Contents.

The monograph consisted of three sections: Introduction, Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Scientific Management, and Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management.

Introduction.

Taylor started this paper by quoting then President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt: "The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency". Taylor pointed out that while a large movement had started to conserve material resources, the less visible and less tangible effects of the wasted human effort was only vaguely appreciated. He argues the necessity of focusing on training rather than finding the "right man", stating "In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first", and the first goal of all good systems should be developing first-class men. He listed three goals for the work: "First." To point out, through a series of simple illustrations, the great loss which the whole country is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily acts.  "Second." To try to convince the reader that the remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic management, rather than in searching for some unusual or extraordinary man.  "Third." To prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules, and principles, as a foundation. And further to show that the fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations, which call for the most elaborate cooperation. And, briefly, through a series of illustrations, to convince the reader that whenever these principles are correctly applied, results must follow which are truly astounding. Lastly, Taylor noted that while the examples were chosen to appeal to engineers and managers, his principles could be applied to the management of any social enterprise, such as homes, farms, small businesses, churches, philanthropic institutions, universities, and government.

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of scientific management.

Taylor argued that the principle object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. He argued that the most important object of both the employee and the management should be the training and development of each individual in the establishment, so that he can do the highest class of work for which his natural abilities fit him. Taylor demonstrated that maximum prosperity can exist only as the result of maximum productivity, both for the shop and individual, and rebuked the idea that the fundamental interests of employees and employers are necessarily antagonistic.  Taylor described how workers deliberately work slowly, or “soldier”, to protect their interests. According to Taylor, there were three reasons for the inefficiency: "First." The fallacy, which has from time immemorial been almost universal among workmen, that a material increase in the output of each man or each machine in the trade would result in the end in throwing a large number of men out of work.  "Second." The defective systems of management which are in common use, and which make it necessary for each workman to soldier, or work slowly, in order that he may protect his own best interests.  "Third." The inefficient rule-of-thumb methods, which are still almost universal in all trades, and in practicing which our workmen waste a large part of their effort. Taylor argued that the cheapening of any article in common use almost immediately results in a largely increased demand for that article, creating additional work and contradicting the first belief.  As to the second cause, Taylor pointed to quotes from 'Shop Management' to help explain how current management styles caused workers to soldier. He explained the natural tendency of men to take it easy as distinct from "systematic soldiering" due to thought and reasoning, and how bringing men together at a standard rate of pay exacerbated this problem. He described how under standard day, piece, or contract work it was in the workers' interest to work slowly and hide how fast work can actually be done, and the antagonism between workers and management must change.  For the third cause, Taylor noted the enormous saving of time and increase in output that could be obtained by eliminating unnecessary movements and substituting faster movements, which can only be realized after a motion and time study by a competent man. While there are perhaps "forty, fifty, or a hundred ways of doing each act in each trade", "there is always one method and one implement which is quicker and better than any of the rest".

In this section, Taylor explained his principles of scientific management. He starts by describing what he considered the best system of management then in use, the system of "initiative and incentive". In this system, management gives incentives for better work, and workers give their best effort. The form of payment is practically the whole system, in contrast to scientific management. Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles:  Under the management of "initiative and incentive", the first three elements often exist in some form, but their importance is minor. However, under scientific management, they "form the very essence of the whole system". Taylor's summary of the fourth point is "Under the management of "initiative and incentive" practically the whole problem is "up to the workman", while under scientific management fully one-half of the problem is "up to the management"." It is up to the management to determine the best method to complete each task through a time and motion study, to train the worker in this method, and keep individual records for incentive based pay.  Taylor devotes most of the remainder of the work to providing case studies to support his case, including:  Taylor warned about attempting to implement parts of scientific management without accepting the whole philosophy, stating that too fast of a change was often met with trouble, strikes, and failure.

The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) is a monograph published by Frederick Winslow Taylor. This laid out Taylor's views on principles of scientific management, or industrial era organization and decision theory. Taylor was an American manufacturing manager, mechanical engineer, and then a management consultant in his later years. The term "scientific management" refers to coordinating the enterprise for everyone's benefit including increased wages for laborers although the approach is "directly antagonistic to the old idea that each workman can best regulate his own way of doing the work." His approach is also often referred to as Taylor's Principles, or Taylorism.


Physics engines.

In computer science, a program called a physics engine is used to model the behaviors of objects in space. These engines allow simulation of the way bodies of many types are affected by a variety of physical stimuli. They are also used to create Dynamical simulations without having to know anything about physics. Physics engines are used throughout the video game and movie industry, but not all physics engines are alike; They are generally broken into real-time and the high precision but these are not the only options. Most real-time physics engines are inaccurate and yield only the barest approximation of the real world, whereas most high-precision engines are far too slow for use in everyday applications. To understand how these Physics engines are built, a basic understanding of physics is required. Physics engines are based on the actual behaviors of the world as described by classical mechanics. Engines do not typically account for Modern Mechanics (see Theory of relativity and quantum mechanics) because most visualization deals with large bodies moving relatively slowly, but the most complicated engines perform calculations for Modern Mechanics as well as Classical. The models used in Dynamical simulations determine how accurate these simulations are.

Particle model.

The first model which may be used in physics engines governs the motion of infinitesimal objects with finite mass called “particles.” This equation, called Newton’s Second law (see Newton's laws) or the definition of force, is the fundamental behavior governing all motion:  This equation will allow us to fully model the behavior of particles, but this is not sufficient for most simulations because it does not account for the rotational motion of rigid bodies. This is the simplest model that can be used in a physics engine and was used extensively in early video games.

Inertial model.

Bodies in the real world deform as forces are applied to them, so we call them “soft,” but often the deformation is negligibly small compared to the motion, and it is very complicated to model, so most physics engines ignore deformation. A body that is assumed to be non-deformable is called a rigid body. Rigid body dynamics deals with the motion of objects that cannot change shape, size, or mass but can change orientation and position.  To account for rotational energy and momentum, we must describe how force is applied to the object using a moment, and account for the mass distribution of the object using an inertia tensor. We describe these complex interactions with an equation somewhat similar to the definition of force above:  where formula_3 is the central inertia tensor, formula_4 is the angular velocity vector, and formula_5 is the moment of the "j"th external force about the mass center.  The inertia tensor describes the location of each particle of mass in a given object in relation to the object's center of mass. This allows us to determine how an object will rotate dependent on the forces applied to it. This angular motion is quantified by the angular velocity vector.  As long as we stay below relativistic speeds (see Relativistic dynamics), this model will accurately simulate all relevant behavior. This method requires the Physics engine to solve six ordinary differential equations at every instant we want to render, which is a simple task for modern computers.

Euler model.

The inertial model is much more complex than we typically need but it is the most simple to use. In this model, we do not need to change our forces or constrain our system. However, if we make a few intelligent changes to our system, simulation will become much easier, and our calculation time will decrease. The first constraint will be to put each torque in terms of the principal axes. This makes each torque much more difficult to program, but it simplifies our equations significantly. When we apply this constraint, we diagonalize the moment of inertia tensor, which simplifies our three equations into a special set of equations called Euler's equations. These equations describe all rotational momentum in terms of the principal axes:  The drawback to this model is that all the computation is on the front end, so it is still slower than we would like. The real usefulness is not apparent because it still relies on a system of non-linear differential equations. To alleviate this problem, we have to find a method that can remove the second term from the equation. This will allow us to integrate much more easily. The easiest way to do this is to assume a certain amount of symmetry.

Symmetric/torque model.

The two types of symmetric objects that will simplify Euler's equations are “symmetric tops” and “symmetric spheres.” The first assumes one degree of symmetry, this makes two of the I terms equal. These objects, like cylinders and tops, can be expressed with one very simple equation and two slightly simpler equations. This does not do us much good, because with one more symmetry we can get a large jump in speed with almost no change in appearance. The symmetric sphere makes all of the I terms equal (the Moment of inertia scalar), which makes all of these equations simple:  These equations allow us to simulate the behavior of an object that can spin in a way very close to the method simulate motion without spin. This is a simple model but it is accurate enough to produce realistic output in real-time Dynamical simulations. It also allows a Physics engine to focus on the changing forces and torques rather than varying inertia.

Dynamical simulation, in computational physics, is the simulation of systems of objects that are free to move, usually in three dimensions according to Newton's laws of dynamics, or approximations thereof. Dynamical simulation is used in computer animation to assist animators to produce realistic motion, in industrial design (for example to simulate crashes as an early step in crash testing), and in video games. Body movement is calculated using time integration methods.


Background.

The band have said of the album “The Golden Ratio” is the end result of three years of work in the studio for Ulf and Jonas. Their main challenge was to find what the Ace of Base sound would be in the second decade of the twenty-first century. After a year of experimenting, they realized they wanted to embrace and preserve the original Ace of Base sound and make it contemporary at the same time." Following the release of the album, an acoustic version was in talks but never eventuated.

Singles.

The sole single released from the album was "All for You". The song was serviced to European radio stations in mid-July 2010, and was released as a single in digital and physical formats on September 10, 2010. The music video for the song was released on August 27, 2010.

Promotional singles.

