Band members.

The full-time members of Fiddler's Dram, drawn from the Oyster Ceilidh Band, were:

Career.

Dave Arbus, violinist with East of Eden, was a founder member but left long before the band achieved success.  The full-time members of the band were drawn from a group of musicians at the University of Kent at Canterbury and members of Duke's Folk Club in Whitstable. Jamming sessions in a Canterbury squat often took place with additional club members given the opportunity to take part in these sessions and sometimes at local performances. The band had an enthusiastic local following and played regularly at local clubs and bars in and around the Canterbury area, with the open nature of the band's ever-changing part-time line-up contributing to the band's popularity. With other various club members, including John Jones and Ian Kearey, the full-time members of the band formed the Oyster Ceilidh Band in about 1976, with Cathy Lesurf singing and later assuming the role of caller at dances.  The first Fiddler's Dram album "To See the Play" was released on the Dingles label in 1978. It featured acoustic arrangements of mainly British traditional songs and tunes, but also included live favourite "Day Trip to Bangor", written by Whitstable Folk Club regular Debbie Cook. Dingles' David Foister suggested that this track be released as a single. It was re-recorded at a faster tempo than on the original LP, and with the acoustic instruments augmented by other instruments including bass guitar, synthesiser and drums.  It has been claimed that "Day Trip To Bangor" was actually inspired by a day trip to Rhyl (a seaside resort 35 miles east of Bangor, North Wales), but because Bangor had an extra syllable and slipped off the tongue more easily, it was used instead of Rhyl. This caused an outcry from councillors and businesses in Rhyl who complained that the publicity would have boosted the resort's tourist economy. Songwriter Cook has unconditionally denied this, however. Cook, when interviewed for the BBC Radio 4 documentary, broadcast on 29 September 2011, said the song was "absolutely yes" about the Bangor in Wales. She said "I was so ignorant at the time that I didn't know that any other Bangor existed, so it was categorically this Bangor, and it was Bangor because it scanned and for no other reason than that. And it was the only place I knew along the north Wales coast." In the documentary, when interviewer Jonathan Maitland reminded Cook that there was a furore about the song really being about Rhyl, Cook laughed and called it "a great piece of nonsense".  The single reached a peak of number 3 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1979, having been released the previous month, and is now available via iTunes.  A version of the song, with altered lyrics, was used the following year in a TV commercial for Anchor butter. The band received no royalties for this, and the story was featured on the BBC TV series "That's Life!". Also in 1980, a spoof version, "Daytrip To Barnhurst" by Jackie & The Commuters, was released on a single and much played on Capital Radio though without any chart success.  Songwriter Cook subsequently went on to write scripts for "The Archers" and "EastEnders".  Will Ward had joined the Oyster Ceilidh Band by 1978, and became the fifth member of Fiddler's Dram on their eponymous second LP, recorded hurriedly to follow up on their unexpected success in the UK Singles Chart. The band were unable to achieve subsequent success however – in the words of Ian Telfer "Day Trip To Bangor" was "the kind of success you don't easily recover from. Fiddler's Dram did one more tour then gratefully took the money (and the gold discs) and ran".  The Oyster Ceilidh Band continued as both a dance and concert band however, changing their name around 1982 to The Oyster Band and later to just Oysterband. Cathy Lesurf subsequently left the Oysters for a spell with the Albion Band.  In 2009 Lesurf released a Christmas single called "Christmas Time". She said she hoped it would be a hit so it would be a "companion" for "Day Trip to Bangor".

Fiddler's Dram were a British folk band of the late 1970s most widely known for their hit single, "Day Trip to Bangor (Didn't We Have a Lovely Time)", which reached no. 3 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1980.


Location.

The logging railway with a gauge of 1067 mm (3 foot 6inch) was used to bring timber from the bush in the Charming Creek Valley to Watson's Mill and from there to Ngakawau railway station of New Zealand Rail (NZR). Later, the line was also used to transport coal from the Charming Creek Coal Mine to the coal bins near Ngakawau for reloading it into NZR wagons.

History.

Logging railway.

The brothers George and Robert Watson commissioned the new Watson's Mill at Ngakawau in 1903 or 1905, after their Granity Creek Sawmill had burned down to the ground under suspicious circumstances, without being insured against fire. The new location was surrounded by plenty of bush for logging and was located near a NZR railway line. To achieve a cost-effective transport, and because the steep Ngakawau Gorge was not suitable as a route for hauling timber by horses or oxen, the Watson brothers built a forest railway from the sawmill on the north side of the Ngakawau River to Hector. This had a very steep incline, which fell down to the mill and which was mastered by an 8-horsepower hilltop steam winch similar to a funicular. As the first forest railway had presumably been uneconomic or inefficient to operate because of the steep incline, a new logging railway was built between 1907 and 1912, from the mill through the steep Lower Ngakawau Gorge to the railway line in Ngakawau. The construction of the logging railway was a technical masterpiece with elaborate cuts, embankments, tunnels and bridges. One of the tunnels, however, was called the "Irishman's Tunnel", as it was constructed with an S-shaped bend to compensate for a fault, which was noted, when the tunnel boring teams, who propelled from both sides did not meet. Due to the steep topography of the Lower Ngakawau Gorge, this stretch of track had many tight turns and a very steep 1:7 (14 ‰) downward slope. Initially, the track had wooden rails. These were replaced by steel rails in the 1920s, when the use of steam locomotives and converted to rail vehicles tractors was common. The gauge of the tram was chosen at 3 feet 6 inches (1067 mm) to match that of New Zealand Rail (NZR). Steep sections of the tram had a raised wooden center rail for braking with a Fell style friction wheel drive.

Mining railway.

On 24 May 1926 Robert Watson and six other investors set-up the Charming Creek Westport Coal Company (CCWCC) to mine hard coal just above the sawmill. On 9 September 1928 Robert Watson and another director of the CCWCC, SJ Akinson, died in a car accident at Buller Gorge, on their way home from a business trip to Christchurch.  In 1928, a 3.5 m (12 ft) thick coal seam was found after digging a flat, 200m long adit with a cross section of 2.5m x 2.25m (8 x 7.5 ft). By the end of that year, 1928, a small amount of coal was mined. Contrary to the original plans to transport the coal in water-filled flumes into the valley, a mining railway was chosen as a means of transport for the coal. It was completed by 1929 and served both the wood and the coal transport. When the existing logging railway had to be extended from Watson's Mill to the coal mine, the entire route was reconstructed with reduced slopes and larger radii of curvature. The mine railway led directly into the mine. The coal was blasted off the face using the board and pillar method of extraction and shoveled into coal-wagons weighing 1.7 tons. These were brought to the surface with horses and then brought by a rail tractor on the logging and mining railway to Ngakawau. In Ngakawau, a coal bin was built, into which the coal from the lorries could be tipped from above, to load it later via shutes into the NZR freight cars. The large wagons that transported the coal to Ngakawau required the installation of an improved center brake rail and the use of a special brake car for safety reasons, if one of the couplings broke.

Locomotives.

The first experimental steam locomotive was built by Seagar Bros. in 1909. It had a vertical boiler rated at 100 psi (7 bar) and an output of 8 hp. It did not prove her worth and was sold to Westport in 1910 as a pile driver.  A self-made construction with a transportable Ruston & Procter boiler (works No. 8698 from 1897) and only one cylinder was built on a wooden frame. The flywheel crankshaft turned the drive shaft via a sprocket and chain, and this turned the two-axis bogies via another sprocket and chain. The boiler was removed in 1913 and was in operation until February 1918.  From May 1918, Watson used another locomotive, again with a transportable Ruston & Procter boiler. It probably had a similar structure and was in operation until February 1921. In addition, converted to rail vehicles converted tractors in different sizes. In some of these tractors, all four wheels were driven by toothed chains.

Historic relevance.

Logging railway.

In the period 1866-1914, the West Coast New Zealand timber industry served mainly the domestic market by a number of small local sawmill companies. Later, from 1915 to 1932, the West Coast became a major export-oriented wood production region. At its peak in the 1920s-1930s, Westland's timber accounted for about 20% of New Zealand's total produce.  The Charming Creek sawmill became successful because of its own forest railway and state NZR railroads. The NZR enabled low-cost timber transport and required a lot of sawn beams and boards for sleepers and building products. In this context, the Charming Creek sawmill was representative of the previously relatively common type of sawmill, which focused on the supply of lumber for the home improvement and mining industries.

Mining railway.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when most of the Buller region's coal mines were operated by the government, Watson and his co-investors took the risk of building a coal mine that would eventually become one of the largest and most durable private coal mines in the region. The mine's location at the top of Charming Creek presented numerous difficulties in transporting the coal. New methods to increase efficiency were implemented, e.g. using hydro-mining and water for the transport of coal from the mine and the tribute system as a new employment system. In later years, the miners used strikes to put pressure on the mine owners to join the lobby for the completion of the Seddonville road.

Current use.

Today, a hiking trail leads along and along the Ngakawau route over the ruins of Watson's Mill to the former Charming Creek Coal Mine.

The Charming Creek Tramway was a long private logging and mining railway at Ngakawau in Buller District on the West Coast in New Zealand. It was used from 1903 or 1905 to 1958.


Gameplay.

