History.

Originally a part of Baku State University, it became a separate, independent institution in 1934. Over the years its name has changed a number of times and it was re-merged and re-separated from Baku State on several occasions. On its creation in 1930, the school was named the Trade-Cooperative Institute. In 1933, the government of Azerbaijan SSR changed the name to the "Azerbaijan Social-Economic University named after Karl Marx" (similar to the naming of the Azerbaijan Medical University named after Nariman Narimanov), and introduced curricula on accounting, law and finance. In 1936 the name was tweaked to the "Azerbaijan Social-Economic Institute named after Karl Marx". With the onset of World War II, UNEC was folded into Baku State University's Department of Economics. By 1944 the school was separated again, this time as the Azerbaijan National Economic Institute. It remained under this name until March 1959, when war caused it to be folded back into Baku State University.  In 1966 the school separated once again, and has remained independent since, initially as the Azerbaijan National Economic Institute named after Dadash Bunyadzade. In 1987 the name was changed to the Finance-Economic Institute; and in 2000 the name was finally changed to its current form by an act of the Azerbaijani government.  "Azerbaijan State Economic University" is the only state university that provides education in all fields of economics. The university has different specialties: Customs organization and management Business organization and management Commodity Research State regulation of the economy Price standardization and certificate  At the moment the University has 11364 Bachelor's and 738 Master's students at 20 faculties with 47 specialties.

Derbent branch.

The Derbent branch of the Azerbaijan State Economic University was founded in 1993 by Heydar Aliyev. However, the official opening of the branch of the Azerbaijan State Economic University in the city of Derbent of the Republic of Dagestan of the Russian Federation was held only in November 2016. The total area of the Derbent branch is more than 11 thousand km2. There are 32 classrooms in the university, with a total capacity of 1,000 students. In the first year 69 people were recruited to the university. At the moment, students can study in four areas:  Along with this, branch students also can enjoy all the privileges and international relations of the university - so they can also receive double diplomas and participate in international exchanges.

Zagatala branch.

Under the Azerbaijan State University of Economics, there is also a branch in one of the north-western cities of Azerbaijan - Zagatala. The basis of the Zagatala branch was laid on the basis of the branch of the Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University under the decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan of April 29, 2016. The official opening of the branch took place on September 15, 2016. Training takes place in 4 main directions:  The first set included 113 students from 37 different regions of Azerbaijan.

International Cooperation.

The Azerbaijan State University of Economics has connections with foreign universities.  Thus, ASUE cooperates with the Siegen University of Germany in the direction of organizing summer and winter schools. In 2016, a winter school was held at the University of Siegen, in which participated teachers and students from both universities. A joint project entitled "Entrepreneurship education: as the main factor in creation of jobs and employment in Azerbaijan" started in 2016 and is planned to be completed in 2019.  UNEC was declared the winner of the TEMPUS IV program of the 6th convocation for a project called "Development and improvement of university management in the field of international relations". As a winner, ASUE was awarded a grant for implementation by the European Commission. In 2017, this project, whose goal was the formation of international relations based on the attraction of students and teachers in the international educational environment, was realized. Closing ceremony was attended by such personalities as the rector of ASUE Adalat Muradov, head of the office of the national program Erasmus+ Azerbaijan Parviz Bagirov, representative of the Ministry of Education of Azerbaijan Yashar Omarov, UK University of Warwick Fellow James Kennedy, Vice-Rector for International Relations and Programs ASUE Shahin Bayramov and as well as representatives of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.  In 2015, for the first time in Azerbaijan, ASUE joined the International Program of the London University - the London School of Economics (LSE). Within the framework of this program, ASUE students receive education both in accordance with the curriculum of ASUE and in the curriculum of the London School of Economics. Students are provided with all the necessary materials and benefits, and upon completion of the training the students of this program receive two diplomas.  In addition to the London School of Economics and Politics, students can receive a second diploma from the French University of Montpellier in 2016. This can be done in two ways: students can go to the University of Montpellier from the third year to continue their studies for a year there, or continue their studies at ASUE, but according to the curricula of Montpellier. In both cases, students receive accreditation and a second diploma from the University of Montpellier.

Awards and Certificates.

2006 - Azerbaijan State University of Economics was awarded the "Golden Fortune" prize, which was held by the International Academy of Rating Technologies and Sociology. The university participated under the nomination "Rating of popularity". The award was given for the creation of a new model of economic education in the territory of the CIS. Before, ASUE received the "Silver Fortune" award in 2002.  2006 - ASUE was nominated for the National Award "Uğur". The prize was awarded for the fact that the university contributed to the development and advancement of science, as well as to the development of national cadres.  2007 - The University received the "University of the Year" award, which was held at the national level.  2007 - ASUE was awarded the “Intellect – 2007” Prize for the creation of the project of the Information and Library Center in ASUE.  2008 - At the conference held in Ankara, UNEC received an award for the contribution and development of the Turkic world and culture.  2009 - The International Academy of Professionals, which was established in Kiev in 1996, awarded the "Golden Medal" to the Azerbaijan State Economic University for merits in the scientific sphere and training of personnel.  2009 - The "Child of Motherland" award and the "Dada Gorgud" medal were awarded to the university rector for the fact that the University made a contribution to the development of Azerbaijan, from both economic and social sides. The award was presented by the Supreme Council of the Dada Gorgud Foundation.  2010 - Within the framework of the international image program "Millennium Award" ASUE received three awards - a diploma, a cup and an order for the fact that the university used modern educational technologies and introduced innovations in the educational system.  2015 - The University was awarded the certificate "Best Performance" for the best presentation at the 9th Azerbaijan International Education and Career Exhibition. This is the only university that received the certificate "Best Performance" at the exhibition, which was attended by more than 130 institutions of higher education from 16 countries.  2015 - Business School ASUE was recognized as a full member of the Accreditation of the Business School of the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) for the first time in Azerbaijan.  2016 - UNEC retained its leadership among universities in Azerbaijan in accordance with the list identified by the rankings of the world's higher education institutions "The Ranking Web" and "Webometrics".  2016 - According to the latest results of 2016, introduced by uniRank, which determines the popularity of the world universities on the Internet, UNEC was the first among universities in Azerbaijan.

Interesting facts.

Setting for Novel "Ali and Nino".

Kurban Said's landmark novel, "Ali and Nino", opens in a classroom in the Economics University building in Baku. Ali Khan, the protagonist, took his final graduation exams in that building, which is located on one of Baku's most prestigious streets - Independence (Istiglaliyyat), though at the time of the novel, it was called Nikolay Street, named after the Russian czar Nicholas II. Nino's school, now Public School No. 132, was located across the street.  Curiously, both Yusif Vazir (Chamanzaminli) (1887-1943), the Core Author of "Ali and Nino", as well as Essad Bey / Lev Nussimbaum (1905-1942) both attended this school. Vazirov attended Baku Realni High School (having transferred in as a refugee from Shusha) beginning in 1906 and he graduated in 1909.  Lev Nussimbaum attended Men's Gymnasium No. 2, which at that time (1914-1920) was housed inside Baku Realni. Though Nussimbaum was often absent due to sickness and political unrest, he was enrolled from Junior Preparatory to the beginning of Fourth Grade when he fled the Bolshevik takeover of the Baku government (1920). This school offered classes through Eighth Grade. Documents indicate that Nussimbaum failed his Azerbaijani class in 1919, the only time records exist showing that he had enrolled in Azerbaijani.  For the first time in the country, the 7/24 library at UNEC allows students to easily prepare for classes and exams.

Azerbaijan State University of Economics () is a public university located in Baku, Azerbaijan. UNEC was founded in 1930 and it is one of the biggest educational institutions of the South Caucasus. UNEC has 14 faculties, where 18.5 thousand students get education, and it offers master programs in 57 specialties, employing more than 1000 teachers, including 62 professors and 344 docents, among whom there are active members of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, New York Academy of Sciences, winners of state awards, honored teachers and scientists. UNEC is a full member of the European University Association, Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World, University Council of Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Eurasian Association of Universities. Foreign students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate coourses at UNEC are approximately 650 out of 18,400 student enrollment overall.


History.

Herkimer.

This was one of the original areas of the Burnetsfield Patent in the province of New York, where in 1722–1723, Governor William Burnet granted Palatine German immigrants leases to purchase land from the Mohawk, the powerful eastern nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. It was the first land sold to Europeans west of Schenectady. During the 18th-century warfare in the valley, the village was attacked by French and Iroquois forces during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), and many women and children were taken to Canada as captives.  On September 17, 1778, Mohawk chief and Loyalist leader Joseph Brant led a force of 150 Iroquois and 300 Loyalists under the command of Captain William Caldwell in a surprise attack on the area of German Flatts. German Flatts, now known as Herkimer, was left virtually undefended by Patriot troops prior to the raid.  The Iroquois and Loyalist raiders captured hundreds of head of cattle and sheep before setting fire to every house, barn and mill in German Flatts. Despite the complete destruction of the town, including 63 houses, 57 barns, three gristmills and one sawmill, only three men were killed. The day before, four Patriot scouts had run into the Loyalists while on reconnaissance. Though only one, Adam Helmer, survived the encounter, he ran the back to the village of German Flatts to warn the residents.  As a result, the vast majority of the town's people were able to seek safety in the area's forts, Herkimer and Dayton, and survived the destruction of their town. Three Demuth children were captured playing outside the fort and taken by the raiders. After the war in an exchange of prisoners, the two eldest, Catherine and George, returned to their family. The youngest, Samuel, had become assimilated to his Onondaga family and chose to remain with them. As an adult, he served as an interpreter for the Iroquois and settlers in the valley. The town was set apart in the now defunct Tryon County, which was broken up into Montgomery and other counties after the Revolutionary War. It was established as a town in 1788 before the formation of Herkimer County. The area that was to become the town had also been called "German Flatts".

