Gameplay.

"Bit.Trip Beat" puts players in control of a paddle that reflects differently sized and coloured beats, similar to "Pong", as they come from the right side of the screen toward the left. It is controlled by holding the Wii Remote sideways and tilting it toward and away from the player to make the paddle go up and down. Gameplay takes place in one of three different phases: Transition, Descent, and Growth, with each phase more difficult than the last. Before each phase a cutscene of the character Commander Video is shown. Phases are split into several parts, with each part ending with multiple rainbow-coloured beats. At the end of each phase is a boss. Either through getting a game over or beating the phase, players will then have their final scores tallied.  When the beats collide with the paddle, they make a noise, contributing to the background music. Each successful deflection earns players a set score. Beats may also move in strange patterns, such as beats that bounce back after being deflected or beats that pause for a moment. If the paddle misses a beat, it will deplete a meter on the lower screen slightly; if the meter is completely depleted, the background will change to black and the beats and paddle white. If the meter depletes again, players will lose and have to start the phase over. In order to get out of this, players must fill up a meter at the top of the screen before the lower meter empties again, bringing them to normal. If players fill it up again, it will bring them into a new style, where the music, graphics, and sound effects are changed, with the score per each successful deflection doubled. Each time the meter is filled up at this point, the score multiplier increases.  Special beats will, if hit, modify players' paddle temporarily in some way; some will make the paddle tiny, rewarding players for meeting a threshold of beats hit while in this form, or doubling paddles to prepare players for a sequence of beats that cannot be hit without two paddles. If the lower meter empties on this screen, players will return to the normal mode. "Bit.Trip Beat" also features a multi-player mode, allowing anywhere from two to four players to play cooperatively, all paddles working together to deflect the beats. The four player mode modifies the paddles to make them smaller to prevent the game from becoming too easy.  The iOS release of "Bit.Trip Beat" has several new features. This includes leaderboards, downloadable levels based on other titles in the "Bit.Trip" series, achievements, and the ability to either use the built-in accelerometer or the iOS series' touch screens. Its multi-player mode allows for both off and online multi-player. Similar to the iOS version, the Windows and Mac OS X versions feature leaderboards and achievements. This version adds an easy mode and the ability to post high score data to either Facebook or Twitter.

Development and release.

"Bit.Trip Beat" was developed by Gaijin Games and initially published by Aksys Games. It was designed by Alex Neuse, its art by Mike Roush, and its programming by Chris Osborn. Their publishing agreement with Aksys was formed due to Neuse's personal relationship with its president, Akibo Shieh, with whom the two of them had wanted to work on a game together before. Despite the amicable relationship with Aksys, the budget and development time were less than they would have wanted, though they put up with it due to their good relationship and the challenge of developing with those limits. Because of being only three people, the developers had to do more than what they normally would have to. Before its reveal, Gaijin released a teaser on IGN. Its title was originally "8-Bit Beat", though this was changed to "Bit.Trip Beat". Early on, the developers could only afford one development kit, causing them to have to interrupt each other's work to use it. One of the first ideas made for the game was to give it an Atari 2600 art style.  It was initially proposed as ""Pong" with music". While described as being "not a big selling point" by Roush, the enthusiasm given off by Neuse convinced him to stay and work with him on it. Roush attributes the development of "Bit.Trip Beat" on WiiWare over competing services Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network due to both coming off from the development of a Nintendo DS game before it and Neuse's Nintendo fanboyism. Its development time spanned three and a half months. He explains that it was easier to switch from the DS to Wii than it would be to switch to an entirely different company's platform. Neuse noted music video game "Rez" for inspiring "Beat", calling it one of his favourite games of all time. The developers designed its controls with the intent of hearkening back to the era of "spinner controls" traditionally used in paddle games. Initially, they used several different kinds of controls, including having players control it with the d-pad, the analog stick, and by pointing the Wii Remote at the screen. However, they eventually settled on holding the controller sideways and tilting it. Boss battles were added near the end of development; while Neuse did not want to feature them despite his love for the video game trope, he felt that the game could benefit from them. However, due to the short time spent creating them, he finds them to feel rushed, even though they add to the game. Neuse explains that, while wanting the game to remain open to interpretation, "Beat" shows CommanderVideo's journey from the ethereal to the corporeal, ending with CommanderVideo becoming aware of himself and saying "I am only a man."  Near the end of development, the developers realized that they had mistakenly forgotten to localize the game, including error messages, such as those telling if save data has been corrupted. As such, they believe that they diminished its accessibility in other regions as a result. A bug, interpreted to be intentional, prevented the game from saving unless players achieve a high score. This only affected the North American version, as the other versions came out after it was fixed. A traditional patch was not easily accomplished on the WiiWare service, which Game Set Watch speculates drove them to their method of fixing it, which included putting up two save files that included high scores for the first two levels, thereby unlocking the third level.

Audio.

Originally, the audio was intended to be entirely chiptune; however, they realized that they should make the music more appealing to more people, making them change the style to simply chiptune-inspired. They outsourced the music to noted micromusician Bit Shifter. Bit.Shifter used Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System samples to compose the songs. Gaijin Games released the soundtrack for "Bit.Trip Beat", which contains ten songs. While given a limited release initially, it was eventually given wide release on services such as Amazon MP3, iTunes, eMusic, and others.

Promotion and release.

It was published by Aksys Games for the WiiWare on March 16, 2009 in North America and May 1, 2009 in PAL regions. Arc System Works published it in Japan on April 28, 2009. It was released for iOS in North America on September 30, 2010, where it was published by Namco Bandai. The iOS release was accompanied by an HD version of it for the same platform. Aksys also published it for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X through the Steam service on November 2, 2010 in North America. Because they had no money for marketing, they launched a viral marketing campaign, which consisted of the above-mentioned teaser video, screenshots, and a CommanderVideo web site, all of which were well-received; however, according to Neuse, the hype for the game died down too far before the game's release, which he feels hurt its sales potential. While a release for the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade and the PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network has been mentioned as possible in the future by the creators, they noted that it was difficult to accomplish.  Artist Mike Terpstra created two posters for the game, depicting Commander Video standing above a city. "Bit.Trip Beat" has been featured as part of a series of videos made by Nintendo called "Developer's Voice", which shares "in-game footage and insight who worked on the title". After the release of the first demo of "Bit.Trip Beat" for WiiWare, Gaijin Games CEO Alex Neuse claimed that the demo brought sales of the game up to their initial projections, later claiming that it needs to be played for players to understand it. A demo was released for the iOS version titled "Bit.Trip Beat Blitz". During a Steam sale, "Bit.Trip Beat" was sold in the "Indie Pulse Pack" for $5.00, which included "Audiosurf", "Beat Hazard", "Rhythm Zone", and "The Polynomial". It was released on sale for $1.99 for the iOS launch. For Halloween in 2010, Namco Bandai dropped the prices of both "Bit.Trip Beat" and "Bit.Trip Beat HD" to $0.99 each on the iOS. The Windows and Mac OS X versions of "Bit.Trip Beat" were available for 10% off of $9.99 for the first week of its release.

Reception.

Pre-release.

Ars Technica's Ben Kuchera noted it for being a quality title on the WiiWare service, which he states has been lacking in quality titles. He praised the trailer as exciting, while anticipating that it will be a "joy to play." Kotaku's Mike Fahey commented that it looked like a "blast to play." IGN's Steve Butts commented that while its combination of "Pong"-like gameplay and rhythmic gameplay could result in people referring to it as ""Pong Pong Revolution"", it was hard not to be "captivated, tested and utterly exhausted" by it.

WiiWare release.

Since its release for WiiWare, "Bit.Trip Beat" has received generally positive reception, holding aggregate scores of 80/100 and 80.15% on Metacritic and GameRankings, respectively. GameSpot's Lark Anderson praised it for its addictiveness, music, and visuals; however, he criticized the number of levels, lack of online leaderboards, and for a confusing premise. Destructoid's Jonathan Holmes called it one of his favourite games of 2009. IGN's Mark Bozon described the gameplay as basic, but fun. He also praised the aesthetic quality of the game, describing the music as "extremely well-composed and complex" and the graphics for successfully achieving an old school style with its visuals. He also named it one of the 15 best WiiWare games. "Wired"s Gus Mastrapa named it his fifth favourite Wii game of 2009, calling it "one of the biggest surprises of the year", calling it "hard as hell". It was well received by "Official Nintendo Magazine"s Simon Bramble, who described it as a "fresh take on "Pong"" and praising its value and aesthetics. However, he noted its few levels left them wanting, even though they were large and unique.  "Edge" called it "short and difficult", though praising the developers for its use of "rhythm and conditioning to such powerful effect." They also noted that the game could have improved if the three levels were broken up into several more smaller segments. In MTV Multiplayer's review of one of its sequels "Bit.Trip Flux", editor Jason Cipriano noted that while good, it was too difficult. Eurogamer's Simon Parkin described it as a "brisk, radiant creation" as well as a "nostalgic celebration". However, he did feel that Gaijin was "struggling" to come up with ways to increase the difficulty by the third phase, citing a unique type of beat that obscured the screen to an extent with their "flair". NGamer's Nick Ellis called it a "superb reinvention of "Pong"" and "unashamedly retro". While also praising the music and addictiveness, they criticized its high level of difficulty and eye strain that it may cause.  IGN's Lucas M. Thomas named it the eighth best WiiWare game, noting the fact that "Pong" creator Ralph Baer had played "Bit.Trip Beat" as evidence of its quality. He also compared it to Nintendo's "Art Style" series, calling it addictive and a good value, but also brief. IGN also featured it as a part of their "WiiWare Showcase" series, describing it as a "quick trip to a catchy musical game." Authors Jeff and Steve Fulton noted "Bit.Trip Beat" as a good example of a "post-retro game". They later note that it isn't appropriate to call it "Pong", as while it shares some elements, it is very different. They also noted that, sans the visual and audio enhancements, it succeeds as a post-retro game as being an idea that could have been accomplished on the Atari 2600, but with the rhythmic premise, would make it impossible back in the day. "Bit.Trip Beat" was awarded with "The Michael Jackson Award for Best Video Game Music" by "PC World", praising the game's use of sound effects to enhance the music. By the first half of 2009, Destructoid's Chad Concelmo named "Bit.Trip Beat" one of the best games of the year, as well as four other Destructoid editors.