"Mr. Replay" was released as the first promotional single from the album prior to its release and was the first Ace of Base release to feature Clara and Julia. The song appeared on a promotional DJ disc which was released in early July 2010. "Mr. Replay" was described as an "amalgamation of every song Ace of Base has ever recorded" and features guest vocals on verses by Lex Marshall. The song received mixed reviews from critics, who felt it was too similar to their previous material. The song appears in a slightly different format on the album in comparison with the promotional release.  The title track from "The Golden Ratio" was planned as a future single in Sweden; however, it was only released promotionally and was the final release from the album.

Reception.

"The Golden Ratio" received mostly positive reviews from critics. "Rock&Review" gave the album a positive review, stating, "Sonically, The Golden Ratio is everything you expect in an Ace of Base album and it's quite hard to tell that Jonas Berggren's sisters are absent as the new vocalists do a great job of filling in where Malin and Jenny left off."  ScandiPop also gave the album very high praise, saying "It’s a jaw droppingly good album. They’ve gone back to everything that made them so brilliant when they first started out in the early nineties."

The Golden Ratio is the fifth and the final album by Swedish pop music group, Ace of Base. It was recorded in early 2009 through mid-2010. It is the only album to feature two new vocalists: Clara Hagman and Julia Williamson. Production on this album initially began with former band member and lead vocalist, Jenny Berggren in which the resulting sessions were shelved.


Gameplay.

"Fighters Uncaged" is a single-player-only fighting game controlled using the Kinect, a motion sensing input device. The player controls the protagonist of the game, Simon, through his attempts to win an illegal fighting tournament to help get his father out of trouble with a crime lord. The game features one gamemode called "Fight" which is only accessible after completing the tutorial. "Fighters Uncaged" is played in an over-the-shoulder perspective, with the opponent being on the opposite side. Simon is able to do a range of different actions, including short and long punches, kicks, blocks, dodges, and headbutts. The player can execute special moves via shouting in the direction of the Kinect, once the corresponding bar is full. Fighting consists of looking for telegraphs in the movements of one's opponents to figure out when to dodge or block attacks, then hitting them while they are vulnerable. In the early stages of "Fighters Uncaged", it is made less difficult to read the telegraphs of the opponent, but as the player progresses, they become increasingly imperceptible. The moves Simon can complete depend on where the opponent is at the time, and therefore only certain moves will land hits at particular moments. "Fighters Uncaged" features different leagues, with higher leagues being reached by having a certain number of points. Points are obtained by defeating the opponent, while having a good score. Good scores are attained by accomplishing counterattacks, exploiting the enemies' weak spots, and correctly completing combos. If a good score is not secured at the end of the fight, no points are rewarded.

Development and release.

"Fighters Uncaged" was announced by Ubisoft at Gamescom 2010, three months before its official release. There, people were allowed to preview the game. The game was developed by AMA Studios and published by Ubisoft exclusively for the Xbox 360 Kinect. Because the announcement came suddenly and close to the release date, video game journalists such as Christopher Grant of "Engadget" and Jamin Smith of "VideoGamer" were not intrigued. Grant was unimpressed by the game's announcement, criticizing the concept and its character designs and noted a misspelling in the preview. The game was originally planned to feature a multiplayer mode, though this was cut later on in development.  The game was released on November 4, 2010, and was one of the twelve games released on day one of the Kinect's launch. In December, Ultimate Fighting Championship's parent company Zuffa filed a lawsuit against Ubisoft based on the usage of the phrase "ULTIMATE FIGHTING", a term which Zuffa had trademarked, on the back of the game's box. Zuffa claimed that the "use of the ULTIMATE FIGHTING name and mark is identical or confusingly similar to the use of the UFC marks, including the ULTIMATE FIGHTING name". Zuffa wanted Ubisoft to be prevented from using the term in the future as well as having all uses of it destroyed, and sought all of Ubisoft's profits off the game, along with triple the normal fees for trademark violation. Zuffa also wanted Ubisoft to pay for their attorneys, exemplary damages and compensatory damages. Ubisoft did not publicly comment on the issue.

Reception.

"Fighters Uncaged" was released to "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to the review aggregator website Metacritic, where it garnered a rating of 32/100, based on 38 critics.  The tutorial was criticized by reviewers for different reasons. Tom Hoggins for "The Telegraph" described the tutorial as being "mind-numbing". The reviewers for "Metro"s "Game Central" wrote that the tutorial was the most notable part of the game, though ultimately nonessential. They wrote that because of its length it may have been an "attempt to protect [the player] from the awful reality of the real game". Ellie Gibson of "Eurogamer" described it as being "the most boring tutorial sequence in the history of the world". Jamin Smith of "VideoGamer.com" criticized the tutorial for "insisting on explaining each and every move in the game before forcing you to repeat it three times".  Critics believed that the motion control system in "Fighters Uncaged" did not work and that the fighting mechanic was poorly made. Mark Walton of "GameSpot" wrote that he found it to be "immensely frustrating", saying that the controls were "simply broken". Wyatt Fossett for "Gamesradar" abhorred the system, disparaging Ubisoft and AMA Studios for the poorly optimized game, saying that they "didn’t drop the ball on this title; they weren’t even invited to the sport in which the ball exists". In regards to the motion detection, Fossett wrote that "Every third punch thrown is recognized and every block you attempt is either exaggerated or completely ignored". Smith compared the combat to that of the luck in rock, paper, scissors, noting that "90% of the time" the attack will be avoided or blocked, while for the other 10%, the character "just stands there like a lemon, refusing to acknowledge the command". Jack DeVries thought that when in a fight, the moves become a "series of desperate flails" in an attempt for the game to notice the player's actions.  The visuals were disliked by reviewers, with Smith saying the game was "plagued with bizarre design choices and lacklustre visuals" and attributed this to the rush of the development. Walton wrote that the game was a good example for how to not make fighting games for the Kinect, continuing on to say that the presentation was sub-par. Gibson believed that "everything about this game is incorrect". She said that her enthusiasm for the game diminished with the intro movie, and criticized the "static images of ugly men with stupid names rolling across the screen". DeVries described the game as being rushed, hence the static and unflattering visuals.

Fighters Uncaged is a fighting video game for the Xbox 360 Kinect system. It was developed by AMA Studios and published by Ubisoft in November 2010. "Fighters Uncaged" was one of the first twelve games released for the Kinect. The game has the player control Simon, a man who is attempting to win an illegal fighting tournament to help get his father out of trouble with a crime lord. It has one game mode and features many different fighting moves and different settings and opponents. Simon is able to go up in leagues by obtaining certain numbers of points, which in turn unlock more scenarios and opponents. Following its release, Zuffa filed a lawsuit against Ubisoft for the usage of a trademarked term. "Fighters Uncaged" received poor reviews from critics, with many criticizing the tutorial and visuals, and citing its motion control system as the biggest issue they had with the game, which many considered to be broken.


History.

Before its construction in 1909, a prior building on the same site housed the offices of the "New York Evening Post" under editor William Cullen Bryant, and served as the first headquarters of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, established by Henry Bergh in 1867.  President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's law office was one of its first commercial tenants after the building opened in 1910. In 1917, an office was leased as cover for German spies seeking to prevent America's intervention in World War I (then called "The Great War"). The plot involved an attempt to draw the United States into a diversionary war with Mexico and Japan. The plot was exposed on March 1, 1917, with news reports of an intercepted telegram decoded by British cryptographers, the notorious "Zimmermann Telegram", which prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare war against Germany a month later.  Shortly afterward, the entire building was leased by the Sinclair Oil Company, responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal of 1922. Prior to the 1974 Watergate scandal, this was called "the most sensational scandal in the history of American politics," and became the most enduring legacy of Warren G. Harding's troubled presidency.  In 1979, the structure, renamed Liberty Tower, was converted from commercial use into a residential building, one of the first such conversions in Manhattan south of Canal Street, by architect Joseph Pell Lombardi. It was designated a New York City landmark in 1982, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983.  Because the then new principles of "skyscraper" design were not yet fully understood, the building was overbuilt, with its steel foundation anchored deeply into bedrock five stories below street level. This overly sturdy construction helped this tall, slender building withstand the collapse of the World Trade Center some to the west on September 11, 2001, with only minimal damage.  A restoration of the building was undertaken from 2007 to 2009.

The Liberty Tower, formerly the Sinclair Oil Building, is located at 55 Liberty Street at the corner of Nassau Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1909–10 as a commercial office building and was designed by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb in a Gothic Revival style. It was built on a site adjacent to the New York City Chamber of Commerce Building (1901); the subsequent New York Federal Reserve Bank building was constructed to the east, across Nassau Street, in 1922. A completely free-standing 33-story building, in 1909 Liberty Tower was the tallest building in the world with such a small footprint. The limestone building is covered in white architectural terracotta ornamented with birds and alligators and other fanciful subjects.


Office.

La Ruelle was a leader of the "Grignoux" party in Liège, which sought a French alliance to counterbalance the prince-bishop's alliance with the Habsburgs, and opposed the growth of absolutism in city government. He was elected as one of the mayors of Liège in 1630, but the prince-bishop declared the election fraudulent and refused to confirm him in the office. La Ruelle was re-elected on 14 July 1635, after the outbreak of open war between France and the Habsburgs.  He left office on 24 July 1636, but was still identified as the head of the party that supported the presence of French troops in the prince-bishopric as a counterweight to Habsburg influence. He survived an attempt on his life on 3 November 1636, when a rider fired a shot in his direction that hit and injured his wife, Ida de Cerf.

Assassination.