Players control Scrooge McDuck as he travels around the world and outer space in search of five treasures to further increase his fortune. Scrooge is able to attack enemies and get around using his cane. On the ground, Scrooge can swing his cane to attack enemies and to break open or throw certain objects. While jumping, Scrooge can bounce on his cane similarly to a pogo stick and attack enemies from above. This also allows him to reach higher areas as well as bounce across hazardous areas that would hurt him on foot. Along the way, Scrooge can find various diamonds, hidden inside treasure chests or appearing in certain areas, to increase his fortune and ice cream that can restore his health. Scrooge will also encounter various characters from the series who have a variety of roles, such as providing hints, offering useful items, opening access to new areas, or attempting to stop Scrooge's progress. Hidden in the game is a secret life-restoring cheat, accessed by pressing the select button while standing still, that will refill Scrooge's heart points for $3,000,000.  The game features five levels: African mines, The Amazon, The Himalayas, Transylvania, and the Moon. The player can visit any of the destinations to pursue the treasures in any order. However, The African mines and Transylvania must be revisited to acquire certain essential items. Two secret treasures are scattered between all five destinations. Each destination's treasure is protected by a boss that Scrooge must defeat to retrieve. When all five main treasures are collected, the player returns to Transylvania for a final boss fight against Dracula Duck. After defeating him, the player must contend with Flintheart Glomgold and Magica DeSpell for the final treasure.  Upon completing the game, the player can receive one of three endings based on his performance: a regular ending for simply clearing the game, a great ending for clearing the game with at least $10,000,000, and a bad ending for clearing the game with $0. As the player is given $1,000,000 for each level's treasure, the bad ending is only achievable by spending all accumulated money on the life-restore cheat before the player ends the game. In order to do that, the player has to collect exactly $1,000,000 to get a total money of $6,000,000 because he gets a total of $5,000,000 from the bosses. Then, the player has to apply the life-restore cheat two times to end up with $0.

Development.

Although Capcom had previously worked with Disney by publishing the Hudson-produced "Mickey Mousecapade" in North America in 1988, "DuckTales" became the first licensed game that the company developed, and shared many key personnel with the original "Mega Man" series including producer Tokuro Fujiwara, character designer Keiji Inafune, and sound programmer Yoshihiro Sakaguchi.  Revisions to the game included the removal of crosses from the coffins in the Transylvania stage, replacing them with the letters "RIP", replacing hamburgers as power-ups with ice cream, and the omission of an option for Scrooge to give his money up, an action deemed too "un-Scrooge-like." A leaked prototype cartridge from a private collector reveals several differences between the original, unfinished version and the final release, such as different level names, unused music for the Transylvania stage, slower tempo on the music for the Moon stage, unused or altered text, and the character Gizmoduck going by his Japanese name "RoboDuck". Despite the changes, images of the unfinished beta version could be seen in the 1990 books "Consumer Guide: Hot Tips for the Coolest Nintendo Games" and the "NES Game Atlas" by Nintendo.  "DuckTales" was later ported to the Game Boy in late 1990. This version features the same gameplay, music and levels of the original console release, though the layout of each level was changed to accommodate the handheld's lower resolution screen.

Reception.

"DuckTales" was a commercial success, with the NES and Game Boy versions selling approximately 1.67 million and 1.43 million copies worldwide respectively, each becoming Capcom's highest-selling titles for their respective platforms. It was released to generally positive reviews, with "Electronic Gaming Monthly" praising the NES version for its gameplay and colorful graphics, calling it "a prime example of very good game design." The magazine would additionally comment that the title was probably made "with younger players in mind" due to its short length and relative lack of difficulty or complexity, declaring that "you'll probably enjoy this game but find it beaten after the first day of play." Conversely, "Mean Machines" magazine would call the game "very tough and challenging", elaborating that "it requires plenty of skill to get all the way through the game in one go." "Nintendo Power" would later call the Game Boy port "a faithful translation from the NES version."  "Nintendo Power" would list "DuckTales" as the 13th best Nintendo Entertainment System game in 2008, praising it as fun in spite of being a licensed product. The magazine would later place the game 44th in its list of the "285 Greatest Games of All Time" in 2012. In 2009, website IGN would rank the title 10th on its list of the 100 greatest NES games, remarking that "Out of all of the games built on Capcom's famous Mega Man architecture (but wasn't an actual Mega Man game), Duck Tales is perhaps the best of the bunch." "Official Nintendo Magazine" would also include the game at number 85 on their own list of the "100 Best Nintendo Games" that same year, and 9th in its "Top Ten Best NES Games" list in 2013. It also placed 9th on 1UP.com's "Top 25 NES Games" feature in 2010, and 12th in GamesRadar's own "Best NES Games of All Time" list in 2012.  Creative director of "DuckTales Remastered", Matt Bozon, called the music of "DuckTales" "some of the best 8-bit music [he's] ever heard," with his developer team citing themes as that of the Transylvania and Himalayas stages as memorable. "Polygon" cites the "Moon Theme" as the most famous piece of music from the title, with Geekparty calling it "the most perfect piece of 8-bit music ever written." The "Moon Theme" appears in the 2017 animated series reboot during scenes set on the moon, most prominently as the basis for a lullaby that Della Duck sings in the second season episode, "What Ever Happened To Della Duck?!"

"DuckTales: Remastered".

A remake of the game, titled "DuckTales: Remastered", was released in 2013 for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii U and in 2015 for iOS, Android and Windows Phone. Developed by WayForward Technologies, "Remastered" features updated graphics and music, expanded story content, and full voice-acting for the characters, including the surviving members of the animated series' cast. The original game's levels are included, but expanded with new areas and new boss patterns, along with two new levels exclusive to "Remastered".

DuckTales is an action platformer video game developed and published by Capcom and based on the Disney animated TV series of the same name. It was first released in North America for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1989 and was later ported to the Game Boy in 1990. The story involves Scrooge McDuck traveling around the globe collecting treasure and outwitting his rival Flintheart Glomgold to become the world's richest duck.


Biography.

Paul was born on August 21, 1842 to Heinrich Friedrich Simon Unterberger and Marie Rudolph. His father, the son of the carriage master from Riga, was one of the founders of the veterinary business in Russia, for which he received a noble title. His family were Austrian Protestants from Salzburg which moved to Prussia during the early-18th Century. His grandfather Simon Thomas Unterberger moved to Riga during the early-19th Century. After the Russian Revolutions, most members of the family, including Paul, all moved back to their German homeland.  In 1849, together with his father, Paul moved to Dorpat, where his father and uncle were appointed professors of the University of Dorpat. He graduated from the classical gymnasium.  In 1860 he entered the Nikolaev Engineering School, which he graduated from in 1862 as a second lieutenant. In 1868 he graduated from the Nikolaev Academy of Engineering in the first category in the rank of staff captain. After graduating from the Academy, he was sent on a business trip to Europe, then left at the Academy for teaching and research work.  In the years 1870–1871, Paul Simon Unterberger, in the rank of captain, was seconded to Turkestan to take part in a military campaign. After a business trip, he lost interest in his academic career and went to serve in Eastern Siberia.  In 1875–1877, in the rank of lieutenant colonel, he served in Irkutsk as a staff officer for special assignments under the district engineering department of the East Siberian Military District. He was engaged in construction work in the underdeveloped areas of the Far East. He conducted a large research work, studying the military geography of the territories included in the East Siberian governorship. During the uprising in Mongolia, he was seconded to Urga for the construction of fortifications in the Russian embassy. Then, overcoming difficulties, he proceeded for research purposes (as a specialist in military geography) through Mongolia and the Gobi Desert, visited Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Japan.  One of the goals of the trip was to hire 134 workers in China for construction in the Khabarovka post area. Under the terms of the contract, workers were hired for 2 years.  In 1877–1878, he served as chairman of the Irkutsk Provisional Military Prison Commission. In April 1878, promoted to colonel and appointed head of the engineering part of the East Siberian Military District. He is engaged in the fortification of Nikolaevsk and especially of Vladivostok, where he initiates a large-scale construction plan for the Vladivostok Fortress. In 1879, he again visited Vladivostok and completed the development of a plan for the deployment of defensive structures around him and the drafting of their projects.  On October 1, 1888, Unterberger was appointed military governor of the Primorskaya Oblast and the appointed leader of the Ussuri Cossack Host. On August 30, 1889, a fortress flag was raised on the fortifications of Vladivostok in connection with obtaining the status of a fortress of the 2nd rank. The role of Vladivostok increased, and in August 1890, the seat of the military governor of the Primorsky region and the regional administration was transferred from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok. In 1896 he received the rank of lieutenant general.  Paul Unterberger spent almost 9 years as a military governor of the Primorskaya Oblast. During this time, with his participation or with his knowledge, the Ussuriysk railway, port, floating and coastal docks, many residential and office buildings were built, medical and educational institutions were put into operation, trade developed, ships on the coastal coast were established, nautical classes, large deposits of coal were discovered in Suchan and mining began, many settlements in the Primorye territory were founded.  In 1897, Unterberger was appointed governor of Nizhny Novgorod. When in May 1897, Pavel Unterberger handed over his affairs to the military governor of the Primorskaya Oblast, General Dean Subbotich, the city duma, noting his services to the city, elected him an honorary citizen of Vladivostok.  In Nizhny Novgorod, Unterberger makes an impression on Nizhny Novgorod with civil engineering and social activities: he builds stone moorings, arranges places for mooring vessels. He initiated the redemption of the Boldin estate of Alexander Pushkin in order to create a state memorial museum. He also initiated the creation of the Nizhny Novgorod Society of Art Lovers. He was a member of 29 charitable societies, in which he regularly paid considerable contributions.  A demonstration took place in his governorship in Sormovo, and Peter Zalomov was arrested. The severity of the measures against the revolutionaries intensified the efforts of the Social Revolutionaries, who, led by Boris Savinkov, were preparing an attempt on the Nizhny Novgorod governor.  Unterberger stayed in the post of the Nizhny Novgorod governor until the beginning of November 1905. A few days before the end of the governorship, he was promoted to senator.  On November 8, 1905, Lieutenant-General Pavel Unterberger was appointed commander of the Amur military district and ataman of the Amur Cossack troops, and 10 days later he was appointed Amur Governor-General. As governor-general, he made efforts to develop and settle the region. With his participation, new educational and medical institutions, including rural ones, were put into operation, development of polymetallic ores in Tetyukh was started, fisheries supervision was introduced, the Kamchatka and the Commander Islands were separated from the regional administration of the Primorsk region, new settlements were based. He contributed to the activities of Vladimir Arsenyev.  In foreign policy issues, he adhered to conservative positions, was extremely wary of Japan, despite the Russian-Japanese rapprochement after the Russo-Japanese War and the signing of a number of bilateral agreements of a general political and economic nature. Known as a systematic opponent of the migration of Koreans to the Russian Far East. In 1910, on his initiative, a cross was installed in honor of Semyon Dezhnev on Cape Dezhnev.  Unterberger completed his re-service in the Far East on December 6, 1910, at the age of 68. He passed the case to the Grand Master of the Stables Nikolai Gondatti and departed for Petersburg, where he was appointed a member of the State Council on December 6, 1910.  In 1912, Pavel Unterberger published the work "The Amur Region. 1906–1910" on the basis of materials collected during the service.  After the revolution, Unterberger went to Germany to visit his wife, daughter Maria and her husband, and became manager at Remplin Castle, where he died at the age of 78.

