Episode overview.

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Episode 10 – "Chicken Gun".

Chicken Gun.

Allegedly, British rail companies borrowed the titular gun from NASA for testing windshields for high-speed trains, but were shocked and confused at the amount of carnage the gun did. When they asked NASA what they were doing wrong, they were told to thaw the chickens before firing.

Episode 12 – "Sinking Titanic".

Goldfish Memory.

This myth is so widely passed around that it even made it into "Time" Magazine's "numbers" section at one point.

The Mad Trombonist.

This myth was later tested on "Myths Redux"

Sinking Titanic.

It was noted during the episode that the story of Charles Joughin, the "Titanic"'s chief baker, contradicted the myth. He testified in a 1912 enquiry that he held onto the stern railing of the ship as it went down. As the ship went under, he stepped off; his hair did not get wet, much less himself get sucked under with the ship. However, the story does hold some credence, as many ships emit a large amount of air, as they sink. This massive amount of air, rising to the surface, creates a situation, whereby there is loss of buoyancy, in the air bubbles and anyone caught in this will sink, hence the belief that the ship is 'pulling' a floating person down with it.  Later, while preparing for the "Ping Pong Salvage" myth, the "Sinking Titanic" myth was re-tested and re-busted as Adam pointed out.

Episode 13 – "Buried in Concrete".

Buried in Concrete.

The myth revolved around Jimmy Hoffa, a union leader who unexpectedly disappeared, and the rumors that surrounded his disappearance. Among one of the myths was that he was buried under the infamous ten-yard bump in Giants Stadium, a rumor that persisted in various forms of media.

Jet Taxi.

This was the first myth in which the MythBusters were neither able to confirm nor bust the results due to logistics reasons. According to the episode, upon arrival at Mojave Spaceport, the insurance company responsible for the aircraft backed out at the last minute, citing possible foreign object damage to the plane. However, BBC's "Top Gear" was able to independently test and verify this myth.  This myth was re-tested and Confirmed in the Supersized Special.  Additionally, during the Storm Chasing Myths special (2010 season, episode 13), jet engines were used to simulate high wind speeds. Cars were used to demonstrate the power of the winds that both storm chaser's vehicles would be up against. All of the vehicles were shown blowing a considerable distance from the jet engines with significant damage done to both just from the winds alone.  This was the first episode where the MythBusters retested earlier myths that had been commented or criticized by fans or had not performed as per their original expectations and test spinoff myths related to earlier myths. The episode also introduced Tory Belleci, Scottie Chapman and Christine Chamberlain and became the first episode to extensively feature Build Team members or Mythterns. This is also the first episode to officially use the Busted/Plausible/Confirmed system; previous episodes were a bit looser and only had Busted as a consistent verdict.

Episode 14 – "Myths Revisited".

Breakstep Bridge.

This myth was retested for the episode but ultimately did not air in the US version—although the Robin Banks-narrated Discovery Europe version did include it. This myth is also included in the DVD version of "MythBusters Outtakes".

Episode 16 – "Ancient Death Ray".

Ancient Death Ray.

The MythBusters take on a myth from antiquity, where it is claimed that Archimedes constructed a solar-powered weapon by reflecting sunlight onto Roman ships. The result of the test sparked so much controversy, especially in engineering circles, that an entire episode ("Archimedes' Death Ray") was dedicated to a 2006 retest. In 2010, the myth was revisited again in the "President's Challenge" episode, in which United States President Barack Obama challenged Adam and Jamie to make a third attempt using more manpower. To date, this and JATO Rocket Car are the only myths to have been tested three times on the show.

Skunked!

The smell of skunk musk can be removed with...

What is Bulletproof?

Adam and Jamie test whether some things that are mythically held to be bulletproof are actually bulletproof – included among them was an assertion by Jamie in the first season on their Lexan barriers being bulletproof.  Bullets can be stopped by...

Episode 17 – "Elevator of Death, Levitation Machine".

Elevator of Death.

This myth is fueled by the story of an elevator attendant found alive but badly injured in an elevator car that had fallen 75 stories down a shaft in the Empire State Building after a B-25 Mitchell bomber crashed into it in 1945. After finding a bowling ball in the abandoned hotel in which they were testing the myth, Kari decided to test out a "mini-myth" of her own.

Levitation Machine.

Adam and Jamie try to build a hovercraft from vacuum cleaner parts, and after finding it plausible, decide to compete against each other in a homemade hovercraft racing contest. Adam, along with Tory and Christine (dubbed 'Team Savage'), built the heavier "Lillypad Flyer", while Jamie, Scottie, and Kari (dubbed 'Hyneman's Heroes') worked together to make the "Hyneman Hoverboard".

Episode 18 – "Beat the Radar Detector".

Plywood Builder.

Adam and Jamie tested a construction-related myth, and put several other objects said to be able to act as a parachute to the test.

Beat the Radar Gun.

This is the first myth entirely tested by the Build Team.  It is possible to legally beat the police speed radar and/or lidar by...

Episode 20 – "Exploding Jawbreaker".

Exploding Jawbreaker.

Inspired by incidents that left two children - Cameron DeHall and Taquandra Diggs - with what were later diagnosed as chemical burns after Jawbreakers blew up in their faces. It had also been reported that DeHall had heated his Jawbreaker in the microwave. The Diggs family and several other victims' families had already sued Nestlé for medical bills resulting from plastic surgery as well as pain and suffering. The lawsuits were later settled outside of court for an undisclosed amount.  Adam and Jamie, with help from Tory and Christine, tested the myth in a number of ways. When Jamie cut a Jawbreaker open using a band saw, he found that the way the candy is built (various layers of sugar around a solid candy center) creates the potential for a temperature differential. Specifically, the various layers can heat at different rates, creating a scenario where a layer can expand, cause pressure on the outer shell and make the candy unstable. (Christine found, by using an infrared thermometer, that one layer got up to 107 degrees Celsius after microwave heating.) If the candy was compressed - including in someone's jaws - the candy could explosively burst and its almost molten centers could cause painful burns.  As a finale, Jamie created a more literal exploding Jawbreaker by removing the core, filling it with gunpowder, adding a fuse and then detonating it.

Episode 21 – "Pingpong Rescue".

Ping Pong Salvage.

Adam and Jamie explore the possibility of raising a ship with ping-pong balls, originally conceived in the 1949 Donald Duck story "The Sunken Yacht" by Carl Barks.

Carried Away.

The Build Team takes on a gag used in many comedic works, where a baby or small child could be lifted into the air and fly away unintentionally when given helium balloons.  "See also Larry's Lawn Chair Balloon from Pilot 3.

Episode 22 – "Boom-Lift Catapult".

AC vs. Windows Down.

Adam and Jamie tackle not so much a myth as what they call an "urban puzzle". The debate arises because both methods of cooling influence a car's fuel efficiency—air conditioning requires a lot of power to run, but at the same time, open windows create drag. This myth was revisited in "MythBusters Revisited".

Episode 23 – "Exploding House".

Needle in a Haystack.

Adam and Jamie competed against each other in a contest to bust an old adage. While Jamie teamed up with Christine and Scottie in a machine known as "Earth, Wind & Fire" which burned the hay to leave the needles behind, Adam, Kari, and Tory used the "Needlefinder 2000", a machine that relied on water to separate needles from the hay (in the theory that needles would sink in water while hay floated). Each team had to locate four needles among ten bales of hay—three of steel of varying sizes and one of bone. Adam's team won the contest, in great part because his team's machine "processed" their haystack more quickly.

Episode 24 – "Ming Dynasty Astronaut".

Ming Dynasty Astronaut.

The MythBusters take on a story, taken from the 1945 book "Rockets and Jets" by Herbert Zim, describes a Ming dynasty astrologer named Wan Hu and determine whether he really was the first astronaut in space as a result.

Free Energy.

By far the most popular of the submitted myths are those regarding perpetual motion – it was claimed in an interview by Adam that there was enough material to create three seasons of busting potential free energy machines. One test (different from the included radio device), cut for time and shown on "MythBusters Outtakes" involves coils of baling wire being used to siphon off electricity from nearby PG&E power lines in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Adam, Jamie and MIT electrical engineer Dr. Geo Homsy tested whether real free energy can be obtained using the following, which tended to involve more well-known ideas:

Killer Ceiling Fan.

The myth of decapitation by jumping into a ceiling fan has two versions, both of which were tested: jumping up into the blades from below (via a kid jumping up and down on a bed) and jumping forward so as to carry the neck into the blades from the side (the so-called "lover's leap".) To test this, Kari and Scottie bought a regular house fan and also an industrial fan (with a higher top speed and metal blades as opposed to wood), and then they and Tori encased pig spines and latex arteries filled with fake blood inside busts of Adam and added human craniums. They then added rigs for both scenarios.