Later releases.

The PC version has received fairly positive reception as well. Gamezebo described it as a combination of "Pong" and "Guitar Hero", commenting that the combination of "Pong"-like gameplay and rhythmic gameplay usually "works beautifully". While describing its gameplay as "simple yet addictive" and its aesthetics as "primitive yet beautiful", they criticized the game length, high difficulty level, and a lack of multi-player. They also noted that the Wii version was superior. Indie Games' Tim W. featured the Windows and Mac OS X versions as part of the web site's Best Of Indie Games feature. Fellow Indie Games editor Michael Rose strongly suggested buying it, describing it as a "far more insane" version of "Pong". However, he did criticize it for having few, long levels that could be difficult for people who have difficulty keeping focus. Mobile gaming developer Zach Cage called "Bit.Trip Beat" one of his favourite games released in the past 10 years. IGN's Charles Onyett called it "fluid and creative", though deriding its high level of difficulty. He praised the game for its aesthetics, calling the music "catchy" and the visuals "irresistible" to long-time gamers, though feeling that the graphics can get distracting at times. He also praised the developers for the inclusion of online leaderboards.  GamesRadar's Andrew Hayward praised the premise of the game as well as the iOS' touch controls. He also named it one of the 50 best iPad games of 2010. Gamezebo praised the iOS version for its aesthetics and gameplay and criticized it for its difficulty like they did with the Steam version; however, while it features the multi-player mode that they criticized the computer version for lacking, they criticized it for its "chaotic" nature and connection issues. IGN's Levi Buchanan found that while it was aesthetically pleasing and fun, it was too difficult. Adrenaline Vault's Michael Smith recommended that iOS device owners buy it, citing quality gameplay, graphics, and music, the latter two he says are good even if certain players do not like 8-bit. While he typically advises readers to "try before you buy" when buying a $5 iOS game, he cites "Bit.Trip Beat" as an exception.  Ars Technica's Ben Kuchera called the iOS version "near perfect". He described its "rhythm game meets "Pong"" style as working well on the platform. "GamePro"s Ryan Rigney featured it as one of their App Store Games of the Week of October 1, 2010. They called it a combination of music video game "Audiosurf" and "Pong", praising Gaijin Games for mixing the old with the new. UGO Networks' Jason Cipriano called it addictive in their article on iOS games with achievements. "Wired"s John Mix Meyer listed it as one of the iPad's "10 Biggest, Baddest Games", commenting that while alone its elements were not strong enough to make a game, combined they are great. It was nominated for the Excellence in Audio award at the Independent Games Festival in 2010; it ultimately lost to "". Game Set Watch's Eric Caoili speculated that if "Bit.Trip Beat" is successful on the iOS platforms, that Namco Bandai may publish more of them.

Legacy.

"Bit.Trip Beat" was the first in a series of six titles. It was followed by "Bit.Trip Core", which uses the d-pad to control the gameplay instead of motion controls. The third game in the series is titled "Bit.Trip Void", which puts players in control of an 8-bit ball. The fourth game is titled "Bit.Trip Runner", the first game to put players in direct control of CommanderVideo. The fifth game in the series is titled "Bit.Trip Fate", a side-scrolling on-rails shooter that again puts players in direct control of Commander Video. The final game in the series, "Bit.Trip Flux", features similar mechanics and ideas to "Beat", including featuring the same guest musician and its "Pong"-like gameplay. The developer attributes the return to this gameplay mechanic as Commander Video returning to "his simplest energetic state". However, it was designed to be easier than its predecessor, with no Game Over possible.

Android Compatibility Issue.

On Android systems running Android Marshmallow or higher, Bit.Trip Beat freezes upon opening. The Android app has not been updated since 2012, and the Bit.Trip Beat Android support email address has stopped responding.

Bit.Trip Beat, marketed as BIT.TRIP BEAT, is an arcade-style music video game developed by Gaijin Games and published by Aksys Games for the Wii's WiiWare download service. It was released in 2009 in North America, and released in Japan and PAL regions in the same year. It was later released for the Windows and Mac OS X through the download service Steam in 2010, while Namco Bandai published it for iOS on iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad in both "Bit.Trip Beat" and "Bit.Trip Beat HD" versions. Android and Linux versions debuted in the Humble Android Bundle 3.


History.

On December 17, 1925 Talton Higbee Embry and John Paul Riddle founded the Embry-Riddle Company at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Ohio. In spring 1926, the company opened the Embry-Riddle School of Aviation. Following a merge with the Aviation Corporation (AVCO), the Embry-Riddle flying school was closed in 1930. In 1939 Riddle, John Graham McKay and wife Isabel re-established the school in Miami, Florida. Keeping the name, they partnered with the University of Miami to provide flight training under the Civilian Pilot Training Program, increasing the number of pilots immediately preceding World War II. This school included the most famous flight alumnus President John F. Kennedy and his renown flight classes. Following rapid expansion, the school moved to the former Fritz Hotel.  Preempting the announced closure of Tamiami Airport where then named Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute was conducting its flight operations, the school was moved to Daytona Beach in April 1965. Embry-Riddle became a nonprofit in 1959, was awarded university status in 1968 and changed its name to today's name in 1970. Embry-Riddle started its worldwide program the same year and opened a second residential campus in Prescott, Arizona, in 1978.  Though it began as a regional school for pilots and aircraft mechanics, the university enrolls nearly 32,000 undergraduate and graduate students.

Accreditations and certifications.

The non-profit university is accredited as a level VI institution by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award degrees at the associate, bachelor, master's, and doctoral levels. The university's programs in aviation maintenance, air traffic management, applied meteorology, aeronautical science, aerospace and occupational safety, flight operations, and airport management are accredited by the Aviation Accreditation Board International (AABI). The bachelor and master's programs in business are accredited by the Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP). All engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET)  The programs in aeronautics, air traffic management, applied meteorology, and aerospace studies are certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In July 2014, the university also became the nation's first FAA-approved training provider for student airline certification.  The Embry-Riddle Athletics administration announced in July 2014 it was accepted into the NCAA Division II membership process. The transition to full NCAA Division II membership was completed in July 2017.

Daytona Beach, Florida campus.

Embry-Riddle's oldest residential campus () and academic headquarters has been in Daytona Beach, Florida since the move from Miami in 1965. Built adjacent to the Daytona Beach International Airport, the campus is connected to an aircraft ramp owned by the university for flight training. The main campus consists of an aviation complex, academic quad and residence halls surrounding the student center and Jack R. Hunt Aviator Park. The campus has seven residence halls and one off-campus housing complex. Athletic facilities, the Brigadier General William W. Spruance ROTC Center and the ICI Center are on the east side of campus.  This university's eastern campus serves approximately 5,700 undergraduates and 600 graduate students from over 100 countries. All first-year students live on campus with sophomores, juniors, and seniors. 47 majors are currently offered at this location. The engineering physics program at the Daytona Beach campus is currently the largest undergraduate engineering physics program in the country and the only one specializing in aerospace.  The Daytona Beach campus has a fleet of 62 Cessna Skyhawks and 10 Diamond DA42-VI's. The ERAU Flying Club's two (2) Cessna 172s and the two Cessna 150s of the Eagles Flight Team are also parked on the ramp.  Embry-Riddle's Daytona Beach campus has one of the most extensive Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs in the United States and the nation's largest Air Force ROTC program. The ROTC program frequently wins national competitions.

Prescott, Arizona campus.

Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University-Prescott opened in 1978. The University's campus in Prescott, Arizona is 100 miles north of Phoenix. The high-desert climate offers nearly 300 days of sunshine a year. The campus has an enrollment of about 2,000 students and covers 539 acres of western terrain.  The flight training center is at nearby Ernest A. Love Field. Facilities at the Prescott Campus include the Aerospace Experimentation and Fabrication Building, a wind tunnel lab with one supersonic and four subsonic wind tunnels, the aviation safety center with an accident investigation lab, library, the 48,000 sq ft. academic complex, the engineering and technology center, chapel, dining hall, student union and residence halls. The Prescott Campus features four academic colleges and offers 19 bachelor's degrees and two master's degrees, as well as educational programs for youths, students, and working professionals.  The Prescott campus offers the only Global Security and Intelligence Studies program in the US.  The First Year Experience program is designed to help students transition to college on academic, social, and educational levels. Students in FYE housing are grouped together by major, when possible, and reside with a staff that is specially trained to handle first-year transitional issues. All first-year students under 21 years of age, without permanent residency in Yavapai County and with less than 28 earned credit hours, are required to live in University housing for their first full academic year. All FYE students reside in the Mingus Mountain Complex and are required to participate in the Dining Services meal program.  Embry-Riddle's two Air Force ROTC detachments form the largest university-based Air Force commissioning source in the nation. Embry-Riddle's AFROTC detachments also produce more commissioned officers, more pilots and other rated officers for the Air Force than any other institution in the nation except the Air Force Academy. Army ROTC also operates a large detachment on the Prescott Campus.  The Prescott campus is home to the Golden Eagles Flight Team, which competes in the National Intercollegiate Flying Association. Prescott's Golden Eagles Flight Team has won the regional championship each year for the past 31 years, and the team is also twelve-time National Champions winning in 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018. With their twelve national wins, the team has also been inducted into the San Diego Air & Space Museum's Hall of Fame.

Worldwide campus.