Awards and titles.

Unterberger is a knight of many orders, including St. Stanislav, 1st class, St. Anna, 1st class, St. Vladimir, 2nd class, White Eagle, St. Alexander Nevsky with the diamond sign.  On June 3, 1897, he was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of the city of Vladivostok.  In 1902, the annual meeting of the Russian Geographical Society awarded Pavel Unterberger a small gold medal for his work "Primorskaya Oblast. 1856–1898".

Paul Simon Unterberger (, tr. ; August 21, 1842, Simbirsk, Russian Empire – February 12, 1921, Remplin, Weimar Republic) was a Russo-German military and state leader, military governor of the Primorskaya Oblast (1888–1897), Nizhny Novgorod Governor (1897–1905), Military ataman of the Ussuri Cossack Host, Amur Governor-General (1905–1910). General Engineer (December 6, 1906).


History.

TransUnion was originally formed in 1968 as a holding company for the railroad leasing organization, Union Tank Car Company. The following year, it acquired the Credit Bureau of Cook County, which possessed and maintained 3.6 million credit accounts. In 1981, a Chicago-based holding company, The Marmon Group, acquired TransUnion for approximately $688 million.  In 2010, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and Advent International acquired it from Madison Dearborn Partners In 2014, TransUnion acquired Hank Asher's data company TLO. On June 25, 2015, TransUnion became a publicly traded company for the first time, trading under the symbol TRU.  TransUnion eventually began to offer products and services for both businesses and consumers. For businesses, TransUnion updated its traditional credit score offering to include trended data that helps predict consumer repayment and debt behavior. This product, referred to as CreditVision, launched in October 2013.  Its SmartMoveTM service facilitates credit and background checks for consumers who work as landlords.  In September 2013, the company acquired eScan Data Systems of Austin, Texas, to provide post-service eligibility determination support to hospitals and healthcare systems. The technology was integrated into TransUnion's ClearIQ platform, which tracks patients demographic and insurance related information to support benefit verification.  In November 2013, TransUnion acquired TLO LLC, a company that leverages data in support of its investigative and risk management tools. Its TLOxp technology aggregates data sets and uses a proprietary algorithm to uncover relationships between data.  In 2014, a TransUnion analysis found that reporting rental payment information to credit bureaus can positively affect credit scores. As a result, TransUnion initiated a service called ResidentCredit, making it easy for property owners to report data about their tenants on a monthly basis. These reports include the amount each tenant pays, the timeliness of their last payment, and any remaining balance the tenant currently owes. As a result, some companies have started reporting rent payment information to TransUnion.  As part of its fraud protection products, it also offers business a tool called DecisionEdge that aggregates the data needed to prevent fraud through a system that customizes the information needed to finalize a transaction.  For consumers, TransUnion offers credit monitoring and identity theft protection tools. The company's app offers a function called CreditLock that allows an individual to unlock and lock their credit to help protect against fraudulent activity.  In 2017, TransUnion acquired FactorTrust, a consumer reporting agency specializing in alternative credit data.  In mid-April 2018, TransUnion announced it intended to buy UK-based CallCredit Information Group for $1.4 billion, subject to regulatory approval.

Legal and regulatory issues.

In 2003, Judy Thomas of Klamath Falls, Oregon, was awarded $5.3 million in a successful lawsuit against TransUnion. The award was made on the grounds that it took her six years to get TransUnion to remove incorrect information in her credit report.  In 2006, after spending two years trying to correct erroneous credit information that resulted from being a victim of identity theft, a fraud victim named Sloan filed suit against all three of the US's largest credit agencies. TransUnion and Experian settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In Sloan v. Equifax, a jury awarded Sloan $351,000. "She wrote letters. She called them. They saw the problem. They just didn't fix it," said her attorney, A. Hugo Blankingship III.  TransUnion has also been criticized for concealing charges. Many users complained of not being aware of a $17.95/month charge for holding a TransUnion account.  In March 2015, following a settlement with the New York Attorney-General, TransUnion, along with other credit reporting companies, Experian and Equifax, agreed to help consumers with errors and red flags on credit reports. Under the new settlement, credit-reporting firms are required to use trained employees to respond when a consumer flags a mistake on their file. These employees are responsible for communicating with the lender and resolving the dispute.  In June 2017, a California jury ruled against Transunion with a $60 million verdict in the largest Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) verdict in history. The San Francisco federal court jury awarded $60 million in damages to consumers who were falsely reported on a government list of terrorists and other security threats. The plaintiffs' team of attorneys at Francis & Mailman, P.C. partnered with another California-based firm in the class action.

Security issues.

On 13 October 2017, the website for TransUnion's Central American division was reported to have been redirecting visitors to websites that attempted drive-by downloads of malware disguised as Adobe Flash updates. The attack had been performed by hijacking third-party analytics JavaScript from Digital River brand FireClick.

TransUnion is an American consumer credit reporting agency. TransUnion collects and aggregates information on over one billion individual consumers in over thirty countries including "200 million files profiling nearly every credit-active consumer in the United States". Its customers include over 65,000 businesses. Based in Chicago, Illinois, TransUnion's 2014 revenue was US$1.3 billion. It is the smallest of the three largest credit agencies, along with Experian and Equifax (known as the "Big Three").


Infrastructure.

The rails with a gauge of were laid in the forest park west-south of Engaru. In 1980, former Maruseppu town office (present Maruseppu branch office of Engaru town office) laid this railway on the site of a part of Murii Forest Railway (Murii Shinrin Tetsudō, 武利意森林鉄道) line with construction of forest park. In addition to the narrow-gauge railway there is the Maruseppu local history museum, the Maruseppu insects museum, the Maruseppu thermal spring "Yamabiko" and a campsite.

Rail vehicles.

Steam locomotives.

Amemiya 21-go.

The historic eleven-ton steam locomotive "Amemiya 21-go" (Amemiya Njūichi gō, the 18-series Murii Forest Railway steam locomotive No.21) was built in 1928 by Amemiya Manufacturing Co. Ltd. It was formerly used on the Murii Forest Railway in Maruseppu. It was listed as Hokkaido heritage on October 22, 2004 and is now in working order from the last part of April to the last part of October.  Amemiya Manufacturing (Amemiya Seisakujo, 雨宮製作所) was the legendary railway vehicles manufacturer in Tokyo. It was established in 1907 by Keijirō Amemiya (1846 – 1911) who was the owner of Dai-nippon Kidō Company what had the 8 local light railways in Japan. Amemiya Manufacturing had made many small steam locomotives, tram cars, electric cars, petrol engine cars, coaches and wagons private local railways in Japan. But it became bankrupt in 1931, during the Great Depression. In 21st century, Amemiya 21-go is the sole product of Amemiya Manufacturing to be able to work on the rail.  Amemiya 21-go is called the first completed version of small industrial steam locomotive made in Japan. Over the post-war, many local locomotive manufacturers in Japan followed the structure of it.  Murii Forest Railway had 84 km max-length lines around the Maruseppu Station from 1928 until 1963. It was operated by Hokkaido Prefectual Agency of Home Ministry (1928-1947), National Forestry Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1947-1949) and National Forestry Agency of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (1949-1963).

E103.

Earlier, the E103 steam locomotive of the E-Class Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section what was manufactured by Orenstein & Koppel was exhibited there in a non-operational condition. After World War II, It was acquired by Seibu Railway and was used on gravel‐digging line of Ahina Station in Kawagoe, Saitama Prefecture. After Ahina Station was abolished, it had been exhibited in the amusement park of Seibu Railway, and came to Maruseppu in 1990. In 2002, it was transferred to Frankfurter Feldbahnmuseum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

532.