In April 1637 he accepted an invitation to dine at the house of René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée, who had been living in exile in Liège since the failure of the Conspiracy of Nobles (1632). Louis XIII's envoy in Liège, René-Louis de Ficquelmont, abbé de Mouzon, was also invited. At the banquet, after drinking the health of the King of France, La Ruelle was murdered by a party of Spanish soldiers that Warfusée had smuggled into Liège for the purpose.  When the murder became known, popular reaction was extreme. Warfusée was hanged out of hand by the mob, and they went on the rampage against prominent members of the "Spanish party", few of whom were implicated in the murder.  La Ruelle was buried in the church of St. Martin-en-Ile in Liège, with his funeral mass taking place in St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège, on 2 May 1637.

Sébastien de La Ruelle (died 16 April 1637) was a mayor of the city of Liège who was assassinated for his opposition to the policies of the prince-bishop of Liège, Ferdinand of Bavaria.


Storylines.

The character is first introduced as Daisy Thompkins (later Sanders), a new friend of Abby Newman (then Hayley Erin). She works at Fenmore's boutique and lives in the dorms at her high school. She and her brother, Ryder Callahan (Wilson Bethel) arrive in Genoa City to get revenge against Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) for killing their mother, Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown). They work with their aunt Sarah Smythe, Sheila's sister, to commit a series of crimes and ultimately kidnap Lauren and Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien), their brother Kevin Fisher's (Greg Rikaart) wife. Lauren and Jana are later rescued by Kevin and Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc).  Daisy then found herself attracted to Daniel Romalotti (Michael Graziadei), who at the time was married to Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz). After drugging him, she rapes an unconscious Daniel, mirroring what her mother did with Lauren's first husband. Afterward, Daisy and Ryder left town, but she promised to return someday. While Ryder and Daisy both blame Lauren for their mother's death, they do not seem to realize that their half-sister, Mary, cut Shelia out of her life because of what she was. Daisy later returned to Genoa City on Halloween, unnoticed by anyone (except Lauren, who came to the conclusion that she was hallucinating). Daisy goes to Daniel's apartment and tells him that she is pregnant with his child. It was revealed that the baby was conceived through her raping him and later a paternity test proved that Daniel fathered the child. Daisy was sent to jail, and later left in Daniel's mother, Phyllis Summers' custody as Phyllis wanted to protect her unborn grandchild. Daisy also stayed briefly at Daniel's apartment, and later gave birth on New Year's Eve with Jana at her side. She was later found in labor on the side of the road by Daniel, who delivered their child. She knocked him unconscious on the head afterwards, when he rejected her advances of wanting a "happy family". She then left her daughter at a church. A couple found her and sold her away. Daisy returned months later. It was revealed that the child which Billy Abbott and Victoria Newman were raising, Lucy, was Daisy's child prior to this. Her return consisted of solely claims to regain a life with her daughter. Phyllis promised her multiple things in order to do what she wanted, however Daisy never acquired what she was looking for. Avery Bailey Clark later stepped in as her lawyer for revenge on her sister Phyllis, and Daisy was released.  After her release from prison, Daisy regained custody of Lucy from Phyllis. In an attempt to keep his daughter safe, Daniel had his parental rights restored. He fought for custody of Lucy, but lost to Daisy and must wait six months before he can try for custody again. Afraid for his daughter's safety, Daniel proposed to Daisy, and the two eloped. Although Daisy got what she wanted, Daniel refused to ever really love her. When Phyllis refused to allow Daisy to attend her wedding, Daisy heartlessly walked out as Phyllis miscarried. Angered by Phyllis and Daniel's continuing rejection, Daisy has teamed up with Ricky Williams to bring down Phyllis and see her suffer. Daisy has also conned Kevin into believing she's the innocent victim, and that she's really changed. Kevin gave her job at Crimson Lights, much to everyone else's dismay. Phyllis and Daniel discovered that Daisy walked away when Phyllis was miscarrying, but she claimed she paused for a few moments to think about apologizing which is not true. Avery then teamed up with Heather Stevens to arrest Daisy for not helping Phyllis when she was miscarrying, and in return Daisy threatened to reveal that Phyllis hit Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) with a car eighteen years prior. Because of this Phyllis wanted to drop the pursuit to arrest Daisy. At the same time, Daisy asked Ricky to help her and Lucy disappear from Genoa City, and he agreed to help, however Daisy saw a video on Ricky's laptop of him murdering his ex-girlfriend, Rachel, and she decided to tell Michael, district attorney, immediately. When Michael told Phyllis and Daniel that she wanted to see him, Phyllis assumed it was to tell him about the hit-and-run incident. Ricky found out that Daisy saw the video, and went to see her in the alleyway where she was supposed to meet Michael, saying that he was about to make her disappear. When Daniel discovered that Daisy had gone missing, he and Phyllis assumed she went on the run to avoid the arrest. Daniel became the prime suspect in her disappearance, which deepened when it was revealed that Daisy's credit card had been in use near Canada, when in fact Ricky had been using the card to frame Daniel, who was about to be released when the police found an email Daisy wrote to Kevin, saying that she knew Daniel hated her and that she was afraid. This led to Michael realizing that in fact all evidence was pointing to Daniel. At the same time, Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap), Ricky's former roommate, was adamant that Ricky was involved in Daisy's disappearance, and she found Daisy's wallet and cell phone in Ricky's hotel room, meaning she was right about his involvement. However, Ricky tried to kill Eden when he found out and she hit her head on a bathtub and passed out.  Three months later, while Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) was checking into Fairview psychiatric hospital, a woman called her name in the waiting room: Daisy. Sharon explained that everyone in Genoa City believed that she was dead, and Daisy revealed that after Ricky threatened to make her disappear, she ran away and checked into Fairview under an alias, Scarlett, as she was terrified that Ricky would kill her as he did Rachel. Daisy was unaware of Ricky's death, and tried to convince the doctors to release her, which they refused to do without legal proof of her true identity. Daisy then decided to overdose on pills she had been harboring with hopes of landing in the hospital where she could then escape. After she did so, the doctors received the results of her fingerprint scan, and Ronan Malloy (Jeff Branson) got a call about Daisy's whereabouts. Yet, just as Michael secured a court order to question Daisy, she disappeared. A woman claiming to be Daisy's mother checked her out of a mental institution, signing the name "Sheila Carter" on the release form. Michael had the signature analyzed to see if it fit Sheila's handwriting, and results turned out to be inconclusive. The doctor who released Daisy was unable to identify the woman claiming to be Daisy's mother as his glasses were broken when Daisy was signed out. Paul got a hold of the security footage of the woman who checked Daisy out but unfortunately, the woman was wearing a head scarf and big sunglasses making her face unidentifiable. In June 2017, Sheila Carter reappears in Los Angeles, revealing herself to Quinn Fuller.

Reception.

"TV Guide Canada" listed Zima's appearance as Daisy in 2010 as the "worst comeback" of a character.

Daisy Carter is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Created and introduced by former head writer Maria Arena Bell, the character was portrayed by Yvonne Zima. She debuted during the episode airing on October 30, 2009 under an alias, later revealed to be the daughter of Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown) and Tom Fisher (Roscoe Born). Bell created Daisy and stated Sheila was back in a new form. Daisy later raped Daniel Romalotti (Michael Graziadei), drugging him to believe he was sleeping with his then wife. She became pregnant with his child, and gave birth to a girl, Lucy, in 2011. However, she later abandoned her in a church and the child was placed in an illegal adoption ring. After Daisy was sent to prison for her actions, Daniel's mother Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford) gained custody of Lucy after Daniel gave up his parental rights. In 2012, Daisy was released from prison by Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins) and reclaimed her daughter, later earning full custody. Daniel then married Daisy to be close to his child, and after Daisy went missing, Daniel has been raising Lucy. Despite a brief stint in a psychiatric hospital, Daisy's whereabouts are still unknown.


Political career.

In 1994, Kopin began his political career as the deputy director of the Nizhniy Novgorod Regional Center for Youth Initiatives. In 1995, he was an inspector in the legal department. He later became the leader of the group in the Kostroma custom that dealt with issues involving infringement of custom laws. In 1998, Kopin worked in the branch of the bank SBS-Agro in Kostroma. In 1999, Kopin was appointed as the advisor of Aleksandr Nazarov, who was the governor of Chukotka at the time. Kopin was also the advisor of Nazarov's successor, Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich. In December 2001, Kopin was chosen to be the chief of the municipal union in Chaunskiy district. Two years later, in December 2003, he was chosen to be the chief of the municipal district in Bilibinskiy. In these two elections, Kopin received over 70% of the vote.  In April 2008, Kopin was elected to be the deputy governor of Chukotka. He became the supervisor of the department of industrial and agricultural policy.

Governorship.

Kopin became the acting governor on 3 July 2008, when Roman Abramovich, the then-governor of Chukotka, resigned. On 11 July Dmitry Medvedev, the president of Russia, nominated Kopin to be the governor. On 13 July the local legislators unanimously confirmed Kopin as the next governor of Chukotka. He was officially inaugurated in Anadyr to be the governor of Chukotka on 24 July 2008.

Personal life.

Roman Kopin was born in Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast, on 5 March 1974. In 1996, he graduated from Volgo-Vyatskaya Academy. He majored in state and municipal governing. Kopin is married and has a son.

Roman Valentinovich Kopin (; born 5 March 1974 in Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast) is the governor of Chukotka, Russia. He succeeded Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich in July 2008.