Embry-Riddle serves more than 22,000 students online and at 130 campuses, more than 90 on military bases and the option to take online courses. It offers 40 degree programs covering many areas in aviation, business, communication, computers, emergency services, engineering, human factors, management, safety, security, logistics, and unmanned systems. Classes are offered online, via video to a classroom or home, or face-to-face.  Embry-Riddle Worldwide campus was established in 1970 and became a network of more than 130 learning locations, including military bases. Embry-Riddle Worldwide also provides a virtual "online campus". U.S. News & World Report ranked Embry-Riddle #1 Best out of almost 300 Online Bachelor's Programs in 2016. Facilities with aviation functions are available for students not able to attend a residential campus. Programs of study are offered at the undergraduate and graduate level (as well as certificate and non-degree), including the rare Master of Business Administration in Aviation (MBA-A), ranked #74 Best Online MBA Program (out of about 250) in 2015.

Professional programs.

ERAU hosts a variety of aviation-focused short-courses. All courses are offered in a classroom taught by industry experts. These courses — ranging in topic from Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Aircraft Accident Investigation and Management — are tailored for professionals involved in the operations, management, and supervision of aviation organizations. The Worldwide campus offers courses either online, via video, or face-to-face globally and is headed by Gary Burke, Director -Office of Professional Education for the Worldwide campus.  The Embry-Riddle Prescott Campus is home to the Robertson Safety Institute (RSI); a center for research, development, short courses, and corporate outreach in safety education. The campus has resources including the Robertson Crash Lab, Aviation Safety and Security Archives and immediate access to advanced engineering, scientific, and forensic resources.

Collaborations with SUSS.

The University collaborates with the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) on SUSS's Bachelor of Science in Aviation Maintenance and Bachelor of Science in Aviation Business Administration.

Research.

Daytona Beach
While rooted in aviation, research at Embry-Riddle's Daytona Beach Campus has expanded to include a diverse range of areas, including engineering, cyber and homeland security, human factors, modeling and simulation, and business. The same technologies and expertise faculty have developed and applied to aerospace and aviation related research, they now apply directly to other areas — space systems, high-performance vehicles, unmanned and autonomous systems, robotics, alternative and sustainable energy, medical human factors, commercial space operations and more.  The university is expanding its partnerships with industry in developing the Aerospace Research and Technology Park adjacent to the Daytona Beach campus. Supported by new research centers and laboratories, this park will not only foster research growth on campus, but it will also provide an ideal setting for cross-fertilization and innovation between the campus and its partners. Embry-Riddle also manages the FAA NextGen Florida Test Bed, where technology is being developed that will support the nation's expanding air transportation needs. Research will contribute to reducing fuel consumption and associated emissions, improving situational awareness for pilots, and providing safer and more efficient passenger service.  In 2017, Embry-Riddle partnered with an Orlando non-profit, FireSpring Fund, to aid five startups in their research and creation process. FireSpring awarded each startup $25,000 and Embry-Riddle offered each entrepreneurial support, seed funding, mentorship and a home base at the new university research park. The startups were: Embedded Control Designs LLC, Myers Devices LLC, Censys Technologies Corporation, Weintraus LLC, and Sensatek Propulsion Technology Inc. They researched and designed in the areas of: gas-turbine stability, drone data processing and communications, medical safety devices and spacecraft transportation.  Prescott
At the Prescott Campus, a total of $60,000 in Eagle-Prize (E-Prize) Grants is available each year for student teams participating in collegiate, national or international design or research competitions. Teams that participate in high-stature competitions, have a diverse membership and demonstrate a great likelihood of success with sound methodology and clear business plans are most likely to receive funding.  Ignite Grants, part of Embry-Riddle's Quality Enhancement Plan, are available up to $48,000 annually for students wishing to participate in research and innovation under the tutelage of a faculty mentor.

Athletics.

Administration announced in July 2014 that Embry-Riddle had been accepted into the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II membership process. Embry-Riddle began intercollegiate athletics competition on its Daytona Beach Campus in 1988 and has since transformed into a highly successful program that sponsors 19 intercollegiate sports teams, as well as coed cheerleading. Embry-Riddle fields teams in baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, men's and women's lacrosse, men's and women's rowing, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, and women's volleyball.  The Prescott Campus competes in nine sports: men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, softball, women's volleyball, and men's wrestling.  During their time in the NAIA, the Athletics program at the Daytona Beach Campus won the Sun Conference Commissioner's Cup for 16 consecutive years.

Rankings.

Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University is ranked by "U.S. News & World Report" in several categories for 2020:  Regional Universities - Tie - 11th
Best Colleges for Veterans - Tie - 4th  The U.S. News & World Report ranked Embry-Riddle -2nd Most Innovative Schools and 42nd Best Value Colleges  Best Engineering Programs (At schools whose highest degree is a doctorate) - Tie - 83rd
Aerospace/Aeronautical/Astronautical (At schools whose highest degree is a doctorate) - 4th
Best Graduate Engineering Schools - Tie - 111th  Best Online Bachelor's Programs - 1st
Best Online MBA Programs - Tie - 113th
Best Online Graduate Business Programs (Excluding MBA) - Tie - 59th  In May 2014, the U.S. News & World Report ranked Embry-Riddle Worldwide one of the nation's top online educators for veterans.  Embry Riddle is ranked the #96 highest paid alumni on Payscale.com the school also ranks highest in pay from universities in the state of Florida.  Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University is also ranked by Forbes' list of America's Top Colleges for 2018:  Top Colleges: 294
Private Colleges: 205
Grateful Grads: 361
Forbes Financial Grade: B
America's Best Value Colleges: 272

Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) is a private university with its main campuses in Daytona Beach, Florida, and Prescott, Arizona. It is the largest accredited university system specializing in aviation and aerospace. It has numerous online programs and academic programs offered at satellite locations.


History.

In 1886 ex-Union Gen. John T. Wilder received a charter for the Charleston, Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, commonly referred to as the "Triple C" Railroad. This was the beginning of the modern Clinchfield. The promoters proposed a 625-mile line from Ironton, Ohio, to Charleston, South Carolina, with an extension down the Ohio River to Cincinnati. It would serve the rich agricultural lands of the Piedmont, the summer resorts of the North Carolina mountains, the rich timber and mineral deposits and coal fields of Virginia and Kentucky, with terminals on both the Ohio River and the Atlantic seacoast. The estimated cost was $21 million, equal to $ today. Johnson City, Tennessee, was established as the headquarters for the Triple C Railroad and that city became a railway boom town.  Built north and south from Johnson City, tracks reached Erwin, Tennessee, in 1890. Grading was 90% complete from Johnson City to Dante, Virginia, in 1893 when the Triple C had financial problems and failed in the national depression of that year. In July 1893, the assets of the Triple C Railroad were sold at a foreclosure for $550,000, equal to $ today. The new owners renamed it the "Ohio River and Charleston Railroad." The construction continued halfheartedly and in 1897 owners began to sell off the railroad in segments. At the time an enterprising entrepreneur, George Lafayette Carter, was involved in developing the coal lands of southwestern Virginia and needed a railroad to transport his coal to a seaport. In 1902, he purchased the Ohio River and Charleston Railroad, renamed it the Clinchfield Railroad, and organized a gigantic construction program. Between 1905 and 1909 the road was completed from Dante, Virginia, to Spartanburg, South Carolina. Carter got financing to build to high standards and Clinchfield has not had to reduce grades, lighten curves, and enlarge tunnels to handle larger equipment as other railroads have had to do. (The main line retains many 14° curves, though.) Carter established the Clinchfield's headquarters in Johnson City, Tennessee, but later moved it to Erwin, Tennessee, when he could not get land for the shops and classification yards. Erwin remained Clinchfield's headquarters thereafter.  A station was built in 1910 near Little Switzerland, North Carolina, for visitors to the resort. The resort built Etchoe Pass Road, a 4-mile long toll road, connecting to it. The tolls were lifted and the road is now North Carolina Highway 226A. The toll booths are still visible. The station's original name was Mount Mitchell Station but it was subsequently changed to Little Switzerland. In 1954, the railroad retired its last steam locomotive in favor for diesel power.

The Family Lines and CSX.

The Clinchfield lost its identity in the mid-1970s when it came under the "Family Lines System" banner, a marketing name for Seaboard Coast Line, L&N, and several smaller railroads. The Clinchfield is remembered for is its famous "Santa Claus Special" that debuted in 1943 from encouragement from several Kingsport businessmen and ran the length of the Clinchfield's main line between Elkhorn City and Kingsport, Tennessee handing out gifts to the children along the route. Today, it is operated by CSX Transportation with the Kingsport Area Chamber of Commerce and is now known as the "Santa Train".

Freight schedules.

Most of their traffic was coal trains, but the Clinchfield did operate a few scheduled Freight Trains. Northbound Clinchfield trains had odd numbers and southbound even (most railroads used even numbers for northbound trains). This was done so that their trains would mesh in with connecting trains from the SCL on the south end at Spartanburg and the C&O on the north end at Elkhorn City. Below is a sample of the Freight Trains between Spartanburg, S.C., and Erwin, Tennessee:

The Clinchfield Railroad was an operating and holding company for the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway. The line ran from the coalfields of Virginia and Elkhorn City, Kentucky, to the textile mills of South Carolina. The 35-mile segment from Dante, Virginia, to Elkhorn City, opening up the coal lands north of Sandy Ridge Mountains and forming a connection with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway at Elkhorn City, was completed in 1915.


History.