The 525-series Seibu steam locomotive 532 was manufactured by Orenstein & Koppel in Germany in 1928. It was imported to Japan by the Seibu Railway in 1973, after being used by a Taiwanese sugar factory and used on the Seibu Yamaguchi Line from 1977 to 1984. After their track had been regauged, it came in October 1993 with four wooden coaches of Seibu type 31 (They had been used by Ikasa Railway) to Maruseppu forest park railway. It has been stored in a non-functional state in the engine shed and have not worked on Maruseppu, not even once.

Diesel locomotive.

A six-ton diesel locomotive operates on the line. It was manufactured by Un'yu Industry Co. in Sapporo in 1959 and used the Tsurui Municipal Railway (Tsurui Village-operated Railway; Tsurui Son'ei Kidō, 鶴居村営軌道; Shin-Fuji - Naka-Setsuri : 28.8 km, Shimo-Hororo - Shin-Hororo : 19.3 km; It was opened in 1929.) in Kushiro Subprefecture. After it was abolished in 1967, the locomotive had been used until 1989 in a plant in the city of Kushiro. Maruseppu town acquired it in 1995 and restored by Sapporo Transport Machinery (Sapporo) in 1996.

Coaches.

Small-size coach for forest railway of National Forestry Agency.

The small-size coach for forest railway was made by Iwasaki Rail Industry Co. in 1956. Iwasaki Rail Industry was a company made many coaches and wagons forest railways in Japan. At first, it was used on a forest railway of Kitami Regional Forestry Bureau in Hokkaido. After that it was transferred to Ōtaki Forest Railway of Agematsu Forestry Transport Station, Nagano Regional Forestry Bureau in Nagano Prefecture and was used until 1975. Maruseppu town acquired it before Amemiya 21-go began to work in Maruseppu Forest Park.

Ikasa Railway's wooden coaches, Hoha 13, Hoha 14, Hoha 18, Hoha 19.

Former Ikasa Railway's wooden coaches were made by Nippon Sharyo Co. in 1925. Hoha 13 and Hoha 14 were used by Ikasa Railway (Ikasa Tetsudō, 井笠鉄道; Kasaoka - Ibara - Kannabe, The period of railway business : 1913-1971, Line length until 1967 : 33.0 km, Track gauge: 762 mm, Non-electrified; "Not to be confused with Ibara Railway") in the west-south of Okayama Prefecture. Hoha 18 and Hoha 19 were used by Ryōbi Light Railway connected Ikasa Railway line, after that Ikasa Railway acquired them when it purchased Jinkō Railway renamed from Ryōbi Light Railway in 1940.  On the named rule of Ikasa Railway, "Ho" meant bogie car and "Ha" meant 3rd class coach.  After Ikasa Railway abolished its railway business, Seibu Railway bought them with other coaches and took renumbering type 31 (Hoha 13 = No.38, Hoha 14 = No.39, Hoha 18 = No.35, Hoha 19 = No.36). These coaches were used on Seibu Yamaguchi Line until 1984. Maruseppu town acquired them with Steam locomotive 532 in 1993. In 1995, Hoha 13 and Hoha 19 were restored to use in forest park. These 2 coaches don't have any marking on their bodies, and the coach to have 4 poles and fence without end panel at one side of vestibule is Hoha 13. Usually, they are used during busy seasons with Amemiya 21-go.

The Hokkaido Maruseppu Recreation Forest Park Railway or Maruseppu Forest Park Ikoi-no-Mori Railway (Japanese: 丸瀬布森林公園いこいの森鉄道, Maruseppu Shinrinkōen Ikoi no Mori Tetsudō) is an approximately long narrow gauge heritage railway with a track gauge of near the Japanese City of Engaru near Mombetsu in the Okhotsk Subprefecture on the island Hokkaidō.


Early years.

Westbrook attended C. H. Yoe High School in Cameron, Texas, where he played high school football for the Yoemen. Regarded as a three-star recruit, Westbrook was ranked the No. 97 wide receiver prospect in the Class of 2012 by ESPN.

College career.

Westbrook attended Blinn College before transferring to the University of Oklahoma to play under head coach Bob Stoops. In his first year at Oklahoma in 2015, he started all 13 games and had 46 receptions for 743 yards and four touchdowns. Westbrook became Oklahoma's number one wide receiver during his senior year in 2016. Against Texas, he set a school record with 232 receiving yards, breaking the previous record of 217 held by Ryan Broyles. He led the Big 12 Conference with 1,524 receiving yards and 17 receiving touchdowns in 2016.  On December 5, 2016, Westbrook was announced as one of the finalists for the 2016 Heisman Trophy, along with quarterbacks Deshaun Watson, Lamar Jackson, Baker Mayfield, and linebacker Jabrill Peppers, from Clemson, Louisville, Oklahoma, and Michigan, respectively. He ended up finishing in fourth place in the Heisman Trophy voting behind Mayfield (3rd), Watson (2nd), and Jackson (1st).

College statistics.

"Source:"

Professional career.

Westbrook declined an invitation to play in the Senior Bowl. He received an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine, but decided to not perform any drills. At Oklahoma's Pro Day, he elected to run all the required combine drills. After finally performing for scouts and team representatives, Westbrook draft projections varied from the second round to the fourth round from draft experts and analysts. He was ranked the third best wide receiver by Pro Football Focus, the 14th best by "Sports Illustrated", and was ranked the 15th best by NFLDraftScout.com. The Jacksonville Jaguars selected Westbrook in the fourth round (110th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the 15th wide receiver selected in 2017.

2017 season.

On May 16, 2017, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Westbrook to a four-year, $3.07 million contract with a signing bonus of $676,156. He was placed on injured reserve with a designation to return on September 8, 2017 after dealing with a core muscle injury. On November 18, he was activated off injured reserve. Overall, in his rookie season, he totaled 27 receptions for 339 yards and one touchdown.  The Jaguars made the 2017 NFL playoffs as the #3-seed in the AFC. In the, they defeated the Buffalo Bills, 10–3. In his first career postseason game, Westbrook caught five passes for 48 yards on eight targets, which included a 20-yard reception in the beginning of the third quarter. He was the game's leading receiver. In the against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had an eight-yard reception in the 45-42 victory. In the loss to the New England Patriots, he had a 24-yard reception.

2018 season.

In Week 2 against the New England Patriots, Westbrook recorded a 61-yard touchdown reception in the 31–20 victory. In Week 4, in a victory over the New York Jets, he had a career-high nine receptions for 130 receiving yards in the 31–12 victory. In Week 15, against the Washington Redskins, he recorded a 74-yard punt return touchdown in the 16–13 loss. Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 66 receptions for 717 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns. He led the Jaguars in receptions, yards, and touchdowns in 2018.

2019 season.

Over the first six games of the 2019 season, Westbrook totaled 26 receptions for 280 receiving yards and one touchdown. In Week 7, a 27–17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals, he had six receptions for 103 receiving yards. Overall, he finished the season with 66 receptions for 660 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.

Decrick De'Shawn "Dede" Westbrook (; born November 21, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.


Early years.

Fortunato Abat was born on June 10 in San Juan, La Union. He studied in Singalong Elementary School in the city of Manila from 1932–39, then in Araullo High School,1939-41. His secondary education was abruptly halted by the Japanese invasion during World War II. As a young teenager, he entered the Philippine Army which was incorporated into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) as an enlisted man on April 15, 1944 before the Allied Liberation of the Philippines. He continued his secondary education in La Union High School even after World War II and completed his education in the year 1947.

Military.

Abat entered the Philippine Military Academy right after finishing his high school diploma, and graduated in the Class of '51, and was commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant in the Philippine Army. Along with 2nd Lieutenant Fidel V. Ramos, Abat joined the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK), where he served with distinction under the United Nations flag.  Abat's colorful military career brought him to become the Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations & Training of the 1st Infantry (Tabak) Division. Later on he became the Senior Armed Forces Attache at the Philippine Embassy in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. He also was sent with the Philippine Delegation to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Meetings of SEATO Intelligence Assessment Committee in Bangkok, Thailand.  He also distinguished himself as Commanding Officer of the 3rd Infantry Brigade (Separate), and later on as the Commanding General of the 3rd Infantry Division, and Central Mindanao Command (CENCOM).  Maj. Gen. Abat finally served as Commanding General of the Philippine Army from March 28, 1976 to March 28, 1981. Tragedy befell the family of Maj. Gen. Abat, when his son, 2Lt. Tito B. Abat, died during an encounter with the New People's Army in Eastern Samar, a year after graduating from the Philippine Military Academy.  Immediately after his retirement from active military service, he joined the Ministry of Human Settlements. A few months later, he was named Ambassador to the People’s Republic of China where he served from May 1981 until after EDSA Revolution on April 1986.  Upon his return from his Ambassadorship in PROC, Abat was first appointed as the Administrator of the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), a DND agency. Later on, he was named Undersecretary of National Defense (USND) during the term of Defense Secretary Rafael Ileto. He also served as USND during the term of then Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos, but he left the Department and was designated Deputy Director General to Secretary Rafael Ileto who later headed the National Security Council (NSC).  During the presidency of Fidel Ramos, Abat was the Chairman of the Peace Panel of the Philippine Government during the negotiations with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), which led to signing of a peace treaty on July 18, 1997, ending the three decade old armed hostilities between the Republic of the Philippines and the MILF. He also served as the 20th Secretary of the Department of National Defense from September 16, 1997 to June 30, 1998.  During the height of the Impeachment trial of President Joseph Estrada, Abat along with his colleagues in the Association of General and Flag Officers (AGFO) called for the resignation of the President through a Manifesto.  Abat finally was appointed as the President & CEO of the John Hay Poro Point Development Corp. by Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

Later life.