Episode SP1 – "Viewers-Choice/Christmas Special".

In this episode, Adam and Jamie test holiday-related myths while revealing the top-10 myths as voted upon by fans of the series. Clips were shown from each of these segments, in reverse order from #10 to #1.  Holiday Myths:

Mini Myth – "Busting the Egguinox Myth".

Egg-uinox.

The Egg-uinox myth was perhaps too short to air in any episode, as it was easily and conclusively busted.

The cast of the television series "MythBusters" perform experiments to verify or debunk urban legends, old wives' tales, and the like. This is a list of the various myths tested on the show as well as the results of the experiments (the myth is Busted, Plausible, or Confirmed).


Biography.

Baussan completed his degree in literature at the université d'Aix-en-Provence.  At the age of 23 he began to focus on creating cosmetic products from the flora of Provence.  But it was the acquisition of an old soap factory that had been on the decline, in partnership a chemist friend, Yves Millou, that launched the growth of the small business. The group was created in 1976. In 1980 Baussan began a trip to Burkina Faso where he discovered the properties of shea butter. In 1981 he opened his first store in Volx in Haute Provence. In 1992 he sold the company to Austrian businessman Reinold Geiger but retained a 5% stake. Through l’Occitane en Provence he launched a brand of premium olive oil, Oliviers & Co, in 1996. Most of the oils sold through the company are produced by families or small cooperatives, all of whom must follow Baussan’s exacting methods of cultivation and production.  In July 2006 he opened the eco-museum of l’Olivier in Volx and, two years later, he opened the Première Pression Provence to commemorate the producers of olive oil in Provence. He is credited with the creation of all the packaging and the designs of the stores.

Philanthropy.

He is Vice President of the L’Occitane Foundation, a charitable organization that focuses on the economic emancipation of women in Burkina Faso as well as the support for the visually impaired. The company decided in 1997 to include the names of products in braille on most of the packaging. He partnered with the Hellen Keller Foundation to provide eye exams to schools in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and in Los Angeles. In addition, he decided that all the proceeds from the sale of L’Occitane’s “Animal Soaps Set” go to Orbis, a non-profit organization that works to fight blindness in developing countries.  L’Occitane is almost solely responsible for the growth and financial stability of a women’s co-op in Burkina Faso that supplies the shea butter for the company’s lotions and cleansers. Baussan discovered the co-op accidentally while on a business trip to Cape Verde. He was so fascinated by a reporter’s story about the co-op that he went to Burkina Faso to see it for himself and became passionate about supporting it. The co-op originally had only 12 employees but has now grown to over 12,000.

Awards.

In 2009 Baussan received a medal of the Knight of the Order of Merit of Agriculture from Michel Barnier, the French minister of agriculture.  In February 2011 he was nominated by the Vanity Fair Hall of Fame for his philanthropic work.

Olivier Baussan (born December 9, 1952) is a French businessman and the founder of L'Occitane en Provence, Oliviers & Co and Première Pression Provence.


History.

The club was established in 1875 in the King's Park area of Stirling, although they did not stay long in this locality. They first entered the Scottish Cup in the 1879–80 season. Their best performance in that competition was in 1894–95 when they reached the quarter finals, losing 4–2 to Hearts.  King's Park were founder members of the Scottish Alliance, a rival of sorts of the SFL, in 1891 but left after one season. They moved between various more minor leagues for several seasons before entering the re-established Central Football League in 1909, retaining their membership of this division until 1921 (barring a brief hiatus during the First World War when they did not compete). At this point King's Park, along with most of their fellow Central league clubs, were invited to join the newly established Second Division of the SFL.  Their finest season came in 1927–28, when they just missed promotion by one point. Their record victory was in a 12–2 league victory against Forfar Athletic on 2 January 1930. In this game Jim Dyet scored eight of the club's goals, a feat made all the more remarkable by the fact that it was his debut for the club. Indeed, Dyet's feat stands as British record for goals on a debut to this day. The club's other great goalscorer of the 1930s was Alex Haddow, who hit five consecutive league hat-tricks in January and February 1932. Although overall they failed to make much impact on the league. However, they were four times winners of the Stirlingshire Cup.  Although a middle-ranking Second Division club King's Park did at times make the headlines. Their league game against Dundee Hibernian on 20 October 1923 would be the last game that club would play under that name, they were renamed Dundee United two days later. The club became the centre of controversy in 1927 when a newspaper report suggested that their next opponents Clydebank were about to go out of business and as a consequence the attendance at the match was minimal. As a consequence King's Park held back Clydebank's cut of the gate until the Scottish League intervened. Although the issue was resolved it helped to increase support amongst the League administrators for cutting the number of clubs due to their volatile status.

The death of King's Park and the birth of Stirling Albion.

When World War II started King's Park, largely as a consequence of their geographical location, dropped out of competitive football. Nonetheless, the club continued to play friendlies and, like a number of Scottish clubs who could offer higher war-time wages than their English counterparts, welcomed a number of high-profile guest players including Andy Black and Bill Shankly. The club was persuaded in 1940 to join a new Midland League for the coming season although local powerhouses Dundee declined to compete and so the league did not happen. As a consequence managing director Tom Fergusson put the club on hiatus in what was intended to be a temporary measure.  The fortunes of the club were hit further in 1940 when Forthbank was bombed by the Luftwaffe. The club did not play again after this, even though they applied to join the North Eastern League in 1944 (a request rejected due to their lack of a ground).  Amid allegations of financial impropriety with regards to payment of guest players, the club folded before the end of the war, on the pretext of the damage done by the bomb. Football in the town did not disappear for long however as they were replaced by Stirling Albion, with ex managing director Tom Fergusson taking a leading role in the new club.  Although they had not played since 1940 King's Park were not officially wound up until 1953 when the War Office finally settled their claim for the bomb damage.

Stadium.

The club's Forthbank Park was one of a number of stadiums at the time to host animal racing, usually greyhounds but also cheetahs. The Scottish Football Association at the time was keen to put an end to this practice as, although the racing provided a financial lifeline to many smaller clubs including King's Park, they feared that it would lead to football becoming too reliant on gambling just like the races. An SFA inspection team deemed that the greyhound track at Forthbank encroached on to the pitch and as such it was removed, along with the source of income.  Crowd trouble at a home match against St Johnstone in October 1921 led to King's Park playing a home match against Vale of Leven at Dunblane's Duckburn Park.  Forthbank suffered from a Luftwaffe bombing on 20 July 1940 and although temporary repairs were made to the partially destroyed stadium, only two further games were played there before both Forthbank and King's Park F.C. were closed down. There was compensation given eventually from the War Office in 1953, but it was paid to Stirling Albion F.C.  Local business man Thomas Ferguson started Stirling Albion F.C in 1945 and shortly purchased the Annfield estate to construct Annfield Stadium, which has now made way for housing once more.  In 1992 they moved to Forthbank Stadium, sited about two-thirds of a mile (1 km) from the location of the original stadium Forthbank Park.

League history.

Full Scottish Football League Second Division record.

Key: Pl = Games played; W = games won; D = games drew; L = games lost; F = goals scored (for); A = goals conceded (against); Pts = points (2 for a win, 1 for a draw); Pos = final position in the table.

Club Records.

Records refer to the club's time as members of the Scottish Football League.

King's Park Football Club were a football club who played in the Scottish Football League (SFL) before the Second World War. Based in Stirling, they joined the League in the 1921–22 season, following the reintroduction of the Second Division and were one of 11 new members for that season.


Pre-season.

Coaching changes.

Kerry Cooks took over the cornerback position after coaching the outside linebackers the previous season. Defensive coordinator Bob Diaco, who also coaches the inside linebackers, will coach the entire linebacking corps moving forward. Chuck Martin will focus solely on the safeties, while presumably assuming his role as the program’s recruiting coordinator.

Player changes.

Departing players.

Star tight end Kyle Rudolph chose to forgo his final year of eligibility, and enter the 2011 NFL Draft. The Irish also lost a number of important seniors, including four-year starter defensive lineman Ian Williams, linebackers Kerry Neal and Brian Smith, cornerback Darrin Walls, running backs Robert Hughes and Armando Allen, Wide Receiver Duval Kamara, and offensive lineman Matt Romine and Chris Stewart, all to graduation. Redshirt junior quarterback Nate Montana left the program in early February 2011, and transferred to the University of Montana. Junior guard Alex Bullard transferred to his hometown state of Tennessee and will play for the University of Tennessee, citing the desire to be closer to home following the loss of a family member.

Recruiting.

With his first full recruiting class, Brian Kelly added 23 prospects to the football team, including the addition of five early-enrollees: defensive end Aaron Lynch, outside linebacker Ishaq Williams, offensive lineman Brad Carrico, quarterback Everett Golson, and kicker Kyle Brindza.

Award candidates.

