Founding & Early Years.

In 1875, Georg's parents, Ida and Abraham Wertheim (who sometimes went by the name Adolf), had opened a modest shop selling clothes and manufactured goods in Stralsund, a provincial town on the Baltic Sea. An extensive network of family members ensured a low-priced supply of goods. In 1876, one year after the shop opened, the two eldest sons Hugo and Georg (aged 20 and 19 respectively), went to work in the shop following their apprenticeships in Berlin. Three younger sons later joined them.

Expansion & Growth.

The two brothers quickly brought new ideas into the shop: customers were allowed to replace goods, the price of a good was no longer debatable but reliable, and purchases were made strictly with cash. This concept was successful, and after the opening of another branch in Rostock, the first branch in Berlin (Rosenthaler Straße) was founded in 1885.  Wertheim quickly realised the changing demand of the growing city in the period of industrialisation and in 1890 opened the first real department store on Moritzplatz/Oranienstraße in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The shop floor was more generous in size and permitted more elaborate presentation of products for sale, products were put on display, and longer runs allowed lower prices.  However, it increasingly appeared that the limitations, which arose due to the shops' locations within an older-style structures with rooms that were not especially large and this made further expansion difficult.  A store was established in Leipzigerstrasse in 1892, and in 1894 began the sale of goods in the first purpose planned and built department store on the Oranienstraße.  The flagship Wertheim store on the Leipziger Platz opened in 1896 and attracted an upmarket clientele, who until then had held back from patronising his department stores, with all their needs satisfied under one roof. In the following years, Messel had to constantly expand the building.  Other stores on Rosenthaler Straße (1903), Königsstraße (1911) and, again, on Moritzplatz (1913) were rebuilt or expanded. The Moritzplatz Wertheim store helped to finance the redirecting of the U-Bahn (Underground) (copying the model of his competitor Rudolph Karstadt) in order that customers could go directly from the underground platform to the entrance.

Leipziger Platz Store.

The chain's most famous store, on Leipziger Platz in Berlin, was the biggest department store in Europe at the time, and was one of the three largest department stores ("Warenhäuser") in Berlin, the others being Hermann Tietz and Kaufhaus des Westens. This store was constructed between 1896 and 1906 by the renowned architect Alfred Messel who also designed other stores for the firm, such as that at Rosenthaler Straße 27–31/Sophienstraße 12–15 (partially surviving) which was built between 1903-1906.  At its full extent the building covered 26,000 square metres and faced both the Leipzigerstraße and the Voßstraße and stretched nearly all the way from the Leipziger Platz to the Wilhelmstraße. During construction the night-time electric lighting and steel scaffolding caused a sensation, and when the store opened on 15 November 15 1897, the result was traffic chaos on the Leipzigerstraße.  The innovative, vertically structured facade of narrow pillars extending from the ground floor to the roof and interspersed with windows received high praise, not least because it alluded to the building's function.  After passing through a vestibule two-storeys high, one entered a rectangular light well 22 meters high and 450 square meters in size. On the opposite wall an imposing stairway led to the upper sales floors. On the landing was a 6-meter-high (20 ft) statue symbolizing “Labor” by Ludwig Manzel, and the wall above was decorated with monumental frescoes showing an ancient harbor by Max Koch and a modern harbor by Fritz Gehrke.  It featured 83 elevators and two glass-roofed atriums.  With the construction of the corner pavilion on the Leipziger Platz frontage, with its deep portico, in 1904, Messel created nothing less than the "incunabulum" of progressive department store architecture. The traditional formal language, with the quasi-ecclesiastical sculpture employed, was described by critics as a "positive catastrophe", contrasting with the much-derided Berliner Dom (Cathedral), which was completed around the same time. The portico's sculptures, featuring figures from the Old Testament and Greek Mythology were the work of Josef Rauch (1868-1921). Fritz Stahl made the comment that the Leipzigerplatz portico was the "first building of the time to restore sculpture to its true architectonic relationship".  The tremendous impact of the new department store on the general public as well as on architecture experts is documented in newspaper and magazine articles and statements by famous architects and their critics. These included Peter Behrens, Henry van de Velde, August Endell, Bruno Taut, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Hermann Muthesius, Karl Scheffler, Walter Curt Behrendt, Fritz Stahl, Alfred Lichtwark, Heinrich Schliepmann amongst others. Brian Ladd called it “the crown jewel of the main shopping street."  The store did not survive World War II. In March 1943 it was damaged by three exploding bombs, and its final destruction was caused by a fire started by a phosphorus bomb. The ruins were cleared away in 1955–56 to make way for a border strip demarcating the Russian sector of Berlin.

The Nazi Period.

The company was subjected to the Nazi Aryanization policies in the 1930s. Jewish employees were forced from their positions by government mandate. The Wertheim family attempted to avoid losing control of the company by making Georg's wife, Ursula, the principal shareholder, since she was considered "Aryan" under Nazi law. In the end this was unsuccessful, even though they divorced to keep the shares in purely "Aryan" hands. The family was forced to sell all their shares at reduced prices to "Aryans" and in 1939 the store was renamed AWAG, an acronym for "Allgemeine Warenhandelsgesellschaft A.G." (General Retailing Corporation).

Post-War.

For many years there were two remaining stores in Berlin which operated under the Wertheim name, even though they were owned by Karstadt. The flagship store was on the Kurfürstendamm. It was built in 1969-71 and was converted to a Karstadt in 2008. The other store was on the Schloßstraße in the Steglitz district. It was demolished in 2009 for construction of a new shopping center.

Poland.

The former Wertheim department store in Breslau is Renoma in Wrocław.

Wertheim was a large department store chain in pre-World War II Germany. It was founded by Georg Wertheim and operated various stores in Berlin, one in Rostock, one in Stralsund (where it had been founded), and one in Breslau.


Background.

USP Leavenworth, a civilian facility, is the oldest of three major prisons built on federal land in Leavenworth County, Kansas. It is separate from, but often confused with, the United States Disciplinary Barracks (USDB), a military facility located on the adjacent Fort Leavenworth army base. Located north of the USP, the USDB is the sole maximum-security penal facility for the entire United States Military. Prisoners from the original USDB were used to build the civilian penitentiary. In addition, the military's medium-security Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility (JRCF), located southwest of the new USDB, opened in 2010. The USDB and JRCF operate independently from USP Leavenworth.  The prison was described by Pete Earley, the only writer at that time who had ever been granted unlimited access to the prison, in his book, "The Hot House". The prison's history has also been covered in a pictorial history titled "U.S. Penitentiary Leavenworth" by Kenneth M. LaMaster, the retired Institution Historian.  USP Leavenworth was the largest maximum-security federal prison in the United States from 1903 until 2005 when it was downgraded to a medium-security facility.

Design.

USP Leavenworth was one of three first-generation federal prisons which were built in the early 1900s. Prior to its construction, federal prisoners were held at state prisons. In 1895, Congress authorized the construction of the federal prison system.  The other two were Atlanta and McNeil Island (although McNeil dates to the 1870s the major expansion did not occur until the early 1900s).  The prison follows a format popularized at the Auburn Correctional Facility in New York where the cell blocks were in a large rectangular building. The rectangular building was focused on indoor group labor with a staff continually patrolling.  The Auburn system was a marked difference from the earlier Pennsylvania plan popularized at Eastern State Penitentiary in which cell blocks radiated out from a central building and was the original design for the nearby Disciplinary Barracks before it was torn down and replaced by a totally new prison.  The St. Louis, Missouri architecture firm of Eames and Young designed both Leavenworth and the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta. Leavenworth's prison cells are back to back in the middle of the structure facing the walls. The prison's walls are high, below the surface and long and enclose. Its domed main building was nicknamed the "Big Top" or "Big House." The domed Disciplinary Barracks two miles (3 km) to the north was nicknamed the "Little Top" until it was torn down in 2004 and replaced with a newer structure.

Famous escapees.

Frank Grigware, imprisoned for train robbery, escaped from Leavenworth in 1910 with 5 other men by smashing through the prison gates with a hijacked supply locomotive. While the others were quickly recaptured, Grigware escaped to Canada. In 1916 he became the mayor of the Canadian town Spirit River, Alberta. While discovered by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the FBI in 1933, serious doubts about his original conviction led the U.S. to drop its extradition request in 1934. Grigware never returned to the U.S. and died in Alberta in 1977.  Basil Banghart escaped from Leavenworth a total of 3 times. He escaped federal custody a fourth time while awaiting return to Leavenworth.  Frank Nash, George "Machine Gun" Kelly and Thomas James Holden assisted 7 inmates in taking Warden Thomas B. White hostage, and escaped on December 11, 1931.

Executions.

On September 5, 1930, serial killer Carl Panzram, under a federal death sentence for murder, was hanged at USP Leavenworth. On August 12, 1938, two men under the sentence of death for murder — Robert Suhay and Glenn Applegate — were hanged at USP Leavenworth.

Cemetery.

The penitentiary maintains a cemetery for deceased prisoners outside the walls of the prison.

The United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth (USP Leavenworth) is a medium security U.S. penitentiary with an adjacent minimum security satellite camp in northeast Kansas. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. It also includes a satellite federal prison camp (FPC) for minimum-security male offenders.


History.

Work on the line began in 1911 and although ultimately only part of the original plan was completed, this was delayed until 1934. Thus Deutsche Reichsbahn opened the first section from the Witten Hauptbahnhof via Witten-Höhe to Wengern Ost on 4 October 1926 with connections to the Ruhr Valley Railway from Hattingen to Hagen. It was then used exclusively for freight for about ten years, relieving the Elberfeld–Dortmund railway.  The economic decline during and after the war was the reason for the drawn-out construction of the main part of the line, with most works carried out before 1914. The necessary work to complete the line was implemented in the early 1930s as a job creation measure. The cost of building the line eventually amounted to 50 million Reichsmarks.  In the period from 1934 to 1939, a total of 23 passenger trains, including five express trains, operated on the line daily. In addition, there was a considerable amount of freight.  During the Second World War, the Silschede Tunnel and the Klosterholz Tunnel were used under the code names of "Buchfink" and "Goldammer" as underground factories under the "U-Verlagerung" Program for the production of weapons, using forced labour.  The operation of the railway was resumed after 1945, but traffic decreased steadily in the postwar period. As a result of this decrease, passenger services were closed on the middle section from Witten-Höhe via Wengern West and Albringhausen to Gevelsberg West on 30 November 1979. All traffic on this section ended on 14 January 1980 and the line was formally closed on 1 January 1983.