Towns.

In 1791, when Herkimer County was established, German Flatts was one of the three original towns. Three new towns were created from German Flatts in 1792: Frankfort, Litchfield, and Warren. Another part of German Flatts was used in 1829 to form part of the town of Little Falls, which developed on both sides of the Mohawk River at the falls.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of German Flatts has a total area of, of which are land and, or 1.46%, are water.  The north town line is marked by the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal. The village of Ilion is in the northwest corner of the town, and the village of Mohawk is farther east, along the northern town line.  The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) crosses the northeast part of the town. New York State Route 5S passes through the northern part of German Flatts and intersects New York State Route 28 in Mohawk village. New York State Route 168 runs southeasterly through the town from Mohawk village.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 13,629 people, 5,483 households, and 3,591 families residing in the town. The population density was 403.9 people per square mile (156.0/km2). There were 5,832 housing units at an average density of 172.8 per square mile (66.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.87% White, 0.59% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.  There were 5,483 households out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.00.  In the town, the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $32,772, and the median income for a family was $39,380. Males had a median income of $29,973 versus $21,425 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,870. About 11.1% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

German Flatts is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 13,258 at the 2010 census.


1960s.

Following shakedown training out of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, "John King" carried out weapons tests on the East Coast before arriving Norfolk 7 September 1961 for regular duty. One of a new class of guided missile destroyers, she featured latest hull design with all-aluminum superstructure and mounted the very latest in modern armament and electronic equipment. Departing 27 November 1961, the ship cruised to England and Northern Europe until 1 January 1962, when she sailed from Dublin for the Mediterranean. There, "John King" joined the 6th Fleet in its constant role of peacekeeping in this troubled region. After her return to Norfolk, Virginia in April, the ship conducted missile firing exercises and training in the Caribbean. She arrived Washington 10 July 1962 for a 4-day stay, entertaining a group of Senators and Congressmen as well as Secretary of the Navy Fred Korth.  Following additional exercises, "John King" entered Norfolk Navy Yard 11 October 1962. Soon afterward, the introduction of offensive missiles into Cuba precipitated a crisis; and, as Navy ships placed a quarantine around the island, the ship quickly finished her repairs and joined the blockade 6 November. After the crisis eased, the ship remained in the Caribbean operating with the Navy's newest and biggest carrier, the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise (CVN-65). She returned to Norfolk 8 December 1962.  "John King" departed for her second Mediterranean cruise 6 February 1963. After visiting various ports on 6th Fleet maneuvers, she steamed to Kiel, Germany, 23 June 1963, then returned to Norfolk 17 July 1963. The next twelve months were spent on training and readiness exercises off the Virginia Capes and in the Caribbean, including a week at the Anti-submarine Warfare School, Key West, Florida, in April 1964.  The destroyer sailed for the Mediterranean Sea once more 3 August 1964 and joined the 6th Fleet 16 August near the strife-torn island of Cyprus. She remained in the Mediterranean until the end of 1964.  "John King" returned to Norfolk 29 January and operated along the East Coast until sailing for the "Med" 14 October. Following 4 months of operations with the 6th Fleet, she returned to Norfolk 7 March 1966. In the summer she visited the Mediterranean and recrossed the Atlantic on NATO Exercise "Straight Laced." Back at homeport in the fall she operated out of Norfolk until sailing for another 6th Fleet deployment 10 January 1967. Her movements were concentrated in the Western Mediterranean until she sailed for home 11 May. Arriving Norfolk on the 19th, "John King" entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard 27 June 1967 for an overhaul to prepare for future service.

Final years of service.

Throughout the 70's and 80's, "John King" participated various NATO exercises and supported Atlantic Fleet operations during the Cold War. In 1982, "John King" was off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon, providing gunfire support to the U.S. Marines.  "John King" was decommissioned on 30 March 1990, was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 January 1993 and sold for scrap on 10 February 1999.

USS "John King" (DDG-3) was a "Charles F. Adams"-class guided missile armed destroyer in the United States Navy named for Medal of Honor recipient John King.


Career.

He began his artistic career as a conga player in Johnny Ventura's "Combo Show", later becoming a vocalist. In the early 70s, his interpretation of the merengue song "La muerte de Martín" reached became widely popular in the country. Later, he followed with tracks like "Que pasa Papo", "Te digo ahorita" and "Mamá es la que sabe", among others. In 1976, as a bandleader Martí founded as "El Sonido Original", a group that reached some projection with songs like "Gato entre Macuto", "Jaleo de Acordeón" and "El mudo".  During the 1980s he became part of the legendary comedy television show "El show del mediodía", where he soon became a director. Years later he produced his own television show "El Show de Luisito and Anthony", with singer-songwriter Anthony Rios, which was broadcast on Channel 9 ColorVision in the early 90s. This show then aired with another proposal called "De Remate" in the last half the 90s.  Martí also ventured into film in 1995 starring in the film Nueba Yol, characterizing Balbuena, his iconic character. The film, had success at the box office. In 2004 he debuted another comedy show called The Luisito Martí, which aired on Antena Latina, then Telesistema 11 by 2006. In 2007 the Association of Art Critics (ACROARTE) invited him to act as host for the Casandra awards that year by TV presenter Jatnna Tavárez.

Death.

In May 2008 he was admitted to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York due to stomach cancer. Then in December 2009 he was transferred to the city of Tijuana to undergo stem cell treatment. On 25 December the same year he was admitted to the Diagnostic Center, Advanced Medicine and Telemedicine (CEDIMAT), where he died on January 3, 2010 at 64 years of age.

Luisito Marti (born Luis Bernardo Marte Hernández 1945 - 2010) was a Dominican musician, comedian, actor, producer and television host.


Overview.

The name originates from the original parish created in 1609, from part of the parish of St Machar's Cathedral. The name refers specifically to the village, originally known as Summerhill, with the surrounding parish being correctly known as New Machar. The philosopher Thomas Reid was parish minister from 1737 to 1752. The Egyptologist and archaeologist Nora Griffith (1870-1937) was born in the village.  In 1928, the name Summerhill was changed to Newmachar, which was also the name of the railway station serving the village. The railway station, on the Formartine and Buchan Railway, closed in 1965.  During World War II Winston Churchill initiated the forming of a British resistance force called Auxiliary Units. These units were put together in top secret, and were selected from areas that could be used to benefit from guerilla warfare. Typically, these units (called patrols) were made up from farmers, gamekeepers and estate workers. Newmachar had one of these patrols that were tasked with destroying the main railways to Inverness, and the Buchan line to Fraserburgh and Peterhead, also RAF Dyce and bridges over the River Don.  Research by C.A.R.T has revealed the patrol members and also the location of the Operational Base. The Operational Base was built underground to house up to 8 patrol members who, when the Invasion came would go into hiding for 7–14 days before coming out at night to attack "targets of opportunity", including assassinations of key individuals (both local and enemy personnel). Aux unit members had a life expectancy of up to 2 weeks after an invasion. All the members had to sign the official secrets act, and were trained at Blairmore House near Huntly. Auxiliary units were well armed with the latest weapons and conventional and booby trap explosives.  The village contains a shop, one pub, one hotel a Chinese takeaway, a chip-shop, a pharmacy and a primary school. There used to be two shops in the village; A Costcutter was opened across the road from the Newmachar Hotel, which had an adjoining petrol station. This closed in 2011 and is now demolished. A small block of flats now stands in its place. The original village hall was closed in 2012, and replaced with the Axis Centre, opened on 30 August 2014  The local Newmachar Golf Club located just outside the village is noted for being the official golf course of Paul Lawrie at the time he won The Open in 1999. It was also the venue of a hole in one in which the winner became a professional with a handicap of 24. This was because, to claim the 15k prize, he had to be a pro at the sport.  The village was also the home to former Aberdeen FC player Neil Simpson who was part of the Aberdeen team which won the 1983 Cup Winner's Cup under Sir Alex Ferguson.  The village is also host to Newmachar United F.C., who are affiliated with the Scottish Junior Football Association.  The Newmachar Hotel has been named "Evening Express Pub Of The Year 2010". The Newmachar Hotel retained the title as Aberdeen's Best Pub, having won the last time the competition ran in 1993.  The hamlet of Brokenwind (or Brokenwynd) near Newmachar was named the UK's third worst place name in a 2012 poll.  September 6, 2018, Radio 1 presenter Greg James managed to get a Cornish Pasty delivered to the village from Cornwall via Radio 1 listeners over the course of four days.

Newmachar is a village in the north-east of Scotland located within the Aberdeenshire local authority. Situated 10 miles (16 km) to the north-west of Aberdeen, the settlement has an estimated population of 2,510.


Early life and education.

Messenger was born on 15 April 1962 in Dundee, Scotland. He was educated at King Edward VI School, Southampton, then an all-boys school. He studied geography at the University of Leicester, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1983.

Military career.