College career.

In his freshman season at the University of Dayton, Johnson played 34 games, averaging 6.3 points and 5.2 rebounds per game.  In his sophomore season, he played 36 games, averaging 11.9 points and 6.9 rebounds per game.  In his junior season, he played 36 games (all starts), averaging 11.9 points, 6.0 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game. He led the Flyers in steals with 31 (.86 spg), free throw percentage (.830) and three-pointers made with 77. He finished second on the team in scoring, rebounds and offensive rebounds with 76. He also tied for second on the team in blocks with 14 and ranked third in three-point percentage (.379). He scored in double-figures in 24 of the Flyers' 36 games and led the Flyers in scoring 13 times. He also recorded four double-doubles for the season.  In his senior season, he was his team’s co-MVP as he helped lead the Flyers to a 20-13 record and a third straight trip to the NIT. He was at his best against power conference competition: 20 points against Alabama, 18 against Minnesota, 16 against Seton Hall and Ole Miss, 12 against Wake Forest. In 32 games, he averaged 12.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.3 assists per game.

Professional career.

2012 Summer League and preseason.

After going undrafted in the 2012 NBA draft, Johnson joined the Philadelphia 76ers for the 2012 NBA Summer League. He signed with the Los Angeles Clippers in September 2012, but was later waived on October 7. Two days later, he signed with the Orlando Magic, but was waived on October 27 after appearing in four preseason games.

Rio Grande Valley Vipers and Memphis Grizzlies (2013–2014).

On November 2, 2012, Johnson was selected by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers with the seventh overall pick in the 2012 NBA Development League Draft. On January 23, 2013, he signed a 10-day contract with the Memphis Grizzlies. He made his NBA debut the same day in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Grizzlies on February 3, but returned to the Vipers on February 20 after the contract expired.  In July 2013, Johnson joined the NBA D-League Select Team for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On September 30, 2013, he signed with the Brooklyn Nets, but was later waived on October 26 after appearing in seven preseason games. The following month, he re-joined the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.

Boston Celtics (2014).

On January 17, 2014, Johnson signed a 10-day contract with the Boston Celtics. He made his debut for the Celtics four days later, recording 11 points, 3 rebounds, 1 assist and 1 steal in a 93–86 loss to the Miami Heat. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Celtics on January 28, and a multi-year deal on February 7.  In July 2014, Johnson re-joined the Celtics for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On September 25, 2014, he was waived by the Celtics. In 40 games, he averaged 6.3 points and 2.4 rebounds in 19.7 minutes.

Philadelphia 76ers (2014).

On September 29, 2014, Johnson signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. He appeared in nine games for the 76ers in 2014–15 before being waived by the team on November 15.

Utah Jazz and Milwaukee Bucks (2014–2016).

Johnson returned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers in December 2014, but was quickly picked up by another NBA team, as he signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz on January 28, 2015. On February 7, after his contract expired, the Jazz decided to not re-sign him, and he returned to Rio Grande Valley on February 23.  On March 6, 2015, Johnson signed a 10-day contract with the Milwaukee Bucks. He went on to sign a second 10-day contract with the Bucks on March 16. In eight games with the Bucks, he averaged 3.9 points and 1.4 rebounds in 16 minutes.  After his second 10-day contract expired on March 26, Johnson was free to sign a multi-year deal with the Utah Jazz. Johnson continued on with the Jazz in 2015–16, and managed his first full NBA season. On October 22, 2016, he was waived by the Jazz. Johnson appeared in 82 games (two starts) for Utah over two seasons, averaging 3.5 points and 1.8 rebounds in 13.0 minutes per contest.

Return to Rio Grande Valley (2016–2017).

On November 23, 2016, Johnson was reacquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. He averaged 13.5 points and 6.2 rebounds per game during the 2016–17 season.  In July 2017, Johnson played for the Indiana Pacers and the Houston Rockets during the 2017 NBA Summer League. He later signed with the Rockets for training camp on September 25, 2017. On October 13, 2017, he was waived by the Rockets.

France (2017–2018).

On November 13, 2017, Johnson signed a one-year deal with the French team BCM Gravelines-Dunkerque. On March 1, 2018, Johnson was named Pro A MVP of the Month for games played in February. In 25 games played during the 2017–18 season, he averaged 15.5 points, 5 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 1.2 steals per game.

Israel (2018–2019).

On July 2, 2018, Johnson signed with the Israeli team Hapoel Jerusalem for the 2018–19 season. Johnson went on to win the 2019 Israeli State Cup with Jerusalem.

Return to France (2019–present).

On July 17, 2019, Johnson returned to France for a second stint, signing a one-year deal with JL Bourg.

Personal life.

Johnson is the son of Nicole Johnson, and has two siblings, Ty’onna and Maurice.

Christapher Johnson (born April 29, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for JL Bourg of LNB Pro A. He played college basketball for the University of Dayton. Standing at, he plays at the small forward and the shooting guard positions.


Career.

Crewe Alexandra.

Born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, Murphy made his debut for Crewe Alexandra on 13 December 2008 in a 1–0 home win against Swindon Town. He scored his first goal for Crewe in a 4–1 away win against Hartlepool United on 28 December 2008. His second goal for the club came in a 3–2 FA Cup replay loss to Millwall on 13 January 2009. He finished his breakthrough season with 11 appearances as Crewe were relegated from League One. He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season in a 5–3 away loss to Accrington Stanley and scored his second and final goal of the season in a 3–2 away win against Chesterfield on 2 December.  Murphy scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season on 11 September 2010 in a 3–0 win against Bury. He scored again the following game in a 1–1 draw against Burton Albion. His third goal of the season came in a 5–5 draw away to eventual League Two winners Chesterfield. Murphy extended his contract with Crewe in November 2010.  Murphy missed the final month of the 2010–11 season after having a hernia operation. During the 2011–12 pre-season Murphy who had been playing as a right winger was moved into his favoured more central position alongside Ashley Westwood. His 10th league goal for Crewe came in the 2011–12 season, during a 3–2 against Plymouth Argyle, where he scored two goals. He scored his fifth goal of the 2011–12 season in a 2–0 home win to Accrington. He ended the season with eight goals and helped Crewe secure promotion after beating Cheltenham Town in the 2012 League Two play-off Final at Wembley Stadium, to win promotion back to League One.  After the departure of Ashley Westwood to Aston Villa, Murphy was appointed as the new Crewe Alexandra Captain in August 2012. In September 2012, Murphy signed a new 2-year deal at Crewe. On 7 April 2013, Murphy scored the first goal in the Football League Trophy final against Southend United, which Crewe went on to win 2–0. In the final match of the 2012–13 season, Murphy led out a Crewe Alexandra side against Walsall in a 2–0 win in which Murphy scored the opening goal for Crewe. The game made history being the first English fixture a side had fielded a team entirely made out of their academy players.  Murphy who was the captain of Crewe Alexandra collected the club's Player Of The Year award for the 2012–13 season, a season in which he scored nine goals, gained 12 assists and captained Crewe to victory for the Football League Trophy. Murphy also finished 4th in the voting for the League One player-of-the-season for 2012–13. Murphy was also named in the 2012–13 PFA Team of the Year for League One. After the season Murphy proclaimed that he was ready to step up to play at a higher level. Murphy was heavily linked with a move to Premier League side Aston Villa to join up with ex-teammate Ashley Westwood. On 25 June, Crewe assistant manager Neil Baker revealed he expected Murphy to leave the club for a higher level and that he would go with the club's blessing.

Leeds United.

2013–14 season.

In June 2013, Crewe accepted bids believed to be over £1 million from both Wolverhampton Wanderers and Blackburn Rovers for Murphy. Despite this on 1 July, Leeds United confirmed the signing of Murphy on a three-year deal. Crewe manager, Steve Davis revealed the transfer fee for Murphy was above £1 million. The signing of Murphy was the first time that Leeds had spent over £1 million on a transfer fee since signing Richard Cresswell in 2005.  Murphy made his debut against Brighton & Hove Albion on 3 August in the first game of the season, he scored a dramatic 94th-minute winner in the game to give Leeds a 2–1 victory. On 12 April 2014, Murphy scored both goals in Leeds' 2–0 victory against Blackpool. On 15 April, Leeds owner Massimo Cellino revealed after the game that he advised the then Leeds manager Brian McDermott to play Murphy in a more attacking midfield role.

2014–15 season.

On 1 August 2014, Murphy was assigned the Leeds number seven shirt for the 2014–15 season. On 27 August 2014, Murphy was sent off in the first half against Bradford City to condemn Leeds to a shock 2–1 League Cup defeat against the League One opposition. Head coach, Dave Hockaday was sacked the following day.  After a long spell out of favour under new head coach Neil Redfearn Murphy returned to Leeds' starting lineup in the FA Cup 1–0 defeat against Sunderland on 4 January 2015. He started the following league game, a 1–1 draw against Bolton Wanderers on 10 January. He scored in consecutive games for Leeds, firstly helping to earn a point by equalising in a 1–1 draw against Birmingham City on 17 January. He then scored the winner, with a long range strike, in a 1–0 win against Bournemouth on 20 January. As a result of his rise in form over this period Murphy was subsequently nominated for the January 2015 Championship Player of the Month award. Murphy followed this up with a long range strike in a 2–0 victory against Reading on 10 February.  On 2 May 2015, Murphy was one of five players nominated for the Fans Player Of The Year Award at Leeds United's official end of 2014–15 season awards ceremony, but lost out to eventual winner Alex Mowatt. Murphy also lost out to goal of the season for his goal against Bournemouth to teammate Rodolph Austin's volley against Watford.