Emile Louis Constant Schiff became the owner of the Nederlandse Guttapercha Maatschappij in Delft, the forerunner of Apollo Vredestein, on 6 November 1908. In 1909, the company moved to Loosduinen and changed its name to NV Rubberfabriek Vredestein. The name Vredestein comes from the name of the farm Schiff bought in Loosduinen in 1909 and where he first started making rubber.  The company initially specialised in all kinds of rubber products, including shoe heels, tennis balls, floor covering, boots and indoor football balls.  On 13 September 1934, most of the factory in Loosduinen was lost in a fire. Reconstruction started immediately, and the bicycle tire factory in Doetinchem was established in the same year.  In 1946, the NV Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Autobanden-fabriek Vredestein was founded in Enschede, with the American company B.F. Goodrich owning just over 20% of the shares. A year later, Schiff laid the cornerstone of the plant in Enschede.  The growth of the company accelerated in 1962 when it merged with N.V. Rubberfabrieken Hevea in Raalte. In 1971, the company became wholly owned by B.F. Goodrich and Vredestein's products were soon finding their way to 125 different countries.  Under the influence of globalisation, in the 1970s the Vredestein brand increasingly came to focus on car, agricultural, industrial and two-wheeler tires. The oil crisis prompted many mergers in the tire industry during these years.  In 1976, the Dutch state took over 49% of the shares in Vredestein, and two percent were obtained by the "Stichting tot Voortzetting van Vredestein" (Foundation for the Continuation of Vredestein). While the remaining 49% initially remained in the possession of B.F. Goodrich, they were later taken over by the Foundation for a symbolic sum. In the early 1990s, the company was acquired from the State by three Dutch investors.  A collaboration was established with the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro in the late 1990s. Giugiaro Design designs high-performance tires for Vredestein.  In 2009, Vredestein was acquired by India's Apollo Tyres Ltd, and the company name was changed to Apollo Vredestein B.V. The bulk of production still takes place in Enschede.  In January 2013, Apollo Tyres Ltd announced the opening of its global R&D centre in Enschede, Netherlands, that will develop and test car and van tires for the company.  On 12 June 2013, Apollo Tyres Ltd announced the acquisition of Cooper Tire & Rubber Company. in a US$2.5 billion deal. This would have turned Apollo Tyre Ltd into the world's seventh-largest tire company, with combined global revenue of an estimated US$6.6 billion, according to Tire Review data, but on 30 December 2013, the Cooper acquisition was called off.  In May 2015, Apollo Tyres Ltd announced the relocation of its European head office from Enschede, to Amsterdam, Netherlands. The move is intended to make it easier to fill high-level positions and take advantage of the close proximity to Schiphol airport.  On march 5 2020 the Company announced that 750 jobs were to become redundant within 2 years. The intention is that the production of regular car tyres will be halted within that period.

Structure.

Offices in the world.

Apollo Vredestein B.V. is represent by:

Apollo Vredestein B.V. is a Netherlands-based tire manufacturer. Since 2009, it is owned by Apollo Tyres Ltd of India. Apollo Vredestein B.V. has its head office in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and its production facility in Enschede. It designs, manufactures and sells tires under the Apollo and Vredestein brand names via offices in Europe and North America.


Vision and mission.

Harm Reduction International primarily engages in advocacy to reduce the harms resulting from policies relating to the use of illicit drugs. Through promoting evidenced-based public health policies and promoting a human rights-based best practice approach to drug policy reform, Harm Reduction International aims to achieve global social change in which individuals and communities benefit from drug laws, policies and practices that promote the health, dignity and human rights of illicit drug users.  Harm Reduction International's work includes supporting and undertaking research, analysis, advocacy and strengthening the capacity of civil society to engage in harm reduction and drug policy reform initiatives.  This idea of harm reduction has controversial topic. This argument of if it is morally ethically, gets brought to the public’s attention.

Awards.

Each year, Harm Reduction International presents a number of awards at international conference to acknowledge the contributions of outstanding groups or individuals in the field.

Rolleston Award.

The award is named after Sir Humphry Rolleston, President of the Royal College of Physicians who chaired the UK Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction. In 1926 this committee concluded that the prescription of heroin or morphine could be regarded as legitimate medical treatment for those in whom withdrawal produces serious symptoms that cannot be treated satisfactorily under normal practice and, for those for who are able to lead a useful and fairly normal life so long as they take a certain non-progressive quantity, usually small, of the drug of addiction, but cease to be able to do so when the regular allowance is withdrawn. This decision epitomises a benign, pragmatic and humane approach to drug problems, and was a landmark event in the history of harm reduction.

International Rolleston Award.

This award was first presented at the 3rd International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm in Melbourne in 1992. Each year, it is given to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to reducing harms from psychoactive substances at an international level.

National Rolleston Award.

This award was first presented at the ‘3rd International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm’ in Melbourne in 1992. Each year, it is given to an individual or organisation for their outstanding contributions to reducing harm from psychoactive substances at the national level in the country that is hosting the harm reduction conference.

Harm reduction model.

Harm reduction is a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with Mal-adaptive behaviors. Harm Reduction is also a movement for social justice built on a belief in, and respect for, the rights of people and compassionate pragmatism. Its focus is a shift from abstinence only approach towards preventive and safer approach. The focus of the attention is not the behavior itself, but the harm associated with it or the relative harmfulness. Harm Reduction Model developed in phases which started with health concerns in 1960's and the second phase in 1990's with sharp focus on AIDS prevention and lately in public health and human rights aspects.

Ideology.

Harm reduction approach is not a passive strategy that is “done to” participants. Rather, it is an active and interactive process. To practice harm reduction, individuals must be engaged in “self-management so that they may be capable of anticipating risky situations and generating viable, preferred alternatives that are suited to the situation at hand and reflect their own considered goals.” The Harm Reduction approach is one that can be tailored to diverse client populations and varying settings. The idea of beginning where the client is and learning where the individual would like to go is the framework of Harm Reduction and can be applied to approaching any number of social, health or behavioral issues. The Harm Reduction model, which is based on public health principles, takes a preventative stance to intervention with an aim to reduce the health, social, and economic harms associated with the unhealthy behaviors and considers the impact relative to the individual, family, and community. Harm Reduction strategies can be used with any individual engaging in any kind of potentially self-destructive behavior that they may be reluctant to stop. The nonjudgmental, non-stigmatizing approach regarding any number of presenting problems or behaviors may be enough motivation or engagement for the person at risk to return to the intervention. The ideology is based on ensuring the respect, quality of life of the individual and the community, and to protect fundamental human rights.

Intervention Process.

The general approach advocates lessening the harms associated with the risky behaviors through education, prevention, management and treatment(for drug abuse only). The tailoring of harm reduction interventions to address the specific risks and harms also take into account other bio-psycho-social factors. The person who assists the person-at-risk acts as an advocate or guide and not as a healer or fixer. Generic Stages of Harm Reduction model Intervention Process:-

Goals of Harm Reduction Model.

Harm reduction is described as a pragmatic response to address risky behaviors. Harm reduction helps the person to move from a state of chaos to a state of control over their own life and health. The goals are Helping, Advocating, Reducing recidivism, Mending wounds, Reinforcing healthier options, Educating (accurately & w/permission), Delivering hope, Uncovering challenges, Celebrating choice, Treatment opportunities, Investing your time, Offering support & Never, ever giving up on a client! The client is an expert in his ailing, you are just a service provider.

Harm reduction model in a Community-based Approach.

Public pressure is the core for any service delivery in a community. It is best to employ community mobilization tactics to make the community aware of the harm reduction strategy with joint collaboration of community partners and stakeholders. Because, people with credibility in the community can be strong champions of this work and ensures legitimacy. Every effort should also be made to include individuals with past-present personal experience of problematic behaviors. It is also helpful to have representation from health, social services, education and law enforcement. For effective implementation:- Public information events and Open meetings are particularly helpful when dealing with a controversial issue in harm reduction. It increases awareness of the issues and increases community support for the harm reduction strategy. They provide opportunities to share objective, credible information and address misconceptions. The community may be undecided on the issues, but will likely give serious consideration to a strategy that has good evidence and desirable objectives.

Application.

The Harm Reduction model, with its foundation in public health principles, will be an important component in the future of treatment in tackling various unhealthy behaviors in society. It is an humanistic approach to the recovery of the society and the individuals involved. Harm reduction practice and model encourages open dialogue, consultation and debate. It allows a wide range of stakeholders to be a part of policy development and programme implementation, delivery and evaluation. Universally as the entire altruistic care system moves towards, harm reduction model will enable it to perceive more awareness of management and preventative care.

Harm Reduction International, formerly known as International Harm Reduction Association, describes itself as a non-governmental organisation (NGO) in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and works within harm reduction model in the field of harm reduction. In 1990, the first International Harm Reduction conference was held in Liverpool, England. As Liverpool was one of the first cities in Britain to instigate harm reduction policies, including opening one of the first government-funded needle exchanges under the 'Mersey Harm Reduction Model', the first International Harm Reduction Conference attracted a diverse range of harm reduction proponents, including academics, community workers, medical professionals and drug user activists.


Statkraft osmotic power prototype in Hurum

Advantages.

This type of power generation is very reliable, consisting of only slightly more moving parts than a conventional hydroelectric power plant; in this case the addition of a pair of small pumps to move the fresh and salt water to the membrane surfaces. It is very quiet when operating and requires minimal supervision. In addition, it is expected the plant could respond very quickly as an emergency power source, using the membranes to'store' power ready in the form of high pressure water; this water could be very quickly fed to the hydroelectric turbine to generate electricity. The expected lifetime of this plant is large; with almost no moving parts (those that do move are very simple and reliable), there will be little wear occurring. The availability of spare parts and upgrade components is also good, meaning that an installed osmotic power plant could be run for many years cost-effectively.

Disadvantages.

Whilst highly reliable, simple and cheap to run/maintain, this plant is very expensive to install. The permeable membrane is currently an expensive resource, and to have any meaningful output, a very large membrane area is required. The plant described in this article could reach a power output of 4 kW in ideal conditions. By comparison, an open cycle gas turbine a fraction of the size (such as the Rolls-Royce or GE aero-derivative gas turbines) could easily produce greater than 15MW for a fraction of the installation costs, although fuel and maintenance costs would be greater. This is an increase in power output 3750 times greater, with a land usage that is much smaller. Comparing the ideal power output of this plant to the rough average household consumption of a modern home detailed in the article domestic energy consumption, it can be seen that this is a very limited technology - working back the figures, it equates that the average home requires 2 kW of power. Bear in mind however that advances in materials technology will likely greatly increase the power output per plant volume over time and thus make this a more useful form of power generation, particularly in remote locations where reliability is key and spare parts are difficult to come by (e.g. difficult-to-access coastal locations with a small stream or river nearby that can provide the fresh water required).

