the end, only two frigates carrying George Keith and 300 Spanish soldiers reached Stornoway in the Isle of Lewis. Here they were joined by exiles from France, including the Earl of Seaforth, James Keith, the Marquess of Tullibardine, Lord George Murray and Cameron of Lochiel. On 13 April, they learned of the failure elsewhere; Tullibardine, who was commander of Jacobite land forces, recommended retreat, but Keith prevented this by ordering the two frigates back to Spain.  With no other option, the main force of around 1,000 Highlanders plus the Spanish troops prepared to march on Inverness, leaving their excess stores at Eilean Donan guarded by 40 Spaniards. On 10 May, a British naval squadron captured the castle, blocking any escape by sea, while Joseph Wightman's force of around 1,000 men with four Coehorn mortars advanced towards Glen Shiel. On 9 June, they reached Loch Cluanie, less than 8 miles (13 km) from the Jacobite camp.

The battle.

John Henry Bastide, a subaltern in Montague's regiment who had a long career as a military engineer drew a detailed plan of the battlefield and the movements of the opposing forces soon after the battle. The section detailing the battle itself is missing but it is possible to reconstruct the main elements.  Tullibardine prepared a strong position near the Five Sisters hills, with the Spanish in the centre and the Highlanders on the flanks behind a series of trenches and barricades. Wightman's force arrived about 4:00 pm on 10 June and began the attack an hour later by firing their mortars at the Jacobite flanking positions. This caused few casualties but the Scots had not encountered mortars before, allowing four platoons of Clayton's and Munro's to advance up the hill to their lines, then use grenades to bomb them out of their positions.  Once the Jacobite right had been dislodged, Harrison and Montague attacked the Jacobite left under Lord Seaforth. This was strongly entrenched behind a group of rocks on the hillside but skilful use of the mortars forced Seaforth's men to give way while he himself was badly wounded. Commanded by Colonel Nicolas de Castro Bolano, the Spanish in the centre stood their ground, but had to withdraw up the mountain as their flanks gave way.  The battle lasted until 9:00 pm; several accounts claim the heather caught fire and smoke combined with failing light enabled the bulk of the Scots to disappear into the night. The Spanish surrendered next morning, and as regular troops were later shipped home; Lord George Murray, Seaforth and Tullibardine were wounded but the Jacobite leaders also managed to escape. An analysis by historian Peter Simpson attributes Wightman's victory to skilful use of mortars, the superior firepower of his grenadiers and the aggression shown by his infantry.

Aftermath.

Jacobite casualties were hard to estimate since few bodies were left on the field and the wounded managed to escape, including Seaforth and Lord George Murray; Wightman lost 21 killed and 120 wounded. Lord Carpenter, commander in Scotland, advised London pursuing the rebels was impractical, and it was best to let them go, arguing the Rising had only damaged the Jacobite cause. Tullibardine concurred; in his letter of 16 June 1719 to the Earl of Mar, he provides a description of the battle, and states "it bid fair to ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts".  In October 1719, a British naval expedition captured the Spanish port of Vigo, held it for ten days, destroyed vast quantities of stores and equipment, then re-embarked unopposed, with huge quantities of loot. This demonstration of naval power led to Alberoni's dismissal, and ended Spanish support for the Jacobites.  Senior Jacobites like Bolingbroke, Seaforth and Lord George Murray were allowed home, while others took service elsewhere. James Keith became a Prussian general, and was killed at Hochkirch in 1758. George joined the Prussian diplomatic corps; he refused to join the 1745 Rising, and was ambassador to Spain from 1759 to 1761. Although pardoned in 1763, he died in Potsdam in 1778.  Tullibardine remained in exile, took part in the 1745 Rising, and died in the Tower of London in July 1746. Lord George served as one of Prince Charles' senior commanders, and died in the Dutch Republic in October 1760.

Conservation of battlefield.

The area known as 'Spanish Hill' is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The stone breastworks built by the Jacobites on the northern slope are a rare example of surviving fieldworks in Britain, and designated a scheduled monument.  In advance of the 300th anniversary of the battle, the National Trust for Scotland was involved in an archaeological survey of the site. Finds included ammunition from the mortars which were deployed against the Jacobite forces.

The Battle of Glen Shiel, or, took place on 10 June 1719 in the West Scottish Highlands, during the 1719 Jacobite Rising. A Jacobite army composed of Highland levies and Spanish marines, was defeated by British troops, reinforced by a Highland Independent Company.


Plot.

Eddie Harrington (Bud Abbott) and Albert Mansfield (Lou Costello) are plumbers who receive a call about a leak in the private bathroom of Mr. Van Cleve (Thurston Hall), a wealthy businessman. The grumpy man, though his costume is ready, does not attend the ball but goes to bed instead. The leak is keeping him awake, but the costume ball that his wife (Nella Walker) is throwing downstairs is not.  Eddie and Albert enlist the aid of a friend, Elsie Hammerdingle (Marion Hutton), a taxi driver, to take them to the mansion. While they are upstairs attempting to fix the leak—but flooding the room instead—Peter Evans (Kirby Grant), a guest dressed as a cab driver, mistakes Elsie for another costumed guest, despite her insistence that she really is just a cab driver. He winds up inviting her to another gala event, Mrs. Winthrop's (Margaret Irving) estate Briarwood, where a valuable painting, "The Plunger" (a heavy gambler), is to be unveiled.  Mrs. Van Cleve was intending to send Eddie and Albert a letter of complaint for the devastation that they inflicted on her home. However, she is distracted for a moment while doing her mail, and instead sends them her own invitation to the unveiling of the "Plunger" at Briarwood. They think it is a reward for a job well done and look at it as a chance to meet other wealthy clients. Albert, being a plumber, can only think of a plumbing tool and is amazed at the value of the painting. However, a loan shark named Drexel (Thomas Gomez) to whom they owe money (they borrowed money from him to start their business and are balking at repaying him), demands they steal the painting while they are there. When they refuse to go through with the plan, Drexel and Marlow (Murray Leonard), a crooked chauffeur at the party, attempt to steal the painting themselves. When the painting is discovered to be missing, Gloria Winthrop (Ann Gillis), accuses Elsie, Eddie, and Albert of being the thieves. However, they clear their names when Eddie and Albert, in a fire truck, capture Drexel and Marlow and recover the painting.  At the end, some guests claim that Eddie and Albert stole their tuxedos and the two are chased across a field.

Cast.

The credits at the end of the movie has George Dolenz and Steven Geray roles switched.

Routines.

This film includes the classic "Bagel Street" scene—itself adapted from the popular vaudeville routine "Floogle Street"—during which Abbott and Costello attempt to deliver straw hats to the Susquehanna Hat Company, but everyone they meet along the way has a reason for hating that company, including a lunatic who claims that he was killed on Bagel Street, and each of them destroys a hat until there are none left.  This is followed by another scene where the two go careening down a steep street on a sofa, barely missing collisions, and causing havoc until the sofa lands in the river.  Another classic routine at the end of the movie was the throwing of rocks to stop the boys in their tracks at a tremendous distance. The point of comedy was no one could throw anything at that distance to hit their target with accuracy. This routine was "borrowed" from earlier comedies such as Laurel and Hardy and later with The Three Stooges.

Production.

Filmed from June 12 through July 21, 1944, with much of it being filmed at the Jewett Estate on Arden Road in Pasadena, California.  Although Abbott and Costello made this film for Universal Pictures after they filmed "Lost in a Harem" for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, this movie was released first.  Lou Costello had recently returned to work following a battle with rheumatic fever. As a result, Universal wanted to release this film as quickly as possible. To save time, much of the climactic fire engine chase was lifted from W.C. Fields' "Never Give a Sucker an Even Break".

Home media.

This film has been released twice on DVD. The first release was on "The Best of Abbott and Costello Volume Two", May 4, 2004, and the second was on October 28, 2008 as part of "Abbott and Costello: The Complete Universal Pictures Collection".

In Society is a 1944 film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. It was the first of five Abbott and Costello films to be directed by Jean Yarbrough. It was re-released in 1953.


History.

Early days.