The following players were announced to award watch lists prior to the start of the 2011 season:

Game summaries.

Navy.

Game Captain: Chris Salvi

Wake Forest.

Game Captain: Robert Blanton

Maryland.

Game Captain: Darius Fleming  Despite the game being played only 12 miles from the Maryland campus, both end zones read "Notre Dame" and the majority of the fans in attendance were supporting the Fighting Irish. Notre Dame wore their green jerseys along with large green shamrocks on their side of their gold helmets.

Stanford.

Game Captain: Taylor Dever

Florida State.

Game Captain: Michael Floyd

Awards.

National awards  All-Americans

The 2011 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Brian Kelly and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. They compete as an independent. They finished the season 8–5. They were invited to the Champs Sports Bowl where they were defeated by Florida State 18–14.


Pre-season.

Coaching changes.

Following the 2009 season, Notre Dame fired head coach Charlie Weis after the Irish finished 6-6, well below expectations of competing for a BCS bowl berth. Brian Kelly was named as his replacement on Dec 10, 2009. Running Backs coach Tony Alford was the lone assistant retained from Weis's staff. Before Rob Ianello could be considered, he took the head job at the University of Akron Ron Powlus followed Ianello to Akron.

Player departures.

Irish stars Jimmy Clausen and Golden Tate chose to forgo their final years of eligibility and declare for the 2010 NFL draft. The Irish also lost a number of seniors to graduation, including linemen Eric Olsen, Paul Duncan and four-year starter Sam Young. Other notable losses included running back James Aldridge, wideout Robby Parris, and George West on offense. On defense, ND lost senior captains Kyle McCarthy and Scott Smith, Raeshon McNeil, Sergio Brown, John Ryan and Ray Herring to graduation. Standout special teams player Mike Anello also finished his final year of eligibility. Sophomore defensive back E.J Banks left the team in August 2010, but will still be enrolled at the school. On August 31, within days of the September 4 season opener against Purdue, sophomore wide receiver Shaquelle Evans was granted his release from the team, and decided to enroll at UCLA. Freshman Derek Roback also left the program in early September, as his desire to play quarterback led to his transfer to Ohio

Player additions.

With his first recruiting class, Brian Kelly received 23 signed commitments from high school players across the United States. Among them was five early-enrollees: Quarterback Tommy Rees, Wide Receiver Tai-ler Jones, Cornerback Lo Wood, Cornerback Spencer Boyd and Safety Chris Badger. Spencer Boyd transferred to USF in early July, and Chris Badger left on a two-year Mormon mission to Ecuador in August. On April 2, 2010 Notre Dame recruit Matt James, who committed to Notre Dame on National Signing Day, died when he fell from a three-story hotel balcony in Panama City, Florida.

Game summaries.

Purdue.

Brian Kelly's debut with Notre Dame

Army.

Notre Dame wore green jerseys

USC.

On a rainy Southern California night, the Trojans' Joe Houston kicked a 45-yard field goal to give USC a first quarter lead. The second quarter, however, belonged to the Irish, as QB Tommy Rees completed a pair of 1-yard pass touchdowns to Michael Floyd and Duval Kamara, with Kamara's coming just before the half. David Ruffer missed the extra point on the second touchdown. In the third quarter, the Trojans kicked a field goal and Mitch Mustain ran in for a 1-yard touchtown, which was aided by a Notre Dame fumble. Joe Houston's 37-yard field goal gave the Trojans a fourth quarter lead. But Notre Dame came back with a 5-yard rush touchdown by Robert Hughes to give the Irish the lead back and the game. Notre Dame finally ended USC's streak of consecutive victories, which dated back to 2001. USC's attempt to come back was stopped by a Notre Dame interception at the one-yard line.

Miami (FL).

Tommy Rees passed for 201 yards and two touchdowns to Michael Floyd as Notre Dame beat Miami 33-17. After a 20-year hiatus in the series, it was all Irish in the latest installment of a storied rivalry that became known during the 1980s as "Catholics versus Convicts." The Irish reached the end zone on three of its first four possessions. Rees tossed TD passes of 3 and 34 yards to Floyd and Cierre Wood broke free on a 34-yard scoring run. David Ruffer added field goals from 40, 50 and 19 yards. The Irish defense picked off Miami starting quarterback Jacory Harris 3 times and logged 4 total interceptions in the first half to help the team jump out to a 27-0 lead in the first half. The Hurricanes tried to rally in the 4th quarter behind backup quarterback Stephen Morris, who threw a 6-yard touchdown to Leonard Hankerson and a 42-yard scoring play to Tommy Streeter, but it was too late by then. Rees was able to make some key first downs to effectively run out the clock late in the 4th quarter. The game sold out in 21 hours, the fastest in the Sun Bowl's 77-year history, and the crowd of 54,021 set a bowl attendance record. Floyd's two touchdowns pushed him past Jeff Samardzija and Golden Tate to claim 28 career touchdowns, the most in Irish history. Senior safety Harrison Smith logged three interceptions in the first half, tying the Sun Bowl record. The Irish victory also made Brian Kelly the first Fighting Irish coach to win a bowl game in his first season (Notre Dame did not play in bowl-games from the 1925 through 1968 seasons due to a self-imposed ban on post-season play).

Post Season.

Awards.

National Awards  All-Americans

The 2010 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Brian Kelly and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. This was Kelly's first season as Notre Dame's head coach, after leading the Cincinnati Bearcats to a 12–0 regular season and BCS bowl berth. In 2010, Notre Dame's regular season schedule was ranked the most difficult schedule in the nation with a Team Opposition Record Percentage of.6529 (the poll published by the NCAA only includes wins against Division 1 teams). They finished the season 8–5 and were invited to the Sun Bowl where they defeated the Miami Hurricanes, 33–17.


Life.

Born into a Milanese noble family, Decio studied the humaniora and then law in Pavia under his brother Lancelotto and Jason de Mayno. In 1475, he attained a doctorate at Pisa, where he taught civil and canon law until 1502, except for a 1484–87 stint in Siena. After squabbles within the Pisan faculty, he taught canon law in Padua from 1502; his salary was 600 gold ducats. In 1505 the French king Louis XII, who was in Milan, requested that he move to Pavia; the initial objections of the Republic of Venice were overcome, and he moved there at the end of the year. By 1511 his salary had risen to 2000 florins. Following departure of the French from Milan in April 1512 and the destruction of his home, his library and his manuscripts by the Swiss army, he followed Louis XII's call to Valence and became a member of the Grenoble "parlement". In 1516, the Duke of Tuscany succeeded in convincing Decio to return to Pisa, and in 1528 he moved to Siena.  According to Mariano Sozzini, he died in Siena on 13 October 1535. He is buried in the Camposanto Monumentale of Pisa, beneath a monument he himself commissioned before his death.

Publications.

Celebrated in his time as a teacher and jurist, Decio was the most prominent and among the most prolific of the last generation of commentators following in the tradition of Cinus, Bartolus and Baldus. His commentary of 1521 on the "De regulis iuris" of the "Digests", begun at Valence and completed at Pisa, sets out the methodological principles and criteria for a systematic approach to the study of law. His published works include:

Filippo Decio or Decius (1454 – c. 1535) was an Italian jurist whose services were courted by European universities and rulers. He was an influential representative of the pre-Humanist scholastic "ius commune" tradition.


Men's fashion.

Late 1980s (1987–89).

Parachute pants.

Parachute pants are a style of trousers characterized by the use of ripstop nylon or extremely baggy cuts. In the original tight-fitting, extraneously zippered style of the late 1970s and early 1980s, "parachute" referred to the pants' synthetic nylon material. In the later 1980s, "parachute" may have referred to the extreme bagginess of the pant. These are also referred to as "Hammer" pants, due to rapper MC Hammer's signature style. Hammer pants differ from the parachute pants of the 1970s and early 1980s. They are typically worn as menswear and are often brightly colored. Parachute pants became a fad in US culture in the 1980s as part of an increased mainstream popularity of breakdancing.

Unisex accessories.

Jewelry  Watches  Eyewear

Subcultures of the 1980s.

Robert Smith of the Cure based his gothic look from Siouxsie Sioux's and being a guitarist in her band.

Hairstyles.

Women's hairstyles.

Although straight hair was the norm at the beginning of the decade, as many late-1970s styles were still relevant, the perm had come into fashion by 1980.  Big and eccentric hair styles were popularized by film and music stars, in particular among teenagers but also adults. These hairstyles became iconic during the mid 1980s and include big bangs worn by girls from upper elementary, middle school, high school, college and adult women. There was generally an excessive amount of mousse used in styling an individual's hair, which resulted in the popular, shiny look and greater volume. Some mousse even contained glitter.  Beginning in the late 80s, high ponytails, side ponytails, and high side ponytails with a scrunchie or headband became common among girls from upper elementary, middle school, high school, college and adult women.