Route.

The line included some elaborate viaducts and railway tunnels, which included the Ruhr viaduct near Witten. More viaducts could be found in Wengern over the Elbsche and in Gevelsberg. There were two 900 m-long tunnels located at Silschede and north of Schwelm.  The line was well constructed from a technical perspective with:  It was planned to what were considered European standards. Nevertheless, only part of the planned route was built.

Current situation.

The northern part of the route is now again used only for freight, while the southern portion through the 945 m long Linderhausen Tunnel from Gevelsberg to Schwelm is used by S-Bahn line S 8 of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (Rhine-Ruhr Transport Association) to link the Düsseldorf-Derendorf–Dortmund Süd railway and the Elberfeld–Dortmund railway.

Planning.

It is planned to build a cycle path on the disused part of the line. The route runs through a scenic area with two viaducts and two tunnels, including the 845 m-long Silschede Tunnel, which would be extraordinary long for a tunnel on a cycle path. Because of these structures, however, the financing of the project is not yet clear, since, for example the lighting of the tunnel would cause substantial costs.  Part of the route has already been upgraded for a section of the “From Ruhr to Ruhr” cycleway ("Von-Ruhr-zur-Ruhr-Radweg").

Henriette Davidis.

During the construction of the line, the house in which Henriette Davidis worked for a long time had to be demolished. The plate of the stove on which many of her recipes were developed was installed in the wall of a small bridge. The bridge can be found on Henriette-Davidis-Weg in Wengern.

The Witten–Schwelm railway (also called the "Elbschetalbahn", Elbsche Valley Railway) is a now disused except for short sections at each end located in the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, a district in the southeastern Ruhr area in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.


Technical specifications.

With the MKF-6, terrain sections of around length and width, at a flight altitude of and a resolution of about (in the visible range) were recorded. wide un-perforated films with a length of (depending on the thickness of the film) per lens were used, which provided individual images with a Negative format of. An overlay of 20 to 80% of the images was possible for serial recordings. The total weight of the camera including all its control units doesn't exceed.  The MKF-6 is equipped with six high-resolution "Pinatar" 4.5 / 125 mm (focal length) lenses and a rotary shutter, capable to simultaneously take six photos in six different spectral ranges at an exposure time between and seconds. The color channels range within the wavelengths of 460–500 nm (blue), 520–560 nm (green), 580–620 nm (yellow-orange), 640-680 nm (orange-red), 700-740 nm (red) and 780–860 nm (near infrared).  Films and filters can be variously combined. Nevertheless, all photos of all lenses have to be free of optical distortions and require an identical image scale regardless of their spectral range. In order to acquire the desired quality, the developers of Carl Zeiss Jena created a completely new lens type. Moreover, the camera moves in the flight's direction during exposure to compensate for the carrier satellite's or spacecraft's orbital movement and speed of approximately, which otherwise causes smearing and blurry images.  Manufacture of the lenses was also very complex. Each of the lenses was framed separately and then clamped in a purpose-built lathe. The mounted lenses were centered in such a way that the axis of rotation of the machine and the optical axis of the lenses matched exactly. Thus, the lens frames could be reworked with highest accuracy and then arranged in tubes of precise interior diameter.  Parallel to the MKF-6, a multispectral projector, the "MSP-4" was developed. With it, several spectral images, on top of each other and under various filters can be projected on a screen or photographic film. The "PKA" precision copying machine was designed for image reproduction.

Operation.

The geoscientific flight test program, developed by the "Central Institute for Earth Physics" (Zentralinstitut für Physik der Erde) took place aboard Soviet military aircraft. The MKF-6 was first used in September 1976 on board of Soyuz 22. The spacecraft was modified and equipped with a module that accommodated the camera. A completely revised version of the device, the "MKF-6M", that could be remotely operated from the ground was introduced in 1978 and deployed at the Salyut programme of Salyut 6 and 7 and the "MIR" space station. A total of eleven MKF-6 cameras was produced. Beginning in September 1979 it was also installed in utility/agricultural aircraft, such as the Antonov An-2 for terrestrial surveys and recordings.

National significance.

For the various research institutes of East Germany, the MKF-6 project represented the first steps towards advanced scientific orbital and airborne remote sensing of the earth's surface, the assessment of water and soil quality, military reconnaissance, environmental and meteorological research, among many other fields. Eventually, as a division of the Interkosmos program of the socialist Comecon countries a department for "Remote terrestrial sensing" was established.  Considered to be the best spectral camera of its time, the development and construction costs of the MKF-6 camera amounted to 82 million East German marks. The MKF-6 is still occasionally being used. Cooperation between the Soviet Union and Carl-Zeiss-Jena for the equipment of satellites and earth terminals began in the mid-1970s. Altogether around 100 devices, developed and produced in East Germany were utilized in space missions of the Interkosmos program and about 150 devices for ground stations.

Advanced scientific research.

Achievements and experiences with the MKF-6 were applied to research and data analysis for further missions and the development of new devices.  Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was developed and used to study the atmosphere of Venus (Venera 15/16 missions in 1983).  Device development and research participation in the 1986 Vega program (probes Vega 1 and Vega 2 for Venus and Comet Halley), in which all image data of Halley's Comet was recorded, processed and interpreted.  Contributions to the planetary mission Mars 96, with the development of the Wide-Angle Optoelectronic Stereo Scanner (WAOSS).  Participation in the 1988/89 Mars lunar Phobos program, which greatly exceeded GDR involvement in the Vega missions. The "Central Institute for Cybernetics and Information Processes" (Zentralinstitut für Kybernetik und Informationsprozesse) played a major role in the development of the "Fregat Camera Complex". The Phobos mission failed due to premature probe failure as only very little data and images could be acquired, which, however were thoroughly studied and evaluated.

The MKF-6 is a multispectral camera, that was designed and made in East Germany for the purpose of Remote sensing of the earth's surface.


Overview.

Vehicles in the Flexity Swift family vary in length, but are all articulated, usually with three sections. In most cases, the centre section is very short, but can be replaced with a longer section in order to increase capacity, as London is considering doing for future lines. The trams can also be coupled together into trains. Nevertheless, they are all bi-directional with cabs at both ends and doors on both sides. An emphasis is placed on speed with units capable of safely reaching speeds of when running on dedicated lines.  Most vehicles typically weigh between, though the ones made for the Minneapolis line are heavier due to stricter crashworthiness requirements in the United States (particularly buff strength) and the vehicles in Rotterdam and Karlsruhe are also heavier due to their use on a full, high-capacity rapid transit network and on mainline railway tracks, respectively.  The Flexity Swift family comes in two distinct versions with a 70% low-floor version to allow access to those in wheelchairs without requiring the construction of high platforms in city streets and a high-floor version with level boarding at raised platforms, generally to retain compatibility with stations built for older trams or trains. While they typically use DC overhead lines for power collection, the Rotterdam vehicles are also equipped with third rail power capability for use on the central sections of the network, while the Karlsruhe tram-trains are compatible with AC electrification which is used on the mainline railways.  Both the low and high-floor models were originally developed for use on the Cologne Stadtbahn in Germany. Other uses of Flexity Swift vehicles include London Tramlink, Manchester Metrolink, the tram networks in Istanbul and Melbourne, Rotterdam Metro, Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, Bonn Stadtbahn, Stockholm light rail lines 12 and 22, and the METRO Light Rail in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota. The scrapped Merseytram plan for Liverpool in Merseyside planned to use the same model as London.  The Flexity Swift's closest competitors are Alstom's Citadis family (particularly the RegioCitadis, Citadis Dualis, and Citadis Spirit variants), Siemens's S70/Avanto, SD100/SD160, SD400/SD460 and S200, and Sirio from Ansaldobreda. Compared to Bombardier's other Flexity vehicles, these vehicles are not designed for streetcar operation with extensive mixed-traffic operations, although they do operate as such on a number of systems such as in London, Manchester, and Melbourne.

The Bombardier Flexity Swift is a series of urban and inter-urban tram, light rail and light metro vehicles manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. It is part of Bombardier's Flexity family of rail vehicles, and like the others, Flexity Swift vehicles can be customized to suit the needs and requirements of customers including legacy designs from its acquisition of Adtranz.


Description.

The Lacepede group (originally named Napoleon, Grant and Victoria islands) is a long chain of four islands known as West Island, Middle Island, Sandy Island and East Island. They are all small, low spits of coarse sand and coral rubble, lying atop a platform coral reef. They are treeless but support low vegetation. Average annual rainfall is about 750 mm. East Island is the site of the East Island Lighthouse.

Environment.

The Lacepede Islands are an A-class reserve managed by the Department of Environment and Conservation. Rats were eradicated in 1986, allowing the recolonisation of the islands by nesting seabirds. They are Western Australia's most important breeding habitat for green turtles. There has been a possible sighting of an Omura's whale, one of the most recently described and least known baleen whales.

Birds.

The islands have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support over 1% of the world populations of brown boobies and roseate terns. The breeding colony of brown boobies, of up to 18,000 breeding pairs, is possibly the largest in the world. Up to 20,000 roseate terns have been recorded there.  Other birds breeding on the islands include masked boobies, Australian pelicans, lesser frigatebirds, eastern reef egrets, silver gulls, crested, bridled and lesser crested terns, common noddies, and pied and sooty oystercatchers. Visiting waders include grey-tailed tattlers, ruddy turnstones, great knots and greater sand plovers.

History.

The island group was named by Nicolas Baudin on 5 August 1801 during his expedition around Australia, in honour of French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède, who described several Australian fish species. The name of the islands was first charted on the Freycinet Map of 1811.

Guano mining.