HAŠK was founded as a multi-sports club in November 1903 by nine Zagreb students (August Adam, Dragutin Albrecht, Petar Čerlek, Vjekoslav Jurković, Marko Kostrenčić, Krešimir Miskić, Oskar Mohr, Lav Wodwarška and Hinko Würth) who are today seen as pioneers of organized sports at the University of Zagreb. The club's purpose was to popularize sports among Croatian students, as well as to counter the ongoing magyarization of Croatian public life, since Croatia was at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The club's colours were red, white and golden, chosen to represent the colours of Croatian provinces.  At first, the club had sections for fencing, ice-skating, skiing, sledding and sports shooting, but ever since football was introduced in the spring of 1904, it became the most popular and well-known department of the club. The club played its first official game on 16 October 1906 against PNIŠK Zagreb ("Prvi nogometni i športski klub Zagreb, First football and sports club Zagreb") which ended in a 1–1 draw in front of 800 spectators.  The club played many non-league games against local sides and against foreign opponents in the following years, such as the game against BEAC (The University of Budapest sports club) in 1909. When the first Croatian football championship was started in 1912, HAŠK were heading the table in mid-season and were later declared champions as the competition was abandoned after the winter break due to poor organization. The championship was never relaunched, and during World War I the club went on hiatus.

Revival and demise.

In the period from 1918 to 1945 the club grew in popularity and membership, and in the years following the war new sections for track and field athletics, tennis, swimming, field hockey, cycling, table tennis and motorsport were formed. After experiencing a financial crisis in the 1920s and a fire that destroyed stands on their ground in the summer of 1936, the following decade saw immediate revival and the time of HAŠK's greatest success.  The first success came in 1923 when they won the first edition of the Yugoslav Cup, named back then as the King Alexander Cup. The club will regularly compete in the Yugoslav First League since 1927, and their finest hour came in the 1937–38 season when they won the Yugoslav title. They even went on to compete in the 1938 Mitropa Cup, when they were knocked out in the first round of the tournament by the Czechoslovakian side SK Kladno with 5:2 on aggregate. On a local level, in the period from 1911 to 1945 the club played a total of 120 matches against city rivals Građanski. Their last game was a 2–2 draw on 10 April 1945, just before both clubs were disbanded by the communist government.  The newly formed Dinamo Zagreb, which was established by the authorities two months later, took over HAŠK's Maksimir ground (originally opened in May 1912), along with many players who switched from Građanski or HAŠK to Dinamo. Other sports sections of the club were renamed "FD Akademičar (Academic Sports Society)" and later merged with "ASD Mladost (Youth Academic Sports Society)" which survives today as the HAŠK Mladost sports society, most famous for their later water polo and volleyball success on both the national and continental levels.  The most prominent of HAŠK's football players who later joined Dinamo was Zlatko Čajkovski, who spent the next 11 seasons playing for Zagreb's powerhouse. Dinamo's current youth academy and training ground located next to their stadium both bear the name "Hitrec-Kacian", in honour of two HAŠK players, Ico Hitrec and Ratko Kacian.

Post-Yugoslavia.

After the fall of communism and in the midst of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the club was reactivated and officially registered in November 1990, but in name only – no sports activities were started as the new club leadership centered their activities on promoting HAŠK's legacy and organizing events intended to raise the public awareness of the contribution HAŠK has made to the development of sports in Croatia. In an attempt to revive their glory days, the newly restarted club decided to enter competition sports again in 1993 so they merged with a local amateur football side called "NK TPK" from the Peščenica neighbourhood of Zagreb. In 2006 they merged again with the Druga HNL side "NK Naftaš Ivanić" from Ivanić Grad to form the present day NK HAŠK, currently a second tier club in the Croatian football league system. They play their games at the "Donje Svetice" ground in Zagreb, which has a capacity of 3,000.

HAŠK "(full name Hrvatski akademski športski klub, )" was a Croatian football club established in Zagreb in 1903 which ceased operating in 1945. The club was one of the most successful sides in Zagreb and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the period between the two World Wars. Since then several sports clubs have claimed to descend from it, the most significant of which is HAŠK Mladost sports society.


Objective.

USRA provides a mechanism through which universities can cooperate effectively with one another, with the government, and with other organizations to further space science and technology, and to promote education in these areas. Its mission is carried out through the institutes, centers, divisions, and programs. Administrative and scientific personnel now number about 420. A unique feature of USRA's management is its system of standing panels of technical experts, drawn from the research community, to provide oversight for USRA's institutes, centers, divisions and programs.

Origin.

USRA's origins extend back to 1966, when the NASA Administrator requested the help of the NAS in forming a national consortium to assume management of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The president of the NAS, Dr. Frederick Seitz, first turned to the Universities Research Association (URA), which had recently been created to operate the National Accelerator Laboratory. Seitz raised the issue of NASA's involvement at a URA meeting in the fall of 1966. However, because of budgetary concerns with the National Accelerator Laboratory, URA did not wish to assume any additional responsibilities.  To satisfy its immediate needs, NASA took upon itself the management of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory but left open the possibility of wider participation of the academic community through an institute. At this time, the idea of a Lunar Science Institute (LSI) took form. To develop further the concept of the LSI, the NAS created a committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Kenneth Pitzer to study NASA/University Relations. In the fall of 1967, the Pitzer Committee recommended the establishment of the LSI initially to be operated by Rice University under a subcontract with the NAS, but eventually to be operated by a university consortium. The Pitzer committee concluded that the pattern established at LSI could form the basis for the development of a much broader link between NASA and the academic community.

Charter.

On March 1, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson announced the creation of the Lunar Science Institute (LSI), and USRA was chartered the following year as the parent organization of LSI. The initial headquarters of USRA was at the University of Virginia, where Professor A. R. Kuhlthau served as the first president of the association.  In 1976, Dr. Alexander J. Dessler became the second USRA president. Dessler moved the headquarters of the association to Rice University, where he served as chairman of the Department of Space Physics and Astronomy.  In 1978 USRA headquarters moved to Columbia, Maryland.  Dr. David C. Black was appointed USRA president in 2000. Black served as director of USRA's Lunar and Planetary Institute from 1988 to 2001, and is internationally recognized for research in theoretical astrophysics and planetary science.  Dr. Jeffrey Isaacson was named president and CEO of USRA, effective October 20, 2014.

Other programs.

USRA initially concentrated on the management of Lunar Science Institute (later renamed the Lunar and Planetary Institute) but, armed with its broad charter, the consortium began to explore other ways to serve the university space research community as early as 1970. Today, USRA researchers are involved with university, government and industry scientists and engineers in a broad array of space and aeronautics related fields, including astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences, microgravity, life sciences, space technology, computer science, and advanced concepts.  Most USRA research activities include related educational components.  The presidents of USRA have been:

The Universities Space Research Association (USRA) was incorporated on March 12, 1969 in Washington, D.C. as a private, nonprofit corporation under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Institutional membership in the association has grown from 49 colleges and universities when it was founded, to the current 105 institutions. All member institutions have graduate programs in space sciences or technology. Besides the 95 member institutions in the United States, there are two member institutions in Canada, four in Europe, two in Israel, one in Australia and one in Hong Kong.


Plot.

Lawyer Donald Kenneth "Deke" Gentry (Kirk Douglas) is given the task of playing matchmaker for the three daughters of his wealthy client Chloe Brasher (Thelma Ritter).

Trivia.

This film is noteworthy for a few reasons. After appearing in a variety of films such as westerns and historical epics, Kirk Douglas was starring in a romantic comedy film, a genre that many people were not used to seeing him in.  Also, Mitzi Gaynor had not appeared in any other film after "For Love or Money". She stated that she was "too ordinary for films" and that she would be better off entertaining audiences through different ventures.  Douglas' car in this movie is a red 1962 Chrysler 300 Sport Convertible.

Reception.

Leslie Parrish was nominated for a Golden Globe as "Most Promising Newcomer - Female" for her performance in this film.  Many people noted that this film was similar to romantic comedies made famous by the classic comedy team of Rock Hudson and Doris Day. Supporting actors like Thelma Ritter and Gig Young, who, starred with Hudson and Day in other films, make an appearance here. Some were fairly critical of Douglas' performance in a romantic comedy film while others were pleasantly surprised by the actor's versatility.

Home media availability.

Universal released this film in 2013 as a stand-alone DVD from the print-on-demand "Universal Vault Series". In 2016, it was re-released as part of the "Kirk Douglas Centennial Collection", a five-disc set featuring seven other films ("Spartacus", "Man Without a Star", "The Last Sunset", "Lonely Are the Brave", "The List of Adrian Messenger", "The War Wagon", and "A Lovely Way to Die"). Prior to these official releases by Universal, it was common to find this film in a DVD-r format.