Men's hairstyles.

By 1981, short hair had made a comeback for men, in reaction to the shag and mod haircuts of the mid to late 70s. The sideburns of the 1960s and 1970s saw a massive decline in fashion, and many guys wore regular haircuts and quiffs. Beards went out of style due to their association with hippies, but moustaches remained common among blue collar men.  From the mid 1980s until the early 1990s, mullets were popular in suburban and rural areas among working-class men. This contrasted with a conservative look preferred by business professionals, with neatly groomed short hair for men and sleek, straight hair for women. Some men also wore bangs in styles such as regular frontal or side swept bangs but they were not as big as women or girls bangs. Hairsprays such as Aqua Net were also used in excess by fans of glam metal bands such as Poison.  During the late 80s, trends in men's facial hair included designer stubble.

1980s fashion placed heavy emphasis on expensive clothes and fashion accessories. Apparel tended to be very bright and vivid in appearance. Women expressed an image of wealth and success through shiny costume jewelry, such as large faux-gold earrings, pearl necklaces, and clothing covered with sequins and diamonds. Punk fashion began as a reaction against both the hippie movement of the past decades and the materialist values of the current decade. The first half of the decade was relatively tame in comparison to the second half, which is when the iconic 1980s color scheme had come into popularity.


History.

The history of organised football in Lockerbie goes back to 1877, with the formation of the original Mid-Annandale F.C. This club folded in 1894. Over the next few years a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to establish a side in Lockerbie, but it was not until after the end of the First World War that a new Mid-Annandale team filled that void.  In 1921, the Mids joined the Southern Counties Football League and enjoyed rapid success. They won the title that season, and retained the trophy the following season. An invitation to join the new Third Division of the Scottish Football League was accepted in 1923, but this ill-fated expansion folded in 1926, leaving the Mids without a league home. Although they were eventually accepted into the Scottish Alliance League, the glory days were long gone. The club eventually quit their Kintail Park ground and used various school playing fields for the rest of their career. Despite a run of success in the Charity Cup during the early-30s, the club folded in 1936.  The current club were formed in 1959 as Lockerbie Boys Club FC, and played in the Dumfries Amateur Football League until 2003, winning the title on one occasion in 1978 before joining the South of Scotland Football League.  In July 2018, they appointed James Nichols as Manager.  Nichols had been working in the Northern English league structure for Kendal Town but had caught Mid-Annandale's attention after he was appointed the first ever Manager of the Cascadian Football team. Under Nichols, the North American side played its first ever competitive games, eventually finishing sixth in the 2018 ConIFA Cup.

Ground and colours.

Mid-Annandale play their fixtures at New King Edward Park, which re-opened mid-way through the 2014–15 season. Prior to this, the club were sharing with Annan Athletic at their Galabank ground. During their time in the Scottish Football League they played at Kintail Park.  The team's strip (uniform) colours are yellow and black.

Mid-Annandale Football Club, nicknamed "The Mids", are a football club from the town of Lockerbie in the Dumfries and Galloway area of Scotland. They play in the South of Scotland Football League.


Club career.

Early career.

After starting out at local club Srem Jakovo, Belgrade-born Ćirić finished his development at Partizan, sharing teams with the likes of Savo Milošević and Albert Nađ. This trio was promoted to the senior squad in 1992–93, as they won the league in that and the following seasons under manager Ljubiša Tumbaković. Ćirić conquered a further two national championships during his first spell and was the team's captain in the 1996–97 season.

Barcelona.

In July 1997, Ćirić signed a four-year contract with Barcelona. Over the course of his career at Barcelona, he played 35 games across all competitions in his debut season. In addition into featuring in Barcelona's 1997–98 UEFA Champions League campaign, he also contributed to the team's treble conquest of La Liga, Copa del Rey and the UEFA Super Cup. Coach Louis van Gaal employed Ćirić primarily as a right-winger, although it was not his best position. After losing his spot in the lineup he was loaned to Greek side AEK Athens in a season-long move, scoring in double digits and also winning the domestic cup. Upon his return to the Camp Nou, he was sold to fellow Spaniards Real Valladolid in July 2000.

Return to Partizan.

In June 2004, Ćirić returned to Partizan, signing a three-year contract. Under coach Vladimir Vermezović, he helped the club win the national league in his comeback season with an unbeaten record. He also played in Partizan's historic 2004–05 UEFA Cup campaign, up to their elimination in the final 16 by CSKA Moscow. After that season, he retired shortly after at the age of 31.

International career.

Ćirić was capped four times for Yugoslavia. He made his debut in a 4–1 friendly win against El Salvador on 12 November 1995, coming on as a substitute for Dejan Petković.

Administrative career.

In December 2014, Ćirić was named director of football at Partizan. He left the position less than two months later, citing dissatisfaction with the state of Serbian football as the main reason for his decision.

Dragan Ćirić (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Ћирић; born 15 September 1974) is a Serbian retired professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder for Partizan, Barcelona, AEK Athens, and Real Valladolid. Internationally, he played for the national team of Yugoslavia, earning 4 caps.


A folk-blues hybrid.

Rodgers' background in the blackface minstrel shows and as a railroad worker enabled him to develop a unique musical hybridization drawing from both black and white traditions, as exemplified by the blue yodel songs. In his recordings Rodgers and his producer, Ralph Peer, achieved a "vernacular combination of blues, jazz, and traditional folk" to produce a style of music then called 'hillbilly'.  Rodgers' blue yodel songs, as well as a number of his other songs of a similar pattern, drew heavily on fragmentary and ephemeral song phrases from blues and folk traditions (called "floating lyrics" or "maverick phrases").

Rodgers' yodel.

Rodgers' yodeling refrains are integral to the blue yodel songs. His vocal ornamentation has been described as "that famous blue yodel that defies the rational and conjecturing mind". Rodgers viewed his yodeling as little more than a vocal flourish; he described them as "curlicues I can make with my throat".  Rodgers said he saw a troupe of Swiss yodelers doing a demonstration at a church. They were touring America, and he just happened to catch it, liked it, and incorporated it into his songs.  It has been suggested that Rodgers may have been influenced by the yodeling of Emmett Miller, a minstrel singer who recorded for Okeh Records from 1924 to 1929. Singers such as Vernon Dalhart, Riley Puckett, and Gid Tanner incorporated yodeling in recordings made in the mid-1920s; Rodgers recorded a version of Riley Puckett's "Sleep, Baby, Sleep" in August 1927.  Rodgers' yodel had the "steady ease of hobo song, and was simple enough to imitate", unlike the yodeling of other contemporary performers. Rodgers' recording and performing successes in the late 1920s and early 1930s ensured that yodeling "became not only an obligatory stylistic flourish, but a commercial necessity". By the 1930s yodeling was a widespread phenomenon and had become almost synonymous with country music.  When members of Kenya's Kipsigi tribe first encountered the blue yodels in the 1940s, they attributed Rodgers' voice to a half-man, half-antelope spirit they dubbed "Chemirocha". Songs dedicated to Chemirocha came to be incorporated into their culture; one recording, recorded by ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracey, is available here.

Blue yodel discography.

Jimmie Rodgers’s first blue yodel, “Blue Yodel No. 1 (T for Texas) ”, was recorded on November 30, 1927 in the Trinity Baptist Church at Camden, New Jersey. When the song was released in February 1928 it became "a national phenomenon and generated an excitement and record-buying frenzy that no-one could have predicted."

The blue yodel songs are a series of thirteen songs written and recorded by Jimmie Rodgers during the period from 1927 to his death in May 1933. The songs were based on the 12-bar blues format and featured Rodgers’ trademark yodel refrains. The lyrics often had a risqué quality with "a macho, slightly dangerous undertone." The original 78 issue of "Blue Yodel No. 1 ("T" for Texas)" sold more than a half million copies, a phenomenal number at the time. The term "blue yodel" is also sometimes used to differentiate the earlier Austrian yodeling from the American form of yodeling introduced by Rodgers.


Alternative successions of the English and British crown

Abdication of Richard II.

Richard II abdicated in favour of Henry Bolingbroke on 29 September 1399. However, Henry was not next in the line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, who descended from Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, whereas Henry's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third surviving son.  Had Edmund inherited instead, the alternative succession would have been short-lived, for it re-united with the historical crown when Edward IV was declared king in 1461.

Descendants of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence.