Statkraft osmotic power prototype is the world's first osmotic power plant, based on the energy of osmosis. The power plant is run by Statkraft. The power plant is located at Tofte in Hurum, Norway, with rooms at the factory area at Södra Cell Tofte cellulose factory. The power plant uses the osmotic gradient that occurs when fresh water and salt water meet, separated by a permeable membrane. The salt water pulls fresh water through the membrane and the pressure increases on the salt water side; this pressure increase can be used to produce electrical power with the use of a normal hydroelectric turbine/generator setup.


Construction.

Ordered in Toulon, "Languedoc" took several years to complete due to a lack of timber in the shipyard, already busy building "Zélé" and "Bourgogne", and with the orders for the 74-gun "Marseillois" and the 64-gun "Provence" in queue.

Career.

In 1773, she was under Apchon.

War of American Independence.

In 1778, France decided to intervene in the American War of Independence, and the Anglo-French War broke out. Vice-amiral d'Estaing was ordered to bring the fleet to the Americas. He set his flag on the "Languedoc", after her upgrade to 90 guns. His 12-ship fleet set sail on the 18 April 1778. The fleet reached New York on 8 July 1778, and "Languedoc" landed the French "chargé d'affaires".  On the 10th of August, the French fleet encountered the English fleets of Admirals Howe and Byron. A tempest broke out, and "Languedoc" lost her rigging and steering. The 50-gun "Renown" raked her, but she was saved by the timely arrival of a French squadron led by Suffren.  "Languedoc" was Estaing's flagship for his mission to America, with Boulainvilliers was flag captain. She took part in the Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778. "Languedoc" then took part in the Capture of Grenada from 2 to 4 July 1779.  "Languedoc" returned to France, where she was refitted. In 1781, she set sail in the fleet of Admiral de Grasse. She took part in the Battle of the Chesapeake under Parscau du Plessix.  At the Battle of the Saintes, "Languedoc" was under Captain Arros d'Argelos, and followed the fleet flagship "Ville de Paris" in the French line of battle. The French fleet was parted in two, and "Languedoc" retreated, leaving De Grasse to be captured. "Languedoc" then joined with La Pérouse, and reached Brest on the 28 June 1783. The subsequent inquiry into the battle found Argelos innocent, De Grasse being found ultimately responsible.

French Revolutionary wars.

"Languedoc" was refitted and upgraded by engineer Jacques-Noël Sané. On the 5 September 1792, she set sail under Admiral de Latouche Tréville. She took part in the campaign off Italy, and was badly damaged in the tempests of December; from 21 to 23, "Scipion" had to assist. On the 7 February, she took part in the landing of troops in Sardinia.  She sailed back to Toulon and undertook extensive repairs. Toulon fell to the hands of the English and was retaken by the French. The "Languedoc", being deemed unusable, was not destroyed when the English left the city. She was renamed "Antifédéraliste" at the height of Robespierre's power, and renamed again to "Victoire" at the Thermidorian Reaction.  As "Victoire", under captain Savary, she took part in the campaign off Italy, where she confronted Nelson's squadron. She served off Canada in 1796, returned to France, and was deemed too old to take part in the landing in Ireland.

Fate.

"Victoire" was condemned in Brest in 1798 as it is written in her last log.

Sources and references.

Notes Citations References

The Languedoc was a 80-gun ship of the line of the French Navy and flagship of Admiral d'Estaing. She was offered to King Louis XV by the Languedoc, as part of the "Don des vaisseaux", a national effort to rebuild the navy after the Seven Years' War. She was designed by the naval architect Joseph Coulomb, and funded by a don des vaisseaux donation from the Estates of Languedoc.


History.

The Fort Smith and Western Railroad was incorporated in Arkansas in 1899 and began construction westward through Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory. On November 1, 1903, the railroad was opened between Fort Smith and Guthrie. The capital of Oklahoma was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City in 1910, and in 1915, the FS&W acquired of trackage rights over the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad from Fallis, Oklahoma to Oklahoma City.  The U.S. District Court in Fort Smith placed the Fort Smith and Western Railroad in receivership on October 9, 1915, on petition by the Superior Savings & Trust Company of Cleveland, Ohio. The company emerged from receivership as the Fort Smith and Western "Railway" on February 1, 1923, only to re-enter receivership on June 1, 1931. The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad withdrew trackage rights between Fallis and Oklahoma City in January 1939 after the FS&W defaulted on rental fees, and the FS&W ceased operations on February 9, 1939.  The route of the FS&W served no major population centers, but did serve major coal mining operations in eastern Oklahoma at (from east to west) Coal Creek, Bokoshe, and McCurtain. Continuing west, other towns served included Crowder, Hanna, Weleetka, Okemah, Boley, Paden, Prague, and Meridian before reaching Guthrie. A major portion of the road's freight traffic was metallurgical-grade coal from San Bois Coal Company mines near McCurtain. As coal traffic declined, an oil discovery near Okemah brought additional traffic, which postponed the abandonment of the railroad.  After the FS&W ceased operation, the trackage between Coal Creek and McCurtain was purchased by the Fort Smith and Van Buren Railway, a subsidiary of the Kansas City Southern Railway.

The Fort Smith and Western Railway was a railroad that operated in the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma. The railroad's main line extended from Coal Creek, Oklahoma (about 7 miles east of Bokoshe, Oklahoma) to Guthrie, Oklahoma, with an additional of trackage rights over the Kansas City Southern Railway between Fort Smith, Arkansas and Coal Creek. Guthrie was the territorial capital of Oklahoma, and a junction point with the Santa Fe Railway. The Fort Smith and Western owned a subsidiary, St. Louis, El Reno and Western Railway, which began operating between Guthrie and El Reno, Oklahoma in June 1904.


Reception.

Commercial reception.

When the single came out, Bashung had been a singer for fourteen years. The singles recorded between 1966 and 1977 were all commercial failures and his first album, "Roman-photos", issued in 1977, which he would later disown, was one as well. "Gaby oh Gaby" sold more than one million copies and revealed the singer to a larger audience. The song was shown in numerous TV shows on the evening and during the night, broadcast on radio, and was even in first page of the newspaper Libération.  However, even if he admits that this hit saved him at the time, Bashung was caught off-guard by this unexpected success. On the album "Play blessures" issued in 1982, Bashung sang about this on his song "J'croise aux hybrides" : "J'dédie cette angoisse à un chanteur disparu, mort de soif dans le désert de « Gaby ». Respectez une minute de silence, faites comme si j'étais pas arrivé..." (I dedicate this anguish to a singer who vanished, dead of thirst in the "Gaby" desert. Respect a minute of silence, act as if I never came...)  On May 19, 2009, the Gold Disc of the original 45rpm was sold on auction in Paris by its owner, a collector. It was sold for €3717.

Critical reception.

The song is included in a list of 3000 rock classics in the book "La Discothèque parfaite de l'odyssée du rock" by Gilles Verlant, who calls the track "Gaby oh Gaby" one of the "summits of the decade" alongside the next single "Vertige de l'amour".

Subject.

Boris Bergman, the lyricist, explained after the death of Alain Bashung : "C’est un texte sur les minorités, ceux que «la différence» fait tomber dans les puits de solitude ; ceux qui ne peuvent pas dormir et qui "«ne font que des conneries»". Le petit Ashkénaze que je suis, le Kabylo-Alsacien qu’est Alain, s’en doutent depuis leur première rencontre avec l’autre : "Gaby" est aussi un hymne caché à la solitude de l’homo qui ne connaît pas encore l’existence du PACS." (It's a text about minorities, those who "the difference" throw into a well of loneliness; those who can't sleep and "do bad stuff". The little ashkenaze that I am, the kabylo-alsacian who Alain was, probably since their first meeting: "Gaby" is also a hidden hymn to the loneliness of the gay person who does not know about the existence of the PACS).

"Gaby oh Gaby" is a song first published by Alain Bashung. Written by Boris Bergman with music by Bashung, it was initially published as a single in 1980 on Philips, with "Elle s'fait rougir toute seule" as the B-side. The single became a huge hit in France, and therefore the song was included on the album "Roulette russe" in a reissue nicknamed "Nouveau couplage", and then on the CD reissue of the next album, "Pizza".


500 cc race report.

Luca Cadalora received his first pole of the season at his home race, sending the Italian press into a frenzy. He managed 7 more poles in his 500 career. Cadalora got lead at the start from Wayne Rainey and John Kocinski. Kevin Schwantz passed Kocinski and he closed in 3rd. Rainey rode aggressively, qualified.021 seconds behind Cadalora.  Rainey, in the lead, went through the fast right-hander and got on the gas too early. The back end of his bike went out of control, causing him to lowside. As he slid off the track, the deep furrows in the gravel somersaulted him end-over-end and he landed heavily on his head. He was helicoptered away from circuit with a broken spine. Mick Doohan got past Schwantz to catch Cadalora, but was unable to pass him. The Italian fans swarm the track when Cadalora won.  That was the last race of the former champion Freddie Spencer.

After the race.

Tad Pilati of the Roberts team said of Rainey: Rainey would be paralysed from the chest down, and never walk again. He stayed in motorcycle racing in management roles, and has raced in a hand-control shifter kart, often with his motorcycle racing rival Eddie Lawson. Rainey has raced the shifter kart exhibition race held at Red Bull United States Grand Prix, which features motorcycle racing legends.  Grand Prix motorcycle racing did not return to Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli until 2007, which had been modified and the circuit rerouted clockwise.

The 1993 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth race of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 5 September 1993 at the Circuito Internazionale Santa Monica.


History.