On 15 September 1983, Messenger was appointed an acting lieutenant on a short career graduate commission, (with seniority from 1 September 1982), transferring to a full career commission on 21 May 1986 with seniority from 1 September 1984. At this time he also qualified as a Mountain Leader. In 1995 he graduated from the Canadian Forces Command and Staff Course No 21. He was promoted substantive major on 30 June 1997, having previously held the rank locally.  Messenger served with British forces in the former Yugoslavia in 2000 (Kosovo), for which he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). In 2001 he took command of 40 Commando. He was promoted substantive colonel on 30 June 2002, having previously held the rank on an acting basis. For his leadership of 40 Commando (and attached army units) in Iraq, including the initial assault on Al Faw peninsular, and an action against Iraqi armour at Abu Al Khasib, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 31 October 2003. After a sabbatical in Geneva, he joined the Joint Force Headquarters as Chief of Staff in July 2004, a job that saw him on various operations worldwide, including Operation Garron, the 2004 tsunami relief effort, Operation Highbrow, the Lebanon evacuation operation, and a six-month tour in command of the Operation Herrick preliminary operation in Afghanistan. He graduated from the UK Higher Command and Staff Course in 2007 and was promoted brigadier on 24 April 2007. On 1 April 2008 he was appointed an aide-de-camp to the Queen.  Messenger served as the British Commander of Task Force Helmand, during the 3 Commando Brigade deployment to Helmand Province, Afghanistan on Operation Herrick IX in 2008–2009. For his leadership during this operation he was awarded a Bar to his DSO on 11 September 2009, the first member of the Naval Service to receive the DSO and Bar for over 50 years. He was promoted major general in late 2009, and appointed lead spokesman on British operations in Afghanistan. He went on to be Chief of Staff (Operations) at Permanent Joint Headquarters, Northwood in 2011 and became Director Force Reintegration HQ International Security Assistance Force in October 2012. He served as Deputy Commander of NATO Allied Land Command (LANDCOM)-Izmir from January 2013 until June 2014 when he was assigned to the post of Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Operations) in the Ministry of Defence. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 14 January 2013.  On 1 December 2015, Messenger appeared in front of the Defence Select Committee of the House of Commons in relation to the military situation in Syria. On 15 March 2016, Messenger was in South Korea to observe British troops participating in Operation Key Resolve. Messenger was appointed as Vice Chief of the Defence Staff in spring 2016, in succession to Air Chief Marshal Stuart Peach. Messenger was formally promoted to full general on 16 May 2016. He is the first four-star Royal Marine general since 1977. Messenger handed over his role of Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Operations) to Lieutenant General Mark Carleton-Smith on 18 April 2016.  Messenger was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 2015 Birthday Honours, and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 2016 Birthday Honours. He is patron of the Defence Medical Welfare Service, and honorary Colonel of 131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers.  Messenger retired from the Royal Marines in May 2019.

Family.

Messenger is married to Sarah and they have three children. He enjoys running, rugby, rock climbing, golf, gardening and real ale.

General Sir Gordon Kenneth Messenger, (born 15 April 1962) is a retired senior Royal Marines officer who served as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff from May 2016 to May 2019. As a colonel he commanded 40 Commando during the Iraq War, and led the Commando in the assault on the Al-Faw Peninsula. He served as British Commander of Task Force Helmand, during the 3 Commando Brigade deployment to Helmand Province, Afghanistan on Operation Herrick IX from 2008 to 2009.


Etymology.

Ajusco is a Náhuatl word variously translated as "source of waters" or "watered grove", and the Lerma River and Balsas River draw some of their source waters from this area. Also, the flow from all of the remaining strong springs in the area adjacent to the peak are captured to augment Mexico City's water supply.

Geology.

Ajusco is a lava dome complex of Pliocene-Pleistocene age, surrounded by block and ash flow deposits. Ajusco is part of the mountain chain of volcanic origin known as Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinauhtzin, among which Xitle (), Tláloc (), Pelado (), Cuautzin () and Chichinautzin () stand out. This range is part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt which crosses central Mexico and contains the country's highest peaks.

Ecology.

Parts of this range account for about half of the area of the Mexican Federal District, the rest of which is occupied by Mexico City. The area is important for conservation of local ecosystems. In its oak, pine and fir forests there are unique endemic species like the teporingo rabbit and the volcano mouse.

Sites of interest.

The area around the peak is a popular destination for residents of Mexico City and tourists, with activities such mountain biking, horseback riding, motorcycling, hiking and climbing. The area is one of the few around Mexico City where it may snow in the winter. This mountain offers stunning views, where all of the Valley of Mexico can be seen (weather and pollution permitting), including the city and its skyscrapers, Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl and Nevado de Toluca volcanoes, and parts of the Valley of Cuernavaca.  The Ajusco area is also home to Six Flags México (the largest amusement park in Latin America), the TV Azteca television network, the National Pedagogic University, the UNAM radio transmission center, the Fondo de Cultura Económica and El Colegio de México.  Atop the volcano is a pre-Hispanic site where artifacts have been discovered.

Ajusco is a lava dome volcano located just south of Mexico City, Mexico, in the Tlalpan borough of the city. It is the highest point in the city.


Attack.

The attack occurred at a busy intersection on the western outskirts of Mogadishu, at a police checkpoint during local rush hour. The major intersection connects Mogadishu with the rest of southern and southwestern Somalia. The Ex-Control Afgoye checkpoint is located near a tax office, and is used by vehicles entering Mogadishu from nearby Afgooye town.  The truck bomb explosion caused massive damage to the surrounding area, and left many of the dead burned beyond recognition. At least 15 of those killed were university students returning to class at Benadir University, whose minibus was demolished in the explosion. Two Turkish engineers, who were constructing a road from the checkpoint into the city, were also killed in the bombing. Many others were wounded. Fifteen critically injured people, including an eight month old baby, were airlifted to Istanbul, Turkey for further medical treatment; thirty other critically injured people received medical treatment in Qatar and other neighboring countries.  Somali Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khaire announced the establishment of a national response committee to help the injured and offer support to those who lost family members in the attack.

Responsibility and aftermath.

Initially, no group claimed responsibility for the attack. On 30 December, two days after the attack, radical Islamist group Al-Shabaab, which had carried out previous suicide attacks in Mogadishu, claimed responsibility. Through spokesman Ali Mohamud Rageh (also known as Ali Dhere), the group stated that they targeted a convoy of Turkish and Somali forces in the attack, noting that they "inflicted heavy losses on the Turks and the apostate militias who were protecting them."  Somalia's National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) stated that a foreign country helped organize the attack, issuing a statement that, "We have submitted to the national leaders a preliminary report indicating that the massacre against the Somali people in Mogadishu on 28 December 2019 was planned by a foreign country. To complete the ongoing investigation we will seek cooperation from some of the international intelligence agencies." However, the statement did not name the country suspected to be involved or provide additional evidence.  The Somali government, in coordination with U.S. Africa Command, conducted three retaliatory airstrikes targeting Al-Shabaab leaders in the Lower Shabelle region after the attack. The airstrikes, in the villages of Kunyo Barrow and Aliyow Barrow, killed four militants and destroyed two vehicles.

On 28 December 2019, a suicide truck bomber killed at least 85 people at the Ex-Control Afgoye police checkpoint in Mogadishu, Somalia. More than 140 others were wounded and, as of 31 December, 12 people remained missing. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack on 30 December. The attack was the deadliest in Somalia since the 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, which killed 587 people.


History.

The Circus Tavern opened its doors as an Entertainment Complex in 1974 and continues to host a wide range of public sporting events, cabaret shows and a multitude of private hire events including weddings and film crew hires. Its capacity is 1100 seated.  The Circus Tavern was the venue of the PDC World Darts Championships from its inauguration event in 1994, up until 2007, and broadcast on Sky Sports. Phil Taylor reached the final in all 14 of the PDC World Darts Championship tournaments that were held at the Circus Tavern, winning 11 of those 14 finals. The last World Championship match held at the Circus Tavern was the 2007 PDC World Darts Championship final, where Raymond van Barneveld came from 0–3 down in sets to defeat Phil Taylor, 7–6 in sets, after a sudden death leg. Many people consider this match to be the greatest in the history of darts. At the time of the match, it was not known that it would be the last World Championship to be held at the Circus Tavern.  On 2 April 2007, Barry Hearn announced that the 2008 PDC World Darts Championship would be held at the Alexandra Palace in London.  Other darts events were held at the Circus Tavern in the three years following. In 2008, the Circus Tavern was the venue for the opening round and the play-offs of the BetFred League of Legends, broadcast on Setanta Sports. In 2009 and 2010, the Players Championship Finals were held at the Circus Tavern, broadcast on ITV, featuring the top 32 players from the previous year's Players Championship Order of Merit. In 2019, the BDO signed a contract to hold the World Masters at the Circus Tavern.  There were also two other televised darts events held at the Circus Tavern, as listed below:

The Circus Tavern is an entertainment venue in Purfleet, Essex, England which hosts functions, cabaret acts and is also a nightclub venue. However, it is most famous as having been a long-time venue of the PDC World Darts Championship.


Context.

The insurgency is a direct continuation of the Iraqi Civil War from 2014 to 2017, with mostly Sunni rebel groups continuing armed opposition against the Shia-led Iraqi Government. Along with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), other insurgents fighting the government include a group known as the White Flags which is reportedly composed of former ISIL members and Kurdish rebels and is believed by the government of Iraq to be part of Ansar al-Islam and possibly affiliated with al-Qaeda. The group operates mostly in the Kirkuk Governorate and has used an assortment of guerilla tactics against government forces. Other factions opposed to the Iraqi government include the Iraqi Baath Party currently led by Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri a former official to Saddam Hussein during his rule in Iraq and has been active in Iraq's conflict since the US-led invasion in 2003 leading multiple factions including the Naqshbandi Army and Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation. In September 2017, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL, called on ISIL supporters around the world to launch attacks on Western news media and continued in his message the ISIL must focus on combating the two-pronged attack on the Muslim Ummah; these statements marked a departure from previous rhetoric which was focused on the state building of ISIL and heralded a shift in ISIL's strategy toward a classical insurgency.

Course of the insurgency.