In the 19th century, the Lacepede Islands were among numerous islands off the Western Australian coast that were mined for guano. Although much of the guano mined was by Western Australian industry, there was also extensive unauthorised mining by trading ships from other countries, especially the United States. A Melbourne company, Messrs. Poole, Picken and Co., had been authorised by the Western Australian government to load guano, and had been charged a royalty of 10 shillings per ton. On 26 June 1876, a dispute arose when Gilbert Carver Roberts, on behalf of Samuel Lord, an American merchant and honorary U.S. vice consul in Melbourne, landed from the French-flagged barque "de Forcade la Roquette", disputed a demand that he pay a levy for mining and attempted to evict the Victorian guano miners licensed by the Western Australian government. Charles Robert Baldwin planted the United States flag on one of the islands, claiming the island group for that country in accordance with the United States Guano Islands Act that empowered U.S. citizens to take possession of uninhabited islands more than a league (three miles) offshore from any country, so long as they had not been formally claimed. This action, known as the "American Incident" or "Lacepede Islands Incident", sparked a diplomatic and political row, which was eventually resolved by Captain Alexander of the "de Forcade la Roquette" paying the levy and a fine, and the Western Australian government enacting legislation requiring all guano mining to be licensed, with severe penalties for transgressions. In May 1877 Governor Robinson received advice that US President Ulysses Grant had repudiated Lord's annexation. The extraction of guano was wound down in 1879 when the schooner "Aurora" removed the machinery used for extraction. The manager Captain R McEachern estimated that the quantity of guano left on the islands was less than 2000 tons.

Blackbirding.

The Lacepede Islands are also known to have been used by blackbirders, as a place to maroon kidnapped Aboriginal people before signing them up to work in various industries, such as the pearling industry. The government caretaker James Kelly was dismissed in March 1884 for taking bribes from pearlers and allowing the Lacepedes to be used as an illegal depot for Aborigines kidnapped for pearl diving. In one confirmed case Edward Chapman from Cossack was cautioned for kidnapping aborigines from the Beagle Bay community and marooning them on the Lacepedes.

The Lacepede Islands, sometimes referred to simply as the Lacepedes, are a group of four islands lying off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia, about north of Broome.


History.

The church was built in the 14th century in the centre of Hanover, succeeding a chapel, and a Romanesque church built in 1163. The western wall of that church is partly extant. The church was dedicated to Saint Giles, one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The present Gothic building was built in 1347 of sandstone from the Deister. The Reformation in Hanover began in this church. The steeple was decorated with a Baroque facade in 1703 to 1711, designed by. The interior of the church was remodeled in 1826 by Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves who used columns from cast iron. The church was destroyed in a 1943 air-raid on the city, as was most of the old town, including the other two churches. It was left in ruins as a war memorial. A monumental sculpture in the interior was designed in 1959 by and called "Demut" (Humility). Several Baroque epitaphs are featured on the outer walls. One of them, for Susanna Magdalena Oldekop, who died in 1648 as a child, shows her with an angel. The "" shows a relief of seven praying men who, according to legend, sacrificed themselves at the to rescue the town. The epitaph at the church is a copy of the original which is held by the. The Aegidienkirche has belonged to the Marktkirche parish from 1982. In 1985, the Japanese sister city of Hanover, Hiroshima, donated a peace bell (bonshō) which is installed close to the tower. It is used in an annual service on Hiroshima Day, 6 August.

The Aegidienkirche was a church in Hanover, the capital of Lower Saxony, Germany. It was one of three churches in the Old Town, the others being the Marktkirche and the Kreuzkirche. It was destroyed in World War II, and was left in ruins as a war memorial.


Life and career.

Lane was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and raised in Texas. She attended Lamar High School in Arlington, Texas and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Texas at Arlington. Lane also earned a Master's degree in the advanced training program at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. In 2013, she briefly taught at Carnegie Mellon University. Lane is on the faculty of the Department of Theatre and Dance at Texas State University in San Marcos.  Lane was married to businessman David Wilkins and together they had one daughter, Kate Wilkins (born February 23, 1998).  Lane began her acting career in the 1984 film, "Interface". She went on to appear in television and film productions such as "Positive I.D.", "Nervous Ticks", "Hunter", and "L.A. Law", before being cast as C. C. Babcock in "The Nanny" in 1993. Lane starred in "The Nanny" until the show ended in 1999. During her time on the show, she also appeared on "The Daily Show" in August 1997. Associated acts include Fran Drescher, Charles Shaughnessy, and Daniel Davis.  Lane voiced Ivana Baiul in the 2000 film "Gen13". In December 2004, she joined the rest of the cast of "The Nanny" for the Lifetime one-hour special, "".  Since 2000, Lane has done shows at Zachary Scott Theatre, in Austin, Texas. In 2010, she was a guest on "The Fran Drescher Show".  Lane is on the faculty of the Department of Theatre and Dance at Texas State University in San Marcos.

Lauren Lane (born February 2, 1961) is an American television and stage actress. She is best known for her role as C. C. Babcock on "The Nanny".


Pre-Black Lace (1973–1975).

Terry Dobson and school friend Ian Howarth formed The Impact, as a five-piece pop group in 1969, with Alan Barton, Steve Scholey and Nigel Scott. The group also performed under the names Penny Arcade and Love or Confusion.  Howarth left the band for a short while but returned to the line-up in 1974, and Dobson also left to be replaced briefly by Neil Hardcastle. Dobson then re-joined and Scott left in 1975; that same year the band adopted the name Black Lace. Howarth left the band for good in 1976, and was replaced by Colin Gibb (born Colin Routh, 8 December 1953).

Black Lace (1976–1981).

After turning professional at the beginning of 1976, the band toured the majority of the UK, managed by Keith Mills, commencing their first summer season at the Skegness Bier Garten. The following year their summer season would take them to Butlins in Filey, North Yorkshire and Skegness, Lincolnshire. An EP was recorded and produced by comedian Freddie 'Parrotface' Davis at his studio, which was to be sold at their shows. The group were voted Yorkshire Band of the Year by BBC Radio Leeds, and best clubland group playing at the Winter Gardens, Blackpool.  In 1979, Black Lace recorded their first single, "Mary Ann", for ATV music and a recording contract followed with EMI. As the song required a more 'throaty' vocal, Alan Barton was switched to being lead singer, with Steve Scholey moving to backing vocals for the band's recordings, but remained as lead singer on live performances. The song won the BBC Television's and the band went on to represent the UK At the 1979 [[Eurovision Song Contest held in Israel, the band finished seventh. Other television appearances around this time included "[[Nationwide (TV programme)|Nationwide]]", "[[Multi-Coloured Swap Shop]]", "[[Top of the Pops]]" and "[[Juke Box Jury]]". "Mary Ann" reached No. 42 in the [[UK Singles Chart]].  The band's follow-up single, "So Long Suzy Baby", failed to chart in the UK (as EMI couldn't decide on which track should be used and delayed on the planned release date), but achieved success in Europe. Black Lace found great success with live performances and TV shows, notably the 'Sopot International music festival' in Poland and the 'Golden Orpheus festval' in Bulgaria, and on TV in East Germany, West Germany and Spain.  The band toured Denmark in 1980, supporting [[Suzi Quatro]] and working with [[Tommy Seebach]], a Danish entertainer. Black Lace and Seebach recorded "Hey Hey Jock McRay" for the Danish singles market, but an intended 1980 tour of Poland was called off because of political unrest in the country.

Chart success (1981–1987).

In 1981, the band split. Dobson joined the Castleford rock band Stormer who had a recording contract with [[Ringo Starr]]. Scholey departed, leaving the others to settle huge debts incurred whilst touring. The band became a duo of Gibb and Barton. It was this line-up that would give the band its biggest [[Record chart|chart]] success.  The duo played the Northern club circuit using pre-recorded backing tracks, which was controversial at the time. Initially they used the name 'Lace' but soon reverted to 'Black Lace' and recruited a new manager, John Wagstaff. They recorded an instrumental single based on the "[[Chicken Dance]]", released as "Birds Dance" in 1981 (using the name 'Busby' instead of Black lace). However, the record was beaten to the charts by another version of the song by The Tweets released as "The Birdie Song". "Birds Dance" has since been retitled "The Birdie Song" and included on Black Lace albums.  Black Lace's 1983 "Superman" single was their first one under their own name on the Flair label, and a promotional [[Music video|video]] was shot at Casanova's [[nightclub]] in Wakefield. One of the hired dancers was the then unknown singer [[Jane McDonald]]. "Superman" reached No. 9 in the UK chart, but an attempt at a follow-up single "Hey You!" failed to chart despite being [[BBC Radio One]]'s 'Record of the Week'. Black Lace received a [[Music recording sales certification|silver disc]] for sales of "Superman". They proceeded to tour Denmark with Danish stars '[[Laban (artist)|Laban]]' and 'Snapshots'  The band's biggest success came in 1984 with the single "[[Agadoo]]", selling over one million copies worldwide and reaching No. 2 in the UK chart. "Agadoo" was a hit in Europe, South Africa and Australia. Having been presented with a gold disc for sales in the UK. In a radio interview, presenter, Richard Whiteley forgets Gibb's name and refers to him as 'Mr Agadoo' (the name, Dean Michaels latter adopts for himself, although having no connection with the actual record) The duo recorded their first album "Black Lace" at Stuck Ranch studios in Denmark. Around this time their record distribution company 'Pinicle' went into receivership, leading to Black Lace and their record company losing an estimated quarter of a million pounds in unpaid [[royalties]] for "Agadoo".  The band's follow-up single, "Do The Conga", reached No. 10 in the UK chart, and the accompanying album "Party Party – 16 Great Party Icebreakers" sold over 650,000 copies in the first five weeks, reaching double platinum status and leading to the band doing TV shows in Germany, Luxembourg, France and Denmark.  In 1985 another single, "El Vino Collapso", was released, with the video shot in Skegness. It failed to reach the top 40, stalling at No. 42 in the UK Singles Chart due to it being 'banned' by the BBC in the wake of the [[Heysel Stadium disaster]], as it had references to "drinking whilst abroad" and deemed unsuitable for radio play. Further releases "I Speaka Da Lingo" and "Hokey Cokey" reached No. 49 and No. 31, respectively.  Black Lace also participated in the recording of the UK No. 1 hit "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" as part of the charity ensemble, [[The Crowd (band)|The Crowd]] (which included members of [[10cc]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Motörhead]], [[The Hollies]], [[Argent (band)|Argent]], [[The Who]], [[The Nolans]], [[The Searchers (band)|The Searchers]], [[Smokie (band)|Smokey]], [[Gerry and the Pacemakers]], plus many more) to raise funds for the families of the victims of the [[Bradford City stadium fire]].  Black Lace's second album "Party Party 2" was released for Christmas 1985, and television appearances included a Black Lace special on the [[BBC Two|BBC 2]] rock show "[[The Old Grey Whistle Test]]", plus "[[3-2-1]]", "[[ITV Telethon]]", "Miss Yorkshire Television", "International Disco Dance Championship", "[[Pebble Mill at One]]", and "Top of the Pops" Christmas Special. Because of such a demanding work schedule, Barton and Gibb found it necessary to charter a private aircraft to meet the deadlines, but the band's success led to a tax demand in excess of £100,000.  In 1986, Dene Michael replaced Gibb, who took time out of live work with Black Lace (remaining an official member of the band) to concentrate on other projects including: promoting pop act 'Party Party' and participating in two tours of Germany, concentrating on a part time photography business, setting up a food retail outlet, and a music equipment retail and installation business.  Another single, "Wig Wam Bam", (featuring Barton, Gibb and Michael) reached No. 63 in the UK chart, but "Viva La Mexico", which was released to capitalise on the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]] football competition, flopped when [[England national football team|England]] was knocked out. Black Lace (Barton and Michael) appeared as themselves in the filming of the 1987 film "[[Rita, Sue and Bob Too]]", which featured "Gang Bang" and "Have a Screw", which had been recorded by Barton and Gibb the previous year. The pair where also immortalised as caricatures in the TV show '[[Spitting Image]]' and the hit single '[[The Chicken Song]]'. The band had a UK hit with their album "Party Crazy".