For Love or Money is a 1963 romantic comedy film distributed by Universal International, produced by Robert Arthur, directed by Michael Gordon, and starring Kirk Douglas, Mitzi Gaynor, and Gig Young. It was written by Larry Markes and Michael Morris, and released on August 7, 1963.


History.

Planning for handling returned lunar samples began early in the Apollo program. In 1964, a proposal was made for a small () sample receiving laboratory equipped with remote-controlled manipulators operating in a sterile, high-vacuum chamber to prepare samples for distribution to scientists, and this proposal was subsequently expanded to include a clean room with analytical instruments for performing preliminary analyses on the samples.  A committee of the Space Science Board reviewed the idea of a lunar sample receiving laboratory and sought to address multiple concerns. One was the fear that creating a facility with too great a capacity to analyze the samples would discourage distribution of samples to outside researchers and effectively exclude them. In addition, space biologists and the United States Public Health Service expressed concern about "back contamination" of Earth by extraterrestrial microorganisms brought back via returning spacecraft, (although many of the astronauts and scientists involved in the program were skeptical that non-terrestrial microorganisms could survive lunar conditions). To address these issues, the committee in 1965 recommended a laboratory with limited analytical capacity and an ability to quarantine the returning astronauts and samples.  The result of this planning was the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) in Building 37 at the Johnson Space Center, built to process and conduct basic analysis on lunar materials and to quarantine the materials and astronauts. (The requirement that astronauts be quarantined following their missions was dropped beginning with Apollo 15.) The LRL was completed in 1967 at a cost of $7.8 million. The LRL was used for study, distribution and safe storage of the samples, but although the LRL had adequate facilities to process samples for the current mission, the facility was not ideal, and it lacked facilities to process or store samples from previous missions. To address some of these concerns, NASA dropped the requirement after Apollo 12 that samples be processed in vacuum (in favor of a simpler-to-work-in nitrogen atmosphere). An additional vault and, subsequently, a new laboratory – the Sample Storage and Processing Laboratory (SSPL) – were built in Building 31 of the Johnson Space Center. All lunar samples were moved from the LRL to Building 31 after the last Apollo mission  Nonetheless, there were still concerns about the adequacy of the facility and about the wisdom of maintaining the entire collection of lunar samples in a single facility that might be vulnerable to natural disasters (especially the hurricanes to which Houston is vulnerable) and military actions. The collection was divided among multiple vaults at the Johnson Space Center while a vault was built in an empty ammunition bunker at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas as second-site storage. Fourteen percent of the lunar sample collection was moved to this bunker in 1976, transported secretly at night with a police escort in a specially modified passenger bus. This smaller collection of materials remained at Brooks until 2002, when the base was transitioned from military control as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process. The second-site lunar materials were then moved to the White Sands Test Facility, where a new, smaller facility was built inside an existing secure building to house the samples. Of the of lunar samples returned by the Apollo program, are currently stored at White Sands.  With a selection of the lunar samples secured offsite, construction began on the LSLF, with state-of-the-art facilities for handling the samples and better protection against natural disasters. The LSLF was constructed in a new annex of Building 31 (Building 31N at the Johnson Space Center) beginning in 1977. Built for a cost of $2.5 million, the building was dedicated on July 20, 1979, the tenth anniversary of the first manned Moon landing.

Features.

The two-story, facility consists of storage vaults for the samples, laboratories for sample preparation and study, a vault for sample data and records, and machinery to supply nitrogen to the cabinets in which the samples are stored and processed.  The facility's storage vaults are elevated above anticipated storm-surge sea level heights to protect the samples from threats posed by hurricanes and tornadoes. During hurricane threats, a water-tight door is bolted into the frame of the door to the pristine sample vault in order to protect the samples. The facility takes extensive measures to prevent contamination of the lunar samples. For example:  The facility has room to store many more lunar samples. NASA anticipates that more samples from the Moon will be brought back and processed and curated in the lab.

Samples stored at facility and other lunar samples.

The facility is the chief repository of the samples returned by the Apollo program. The Apollo missions to the lunar surface (Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17) returned a total of 382 kilograms (842 pounds) of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and lunar surface dust, comprising 2200 individual specimens. Seventy-five percent of the lunar materials returned by Apollo are housed at the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility, most in pristine condition. Some of the materials have been processed into smaller samples to meet scientific requirements, resulting in more than 110,000 individually cataloged samples.  Perhaps the most notable of the samples stored at the facility is the Genesis Rock, a sample ultimately determined to be nearly as old as the Moon itself. Also at the facility is the sample known as Big Muley, the largest sample returned from the Moon by Apollo.  In addition to the Apollo materials, the Johnson Space Center also houses other extraterrestrial samples:  In addition to the lunar samples returned by the Apollo missions, an additional of lunar samples were returned to Earth by three automated Soviet spacecraft, Luna 16, Luna 20, and Luna 24.

Access to facility and samples.

Approximately 100 people visit the facility annually for research or educational purposes, and the facility provides samples to hundreds of others each year for research or educational purposes.  Researchers seeking samples submit proposals, which are evaluated by an independent peer review panel. 40 to 50 such proposals are approved each year and approximately 400 lunar samples (most weighing less than one gram) are sent to these scientists.

The Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility (LSLF) is a repository and laboratory facility at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, opened in 1979 to house geologic samples returned from the Moon by the Apollo program missions to the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The facility preserves most of the of lunar material returned over the course of Apollo program and other extraterrestrial samples, along with associated data records. It also contains laboratories for processing and studying the samples without contamination.


Development.

The Bereznyak design bureau had developed the liquid-fuelled Kh-28 (AS-9 ‘Kyle’) and the KSR-5P (AS-6) anti-radiation missiles. They merged with Raduga in 1967, so Raduga was given the contract in the early 1970s to develop a solid-fuel successor to the Kh-28 to equip the new Su-24M 'Fencer-D' attack aircraft. Consequently, the project was initially designated the Kh-24, before becoming the Kh-58.  During the 1980s a longer-range variant was developed, the Kh-58U, with lock-on-after-launch capability. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Raduga have offered several versions for export.

Design.

It was designed to be used in conjunction with the Su-24's L-086A "Fantasmagoria A" or L-086B "Fantasmagoria B" target acquisition system. The range achieved depends heavily on the launch altitude, thus the original Kh-58 has a range of 36 km from low level, 120 km from, and 160 km from.  Like other Soviet missiles of the time, the Kh-58 could be fitted with a range of seeker heads designed to target specific air defence radars such as MIM-14 Nike-Hercules or MIM-104 Patriot.

Operational history.

The Kh-58 was deployed in 1982 on the Su-24M 'Fencer D' in Soviet service. The Kh-58U entered service in 1991 on the Su-24M and Mig-25BM 'Foxbat-F'. The Kh-58E version can be carried on the Su-22M4 and Su-25TK as well, while the Kh-58UshE appears to be intended for Chinese Su-30MKK's.

Variants.

Some Western sources have referred to a Kh-58A that is either optimised for naval radars or has an active seeker head for use as an anti-shipping missile - it probably represents another name for the Kh-58U.

The Kh-58 (; NATO:AS-11 'Kilter') is a Soviet anti-radiation missile with a range of 120 km. the Kh-58U variant was still the primary anti-radiation missile of Russia and its allies. It is being superseded by the Kh-31. The NATO reporting name is "Kilter".


District council.

Three Rivers is a non-metropolitan district that elects one-third of its councillors every four years and with the fourth year for elections to Hertfordshire County Council. In the 2014 elections new ward boundaries came into effect and the council was reduced from 48 to 39 seats. All seats were contested at that election although future elections will continue to be conducted in thirds.  The Liberal Democrat administration fell to minority status with the resignation of two councillors from the party, in March and April 2018.  Following the 2 May 2019 elections, the composition of the council is:

County council.

For elections to Hertfordshire County Council, the district is divided into six divisions, three of which are held by the Conservatives, two by the Liberal Democrats, and one by Labour:

Parliament.