"Sine Terra Firma" released both first albums of Yann Tiersen, La Valse des monstres (1995) and Rue des Cascades (1996) and began to be successful. The last compilation of the associative label, called Ici, d'ailleurs... (1996), gave its name to the indie record label.  Ici, d'ailleurs... keeps an eclectic artistic direction, with no particularly musical genre.  The release of the third Yann Tiersen album, "Le Phare" (1998) allowed the label to expand internationally by proposing at once French and foreign artists, not recognized or on the way to the being.  In 2002, the label created "0101", the electronic division of the label.  Two years later, Ici, d'ailleurs... created a new collection named OuMuPo, an acronym for Ouvroir de MUsique POtentiel (workshop for potential music) in reference to the OuLiPo, OUvroir de LIttérature POtentiel (workshop for potential literature). The principle is making art under constraint. Several DJ's and electronic music composers have been offered to remix the whole label catalog. But there is a twist. They have to comply with constraints issued in the Ici, d'ailleurs... Charter. A huge fan of the OuBaPo, OUvroir de BAnde-Dessinée POtentiel (workshop for potential comics), Ici d'ailleurs... asked Jean-Christophe Menu, founder member of L'Association, an independent publishing society, to be in charge of the graphic side of the project. For each new work, the OuBaPiens, French cartoonists collective, created a sixteen pages comic book which comes along on top of each OuMuPo album, each time drawn by a different person. Again, these comics are ruled by a Charter to spice up the game. The collection includes six albums.  At the end of 2004, Stéphane Grégoire wanted to both re-interpret and pay tribute to Coil's music. The project This Immortal Coil was built step by step during five years with Yaël Naim, Bonnie Prince Billy, Yann Tiersen, Matt Elliott, DAAU, Chapelier Fou, Sylvain Chauveau, Christine Ott, Oktopus, Nightwood, David Donatien and Nicolas Jorio. The album "The Dark Age of Love" includes eleven Coil re-interpretations is released in October 2009.

Members.

Ici, d'ailleurs... currently represents thirty eight artists:

Discography.

Mind Travels

Ici, d'ailleurs... ("Here, there..." in French) is an independent record label based in Nancy, France and established by Stéphane Grégoire in 1997 from his associative label "Sine Terra Firma". It is mainly involved with production, publishing, booking and pressing.


Early life.

Kelley was born in Lima, Peru, to a Peruvian mother and an Argentine father. She moved to Sydney when she was 2 years old. From a young age, she dreamed about being an actress. She attended North Sydney Girls High School.

Career.

In 2005, "Charmed" executive producers Brad Kern, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke Vincent developed a one-hour pilot for The WB titled "Mermaid". Kelley was cast as the series protagonist Nikki, a mermaid who is rescued by a young man when she washes ashore in Miami. The pilot was not picked up as a result of The WB and UPN merging into The CW; the resulting network passed on the show.  In June 2006, Kelley received her breakout role as Neela in the film "", the third installment of "The Fast and the Furious" franchise. In March 2008, Kelley appeared in the low-budget drama crime film "Loaded" alongside Jesse Metcalfe. In March 2011, Kelley had a small role in the retro comedy film "Take Me Home Tonight", which starred Topher Grace, Anna Faris and fellow Australian Teresa Palmer. The film was shot in Los Angeles in 2007 but its release was delayed by Universal Pictures for unknown reasons. The following month, Kelley appeared as the protagonist in the low-budget horror film "Urban Explorer", which follows a group of four urban explorers who explore an underground world beneath metropolitan Berlin.  In 2010, Kelley played the love interest in the music video for the Bruno Mars song "Just the Way You Are". In August 2011, Kelley signed on in a major recurring role in the second season of the ABC crime drama television series "Body of Proof". Kelley appeared as Dani Alvarez in ten episodes and made her final appearance in the episode "Going Viral Part One". In 2012, Kelley played a vampire princess in the video clip "Luna Llena" from Puerto Rican reggaeton duo Baby Rasta & Gringo. In 2014, she won a regular role in the Lifetime series "Unreal". From 2016 to 2017, Kelly appeared as Sybil in the final season of The CW television series "The Vampire Diaries".  Kelley starred as Cristal in the first season of The CW's "Dynasty" reboot, from 2017 to 2018. In 2020, she debuted in the lead role of Noa Hamilton in the ABC series "The Baker and the Beauty".

Personal life.

By 2018, Kelley was dating Jordan "Jordy" Burrows. In April 2018, Kelley confirmed in an Instagram post that she and Burrows were engaged. They married on 29 April 2018.

Nathalie Kelley is a Peruvian-Australian actress known for her role as Neela in the 2006 action film "", and for her roles in various television series including "Body of Proof" (2011–2012), "Unreal" (2015), "The Vampire Diaries" (2016–2017) and "Dynasty" (2017–2018). In 2020, she debuted in the lead role of Noa Hamilton in the ABC series "The Baker and the Beauty".


Design.

In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the French Navy embarked on a construction program to strengthen the fleet in 1872. By that time, the Italian (Royal Navy) had begun its own expansion program under the direction of Benedetto Brin, which included the construction of several very large ironclad warships of the and es, armed with 100-ton guns. The French initially viewed the ships as not worthy of concern, though by 1877, public pressure over the new Italian vessels prompted the Navy's (Board of Construction) to design a response, the first of which was the barbette ship.  As the power of guns continued to grow, thicker armor was needed to protect the ships; the full side armor of earlier ironclads could not be thickened without prohibitively increasing displacement. French designers differed from their Italian counterparts, opting to retain a complete albeit narrow waterline armor belt instead of Brin's solution, the citadel system supported by a closely-compartmentalized layer. The French decision was driven by a desire to protect their ships' ability to maneuver, as the unarmored ends of the citadel ships could be easily damaged and flooded.  Continued pressure from the Chamber of Deputies, particularly over the caliber of gun chosen for "Amiral Duperré"— 48-ton weapons—led the designers to begin work on larger 100-ton guns for the next class, which became "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable". The design for the new ships was prepared by the naval engineer M. Godron. The French 100-ton gun, with a bore diameter, prompted the "Conseil des Travaux" to call for an even larger 120-ton weapon, but the 100-ton gun was retained for the new ships. Unlike their counterparts in other European navies, the French retained a secondary battery of medium caliber guns, which limited the "Amiral Baudin" class to three main battery guns. These were placed on the centerline, which maximized broadside fire at the expense of end-on fire. The ships were otherwise very similar to "Amiral Duperré". The "Amiral Baudin"s were the first French capital ships to be designed without a sailing rig, though "Amiral Duperré"s design was revised to omit it during construction.  Though the ships were intended to carry the new 100-ton guns, problems aboard other vessels with new 76-ton guns prompted the naval command to abandon the as-yet untested 100-ton weapons. A modified version of the 76-ton gun with a longer barrel that had been adapted to use new propellant charges was developed; these changes gave it higher muzzle velocity, which allowed its shells to penetrate as well as the 100-ton gun had been expected to perform. "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" had already begun construction by the time these new guns had been developed, so they were simply substituted for the larger guns on a one-for-one basis.  The class suffered from significant design faults, most significantly the arrangement of the guns; because they were placed on the centerline, they were arranged for fighting on the broadside. But their short belt, which was almost completely submerged under service conditions, did not sufficiently protect them from damage. At the time of their completion, they were the most powerful vessels in the French fleet despite their flaws. The "Amiral Baudin" design proved to be successful and led to the derivative ironclad and three-ship. The ships' period as state-of-the-art capital proved to be very brief; they were completed in 1888 and 1889, just before Britain passed the Naval Defence Act of 1889, authorizing the of what would become known as pre-dreadnought battleships. These were significantly more powerful vessels than the ironclad vessels of the 1870s and 1880s. The French in turn responded with their Naval Law of 1890, laying down a series of experimental pre-dreadnoughts beginning with that year.

Characteristics.

The "Amiral Baudin"-class ships were long between perpendiculars, long at the waterline, and long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of. They displaced. The ships had a fairly minimal superstructure, with a light conning tower with an open bridge. They were fitted with a pair of pole masts equipped with spotting tops for their main battery guns. The hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames and had a double bottom to reduce the risk of flooding. The hull featured a pronounced tumblehome shape common to French capital ships of the period, and they incorporated a ram bow. Their crews consisted of 625 officers and enlisted men. Steering was controlled by a single rudder. The ships were difficult to maneuver and they rolled badly in service, particularly in a beam sea, making them poor gun platforms.  The ships' propulsion machinery consisted of a pair of two-shaft, vertical compound steam engines that each drove a screw propeller. The engines were placed in separate engine rooms, divided by a watertight bulkhead. Steam for the engines was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers, which were split into four watertight boiler rooms and were ducted into a single, large funnel just aft of the conning tower. "Amiral Baudin"s engines were rated to produce under normal conditions and up to at forced draft, for a top speed of, while "Formidable" received more powerful equipment rated for with forced draft, allowing her to reach. In service, "Formidable" was only capable of reaching a maximum of. Coal storage amounted to.  The ships' main armament consisted of three, 28-caliber breechloading guns mounted in individual barbette mounts, one forward, one amidships, and one aft, all on the centerline. They had a very slow rate of fire, taking ten minutes to reload after every shot, common for guns of the era. These guns were supported by a secondary battery of four and eight or ten guns, all carried in individual pivot mounts. The 163 mm guns were placed in sponsons in the main deck, two forward and two aft, while the 138 mm guns were in open mounts atop the main deck. These guns had a rate of fire of one shot per minute, but the blast effects of the main battery guns were so severe that the secondary gun crews had to be withdrawn from their positions when they were fired. For defense against torpedo boats, "Amiral Baudin" carried four 3-pounder guns, one 47 mm 3-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and fourteen 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolvers, all in individual mounts. "Formidable" had one of the 47 mm guns and twelve of the 47 mm revolvers, along with eighteen of the 1-pounder revolver cannon. Their armament was rounded out with six torpedo tubes in above-water mounts.  The ships were protected with a combination of mild steel and compound armor produced by Schneider-Creusot; their belt extended for the entire length of the hull and was composed of steel. The belt was wide, but overloading of the ship caused all but to be submerged, leaving most of the hull exposed to enemy fire. This seriously degraded the effectiveness of the armor and was a major weakness of the "Amiral Baudin" design. In the central portion, where it protected the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines, the belt was thick; at the top edge, it tapered slightly to, while at the lower edge, it was reduced to. Forward, the belt reduced to and aft it was uniformly 356 mm thick. The upper edge of the belt was connected to the armor deck, which was thick and covered the machinery spaces. The barbettes for the main battery were composed of 406 mm of compound armor and the supporting tubes that protected the ammunition hoists were the same thickness, but were of steel construction. The sides for their forward conning towers were thick.