Later career (1987–present).

September 1987 saw a switch round, Gibb returned ‘full time’ with the band whilst Barton left to join [[Smokie (band)|Smokie]]. Michael became a full-time member of Black Lace and he and Gibb released the single "Jammin' the Sixties" under the name Barracuda. The record was BBC Radio One's Record of the Week, but failed to chart. Summer seasons at the [[Blackpool Tower]] followed in 1989 and 1990, plus performances at the 'BBC Radio One Roadshow' in the town, along with the release of the single [[The Music Man (song)|"I Am The Music Man]]" which peaked at No. 52 in the UK. In 1991, due to personal issues, Michael was forced to leave the band to be replaced by Rob Hopcraft. The pair released the single "Penny Arcade", penned by close friend Sammy King, which had originally been a hit for [[Roy Orbison]] in 1979. The band appeared on the BBC's "[[Children in Need]]" programme. Under an agreement with Gibb and Wagstaf, not to use the 'Black lace' name, Michael forms new band and uses the name ‘'Barracuda'’ but shortly disband. 1992 Black Lace toured Australia, but Hopcraft was unhappy with a hits album released by an Australian record company as it featured a photograph of his predecessor Dene Michael.  1994 saw the release of the single "Bullshit (Cotton Eyed Joe)", but the race for the charts was won by the Swedish band [[Rednex]] with another version of the same song. An album, "Saturday Night", followed.  In 1995, Barton died as a result of a coach crash in Germany while touring with Smokie. Also in that year Black Lace shot a promotional video for the single "Electric Slide" in [[Benidorm]], the first video not to be filmed in the UK, and played on British breakfast station [[GMTV]] live from [[Torremolinos]] in Spain.  Black Lace played one-off shows in 1996 at DJ conventions in Canada and [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], United States. They released the "Action Party" and "Best Of" albums. Gibb was presented with a special Agadoo guitar to celebrate the band's 20th anniversary, but in 1996 Gibb was also made bankrupt by the [[Inland Revenue]].  15 August 1997 was deemed Agadoo Day. Black Lace played 20 shows in 24 hours in Manchester, London, Watford, Northampton, Sheffield, Barnsley, Wakefield, and Leeds, finishing at the Frontier Club, Batley. The event raised over £25,000 for [[Marie Curie Cancer Care]]. [[Peugeot]] used "Agadoo" in a TV advertisement for the new [[Peugeot 106|106]] car, and Black Lace re-recorded the track renaming it 'Agadoo 106 mix', donating all their royalties to 'Marie Curie Cancer Care'. The record spent one week in the UK chart.  A 1999 Black Lace charity reunion concert was organised by their former drummer, Terry Dobson, to celebrate 20 years since the band represented the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest. Live television interviews took place with ITV's "[[ITV News Calendar|Calendar]]", and the BBC's regional news programmes, on the day of the event. The late Alan Barton's son, Dean, took Alan's place in the band, but original member Steve Scholey declined to attend.  2000. Black Lace become the first band to play at the Ill fated [[Millennium Dome]].  2001, a totally different line up style as Hopcraft is replaced by female vocalist/dancer, Camille Wagstaff and release the single 'Follow the leader' before disbanding.  In 2002, Colin Gibb took the original Black Lace show to [[Tenerife]], playing the now internationally famous 'party shows' in hotels and restaurants on the island, occasionally visiting the UK for TV appearances. In 2003, an adult-themed album called "Blue" (originally recorded in the UK years previously by Gibb and Michael, and 'banned' by their own record label) was released. In 2004, Gibb took the Black Lace show to mainland Spain to appear alongside Elvis tribute artiste Mike Young and other guest acts at 'The King Lives On' cabaret bar on the [[Costa Blanca]], returning to Tenerife for contracted shows in 2005. In 2007, Gibb married in the UK his long-time girlfriend Sue Kelly. In 2008, Gibb was invited to play bass with the Tenerife-based five-piece rock band 'The Phoenix', along with the duos 'To The Limit' and Just one more'. More recently, he played in the blues rock band Traveler, in addition to performing the Black Lace Show.  In 2007, Michael started performing again as Black Lace (in contradiction to an agreement with Gibb and record company/management NOW Music, stating he would never use the title 'Black Lace') alongside a new addition, the Liverpudlian singer Ian Robinson. They released a new mambo version of "Agadoo". In the accompanying video, [[Bruce Jones (actor)|Bruce Jones]] played a cameo role and directed the event. [[Roy "Chubby" Brown]] and [[Kevin Kennedy (actor)|Kevin Kennedy]] also made cameo appearances in the video, as did several members of the cast of the ITV situation comedy "[[Benidorm (TV series)|Benidorm]]". On 4 November 2009, the 'new' incarnation of Black Lace was filmed by the British airline [[easyJet]], performing a re-written version of "Agadoo" for release on the video-sharing website [[YouTube]], launching a new air service between [[Gatwick Airport]] and [[Agadir]] in Morocco. Dobson's book, "And Then Came Agadoo", was published by Authorhouse in November 2009.  Michael and Robinson recorded a new version of "I Am The Music Man" for the BBC "Children in Need" appeal in 2009. In 2010, they recorded yet another version of "I Am The Music Man", this time entitled "We Are The England Fans", as an unofficial England supporters' song to coincide with the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], which also included the future Black Lace member Craig Harper. In 2011, Michael and Robinson recorded a television advertisement for [[Trainline|Thetrainline.com]] which led to a new recording of "Do The Conga". In December that year, Michael teamed up with [[Crissy Rock]] and recorded a Christmas single called "Christmas Time" and an accompanying video. In 2012, Michael recorded two solo records, "Life Force" and "The First Christmas Light".  In 2014, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of "Agadoo", a limited edition "Black Lace Live" album was released, which was recorded and mixed in [[Tenerife]].  In 2015, a television advertisement for [[Walkers (snack foods)|Walkers crisps]] was shown on British TV, featuring Michael and Robinson (under the name 'Old Lace') performing alongside [[Gary Lineker]] singing along to "Agadoo".  In 2016, Gibb, celebrating 40 years since Black Lace was formed, teamed up with guitarist and vocalist Gordon King for live shows, keeping the style and tradition of the original format: loud guitars, even louder shirts, cheesy dance routines and that 'tongue in cheek' and sometimes 'risky' comedy.  In 2016, Dene Michael was charged with fraud and jailed for six months for claiming £25,000 in disability allowances.  In 2018, Dene Michael teamed up with Craig Harper (runner up of series two of "[[Britain's Got Talent]]" back in 2008) to form the new look group Black Lace a.k.a Black Lace's Conga Party. They played many of the mainstream '80s festivals and can be seen regularly performing at [[Butlins]] '80s weekenders, [[Pontins]] 48-hour party weekenders, and the [[Lets Rock 80's]] festival.  Black Lace (Gibb and King) were nominated at the [[Tenerife]] Entertainment Awards for Best Group.  In 2019, Black Lace (Gibb and King) became associated with UK dressage team The Agadoo Girls, consisting of 7 members with Gibb's cousin Debbie Cox, as team captain. They came top at their debut Team Quest competition at Richmond Equestrian Centre in June.  The Original Black Lace (Gibb/King) concluded 2019 having performed 278 shows in 221 days.  2020, 8th May, Rob Hopcraft dies, thought to be the result of a fall.

In popular culture.

The group were famously lampooned in the UK No. 1 chart single "The Chicken Song", recorded as part of the "Spitting Image" programme. A parody of Black Lace's style, it contained a specific reference to the band members "Barton/ Gibb" with the line "those two wet gits with their girly curly hair".  Black Lace (Barton and Gibb) have also been voted in the top five all time 'Best Party' songs, 'Best Holiday' songs, and 'Worst Records of all time'  Both Gibb and the late Alan Barton's estate are still owed royalties, with regard to many 'licensed' albums released by independent record companies around the world, and to date, have not received any royalty payments, for repeated BBC "Top of the Pops"/"Top of the Pops 2" appearances, of which there have been several hundred, dating back to the mid-1990s.  [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1979]]

External links.

[[Category:English pop music groups]] [[Category:British novelty song performers]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants for the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Music in Yorkshire]]

Black Lace are a British pop band, best known for novelty party records, including their biggest hit, "Agadoo". The band first came to the public eye after being selected to represent the UK in the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest, in which they finished seventh with the song "Mary Ann". With numerous line-up changes (the only original member being Colin Gibb), Black Lace went on to have success with novelty party anthems such as "Superman" and "Do the Conga".


Name.

The English name "Tutelo" comes from the Algonquian variant of the name that the Iroquois used for all the Virginia Siouan tribes: Toderochrone (many variant spellings). The Tutelo autonym (name for themselves) was Yesan, Yesah or Yesang. This is also connected with the name Nahyssan, as well as earlier colonial-era spellings, such as Monahassanough (John Smith).

History.