For parliamentary elections, the district is divided across three constituencies. Most of the district is within the South West Hertfordshire constituency, which is considered a safe Conservative seat and held by a Conservative MP (currently Gagan Mohindra) since its creation in 1950. The eastern parts of the constituency, to the north and south of Watford, are part of that borough's constituency, which is a three-way marginal currently held by Conservative Dean Russell, having fluctuated between Labour and the Conservatives. Parts of two wards, north of the M25, are in the St Albans constituency, which is currently held by the Liberal Democrat Daisy Cooper.

Wards.

Three Rivers is composed of thirteen wards, each electing three councillors:

Rail.

Train services are provided by Chiltern Railways and the Metropolitan line of the London Underground.  London Underground stations:  Chiltern Railways stations:  A special fare structure exists as the stations are outside the Greater London boundary.  London Overground stations:  West Coast Main Line stations:

Three Rivers is a local government district in south-west Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Rickmansworth. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by the merger of Rickmansworth Urban District, Chorleywood Urban District and part of Watford Rural District. The confluence of the Chess and the Gade with the Colne in Rickmansworth inspired the district's name.


Gameplay.

Players control a hikikomori named at home in her apartment, the only area she can explore when awake.  After Madotsuki falls asleep, she begins to dream. Madotsuki's dream resembles the room she's in, except she is able to leave the room. This takes Madotsuki to a nexus of 12 doors, with each leading to a different world. These 12 worlds, in turn, connect to a number of other worlds, forming a large and expansive area for the player to explore. The purpose of the game is for the player to navigate these dream worlds to obtain 24 objects, known as "effects".  There is no way to encounter a game over in the game, though enemies do exist in the form of NPCs that can teleport the player to inescapable areas, forcing them to wake up or use an effect to return to the nexus.

Release and reception.

Originally a little-known game that became popular on the Japanese forum 2channel, the game gained a following outside Japan after an unofficial English translation was released. After gaining a cult following on 2channel, popularity of the game quickly increased by viral means among Japanese players. The first public release of the game took place on June 26, 2004, as a demonstration preview of an incomplete game. With each following version from 0.01 to 0.09, new features and content were progressively introduced, along with various bug fixes. The latest version, 0.10, featured general bug fixes and became available on October 1, 2007. Over a decade later, the game was released on Steam by publisher Playism on January 10, 2018.  Independent game designer Derek Yu enjoyed the game, comparing its visual theme to "EarthBound" and stating "The lack of dialogue or any 'action' fills me with this strange sense of dread". Gamertell's Jenni Lada scored the game 85 out of 100. She praised the unique premise, distinct art style and abstract gameplay which evokes a "dream world experience". Lada noted the geometry of the dream areas, which allows for loops and exitless rooms, and found that it could be "winding and confusing". Whilst she warned that it won't be to everyone's tastes due to "dark or graphic imagery" and found the ending to be disappointing, she concluded that "Yume Nikki" was worth experiencing. Kotaku's John Jackson praised the game for its ethereal dream-like setting and its non-linear gameplay mechanic, stating, "Out of every games [sic] about dreams, this is the one that probably comes closest to actually resembling one". He goes on to argue the game's limitations and vast, undefinable architecture forces the player to question their surroundings and the significance of the smallest actions and events that confront them.  The game inspired a large number of fangames with a similar style of gameplay, such as "Yume 2kki" and ".flow". The game's structure was also a major influence on "Lisa the First", the predecessor of "", as well as "Undertale".

Legacy.

Various merchandise based on the game has been released under the "Project Yume Nikki" brand. The game was adapted into both a manga and a light novel. The light novel is titled and was written by Akira. The title was licensed for digital distribution in the English language by J-Novel Club. The manga was illustrated by Hitoshi Tomizawa, and was serialized in Takeshobo's web manga magazine "Manga Life Win+" from May 2013 until March 2014. A Vocaloid album, entitled was released on April 27, 2013. A two-volume official soundtrack, featuring all the original tracks for the game, as well as ten arrangements by doujin group INFINITY∞, was published in Japan by Glaive Music on August 31, 2014. A two-volume version of the soundtrack was also released on iTunes and Amazon Music in 2014. An app version of the Nasu minigame was released for iOS and Android devices in November 2013.  A 3D reboot of the game, "Yume Nikki: Dream Diary", was released for Windows on February 23, 2018. It was developed by Active Gaming Media under supervision and cooperation from Kikiyama, featuring some unused design concepts from the original game. It was revealed after a two week countdown on Kadokawa Corporation's website following the release of "Yume Nikki" on Steam. It was also released for the Nintendo Switch on February 21, 2019.

The initial version was released as a free online download in June 2004 with subsequent updates over time, the last occurring in 2007. It was later released on Steam by publisher Playism in January 2018. A 3D reboot, "Yume Nikki: Dream Diary", was released the following month. In addition, various fangames inspired by it have also been released.


Summary.

The story follows the heroic Jedi Knights as they struggle to maintain order and restore peace during the tumultuous Clone Wars. More and more systems are falling prey to the forces of the dark side as the Galactic Republic slips further and further under the sway of the Separatists and their never-ending droid army. Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan learner Ahsoka Tano find themselves on a mission with far-reaching consequences, one that brings them face-to-face with crime lord Jabba the Hutt. But Count Dooku and his sinister agents, including the nefarious Asajj Ventress, will stop at nothing to ensure that Anakin and Ahsoka fail at their quest. Meanwhile, on the front lines of the Clone Wars, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Master Yoda lead the massive clone army in a valiant effort to resist the forces of the dark side.

Differences from the Movie.

The book was released before the movie, "Star Wars: The Clone Wars", was released. Because of this, there are some differences between the movie and the book. One difference is the Battle of Teth. In the movie, after the clones are defeated and Asajj Ventress and her droids and closing in on the surviving clones, there are six troopers instead of five like in the movie. Also, the character dialogue in the book is much different than in the film.

Publishing deal with Penguin Group.

On January 1, 2008 it was announced the publishing company Penguin Group obtained rights to publish books for an upcoming series "". It was revealed Penguin had planned many kinds of books to publish for the series including a main line novel series based on the movie and the show. Del Rey Books, the company that published the novel series is an imprint of Penguin.

Star Wars: The Clone Wars, written by Karen Traviss, is the novelization of the animated film "". The audio book is narrated by Jeff Gurner. It is the first in a series of five novels designed to tie into the events of the movie and the animated series. The book was released almost 3 weeks before the film was released. Because of this there are some discrepancies between the book and the film. This book, like the movie and series, is set between Star Wars: Episodes 2 and 3.


History.

A group of involved physicists met at Fisk University in 1973 to honor several well known African-American physicists. In 1977, the Society was established at Morgan State University, with its founding co-chairs being Walter E. Massey and James Davenport.

Activities.

The organization holds its annual conference in February. More recently, it has jointly held these conferences with the National Society of Hispanic Physicists. Attendance at these conferences is upwards of 500 persons, drawing people from all over the world, from Kenya to California. This conference has a cutting-edge scientific program as well as a student professional development program that includes mentor-protégé match-making and a recruiting fair.  Throughout its history NSBP has had an active interest in physics related activities outside of the United States. Twenty years ago under the leadership of the late Nobel Laureate, Abdus Salam, and the late Charles Brown, several NSBP members organized the Edward Bouchet-Abdus Salam Institute (EBASI). EBASI (1) provides mechanisms for synergistic scientific and technical collaborations between African and American physical scientists, engineers, and technologists, (2) enhances the impact of science and technology on the sustainable development of the countries on the African continent, and (3) increases the technical manpower pool working in Africa today by facilitating the training of Ph.D. students from African universities. More recently, through a program funded by the Kellogg Foundation NSBP will assist South Africa in its efforts to increase the number of Black astronomers and astrophysicists and to build capacity in the field.  The organization offers scholarships, some in conjunction with Black Enterprise magazine, and conducts outreach programs aimed at students from kindergarten through high school.

Notable members.

Neil DeGrasse Tyson and Ronald L. Mallett are affiliated with the organization. Shirley Ann Jackson served as its president. The current President is Willie Rockward.

The National Society of Black Physicists (NSBP) was established in the United States in 1977 to promote the professional well-being of African Diaspora physicists and physics students within the international scientific community and the world community at large.


Career.