2015–16 season.

On 9 July 2015, it was announced that Murphy would miss all of pre-season and the beginning of the season after picking up a knee injury which required surgery during pre season training.  Despite being out injured, on 14 July 2015, Murphy signed a new four-year contract at the club keeping him at Leeds until the summer of 2019. The contract saw Murphy actually sign on reduced terms as a considerable sign of his commitment to stay with the club. On 31 July 2015, Murphy was given the number 8 shirt for the upcoming 2015–16 season. After missing all of the pre season and the beginning of the Championship season, on 12 August 2015, Murphy returned for Leeds as a substitute in the League Cup against Doncaster Rovers, Murphy scored a penalty in a penalty shootout with Leeds losing 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. On 2 April 2016, Murphy scored his first goal of the season and Leeds' only goal in the 2–1 loss to Rotherham.

2016–17 season.

He made his first appearance for Leeds on 23 August 2016, starting in Leeds League Cup fixture against Luton Town.  By 24 September, Murphy had fallen so far out of favour that he, along with Toumani Diagouraga and Ross Turnbull, was no longer listed in the Leeds United match programme as a member of the squad, and all three were training with the under-23 team.

Burton Albion loan.

On 6 January 2017, Murphy left Leeds for fellow Championship side Burton Albion, on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. On 28 January 2017, Murphy scored his first goal for Burton against Queens Park Rangers. He impressed during his time at Burton, and formed a vital partnership in midfield alongside midfielder Jackson Irvine and helped the club to avoid relegation after finishing 20th.  On 3 July 2017, he re-joined Burton on loan for the entirety of the 2017–18 season. Playing in a deeper central midfield position for most of the 2017/18 season, he scored his first goal of the season on 15 April 2018, in a 3–1 victory against Derby County.

Return to Leeds.

With speculation that he was not in Marcelo Bielsa's plans, on 26 July 2018, Murphy was not given a shirt number for Leeds for the upcoming 2018–19 season for Leeds.

Bolton Wanderers.

He was released from his Leeds contract, a year early, on 1 August 2018. The following day he signed for Bolton Wanderers on a two-year contract. He made his debut for Bolton on 4 August 2018 when starting in Wanderers' 2–1 victory over West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns. His first goal for Bolton was on 22 October 2019, as he scored the opening goal in Bolton's first win of the 2019/2020 season, a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers.

Honours.

Crewe Alexandra  Individual

Luke John Murphy (born 21 October 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Bolton Wanderers.


Scalar field.

Since scalars mostly may be treated as special cases of multi-dimensional quantities such as vectors and tensors, "physical scalar fields" might be regarded as a special case of more general fields, like vector fields, spinor fields, and tensor fields.

Physical quantity.

A physical quantity is expressed by a numerical value and a physical unit, not merely a number. Its quantity may be regarded as the product of the number and the unit (e.g. for distance, 1 km is the same as 1000 m). Thus, following the example of distance, the quantity does not depend on the length of the base vectors of the coordinate system. Also, other changes of the coordinate system may affect the formula for computing the scalar (for example, the Euclidean formula for distance in terms of coordinates relies on the basis being orthonormal), but not the scalar itself. In this sense, physical distance deviates from the definition of metric in not being just a real number; however it satisfies all other properties. The same applies for other physical quantities which are not dimensionless.

Non-relativistic scalars.

Temperature.

An example of a scalar quantity is temperature: the temperature at a given point is a single number. Velocity, on the other hand, is a vector quantity.

Other examples.

Some examples of scalar quantities in physics are mass, charge, volume, time, speed, and electric potential at a point inside a medium. The distance between two points in three-dimensional space is a scalar, but the direction from one of those points to the other is not, since describing a direction requires two physical quantities such as the angle on the horizontal plane and the angle away from that plane. Force cannot be described using a scalar, since force has both direction and magnitude; however, the magnitude of a force alone can be described with a scalar, for instance the gravitational force acting on a particle is not a scalar, but its magnitude is. The speed of an object is a scalar (e.g. 180 km/h), while its velocity is not (e.g. 108 km/h northward and 144 km/h westward). Some other examples of scalar quantities in Newtonian mechanics are electric charge and charge density.

Relativistic scalars.

In the theory of relativity, one considers changes of coordinate systems that trade space for time. As a consequence, several physical quantities that are scalars in "classical" (non-relativistic) physics need to be combined with other quantities and treated as four-vectors or tensors. For example, the charge density at a point in a medium, which is a scalar in classical physics, must be combined with the local current density (a 3-vector) to comprise a relativistic 4-vector. Similarly, energy density must be combined with momentum density and pressure into the stress–energy tensor.  Examples of scalar quantities in relativity include electric charge, spacetime interval (e.g., proper time and proper length), and invariant mass.

A scalar or scalar quantity in physics is a physical quantity that can be described by a single element of a number field such as a real number, often accompanied by units of measurement (eg. cm). A scalar is usually said to be a physical quantity that only has magnitude, possibly a sign, and no other characteristics. This is in contrast to vectors, tensors, etc. which are described by several numbers that characterize their magnitude, direction, and so on.


History.

In Panchayat era under the rule of late king Mahendra B. B. Shah and king Birendra B.B. Shah, many Nepalese people came to Prithvinagar for settlement. They were encouraged to take part in controlled deforestation program. The first settlers were awarded fertile land in return for their hard work. Later arrivals were less fortunate but was still provided with land. Remaining less fertile land was given to them then previous settlers. Many people from hills and various other parts of Nepal and India migrated to Prithvinagar during BS 2020 and 2030. People who came to Prithvinagar for settlement from India were of Nepalese origin. They were invited to return home with Ghar Farka Abhiyan (Return Home Campaign) by then prime minister B.P. Koirala. Land Reform program initiated by King Mahendra accelerated the inward movement of people in Prithvinagar.  There was not any recorded or unrecorded conflicts in settlement process. People from various ethnic communities came with their families. Nepalese of all walks of life worked together in harmony. They built roads, bridges, dames and canals. Most people got engaged in farming and agriculture activities; some started trade and business while others joined in service industry. Many youths of Prithvinagar joined military and police force, some traveled India for casual works, higher education, to join in Indian army and so forth. Those with higher ambition and physical stamina even joined in the British Army. Among those migrant Nepalese, some were retired army personnel from British and Indian arm forces, some were educated in India.  During Panchayat rule, late MR Kaman Sing Limbu served as village chief known locally as Pradhan Pancha. His deputy was Kul Prasad Sangraula. Kaman Sing was a popular and prominent figure during Panchayat rule in Prithvinagar. He was replaced by Mr. Hari Adhikari after successful democratic revolution of BS 2046 that ended Panchayat rule in Nepal. His deputy was Narapati Limbu. Hari Adhikari and Narapati Limbu along with the whole panel of Nepal Communist Party had elected in first local election in Prithvinagar.  In 1994, Bikas Ghimire published "Factors Determining the Contraceptive Use in Nepal: Case Study of Prithivinagar Village, Jhapa". On February 2 2001, an arson attack by Maoist insurgents took place at the Small Farmers Cooperative Office in Prithivinagar. On June 28 2003, terrorist Man Maya Bishwokarma was killed by security forces in the VDC.

Geography.

Prithivinagar is situated in the southeastern corner of Nepal, and southeastern part of Jhapa District. The VDC is bordered by Jalthal to the west, Maheshpur to the north and east, Baniyani to the south and Pathmari to the southeast. The Mechi River flows to the east of the village on the India-Nepal border.

Economy.

Prithivinagar has been one of the village development committees which have been subject to the Nepali government's Land Reform Program, which was launched in 1964.  Still there is no any official economical statistics of Prithvinagar.

Prithvinagar or Prithvinagar is a village development committee in Jhapa District in the Mechi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 15,612 people living in 2799 individual households.


Overview.

Electoral system.

The Corts Valencianes were the devolved, unicameral legislature of the Valencian autonomous community, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Government. Voting for the Corts was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Valencian Community and in full enjoyment of their political rights.  The 99 members of the Corts Valencianes were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 5 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied regionally. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Alicante, Castellón and Valencia. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of 20 seats, with the remaining 39 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations on the condition that the seat to population ratio in any given province did not exceed three times that of any other.  The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.

Election date.

The term of the Corts Valencianes expired four years after the date of their previous election. Elections to the Corts were fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years. The previous election was held on 25 May 2003, setting the election date for the Corts on Sunday, 27 May 2007.  The Corts Valencianes could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament. In the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional President within a two-month period from the first ballot, the Corts were to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called.

Opinion polls.

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 50 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Corts Valencianes (45 until 11 April 2006).

The 2007 Valencian regional election was held on Sunday, 27 May 2007, to elect the 7th Corts of the Valencian Community. All 99 seats in the Corts were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


History.