Since ISIL's loss of Mosul in late 2017 which was declared as Iraq's victory over ISIL and widely seen as an end to the Civil War, and declared as such by Iraq's Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi, multiple incidents of violence have occurred being carried out by the conflicting sides, in spite of Iraq's declaration of victory over ISIL the group is widely seen as far from gone and continues to retain a presence throughout Iraq, and still capable of carrying out attacks and skirmishes with pro-government forces. ISIL has been waging a guerrilla war with a strong presence in the governorates of Kirkuk, Diyala, Saladin, and Sulaymaniyah, with local forces largely ill-equipped and inexperienced, ISIL has also taken advantage of the areas rough terrain to carry out operations. ISIL has also made a notable presence in the cities of Kirkuk, Hawija and Tuz Khurmato and has carried out attacks at night in rural areas.  ISIL fighters also reportedly move through villages during the day without interference from security forces, and locals have been asked by ISIL to give fighters food and give information on the whereabouts of Iraqi personnel, locals have also stated that ISIL fighters will frequently enter into Mosques and ask for Zakat to fund the insurgency. Among ISIL's operations include assassinations, kidnappings, raids and ambushes.  According to the Pentagon, as of fall 2018 ISIL was still stronger than it was between 2006–2007, when the group declared the Islamic State of Iraq during its incarnation as al-Qaeda in Iraq, citing a UN report which claimed that ISIL still had 20,000–30,000 fighters in Syria and Iraq. That claim of strength was simultaneously tempered though, with the Pentagon saying that ISIL had lost all of its territory and fighters were scattered, making them much less of a threat. The Pentagon predicted that ISIL will lose strength because of their dispersion in a way similar to what happened to al-Qaeda, while also warning that ISIL is still in a position to make a comeback.  Following ISIL's defeat they have been greatly weakened and violence in Iraq has been sharply reduced in 2018. Only 95 people lost their lives during the month of May, the lowest figure in 10 years.

Timeline.

2018.

January–April.

Between January and February 2018, Iraqi security forces and Peshmerga clashed with the White Flags around parts of the Kirkuk and Saladin governorates for control of oil fields which the Iraqi government claims the group's priority is. The Iraqi government said in the clashes the composition of the White Flag's fighters are ISIL members and individuals linked to the Kurdish mafia, the government also alleges that the Kurdistan Region allowed oil theft to occur in the area while it was under their control and enabled ISIL for their own interests.  In March 2018, in two separate attacks ISIL reportedly killed 10 individuals including a pro-government Sunni tribal Sheikh along with his son and guests at his house in the town of Al-Shirqat south of Mosul, in the other attack ISIL killed 5 individuals from the same family whom were Iraqi Turkmen and Shia at a fake checkpoint set up by the group posing as Iraqi security forces.

The Iraqi Insurgency (2017–present) is an ongoing insurgency that began in late 2017 after the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) lost territorial control in the Iraqi Civil War of 2014 to 2017. Several rebel groups, including ISIL, White Flags and the Iraqi Baath Party fight the Iraqi military (largely backed by the United States and other countries conducting airstrikes against ISIL) and allied paramilitary forces (largely backed by Iran).


Physical interpretation.

Frame fields always correspond to a family of ideal observers immersed in the given spacetime; the integral curves of the timelike unit vector field are the worldlines of these observers, and at each event along a given worldline, the three spacelike unit vector fields specify the spatial triad carried by the observer. The triad may be thought of as defining the spatial coordinate axes of a local "laboratory frame", which is valid very near the observer's worldline.  In general, the worldlines of these observers need not be timelike geodesics. If any of the worldlines bends away from a geodesic path in some region, we can think of the observers as test particles that accelerate by using ideal rocket engines with a thrust equal to the magnitude of their acceleration vector. Alternatively, if our observer is attached to a bit of matter in a ball of fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium, this bit of matter will in general be accelerated outward by the net effect of pressure holding up the fluid ball against the attraction of its own gravity. Other possibilities include an observer attached to a free charged test particle in an electrovacuum solution, which will of course be accelerated by the Lorentz force, or an observer attached to a "spinning" test particle, which may be accelerated by a spin–spin force.  It is important to recognize that frames are "geometric objects". That is, vector fields make sense (in a smooth manifold) independently of choice of a coordinate chart, and (in a Lorentzian manifold), so do the notions of orthogonality and length. Thus, just like vector fields and other geometric quantities, frame fields can be represented in various coordinate charts. Computations of the components of tensorial quantities, with respect to a given frame, will always yield the "same" result, whichever coordinate chart is used to represent the frame.  These fields are required to write the Dirac equation in curved spacetime.

Specifying a frame.

To write down a frame, a coordinate chart on the Lorentzian manifold needs to be chosen. Then, every vector field on the manifold can be written down as a linear combination of the four coordinate basis vector fields: Here, the Einstein summation convention is used, and the vector fields are thought of as first order linear differential operators, and the components formula_4 are often called contravariant components. This follows the standard notational conventions for sections of a tangent bundle. Alternative notations for the coordinate basis vector fields in common use are formula_5  In particular, the vector fields in the frame can be expressed this way: In "designing" a frame, one naturally needs to ensure, using the given metric, that the four vector fields are everywhere orthonormal.  More modern texts adopt the notation formula_7 for formula_8 and formula_9 or formula_10 for formula_11. This permits the visually clever trick of writing the spacetime metric as the outer product of the coordinate tangent vectors: and the flat-space Minkowski metric as the product of the gammas: The choice of formula_9 for the notation is an intentional conflation with the notation used for the Dirac matrices; it allows the formula_9 to be taken not only as vectors, but as elements of an algebra, the spacetime algebra. Appropriately used, this can simplify some of the notation used in writing a spin connection.  Once a signature is adopted, by duality every "vector" of a basis has a dual "covector" in the cobasis and conversely. Thus, every "frame field" is associated with a unique "coframe field", and vice versa; a coframe fields is a set of four orthogonal sections of the cotangent bundle.

Specifying the metric using a coframe.

Alternatively, the metric tensor can be specified by writing down a coframe in terms of a coordinate basis and stipulating that the metric tensor is given by where formula_17 denotes tensor product. This is just a fancy way of saying that the coframe is "orthonormal". Whether this is used to obtain the metric tensor after writing down the frame (and passing to the dual coframe), or starting with the metric tensor and using it to verify that a frame has been obtained by other means, it must always hold true.

Relationship with metric tensor, in a coordinate basis.

The vierbein field, formula_18, has two kinds of indices: formula_19 labels the general spacetime coordinate and formula_20 labels the local Lorentz spacetime or local laboratory coordinates.  The vierbein field or frame fields can be regarded as the “matrix square root” of the metric tensor, formula_21, since in a coordinate basis, where formula_23 is the Lorentz metric.  Local Lorentz indices are raised and lowered with the Lorentz metric in the same way as general spacetime coordinates are raised and lowered with the metric tensor. For example:  The vierbein field enables conversion between spacetime and local Lorentz indices. For example:  The vierbein field itself can be manipulated in the same fashion:  And these can combine.  A few more examples: Spacetime and local Lorentz coordinates can be mixed together:  The local Lorentz coordinates transform differently from the general spacetime coordinates. Under a general coordinate transformation we have:  whilst under a local Lorentz transformation we have:

Comparison with coordinate basis.

Coordinate basis vectors have the special property that their Lie brackets pairwise vanish. Except in locally flat regions, at least some Lie brackets of vector fields from a frame will "not" vanish. The resulting baggage needed to compute with them is acceptable, as components of tensorial objects with respect to a frame (but not with respect to a coordinate basis) have a direct interpretation in terms of measurements made by the family of ideal observers corresponding to the frame.  Coordinate basis vectors can very well be null, which, by definition, cannot happen for frame vectors.

Nonspinning and inertial frames.

Some frames are nicer than others. Particularly in vacuum or electrovacuum solutions, the physical experience of inertial observers (who feel no forces) may be of particular interest. The mathematical characterization of an inertial frame is very simple: the integral curves of the timelike unit vector field must define a geodesic congruence, or in other words, its acceleration vector must vanish:  It is also often desirable to ensure that the spatial triad carried by each observer does not rotate. In this case, the triad can be viewed as being gyrostabilized. The criterion for a nonspinning inertial (NSI) frame is again very simple: This says that as we move along the worldline of each observer, their spatial triad is parallel-transported. Nonspinning inertial frames hold a special place in general relativity, because they are as close as we can get in a curved Lorentzian manifold to the Lorentz frames used in special relativity (these are special nonspinning inertial frames in the Minkowski vacuum).  More generally, if the acceleration of our observers is nonzero, formula_34, we can replace the covariant derivatives with the (spatially projected) Fermi–Walker derivatives to define a nonspinning frame.  Given a Lorentzian manifold, we can find infinitely many frame fields, even if we require additional properties such as inertial motion. However, a given frame field might very well be defined on only part of the manifold.

Example: Static observers in Schwarzschild vacuum.