Born in Slavonski Brod, Austro-Hungary (nowadays Croatia), Perlić was not tall but strong and reliable, playing either as an attacking midfielder or a winger, remembered by strong and effective shots from mid-distance. His playing style was characterised as simple and rational, pressing always the ball and fighting all over the field. He is among the players with longest playing careers at that period: 25 years.  Perlić started playing in the youth team of local club ŠK Proleter. He moved to a major local club, NK Marsonia, where he became senior and played between 1927 and 1933. In 1933 he moved to the national capital, Belgrade, and signed with one of the major Yugoslav clubs, SK Jugoslavija. His good exhibitions will make him with Jugoslavija will earn him 3 calls for the Belgrade representative team (it was usual at that time major cities to have their own selections), and later in 1936 his first call to the national team.  In 1937 Perlić moved to France and played one season with Lille OSC in the Ligue 1. The following year he returned to SK Jugoslavija and played further two seasons in the Yugoslav National Championship. In August 1940 he moved to ŠK Bata Borovo and played with them in the 1940-41 Serbian League. However at the end of the season the Second World War started and the Yugoslav football was reorganised. During the war, Nikola Perlić would be twice imprisoned for his resistance activities. He would appear again in the football fields after the war ended, wearing again the colors of Borovo, now renamed into Slaven Borovo. He will stay in Borovo until 1953 finishing his career at the impressive age of 41.

National team.

His debut for the Yugoslav national team was on 6 September 1936, in a 9:3 win in a friendly match against Poland in Belgrade. His fairway match was on 12 November 1939, in a 0:2 loss against Hungary in Belgrade. In between Perlić made a total of 8 appearances and scored 3 goals. His highlight at the national team occurred on 18 May 1939, when he scored the winning goal against England in a 2:1 victory in Belgrade.

Personal life.

After retiring Perlić became a tailor. He died on 19 January 1986, in Borovo (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia).

Nikola Perlić (4 February 1912 – 19 January 1986) was a Yugoslavian footballer who played in top league clubs in Yugoslavia and France, and played for the Yugoslav national team.


Background.

The German forces in the Netherlands surrendered to the Allies on 5 May 1945. However, the western part of the country remained occupied by the Germans until Allied troops could arrive to disarm them. Local newspapers reported on 6 May that Canadian forces would reach Amsterdam the next day.  On 7 May, thousands of people gathered on the Dam, the central square of the city, to celebrate the end of the war and welcome the Allied soldiers. Shortly after noon, a handful of Humber Armoured Cars of the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division began to approach the Dam by way of the Rokin to carry out reconnaissance. A convoy of German vehicles, also carrying out reconnaissance, narrowly passed the British vehicles near the Dam, but quickly disappeared again. The British, observing that the situation was potentially explosive, decided to withdraw from the city until forces of the Dutch resistance () had successfully disarmed the Germans and taken possession of three key locations: the Royal Palace, the main money office and the main post office (Operation Three Castles).

Shooting.

While the local citizens celebrated on Dam square, German soldiers of the Kriegsmarine were trapped inside the (Grand Club) building, a large building at the corner of the Dam and Kalverstraat. In the nearby Paleisstraat, local forces arrested two German soldiers. One of them refused to surrender his weapon and fired a shot. German soldiers then appeared in the windows, on the balcony and on the roof of the and started firing into the crowd with machine guns.  Large-scale panic broke out on Dam square and most of the crowd dispersed via the Nieuwendijk, Rokin and Damrak. Some people sought cover behind street lights and other objects, including a barrel organ known as and a small truck.  After the initial shots, a second round was fired. The Germans and resistance forces then started to exchange fire. In total, the shooting lasted about two hours, until about 5pm. Members of the Scouts, Red Cross and nurses attempted to aid the victims. According to some sources, Major Overhoff, who commanded the local forces, persuaded a German officer, Bergmann, to join him in entering the and ordering the German soldiers to cease fire. In another version of events, the shooting had already ended by the time they reached the, after local forces had fired bazooka grenades at the building, or threatened to do so. The German soldiers at the remained there until they were taken into custody by Canadian forces on 9 May and taken back to Germany.  German and local forces also exchanged fire at Amsterdam Central Station that day, causing the death of two Dutch soldiers and a number of German soldiers.

Aftermath.

The day after the shooting, on 8 May, Canadian forces entered the city. Tens of thousands gathered on Dam square on 9 May to celebrate the liberation and listen to speeches by Prime Minister Gerbrandy and others.  The shooting was never fully investigated. After the event, local newspapers reported between 19 and 22 fatalities, but no official list of casualties was ever released. Stichting Memorial voor Damslachtoffers 7 mei 1945, an organisation founded to commemorate the event, has since identified a total of 32 people who died as a result of the event, not including German casualties. Twenty-six died immediately while five more died later of gunshot wounds. The last known victim died on 22 June. The actual number of fatalities may be higher; in some cases, it had not yet been determined whether the death was related to the Dam square shootout. The full number of wounded is also unknown; newspaper reports gave between 100 and 120 wounded.

Remembrance.

Two years after the shooting, a commemorative plaque was unveiled on the facade of the at the corner of the Dam and Kalverstraat.  Between June 2015 and March 2016, 15,509 virtual stones were placed on the website plaatseensteen.nl / placeastone.nl, shaping the letters of the victims’ names. On 1 March 2016, the end result was transferred to stone reliefs and embedded in the pavement of Dam square. The memorial was unveiled by Mayor Eberhard van der Laan on 7 May 2016 following a ceremony in the Nieuwe Kerk church.  A national Remembrance of the Dead ceremony is held on Dam square every year on 4 May.  Carel Frederik Overhoff, who commanded the Dutch forces in Amsterdam on 7 May 1945, received the Military Order of William in 1947 for his efforts to put an end to the fighting, but the honour was rescinded in 1952 after Overhoff was convicted of embezzlement and imprisoned.

The 1945 shooting on Dam square took place during the liberation of Amsterdam on 7 May 1945, in the last days of World War II in Europe. German soldiers fired machine guns into a large crowd gathered on Dam square to celebrate the end of the war, killing over 30 people.


Personal life.

Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in Mount Morris, New York. His family was deeply involved in the Baptist church and they moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church; which his father was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended college at the University of Rochester, in Rochester, New York, and studied theology and belonged to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.  As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by the vestiges of the Second Great Awakening, began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned the "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by the "Youth's Companion", a patriotic circular and magazine. Bellamy "believed in the absolute separation of church and state" and did not include the phrase "under God" in his pledge.  Bellamy married Harriet Benton in Newark, New York, in 1881. They had three sons: John, who lived in California; David, who lived in Rochester, New York; and Brewster, who died as an infant. His first wife died in 1918, and he married Marie Morin (1920). His daughter-in-law Rachael (David's wife) lived in Rochester until February/March 1989 when she died at the age of 93. David and Rachael had two children, David Jr. and Peter. His son, John Benton Bellamy, married Ruth "Polly" (née Edwards). They had three children, Harriet (1911–1999), Barbara (1913–2005) and John Benton Bellamy, Jr. (1921–2015).  Bellamy ran for the office of Governor of New York, but lost.  Bellamy spent most of the last years of his life living and working in Tampa, Florida. He died there on August 28, 1931, at the age of 76. His cremated remains were brought back to New York and buried in a family plot in a cemetery in Rome.

Pledge of Allegiance.

In 1891, Daniel Sharp Ford, the owner of the "Youth's Companion", hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in the magazine's premium department. In 1888, the "Youth's Companion" had begun a campaign to sell US flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, the flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under their influence, the "Youth's Companion" became a fervent supporter of the schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in the nation. Four years later, by 1892, the magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time the market was slowing for flags, but was not yet saturated.  In 1892, Upham had the idea of using the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus reaching the Americas / Western Hemisphere in 1492 to further bolster the schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with the World's Columbian Exposition, then scheduled to be held in Chicago, Illinois, during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of the official program for the Columbus Day celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over the US.  The pledge was published in the September 8, 1892, issue of the magazine, and immediately put to use in the campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote the celebration; the convention liked the idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement the program, including the immediate past president of the National Education Association. Bellamy was selected as the chair. Having received the official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had the task of spreading the word across the nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on the day of national celebration. He structured the program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.  His original Pledge read as follows: The recital was accompanied with a salute to the flag known as the Bellamy salute, described in detail by Bellamy. During World War II, the salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture because the original form involved stretching the arm out towards the flag in a manner that resembled the later Nazi salute. ("For a history of the pledge, see Pledge of Allegiance").  In 1954, in response to the perceived threat of secular Communism, President Eisenhower encouraged Congress to add the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge that is recited today.  Bellamy described his thoughts as crafted the language of the pledge: Bellamy "viewed his Pledge as an 'inoculation' that would protect immigrants and native-born but insufficiently patriotic Americans from the 'virus' of radicalism and subversion."