Modifications.

Between 1896 and 1898, both members of the class were modernized to improve their fighting characteristics as part of a large-scale program in the late 1890s to update some fifteen ironclads that had been completed over the previous decade. The most significant alterations concerned the ships' armament. The central main battery gun was removed, along with its barbette, and a new, lightly armored battery for the 163 mm guns was erected in its place. These guns were removed from their hull sponsons and quick-firing versions were installed in the new battery. Quick-firing 138 mm guns were also installed in place of their older versions. Her light battery was revised to a pair of guns, twenty 47 mm guns, six 37 mm guns, and six 37 mm revolver cannon. The light guns were placed in fighting tops on the masts and on the superstructure. Both ships had two of their torpedo tubes removed during the refit.  Many of the French ironclads had excessively heavy superstructures that needed to be reduced, but the minimalist structures of the "Amiral Baudin"s received only minor alterations, including enlarged bridge structures; "Amiral Baudin" had an enclosed bridge installed. Their light, pole fore masts were replaced with heavier military masts to support the additional light guns, while "Amiral Baudin" had her main mast shortened; "Formidable" retained her original main mast. They also received new water-tube boilers that improved performance. As a result of the alterations, the ships' crews increased slightly to 650 officers and enlisted men.

Service history.

"Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" had relatively uneventful careers. They spent the bulk of their time in active service with the Mediterranean Fleet, where they were occupied with routine training exercises, typically in the western Mediterranean Sea and occasionally in the Atlantic in company with the Northern Squadron. In 1891, "Formidable" was involved in testing tethered observation balloons for use at sea. Through the early 1890s, "Formidable" served as the fleet flagship. During exercises in 1895, "Formidable" accidentally led the fleet into shallow water, running aground herself and causing "Amiral Baudin" to become stranded as well; a third vessel struck the sea floor but did not become stuck. "Formidable" was pulled free easily, but "Amiral Baudin" had to be lightened considerably before she could be refloated. None of the ships were damaged in the accident. "Amiral Baudin" was withdrawn from service in 1896 to be modernized and "Formidable" joined her the following year. Both ships were returned to active duty by 1898.  As more modern pre-dreadnought battleships began to enter the fleet by the late 1890s, "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" were transferred from the Mediterranean Fleet—the main French naval force—to the less strategically significant Northern Squadron in 1899. There, the normal routine of training exercises continued as in earlier years, including joint maneuvers with the Mediterranean Fleet. They both remained in service until 1902, when "Amiral Baudin" was transferred to the Reserve Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet. "Formidable" lingered on with the Northern Squadron that year, but was demobilized as well in 1903. "Formidable" was briefly reactivated in 1904 to temporarily replace another vessel, but quickly returned to reserve; neither vessel saw further active service and "Amiral Baudin" was converted into a hulk in 1909. "Formidable" was stricken from the naval register in 1911 and broken up, but "Amiral Baudin"s fate is unknown.

The "Amiral Baudin" class was a type of ironclad barbette ship of the French Navy built in the late 1870s and late 1880s. The class comprised two ships: and. After the Italian Navy began building a series of very large ironclads in the mid-1870s, public pressure on the French naval command to respond in kind prompted the design for the "Amiral Baudin" class. New, very large guns were developed to counter the weapons carried by the Italian ships; "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" were equipped with a main battery of three guns in three open barbettes, all on the centerline. Begun in 1879, work on the ships proceeded slowly and they were not finished until 1888–1889, shortly before the first pre-dreadnought battleships began to be built, which rendered older ironclads like the "Amiral Baudin" class obsolete.


Plot.

Part 1.

Sarah Jane receives a puzzle box from a Veron Soothsayer, with the instruction to give it to the person she most trusts. Sarah Jane gives Maria the puzzle box. A meteor is on collision course with Earth, and Sarah Jane has set up, but not yet activated via Mr Smith, a force field to deflect the meteor. The next morning, Maria wakes to find that Sarah Jane and Luke have gone missing, but no one besides Maria knows who Sarah Jane or Luke are. A woman called Andrea Yates has apparently taken Sarah Jane's place.  Investigating, Maria finds a 1964 newspaper report, stating that a thirteen-year-old Sarah Jane Smith died after falling off a pier, where she was playing with her friend, Andrea Yates. As Maria watches, the names of the deceased and the survivor on the report switch before her eyes and, at one point, hears Sarah Jane's disembodied voice calling out to her. When Maria goes to Andrea to talk to her about the report, Andrea suddenly panics and unceremoniously shows Maria out before she rushes to her attic, where she takes out a second puzzle box. She now remembers a mysterious hooded figure, who appears and offers to make Maria disappear. After Andrea accepts, he dispatches a small alien, a Graske, who captures Maria just after her father, Alan, picks up the first puzzle box, which Maria dropped during her escape from the Graske. When Alan's ex-wife Chrissie comes round, he discovers she cannot remember their daughter. Meanwhile, Maria escapes from the Graske and finds herself on a beach promenade near two girls. They introduce themselves as Andrea Yates and Sarah Jane Smith.

Part 2.

After failing to dissuade Andrea and Sarah Jane from going to the pier, Maria is recaptured by the Graske and taken to join the adult Sarah Jane on a white misty plain, limbo. The mysterious figure explains he has removed Sarah Jane from Earth's timeline so the meteor will destroy it and create the chaos on which he feeds; The Doctor will be his next target.  Alan accompanies Chrissie to Andrea's birthday party. Remembering Maria's suspicions, he questions Andrea, who takes him to the attic and sorrowfully reveals the truth. When Andrea fell off the pier and Sarah Jane was unable to save her, a voice offered to switch the girls' places and Andrea, terrified, accepted. The figure appeared and gave Andrea the puzzle box, then removed himself from her memory; Maria's questions made Andrea remember the deal she made with the figure. Alan is now chased into the street by the Graske but he knocks it down, then uses its device to bring back Maria.  They return to the attic, where Sarah Jane appears in the mirror and explains to Andrea that witnessing her death gave her the resolve to fight pointless deaths herself. When the figure reappears (called The Trickster by Alan), Andrea explains she has changed her mind about the deal and throws her puzzle box at the mirror, smashing both. Back in 1964, Andrea falls to her death. Sarah Jane and Luke reappear in the attic and activate Mr Smith. The party guests, including Chrissie and Clyde, have learned from television news about the incoming meteor, and are relieved to see it suddenly diverted from its fall. The episode ends with Alan demanding an explanation of Maria's involvement with aliens and supercomputers.

Reception.

The story received several positive reviews. Mark Wright, writing on "The Stage"'s "TV Today" blog, stated that the series, while usually "wholly satisfying and entertaining", "achieves true greatness" with the first part of "Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?" He called the episode "scary as hell... but with that essential lightness of touch that has typified the show from the start". Alisdair Stuart praised the acting of Jane Asher, Joseph Millson and Yasmin Paige; he regarded Paige's prominence as compensating for her relative lack of screen time in "Warriors of Kudlak". Stuart summed up "Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?" as "the darkest, most ambitious and most effective Sarah Jane story to date" and "one of the best New Who stories to date". Andrea Mullaney in "The Scotsman" also commended the "young actors", while calling attention to a "gentle theme" in the story of "ageing and what we leave behind".  The second part of the story received the most viewers of any programme ever broadcast on the CBBC Channel.

Novelisation.

This was the fifth of eleven Sarah Jane Adventures serials to be adapted as a novel. Written by Rupert Laight, the book was first published in Paperback on 6 November 2008.

Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane? is the fifth story of the British science fiction television series "The Sarah Jane Adventures". It forms the seventh and eighth episodes of the show's first series. The first episode was aired on the CBBC channel on 29 October 2007, and the second on 5 November.


Design.

The "Bayard" class of barbette ships was designed in the late 1870s as part of a naval construction program that began under the post-Franco-Prussian War fleet plan of 1872. At the time, the French Navy categorized its capital ships as high-seas ships for the main fleet, station ironclads for use in the French colonial empire, and smaller coastal defense ships. The "Bayard" class was intended to serve in the second role, and they were based on the high-seas ironclad, albeit a scaled-down version.  "Bayard" was long at the waterline, with a beam of and a draft of. She displaced. The crew numbered 20 officers and 430 enlisted men. Her propulsion machinery consisted of two compound steam engines with steam provided by eight coal-burning fire-tube boilers. Her engines were rated to produce for a top speed of. To supplement the steam engines on long voyages overseas, she was fitted with a full-ship rig.  Her main battery consisted of four, 19-caliber guns mounted in individual barbette mounts, two forward placed abreast and two aft, both on the centerline. She carried a pair of guns, one in the bow and one in the stern as chase guns. These guns were supported by a secondary battery of six guns carried in a central battery located amidships in the hull, three guns per broadside. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried four 3-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon and twelve 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolvers, all in individual mounts. The ship was protected with wrought iron armor; her belt was thick and extended for the entire length of the hull. The barbettes for the main battery were thick.

Service history.

The keel for "Bayard" was laid down in September or October 1876 and her completed hull was launched in March 1880. Fitting out work was completed in 1882, and "Bayard" was commissioned in May 1883 under the command of "capitaine de vaisseau" Parrayon as the flagship of Admiral Amédée Courbet, who had recently been appointed to the command of France's Trial division ("division des essais"), established in April 1883. On 31 May 1883, in the wake of the defeat and death of Commandant Henri Rivière in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) at the Battle of Paper Bridge, Courbet was placed in command of a newly created Tonkin Coasts naval division. In early June Courbet left for the Far East with the ironclads "Bayard" and and the screw corvette.