It will be instructive to consider in some detail a few simple examples. Consider the famous Schwarzschild vacuum that models spacetime outside an isolated nonspinning spherically symmetric massive object, such as a star. In most textbooks one finds the metric tensor written in terms of a static polar spherical chart, as follows: More formally, the metric tensor can be expanded with respect to the coordinate cobasis as A coframe can be read off from this expression: To see that this coframe really does correspond to the Schwarzschild metric tensor, just plug this coframe into  The frame dual is the transposed inverted coframe as (The plus sign on formula_42 ensures that formula_1 is "future pointing".) This is the frame that models the experience of static observers who use rocket engines to ""hover" over the massive object". The thrust they require to maintain their position is given by the magnitude of the acceleration vector This is radially inward pointing, since the observers need to accelerate "away" from the object to avoid falling toward it. On the other hand, the spatially projected Fermi derivatives of the spatial basis vectors (with respect to formula_1) vanish, so this is a nonspinning frame.  The components of various tensorial quantities with respect to our frame and its dual coframe can now be computed.  For example, the tidal tensor for our static observers is defined using tensor notation (for a coordinate basis) as where we write formula_47 to avoid cluttering the notation. Its only non-zero components with respect to our coframe turn out to be The corresponding coordinate basis components are  Compare the tidal tensor formula_52 of Newtonian gravity, which is the traceless part of the Hessian of the gravitational potential formula_53. Using tensor notation for a tensor field defined on three-dimensional euclidean space, this can be written The reader may wish to crank this through (notice that the trace term actually vanishes identically when U is harmonic) and compare results with the following elementary approach: we can compare the gravitational forces on two nearby observers lying on the same radial line: Because in discussing tensors we are dealing with multilinear algebra, we retain only first order terms, so formula_56. Similarly, we can compare the gravitational force on two nearby observers lying on the same sphere formula_57. Using some elementary trigonometry and the small angle approximation, we find that the force vectors differ by a vector tangent to the sphere which has magnitude By using the small angle approximation, we have ignored all terms of order formula_59, so the tangential components are formula_60. Here, we are referring to the obvious frame obtained from the polar spherical chart for our three-dimensional euclidean space:  Plainly, the coordinate components formula_62 computed above don't even scale the right way, so they clearly cannot correspond to what an observer will measure even approximately. (By coincidence, the Newtonian tidal tensor components agree exactly with the relativistic tidal tensor components we wrote out above.)

Example: Lemaître observers in the Schwarzschild vacuum.

To find an inertial frame, we can boost our static frame in the formula_63 direction by an undetermined boost parameter (depending on the radial coordinate), compute the acceleration vector of the new undetermined frame, set this equal to zero, and solve for the unknown boost parameter. The result will be a frame which we can use to study the physical experience of observers who fall freely and radially toward the massive object. By appropriately choosing an integration constant, we obtain the frame of Lemaître observers, who fall in "from rest at spatial infinity". (This phrase doesn't make sense, but the reader will no doubt have no difficulty in understanding our meaning.) In the static polar spherical chart, this frame is obtained from Lemaître coordinates and can be written as Note that formula_68, and that formula_69 "leans inwards", as it should, since its integral curves are timelike geodesics representing the world lines of "infalling" observers. Indeed, since the covariant derivatives of all four basis vectors (taken with respect to formula_1) vanish identically, our new frame is a "nonspinning inertial frame".  If our massive object is in fact a (nonrotating) black hole, we probably wish to follow the experience of the Lemaître observers as they fall through the event horizon at formula_71. Since the static polar spherical coordinates have a coordinate singularity at the horizon, we'll need to switch to a more appropriate coordinate chart. The simplest possible choice is to define a new time coordinate by This gives the Painlevé chart. The new line element is With respect to the Painlevé chart, the Lemaître frame is Notice that their spatial triad looks exactly like the frame for three-dimensional euclidean space which we mentioned above (when we computed the Newtonian tidal tensor). Indeed, the spatial hyperslices formula_79 turn out to be locally isometric to flat three-dimensional euclidean space! (This is a remarkable and rather special property of the Schwarzschild vacuum; most spacetimes do not admit a slicing into flat spatial sections.)  The tidal tensor taken with respect to the Lemaître observers is where we write formula_81 to avoid cluttering the notation. This is a "different tensor" from the one we obtained above, because it is defined using a "different family of observers". Nonetheless, its nonvanishing components look familiar: formula_82. (This is again a rather special property of the Schwarzschild vacuum.)  Notice that there is simply no way of defining static observers on or inside the event horizon. On the other hand, the Lemaître observers are not defined on the entire "exterior region" covered by the static polar spherical chart either, so in these examples, neither the Lemaître frame nor the static frame are defined on the entire manifold.

Example: Hagihara observers in the Schwarzschild vacuum.

In the same way that we found the Lemaître observers, we can boost our static frame in the formula_83 direction by an undetermined parameter (depending on the radial coordinate), compute the acceleration vector, and require that this vanish "in the equatorial plane" formula_84. The new Hagihara frame describes the physical experience of observers in "stable circular orbits" around our massive object. It was apparently first discussed by the astronomer Yusuke Hagihara.  In the static polar spherical chart, the Hagihara frame is which in the equatorial plane becomes The tidal tensor formula_93 where formula_94 turns out to be given (in the equatorial plane) by Thus, compared to a static observer hovering at a given coordinate radius, a Hagihara observer in a stable circular orbit with the same coordinate radius will measure "radial" tidal forces which are slightly "larger" in magnitude, and "transverse" tidal forces which are no longer isotropic (but slightly larger orthogonal to the direction of motion).  Note that the Hagihara frame is only defined on the region formula_98. Indeed, stable circular orbits only exist on formula_99, so the frame should not be used inside this locus.  Computing Fermi derivatives shows that the frame field just given is in fact "spinning" with respect to a gyrostabilized frame. The principal reason why is easy to spot: in this frame, each Hagihara observer keeps his spatial vectors "radially aligned", so formula_100 rotate about formula_101 as the observer orbits around the central massive object. However, after correcting for this observation, a small precession of the spin axis of a gyroscope carried by a Hagihara observer still remains; this is the "de Sitter precession" effect (also called the "geodetic precession" effect).

Generalizations.

This article has focused on the application of frames to general relativity, and particularly on their physical interpretation. Here we very briefly outline the general concept. In an "n"-dimensional Riemannian manifold or pseudo-Riemannian manifold, a frame field is a set of orthonormal vector fields which forms a basis for the tangent space at each point in the manifold. This is possible globally in a continuous fashion if and only if the manifold is parallelizable. As before, frames can be specified in terms of a given coordinate basis, and in a non-flat region, some of their pairwise Lie brackets will fail to vanish.  In fact, given any inner-product space formula_102, we can define a new space consisting of all tuples of orthonormal bases for formula_102. Applying this construction to each tangent space yields the orthonormal frame bundle of a (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold and a frame field is a section of this bundle. More generally still, we can consider frame bundles associated to any vector bundle, or even arbitrary principal fiber bundles. The notation becomes a bit more involved because it is harder to avoid distinguishing between indices referring to the base, and indices referring to the fiber. Many authors speak of internal components when referring to components indexed by the fiber.

In general relativity, a frame field (also called a tetrad or vierbein) is a set of four orthonormal vector fields, one timelike and three spacelike, defined on a Lorentzian manifold that is physically interpreted as a model of spacetime. The timelike unit vector field is often denoted by formula_1 and the three spacelike unit vector fields by formula_2. All tensorial quantities defined on the manifold can be expressed using the frame field and its dual coframe field.


History.

AEW, which launched in January 2019, filed for several trademarks, including Tuesday Night Dynamite, presumably a name for a television show. In June 2019, AEW filed an additional trademark for Wednesday Night Dynamite, leading to many sources believing the show would air on Wednesday nights under this name.  On May 8, 2019, AEW reached a new media rights deal with British media company ITV plc to broadcast AEW shows on ITV4. On May 15, 2019, AEW and WarnerMedia announced a deal for a weekly prime-time show airing live on TNT and would also stream live events and pay-per-views on B/R Live in the United States and Canada.  In April, Jim Ross confirmed the show would be a weekly two-hour live show. During Fight for the Fallen, Chris Jericho confirmed the show would be starting in October. On July 24, AEW announced the show would premiere on Wednesday, October 2, and would broadcast live from the Capital One Arena in Washington, D.C. On August 2, it was announced that the show had sold out within 3 hours of tickets going on sale. AEW President Tony Khan said that they chose to air the show on Wednesday nights instead of Tuesday nights because TNT airs the National Basketball Association (NBA) on Tuesday and Thursday nights, and it also prevented competition against the National Football League (NFL) on Thursday nights, as it might compete with Khan's NFL franchise.  In August 2019, WWE announced that it was moving their WWE Network show "NXT" to the USA Network and expanding the program to a live, two-hour broadcast in the same timeslot as AEW's upcoming show. "NXT" premiered on USA on September 18, two weeks before AEW's broadcast debut on TNT. On August 30, the day before All Out, TNT aired a one-hour special called "Countdown to All Out" at 10pm ET, which averaged 390,000 viewers.  Like they had done for each of their pay-per-view events, AEW began a "Road to" YouTube series on September 4 entitled "The Road to AEW on TNT" to build anticipation for the debut broadcast of the show. On September 19, 2019, the show's name was revealed as "All Elite Wrestling: Dynamite". A two-hour preview show called "Countdown to All Elite Wrestling: Dynamite" aired on October 1 at 8pm ET and averaged 631,000 viewers.  On September 25, 2019, AEW announced an international streaming deal with FITE TV primarily for regions outside of North America via the "AEW Plus" package, which includes live streaming and replay access of "Dynamite" in simulcast with its U.S. airing. In Canada, Bell Media's TSN acquired broadcast rights to "Dynamite", marking the return of professional wrestling to the network after "WWE Raw" moved to rival network The Score (now Sportsnet 360) in 2006. The show is broadcast in simulcast with TNT in the U.S (but is subject to scheduling) and is streamed on TSN Direct as well as TSN's website. In the United Kingdom, "Dynamite" will be added to ITV Hub on Thursday evenings, and air on ITV4 on Friday nights.  On October 2, 2019, "Dynamite" debuted on TNT which averaged 1.409 million viewers, which made it the largest television debut on TNT in five years. Also on October 2, "NXT" would make their two-hour debut on USA Network (the previous two episodes featured the first hour on USA with the second hour on the WWE Network), and they averaged 891,000 viewers. "Dynamite" beat out "NXT" in viewership and more than doubled its competition in the key adults 18-49 demographic, scoring 878,000 viewers compared to "NXT"s 414,000. This would also mark the beginning of the "Wednesday Night Wars". Prior to and after the episode, untelevised matches were filmed to air on "AEW Dark" on the following Tuesdays (except before pay-per-view events, where the episodes air Fridays) on AEW's YouTube channel.  On January 15, 2020, it was announced that TNT had extended the contract for the series through 2023.  Beginning on March 18, 2020, AEW began airing empty arena shows from Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida. This was due to the COVID-19 pandemic that caused many restrictions for live events around the world.