Political views.

Bellamy was a Christian socialist who "championed 'the rights of working people and the equal distribution of economic resources, which he believed was inherent in the teachings of Jesus.'" In 1891, Bellamy was "forced from his Boston pulpit for preaching against the evils of capitalism", and eventually stopped attending church altogether after moving to Florida, reportedly because of the racism he witnessed there. Francis's career as a preacher ended because of his tendency to describe Jesus as a socialist. In the 21st century, Bellamy is considered an early American democratic socialist.  Francis Bellamy was a leader in the public education movement, the nationalization movement, and the Christian socialist movement. He united his grassroots network to start a collective memory activism in 1892.  French philosopher Henri de Saint-Simon's "new Christianity", which stressed using science to tackle poverty, influenced Bellamy and many of the "new St. Simonians." They saw nationalization (de-privatization) and public education as the policy solutions.  In 1889, Francis Bellamy served as founding vice president and wrote several articles for the Society of Christian Socialists, a grassroots organization founded in Boston. The newspaper "Dawn" was run by his cousin Edward and Frances Willard. Francis Bellamy wrote about the Golden Rule and quoted Bible passages that denounced greed and lust for money. He was also chairman of the education committee.  Bellamy offered public education classes with topics such as "Jesus the socialist", "What is Christian Socialism?", and "Socialism versus anarchy". In 1891, Bellamy was asked to write down this last lecture, which called for a strong government and argued that only the socialist economy could allow both the worker and the owner to practice the golden rule. This essay, along with public relations experience, allowed him to coordinate a massive Columbus Day campaign.  On immigration and universal suffrage, Bellamy wrote in the editorial of "The Illustrated American", Vol. XXII, No. 394, p. 258: "[a] democracy like ours cannot afford to throw itself open to the world where every man is a lawmaker, every dull-witted or fanatical immigrant admitted to our citizenship is a bane to the commonwealth.” And further: "Where all classes of society merge insensibly into one another every alien immigrant of inferior race may bring corruption to the stock. There are races more or less akin to our own whom we may admit freely and get nothing but advantage by the infusion of their wholesome blood. But there are other races, which we cannot assimilate without lowering our racial standard, which should be as sacred to us as the sanctity of our homes."

Francis Julius Bellamy (1855–1931) was an American Christian socialist minister and author, best known for writing the original version of the US Pledge of Allegiance in 1892.


Background.

The "Prophetiæ" is in some ways dependent on the "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniæ" of Gildas. From Gildas and Nennius Geoffrey took the figure of Ambrosius Aurelianus, who figures in the preface to the prophecies (under a variant name): there is then a confusion made between Ambrosius and Merlin, deliberately done.  When Geoffrey's "Historia" was largely translated by Wace into the "Roman de Brut", he omitted the material on Merlin's prophecies, though he does profess knowledge of them. It was still read in Latin, but was displaced for readers in French, and then English, by other political prophecy.  This work not only launched Merlin as a character of Arthurian legend: it also created a distinctively English style of political prophecy, called "Galfridian", in which animals represent particular political figures. Political prophecy in this style remained popular for at least 400 years. It was subversive, and the figure of the prophetic Merlin was strongly identified with it.

Content and the character of Merlin.

The "Prophetiae" is the work that introduced the character of Merlin (Merlinus), as he later appears in Arthurian legend. He mixes pagan and Christian elements. In this work Geoffrey drew from the established bardic tradition of prophetic writing attributed to the sage Myrddin, though his knowledge of Myrddin's story at this stage in his career appears to have been slight.  In the preface Vortigern asks Ambrosius (Merlin) to interpret the meaning of a vision. In it two dragons fought, one red and one white. Merlin replies that the Red Dragon meant the British race, the White Dragon the Saxons. The Saxons would be victorious. A long prophetic sequence forms the body of the work, relating mainly to the wars.  Many of its prophecies referring to historical and political events up to Geoffrey's lifetime can be identified – for example, the sinking of the "White Ship" in 1120, when William Adelin, son of Henry I, died.  Geoffrey apparently introduced the spelling "Merlin", derived from the Welsh "". The Welsh scholar Rachel Bromwich observed that this "change from medial "dd" > "l" is curious. It was explained by Gaston Paris as caused by the undesirable associations of the French word "merde"". Alternatively this may preserve the Breton or Cornish original to which he may have been referring; John of Cornwall's (1141–55) version is notable for its localisation in the southwestern region known to Gildas & Nennius as Dumnonia.

Influence.

The first work about the prophet Myrddin in a language other than Welsh, the "Prophetiae" was widely read — and believed — much as the prophecies of Nostradamus were centuries later; John Jay Parry and Robert Caldwell note that the "Prophetiae Merlini" "were taken most seriously, even by the learned and worldly wise, in many nations", and list examples of this credulity as late as 1445.  Ordericus Vitalis quoted from the "Prophetiae" around 1134–5. At much the same time, and in the same area, Abbot Suger copied some of the prophecies almost exactly in his "Life" of Louis the Fat, for the purpose of praising Henry I of England. In the 1140s or early 1150s John of Cornwall produced another work collecting prophecies, that drew on the "Prophetiae". It contained elements from other sources, however, which predominate. This work was also named "Prophetiae Merlini". Gunnlaugr Leifsson made an Icelandic translation of the prophecies, "Merlínússpá". There is a 15th-century English manuscript commentary on Geoffrey's work.  In the 16th century the founding legends of British history came under strong criticism, in particular from Polydore Vergil. On the other hand, they had their defenders, and there was a revival of Arthurian lore with a Protestant slant, used in particular by John Dee to develop the concept of the British Empire in the New World. By the 17th century Geoffrey's history in general, and Merlin's prophecies in particular, had become largely discredited as fabrications, for example as attacked by William Perkins. But the politics of the Union of the Crowns of 1603 gave the prophecies a short new lease of life (see Jacobean debate on the Union). "The Whole Prophesie of Scotland" of that year treated Merlin's prophecies as authoritative. James Maxwell, a student of prophecy who put it to political use in the reign of James VI and I, distinguished between the Welsh and "Caledonian" Merlins.

The Prophetiæ Merlini is a Latin work of Geoffrey of Monmouth circulated, perhaps as a "libellus" or short work, from about 1130, and by 1135. Another name is Libellus Merlini.


Description.

The Ouachita creekshell grows to about in length. The shell is thin but has robust hinge teeth, especially at the anterior end. There are sometimes a few fine ribs on the posterior end of the shell. The periostracum is olive or yellowish-brown. This species is dimorphic with the males being ovate and the females being less compressed laterally and with the posterior end truncated and sometimes with a notch on the posterior margin.  "Villosa arkansasensis" shows great similarity in general appearance to "Obovaria jacksoniana". However, its shell morphology and life cycle are different, as are the species of host fish with which it is associated.

Distribution and habitat.

The Ouachita creekshell is found at about 30 sites in small and medium-sized streams in the Ouachita Mountains in south west Arkansas. It is restricted to the headwaters of the Ouachita River and the Saline River drainage systems including the Caddo River and Little Missouri River. It is found buried in the sand or gravel at the bottom of riffles and glides and sometimes slower moving stretches of water, but not in lakes.

Biology.

Ouachita creekshells are filter feeders and orient themselves with their siphons upstream. They tend to remain buried in the sediment sometimes with their posterior ends uncovered. The females come to the surface when the weather warms up in spring in order to release their larvae.  Like other fresh water mussels in the family Unionidae, the Ouachita creekshell has a complex life history involving a larval stage known as a glochidium which attaches itself to the gill, fin or skin of a suitable host fish. The actual host fishes used by Ouachita creekshells are unknown but suitability trials in the laboratory showed that the shadow bass ("Ambloplites ariommus") might be the primary host and that other possible hosts include the Creole darter ("Etheostoma collettei"), the greenside darter ("Etheostoma blennioides") and the green sunfish ("Lepomis cyanellus"). The female Ouachita creekshell produces a lure for potential host fish consisting of movements of papillae on the foot creating a wave action of the mantle. Fish that investigate this get showered in glochidia which have been brooded within the mussel's mantle cavity over the winter period. The glochidia encyst on the surface of the fish and feed on fish tissue for several weeks. They undergo metamorphosis while encysted before dropping off the host and settling on the stream bed as juvenile creekshells. The fish are unharmed by this process.