The Tutelo historic homeland was said to include the area of the Big Sandy River on the West Virginia-Kentucky border, which they called the "Totteroy River." The Iroquois drove them from this region during the later Beaver Wars (c. 1670), after which the Iroquois established the Ohio Valley as their hunting ground by right of conquest.  Although previously known to the Virginia colonists by their other names, a form of "Tutelo" first appeared in Virginia records in 1671, when the Batts and Fallam expedition noted their visit to "Totero Town" near what is now Salem, Virginia. A few years later, the Tutelo / Nahyssan joined the Saponi to live on islands located where the Dan and Staunton rivers join to become the Roanoke River. It was just above the territory of the Occaneechi. For a time, the Tutelo had a settlement in what is now Floyd County, VA on the banks of the New River. Many of the sherds collected there and the small triangular points, suggest a mid- to late 16th-century or an early 17th-century date.  In 1701, they were noted as living at the headwaters of the Yadkin River in North Carolina. After 1714, collectively known as the Saponi-Tutelo, they resided at Junkatapurse around Fort Christanna in Brunswick County, Virginia, near the border with North Carolina.  Over the 1730s, remnants of the Saponi, Tutelo, and Occaneechi Indians moved north to Shamokin, Pennsylvania and sought the protection of the Oneida viceroy, "Shickellamy". They moved further north into present-day western New York, where they settled.  These Siouan remnants were formally adopted by the Cayuga nation of New York in 1753. Their village of "Coreorgonel" was located near present-day Ithaca, New York and Buttermilk Falls State Park. There they lived under the protection of the Cayuga until Coreorgonel, along with many other Iroquois towns, was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by the Sullivan Expedition of 1779. It was retaliating for British-Iroquois raids against the American rebels.  The Tutelo went with the Iroquois to Canada, where the British offered land for resettlement at what became known as the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. They continued to live among the Cayuga and were eventually absorbed by them through intermarriage. The last known full-blooded Tutelo speaker, Nikonha or Waskiteng ("Old Mosquito") died in 1870 at the age of 105. He had given extensive linguistic material to the scholar Horatio Hale, who confirmed the Tutelo language as Siouan.

The Tutelo (also Totero, Totteroy, Tutera; Yesan in Tutelo) were Native American people living above the Fall Line in present-day Virginia and West Virginia. They spoke a Siouan dialect of the Tutelo language thought to be similar to that of their neighbors, the Monacan and Manahoac nations. Under pressure from English settlers and Seneca Iroquois, they joined with other Virginia Siouan tribes in the late 17th century and became collectively known as the Tutelo-Saponi. By 1740, they had largely left Virginia and migrated north to seek protection from their former Iroquois opponents. They were adopted by the Cayuga tribe of New York in 1753.


Biography.

Ahle was born in Mühlhausen, Thuringia. While not much is known of his early musical training, he attended the grammar school in Göttingen and then studied theology at the University of Erfurt from 1645 to 1649. In 1646 he became cantor at the in Erfurt. In 1648 he published the "Compendium per tenellis", a theoretical treatise on choral singing which was reprinted several times during his lifetime and for a last time 50 years later by his son Johann Georg (the last edition appeared in 1704).  In 1654 Ahle assumed the post of organist at the Divi Blasii in Mühlhausen. The next year he married Anna Maria Wölfer; their son, Johann Georg Ahle (1651-1706), was also a well-known composer and organist. Ahle was elected a town councillor in Mühlhausen in the 1650s, and was elected mayor shortly before his death in 1673. His immediate successor at the church was his son Johann Georg, and then briefly Johann Sebastian Bach, who worked in Mühlhausen in 1707/08.  Much of Ahle's compositional output consists of sacred choral and vocal works, instrumental music, and organ music. He is best known for motets and sacred concertos (most of them in German, some in Latin) contained in the collection "Neu-gepflanzte Thüringische Lust-Garten, in welchem... Neue Geistliche Musicalische Gewaechse mit 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 und mehr Stimmen auf unterschiedliche Arten mit und ohne Instrument... versetzet" (1657–65). He is also known for hymn melodies, of which three remain in the common German Protestant hymnal "Evangelisches Gesangbuch", including "Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier".

Johann Rudolph Ahle (24 December 1625 – 9 July 1673) was a German composer, organist, theorist, and Protestant church musician.


Materials.

In addition to common glass making materials manganese, quartz pebbles, and alume catino, a particularly suitable form of soda ash, are used in the making of cristallo glass.  Rather than using common sand, crushed quartz pebbles were used instead. The quartz pebbles were typically from the Ticino and the Adige rivers. The quartz pebbles went through a rigorous screening process before being selected for use in cristallo production. The quartz pebbles had to be free of yellow and black veins and also had to be able to produce sparks when struck with steel.  If the quartz pebbles passed the selection process then the pebbles were heated to the point where the stones began to glow and then placed into cold water. Then the pebbles were crushed and ground.  The typical flux used in the production of cristallo was called alume catino. Alume catino was derived from the ash of the salsola soda and salsola kali bushes that grew in the Levantine coastal region. It was found to contain high and constant amounts of sodium and calcium carbonates, necessary to make workable and chemically stable glass.  The ash of the plants was carefully sieved and then placed into water to be gently boiled with constant mixing. Then the ashen mixture was placed into shallow pans to be dried. The alume catino would repeatedly undergo the boiling and drying process until all of the salt was extracted from the ashes.

Process.

The crushed and ground quartz was mixed with the purified alume catino and constantly mixed at high temperatures. The top of the molten batch would then be skimmed off. By skimming the top of the molten glass, unreacted and undissolved chlorides and sulfates in the mixture were removed.  The molten glass would then be ladled into vats of water. The water removed chloride and sulfate impurities from the mixture. The process of remelting and placing the molten mixture into vats of water was repeated several times until the glass-makers were satisfied.  Next the glass was placed into a furnace that was heated to the highest temperature possible and left there for several days. The material was stirred continually to eliminate defects, such as bubbles.  Then the refined mixture was taken, heated and shaped into blocks called frit. The frit was then taken and remelted and skimmed once again in order to remove impurities. The batch then had manganese added to the mixture at this time. The addition of manganese helps to rid the cristallo of any color tints. This step is repeated until the glass-maker is satisfied.  Now the molten mixture is ready to be shaped by glass-makers into pieces of cristalloware.

Cristallo is a glass which is totally clear (like rock crystal), without the slight yellow or greenish color originating from iron oxide impurities. This effect is achieved through small additions of manganese oxide. Often Cristallo has a low lime content which makes it prone to glass corrosion (otherwise known as glass disease).


Life.

From 1804 until 1808 Fink studied theology at the University of Leipzig where he joined the Corps Lusatia. There he made his first attempts at composition and poetry. Most of his song compositions are attributed to this period. From 1811 he held the office of vicar in Leipzig for some years, where he also founded an educational institution which he led until 1829. Since the beginning of the 19th century he worked for the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitschrift" ("General musical magazine"). In 1827 he became the magazine's editor-in-chief, a position he held for 15 years.  From 1838 Fink worked as a lecturer at the University of Leipzig. In 1841 he became a "Privatdozent" of musicology at the university. In the same year he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin and a year later he was appointed the music director of the university.  Fink was highly appreciated throughout his life as a music theorist and composer. Numerous honors and awards were bestowed on him at home as well as abroad. In 1838, the Faculty of Philosophy at Leipzig University awarded him an honorary doctorate.  His compositions consist mainly of songs, song collections, and ballads. He wrote the lyrics for most of his song compositions himself. He also made a name for himself as the author of important works on music theory and music history. However, he was best known as the editor of the "Musikalischer Hausschatz der Deutschen" ("Musical house treasure of Germans"), a collection of about 1,000 songs and chants, as well as the "Deutsche Liedertafel" ("German song board"), a collection of polyphonic songs sung by men.

Gottfried Wilhelm Fink (8 March 1783 – 27 August 1846) was a German composer, music theorist, poet, and a Protestant clergyman.


History.

Iso was initially named 'Isothermos' and manufactured refrigeration units before World War II. The company was founded in Genoa in 1939, but was transferred to Bresso in 1942 by Renzo Rivolta, an engineer and the heir of industrialists. The business was refounded as Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A. in 1953 to reflect the production of motorized transport. Renzo Rivolta died in 1966, and his son, Piero, took over as managing director. At the start of 1973, the Rivolta family ceded the business to an Italian American financier named Ivo Pera who promised to bring American management know-how to the firm. The business was again renamed to Iso Motors, before going bankrupt in 1974.

Early years: motorcycles.

Initially starting out as an appliance manufacturer, the company was active again after World War II now specialising in manufacturing vehicles. In 1948 it began to build motorcycles, scooters and motocarries (three-wheeled transport scooters/motorcycles). The famous models are the Furetto (1948), 'Isoscooter (1950), 'Isocarro (1951), 'Isomoto (1954), 'Isosport (1953) and 'Iso Diva. The last Iso motorcycle was the Iso 500, introduced 1961. Isomotos were known as expensive, but durable and well-built. In 1967 Iso Rivolta also built a series of snowmobiles called the 'Iso Neve. The most popular model was the Flying Iso which was built in collaboration with De Tomaso and distributed by them in North America and Canada.

1950s: Isetta bubble car.

In the mid-1950s, after the success of the motorcycle manufacturing business, Iso started to develop a miniature city car. The car was designed and conceived by aeronautical engineers Ermenegildo Preti and Pierluigi Raggi. Initially the car had only three wheels but later a fourth wheel was added for stability reasons. With the two wheels on the rear being very close together, the need for a differential was eliminated thus resulting in weight savings. The result was named the Isetta Bubble Car which had an unusual egg like design and a front entrance which also moved the steering wheel and column out of the way for easier access to the cabin. The car was powered by a two-cylinder motorcycle engine placed at the rear. While a luggage rack outside at the rear provided storage space. It was unveiled at the 1953 Turin Motor Show. About 20,000 of these bubble cars were built. Starting in 1954, the Isetta was licensed to automobile manufacturers in several countries due to slow sales in the home market. It was licensed to France (by VELAM), Spain, Great Britain and Brazil (by Romi-Iso). The most successful, however, was the German Isetta built by BMW. The BMW-Isetta went on to dwarf the production volumes of Iso and become one of the best-selling German microcars in the 1950s and 1960s. About 130,000 had been sold by 1962.

1960s: performance cars.