Roster.

The wrestlers featured on All Elite Wrestling take part in scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers are portrayed as heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match.

AEW Dynamite, also known as Wednesday Night Dynamite or simply Dynamite, is a professional wrestling television program that is produced by the American promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and airs on TNT in the United States. The show debuted on October 2, 2019, and serves as the flagship program of AEW. The show airs live weekly for two hours. "AEW Dynamite" is the first professional wrestling program to air on TNT since the final episode of "WCW Monday Nitro" on March 26, 2001.


Background and critical responses.

"Patience" didn't exist during the creation of the original "Dreamgirls" musical, a stage drama which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. Songwriters Henry Krieger and Willie Reale devised "Patience" for the musical's 2006 movie adaption, which also featured the title "Dreamgirls". The r&b track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with "Patience" being one of several elements crossing from the adaption to its parent production.  The socially-charged lyrics and impassioned singing behind the song make it an inspirational piece of protest music meant to evoke the 70s-era musical work of artists such as Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder. "Patience" is performed both in the film and on by the trio of Eddie Murphy, Anika Noni Rose, and Keith Robinson. It was produced by The Underdogs.  In the context of the film, "Patience" is a politically-charged piece written by talented singer-songwriter C.C. White (played by Robinson) and recorded by star performer James "Thunder" Early (played by Murphy) coupled with vocalist Lorrell Robinson (played by Rose) and a gospel choir. In a scene set in 1973, the song comes into being after Early seeks to develop his public image while being under the thumb of manipulative, shady record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Much to the chagrin of his employees, Foxx's character axes the song's release. This feeds into the flashes of anxiety and depression suffered by Murphy's character, which he self-medicates through illicit drug use.  "Patience" was one of three "Dreamgirls" songs nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. The others were "Love You I Do" and "Listen". All three "Dreamgirls" songs (as well as the piece "Our Town" that Randy Newman penned for "Cars") lost the Oscar to "I Need to Wake Up" by Melissa Etheridge, which the songwriter created for "An Inconvenient Truth".  At the 2007 Academy Awards ceremony, "Patience" was performed by Rose and Robinson along with a gospel choir and their co-stars Beyoncé Knowles and Jennifer Hudson.  Film critics who viewed the song's creation and use in "Dreamgirls" as a highlight of the movie include Peter Rainer of the Christian Science Monitor and David Rooney of "Variety". Rainer commented that the emotional scene displayed "Murphy at his best."

"Patience" is a song written by Henry Krieger and Willie Reale for the 2006 film "Dreamgirls". The movie is an adaption of the musical of the same name, which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. The R&B track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with "Patience" being one of several elements crossing from the adaption to its parent production.


Early life.

Martínez was born to former 400 metres runner Isabel Contreras. He initially practised several sports, including basketball and judo, until he was about 10 years old. It was his mother who encouraged him to take up athletics and linked him up with a friend and coach.  Martínez has stated that he initially did not like athletics, but after doing a test with the said coach he was told he had the potential to enter the provincial sports school. He began specialising in the jumps under the supervision of coach Manuel Guilarte, whom he credits for instilling in him the love of athletics.

Career.

At the 2013 World Youth Championships in Donetsk, Martínez equalled the World Youth Championship record set by compatriot Héctor Dairo Fuentes in 2005 with an attempt of 16.63 m in the fourth round, earning him his first major gold medal.  Martínez's record-breaking continued into 2014, as he jumped a world youth best of 17.24 m in front of a home crowd in the Cuban capital Havana. He then broke the World Junior Championship record twice at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Eugene, Oregon, jumping 17.08 m with a 0.6 m/s headwind on his first attempt and 17.13 m with a 0.7 m/s headwind on his second attempt. He became the fourth Cuban world junior champion in the triple jump after Yoelbi Quesada in 1992, René Hernández in 1996, Arnie David Giralt in 2002 and Pedro Pablo Pichardo in 2012.

Lázaro Martínez Santrayll (born 3 November 1997) is a Cuban athlete who specialises in the triple jump and the long jump. He is a former World Junior Championship record holder for the triple jump with an attempt of 17.13 m jumped at the 2014 edition in Eugene, Oregon, and also holds the former world youth best in the triple jump, with an attempt of 17.24 m jumped in Havana.


Family.

Reginald was born at Wiggonholt in West Sussex, the son of the parish rector, Rev. Thomas Bacon, and his wife, Lavinia Emma, the daughter of George Shaw of Teignmouth in Devon. Rev. Thomas was the nephew of the industrialist, Anthony Bushby Bacon of Elcot Park in Berkshire and the grand-uncle of the historian, Emma Elizabeth Thoyts, of Sulhamstead House, also in Berkshire.

Early career.

Reginald entered the Navy in 1877, qualified as a torpedo lieutenant, and first came to wider notice as commander of a flotilla of torpedo boats in the British naval manoeuvres of 1896. In 1897 he served as a member of the British punitive expedition to Benin, and on his return from active service wrote the book "Benin, the City of Blood" (1897), describing the campaign.  Promoted to captain in 1900, he left the Mediterranean Station and, was appointed to the new position of Inspecting Captain of Submarines and given the task of introducing and developing the Royal Navy's earliest submarine boats. In August 1901 came the accompanying appointment as captain of, which had recently been converted into the world ́s first submarine depot ship. He was the acknowledged possessor of a fine technical brain, and Fisher's enthusiasm for Bacon's intelligence hardly hindered his career. That the Admiralty shared Fisher's impression of Bacon is evident not only in its decision to appoint so junior a captain to a comparatively senior position, but also in the laudatory minutes that attached themselves to Bacon's official reports.  In early 1901 he was appointed by King Edward to take part in a special diplomatic mission to announce the King ́s accession to the governments of Austria-Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Turkey.

Technical ability and character.

Bacon was well-qualified for his new work with submarines, having served in the torpedo branch of the navy throughout the 1890s. He had spent several years on the staff of HMS Vernon, Britain's main torpedo school, and his character was dominated by a pronounced flair for things mechanical. Later in his career Bacon made a significant contribution to the design of the revolutionary all-big-gun battleship "Dreadnought", developed siege guns for the British Expeditionary Force in 1914 and mastered the technical complexities required to implement his proposal for a North Sea Mine Barrage. After his retirement, he settled down to write books with titles such as "A Simple Guide to Wireless for All Whose Knowledge of Electricity is Childlike".  Historian Mike Dash observes that while "there is no doubt that [his] mastery of the technology with which he dealt reinforced the independence of the submarine branch, he was a remote and stubborn centraliser who rarely admitted he needed help from anybody".  Another trait which became increasingly significant in Bacon's naval career was "the unfortunate knack which [he] developed of polarising the opinions others held of him." He was not, like his nemesis Roger Keyes, who succeeded him as both ICS and commander of the Dover Patrol, a friend to all men. To Maurice Hankey, during the war, Bacon was "the one officer with offensive spirit"; to the notoriously offensive-minded Reginald Tyrwhitt, commander of the Harwich Force, he was a worse enemy than the Germans, unwilling to take risks and "our bugbear... the Streaky One has obsessed everyone at the Admiralty and does exactly what he pleases with them... You will understand me when I say he is not a white man."

Inspecting Captain of Submarines.

According to biographer Michael Dash, "None of these controversies... should be allowed to obscure Bacon's early achievements as ICS, which were very considerable. To Bacon goes the credit of developing the semi-autonomous submarine branch that consistently performed well in peace and war. Equally important, his determined caution ensured that the branch was developed along sensible lines". Bacon was acutely aware of the early shortcomings of underwater craft and "particularly emphasised" that he did not "commend rashness, in fact my life is spent in preaching caution... The only fear regarding the safety of the Boats is that familiarity may breed over-confidence". His philosophy was that "success belongs to the man who pays attention to infinite details".  Bacon's chief contribution to the early development of the submarine was the design for HMS "A1", the first British-designed boat and a significant advance over the earlier Holland Class boats. "A1", developed by Bacon in conjunction with the naval architects of Messrs Vickers, Sons & Maxim, added a conning tower and a periscope to the pioneering design of the Irish-born American inventor John P. Holland, making her significantly more seaworthy and a more potent attacking threat. "While RN submarines retained Holland's ideas in outline... the specifics of the design from the A class onwards were essentially British", Dash writes. Bacon also played an important role in the design of the remainder of Britain's A-class submarines and worked out the first tactics for British boats.

First Captain of HMS Dreadnought.

Bacon was the first captain of the battleship. In June 1906 he commissioned her for her trials and took her on a special cruise to the West Indies. In August 1907 he was appointed to the position of Director of Naval Ordnance succeeding Jellicoe.

Coventry Ordnance Works.