Status.

The Ouachita creekshell is endemic to Arkansas and is classified as a S2 species. This means that it is of special concern as it is very rare, either having fewer than 20 localities at which it is found or having a small number of individuals at only a very few locations. In either case, it is in danger of extinction. When considering how to conserve the mussel, the management of suitable host fish is important. The chief threat to both is habitat destruction and degradation. The impoundment of waters by damming streams restricts fish movement and causes increased sedimentation below the dam and has a deleterious effect on mussel populations. Competition from the introduced species of mussel, ("Corbicula fluminea"), may also be a cause for concern.

Villosa arkansasensis, the Ouachita creekshell, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. It is endemic to certain rivers and streams in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, and has a complex life history including its larvae being parasitic on a fish host.


History.

About 1740, Jason Russell (1716–1775), a relatively prosperous farmer, constructed the house on pasture land he inherited in 1738. To have the front facing south, in the New England tradition, he placed the north side angled toward the Concord Road (now Massachusetts Avenue). Perhaps five or ten years later, he added two more rooms to form a typical New England farmhouse with five windows across the front, a door in the center and a large chimney in the middle of a pitched roof. There is some evidence that the hall (or kitchen) and its chamber above, as well as the garret, were original to Grandfather Jason's original structure of 1680. The hall and parlor of the house, with their chambers and the garret, are essentially unchanged today, although in 1814 a porch (or vestibule) was added to the front door, and further extensions were subsequently added to the sides around 1863. Inside the central part are four rooms: to the left of the entry are the kitchen and children's chamber (above), and to the right, the parlor and parlor chamber. The kitchen ceiling retains its original whitewash and sponge painting decorative surface treatment. The outside walls may have been plastered originally, but in 1924, when the house was restored, wood sheathing was installed.  Robert Nylander proposed in 1964 that the house was built in two stages; however, research conducted in 2012 by the Dendrochronology Laboratory at Oxford University confirms that the home was erected during a single campaign between 1740 and 1750. The Oxford study also revealed that many of the timbers used in the house were made from lumber cut in 1684–85 or earlier and was probably salvaged from an older building on the property.  The battle at the Jason Russell House occurred late in the day, around five PM. Light infantry and grenadiers from the detachment which engaged earlier at Lexington and Concord marched toward Boston along the Concord Road. They had been met earlier in Lexington by a brigade led by Lord Percy that brought up the rear and provided strong flanking parties. The Americans kept up incessant fire from behind stone walls and other places of shelter as the British retreated.  These skirmishes erupted into a full-fledged battle at the Jason Russell House. A company of minute-men under the command of Gen. Gideon Foster, along with several other companies of minute-men and militia, had left Danvers earlier. All reached Menotomy before the British. Many of them went into a walled enclosure near the Jason Russell House where they planned to intercept the retreating soldiers. Despite being warned to watch for a flank-guard, by Israel Hutchinson, one of their company captains, they focused on the main body of British as it passed. When the party flanking the Concord Road to the south surprised them, the Americans fled to the Jason Russell House.  Jason Russell was 59 and lame. At noon, he had started with his wife and children to seek safety at the George Prentiss house higher up on the hill, but after proceeding part way he sent them on alone and returned to his house. A nearby neighbor, Ammi Cutter, advised him to seek safety, but Russell refused, reportedly saying "An Englishman's house is his castle." Cutter himself was nearly killed by fire from an advance flanking party. Stumbling and falling between mill logs as bullets hit their bark around him, he was thought dead and the British passed him by.  Russell was outside his house and joined the minute-men as they fled toward it. Being old and slow, he was in the rear and was shot twice as he reached his own doorway and then stabbed eleven times with bayonets. The British rushed into the house, killing everyone they could see. Eight minute-men made it to the basement and survived by pointing their guns up the stairs. When Jason's wife returned, she found her husband and all of the dead laid side by side in the kitchen. The house itself was riddled with bullet holes, many of them still visible. The blood stains on the floor were still visible when it was replaced in 1863.  Jason Russell and eleven others were buried in one grave, without coffins. A plain obelisk of New Hampshire granite now stands above the grave. It is reported that Capt. William Adams, who lived nearby, brought a sheet from his house saying he could not bear to have his neighbor buried before his eyes without a winding sheet.  The inscription on the monument reads:  Erected by the Inhabitants of West Cambridge, A.D. 1848, over the common grave of Jason Russell, Jason Winship, Jabez Wyman and nine others, who were slain in this town by the British Troops on their retreat from the Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19th, 1775. Being among the first to lay down their lives in the struggle for American Independence.  The nine others, forgotten at the time the monument was erected, have since been identified as: John Bacon, Amos Mills, Jonathan Parker, Nathan Chamberlain of Needham, William Flint, Thomas Hadley, Abednego Ramsdell of Lynn, Elias Haven of Dedham and Benjamin Pierce of Salem.  Jason Russell's estate was settled in 1776. His house and 117 acres of land were divided between Noah, his only son left at home, and his widow, Elizabeth. She received the 17 acres the house was standing on together with half the house, "Libberty to ues the oven when wanted" and additional privileges of use, including space in the barn. Noah received the other half of the house, half the barn and some lands. Other children got other parts of the estate. Elizabeth Russell lived in her northerly rooms until the eleventh of August 1786 when she died aged 65.

The Jason Russell House is a historic house in Arlington, Massachusetts, the site of the bloodiest fighting on the first day of the American Revolutionary War, April 19, 1775 (the Battle of Lexington and Concord). The house was purchased in 1923 by the Arlington Historical Society which restored it in 1926, and now operates it as a museum from mid-April through the end of September, together with the adjoining Smith Museum, built in 1981 to house changing exhibitions of life in Arlington.


Early life.

Robinson was born in Topsfield, Province of Massachusetts in 1735. At age 29 he married Miss Huldah Perley of Boxford, Massachusetts, the niece of French and Indian War Major General Israel Putnam of Pomfret, Connecticut.  Soon after migrating from Topsfield to Westford in search of open farmland, Robinson was appointed to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, or second in command of the Minuteman regiment commanded by Col. William Prescott of Pepperell, Massachusetts.

Lexington and Concord.

The exact manner in which Robinson was alarmed on the early morning of April 19, 1775 has been lost to history. Most documents relay the story of an unknown, lone alarm rider rousing the officer and his family in the dead of night. However, historian David Hackett Fischer asserts that the township as a whole was alerted by the firing of an alarm signal from the nearby village of Carlisle, a Northern precinct of Concord, thereby creating a more general internal alarm throughout the vicinity. Regardless, once roused, Robinson moved in haste to join his fellow Minutemen. Robinson, Rev. Joseph Thaxter, and a handful of Westford Minutemen rode on horseback and arrived at Concord in time to participate in the engagement at the Old North Bridge.  Robinson and his companions, having traveled by horse, arrived before the companies of Westford militia and minutemen who traveled on foot. Only a very small number of Robinson's regiment were present as the Americans prepared to attack the small British force holding the Old North Bridge. The militia and minutemen present at that time were almost entirely of Col. James Barrett's regiment of Middlesex militia and Col. Abijah Pierce's regiment of Middlesex minutemen. As he had no command present on the field, Robinson requested permission from Major John Buttrick (who had been designated second in command by Barrett and charged with leading the advance) to march at the head of the American column at Buttrick's side. Recognizing Robinson's superior rank, Buttrick offered command of the column to Robinson, despite the fact that it was not Robinson's regiment. Robinson declined and asked to accompany Buttrick as a volunteer.  Buttrick and Robinson led the column, side by side, from a hill near Buttrick's farm down to the North Bridge. The first shot fired by the Regulars splashed into the Concord River, fired either accidentally or as a warning to the oncoming Americans. The British then fired several more shots, killing Captain Isaac Davis of Acton who commanded the leading company in the American column. Another of these shots sent a ball through Robinson's coat, just under the arm, severely wounding an Acton volunteer behind Robinson. Buttrick gave the command to commence fire, resulting in 12 British casualties (three of them fatal). The British retreated almost immediately after the Americans opened fire.