Despite in retirement, Abat has continued to play a role in Philippine politics, without escaping controversy. Abat, who formed the National Coalition for Solidarity (NCS) and the Movement for National Salvation (MVS) called on for the resignation of Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.  In December 2005, Abat was arrested after he called on the formation of a revolutionary government, of which he is the new President of the Philippines, and called on the resignation of Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in view of the latter's allegations of corruption.  On August 15, 2006, Abat called for the abolishment of the Philippine Government and the Philippine Constitution, and the creation of a "Transition Government" of ""Discipline and Authoritative Governance"" where ""All the three (3) branches of government are collectively responsible and accountable to the President that has oversight power over the discharge of their functions and responsibilities. Focus of governance. Governance is focused on the civil service and the military and police service"."

Fortunato Abat (June 10, 1925 – March 7, 2018) was a Filipino major general who served as the 20th Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND), Ambassador to the People's Republic of China, and Commanding General of the Philippine Army.


Construction.

Proposal and companies involved.

The dam was proposed in 1951. The site selected offered the required storage with the smallest dam and with close access to embankment materials; however, the underlying rock and soil was both unstable and pervious. The problems were considered minor because the extended storage need of the reservoir only consisted of the lower of the reservoir. If this had not compensated for the pervious material, the required excavations to stabilize the dam would have been over to solid bedrock.  Bids for dam construction were submitted by several companies in early 1952. A bid of $1,868,862 was offered by the C.F. Lytle Company of Sioux City, Iowa. This bid was accepted, and the contract was awarded on March 25, 1952 with the notice to proceed received on March 31. The outlet works, which consist of four high-pressure floodgates, were provided by the Hardie-Tynes Manufacturing Company of Birmingham, Alabama, at a cost of $72,995. This contract was awarded on March 10, 1952, and the final shipment of the gates was made during February 1953.

Construction process.

Construction began in April 1952. Excavation for the outlet works began the construction process, with excavation for the wide foundation trench beginning in mid-May and excavation for the spillway following in early June. This wide trench served to remove as much unstable material from the foundation as possible. This material was determined to be unsuitable for construction of the dam, and eventually discarded. Placement of concrete commenced in late June. Embankment construction began in late July. The upper portion of the upstream slope of the dam was covered with a layer of riprap, and the lower section was protected by a layer of gravel. By the end of 1952, the construction work was approximately 67% complete.  Construction continued at a rapid pace after the beginning of the 1953 season. The upstream conduits for the outlet works were completed in April, and the four high pressure gates were installed beginning April 1. These and the spillway were all complete by August 31, and the main embankment was finished by September 11. On September 18, the final concrete placement occurred, and on September 20, 1953, the dam was completed under the primary contract, 251 days ahead of schedule.

Dam and reservoir.

The Jamestown Dam is long at the crest and above the streambed of the James River. Measured from the deepest point of excavation to the crest, the height is. Its maximum thickness is from upstream toe to downstream toe. The dam embankment contains of material, primarily dirt, rock, gravel and riprap.  The dam's typical release rate is. The outlet works are controlled by four identical high-pressure gates, 5 feet by 6 feet (1.5 by 1.8 m) in size. Two are for normal use and two are for emergency releases. The maximum capacity of the outlet works is per second, or per second per gate. The dam also has an emergency inverted-bell spillway, capable of handling per second. The total release capacity of the dam is per second.  The outlet works are designed to allow for possible future installation of hydroelectric generators and future municipal water supply.  The Jamestown Reservoir typically holds of water, with a normal surface area of. Its maximum capacity is and maximum surface area is over.

Flood control.

The Jamestown Dam's primary purpose is flood control, and has prevented approximately $36 million in flood-related damages. When it was constructed, certain deficiencies were noted in the foundations for the dam. When the reservoir is at normal levels, the failure risk is small, but as the water level rises, the potential for collapse increases. Floods in May 1969 caused the reservoir to rise to its record level, over, causing leakage of the dam. This level was not even half the reservoir's maximum capacity of. In 1993 and 1995, floods caused the lake to rise to within of the 1969 level. An inspection by the Bureau of Reclamation's Dam Safety Department revealed that the dam could potentially fail if the deficiencies were not corrected. As a result, eight relief wells (wells that drain a pervious stratum) were installed in the dam in 1995, and a heavy gravel filter blanket to prevent erosion of embankment materials during seepage was constructed in the spring of 1996.

Recreation.

Besides flood control, the long, Jamestown Reservoir was also created for the secondary purpose of recreation, which mainly involves camping, boating, fishing, and birding managed by the Stutsman County Park Board. The lake has approximately of shoreline and is referred to as "one of the greatest migratory waterfowl flyways in North Dakota." It is stocked with fish by the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. Common fish species in the reservoir include pike, walleye, crappie, bluegill, smallmouth bass, muskie and bullhead.

Geology.

The Bureau of Reclamation details the geology of the reservoir area:

The Jamestown Dam is a rolled-earth dam spanning the James River in Stutsman County in the U.S. state of North Dakota, serving the primary purpose of flood control. It is north of the city of Jamestown, North Dakota. Built from April 1952 to September 1953, the dam measures long at the crest and high. It impounds the James River to form the Jamestown Reservoir. A small islet lies shortly upstream of the dam, where the James River previously split into two channels.


Early life.

William Glanville was born on 1 February 1900 in Willesden, Middlesex, the second child, and only son, of Amelia and William Glanville. His father was originally from Cornwall and worked as a builder. William was educated at Kilburn Grammar School and served briefly in the British Army during the final stages of the First World War. Upon demobilisation he applied to study civil engineering at East London College (now Queen Mary, University of London from which he graduated with first class honours in 1922.

Building Research Station.

Upon graduation Glanville entered employment as an engineering assistant at the Building Research Station (which would become the Building Research Establishment) in East Acton. Glanville was only the third person employed by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research to undertake research work at the underfunded station which was established in April 1921. Glanville's first investigation at the Building Research Station (BRS) was to study how the water permeability of concrete varied and, with Duff Abrams, was one of the first to attribute this primarily to the water-cement ratio and not to the type and proportions of aggregate used. He also found that concrete became much more impermeable when cured by immersion in water, compared with the more popular air curing method. In 1925 the BRS moved to Garston near Watford.  In 1931 he was consulted by London County Council on the drawing up of a code of practice for the use of reinforced concrete in buildings. The report, drawing heavily on Glanville's research, was published in 1933 and later incorporated into British Standards code 114. His research covered almost every aspect of concrete use in construction and included shrinkage stresses, creeping, and permeability as well as work on indeterminate structures, timber roofs, and curved bracing members. Glanville remained at the research station until 1936 when he was asked to become deputy director of the Road Research Laboratory (RRL) in Harmondsworth.

Road Research Laboratory.

At the RRL Glanville took on an increasingly more administrative role, devolving research to his assistants, however he still found time to undertake a comprehensive study of the performance of concrete roads. He also established a section of the laboratory to work exclusively on soil mechanics, a subject which was beginning to come to the fore of building and infrastructure design. He was made director of the RRL in 1939.

War work.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 Glanville was put in charge of the research and experiments department of the Ministry of Home Security as chief scientific adviser at the Princes Risborough station. The station was situated here to avoid German air raids, when these failed to materialise he returned to the RRL and acted as an advisor to the Air Ministry and the Ministry of Aircraft Production on the construction of concrete runways and specialised airfields. The latter included "Prefabricated Bituminised Surfacing" (PBS) made from bitumen-impregnated hessian which could act as a runway surface over swampy or otherwise difficult ground. These PBS airstrips had a service life of around four months and were easily transportable, in the course of the war 60 million square yards of PBS were manufactured in the UK, US and India. The soil section of the BRS, assisted by Glanville, was also responsible for the assessment and categorisation of European beaches prior to the Normandy Landings.  The soil section, which Glanville set up, was particularly useful to the war effort with soil analysis impacting aircraft and tank designs. Glanville had a particular interest in explosives and he helped Edward Terrell of the Admiralty's DMWD develop a stone-chip-and-bitumen protective plating "plastic armour" which was installed on the bridges and gun positions of most allied merchant vessels. Post war Terrell shared some of his Award of £9,500 for the invention with Glanville. Glanville's most famous contribution to the war effort was his work, with Barnes Wallis, on the bouncing bombs used in the famous Dambusters raids. Glanville was responsible for calculating the correct explosives charge and for the use of scale models to test the theory on. Post-war analysis of the raids has shown that Glanville's breach size forecasts were accurate to within 10%.

Post-war.

After the war Glanville remained with the RRL and concentrated on research into roads. The organisation soon adopted a radical new form of study, implementing experiments on live highways. This method resulted in improvements to surfacing materials, road marking paint, and non-skid treatments. The laboratory was significantly enlarged in 1946 and took on a wider remit to investigate road safety and traffic management. Research in this area lead to better tyre materials, zebra crossings, speed limits, and laws regarding the wearing of safety helmets and seat belts. The RRL also investigated headlight dazzle and braking distances.