Together with engineer Giotto Bizzarrini, designer Giorgetto Giugiaro and coachbuilder Bertone, Renzo Rivolta began developing the Iso Rivolta IR 300, which was first presented at the Torino Motor Show of 1962.  The 5.4 L V8 Chevrolet Small-Block engine and the transmission came from General Motors in Detroit, and the de Dion suspension and four-wheel disc braking system came from the large Jaguars of the time. This concept was maintained for almost all production cars of Iso. Starting in 1971, Ford 351 Cleveland engines replaced the GM small block.  Iso's most well-known gran turismo automobile was the Grifo which featured a low-slung, sporty berlinetta body by Bertone. After Bizzarrini left the project, this prototype formed the basis for his own Bizzarini 5300 GT. The Grifo Prototype was further refined by Iso, receiving a reworked, less aggressive and more luxurious body in the process, and went into production in 1965. The Grifo was powered by Chevrolet ́s 327 cubic inch (5.4 litre) small-block V8 rated at either 300 or 350 hp. In 1966, a convertible version of the Grifo was shown, but never reached production. Starting in 1968 the Grifo was also available with Chevrolet's 427 cubic inch big-block V-8; this version was known as the "Grifo 7 litri" and was easily recognized by the broad air inlet on the hood. The Series II, introduced in 1970, featured concealed headlights and a slightly modified front area.  After the sudden death of Renzo Rivolta at Milan on 20 August 1966, his 25 year old son Piero became the director of Iso. Under Piero's leadership, Iso built the limousine 'S 4 (for "four seats", later to be called 'Fidia) with body by Ghia, the Grifo 7 litri (with the GM V8 7 L marine engine) and the 2 + 2 fastback Coupé Lele (1969) with body designed by Bertone, intended as the successor to the IR 300. The Iso Rivolta plant moved from Bresso to Varedo in 1972. Apart from the Grifo Series II, Fidia and Lele, a mid-engine concept car named the Varedo was developed, designed by Ercole Spada, but only one car was ever built. Iso went bankrupt in 1974, only 1,700 Iso Gran Turismos had been built in those ten years.

Production range.

Data from automobile-catalog.com.

Iso was an Italian automobile and motorcycle maker. The company was predominantly active from the late 1940s through the early 1970s. Iso is known for the iconic Isetta bubble car of the 1950s, and for a number of performance cars in the 1960s and early 1970s.


History.

When the first Munich railway was built from Munich to Lochhausen on the western outskirts of Munich in 1839, a station with two wooden huts was built in the municipality of Pasing. The line was completed to Augsburg on 7 October 1840. In 1847, back stone station building designed by Friedrich Bürklein was built on the southern side of the railway tracks in Pasing. Bürklein also designed the Munich Central Station ("Hauptbahnhof"), the Maximilianeum and the brickwork of the Maximilianstraße. The station building, a two-story building with two wings and a waiting room is the oldest surviving railway station in Bavaria. The line to Starnberg was opened on 21 May 1854.  When the construction of another line from Munich west to Buchloe began a short time later in 1873, the station had to be expanded to six tracks with 25 houses for railway workers due to the strong growth of the town. This was accompanied by the construction of a new, larger station building. The current station building was designed by George Frederick Seidel and is heritage-listed; it was built about one hundred metres west of the old "Bürklein station" and opened to the public on 1 May 1873. A goods shed was built to the north of the tracks.  Pasing quickly became a popular destination for excursions and the station became a major transport hub due to its convenient transport links to the neighbouring city of Munich and its location at a junction with four lines—in 1903 was the last line was added to Herrsching. 64,842 tickets were sold at Pasing station in 1874 and the figure was more than a million in 1900. In 1905, trains ran at 7.5-minute intervals on the 12 minute run between Pasing and Munich Hauptbahnhof—a train density, which comes close to the current S-Bahn service. The development of Pasing as a "college town" in western Munich promoted traffic. The freight station was established east of the passenger station about 1900. The lines passing through Pasing were electrified between 1916 and 1927.  The station was renamed "München-Pasing" on 1 October 1938 after the Nazi regime had forced the annexation of Pasing by Munich. The "Reichsbahnbaudirektion" (Reichsbahn Construction Authority) had far-reaching plans to transform the railway facilities in Munich, including the conversion of Munich Hauptbahnhof into a through station and it relocation to the vicinity of Friedenheimer Bridge and the construction of a boulevard between Stachus and Pasing. Because of the outbreak of war, only the construction of a train depot to the west of Pasing station, which was redesignated as the "Westbahnhof" (west station), and a smaller construction depot were in fact built. The idea that was developed at this time of building an S-Bahn system in Munich was not implemented until nearly 30 years after the war.  Between 1951 and 1958, as part of a comprehensive expansion of capacity, the entire track area was shifted by about 60 metres to the north and lowered by about two metres. The old platforms were removed or replaced. The station underpass under the western part of the station was rebuilt as a mail and baggage tunnel with lifts to the platforms. The station building was now separated from the railway tracks. Furthermore, from 1954 to 1957, the former six signal boxes at Pasing station were replaced by a relay interlocking built by Siemens & Halske. This work cost 34 million marks. Finally in 1959, the approach to the line towards Augsburg was rebuilt with a flying junction so entries and exits from the station to the Augsburg line could run independently from traffic running to the depot to the west of the station.  On 28 May 1972, a few months before the opening of the Summer Olympics in Munich, the Munich S-Bahn went into regular operation. This was accompanied in the Pasing station area with further modifications of the junctions of the four suburban lines as an important junction for the new S-Bahn network. The tracks running to Westkreuz (now lines S 6 and S 8) now ran under the lines towards Aubing (S 4) and Lochhausen (S 3).  In addition to the numerous S-Bahn services, long-distance services stopped in Pasing. While originally Intercity (IC) trains only stopped at Pasing station in the peak hours, Pasing was upgraded in the timetable of the summer of 1991 as an IC network station. Since 1992 Pasing has been connected directly to Munich Airport by line S 8 at 20-minute intervals.

Current situation.

Pasing station is currently used by 85,000 daily passengers and is the fourth busiest station in Bavaria. Most of the regional and long-distance trains, including several ICE and IC services operated by Deutsche Bahn towards Augsburg, Buchloe and Tutzing and "Alex" services to Lindau and Oberstdorf, stop in Pasing and are timed to stop at about 0 and 30 minutes past each hour in order to create connections.

Railways.

South of the railway tracks is the station building of 1873, which is still used today and contains administrative offices of Deutsche Bahn, a travel centre, a "ServicePoint" and a fast food restaurant. To its north it is adjoined by a flat, hall-like building, the so-called "Würmtaldächer"; its ceiling is supported by cast-iron bars of the original platform hall and houses the ticket office, the newsagent and other catering establishments. From here an inclined ramp leads to a tunnel under the tracks from which the platforms can be reached. Since the commissioning of the electronic signal box on 16 August 2011, the tracks are numbered from south to north, starting at track 2, until then, the numbers of all tracks were one less. The central platforms of tracks 3 to 10 and the side platform of track 2 are accessible by stairs from the main tunnel; there are also lifts on tracks 5/6, 7/8 and 9/10. After passing under tracks without platforms, the tunnel connects on the north side of the station with a small staircase to August-Exter-Straße, where there is a taxi rank and bus stops and the Pasinger Fabrik cultural centre is adjacent. South of the station building is the station forecourt ("Bahnhofsvorplatz") with a taxi rank, bus stops and short-term parking. Currently, tram line 19 is being extended from Pasing Marienplatz to Pasing station. There are bicycle stands to the west between the entrance building and sidings. An operations tunnel runs under the tracks from the parking area. Disabled people can use this tunnel, which is only accessible from the south, to reach the platforms by lifts. East of the entrance building is the first Pasing station building, called the Bürklein station. Another tunnel runs under the tracks from here, which is usable by pedestrians and cyclists. This was equipped with stairs to tracks 3–10 in 2009 as part of the restructuring of the regional and mainline platforms.  In the immediate vicinity of the station two streets pass (Offenbachstraße to the east, Lortzingstraße/Alte Allee/Pippinger Straße to the west) under the tracks, connecting the "Pasing Villenkolonien" (“villa colonies”, wealthy suburbs) and the other districts lying north of the railway with central Pasing, south Pasing and the Landsbergerstraße/Bodenseestraße (B 2), which runs parallel with railway to central Munich in an east-west direction. Between the station and the western underpass, the rail tracks cross the Pasing–Nymphenburg canal and the Würm river, which has a pedestrian and bicycle path (Hermann-HesseWeg) running along its landscaped shore.  The platform tracks in regular operation are as follows: track 2 at the south of the station is used for trains on S-Bahn line S 20 to and from Deisenhofen. Track 3 and 4 are used by regional trains to and from Tutzing and Buchloe. Track 5 and 6 are reserved for S-Bahn services running into the city and tracks 7 and 8 for S-Bahn services running out of the city. Platform 9 and 10 is used by regional and long-distance trains on the line to Augsburg. By the use of appropriate crossovers in the stations tracks, individual platforms can be used very flexibly in case of malfunctions.  The lengths of the platforms are as follows:  The platform edges of all the platforms previously had a height of 85 cm and therefore were not built to a normal German standard. Modification to the standard S-Bahn height of 96 cm for tracks 5-8 and to the standard long-distance/regional height of 76 cm for tracks 2–4 and 9 and 10 has begun.  All platforms are fitted with LCD screens, indicating the next services. On the southern and northern end of the underpass and on the stairways to the platforms there are also screens that can display the destination and departure times for up to seven trains and information about service disruptions.

Rail connections.

The lines from Munich Central Station separate at Pasing and run to the west and south-west. All lines are fully electrified and duplicated and the lines to Starnberg and Lochhausen have four tracks. The following timetable routes pass through the station or start here:

Long distance services.

München-Pasing station is served by the following services:  Most trains run non-stop from Pasing to Munich Hauptbahnhof, only a few services run through the Landsberger Straße junction and the " South Ring" directly to München Ost station, without stopping at Munich Hauptbahnhof.

Regional services.

In Pasing numerous Regional-Express and Regionalbahn services regularly offer connections to Mittenwald, Innsbruck, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Weilheim, Memmingen, Kempten, Oberstdorf, Lindau and Augsburg. Also some trains, especially in the peak hours, stop at the end points of the S-Bahn lines and at selected other busy commuter stations (Fürstenfeldbruck/S4 and Starnberg/S6) and give rapid connections to the city of Munich.