This line's claim to the Crown is based upon the argument that Edward IV was not the son of "Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York", and thus had no legitimate claim to the Crown. Therefore, when "Richard" was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, his claim passed first to his eldest legitimate son, "Edmund, Earl of Rutland", who was executed shortly after the battle, and then to "George, Duke of Clarence". Supporters of the "Clarence" claim also draw on the debated validity of Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, which allows them to argue that, even if Edward was legitimate, his children were not. Another point is that Henry VI passed a law in 1470 that should both he and his son Edward of Westminster die without further legitimate issue, the crown was to pass to "Clarence", as Henry had placed an attainder upon Edward IV. When Henry died in 1471 (Prince Edward having died in battle shortly before), "Clarence" (who could claim descent from John of Gaunt, as could his wife Isabella Neville) became the legal heir to Henry VI and the House of Lancaster.  The current descendant of this line is "Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun". The line of succession is as follows:

Descendants of Mary Tudor, Queen of France.

Henry VIII's Third Succession Act granted Henry the right to bequeath the Crown in his Will. His Will specified that, in default of heirs to his children, the throne was to pass to the children of the daughters of his younger sister Mary Tudor, Queen of France, bypassing the line of his elder sister Margaret Tudor, represented by the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. Edward VI confirmed this by letters patent. The legitimate and legal heir of Elizabeth I was therefore "Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven" (the marriage of Lady Catherine Grey having been annulled, and her children declared illegitimate, by Elizabeth I).  Her succession, under this theory, follows:  Since "Lady Anne Stanley"'s line is thought to have become extinct with the death of "Elizabeth Doughty", the line then passes to the descendants of Lady Anne's sister, Lady Frances Stanley:  Lady Caroline's heir-apparent is her son Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto.  Although the "9th Earl of Jersey" had sons from a third marriage, he had been divorced from his first wife, who was still alive when he married his third. Under a strict adherence to the succession laws and customs as they existed in 1603, it is argued that no laws passed by Parliament since 1603 are legitimate, as the heirs did not summon those Parliaments, nor did those laws receive the royal assent to become law. Under the law as it stood in 1603, the 9th Earl of Jersey's divorce was not valid, and therefore both his remarriage during his ex-wife's lifetime was null and void, and the children of his third marriage illegitimate. Consequently, the current holder of the Stanley claim to the throne of England is the only child of the 9th Earl's first marriage, "Lady Caroline Ogilvy" (née Child Villiers). By a twist of fate her husband's family are themselves highly ranked in the (accepted) line of succession to the British throne, with Lady Caroline's nephew James Ogilvy being fifty-fourth in line as of 2020.  There is doubt of the legitimacy of Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp. Certainly James I regarded the Seymour line as legitimate, and based his own succession on his right by primogeniture, ignoring the Will of Henry VIII. However, the Seymours were placed ahead of the Stanleys in James's line of succession. The recent death of one of Seymour's descendants had her, rather than Frances Stanley's descendants, listed as the heir to the Mary Tudor claim.  Her succession follows:  Lady Kinloss's heir-presumptive is her sister Hester Josephine Anne Freeman-Grenville, who is married to Peter Haworth and has three sons.

Continuation of the House of Stuart.

The Catholic heirs of the deposed James II of England were passed over by the Act of Settlement 1701.  At Henry's death the claim passed to his second cousin twice removed, "Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia", and then to his brother "Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia". Charles Emmanuel and Victor Emmanuel were great-great-great-grandsons of King Charles I.  When Franz dies, his claim on the English and Scottish crowns will pass to his younger brother Max. And after Max's death, this possible claim most likely will be inherited by the Prince of Liechtenstein through the Hereditary Princess.  A final claim comes from Peter Pininski who claims descent from the legitimised descendants of Charles Edward Stuart "alias" "the Young Pretender", through the Rohan or Roehenstadt family. However, his claim is disputed by scholars who point out that the Rohans were a large family and it is easy to confuse its many members. "Marie Victoire Adelaide" may be confused with another member of the family called Marie Victoire, who is not descended from the Stuarts.

British history provides several opportunities for alternative claimants to the English and later British Crown to arise, and historical scholars have on occasion traced to present times the heirs of those alternative claims.


Origin and recording.

Singer-guitarist Jerry Cantrell came up with the song's riff whilst recovering from surgery to repair his damaged shoulder cartilage in 2011. He told "Ultimate-Guitar.com": "My arm was f--ked up and I couldn't play guitar so I just hummed that riff into a phone and that's how that song came to be. When I could play a little bit and we were going through riffs, I remember doing some riffs with Paul Figueroa, our engineer. I'm like, 'Wait a minute, I got a good one, man. Check this out.' I started f--kin' playing it to him and it was me singing into the f--kin' phone. I'm like, 'Dude, this riff is killer. Give me a guitar and I'll f--kin' work it out.' So that song I actually came up with just off a voice message on a phone. I didn't even have a guitar; I just f--kin' hummed it into the phone."  Cantrell showed the original voice mail of him humming "Stone"'s riff into his phone during an interview with Team Rock Radio in 2014.  The brooding song includes the lyric: "What makes you want to carve your initials in me?... Find me distant, outwardly rough obscene." Singer William DuVall explained to The Los Angeles Times: "It seems to be about confronting outside misperceptions. You think you know me? You don't."

Release and reception.

"Stone" was released to radio stations on March 25, 2013.  According to Graham Hartmann writing for Loudwire, "the new single [...] has its fair share of sludge [...], further delving into a dark and unnerving side of alternative rock and atmospheric metal."  In 2019, the riff to "Stone" was ranked No. 16 on Guitar World's list of the 20 best guitar riffs of the decade.

Music video.

A lyric video for "Stone" was released on YouTube on April 15, 2013. The music video for "Stone" was shot in Lucerne Valley, California and directed by Robert Schober (aka Roboshobo), who directed their previous music video, "Hollow". The video features the band playing on a rocky hill. Separately, three individuals are alone trying to transport stones that get heavier or larger, using a basket, a cart, and one rolling a boulder uphill. Once they are unable to proceed, they stop and become stones.

"Stone" is a song by American rock band Alice in Chains and the second single from their fifth studio album, "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here" (2013). The song was released as a single on March 25, 2013, reached No. 1 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart, and stayed on the chart for 20 weeks. A music video directed by Robert Schober was released for the song. The song was first played live on April 10, 2013, during Alice in Chains' appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live" in Los Angeles. The lyrics to "Stone" are printed on the bottom plate of a limited edition of Jerry Cantrell's signature Dunlop Cry Baby Wah pedal released in 2013.


Launch at London Olympic Games 2012.

The launch of Doha GOALS at Bayt Qatar during the London 2012 games was attended by President Ali Bongo Ondimba of Gabon and Olympic athletes including Carl Lewis, Tegla Loroupe, Marie-José Pérec and Ian Thorpe. Richard Attias, the former producer of the World Economic Forum in Davos, and the Clinton Global Initiative, will produce Doha GOALS in 2012.

Pre-Forum.

The Doha GOALS Forum will be based on initiatives that were discussed during a pre-forum session on January 8, 2012, hosted by the Aspire Zone Foundation at the Torch Hotel in Doha, Qatar. H. E. Sheikh Saoud Bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani, Secretary General of Qatar Olympic Committee, and Hassan Al-Thawadi, Secretary General of the Supreme Committee for Qatar 2022, led the session alongside Hilal Jeham Al Kuwari, President of Aspire Zone Foundation. In attendance were also global figures such as Martina Navratilova and Arianna Huffington.  At the session, H. E. Sheikh Saoud Bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani delivered an address outlining the vision of Doha GOALS. He said that the forum would pioneer "social change" through values of "sportsmanship and the ethics of sport".

Leadership.

Doha GOALS was created under the patronage of H. E. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani became the new Emir of the State of Qatar on June 26, 1995, continuing the rule of the Al-Thani family that began nearly two centuries ago.  H. E. Sheikh Faisal bin Mubarak Al Thani is the executive director of Doha Goals. He graduated with a degree in political science from American University, Washington, D.C., and was the president of Al Arabi Sports Club 2006–2008. H. E. Sheikh Saoud Bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani is the Secretary General of the Qatar Olympic Committee and the vice-president of the International Fencing Federation. He graduated with a degree in Electrical Engineering from the New Mexico State University and a master's degree in Sports Management at University of Lyon. He is the president of the Qatar Fencing Federation and served as Director-General of 17th Arabian Gulf Cup.  Richard Attias is a global influencer and events producer, founder and former chairman of PublicisLive and presently the executive chairman of Richard Attias and Associates, and the producer of Doha Goals. He has organized gatherings of global leaders in the last 20 years including the World Economic Forum in Davos; the Clinton Global Initiative; the Middle East Peace Summit in Jordan; the Dalian Economic Summit in China; and the signature of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in Marrakech, and most recently the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit in Hawaii in November 2011.

Global Watch.