In July 1909 he was promoted Rear-Admiral, and in November 1909 he retired from the Active List as director of Naval Ordnance to take up the appointment of managing director of the Coventry Ordnance Works (COW).  During his time there, the Coventry works manufactured the QF 4.5-inch howitzer, the BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval gun and the Army's biggest gun to date, the BL 9.2-inch howitzer. On the outbreak of war, prompted by the German army's bombardment of the Liège forts, the Coventry factory privately designed the BL 15-inch howitzer, designed to be road transportable by three 105 hp Daimler-Foster Artillery tractors. The Army was unimpressed by its lack of range and didn't adopt the weapon, but Winston Churchill, as First Lord of the Admiralty, formed the Howitzer Brigade of the Royal Marine Artillery with the twelve guns. The first howitzer was shipped to France in February 1915 and Bacon was given a temporary commission in the Royal Marine Artillery as an extra Colonel 2nd Commandant. In April 1915 he was called to the Admiralty, where Churchill and Jackie Fisher were keen to send a single 15-inch howitzer to Gallipoli. He arranged for the howitzer (no. 3) to be transported, and a few days later was in Paris ready to start for the Dardanelles, when he was recalled to London by Churchill and made Commander-in-Chief, Dover, replacing Rear-Admiral Horace Hood.

Commander of the Dover Patrol.

Bacon became commander of the Dover Patrol in April 1915 and was involved in the development of the North Sea Mine Barrage. Bacon spent some time considering and planning the Zeebrugge and Ostend raids, but he felt that crucial details of his plan were altered or omitted due to inexperience.  In his book 'Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918,' Patrick Beesly was not complimentary of Bacon suggesting that his brilliance may have been marred by his fixation on a correct way of doing things, and of 'being convinced that he was the only man in the regiment who was marching in step.' Bacon insisted that the Dover Barrage was an effective block to German U-boats breaking out into the Atlantic despite reports from Naval Intelligence that U-boats were regularly passing through it under cover of darkness. After repeated refusals to illuminate the barrage at night, Bacon was instructed to do so by Rosslyn Wemyss following his replacement of Sir John Jellicoe as First Sea Lord. The discovery and destruction of a U-boat transiting the barrage took place the next night, and Bacon was sacked by Eric Campbell Geddes from command of the Dover Patrol, replaced by Roger Keyes, shortly thereafter.

Family and retirement.

Bacon retired again shortly after leaving the Dover Patrol. He wrote numerous books, including biographies of John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe and his old mentor Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher.  He married Cicely Surtees of Darlington, County Durham in 1897. They had a daughter and two sons, both of whom died young, one as a soldier during the First World War and the other from pneumonia as a naval cadet in 1919. Bacon died on 9 June 1947 at home in Romsey, Hampshire.

Admiral Sir Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon, (6 September 1863 – 9 June 1947) was an officer in the Royal Navy noted for his technical abilities. He was described by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Jacky Fisher, as the man "acknowledged to be the cleverest officer in the Navy".


History.

In 1893, to connect his hotel with the railway station of the Lauterbrunnen-Murren cable car, Johann Sterchi-Wettach, owner of the then Grand Hotel and Kurhaus Mürren, contracted with the company A. Oehler in Wildegg for a tramway to bring his guests from BLM station. The operation was stopped because it failed to submit a concession application.  On 13 April 1894, the Federal Assembly approved the federal decree concerning the concession of the Mürren runway. The Federal Council granted the operating license on 10 July 1894 and the tramway began operation. During the three-month summer season, there are 3 to 5 daily trips back and forth. The one-way fare is 30 cents per person, which is approximately equal to the hourly wage of a worker.  At, the Murren runway had the smallest gauge of all Swiss railways with federal concession for passenger transport. The rails were laid in the street, and three vehicles were purchased, including a covered passenger car consisting of two benches length-ways on either side, and two goods vehicles. The tramway transported around 1000 guests and of goods per summer season.  All vehicles were pulled by horse. Services were suspended from 1914 until the summer season of 1920. In 1930 when passenger services were discontinued. Afterwards, the goods carts were pushed by hand, until 1937 when the tramway closed permanently.  The tracks were left disused until the 1960s when, during street renovations, the tracks were either torn up or paved-over. The fate of the goods carts is unknown, however the passenger car remained and has been restored and placed inside the BLM station on display. The Grand Hotel and Kurhaus closed in 1945 and were eventually demolished in 1954.

Route.

The tramway started with a two-track station in the street outside the existing BLM station and followed the main village road until the Kurhaus. A switch was installed just before the Kurhaus in order to allow future expansion to other hotels, however this never occurred and the switch was left unused. In the hotel area, the tramway ended with three tracks: the passenger track, which lead to the hotel's entrance, and two more goods tracks, which lead to the hotel's service area. The journey took around 7 minutes to complete.

The Mürren tramway was a horse-drawn, and latterly human powered, tramway located in Mürren, Switzerland that operated between 1894 and 1937.


Personal life.

Maureen Hiron was a teacher, head of the physical education department of an Inner London comprehensive school. She retired from teaching, aged 32, after a serious injury when a heavy metal air conditioner broke away and fell on her head while she was calling from a window to quieten some unruly children.  She was a passionate bridge player, who participated in national and international championships. She was on the winning England team in both the 1974 and 1975 Lady Milne Trophy, the home countries internationals, and also represented Great Britain in the European Championships of 1974.  Through bridge she met Alan Hiron (1933–1999), the bridge correspondent of "The Independent", and in 1990 the Gold Medalist of the inaugural World Championship Senior Pairs. The couple married in 1983.  In the early 1990s the Hirons moved to Southern Spain for the better climate. Alan died in Malaga on 7 June 1999 from Guillain–Barré syndrome. Maureen took over writing the bridge columns in "The Independent" and "Irish Independent" newspapers, and developed further games.

Games creation.

In 1982 the Hirons founded the games publishing company Hiron Games Ltd, initially to produce and market the game "Continuo" and later a stream of other games, such as "Quizwrangle" and "Cavendish". Maureen invented the games and Alan was the tester and editor. "Continuo", launched on 1 April 1982, became Britain's best-selling game, with around 205,000 sets sold in the UK by the end of that year.  In 1984 Maureen and Alan Hiron were the subject of a 30 minute BBC TV documentary "A Will to Win". Shortly afterwards Maureen was diagnosed with cancer and was admitted to the Royal Marsden Hospital. There, using her fellow-patients as play-testers, she developed the game "Chip In", which her company manufactured and used in the campaign to raise £25 million pounds for the Royal Marsden, the world's first specialist cancer hospital. The Appeal President was Princess Diana, and the main backing newspaper was the Daily Star. Maureen was voted Londoner of the Year, in London Electricity's Brightening Up London campaign.. The then Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, even took on Maureen and Alan at "Chip In".

Bridge and writing.

In 1993 Maureen and Alan competed in partnership at the European Union Bridge Senior Pairs in Portugal and won the bronze medal. Maureen and Alan wrote some beginners' bridge books together, and also quiz books - including "The Ultimate Trivia Quiz Games Book", with over 10,000 questions, which reached No. 2 in the British Bestsellers list. (Non-fiction). Maureen also wrote the questions for the first series of Channel 4's popular quiz show "Fifteen to One" and created puzzles for ITV's "The Krypton Factor".

Maureen Hiron is a British games designer and international bridge player. She is best known as a developer of various board, card, dice, word and question and answer games, including Continuo. Her games were published through Hiron Games Ltd., which she founded with her husband in 1982 after retiring from teaching.


Taxonomy and etymology.

It was described as a new species in 1902 by American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller. Miller placed it in the now-defunct genus "Nyctinomus", naming it "Nyctinomus jobensis". Miller likely chose the species name ""jobensis"" because the holotype was discovered on Jobie Island near the community of Ansus. The holotype was collected by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari.

Description.

It has been described as having "features reminiscent of Darth Vader." From head to tail, it is approximately long. Its head and body is long, and its tail is long. Its forearm is long. It weighs.

Biology and behavior.

They will fly and forage in groups of two or more individuals. Its foraging style utilizes fast, direct flight suited for open areas or above canopies. It is insectivorous, consuming beetles, bugs, moths, lacewings, grasshoppers, cockroaches, flies and leafhoppers. It is one of the only species of bat in Australia that can be heard when foraging. Its echolocation frequency is relatively low (15-25kHz), overlapping with the upper range of sounds audible to humans. It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day such as tree hollows or caves. These roosts can consist of many individuals, as it is a colonial species.

Range and habitat.

It prefers to forage in the tropical savannas of Northern Australia. It is also found in urban areas, using artificial lights to forage for the insects attracted to them.

Conservation.

It is currently evaluated as least concern by the IUCN—its lowest conservation priority. It meets the criteria for this assessment because it has a large geographic range, a large population, it occurs in protected areas, and it tolerates human modification of landscapes. Its population trend is stable.

The northern freetail bat ("Chaerephon jobensis") is a species of bat found in Yapen, Seram Island, Western New Guinea and Northern Australia.


Presenters and personnel.