The East River waterfront of lower Manhattan, which includes South Street (so named because it is on the south side of the island), played an important part in the early history of New York City and became, over a period of two hundred years, one of the most prosperous commercial districts in the city. This development of the South Street Seaport area from a small cluster of wharves in the 18th century to an important part of the leading port of the nation in the mld-19th century reflects the rise of New York City as an international center of commerce. As early as 1625 when the Dutch West India Company established a trading post at the foot of Manhattan Island, the area south of today's seaport served as a landing site for incoming boats. The Dutch constructed a small floating dock which extended into the East River from what is now Broad Street. As lower Manhattan, then New Amsterdam, became more populous, a few streets were cut through the surrounding countryside. One of the first was Queen Street (now Pearl Street), laid out in 1633, which rapidly became the core of the mercantile community of 17th century Manhattan. Queen Street ran along the waterfront until the latter half of the 18th century when landfill extended the eastern boundary of Manhattan out to Water and later to Front Street.  South Street was built on landfill in the latter part of the 17th century; the city began to grade and pave it in 1798, creating a 75-foot border between houses and merchants' shops, and the wharves, slips and piers that had sprung up along the street; the width was necessary because the ships docked right against the shoreline, with their bowsprits sticking out into the street, giving it its nickname, the "streety o' ships". In the early 19th century, South Street was created on additional landfill. South Street became the center of the city's shipping industry and water-based commerce for two hundred years; although by 1810 it was getting competition from West Street on the other side of the island. In 1835, the Great Fire of New York destroyed 76 of the buildings on the street, but that hardly kept back the expansion of commerce along the shoreline. On one day in 1836, there were 921 vessels on the East River waiting to load or unload onto South Street, while an additional 320 waited on the Hudson. At that time, New York City had 62% of the import business in the entire country.  The amount of trade kept increasing, and by 1857 "Gleason's Pictorial Magazine" described both South and West Streets as blocks and blocks of "sail-lofts, shipping offices, warehouses of every description, cheap eating-houses, markets, and those indescribable stores, where old cables, junk, anchors, and all sorts of cast-off worldly things, that none but a seaman has a name for, find a refuge."  By the 1930s, the South Street area was depressed and the hurly-burly of its heyday was gone:  On mild sunny days the drifters sit along the docks with their "junk bags", share cigarette butts, and stare endlessly into the water. In winter they cluster in little groups about small bonfires; many sleep at night in doorways with newspapers for covering. Other join the homeless men who sleep in the Municipal Lodging House, Annex No. 2, in the old ferry shed at the foot of Whitehall Street, which can accommodate about 1,200 nightly.  Sometime in the early 1980s, South Street was refurbished from its abandoned status into a tourist attraction to create an atmosphere similar to places like Baltimore's Inner Harbor and Boston's Quincy Market.

In popular culture.

The street has often been used as a location for Hollywood movies, including "A Hatful of Rain", which was filmed in 1957 at Knickerbocker Village. South Street was the setting for the 1953 Sam Fuller film "Pickup on South Street".

References.

Notes Further reading

South Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, located immediately adjacent to the East River. It runs from Whitehall Street near the southern tip of Manhattan to Jackson Street near the Williamsburg Bridge. The Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive, in an elevated portion known as the South Street Viaduct, runs along the entire length of the street.


Discovery, conservation and publication.

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips (TBS) were donated to Tsinghua University in July 2008 by an alumnus of the university. The precise location(s) and date(s) of the illicit excavation that yielded the slips remain(s) unknown. An article in the "Guangming Daily" named the donor as Zhao Weiguo (), and stated that the texts were purchased at "a foreign auction", Neither the name of the auction house, nor the location or sum involved in the transaction were mentioned. Li Xueqin, the director of the conservation and research project, has stated that the wishes of the alumnus to maintain his identity secret will be respected.  Similarities with previous discoveries, such as the manuscripts from the Guodian tomb, indicate that the TBS came from a mid-to-late Warring States Period (480–221BC) tomb in the region of China culturally dominated at that time by the Chu state. A single radiocarbon date (305±30BC) and the style of ornament on the accompanying box are in keeping with this conclusion. By the time they reached the university, the slips were badly affected by mold. Conservation work on the slips was carried out, and a Center for Excavated Texts Research and Preservation was established at Tsinghua on April 25, 2009. There are 2388 slips altogether in the collection, including a number of fragments.  A series of articles discussing the TBS, intended for an educated but non-specialist Chinese audience, appeared in the Guangming Daily during late 2008 and 2009. The first volume of texts (photographic reproductions, transcriptions, and commentary) was published by the Tsinghua team in 2010.  A 2013 article in "The New York Times" reported on the TBS's importance to understanding the Chinese classics. Sarah Allan, a sinologist at Dartmouth College, stressed the significance of the circa 305 BC date when the bamboo manuscripts were buried, about 100 years before Qin Shi Huang conducted a "literary holocaust" with the (213–210 BC) burning of books and burying of scholars. Professor Allan said that, in predating that textual censorship, "(t)hese manuscripts speak directly to the core issues of the Chinese intellectual tradition and were recorded at the height of the formative period." "The classics are all political", Li Xueqin commented: "It would be like finding the original Bible or the 'original' classics. It enables us to look at the classics before they were turned into 'classics.' The questions now include, what were they in the beginning, and how they became what they are?"

The texts.

Several of the TBS texts are similar to the received "Shang Shu", a miscellany of documents from various dates in the first millennium BC that were transmitted as a canonical collection from the Han dynasty onwards. In some cases, a TBS text can be found in the received Shang Shu, with only variations in wording, title or orthography. Such examples include versions of the "Jin Teng" (), "Kang Gao" () and "Gu Ming" () chapters of the "Shang Shu". The majority of "Shang Shu"-style TBS texts, however, are not found in the received "Shang Shu", either having been "lost" in the process of transmission, or else never having been incorporated into the canonical collection.  An annalistic history () recording events from the beginning of the Western Zhou (mid-11th century BC) through to the early Warring States period (mid-5th century) is said to be similar in form and content to the received "Bamboo Annals".  Another text running across 14 slips recounts a celebratory gathering of the Zhou elite in the 8th year of the reign of King Wu of Zhou, prior to their conquest of the Shang dynasty. The gathering takes place in the ancestral temple of King Wen of Zhou, King Wu's father, and consisted of beer drinking and the recitation of hymns in the style of the received Shi Jing.

The Admonition of Protection.

Among the TBS texts in the style of the received "Shang Shu", is one that has been titled "The Admonition of Protection" ("Bao Xun" 保訓). This was the first text for which anything approaching a complete description and transcription was published. The text purports to be a record of a deathbed admonition by the Zhou king Wen Wang to his son and heir, Wu Wang. Although the team working on the text refers to it as "The Admonition of Protection" (or "Protector's Admonition", 保训), their transcription of the text refers to a "Precious Admonition" (Bao Xun) and that may be the more appropriate editorial title. The content of the king's speech revolves around a concept of The Middle (Zhong 中) which seems to refer to an avoidance of extremes and an ability to consider diverse points of view. The king narrates a story of the sage-king Shun acquiring The Middle by living a modest, thoughtful life, and a more puzzling second tale which describes the Shang ancestor Wei () "borrowing The Middle from the River."

Xinian.

"Xinian" 繫年 (), probably composed ca. 370 BC, relates key events of Zhou history. It comprises 138 slips in a relatively well preserved condition. Among the contents they transmit is an account of the origin of Qin by supporters of the Shang dynasty, who were opposed to the Zhou conquest.

Decimal multiplication table.

Twenty-one bamboo slips of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, when assembled in the correct order, represent a decimal multiplication table that can be used to multiply numbers (any whole or half integer) up to 99.5. Joseph Dauben from the City University of New York called it "the earliest artefact of a decimal multiplication table in the world". According to Guo Shuchun, director of the Chinese Society of the History of Mathematics, those slips filled a historical gap for mathematical documents prior to the Qin Dynasty. It is presumed that officials used the multiplication table to calculate land surface area, yields of crops and the amounts of taxes owed.

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips () are a collection of Chinese texts dating to the Warring States period and written in ink on strips of bamboo, that were acquired in 2008 by Tsinghua University, China. The texts were obtained by illegal excavation, probably of a tomb in the area of Hubei or Hunan province, and were then acquired and donated to the university by an alumnus. The very large size of the collection and the significance of the texts for scholarship make it one of the most important discoveries of early Chinese texts to date.


Swimming career.

At the 2008 FINA Youth World Swimming Championships, Knutson won a total of five medals, all of them gold. At the 2008 Short Course Nationals, Knutson broke Katie Hoff's American record in the 400-yard individual medley with a time of 4:00.62, a record which has since been broken by Julia Smit. At the 2009 Junior Pac Pacs, she set five meet records while winning seven gold medals and a bronze.  At the 2009 National Championships, Knutson qualified to swim in the 4x200 m freestyle relay at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome by placing fifth in the 200 m freestyle. In Rome, Knutson swam in the heats of the 4x200 m freestyle relay (with Ariana Kukors, Alyssa Anderson, and Lacey Nymeyer) and won a silver medal after the United States placed second in the finals. As the second leg, Knutson had a 1:57.73 split.  At the 2010 National Championships, Knutson did not qualify to swim in any individual events at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. Knutson placed 4th in the 400 m freestyle, 5th in the 200 m freestyle, 6th in the 400 m individual medley, and 19th in the 200 m butterfly.  At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, Knutson won a gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Missy Franklin, Katie Hoff, and Allison Schmitt, with the team finishing ahead of Australia and China. As the second leg, Knutson had a 1:57.18 split.

Personal life.