In June 2014 in Doha, Doha GOALS founded and launched Global Watch: Say No To Racism-Discrimination In Sport, a new global initiative to tackle discrimination in sport with South African activist and politician Tokyo Sexwale and the Nelson Mandela Foundation.  Commenting on this partnership, Sheikh Faisal bin Mubarak al Thani, Executive Director of the Doha GOALS and co-chair of Global Watch, said: “Doha GOALS forum is proud to be a founding partner of Global Watch, we believe that sport can play a critical role in contributing to the building of a better world, and look forward to working with the Nelson Mandela foundation and the Sexwale foundation on advancing this mission.”  Global Watch will undertake a global summit in Johannesburg, South Africa, from the 9th to the 11th of September 2014, and the drafting of national codes of conduct governing the conduct and behaviour of sporting persons in respect of anti-racism-discrimination towards non-racialism on playing fields.  This new initiative has been welcomed by FIFA, the International Olympics Committee and the UN Human Rights Commission, as well as high-profile leaders such as African Union Commission chairperson Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, Anglican Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former US vice-president Al Gore, and former South African presidents Thabo Mbeki and FW de Klerk.

Production.

Aspire Zone Foundation.

Established in 2003, Aspire Zone Foundation is an international sports project which includes Aspire academy, Aspetar and Aspire Logistics. All these corporate entities were unified by Emiri decree in 2008. Located in Doha, Aspire Zone Foundation was voted the world's leading Sports Tourism Development Project for the World Travel Awards 2011.

Richard Attias and Associates.

Richard Attias & Associates is a strategic communications firm that provides private consultancy and idea initiatives. Some of the work that RAA has created or produced in the last year includes: New York Forum and New York Forum AFRICA; APEC CEO Summit in Hawaii; The New York Times Schools for Tomorrow, Energy for Tomorrow and Opportunities for Tomorrow conferences; Global Food Security Forum in Morocco; Global Competitiveness Forum in Saudi Arabia; Qatar–U.S. Business Forum in New York; Conference of Nobel Laureates; and African Securities Exchange Association Summit.

Doha GOALS—Gathering of All Leaders In Sport—is an initiative designed as a "call to action" for the role that sport plays as a driver for social and economic change. The initiative, from the Aspire Zone Foundation and Richard Attias & Associates, will build a community of global influencers from all industries who believe that sport is a crucial vehicle for social and economic development. Doha Goals Forum is already a well known manifestation, where many projects can be evoked. For example, during the third edition, in November 2014, Hassan Al Thawadi repeat that Qatar "can organise the World Cup in summer".


War of the First Coalition.

Born on 24 July 1763, Rey joined the old royal army of Louis XIV of France and became a lieutenant in 1791. He was promoted general of division of 17 July 1793. He fought in the War in the Vendée, taking command of the "Army of the Coasts of Brest" from Lazare Hoche on 10 September 1795. His tenure lasted until 23 December that year when he was replaced by Gabriel Marie Joseph, comte d'Hédouville.  In January 1797, his division covered the western side of Lake Garda during the fourth Austrian attempt to raise the Siege of Mantua. Summoned to the east by Bonaparte, some of his troops marched and others crossed the lake by boat to fight at the Battle of Rivoli on 14 January. Arriving in the afternoon, Rey's soldiers helped eliminate Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan's isolated Austrian column south of the main battlefield. The following day, he assisted Barthélemy Joubert in mopping up the shattered Austrian army, capturing large numbers of prisoners. His 4,156-man division included the brigades of Joachim Murat, Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, and Antoine Joseph Veaux.

War of the Second Coalition.

Rey's portrait identifies him as commandant of the advance guard of the "Army of Naples". He carried out the Siege of Gaeta with 4,000 troops in 1799. Gaeta's 3,600-man Neapolitan garrison surrendered to him on 5 January 1799. Gabriel Rey retired from the army in 1820 and died on 20 April 1836.

Gabriel Venance Rey or Antoine Gabriel Rey (24 July 1763 – 20 April 1836) was a general officer in the army of France during the French Revolutionary Wars. He led a division under Napoleon Bonaparte in the Italian campaign of 1796-1797. He later fought in Italy and retired from military service in 1820.


Plot.

Wheelchair-bound drug baron Peter Loomis (Patrick Stewart) has his $400 million drug fortune stolen in South America by his errand boy Carlos, who stashed the fortune on an undisclosed boat in an undisclosed harbor. Loomis sends ruthless killer Armor O'Malley (Denis Leary) to find the boat and recover the money—he and sidekick Marie (Brenda Bakke) kill Carlos before they can get the name and location of the boat, but they learn that Carlos's brother Dani (Christopher Lambert) knows where it is, and set out to find him.  Dani is sprung from a South American prison by Cole Parker (Mario Van Peebles), a bounty hunter working for the DEA who is bent on taking down Loomis—Cole knows the name of the boat, Dani knows the location, and both men want the money for their own reasons. Complicating matters is a mole in the DEA who feeds intel to O'Malley about the heroes' movements. Alone and outnumbered, Cole and Dani are forced into a reluctant alliance as they quest for the 400 million dollar boat, with O'Malley and his men chasing them every step of the way.  Loomis quickly realizes that O'Malley wants the fortune for himself and tries to have him and his men assassinated, but the attempt fails. O'Malley returns to Loomis's estate and makes it clear that he now wears the pants in their relationship: without the $400 million, Loomis can't pay his soldiers, and O'Malley will get his hands on the money before the stay-at-home cripple does. Loomis is killed and O'Malley renews the chase with a small army at his disposal.  After numerous betrayals on both sides of the conflict, the chase ends at a Puerto Vallarta harbor, and a yacht called the "Matador" according to Cole. Dani and Cole shoot it out with O'Malley's soldiers and leave the boat a flaming wreck (and Dani beside himself at the loss of the money). But Cole reveals he lied about the boat name to mislead and eliminate O'Malley: the fortune was actually stashed on a rickety old fishing boat called the "Gunmen." The heroes agree to split the money and sail into the sunset.

Production.

Movie was filmed in nine weeks between April 20 and June 18 of 1992, but it wasn't released until February 4 of 1994, more than a year and a half after it was finished. Besides releasing all the later DVD versions of the movie in cropped 1.33:1 pan and scan format instead of 2.35:1 widescreen one in which the movie was originally filmed, Miramax and Dimension Films also went and cut it down by around five minutes before it was released theatrically only in 800 screens. The film was originally much harder, and featured greater violence and language, and most of the cuts were made on those scenes because studios wanted to make it safer and more appealing to the general movie going audience. Uncut version of the film was never released.

Widescreen availability.

The original widescreen 2.35:1 aspect ratio cut is available for purchase on Apple's US iTunes Store. There are two known DVD versions of "Gunmen" which present the film in its original 2.35:1 aspect ratio: The Japanese release from Columbia Tristar and a Hungarian version released as "Fenegyerekek". All other versions of the DVD are only presented in a cropped 1.33:1 format.

Soundtrack.

The official soundtrack to "Gunmen" was released on December 21, 1993. It was released and distributed through MCA Records. The soundtrack consists of hip hop, reggae, rock, and R&B music.

Reception.

"Gunmen" holds a 15% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews; the average rating is 3.3/10. Emanuel Levy of "Variety" wrote, "Mindlessly cartoonish, "Gunmen" lacks the expected frills and spiteful tension of a serviceable actioner."

Gunmen is a 1994 action-comedy film directed by Deran Sarafian. It stars Mario Van Peebles, Christopher Lambert, Denis Leary, Kadeem Hardison, and Patrick Stewart. Robert Harper and Brenda Bakke are co-stars of the film. It was released to home video by Lionsgate Home Entertainment and on the US iTunes Store.


Gameplay.

The game features combat in a variety of formats, such as kicking and using fireballs to repel monsters in scrolling stages, a system during one-on-one duels against Tusk Soldiers or a pair of martial arts tournaments where the player must attack a mark that appears on their opponent's body, or defend the area when it appears on them (this system is similar to Culture Brain's original "" for the NES), and RPG-style command battles against monster bosses. When confronted by a Tusk Soldier or other otherworldly villain, Rick can change into a costumed superhero form or switch with one of his teammates. The player must switch to Flying Warrior form to use the characters' magic powers and defend themselves from the Tusk Soldiers' magic spells.

Plot.