Professional institutions.

Glanville was involved with many professional institutions and other bodies. He had many contacts abroad through his road research and chaired the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) committee which organised the biennial overseas conference. Glanville was elected President of the ICE in November 1950 and such was his popularity in that office that there was a movement amongst members to waive the law that limits presidents to one term that had long been in the statute books. He was a member of the organising committee of several road related bodies as well as the International Society for Soil Mechanics in 1957 and the ICE conference on civil engineering problems overseas from 1952 to 1970. He served on the British Standards codes of practice committee from 1940 to 1965, on the Royal Engineers' advisory board from 1950 to 1965, and on the board of the British Nuclear Energy Conference from 1953 to 1958. He was also a member of the Civil Engineering Research Council and its later incarnations, and in 1969 was president of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers.

Retirement.

In 1965, at the age of 65, Glanville retired from the directorship of the RRL and established a private civil and structural engineering consultancy. He was asked by the president of the International Road Federation to serve as their consultant, a service he provided for ten years, and acted as an expert witness for the Ministry of Transport and the Department of the Environment in court cases. William Glanville died suddenly of a stroke, on 30 June 1976, at his home in Northwood, Middlesex.

Honours.

Glanville obtained the degrees of PhD in 1925 and DSc in 1930 in the course of his work at the BRS. He was recognised by the government for his important work and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1944 New Year Honours, a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1953 New Year Honours, and was knighted in the 1960 New Year Honours. He was awarded the Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal in 1962 and was a fellow of that institution. He received the Viva Shield and gold medal of the Worshipful Company of Carmen in 1965. He was an honorary member of the Institutions of Municipal Engineers, Highway Engineers and Royal Engineers, and of the Concrete Society. He was a fellow and governor of Queen Mary College, London, and almoner, governor of Christ's Hospital, Horsham and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1958. In all he published 115 articles, papers and books.

Personal life.

Glanville married Millient Carr on 20 June 1930 by whom he had a daughter and a son. The latter would follow in his father's footsteps and become a civil engineer.

In popular culture.

Glanville was played by Colin Tapley in "The Dam Busters (1955)", the film depiction of Operation Chastise. However the portrayal is somewhat misleading in that it depicts Glanville and the RRL as subordinate to Barnes Wallis whilst this was not the case and both parties worked on an equal footing.

References.

Sir William Henry Glanville CB CBE FRS (1 February 1900 – 30 June 1976) was a British civil engineer. During World War II he and the Road Research Laboratory were involved in important war work, developing temporary runways, beach analysis, and tank and aircraft design. He also worked on the explosives calculations and scale models used to develop the bouncing bombs used in the Dam Busters Raid.


Early life and education.

Husband was born in Sheffield in 1908 to Ellen Walton Husband, née Harby, and her husband, Joseph (1871–1961), a civil engineer who had founded Sheffield Technical School's civil engineering department and subsequently served as the University of Sheffield's initial professor in the discipline. Charles Husband attended the city's King Edward VII School and gained an engineering degree at Sheffield University in 1929.

Career.

His first job was with Barnsley Water Board. He then worked under the civil engineer Sir Owen Williams in 1931–33, before spending three years on various major English and Scottish residential projects with the First National Housing Trust. In 1936, with Joseph Husband and Antony Clark, he founded the consulting engineering firm of Husband and Clark (later Husband & Co.) in Sheffield. During the Second World War, he first worked in the Ministry of Labour and National Service and later on aircraft manufacture for the Ministry of Works. After the war, Husband headed the engineering consultancy, successfully expanding their business, with clients in the immediate post-war years including the British Iron and Steel Research Association, National Coal Board and the Production Engineering Research Association.

Radio telescopes.

Husband worked with Bernard Lovell – the founder of the Jodrell Bank Observatory near Holmes Chapel in Cheshire – on the design and construction of the observatory's first large steerable radio telescope, the "250-ft telescope" (now known as the Lovell Telescope). After attempting to adapt military radar equipment to detect cosmic rays shortly after the Second World War, Lovell had realised that a much larger aerial would be required, and constructed a 66-metre diameter dish, limited by being static, before proposing the development of an even larger steerable telescope. The idea posed such formidable engineering challenges that the project had been declared "impossible" by other engineers, but Husband is reported to have concluded at their first meeting in September 1949, "It should be easy—about the same problem as throwing a swing bridge over the Thames at Westminster."  He began work on the project early the following year, creating the initial drawings in January 1950 and detailed plans just over a year later. He and Lovell selected a dish diameter of 250 feet (76 metres). Construction began in 1952; despite Husband's optimism the project was beset with delays and escalating costs, caused by multiple changes to Lovell's specifications and the rising price of steel, among other factors. Wind-tunnel studies with a scale model played an important role in the final design. The telescope was eventually completed in 1957, when it was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. It remains in service as of 2016. According to Lovell, the project was completed using "a desk calculator and slide rule", which led to a "sturdy" construction with "quite a lot of redundancy in the steelwork" which Lovell later credited for the telescope's longevity. The structure is a rare example of a post-war grade-I-listed structure, denoting its "exceptional interest", and was voted Britain's top "unsung landmark" in a 2006 BBC poll.  Husband also helped to design the steerable radio aerials at the GPO's Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station in Cornwall, as well as radio telescopes in the UK and elsewhere.

Other projects.

Other innovative projects Husband & Co. undertook under Husband's leadership included designing a facility for testing jet engines at altitude in 1946. In the 1950s, Husband assisted the radiologist Frank Ellis in designing one of the earliest telecobalt radiotherapy units, for radiation treatment of cancer, which was installed at the Churchill Hospital in Oxford. Like the radio telescopes, the engineering problem involved moving a heavy weight, in this case the lead-shielded source, in three dimensions.  He designed many road and rail bridges. Husband was awarded the contract to rebuild the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait in Wales, after a 1970 fire. The original was an 1850 rail bridge by Robert Stephenson, and Husband faced criticism for designing a double-tier bridge including an additional road deck, which he stated formed part of Stephenson's original concept. The firm also designed the bridge used in the 1957 film, "The Bridge on the River Kwai".  Outside the UK, Husband & Co. had an office in Colombo and undertook multiple projects in Sri Lanka. Husband was the architect of the Ceylon Insurance Building in Colombo, Sri Lanka (later Ceylinco House), a 16-storey building equipped with a helicopter landing pad on its roof. On completion in 1960, it was the tallest structure in Sri Lanka, at nearly 55 metres.

Awards, honours and societies.

Husband was recognised with the CBE in 1964. He won the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1965 for "his distinguished work in many aspects of engineering, particularly for his design studies of large structures such as those exemplified in the radio telescope at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs"; he was the medal's first recipient in the applied sciences. He was also awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal of the Österreichischer Gewerbeverein (1966), the Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers (1973), and the Benjamin Baker Gold Medal (1959) and James Watt medal (1976) of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Manchester (1964) and Sheffield (1967). He was knighted in 1975.  He served as president of the Institution of Structural Engineers (1964–65), chaired the Association of Consulting Engineers (1967) and served on the board of the Council of Engineering Institutions from 1979 until his death. He also chaired Sheffield University's engineering and metallurgy advisory committee (1962–65) and served on Bradford Institute of Technology's civil engineering advisory board (1962–68). In addition to the Institution of Structural Engineers, he was an elected fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and was among the founding members of the Fellowship of Engineering.

Personal life.

In 1932, Husband married Eileen Margaret Nowill (born 1906/7), an architect's daughter who was also from Sheffield. The couple had four children, with the elder of their two sons, Richard Husband, also becoming a civil engineer. He retired in 1982. Husband died in 1983 at Nether Padley, just outside Sheffield in Derbyshire.

References.

Sources

Sir Henry Charles Husband (30 October 1908 – 7 October 1983), often known as H. C. Husband, was a leading British civil and consulting engineer from Sheffield, England, who designed bridges and other major civil engineering works. He is particularly known for his work on the Jodrell Bank radio telescopes; the first of these was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world on its completion in 1957. Other projects he was involved in designing include the Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station's aerials, one of the earliest telecobalt radiotherapy units, Sri Lanka's tallest building, and the rebuilding of Robert Stephenson's Britannia Bridge after a fire. He won the Royal Society's Royal Medal and the Wilhelm Exner Medal.


Taxonomy.