Battle of Bunker Hill.

Robinson fought from the redoubt on Breed's Hill under the command of Col. William Prescott of Pepperell, Massachusetts. His bravery and valor in outflanking a charge of British regulars along a low fence on Breed's Hill was noted by Prescott in an August 25, 1775 letter to Continental Congressman John Adams. "I commanded my Lieut Coll. Robinson...with a detachment to flank the enemy" Prescott related, "who I have reason to think behaved with prudence and courage."

Service at Cambridge.

Col. Robinson commanded a regiment of over 400 militiamen at Cambridge under the authority of General George Washington during the Siege of Boston from late 1775 to March 23, 1776. His official tenure ended soon after Henry Knox's famous display of captured Fort Ticonderoga artillery brought to a close the British occupation of Boston and forced the wholesale evacuation of Royal forces from the colony. However, the mirth of the Royal retreat was short lived for the Robinson family. The unsanitary conditions of Cambridge camp life brought about a scourge of diseases which were quickly spread throughout New England by the returning soldiers. Almost immediately, these diseases were to have devastating effects on both soldier and citizen alike. In a period of less than two weeks, between the days of August, 30 and September 9, 1775, three of John Robinson's daughters, all under the age of ten, would perish from camp fever.

Shays' Rebellion.

In 1786, Robinson took up arms against the Massachusetts Courts in the post-war farmer's revolt later known as Shays' Rebellion. Little is known of his actual role in the rebellion, his great-Granddaughter Olive Ann Prescott, describing his action as "an honest mistake" yet noting that he always had fought "with an innate hatred of injustice wherever found". It is known that he acted in concert with Job Shattuck of neighboring Groton, MA, a notable leader in the uprising who Robinson had commanded in Prescott's militia and at the Regimental camp at Cambridge. On September 12, the day on which the Middlesex County Court in Concord was forced to adjourn by an armed mob of Shaysites, "The number at 11 o’clock was about seventy, but increased in the afternoon to about two hundred and fifty, by the arrival of others from Worcester county; and from other towns in Middlesex, among whom Col. Robinson of Westford was conspicuous."

Legacy.

The Col. John Robinson elementary school in Westford, Massachusetts is named in his honor, as is the Col. John Robinson chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution of Westford, Massachusetts. Robinson Rd. in Westford is also named in his honor. There is a small memorial on Westford Town Common with a plaque commemorating his service and the "All War Monument" at the head of the Westford Town Common also mentions his service during the revolutionary war. A memorial plaque is placed at the entrance to the Westlawn Cemetery on Concord Road in Westford, where Robinson is buried, put there by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

John Robinson (July 24, 1735 – June 13, 1805) was a Massachusetts militia and Continental Army officer from Westford, Massachusetts during the American Revolutionary War. On April 19, 1775, during the Battle of Concord, Robinson was the second highest-ranking officer in the field after Colonel James Barrett. Robinson marched next to Major John Buttrick at the head of the American column which advanced on and defeated the British Regulars at the Old North Bridge that day. Robinson would later fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill, serve under General George Washington during the Siege of Boston and, in 1786, would take part in the agrarian insurrection known as Shays' Rebellion.


History.

The area was first settled by Henry Rhodes after obtaining a land grant in 1841 of about from the Republic of Texas. The name, however, comes from a later settler, John G. (possibly Grey, but no proof for middle name exist) Jolly, who purchased in 1866. John and his wife, Nancy Isabell (Guill) Jolly, operated a blacksmith shop and store. The Jollys donated land for a school and the cemetery in which they were eventually buried. Jollyville remained lightly settled for decades; only twenty families lived in the area in 1960. Eventually, the growth of nearby Austin led to the development of Jollyville as a suburban community.

Geography.

Jollyville is located at ().  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census, there were 15,813 people, 5,897 households, and 4,145 families living in the CDP. The population density was 2,681.7 people per square mile (1,034.8/km). There were 5,993 housing units at an average density of 1,016.4/sq mi (392.2/km). The racial makeup of the area was 79.81% White, 4.69% African American, 0.31% Native American, 8.52% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 4.36% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. 11.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  Of the 5,897 households 42.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 20.5% of households were one person and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.17.  The age distribution was 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 41.3% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 3.0% 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.  The median household income was $66,999 and the median family income was $74,851. Males had a median income of $50,048 versus $32,004 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,113. 2.7% of the population and 2.2% of families were living below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under the age of 18 and 6.2% of those 65 and older.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jollyville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Education.

Jollyville is within the Round Rock Independent School District.  Four elementary schools serve sections of the CDP: Forest North, Jollyville, Live Oak, and Pond Springs. Residents are divided between Deerpark Middle School and Pearson Ranch Middle School. All residents are zoned to McNeil High School.  Previously all residents were zoned to Deerpark Middle School,

Jollyville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Travis and Williamson counties in Texas. It is a neighborhood in north Austin. The population was 16,151 at the 2010 census.


Playing career.

Price attended Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley, California, and the University of California, Berkeley, where he played college baseball for the California Golden Bears baseball team. He was drafted by the California Angels in the eighth round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft (190th overall). Price began his Minor League Baseball (MiLB) career in 1984, advancing to the Class AA Midland Angels over 3 seasons in the Angels farm system; he was released following the 1986 season.  Price then took 1987 off and signed with the Seattle Mariners organization. He split two seasons between AA and the AAA Calgary Cannons. Over the course of Price’s five-year MiLB career, he compiled a record of 31–19 with a 3.74 earned run average (ERA) in 90 games, 75 of which were starts.

Coaching career.

Seattle Mariners.

Price was the Seattle Mariners pitching coach from 2001–2006. Price earned "USA Today" "Baseball Weekly"'s Pitching Coach of the Year Award in 2001 after leading that staff to the American League ERA title with a 3.54 mark, an improvement of almost one run per game from the previous season.

Arizona Diamondbacks.

Price was the Arizona Diamondbacks pitching coach until May 7, 2009, when he resigned after manager Bob Melvin was replaced by A. J. Hinch. Price was named Major League Coach of the Year by Baseball America in 2007 after his Diamondbacks staff posted a 4.13 ERA, fourth best in the National League, on the way to the National League Championship Series. He also worked for the Philadelphia Phillies as a minor league consultant.

Cincinnati Reds.

On October 17, 2009, Price was hired as the pitching coach of the Cincinnati Reds.

Philadelphia Phillies.

On October 31, 2019, Price was named the Philadelphia Phillies pitching coach.

Managerial career.

Cincinnati Reds.

Price was hired as manager of the Cincinnati Reds on October 21, 2013, replacing Dusty Baker, and was publicly announced at a news conference on October 22. On September 26, 2014, the team announced that Price and Walt Jocketty would return for the 2015 season.  On April 20, 2015, Price went on an angry, expletive-filled rant to a gathering of the Cincinnati media before a 6-1 win over the Milwaukee Brewers over reporters leaking undisclosed developments about players that he believed would put his team at a competitive disadvantage. In particular, he was upset that a Cincinnati Enquirer reporter saw catcher Devin Mesoraco on his flight, and then tweeted the catcher wasn't available to play during a game in St. Louis because of injury. In the rant, Price used the variations of the f-word 77 times and 11 other profanities. The Cincinnati Enquirer's official website posted an edited audio version of the rant, but later removed it. The audio was later uploaded independently to the internet and re-posted by Deadspin.  On May 23, 2015, Price was ejected before a baseball game against the Cleveland Indians began. He got into a dispute with the umpiring crew while delivering the lineup card, and was tossed.  On October 3, 2015, it was announced that Price would remain as manager of the Reds for 2016. On September 2, 2017, despite a mixed season, it was announced that Price would be returning as manager of the Reds for the 2018 season.  After a 3-15 start to begin 2018, the Reds released Price on April 19, 2018. He was temporarily replaced by bench coach Jim Riggleman. Price finished with a record of 279 wins and 387 losses.  In August 2019, he became a United States national baseball team coach for the 2019 WBSC Premier12 tournament. The team finished fourth in the tournament, and failed to qualify for the 2020 Olympics as it finished behind Mexico, but will have another opportunity to qualify.

Bryan Roberts Price (born June 22, 1962) is an American professional baseball coach and manager. He is the pitching coach for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Price was the manager of the Cincinnati Reds of MLB, from 2014 through 2018.