A long time ago, Demonyx of the Dark Dimension attempted to invade the Light Dimension. After a long battle, the hero of the Light Dimension, Dragonlord, sealed Demonyx up by the power of the Mandara Talisman, at which time Demonyx prophesied that he would be back upon the appearance of the Red Evil Star.  Years later, an ominous red star appeared in the sky. Just then, five shooting lights came down toward the ground.  Rick Stalker was brought up by Kung Fu master Gen Lao-Tsu, and is alone in the mountains as usual brushing up on his Kung Fu skills when he comes upon a weeping angel missing her robe. He explores the mountain's caves and ends up encountering a gargoyle who is really a Tusk Soldier in disguise guarding the robe, which is embedded in a rock. Upon the return of her robe, the angel shows Rick a secret passage down the ravine, where he finds a mysterious orb.  Rick goes back to tell Gen the whole story. Gen apprises him that this orb is the Orb of Courage, and that Rick should cross the ocean to Gen's mother land China, where his fate is waiting for him.  Rick goes to China and enters the Shorin temple, the head temple of Kung-Fu, where he spars with Fusetsu, Ensetsu, and Rakan in three separate chambers. When Ensetsu is defeated by Rick, he gives him the Mirror of Mercury, stating that Rick may be the fighter for whom they have been waiting. In the final chamber, Rakan tells Rick that the Orb of Courage is part of the Mandara Talisman, which was used to seal up Demonyx a long time ago, and that Rick will have to locate all the broken pieces of the Talisman to seal him up again. While sparring with Rick, Rakan teaches him how to awaken his true power and transform into a Flying Warrior capable of utilizing sacred mirrors to block mystic spells and arcane swords to cast them. Upon defeating Rakan, Rick obtains the Sword of Vijaya.  The line to GTG's biological weapon research laboratory in Peru was disconnected when the office was covered with a mysterious black fog, which Rakan believes must have something to do with the Dark Dimension. Rakan exhorts Rick to enter in the tournament in Hong Kong that the president of GTG has decided to hold with the intent of deciding on the investigation party.  Wandering around in Hong Kong, Rick learns that there is a phantom blocking the entrance to the coliseum who can only be banished with the help of a bracelet that can be bought at Shunran's store for coin that can be obtained by fighting Jiangshi and fire-raining ghouls. But after Rick pays Shunran, she admits to not having it and instead tells him the password that will convince a certain dragon statue to grant it to an honest man. Rick ventures beyond the waterfall in search of the stone dragon, and finds it in a cave inhabited by a gargoyle who is really a Tusk Soldier in disguise guarding the Sword of Kirik. The dragon grants Rick the bracelet, and tells him that he will obtain the Orb of Wisdom from the phantom when he defeats him. Rick goes back and ventures through another cave guarded by a gargoyle who turns is really a Tusk Soldier in disguise and finds and defeats the phantom, gets the Orb, and enters the tournament. He fights Litron the martial artist, Thornram the kickboxer, Shiro the karate fighter, The Mad Ape the wrestler, and Slugger Sam the boxer. Shiro and Slugger Sam are in fact Tusk soldiers, each guarding a dragma. Rick, Mary Lynn, and Hayato Go are declared the winners of the tournament, and thus the members of the investigation party.  Once the triad is in airspace over Peru, one of Rick's orbs begins to flash, informing him that his traveling companions are Flying Warriors too. He places the Sword of Vijaya on their foreheads, then the three transform and jump out the plane. They fight their way to the jungle village, where they stumble upon the sole survivor of the first investigation party, Greg Cummings, who tells them that the demon Narga has been revived in the ruins at the entrance to the laboratory and joins their party, turning out to be a flying warrior himself. Pepe, who lives in a hut, tells them that they need to find a stone tablet in the ruins and place it in the statue of Narga so that the entrance to the laboratory can open behind the waterfall. The other villagers inform them that Narga cannot be defeated without the Sword of Kan and the Mirror of Venus, and that Maradora, a thief, is trapped in the ruins.  The party fights through more jungle, where they pass a bird who claims to be perched on the Tree of Spirits. Within the ruins, the party finds a talking jar upstairs that turns out to be Maradora, upon whom the spirits cast a spell for stealing their treasures. After bringing him back to the Tree, Rick reminds him of the spell that he needs to cast to turn back into a human. In this way, Rick obtains the Sword of Kan.  The party finds the stone tablet deep within the ruins and brings it to the statue of Narga upstairs, which slides over, revealing the Mirror of Venus. They go back to the waterfall, and fight Narga himself at the entrance to the laboratory. Only Rick's Fire Tornado, which the Sword of Kan affords him, is capable of bringing Narga back from hiding in the Dark Field. Defeating Narga, they go on into the laboratory, where they encounter several Tusk Soldiers and the dead body of the director of GTG. Dargon appears and forces Rick to participate in a second martial arts tournament, with more Tusk Soldiers participating, and Dargon himself defending the title.  After the tournament, the Moonlight Warriors invite the Flying Warriors to battle them in the Dark Dimension, where they have revived Demonyx. At Peking Restaurant in New York's Chinatown, the Flying Warriors meet the Shadow Cult, who are determined to access and root out the Moonlight Warriors, and pick up its young leader, Jimmy Cutler Jr., who turns out to be the fifth Flying Warrior. Jimmy informs the rest of the party that they will need to go deep within a decaying subway station in order to find the portal to the Dark Dimension.  They find the relief key deep within the abandoned subway, and use it to open up the portal to the dark dimension. They fight the Moonlight Warriors, Selenos, Lunatos, Seiros, and Zakros, for deeper access. Because they have through fighting obtained the orbs of Courage, Wisdom, Justice, and Love, as well as the five dragma of the Mandara Talisman, along the way, they are able to fight Demonyx; Jimmy Cutler Jr.'s Meteor Shower is able to force Demonyx to reveal himself; the five Flying Warriors combine to become Dragonlord, and seal Demonyx away until next time; then they head to New York.

Development.

Regional differences.

In the English game, Ryuhi was named Rick Stalker, and Fuzi Fu was named Dargon.

Reception and legacy.

Some major characters later appeared in the North American versions of "Hiryū no Ken Gaiden" and "Hiryū no Ken S: Golden Fighter", known as "" and "Ultimate Fighter". Rick Stalker and his mentor Gen also appeared as cameos in several titles in the "Super Chinese" series, also by Culture Brain. A manga adaptation based on the game was translated and published in the early issues of GamePro magazine.

Flying Warriors is a 1991 action/fighting video game developed by Culture Brain and published by Culture Brain USA exclusively for the NES in North America in February 1991. It is a mixture of two Family Computer video games in the "Hiryū no Ken" franchise: "" and "". It implements ideas and elements from both games.


History.

This station was opened on May 28, 1917 by the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, an affiliate of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, replacing Cypress Hills as the line's terminus.  The station was temporarily closed on January 14, 2019 for six months of structural repairs. As part of the work, the trackside girders and the platforms were replaced. Unlike the repairs done at 121st Street and 104th Street, which were done one platform at a time, both platforms were closed simultaneously to cut the work from 12 months to 6 months; as a result, the station reopened on June 11, 2019.

Station layout.

This elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track dead ends at bumper blocks on both sides of the station and has connections to both local tracks. It is only used for train storage. It was formerly used to turn trains for the BMT Lexington Avenue Elevated trains from 1917 until 1950. The track was also used to store trains while the Jamaica Line was being torn down north of 121st Street and the Archer Avenue Line was being built.  Both platforms have beige windscreens for their entire lengths and brown canopies with green frames and support columns except for a small section at the west (railroad south) end. Station signs are in the standard black with white lettering.  The 1990 artwork here is called "Five Points of Observation" by Kathleen McCarthy. It resembles a human face when viewed from the street and is also featured on four other stations on the BMT Jamaica Line.

Exits.

The station's only entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. Inside fare control, there is a single staircase to each platform at their south ends and a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions. Outside fare control, there is a turnstile bank, token booth, and two staircases going down to either eastern corners of Jamaica Avenue and 111th Street.  This station formerly had another entrance/exit at the east (railroad north) end. The staircase to 113th Street was removed, but the elevated station house beneath the tracks and single staircase to each platform remain boarded up and intact. The station house is now used for storage and offices.

111th Street is a skip-stop station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 111th Street and Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill, Queens, it is served at all times by the J train. The Z train skips this station when it operates.


Club career.

All Boys.

On 14 August 2013, Calleri debuted for All Boys against Estudiantes in the quarterfinals of 2012–13 Copa Argentina. He made his league debut on 7 September, against Argentinos Juniors, and played his first full game in his team's defeat against Godoy Cruz on 7 October.

Boca Juniors.

In July 2014, Calleri signed for Boca Juniors, with coach Carlos Bianchi deciding to take-up the right that the club had with the player, a holding of 30% of the player' rights.  On 27 July 2014, Calleri made his Boca debut in a 2–0 loss to Huracan. In the league, his debut came on 18 August as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Belgrano, and a week later coach Rodolfo Arruabarrena started Calleri for the first time in a 3–0 loss to Atlético Rafaela.  On 1 November 2015, Boca Juniors were crowned champions of the Argentine Primera División, in which Calleri scored 10 goals in 26 matches and achieved his first title as a professional player. Three days later, Boca Juniors won the 2014–15 Copa Argentina.

Deportivo Maldonado.

In January 2016, Calleri joined Uruguayan club Deportivo Maldonado. In an arrangement similar to a number of other players that have been registered to the club, he was loaned to the Brasileirão side São Paulo FC in the same month.

São Paulo (loan).