Tonkin campaign and the Sino-French War.

"Bayard" arrived in Along Bay on 10 July, and for the next eleven months served as flagship of the Tonkin Coasts naval division. In August 1883, in the Battle of Thuận An, she bombarded the coastal defences of Hué, receiving minor shot damage from the Vietnamese shore batteries. From October 1883 to June 1884, during the period of growing tension that preceded the outbreak of the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885), she took part in a French naval blockade of the coast of Tonkin. On 30 November 1883, in response to the threat of an imminent Vietnamese attack on the French post at Quảng Yên, "Bayard"s landing company was hastily installed in the town's citadel, successfully deterring the threatened attack. In June 1884 "Bayard" became the flagship of the Far East Squadron, an exceptional naval grouping created for the war with China by the amalgamation of the Tonkin Coasts and Far East naval divisions.  On 5 August 1884 sailors from "Bayard" took part in a French landing at Keelung, but were forced to re-embark on 6 August by a heavy Chinese counterattack. "Bayard" took no part in the Battle of Fuzhou (23 August 1884), the opening battle of the Sino-French War, as she drew too much water to enter the Min River. Instead, she was left to guard the telegraph station at Sharp Peak near Matsu that allowed the squadron to communicate with France. On 1 October 1884 "Bayard" and several other French warships supported the French landing at Keelung with a naval bombardment of Chinese shore positions. On 8 October "Bayard"s landing company took part in the failed French landing at Tamsui, which condemned the Formosa expeditionary corps to a prolonged Keelung Campaign. From November 1884 to January 1885 "Bayard" took part in the French naval blockade of Formosa. On 14 November 1884, while anchored off Keelung and exposed to the northeast monsoon, she nearly foundered when her anchor chain snapped during a gale.  In February 1885 five warships of China's Nanyang Fleet made a sortie from Shanghai in an attempt to break the French blockade of Formosa. Courbet sought them out with "Bayard" and several other ships of the Far East squadron, and trapped them in Shipu Bay. At the Battle of Shipu on the night of 14 February 1885, two of "Bayard"s launches, used as improvised torpedo boats, attacked the Chinese squadron at anchor and disabled the frigate "Yuyuan" (馭遠) and the composite sloop "Chengqing" (澄慶). In early March 1885 "Bayard" took part in the French blockade of Zhenhai, the outport of Ningbo. In late March she formed part of the French flotilla for the Pescadores Campaign, and her landing company was engaged ashore on 31 March in the decisive battle with the Chinese defenders of Makung.  Admiral Amédée Courbet died on board "Bayard" in the harbor of Makung, in the Pescadores Islands, on 11 June 1885. "Bayard" left the Pescadores on 23 June to return Courbet's body to France for a state funeral, arriving at Toulon on 26 August. She then proceeded to Brest to be disarmed and decommissioned.

Later career.

By 1888, "Bayard" had been assigned to the Reserve Division of the Mediterranean Squadron. She was activated on 23 August that year for the annual fleet maneuvers. She got underway two days later to join the rest of the fleet, which had assembled at Hyères by 30 August. The maneuvers ended on 4 September, with the fleet returning to Toulon by the 10th. "Bayard" served in the 3rd Division of the Mediterranean Squadron in 1890, along with the two s. She took part in the annual fleet maneuvers that year in company with her division-mates and six other ironclads, along with numerous smaller craft. "Bayard" served as part of the simulated enemy force during the maneuvers, which lasted from 30 June to 6 July. During the 1890 fleet maneuvers, the ship was transferred to the 4th Division of the 2nd Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet, along with the two "Vauban"s. The ships concentrated off Oran, French Algeria on 22 June and then proceeded to Brest, France, arriving there on 2 July for combined operations with the ships of the Northern Squadron. The exercises began four days later and concluded on 25 July, after which "Bayard" and the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet returned to Toulon.  During the fleet maneuvers of 1891, which began on 23 June, "Bayard" served in the 3rd Division, once again with the two "Vauban"-class ships. The maneuvers lasted until 11 July, during which the 3rd Division operated as part of the "French" fleet, opposing a simulated hostile force that attempted to attack the southern French coast. She saw no service in 1893, but the following year she returned to service with the Reserve Division, where she was kept in a state of partial commission during the year. She returned to Indochinese waters in 1895, where she served as the station flagship once again. She was stationed there in company with the old ironclad, which was kept in reserve, and four protected cruisers. She remained on the East Asia station through 1896, by which time two of the cruisers had been withdrawn, leaving and. The following year, the unit remained unchanged apart from the substitution of the protected cruiser for "Alger". "Bayard" remained in French Indochina in 1898. The following year, she was replaced by the cruiser. That year, she was converted into a hulk, and was employed in that role until 1904 when she was struck from the naval register. "Bayard" was broken up in Saigon.

The French ironclad "Bayard" was an early stationary battleship of the French Navy, lead ship of her class. "Bayard" had a wooden hull and a full rigging, as well as a side armour and steam machinery.


Geography.

Burgebrach is said to be the eastern gateway to the Steigerwald (forest), where the Mittlere Ebrach empties into the Rauhe Ebrach. It is to be found on "Bundesstraße" 22 halfway between Bamberg and Ebrach.

Neighbouring communities.

Lisberg, Stegaurach, Frensdorf, Pommersfelden, Mühlhausen (Erlangen-Höchstadt district), Schlüsselfeld, Burgwindheim, Schönbrunn im Steigerwald and Walsdorf all border on Burgebrach.

Constituent communities.

Burgebrach's main and namesake centre is by far the biggest of its "Ortsteile" with a population of 3,316. The market town furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure:

History.

The first known name for the place was "Urbs Ebraha" in 1023. Emperor Heinrich II donated it to the Bishopric of Würzburg, which then sold it to the High Monastery at Bamberg. Burgebrach was the original parish for more than 40 outlying places. It was granted market rights on 21 August 1472 by Bamberg Bishop Georg von Schaumburg.  In 1499, on the Bishop's demands, three defensive towers had to be built, for which the Bishop exempted the market town from taxes. Walls were needless, as the boggy meadows and the Ebrach's two arms had long been thwarting enemy attacks. Thus Burgebrach was spared the fury of the Hussite and German Peasants' Wars. Only in 1550 was it beset by the notorious Margrave Albrecht Alkibiades’s, and on 16 February 1632 in the Thirty Years' War by the Swedes’ plundering and pillaging. In 1706, a great deal of money and goods were forced out of the townsfolk by the French.  Since the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" of 1803, the community has no longer belonged to the High Monastery at Bamberg, but rather to Bavaria.  Burgebrach once had Jewish inhabitants who had at their disposal a synagogue and a mikvah. The former has been converted into a home, while the latter, a ritual bath, is used nowadays as a garage. The dead were buried in Walsdorf.

Population development.

Within town limits, 4,761 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 5,037 in 1987, 6,212 in 2000 and 6479 in 2006. In 2007 it was 6,438.

Politics.

From 1990 to 2014, the mayor has been Georg Bogensperger (CSU). From 2014 on, the mayor is Johannes Maciejonczyk (CSU).  The town council is made up of 20 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds and percentage of votes received:  In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €2,610,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €776,000.

Town partnership.

There is a partnership arrangement with the community of Kapsweyer in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Culture and sightseeing.

Wayside shrines.

The local historical inscription from 1958 describes "Hans Leisentritt’s" last minutes: "...The sun was climbing on this last day of September in full brightness high above the Jura. Hans Leisentritt did not see it, nor did he see the blue sky as he faltered through the North Gate. Before the "Marter" at the brook he knelt down and the sentence was read out once again. ‘Crucified Lord Jesus Christ, have pity with me!’ In holy mercifulness the Lord on the Cross looked upon the poor sinner. A picture of misery of a man stumbled in fetters on towards the gallows. Nobody ran up to cut the ropes off from him so that he could run back into the market town, flee into the church and thereby be saved. None wanted to help him. Thus, he staggered on, up to the gallows. There, the hangman carried out his duty."  The Gothic "Marter" bears on its octagonal shaft the year 1522 and on the lantern 1512.  The lantern itself is adorned on both front and back by a Crucifixion scene, and on the edges are found Emperor Heinrich and Empress Kunigunde.  On the octagonal shaft, on the side towards the road – when the light is just right – the outlines of a human figure can be made out. At this wayside shrine, it is believed that Martin Luther preached on his way to Heidelberg, leading some to believe that the shape that could be seen on the shaft was Martin Luther's, thereby also leading others to batter the image with stones into unrecognizability. Whatever the truth is about this story, it cannot be confirmed that Martin Luther ever came to Burgebrach.  On 8 June 1968, Alfred Seel noted this 220-cm tall memorial with its 60-cm wide lantern in his description of field memorials in the City and District of Bamberg. In 1976, Hanns Leitherer strengthened and restored the memorial and the municipality laid a sandstone plaque at the foot of the shrine bearing both names.  The inscription "Ren. 1811" points to a renovation. The last restoration – in the 20th century – was financed by the "Heimatverein Burgebrach" ("homeland club").  Two legends, although neither one's provenance can be confirmed, are connected with this place:  In the front relief described as a representation of the Trinity, one does not see the usual representation of an at once glorious and dolorous Trinity, but rather God the Father gazes out from the clouds with outstretched arms, the dove, symbol of the Holy Ghost, sweeps across the middle of the relief over the Christ Child, who is being led by Mary and Joseph.

Economy and infrastructure.

Burgebrach is a subcentre and has its own hospital, the "Steigerwaldklinik". Moreover, there are many retail businesses in Burgebrach. The firm IDEAL Automotive and the Musikhaus Thomann with worldwide online mail ordering further enhance the economy.

Transport.

Through Burgebrach run "Staatsstraße" 2262 and "Bundesstraße" 22. The town may be reached by Autobahn through the Schlüsselfeld or Pommersfelden interchange on the A 3.

Burgebrach () is a market town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and the seat of the administrative community ("Verwaltungsgemeinschaft") of Burgebrach.