S-Bahn.

Munich S-Bahn lines, S3 Holzkirchen-Mammendorf, S4 (Ebersberg-Geltendorf), S6 Munich East-Tutzing, S8 Munich Airport-Herrsching and S20 (Pasing-Deisenhofen) call at the station.  Four of these five S-Bahn lines are bundled on the so-called S-Bahn trunk line through the centre of Munich, giving the S-Bahn a very high frequency of trains between Munich East and Pasing. During peak hour lines S 3 and S 8 operate every 10 minutes and lines S 4 and S 6 operate every 20 minutes, producing 18 services an hour to the city centre, and there are also some regional services that can also be used with the tickets of the Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Munich Transport and Tariff Association) to the Hauptbahnhof.  Pasing is also the terminus of services on S-Bahn line S 20, which runs non-stop through Laim on the so-called "Sendlinger Spange" (Sendling link) to connect to the south on the route of line S 7 and from Solln over the Großhesselohe Bridge over the Isar to Deisenhofen. It is one of only three S-Bahn lines that does not serve the central section: (Laim–) Donnersbergerbrücke–Hauptbahnhof–Marienplatz–East Munich.  During peak hour, there are also additional S-Bahn trains running from outer areas that run without stopping from Pasing to the Hauptbahnhof, where they end, or continue from Pasing as a service of line S 20.

Tram and bus.

Apart from its numerous rail connections, Pasing station is a major inner-city transport hub, due to Pasing's historical development as an originally separate town. Tram line 19 terminates in front of the station, having been extended from Pasinger Marienplatz in December 2013. The station is also served during the day by a total of six inner-city bus routes, including two very frequent Metrobus routes, which stop at the south or the north sides of the station (south: lines 56, 57, 157, 160, 161, 162; north: 160).  At night, central Munich is accessible hourly by night tram N19 from Pasing. On weekends this runs every half-hour and is complemented by two night bus routes to Neuaubing (N47) and Aubing Gröbenzell, Puchheim and Germering (N80/N81).  Moreover, Pasing is the end of the regional bus route 732 to Odelzhausen.  Pasing station is used daily by a total about 21,000 bus passengers (arriving, departing or transferring). In addition about 4,900 passengers come by tram to Pasing Marienplatz.

Future extension plans.

An extension of the Munich U-Bahn from Laimer Platz to Pasing station has been considered, but is unlikely to be carried out for some years.

München-Pasing is a railway station with nine platforms situated in the west of Munich. It is the third-largest station in Munich, after München Hauptbahnhof and München Ost.


History.

A first station, built according to plans designed by Friedrich Bürklein, was inaugurated on 1 May 1871 as part of the newly built railway line to Neuötting via Mühldorf am Inn. The line to Rosenheim opened on 15 October 1871. Initially named "Haidhausen" after the eponymous quarter, it received its present name "München Ost" on 15 October 1876. The station was given additional significance as a railway hub with the opening of the Munich East–Deisenhofen line in 1898; followed by train connections to Ismaning and Schwabing in 1909, the first to be electrified in 1927.  The station was severely damaged by the bombing of Munich on 24/25 April 1944 and had to be entirely rebuilt after World War II. A provisional counter hall was erected in 1952. A motorail ("Autoreisezug") yard opened on 22 June 1959.  In May 1972, shortly before the Summer Olympics, Munich East became part of the Munich S-Bahn network as eastern terminus of the "Stammstrecke" to Munich Pasing in the west. The present-day entrance building was erected in 1985. Three years later, in 1988, the station also received access to the Munich U-Bahn network. Further refurbishments of the station building took place in 1999 and in 2008.

Operational usage.

The station has 17 tracks. Tracks 1-5 are used by the S-Bahn, tracks 6-8 and 11-14 are used by regional and interregional traffic. Tracks 9, 10 and 15 are through tracks. Tracks 16 and 17 are used by Motorail.  Mainly InterCity as well as international EuroCity and Railjet services via Rosenheim to Salzburg and Innsbruck in Austria, to Italy and Southeastern Europe depart from this station. Some ICE services to Vienna and Innsbruck also stop here.  Several Regional-Express and Regionalbahn services depart from Munich East to many destinations in Chiemgau and southeastern Bavaria. Trains are operated by the SüdostBayernBahn network of Deutsche Bahn AG as well as by the private Bayerische Oberlandbahn railway company (Meridian).

S-Bahn.

The Ostbahnhof (the name of the S-Bahn part of the station) was refurbished under the Takt 10 project. As an endpoint of the backbone tunnel of Munich's S-Bahn system all lines pass through the station, except S20, S27. Lines S2, S4 and S8 continue via platform 5 further east.  The lines S3 and S7 change direction at platform 4 and continue further south to Giesing. The lines S1 and S6 terminate at platforms 4 and 5. The trains to the tunnel depart from platforms 1-3.

U-Bahn.

Since 1988 there is a U-Bahn service to Ostbahnhof by the line U5. It continues south to Neuperlach Süd via Innsbrucker Ring and west to Laimer Platz via Max-Weber-Platz, Hauptbahnhof and Theresienwiese. The line services the station every ten minutes (five in rush-hours).

Tramway.

The Ostbahnhof stop of the Munich tramway is immediately in front of the station, and served by route.

Train services.

The station is served by the following services:

München Ost (English: Munich East, also called "München Ostbahnhof" in regional services) is a railway station in Munich, the state capital of Bavaria, Germany. It opened as Haidhausen station in 1871 on the new Munich–Mühldorf and Munich–Rosenheim railway lines. The station is operated by DB Station&Service, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG, and is classified as a Category 1 station, one of 21 in Germany and two in Munich, the other being München Hauptbahnhof. It is the city's third interregional station besides München Hauptbahnhof in the city centre and München-Pasing in the west.


History.

The first Spanish settlement in the area took place in 1626, when friar Lorenzo Cantú, established a mission in which is now the municipal seat of Aramberri, in order to evangelize and pacificate the nomadic tribes of native Americans called Negritos or Bozalos and Janambres, which inhabited until its extinction in what is now Southern Nuevo León and Southeastern Tamaulipas. However, the mission, did not have success until the definitive foundation of Santa María de los Angeles Mission by Juan Ruíz Colmenero and several families of Spanish settlers in the year of 1648 in the region of Río Blanco valley, It was the southernmost administrative division of the New Kingdom of León, which comprised also, the present-day municipalities of Doctor Arroyo, Galeana, General Zaragoza, and Mier y Noriega in Nuevo León and the Mission of San Antonio de los Llanos, now Hidalgo, Tamaulipas. Santa María de los Angeles remained almost unpopulated during much of its history. It was created as municipality, separated from Río Blanco valley and renamed as Aramberri in 1877.

Economy.

The economy of Aramberri is mostly based in agriculture, the production and export of vegetables and fruits. Although, the southernmost part of Nuevo León has a lower per capita income compared to other regions of the state of Nuevo León, Aramberri has a per capita income higher than its adjacent municipalities in the southern part of the state. In 2008, with an investment of 150 million of pesos, was opened a techno-horticultural park in the community of Sandia, Aramberri, it is one of the biggest agro-industrial parks of the state of Nuevo León, the project was supported by the government of Nuevo León, several entrepreneurs from Monterrey and southern Nuevo León, and important educative institutions such as the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León and Monterrey Institute of Technology, the park, comprises as for 2009, more than 80 greenhouses within a range of 2,570 m2, it was recently announced the creation of 25 greenhouses for late 2009 and early months of 2010. In its first semester of operation in just 40 greenhouses of its total of 80 which were built in late 2008 and early 2009, it had 3, 500 gross tons of production of vegetals primarily different varieties of tomato, approximately an average of 70 tons per greenhouse, the production is estimated to increase by 20% for each greenhouse in 2009 and there are plans of expansion and creation of more agro-industrial parks in the zone.

Paleontology.

In 2002, Aramberri, attracted national and international media attention when it was announced the discovery of a large Pliosaur fossil, often referred by the press as "the Aramberri Monster", as they believed it looks like the Lochness Monster. The specimen is actually a very large pliosaur, possibly reaching 15 m (50 ft) in length. The media published exaggerated reports claiming it was 25 m (80 ft) long, and weighed up to 150,000 kg, which would have made it the largest predator of all time. This error was dramatically perpetuated in BBC's documentary series "Walking with Dinosaurs", which also prematurely classified it as a Liopleurodon ferox. On January 7, 2003, the fossil was transferred and reconstructed at the Natural History Museum of Karlsruhe in Germany, and was kept in exhibition until 2003, when it was transferred to the Museo del Desierto in Saltillo, Coahuila. The fossil is on exhibition at the Museo de historia Mexicana in Monterrey.

Aramberri is a municipality in the northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León, it is located at southeastern corner of the state. It was founded as Santa María de los Angeles de Río Blanco Mission in 1626 in the jurisdiction of Río Blanco, in the former New Kingdom of León. Its current name (which means "new valley" in Basque) honors Jose Silvestri Aramberri, a general involved in the Mexican war of reform. It borders the municipalities of Galeana and Iturbide to north, Doctor Arroyo to west and southwest, General Zaragoza to south and with state of Tamaulipas to east.


History.

In late antiquity, there were in Rome seven regional notaries who, on the further development of the papal administration and the accompanying increase of the notaries, remained the supreme palace notaries of the papal chancery ("notarii apostolici" or "protonotarii"). In the Middle Ages, the protonotaries were very high papal officials and were often raised directly from this office to the cardinalate. Originally numbering seven, Pope Sixtus V (1585–90) increased their number to twelve. Their importance gradually diminished, and at the time of the French Revolution, the office had almost entirely disappeared. On 8 February 1838, Pope Gregory XVI re-established the college of real protonotaries with seven members called "protonotarii de numero participantium", also known as "numerary protonotaries", because they shared in the revenues, as officials of the Roman Chancery.  Since the sixteenth century, the popes had also appointed honorary protonotaries, who enjoyed the same privileges as the seven real members of the college; and titular protonotaries, who held a corresponding position in the administration of the episcopal ordinariate or in the collegiate chapter. By the motu proprio "Inter multiplices" of 21 February 1905, Pope Pius X defined the position of the protonotaries,... privileges, dress, and insignia of the members of the four classes:

Present practice.