The English name of Pallas's leaf warbler commemorates the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas, who found it on the Ingoda River in Siberia in May 1772. He named the new species as "Motacilla proregulus" when he finally published his findings in 1811. The current genus name "Phylloscopus" is from Ancient Greek "phullon", "leaf", and "skopos", "seeker" (from "skopeo", "to watch"). The specific "proregulus" is from Greek "pro", "close to", and the name "regulus", referring to the similar-looking goldcrest, "Regulus regulus".  First described by German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826, the genus "Phylloscopus" comprises about 50 species of small insectivorous Old World woodland warblers that are either greenish or brown above and yellowish, white or buff below. The genus was formerly part of the Old World warbler family Sylvidae, but has now been split off as a separate family, the Phylloscopidae.  Within the genus, Pallas's leaf warbler is one of a group of similar tiny Asiatic species characterised by a yellow rump, a strong supercilium (stripe over the eye), double wing bars and a stripe on the crown of the head, once separated as the genus "Abrornis" but currently retained in "Phylloscopus".  Pallas's leaf warbler was itself formerly treated as a complex of several subspecies, with the nominate form "P. p. proregulus" breeding in northern Asia, and other subspecies breeding much further south at high altitudes in the mountains from the western Himalayas east to western China (Yunnan and north to Gansu and Hebei).  Although nineteenth-century field naturalists such as Gilbert White and William Edwin Brooks had noted the importance of calls in separating often very similar-looking leaf warblers, for many years their views were not always accepted by the ornithological establishment. More recently, vocalisations have become increasingly important in taxonomy. In the case of the former subspecies of Pallas's leaf warbler, even though they differ only slightly in plumage, the southern forms are very distinctive vocally. Their songs and calls differ from those of the nominate race, and DNA analysis from 2006 has confirmed these forms to be sufficiently distinct that they are now treated as separate species, leaving Pallas's leaf warbler as a monotypic taxon. The split species are:  Of these, "Phylloscopus chloronotus forresti" is possibly also a separate species, but further analysis is required to confirm this. The breeding ranges of the Gansu leaf warbler and the Chinese leaf warbler overlap in southern Gansu, but the species are separated ecologically: the Gansu leaf warbler is found in taller forest habitats and the Chinese leaf warbler uses lower, often scrubby habitats. "Lemon-rumped warbler" was sometimes used as synonym for Pallas's leaf warbler before the species' split. Pallas's leaf warbler appears to have diverged from the Chinese leaf warbler 4.1–5.5 million years ago, and from its other former subspecies about 1.7–3.2 million years ago.

Description.

Pallas's leaf warbler is one of the smallest warblers, with a large head and short tail. At long and in weight, it is slightly smaller than a yellow-browed warbler and barely any larger than a goldcrest. It has greenish upperparts and white underparts, but is very striking, with prominent pale yellow double wingbars on the wing covert feathers, bold yellow supercilia and central crown stripe, and a lemon-yellow rump. The bill is blackish-brown with a yellowish tinge to the cutting edges and the base of the lower mandible, the iris is brown, and the legs are brown with a green or greyish tinge. Although the yellow rump is obvious when a bird is low in vegetation or hovering, it can otherwise be hard to see.  In Asia, Pallas's leaf warbler can be distinguished from its former subspecies by its yellower head stripes, wingbars and throat as well as its different vocalisations. Other yellow-rumped Asiatic warblers resemble Pallas's; buff-barred and Brooks's leaf warblers are larger, much duller green above and less strongly marked, and their wing bars are buff and white respectively, not yellow. Ashy-throated warbler has grey head markings, face and throat, and pale yellow underparts.  The sexes of Pallas's leaf warbler have similar plumage, but non-breeding birds are somewhat brighter green above and have broad, bright fringes to their flight feathers. Juveniles are like the adults, but have a brown tinge to the upperparts, greyish-white underparts and a duller supercilium. Adults have a complete post-breeding moult in August or September before migrating south. Juveniles and pre-breeding adults have a partial moult in March or April, replacing all the body plumage and some tail feathers.  The song of Pallas's leaf warbler is delivered from a concealed perch near the top of a tall tree. It is strong and prolonged, with a medley of whistles,'or similar, with some phrases reminiscent of a canary, and interspersed trills. It lasts 2–4 seconds and may be heard in the winter quarters as well as from breeding birds. The call is a short, soft '. In contrast, the former subspecies have quite different songs, with sustained rattles for several seconds, or sometimes minutes. Their calls are typically sharp and monosyllabic.

Distribution and habitat.

Pallas's leaf warbler breeds in coniferous taiga forests including fir, spruce, pine and larch, or in mixed forest with rhododendron, karsu oak and a high percentage of conifers. In southern Russia, it was found breeding at up to. In winter, it uses a wider range of habitats, including broadleaf forest and scrub as well as conifers, and can be found in river valleys down to.  Pallas's leaf warbler breeds in Siberia from the Altai Mountains east to the Sea of Okhotsk, northern Mongolia, northeast China and possibly North Korea. It is strongly migratory and winters mainly in subtropical south China, northern Thailand and elsewhere in northeastern Indochina. It is rare but annual in Japan.

Other movements.

Pallas's leaf warbler now occurs regularly in Europe in autumn. The first known European record was shot in 1829 in Dalmatia, now Croatia, but John Gould, who formally described it, did not realise the species had already been discovered in Asia, and named it as the "Dalmatian Regulus", "Regulus modestus". German ornithologist Heinrich Gätke, who moved to the then-British island of Heligoland in 1837 and stayed there for some fifty years, subsequently showed that several Asiatic species, including an occasional Pallas's leaf warbler, were regularly found there in autumn.  In the far west of Europe, the UK's first Pallas's leaf warbler was shot in 1896, although it was not until 1951 that the second was found. Thereafter, this species became increasingly common, ceasing to be a national rarity at the end of 1990. In 2003, for example, 313 were recorded in Britain. Pallas's leaf warbler also occurs at least annually in Sweden, Finland and Denmark.  Most Pallas's leaf warblers found in Europe are first-year birds, and several reasons for the large increase in numbers in autumn have been proposed. In the past, these warblers were widely considered to be vagrants or reverse migrants, but were more recently thought to be undertaking a regular migration, taking advantage of the mild oceanic climate on the western fringes of Europe for overwintering. A flaw in that theory is that many birds should winter in Spain, particularly in the northwest, but Pallas's leaf warbler is rare in that country and tends to occur in the east. Spanish ornithologist Eduardo de Juana has therefore proposed that once the warblers reach northwest Europe, they then reorientate to a south easterly direction.  Outside Europe, Pallas's leaf warbler has been recorded as a vagrant in north Africa (Tunisia and Morocco), western Asia (Israel, Turkey and Iran), central Asia (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), southeast Asia (Bangladesh and Taiwan), and Alaska.

Behaviour.

Pallas's leaf warbler is not wary but its unobtrusive arboreal lifestyle makes it difficult to observe, particularly in thick foliage. It is constantly in motion, and often hovers briefly like a goldcrest, although more frequently, and may sometimes hang upside-down.

Breeding.

Nesting is from June to July, with eggs laid from mid-June. The nest is built by the female in a conifer, usually next to the trunk at above ground, sometimes in a bush. It is a round or elliptical cup made from twigs, leaves and other vegetation and lined with finer material including feathers, hair or fine grasses. Four to six blue-grey flecked white eggs are laid and incubated by the female. They hatch after 12–13 days, with the chicks fledging when 12–14 days old. They are fed mainly by the female while in the nest, but by both parents for about a week after fledging. In the south of the range, a pair may sometimes raise a second brood. The breeding territory in central Siberia is usually, infrequently as much as.  Pallas's leaf warbler, as with other members of its genus, is a host of the oriental cuckoo, a brood parasite. The cuckoo's egg is similar in appearance, though larger, to those of the host species.

Feeding.

Like its relatives, Pallas's leaf warbler is insectivorous, feeding on the adults, larvae and pupa of small insects including flies, moths and aphids; spiders are also taken. Birds forage in bushes and trees, picking items from leaves or catching prey in short flights or while hovering. When not breeding, they may join mixed-species foraging flocks together with tits, goldcrests and other warblers. In Asia, accompanying species may also include white-eyes, minivets and babblers.

Status.

The Pallas's leaf warbler has a large range, and although global population trends have not been quantified, numbers are believed to be stable. This species does not approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (that is, declining more than 30 percent in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as of "least concern" by the IUCN.  Pallas's leaf warbler is widespread, common and locally abundant in Russia and northeast China. Breeding densities of up to 35–50 pairs/km (90–130 pairs/mi) have been recorded in southeast Russia, with only slightly lower figures in Siberia. It is locally common in parts of its wintering grounds in southeast Asia.

Pallas's leaf warbler or Pallas's warbler ("Phylloscopus proregulus") is a bird that breeds in mountain forests from southern Siberia east to northern Mongolia and northeast China. It is named for German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas, who first formally described it. This leaf warbler is strongly migratory, wintering mainly in south China and adjacent areas of southeast Asia, although in recent decades increasing numbers have been found in Europe in autumn.


History.

The history of German settlements on the territory of Azerbaijan began when German villagers from Württemberg to the South Caucasus were resettled in what is now Azerbaijan. Two German colonies - Helenendorf and Annenfeld - were founded in what later became the Elisabethpol Uyezd in 1819. Later, the number of German settlements increased and reached eight by the beginning of the twentieth century, namely Helenendorf, Annenfeld, Georgsfeld, Alexejewka, Grünfeld, Eichenfeld, Traubenfeld, and Jelisawetinka.

Economy.

German colonists worked in the field of viticulture and wine growing in Azerbaijan. The Vohrer and Hummel families ran wineries and owned several farms. Beer and cognac factories were built by the Vohrer brothers' firm in Helenendorf. Agriculture and various kinds of art also developed. In 1922, a state-owned wine-making production named "Concordia" was established here and in the 1930s, kolkhozes began to function.

Education.

Education and culture in the cultural life of the German community were of great importance. In 1842 the first school building was built in Helenendorf. A total of eight schools functioned in the German villages of Azerbaijan, and one functioned in Baku starting in the mid-1920s. At the end of 1920, engineering school, and in the 1930s the vine-growing and wine-making school began to function in Helenendorf.