A few hours after the final of the Sanremo Music Festival 2011, Rai 1 director Mauro Mazza expressed his willing to confirm Gianni Morandi as the main presenter of the show for the 2012 contest. In an interview released in April 2011, Morandi revealed he was considering the opportunity to present the contest for a second time, and on 13 October 2011 Morandi was officially confirmed as the presenter of the Sanremo Music Festival 2012. On the same day, Gianmarco Mazzi, who had signed a 2 years long contract with RAI in late 2010, was confirmed as the artistic director of the show. It was Mazzi's seventh Sanremo Music Festival.  In late December 2011, Gianmarco Mazzi also announced that Italian actor and director Rocco Papaleo, Czech model Ivana Mrazova and English-Croatian model Tamara Ecclestone would have been Morandi's co-presenters of the show. Despite this, on 20 January 2012, Gianmarco Mazzi officially announced that Tamara Ecclestone would not be one of the presenters, following her refusal to be in Sanremo during the rehearsal for the show. During an interview released to the Italian newspaper "La Stampa", Ecclestone claimed that she had never signed any contract, and that, according to her informal agreement with RAI, she should have been in Sanremo starting from 12 February 2012, but she was later asked to start working on the show on 1 February 2012. Following a neck pain, Ivana Mrazova was not on stage during the first night of the show, and she was replaced by 2011 co-presenters Elisabetta Canalis and Belén Rodríguez.  The authors of the show, directed by Stefano Vicario, were Ivano Balduini, Simona Ercolani, Michele Ferrari, Francesco Valitutti and Federico Moccia. For the nineteenth time, the scenography, inspired by a spacecraft, was created by Gaetano Castelli, together with his daughter Chiara. For the tenth consecutive year, each artist was accompanied by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra, conducted by Marco Sabiu, as in 2011.

Selections.

Newcomers section.

"AreaSanremo".

The artists competing in the newcomers section were selected through two different contests. The first one, organized by the Comune di Sanremo and titled "AreaSanremo", was divided into two sections—"SanremoLab", reserved to Italian-language songs, and "SanremoDoc", featuring songs in an Italian dialect. The jury evaluating the "SanremoLab" contestants was composed of Niccolò Agliardi, Beppe Carletti, L'Aura and Mauro Ermanno Giovanardi, while the jury for the "SanremoDoc" section included Massimo Morini, Davide Van De Sfroos, Peppe Voltarelli and Edoardo Bennato.  The 10 winners of the contest—Levy Prato, Kachupa, Erika Mineo, Andrea Devis Mozzate, Bidiel, Giuseppe Franchino, Lavinia Desideri and Iohosemprevoglia in the "SanremoLab" section, Luca Bussoleti and the duo composed of Stefano Cherchi and Maurizio Chisari for the "SanremoDoc" section—were announced on 8 December 2011. On 9 December 2011, a jury composed of Gianni Morandi, Gianmarco Mazzi, Giorgio Giuffra and Claudia Lolli selected two acts among the ten winners. Therefore, the bands Bidiel and Iohosemprevoglia became the first two confirmed contestants of the Sanremo Music Festival 2012.

"SanremoSocial".

The remaining six contestants were selected through a web contest, titled "SanremoSocial". 400 out of 1,574 participants in the contest were excluded because their songs did not fulfill the rules to participate in the Sanremo Music Festival, mainly concerning the length of the song or the inclusion of advertisers' brands in their lyrics.  After uploading a video of the proposed song through the social network Facebook, contestants were voted by users, and the 30 most voted acts, together with 30 additional artists chosen by a specific jury, were asked to perform live on 12 January 2012, during the Sanremo Social Day, broadcast live on the Festival's official website. At the end of the live performances, the artists were selected by a jury composed of presenter Gianni Morandi, artistic director Gianmarco Mazzi, Rai Radio 1's Gianmaurizio Foderaro and Silvia Notargiacomo, Rai Radio 2's Federica Gentile and Facebook account manager Saverio Schiano Lomoriello. The six winners of the contest—Giordana Angi, Erica Mou, Celeste Gaia, Marco Guazzone, Giulia Anania and Alessandro Casillo— were announced on 14 January 2012 during the TV show "SanremoSocial Day - La scelta".

Big Artists section.

The acts participating in the Big Artists section of the Sanremo Music Festival 2012 were chosen through an internal selection. In early December 2011, during an interview released to the Italian magazine "TV Sorrisi e Canzoni", Emma Marrone announced she would be one of the contestants of the festival. On 24 December 2011, Eugenio Finardi also confirmed he would compete in the Big Artists section, performing the song "E tu lo chiami Dio". The complete list of the participants in the Big Artists section was announced on 15 January 2012, during the TV programme "L'arena". Alongside Marrone and Finardi, the list included Dolcenera, Arisa, Samuele Bersani, Chiara Civello, Francesco Renga, Irene Fornaciari, Marlene Kuntz, Nina Zilli, Noemi, Matia Bazar, Pierdavide Carone with Lucio Dalla, and the duo composed of Gigi D'Alessio and Loredana Bertè.  Immediately after the list's announcement, some fans claimed that Gigi D'Alessio and Loredana Bertè had already released a small portion of their song through their official Facebook accounts, despite the contest rules, according to which the competing songs cannot be publicly performed or released before the show. On the same day, Alessandro Fabrizi, manager of Italian singer Daniele Magro, claimed that Chiara Civello's song was publicly performed by Magro, Civello herself, and by Daiana Tejera, co-writer of the song. However, on 2 February 2012, RAI released a press statement announcing that the two songs fulfilled the requirements for being considered "new songs", therefore Civello, D'Alessio and Berté were confirmed as participants in the show.

Nights.

First night.

Big Artists section.

On 14 February 2012, each act in the "Big Artists" section performed a previously unreleased song. According to the rules of the contest, a ranking should have been determined by a jury composed of 300 people, each one giving a minimum of 1 point and a maximum of 10 points to each song, and at the end of the night, the two artists receiving the lowest points should have been eliminated. However, during the second performance of the night, a technical problem in the voting system occurred. In the beginning, the jury was asked to continue voting through a paper-based system, but after the last performance, it was announced that the voting was nullified. Therefore, all the artists were admitted to the second night of the show.  Due to illness, co-presenter Ivana Mrzazova was unable to attend. She was substituted by Belen Rodriguez and Elisabetta Canalis, the co-presenters of the 2011 festival.  Singer and actor Adriano Celentano was a notable guest the first night. He caused much controversy when he attacked the Catholic Church and the Italian Catholic magazine "Famiglia Cristiana" and newspaper "Avvenire" during his monologue.

Second night.

Big Artists section.

During the second night, that was held on 15 February 2012, each one of the 14 acts in the "Big Artists" section performed for a second time the chosen song. Each artists received a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 10 points from each member of a jury, composed of 300 people, and the four artists receiving the lowest points—Pierdavide Carone with Lucio Dalla, Marlene Kuntz, Irene Fornaciari and Gigi D'Alessio with Loredana Bertè—were eliminated from the competition.

Newcomers section.

Each artist in the Newcomers section performed for the first time the competing song on 15 February 2012. Four different matches were determined by votes received through Facebook during the previous weeks—the act receiving the most votes competed with the one receiving the fewest votes, and so on. The outcome of each match was determined by televoting only. In each match, the artist receiving the lowest votes was eliminated from the competition, while the remaining four acts were admitted to the fourth night.

Third night.

International duets.

During the third nigh, each participant in the "Big Artists" section, including the eliminated ones, performed a foreign-language version of a popular Italian song, together with an international guest. The artists and the songs were announced together with the participants in the festival. On 26 January 2012, it was announced that Nina Hagen, originally included in the list released on 15 January 2012 as the team partner of Loredana Bertè and Gigi D'Alessio, was replaced by Macy Gray, performing the English version of Mia Martini's "Almeno tu nell'universo" instead of a German-language cover of "Piccolo uomo". At the end of the night, journalists in the press room voted the best performance. The competition, completely unrelated to the main competition, was won by Marlene Kuntz with Patti Smith, performing "The World Became the World", the English-language version of Premiata Forneria Marconi's "Impressioni di settembre".

Repechage round.

The four songs eliminated during the second night were performed again, and televoting determined the two songs to be reinstated in the competition. Gigi D'Alessio with Loredana Bertè and Pierdavide Carone with Lucio Dalla were admitted to the semi-final of the show, while Irene Fornaciari and Marlene Kuntz were eliminated from the competition.

Fourth night.

Big Artists section.

During the fourth night, each artist still in competition in the Big Artists section dueted with a guest, performing a new version of the competing song. At the end of the night, a ranking was compiled by combining televoting with the votes determined by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra, and the bottom two artists—Chiara Civello and Matia Bazar—were eliminated.  Marlene Kuntz and Irene Fornaciari, eliminated during the previous night, would have performed with Samuel Umberto Romano and Davide Van De Sfroos, respectively.

Newcomers section.

The final of the newcomers section was held on 17 February 2012. The four artists still in competition performed their songs, and a ranking was obtained by combining televoting with the votes determined by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra. The ranking was later changed by two different "Golden shares". The first one, received by Alessandro Casillo, was determined by votes expressed through Facebook, while the second one, received by Erica Mou, was obtained considering votes expressed by Italian radio stations. In both the "golden share" mechanisms, the most voted artist gained one slot in the previous ranking. At the end of the night, Alessandro Casillo was announced the winner of the contest.

Fifth night.

First round.

The final of the Big Artists section was held on 18 February 2012. During the first round, the ten artists still in competition performed their entries, and a ranking was obtained by combining televoting with the votes determined by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra. Each journalist in the press room also voted one of the competing artists, and Noemi, who received the most votes, obtained the "golden share", gaining three slot in the previous ranking. Therefore, she replaced Gigi D'Alessio and Loredana Bertè in the top three artists, and she was admitted to the second round of the final, together with Emma and Arisa.

Second round.

During the second round, the top three artists performed for the last time their entries, and the final ranking was determined by televoting only. Nina Zilli was also announced as Italy's entrant for Eurovision Song Contest 2012 by Ell & Nikki despite not advancing towards this round. She was chosen by a specific jury among the participants.

The Sanremo Music Festival 2012 was the 62nd annual Sanremo Music Festival. It was held at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo, province of Imperia, during the five nights between 14 February 2012 and 18 February 2012, and it was broadcast by Rai 1.