Since 1969 (following Pope Paul VI's issuing of two motus proprios, "Pontificalis Domus" of March 28, 1968 and "Pontificalia Insignia" of June 21, 1968), the four classes are reduced to two:  The name of the prothonotary warbler derives from the supposed similarity between its plumage and the golden robes worn by protonotaries.

In the Roman Catholic Church, protonotary apostolic (PA; Latin: "protonotarius apostolicus") is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of prelates in the Roman Curia or, outside Rome, an honorary prelate on whom the Pope has conferred this title and its special privileges. An example is Prince Georg of Bavaria (1880–1943), who became in 1926 Protonotary by papal decree.


Full mass with a relatively short execution time.

The concise approach is found in the mostly syllabic settings of the 16th century, and in the custom of "telescoping" (or simultaneous singing by different voices) in 18th-century masses. After the period when all church music was performed a cappella, a short execution time usually also implied modest forces for performance, that is: apart from Masses in the "brevis et solemnis" genre.

18th century.

For composers of the classical period such as Mozart "missa brevis" meant "short in duration" – as opposed to "missa longa" (long mass), a term that Leopold Mozart used for his son's K. 262 – rendering the complete words of the liturgy. As the words were well known some composers had different voice parts recite simultaneously different sections of long texts. This is especially characteristic of Austrian masses in the Gloria and the Credo.

Kyrie–Gloria masses.

Partial settings are seen in both the Roman and Lutheran traditions, where many works consist of the Kyrie and Gloria. These masses came to be called "Missae breves" because they are shorter in words, the opposite being "Missae totae" (complete Masses).

Baroque period.

Protestant liturgies did not have a mandated set of Mass ordinary sections to be included in a Mass composition. Thus, in addition to settings of all five sections (e.g. Hieronymus Praetorius, Christoph Demantius), there are many (short masses) that include settings of only the Kyrie, Gloria, and Sanctus (e.g. Stephan Otto, Andreas Hammerschmidt). From the early 17th century, many consist only of Kyrie and Gloria sections, e.g. those by Bartholomäus Gesius (eight out of ten Masses included in his 1611 "Missae ad imitationem cantionum Orlandi").  In the second half of the 17th century the Kyrie–Gloria "Kurzmesse" was the prevalent type in Lutheranism, with composers like Sebastian Knüpfer, Christoph Bernhard, Johann Theile, Friedrich Zachow and Johann Philipp Krieger. Gottfried Vopelius included a Kyrie–Gloria Mass in Gregorian chant on pages 421 to 423 of his "Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch" (1682), introducing its Gloria as "... what the old church has done furthermore in praise of the Holy Trinity".  In the first half of the 18th century Kyrie–Gloria Masses could also be seen as a Catholic/Lutheran crossover, for example for Johann Sebastian Bach: not only did he transform one of Palestrina's a cappella Missa tota's in for use in Lutheran practice, he also composed one in this format for the Catholic court in Dresden.

Other partial settings.

Some Mass settings consisting of only three or four sections of the Mass ordinary can be indicated with a specific name, rather than with the generic Missa brevis name:  Masses written for the Anglican liturgy often have no Credo (usually recited by the congregation and rarely sung to a choral setting in Anglican services) and no Agnus Dei. For American denominations, the Sanctus is usually without Benedictus. The Gloria section may be moved to the end of the composition.  Some Masses in this category are rather to be seen as incomplete, while the composer didn't write all the movements that were originally planned, or while some movements went lost, but the extant part of the composition found its way to liturgical or concert practice recast as a Brevis.  Whatever the reason for omitting part of the text of the Mass ordinary from the musical setting, the umbrella term for such Masses became Missa brevis. Partial Mass settings that are not a Kyrie–Gloria Mass include:

Brevis for various reasons.

From the late 19th century Missa brevis (or French: "Messe brève") may refer to a Mass composition with any combination of the following characteristics: (1) short execution time, (2) limited forces for performance, (3) leaving out part of the Mass ordinary and/or (4) the composition is incomplete so that the extant complete parts are seen as a Missa brevis. A Mass being short in this sense does however not exclude that sections based on texts outside the Mass ordinary are added to the composition (like the O Salutaris Hostia in several of Gounod's Messes brèves).

19th century.

As concert performance of liturgical works outside a liturgical setting increased, for some of the composers the brevis/solemnis distinction is about the breves, which not always needed professional performers, being intended for actual liturgical use, while a Missa solemnis was rather seen as a concert piece for professional performers, that could be performed outside an actual Mass celebration, similar to how an oratorio would be staged.

Missa brevis (plural: Missae breves) is Latin for "short Mass". The term usually refers to a mass composition that is short because part of the text of the Mass ordinary that is usually set to music in a full mass is left out, or because its execution time is relatively short.


Biography.

Pettersson was one of the six children of Carl Wilhelm and Johanna Pettersson. His father left the family, and Carl went to sea around 1892, at about the age of 17. Later, around 1898, he ended up in the Bismarck Archipelago of German New Guinea, where he worked for the German trading house, Neuguinea-Compagnie, headquartered in Kokopo.  On a recruiting trip in the Pacific, Pettersson's vessel, the "Herzog Johan Albrecht" ("Duke Johan Albrecht") sank on Christmas Day 1904, off Tabar Island in New Ireland Province. He was washed ashore near a village and landed in a hibiscus hedge, where he was immediately surrounded by islanders. Cannibalism was not uncommon in those times and although Pettersson was uncommonly strong, he would not have been a match for them. The islanders carried him to their king, and the king's daughter fell in love with him. In 1907 he married Princess Singdo, the daughter of the local king, Lamy. He got a start in the copra trade and managed to create his own coconut plantation that he called Teripax. He became king after the death of his father in law. His nickname among the locals was "Strong Charley", and he was indeed famed for his physical strength. Swedish newspapers printed a series of stories about Pettersson and his adventures.

Later life.

Business went well and he increased his estate with two plantations, first Maragon on Simberi Island and later Londolovit on Lihir Group islands. Pettersson was respectful of local customs and showed concern for his employees, which was unusual at the time. He was therefore very popular with the locals. His marriage with Singdo produced a family of nine children, one of whom died in infancy. His wife died in 1921 of puerperal fever.  In 1922, Pettersson travelled to Sweden, partly to look for a new wife who could look after his children. There, he also visited his old friend Birger Mörner whom he had met in the South Pacific. He then met Anglo-Swedish Jessie Louisa Simpson; together they returned to Tabar Island, where they married in 1923. In Petterson's absence the plantation had declined, and he was now close to bankruptcy. Additionally, he and his wife both suffered from malaria. He painstakingly rebuilt his plantation, but bad investments and the failing market conditions made it difficult to recover.  Pettersson did however find a gold deposit on Simberi Island which he kept secret for years. Even today, the Tabar Group of islands has one of the world's largest gold deposits. His fortunes changed, however, and Pettersson decided to leave the island. His wife Jessie traveled ahead to Australia for medical treatment and then returned to Sweden. She died in Stockholm from malaria and cancer on 19 May 1935. Petterson's health also deteriorated.  Pettersson left Tabar in 1935 but never returned to Sweden. He died of a heart attack in Sydney on 12 May 1937.

In popular culture.

Carl Pettersson is regarded as the inspiration for Ephraim Longstocking, Pippi's father in Astrid Lindgren's children's series, Pippi Longstocking. In 2012, film writer Jorn Rossing Jensen reported that Swedish producer Mirijam Johansson, of Sweden's Wanted Pictures, announced at Cannes that she had acquired the rights to "Efraim Longstocking and the Cannibal Princess", a film based on a screenplay by Daniel Fridell and Ulf Stark and approved by Saltkråkan, the latter of which holds Lindgren's rights.

Carl Emil Pettersson (4 or 23 October, 1875 – 12 May 1937) was a Swedish sailor who became king of Tabar Island in Papua New Guinea after he was shipwrecked in 1904.


Structure and Organization.

The DAV represents the German legal profession and aims at uniting all 160.000 lawyers in Germany and German lawyers abroad. Currently it has app. 66.000 individual members, organized in 259 local bar associations, 13 of which are based outside Germany (Brazil, France (2), Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, and United Kingdom).

Aims and Activities.

With offices in Berlin and Brussels the "German Bar Association" has an abundance of solid institutional mechanisms and practiced instruments, as is necessary for a strong lobbying practice which is specifically tailored to the special characteristics of national and European legislative processes. Primarily relevant in this context is its direct influence on federal and state legislative and executive branches – both through the federal association as well as through the "DAV" local bar associations. The "DAV" has an extremely effective network of close personal contacts to political decision-makers and other influential persons, in Berlin, state capitals, and Brussels.  Since the establishment of the "German Bar Association" its legislative committees have supported and enriched the work of the Executive Board and the management. The legislative committees are composed of members of the legal profession who serve on a voluntary basis. It is the task of the legislative committees to formulate opinions on all relevant draft legislation on the German and European level.

Publications.

The German Bar Association publishes the Anwaltsblatt, a monthly journal for lawyers that strictly focuses on the practice of law. The Anwaltsblatt regularly addresses questions regarding taxes and liability and publishes current judgments in the areas of fees and the law of professional rules.

The DAV Annual Conference.

Every year, the "German Bar Association" organizes the "DAV" Annual Conference Deutscher Anwaltstag. The "DAV" Annual Conference is the yearly meeting of the German legal profession dedicated to legal policy and sociopolitical issues. Participants are regularly at least 1800 legal practitioners with different professional backgrounds as well as representatives from politics, the judiciary and science. The DAV Annual Conference usually receives immense attention in the media. It is the biggest event of its kind in Germany.

Membership.

The "German Bar Association" is a member of the following international organisations: American Bar Association (ABA), Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE), European Company Lawyers Association (ECLA), International Association of Young Lawyers (AIJA), International Bar Association (IBA), International Criminal Bar (ICB), Union Internationale des Avocats (UIA).

References.

Deutscher Anwaltverein (Hg.): "Anwälte und ihre Geschichte. Zum 140. Gründungsjahr des Deutschen Anwaltvereins", Verlag Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2011

The German Bar Association (German: Deutscher Anwaltverein – ) is a voluntary association of German and German-speaking lawyers. It seeks to safeguard, protect and promote the professional and economic interests of the Bar, notary lawyers included, especially by promoting fair administration of justice and legislation, education and further training, encouragement of professional solidarity and scientific spirit among lawyers.