Knutson started swimming at the age of 9. Her parents, Jim and Ronda, were both college athletes. Her parents have chosen for her a Norwegian name (although they both have American citizenship, their parents are Norwegians).  Knutson's hometown is Minot, North Dakota, but she has trained at the University of Florida after briefly training with Auburn University then FAST in Fullerton, California. Because of geographic proximity, Knutson used to swim in so many meets in Canada that she was once mistakenly named one of that country's top 12-year-old swimmers.

Dagny Knutson (born January 18, 1992) is an American swimmer of Norwegian heritage. Knutson is a former American record holder in 400-yard individual medley and holds several high school national records. She finished swimming competitively in 2012 and in 2013, due to her struggles with bulimia and financial strains.


Early life.

Berkeley.

Harvey earned her undergraduate degree from the University of California at Berkeley and her MBA from UCLA's Anderson School.

Playing career.

After graduating, Harvey played semi-professional soccer in Europe. She represented FSV Frankfurt of Germany between 1988 and 1991, as well as Hammarby IF and Tyresö FF of Sweden in 1993 and 1994 respectively.  After making her debut against Poland in 1989, Harvey won 27 caps for the United States women's national soccer team. Her last appearance came in 1996 against Australia.

Sports administration career.

Off the field, Harvey served on U.S. Soccer's board of directors for 12 years, including 5 years on the Executive Committee; and on the U.S. Olympic Committee. In 2003, Harvey was hired by FIFA to become its Director of Development, becoming the first woman and first American hired by the international governing body to run a division. In this role, Harvey was responsible for managing the US$160 million per year development budget for FIFA, including such programs as the Financial Assistance Program, the Goal Programme, and FIFA's education or course programs. She was also responsible for FIFA's activities to develop women's football, futsal and beach soccer, and to oversee FIFA's sports medicine activities. Prior to joining FIFA, Harvey was the CEO of a US$15 million sports and fitness company, and worked in the management consulting industry for both Deloitte. and Accenture.  In 2008, Harvey left FIFA to return to her native United States to become the chief operating officer for Women's Professional Soccer, the new women's professional soccer league in the United States. Harvey left WPS in 2010 after two seasons.  She is currently the chief executive of the Centre for Sport and Human Rights.

Honors and awards.

Harvey's honors include:

Mary Harvey (born June 4, 1965) is an American retired soccer goalkeeper. She was the starting goalie for 1991 U.S. Women's National Team which won the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup; and a member of the 1996 Olympic Gold Medal team. Harvey retired from international competition in 1996 following the Atlanta Olympics.


Biography.

Early life.

Alexander was born to a family of Oryol nobility. He studied in Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, then served in the Hussar Leib Guard regiment.

Accomplishments.

In 1896 he was a member of the Russian mission of the Red Cross in Ethiopia, where he became a confidant of Negus Menelek II of Ethiopia. He begins arrival to Ethiopia with phenomenal showy courier's marathon by reason of record speed with the use of camel, during this courier's march the Nikolay Leontiev meets him to give help. In 1896 - 1899 he became a military aide of Menelek II in his war with Italy and the southern tribes. Bulatovich joined the expedition of Ras Wolde Giyorgis and became the first European to provide a scientific description of the Kaffa province (conquered by Menelek II with Bulatovich's help). He was the first European to reach the mouth of the Omo River. Among the places named by Bulatovich is the Nicholas II Mountain range. He had to ask permission from the Emperor himself to name the range in his honour.  After Bulatovich returned to Russia he received a Silver Medal from the Russian Geographical Society for his work in Ethiopia and the military rank of a poruchik (later rotmistr) of the Leib Guard Hussars. He served in Saint Petersburg. In 1903 after his talks with Saint John of Kronstadt he resigned from the Army and became a monk (later hiero-schema-monk) of the Russian Skete of Saint Andrew near the much larger St. Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos in Greece. He also visited Ethiopia again trying to establish a Russian Orthodox Monastery there. He was tonsured as Father Antony and became known as Hieromonk Antony Bulatovich.  In 1907 after reading the book "On Caucasus Mountains" by the schema-monk Ilarion, he became one of the leaders of the imiaslavie movement within the Russian Orthodox Church. When the movement was proclaimed a heresy and disbanded by a Russian military force in 1913, he was in St. Petersburg pleading the cause of monks.  He continued his fight for the recognition of "imiaslavie", published many theological books proving its dogmas, obtained an audience with the Tsar and eventually managed to secure some sort of rehabilitation for himself and his imiaslavtsy comrades. They were allowed to return to their positions in the Church without repentance.

Military service.

In 1896 - 1899 he became a military aide of Menelek II in his war with Italy and the southern tribes. Bulatovich joined the expedition of Ras Wolde Giyorgis and became the first European to provide a scientific description of the Kaffa province (conquered by Menelek II with Bulatovich's help). He was the first European to reach the mouth of the Omo River. Among the places named by Bulatovich is the Nicholas II Mountain range. He had to ask permission from the Emperor himself to name the range in his honour.  After Bulatovich returned to Russia he received a Silver Medal from the Russian Geographical Society for his work in Ethiopia and the military rank of a poruchik (later rotmistr) of the Leib Guard Hussars. He served in Saint Petersburg. In 1903 after his talks with Saint John of Kronstadt he resigned from the Army and became a monk (later hiero-schema-monk) of the Russian Skete of Saint Andrew near the much larger St. Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos in Greece.  On August 28, 1914 Antony Bulatovich received permission to join the Russian Army as an Army priest. During World War I Father Antony not only served as a priest but on "many occasions led soldiers to attack" and was awarded the Cross of St. George

Later life.

After returning from the war he took part in the discussion about the "imiaslavie". In October 1918 the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church canceled the decision allowing imyaslavtsy to participate in church services provided they repent. The decision was signed by Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow. In January 1919 Anthony Bulatovich stopped any relations with the Holy Synod and Tikhon and returned to his family estate in Lebedinka, where he started a small skete and lived the life of a hermit. He was the spiritual opponent of any civil war.

Death.

On the night from 5 to 6 December 1919 he was murdered. There are conflicting accounts if the killers were deserters of White Army or Red Army or some unaffiliated robbers.

Bulatovich in Russian literature.

Antony Bulatovich was most probably the original for the grotesque Schema-Hussar Alexei Bulanovich from the novel "The Twelve Chairs" by Ilf and Petrov. He is also the hero of Valentin Pikul's story "The Hussar on a Camel". In addition he is the hero of the novel "The Name of Hero" by Richard Seltzer (published by Houghton Mifflin in 1981). The complete text of that novel is online for free at http://www.seltzerbooks.com/hero.html

Alexander Ksaverievich Bulatovich (; 26 September 1870 – 5 December 1919) tonsured Father Antony (отец Антоний) was a Russian military officer, explorer of Africa, writer, hieromonk and the leader of the imiaslavie movement in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.


The artist.

Ranc was a French painter, mainly active in portraiture. He trained under his father Antoine Ranc and his father's former student Hyacinthe Rigaud. He served at the courts of both Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain. He was active at the Spanish court from 1723 and painted King Felipe V as well as his eight surviving children. Ranc was subsequently replaced by Louis Michel van Loo as court painter and it was he who painted the Spanish royal family in 1738 and 1743.

The painting.

Ranc's 1723 painting of Felipe V of Spain depicts his five eldest surviving children. The king is sat between his two eldest sons, Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias and Infante Fernando by his first wife Maria Luisa of Savoy. Felipe V's first wife died in 1714 and he remarried later the same year to Isabel Farnese. His second wife was the mother of the three other children depicted in the painting. Infante Felipe, future Duke of Parma, aged three at the time of the painting is stood between his parents and holds a yellow flower. An oval painting shows Infanta Mariana Victoria, fiancée of Louis XV, who was residing in France at the time. On the immediate right is Infante Carlos future King of Spain.  The background of the painting is a large room reminiscent of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, incidentally where Felipe V was born in 1683. Domestic staff are also shown going about their daily chores. In the distance is a monk, possibly a reference to Felipe V's religious mania which stayed with him all his life. The males in the painting all wear the blue sashes of the Order of the Holy Spirit. Infante Fernando, stood over a dog was subsequently painting individually by Ranc, a painting which is also conserved at the Prado.

The Family of Felipe V is an oil on canvas painting by the French artist Jean Ranc completed in 1723. It features depictions of Philip V of Spain and his family. The painting is one of a trio of paintings that bear the same name; the other two are by Louis Michel van Loo and are dated 1738 and (a larger version) 1743.


Early life and career.

Corse was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but moved at the age of seven with his family to Burlington in the Iowa Territory. His father, John Lockwood Corse, served six terms as the mayor of that town and established a prosperous book and stationery business. Young Corse became a partner in the family business.  He was appointed to the United States Military Academy and studied there for two years. Leaving West Point in 1855, Corse chose not to stay in the military, but instead attended a law school in Albany, New York, and passed his bar exam. He later returned to Iowa and was nominated as the new state's lieutenant governor by the Iowa Democratic Party. In 1860, he unsuccessfully ran for secretary of state.

Civil War.