Culture.

Lutheran churches were established in Helenendorf in 1854 and in Annenfeld in 1909. They were designed by German architects Eichler and Lehmkuhl. A Lutheran church opened in Baku in 1899.  In 1918–1920, Lorenz Kuhn was the representative of the German population in the parliament of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. At that time, one of important historical events in the Germans life took place, the 100th anniversary of the Germans' settlement and Helenendorf colony were celebrated in Azerbaijan on June 9, 1919.  After the establishment of Soviet rule, the German-language newspapers "Bauer und Arbeiter" and "Lenins Weg" were published in Azerbaijan. In 1928, an Ethnological Museum was opened in Helenendorf by the initiative of archaeologist Hummel. A cultural club was organized in Helenendorf, which included a theatre, sports associations, an orchestra, a choir, and a library.

Deportation.

In 1941–1942, during World War II, Germans living in the USSR, including in Azerbaijan, were deported to Central Asia and Siberia by the decision of the Soviet leadership as part of the population transfer in the Soviet Union.

Today.

Cultural events, concerts, exhibitions are held by the Kapellhaus German-Azerbaijani Cultural Association in Baku. Buildings built on the basis of German architectural projects are preserved in Azerbaijan.

Germans have lived in Azerbaijan since the 1810s, with a large concentration of them once found in the western part of the country. The community grew out of two original settlements founded by German settlers from Württemberg who settled here in 1819. During World War II, it virtually ceased to exist as the Soviet government, which ruled Azerbaijan at the time, grew wary of the ethnic Germans potentially sympathising with the advancing army of the Third Reich and deported them to Central Asia in 1942.


History.

The land of the burial ground was part of the Franciscan (Greyfriars) Monastery until the Scottish Reformation. In 1564 Mary, Queen of Scots granted the land to the burgh of Dundee, for use as a burial ground. It was used for meetings by the Dundee Incorporated Trades, and subsequently became known as The Howff, from the Scots word "howff" 'an enclosed open space, yard, area (as a timber yard)', likely related to German or Dutch "hof" 'enclosed space, courtyard'.. Old parish records for burials within The Howff begin in the late 18th century. Prior to this records of mortcloth hire, a cloth rented out by the Guildry and Trades to cover bodies or coffins before burial, provide evidence of burials dating back to 1655. Meetings at The Howff ceased in 1776. The last burial took place in 1878 (George Duncan). The walls along the west side date from 1601.  The vault to the extreme south west (now simply saying "Blackness" inside) was the burial Vault of the Wedderburns of Blackness House in Dundee. A sealed window on its exterior appear to indicate this was either a watch-house or part of the original meeting-house prior to the vault being built (c.1630).  The graveyard is highly unusual by Scottish standards, containing a high number of Roman-style coffer tombs. It also contains a high number of inscriptions which philosophise on death itself rather than discussing the person interred.  Of the 80,000 burials in the Howff around 3% are classed as "foreign" but with many simply bearing this label due to birth at sea, reflecting Dundee's maritime heritage. As an odder distinction, some 10% of the deaths are specifically recorded as "Irish burials", largely labourers in the early 19th century.

Burials.

Burials at The Howff include:

The New Howff.

In 1834 a new cemetery, which was known as the New Howff, was opened on what was then the northern edge of the town on the lower slopes of Dundee Law. This cemetery, which was influenced by Glasgow Necropolis, was more or less destroyed by later building works. Firstly the construction of Dundee's inner ring road in the 1960s cut through the site, and this was followed by the erection of a multi-storey car park over the New Hoff's southern end. Some grave stones were saved and positioned against its western wall which had originally been the boundary between the cemetery and the Dundee and Newtyle Railway.

The Howff is a burial ground in the city of Dundee, Scotland. Established in 1564, it has one of the most important collections of tombstones in Scotland, and is protected as a category A listed building.


Name and location.

The name means "Butter Rock". It is sometimes called Carn Meini ("Rock of Stones"), but this is a modern corruption of the original name.  Carn Menyn sits on top of the Preseli ridge, close to the stone setting of Bedd Arthur. It consists of an outcrop of white spotted dolerite similar to that of other tors in the area, and several other prehistoric sites have been identified nearby. The mountain-top setting provides commanding views over the Gower Peninsula and across Cardigan Bay to the Llŷn Peninsula.

Bluestones.

Carn Menyn is believed by some to have been the main source for the bluestones used at Stonehenge. Sir Andrew Ramsey first suggested it as a contender in the mid-nineteenth century. In the early 1920s HH Thomas showed through petrographic analysis that many of the bluestones had come from the Preseli Hills, and in 2005 work led by Timothy Darvill and Geoff Wainwright supported the idea that Carn Menyn was the primary quarry. This is disputed by others, and Williams-Thorpe and others from the Open University have suggested that the Stonehenge bluestones came from at least twenty different places, with Carn Goedog about one mile to the west as the most likely source for the spotted dolerites.  Survey work between 2002 and 2004 by the Strumble-Preseli Ancient Communities and Environment Study (SPACES) recorded an enclosure on the upper part of the outcrop consisting of a steep-sided promontory with a bank of stones across its neck. Although only around 3,500 square metres in area the enclosure contains several dolerite outcrops, each naturally fractured into shapes that could be formed into columns. Semi-worked megaliths lay scattered around apparently having been simply levered out from the larger outcrops. It is debatable whether these "semi-worked megaliths" are prehistoric or recent, since this area has been used by the farming community for at least 300 years for the collection of stone gateposts, lintels and building slabs.  Geochemical analysis has shown that some of the bluestones from the inner horseshoe at Stonehenge probably came from Carn Menyn, Carn Goedog, Carn Breseb, Cerrig Marchogion and other sites in the Preseli Hills, while rhyolite fragments may have come from Carn Alw and further afield.  Evidence for later exploitation of the stone at Carn Menyn has been found despite the site's remoteness. Two nearby chapels and many houses in the area were built from Carn Menyn stone. However, this stone was not used preferentially in megalithic or ritual structures—stone from all of the outcrops or tors on Mynydd Preseli has been used in buildings and field boundaries, so long as access by horse-drawn sleds and carts was possible.  In April 2005 an excavation at the site clarified the extent of the enclosure but did not retrieve any cultural material. The same year, the then Archdruid of the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards, Robyn Lewis, wrote to the Daily Telegraph proposing that the Bluestones be returned from Stonehenge to the Preseli Hills. This was also the subject of a stage play called "Bringing Back the Bluestones".  Geological studies by Bevins, Ixer and Pearce in 2013 and 2014 have confirmed the suggestion of the OU team that the spotted dolerites at Stonehenge have come from Carn Goedog and not Carn Menyn.

Carn Menyn is a grouping of craggy rock outcrops or tors in the Preseli Hills in the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.


Background.

Numerous communities advocated support for the Mexican federalists, who were revolting against the central government. The Texians thought they had found their champion when Antonio López de Santa Anna declared against the Centralist regime in 1832.  The Mexican army commander in Nacogdoches, José de las Piedras, after reviewing all that occurred during the Anahuac Disturbances, had issued an order that all residents in his area surrender their arms. James Bowie heard of the situation and cut short a visit to Natchez in July 1832 to return to Texas. The city officials of Nacogdoches resisted the order and soon organized a militia.

Call to arms.

On July 28, they issued a call for help from the local settlements. Messengers were sent out requesting military assistance. Samuel S. Davis and Bailey Anderson, Jr. brought men to Nacogdoches from the area surrounding the Ayish Bayou, and John M. Bradley brought men from the San Augustine area, and James Bradshaw brought a company from the Neches settlement. Parties from the Sabine and Shelby settlements also sent assistance. On August 1, a force of about 300 met up at Pine Hill and elected James W. Bullock of Attoyac Bayou as their captain.

Conflict.

On the morning of August 2, 1832, Bowie joined the Texian Militia and they marched into Nacogdoches to voice their demands to Piedras and to declare favor for Santa Anna. Piedras declined to rescind his order and to support Santa Anna.  The group returned in the evening and before they had reached the building housing the city officials, they were attacked by a force of 100 Mexican cavalry. The Texians returned fire, but some eventually fell back. Fighting continued and the cavalry retreated. 100 Texians initiated a siege of the garrison. As house-to-house fighting progressed, the Texians took possession of several buildings and the Old Stone Fort. With Mexican casualties escalating, the Mexican Army took refuge in the main fort. A second battle line began to form from the north, that drove the cavalry from the Mexican headquarters known as Old Red House, while Redlanders arriving from San Augustine approached from the rear. During the night, the Mexican army evacuated from the city.  On August 3, James Carter, Bowie and 15 companions ambushed the fleeing army on the Angelina River and Piedras fled to a nearby home. His men turned against him and Captain Francisco Medina took charge. Medina declared to be federalist and surrendered Piedras and 300 troops to the Texians. Piedras had lost some forty-seven men killed, with forty plus wounded. The Texians marched the rest of the soldiers back to Nacogdoches and on to San Antonio, where they were released. Asa Edwards escorted Piedras to Stephen F. Austin at San Felipe. Piedras was paroled and sent to the Mexican interior. The Texians suffered three killed and four wounded, one mortally.

The Battle of Nacogdoches culminated on August 2, 1832, after a group of Texians resisted an order issued in July by the commander of the Mexican Army at Nacogdoches, Texas to surrender their arms. The situation soon escalated into a major battle.