Corse joined the 6th Iowa Infantry as its Major in July 1861 and initially served under Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont. He then served on the staff of Maj. Gen. John Pope early the following year during the Battle of Island Number Ten and associated engagements. He returned to field duty with his regiment and fought in the Siege of Corinth, being promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on August 11, 1863, in recognition of his service at the Siege of Vicksburg. Assigned command of the 4th Brigade, 4th Division, XV Corps, in the Federal Army of the Tennessee, Corse participated in the Chattanooga Campaign. After recuperating from an injury suffered at Missionary Ridge, Corse returned to active duty as the inspector general on Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's staff. In July 1864, he returned to field duty in command of a division in XVI Corps. General Corse is best known for his role in the Battle of Allatoona in October 1864. On Sherman's orders, Corse went with 2,100 men to secure Allatoona Pass to prevent Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood from severing Union communications. The small band of Union soldiers fought determinedly against the 7,000 troops under Hood's command. During the bloody battle, Corse "lost one third of his men and one third of his ear" but secured the pass on October 5, the date on which he was later appointed a brevet major general. In the midst of the fighting, General Corse received the famous message from General Sherman, "Hold on, I am coming!" Newspapers later amended the text to "Hold the fort, for I am coming", which inspired a popular ballad. Corse was badly wounded during the stubborn defense, losing a cheekbone and one ear, but recovered to resume his front-line combat duties.  Corse later participated in Sherman's March to the Sea and the Siege of Savannah. In the final months of the Civil War, he led his division during the Carolinas Campaign. At the end of the war he was appointed brevet major general for his Allatoona service.

Postbellum career.

Following the Civil War, Corse served in a variety of posts. He refused the offer of a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the regular army and instead mustered out of the volunteer service in April 1866. He soon returned to Iowa, where he built railroads and bridges. With the political patronage system of the period, he was named the regional Collector of Internal Revenue, with his office in Chicago. Corse later moved to Massachusetts and was chairman of the state's Democratic committee. He was then appointed Postmaster of Boston. He was married to the grandniece of former U.S. President Franklin Pierce.  Corse died on his 58th birthday in Winchester, Massachusetts. His body was transported to Burlington, Iowa, and interred in Aspen Grove Cemetery, the large red brick, and limestone mausoleum is plainly visible from the rear entrance of the cemetery, and is one of the cemetery's landmarks.  A bronze equestrian statue of General Corse by sculptor Carl Rohl-Smith stands in Crapo Park in Burlington; the statue was restored in 2006 at a cost of $100,000.  An elementary school within the Burlington School District bears both his, and his father's, names.  A bridge over the Iowa River at state Highway 6 in Iowa City, Iowa has been named the John Corse Memorial Bridge.

References.

Attribution:

John Murray Corse (April 27, 1835 – April 27, 1893) was an American politician and soldier who served as a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He was a staff officer during the liberation of the Upper Mississippi, and then served in the front line at Corinth and Vicksburg, being promoted to brigadier general. He is chiefly remembered for his stubborn defence of the Allatoona Pass (October 1864) against superior numbers, despite being seriously wounded, while Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman signalled a message which was turned into a popular ballad "Hold the fort, for I am coming."


Content.

After Presley's induction into the United States Army on March 24, 1958, RCA Victor and Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, were faced with the prospect of keeping his name before the public for two years with no possibility of live performances or movies, and few unissued marketable recordings in the vault. A recording session was arranged for two days in June, which yielded enough items for five more single sides, singles being the commercial focus for rock and roll in the 1950s. Four of those tracks would be issued on 45s in 1958 and 1959 during his absence while doing military service.  Presley, however, also did well in the albums market. Each of his previous six LPs charted no lower than number three, and RCA wished to continue to release albums by their hot commodity given his sales record. Much of Presley's material had been issued on single records, not on LP. For this album, RCA Victor collected nine tracks previously available in single form only, as well as "Poor Boy" from the "Love Me Tender" EP. Four of the tracks had been issued on Sun Records with limited release, and were very difficult to come by outside of the south. However all 5 Sun singles were reissued by RCA Victor in November 1955 and remained in print through the 1970s.  "That's All Right (Mama)" was never issued as a single in the UK during Presley's lifetime.

Reissues.

RCA first reissued the original 10 track album "For LP Fans Only" on compact disc in 1989. The album is included in a 25 disc package, "The Perfect Blues Collection", released by Sony in 2011. The album is also available in the 2016 60 CD boxed set "Elvis Presley - The Complete RCA Album Collection".

For LP Fans Only is a compilation album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, issued by RCA Victor in February 1959. It compiled previously released material from an August 1956 recording session at 20th Century Fox Stage One, a September 1956 session at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, sessions on January 10 and 11 at the RCA Victor Studios in Nashville, two more at the RCA Victor Studios in New York, and multiple sessions at Sun Studio. The album reached number 19 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart.


History.

The first human inhabitants came to the area of the present nature reserve in the Stone Age. Permanent settlements were established on the shores of Lake Big Võrtsjärv, predecessor of the current lake, which covered large lowland areas to the north and northeast. Fishing was the main occupation which attracted inhabitants to this area for centuries.  Human activities influenced the area most in the 19th century, when interest in using its natural resources (mainly wood and fish) grew significantly. The main driver behind exploiting the large forests of the area was glass industry, which needed huge amounts of firewood. The first glass workshop was established in Utsali in 1760. In the beginning of 19th century the Võisiku or Rõika-Meleski glass and mirror manufacture on the banks of Põltsamaa River near the western border of the current nature reserve was the largest industrial enterprise in Estonia, employing around 540 people in 1820. After the First World War the majority of glass factories were shut down and intensive forest cutting stopped. From 1952 to 1992 Soviet Air Force managed a relatively small bombing range in the northern part of the area. The small village of Utsali was cleared of people for that purpose. The large buffer zone of the bombing range, covering nearly half of the territory of today's nature reserve, ensured the protection of the natural landscape.  The nature reserve was officially established in 1994 with the help of Estonian Fund for Nature. In 1997 it was included in the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance and since 2004 it is part of the European Union Natura 2000 network.  Currently the nature reserve has less than 10 permanent inhabitants, and no roads traverse the area. Before the Second World War, 120 people lived in Palupõhja, a village on the left bank of Emajõgi; in 2001, it had five.

Nature.

Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve covers large portion of the Võrtsjärv Basin, a vast bowl-like lowland area, which following the last Ice Age was inundated by the waters of Lake Big Võrtsjärv. When the lake formed in early Holocene the water level was 4–5 m higher than today. The lake started receding after 7500 BP, when an outflow to the east developed via the Emajõgi Valley.  The nature reserve is largely a wetland, including a complex of five large bogs and floodplains of the large rivers (Emajõgi, Põltsamaa and Pedja). Wetlands cover 82% of the nature reserve's territory. The only types of lakes found in the nature reserve are oxbow lakes and more than 2000 bog pools. Lots of floodplain meadows have traditionally used for haymaking. However, in recent decades the extent of floodplains mowed has greatly decreased, threatening species associated with such valuable semi-natural landscapes. Continuing management of floodplain meadows is one of the main aims of the nature reserve.  Most of the forest in Alam-Pedja are also wet. Alluvial broadleaf and old-growth forests are particularly valuable.  Alam-Pedja is the most important breeding area for great snipe in Estonia and the Baltic countries. The greater spotted eagle is another threatened bird species breeding in the area.

Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve () is the largest nature reserve in Estonia. It is a vast wilderness area which covers and consists of a complex of 5 large bogs separated by unregulated rivers, their floodplains, and extensive forests. The nature reserve aims to protect diverse ecosystems and rare species, mainly through preserving the natural development of forests and bogs and securing the continuing management of semi-natural floodplain grasslands.


Early life.

Leggett was born in Ithaca, New York, but relocated to Geauga County, Ohio, with his parents when he was fifteen years old. He and his father created a farm out of the wilderness area. He studied first medicine and then law, which he practiced with some success in Akron, Ohio. He taught in the Akron and Warren public schools to supplement his income from his legal business, helping to establish the graded-school system now common. In 1848, together with Lorin Andrews, Mortimer became editor of "The Free School Clarion", a journal dedicated to education. From 1855 to 1858, he was a professor of pleading and practice in the Ohio College of Law in Poland, and in 1858 became superintendent of schools at Zanesville, Ohio. He was a law partner of Jacob D. Cox.

Civil War.

At the beginning of the Civil War, Leggett served as a volunteer on the staff of his friend, Major General George B. McClellan in western Virginia. He helped raise the 78th Ohio Infantry Regiment and was commissioned as its colonel in January 1862. He commanded his regiment at the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Corinth. In November 1862, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and participated in the Vicksburg Campaign, suffering a painful wound. After he recovered, Leggett commanded the 3rd Division of the XVII Corps during the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea. He was brevetted major general of volunteers in July 1864, and was commissioned as a major general a year later. His last action was in the Carolinas Campaign during the spring of 1865.

Postbellum career.

At the end of the war, Leggett returned to Zanesville and resumed his law practice. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him as United States Commissioner of Patents in 1871; Leggett held that position until 1881, when he resigned to resume his private practice. In 1884, he founded a successful company that would become a part of General Electric.  His son, Mortimer M. Leggett, was accidentally killed on October 14, 1873, during an initiation to the Cornell chapter of the Kappa Alpha Society. The younger Leggett was blindfolded and walking along a railroad trestle with other initiates, when he fell, striking the back of his head. Leggett was the first person known to die in a college fraternity initiation.  Leggett died in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 74, and was buried in Lake View Cemetery.

Mortimer Dormer Leggett (April 19, 1821 – January 6, 1896) was a lawyer, school administrator, professor, and a general of the Union Army during the American Civil War.