On 3 February 2016, Calleri made his debut and scored his first goal for São Paulo as they drew 1–1 with Universidad César Vallejo in the 2016 edition of Copa Libertadores.  On 13 July 2016, Calleri played his last match for São Paulo in a game they lost 1–2 against Atlético Nacional, in the Libertadores semifinals. He scored the only goal for São Paulo, in the 9th minute. Calleri said that it was his last game for the club and that he had "spent very beautiful six months" playing for Brazilian side. He ended the tournament as the top goalscorer, with 9 goals in 12 matches.

West Ham United (loan).

In August, West Ham United signed Calleri on a season-long loan. He made his Premier League debut coming off the bench in the match against Bournemouth on 21 August 2016. His only goal for the club came in the 94th minute in a 3–1 win against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium on 21 January 2017. His full Premier League debut finally came on 22 April 2017 in a 0–0 draw with Everton at the London Stadium. He played 61 minutes before being replaced by Diafra Sakho. After 19 appearances with one goal scored, Calleri's loan ended.

Las Palmas (loan).

On 11 July 2017, Calleri joined La Liga side UD Las Palmas on a one-year loan deal. He made his debut for the club on 18 August, starting in a 0–1 away loss against Valencia CF, and scored his first goal seven days later but in a 1–5 home loss against Atlético Madrid.

Alavés (loan).

On 22 August 2018, Calleri was loaned to fellow La Liga side Deportivo Alavés for one year.

Espanyol (loan).

On 26 August 2019, joined RCD Espanyol on a season-long loan deal.  Calleri scored a hat-trick for Espanyol in a Europa League match against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 27 February 2020; Espanyol won the match 3–2 but lost the two-legged tie by a score of 6–3.

International career.

Due to some impressive performances with Boca Juniors and São Paulo, Calleri earned a call-up to the Argentina Olympic squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 29 July 2016, Calleri made his Argentina Olympic debut in a friendly against Mexico, which resulted in a 0–0 draw.

Personal life.

Calleri is the nephew of Argentine former footballer Néstor Fabbri.

Honours.

Boca Juniors

Jonathan Calleri (; ; born 23 September 1993) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club RCD Espanyol on loan from Deportivo Maldonado.


History.

Texarkana Union Station was constructed and operated by Union Station Trust, a subsidiary organization created as a joint effort between the Missouri-Pacific, Texas & Pacific, Cotton Belt and Kansas City Southern railroads. E. M. Tucker, chief architect for Missouri Pacific, designed the building with a track layout and overhead concourse reminiscent of the style he had used when rebuilding Little Rock Union Depot after a 1921 fire.  The present structure replaced an earlier Texarkana station on the same site, and was opened for business on April 17, 1930, with a large celebration and dedication held on May 12, 1930, according to Missouri Pacific Lines Magazine, June 1930. The station and the federal courthouse anchor the south and north ends of State Line Avenue, the dividing line between Arkansas and Texas. In 1876, Congress mandated that the Texarkana railroad station would straddle the state line, and the building has entrances and exits into both states. Missouri Pacific and Texas and Pacific, the two carriers with the most passenger trains serving Texarkana Union Station, were able to operate through the facility without a backup move. Kansas City Southern and Cotton Belt passenger trains both made back-up moves to access the station.  Provisions were made in the original station design for a restaurant, but as a result of the Great Depression, the only food service was provided by a snack bar and news stand.  The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Mail and express service.

During the heyday of private railroad passenger train service, Texarkana served as a major distribution point for mail and express, and a large Terminal Railway Post Office was located in and adjacent to the station. In addition, express cars originating at such distant points as New York City were routed to Texarkana, where the shipments were sorted for transportation in different trains to their final destination.

Texarkana Union Station is a historic train station in the Texarkana metropolitan area serving Amtrak, the United States' national passenger rail system. The Arkansas-Texas border bisects the structure; the eastern part, including the waiting room and ticket office, are in Texarkana, Arkansas, but the western part is in Texarkana, Texas, meaning stopped trains span both states. The station was built in 1928 and was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1978.


Function.

Although the function of sleep spindles is unclear, it is believed that they actively participate in the consolidation of overnight declarative memory through the reconsolidation process. The density of spindles has been shown to increase after extensive learning of declarative memory tasks and the degree of increase in stage 2 spindle activity correlates with memory performance. Among other functions, spindles facilitate somatosensory development, thalamocortical sensory gating, synaptic plasticity, and offline memory consolidation. Sleep spindles closely modulate interactions between the brain and its external environment; they essentially moderate responsiveness to sensory stimuli during sleep. Recent research has revealed that spindles distort the transmission of auditory information to the cortex; spindles isolate the brain from external disturbances during sleep. Another study found that re-exposure to olfactory cues during sleep initiate reactivation, an essential part of long term memory consolidation that improves later recall performance. Spindles generated in the thalamus have been shown to aid sleeping in the presence of disruptive external sounds. A correlation has been found between the amount of brainwave activity in the thalamus and a sleeper's ability to maintain tranquility. Spindles play an essential role in both sensory processing and long term memory consolidation because they are generated in the TRN.  During sleep, these spindles are seen in the brain as a burst of activity immediately following muscle twitching. Researchers think the brain, particularly in the young, is learning about what nerves control what specific muscles when asleep.  Sleep spindle activity has furthermore been found to be associated with the integration of new information into existing knowledge as well as directed remembering and forgetting (fast sleep spindles).  During NREM sleep, the brain waves produced by people with schizophrenia lack the normal pattern of slow and fast spindles. Loss of sleep spindles are also a feature of familial fatal insomnia, a prion disease. Changes in spindle density are observed in disorders such as epilepsy and autism.

Gender differences.

Sleep spindles play a crucial role in declarative memory consolidation, however, most studies neglect to control for sex, although both sex and menstruation affect sleep and online learning periods. Studies have shown that the influence of sleep spindles during the declarative memory process may be affected by modulatory menstrual cycle effects in females. These findings have contributed to a proposed waxing and waning effect of estrogen on the memory performance of women due to fluctuating estrogen levels, which could potentially predict a decrease in memory performance during menses. Because of the novelty of these studies, the waxing and waning effect has been overlooked in every prior study.  Women tend to have 0.16 more sleep spindles per minute than men ( i.e. roughly 9–10 more over an hour's time). A female advantage has been found for episodic, emotional, and spatial memories as well as recognition of odours, faces, and pictures. These differences are believed to be due to hormonal influence, especially that of estrogen. The female sex hormone estrogen primarily influences sexual maturation and reproduction, but has also been found to facilitate other brain functions, including cognition and memory. On verbal tasks where women scored higher than men, women scored higher during the mid-luteal phase, when women have higher estrogen levels, when compared to the menstrual phase. A recent study found that local brain estrogen production within cognitive circuits may be important for the acquisition and consolidation of memories. Recent experiments concerning the relationship between estrogen and the process of offline memory consolidation have also focused on sleep spindles. Genzel and colleagues determined that there was a menstrual effect on declarative and motor performance, meaning that women in the mid-luteal phase (high estrogen) performed higher than the other female participants. Women in the luteal phase were also the only participants to experience an increase in spindles after learning, which led to the conclusion that the effect of the menstrual cycle may be mediated by spindles and female hormones.

Sleep spindles are bursts of neural oscillatory activity that are generated by interplay of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and other thalamic nuclei during stage 2 NREM sleep in a frequency range of ~11 to 16 Hz (usually 12–14 Hz) with a duration of 0.5 seconds or greater (usually 0.5–1.5 seconds). After generation in the TRN, spindles are sustained and relayed to the cortex by thalamo-thalamic and thalamo-cortical feedback loops regulated by both GABAergic and NMDA-receptor mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Sleep spindles have been found in all tested mammalian species and in vitro cells.


Description.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" is a shrub or small tree usually growing to tall, sometimes twice that height, with white, brownish or grey bark and an open canopy. Its leaves are long, wide, thick, broadly elliptic and aromatic.  The flowers are cream, yellow, yellow-green or occasionally red and arranged in spikes on the ends of branch which continue to grow after flowering and sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. Each spike contains 8 to 25 groups of flowers in threes and is up to long and in diameter. The petals are long and fall off as the flower matures. There are five bundles of stamens around the flower, each with 6 or 9 stamens although the stamens are only weakly joined in bundles. Flowering can occur at any time of the year but most commonly happens in winter. Flowering is followed by fruit which are woody capsules long, scattered along the stem, each containing numerous fine seeds.

Taxonomy and naming.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" was first formally described in 1788 by Daniel Solander, the description published by Joseph Gaertner in "De fructibus et seminibus plantarum" including a carefully drawn figure of the stamen bundle and fruiting capsules. The description was made during the forced stay of the "Endeavour" on the banks of the Endeavour River, at the site of the present-day Cooktown, during the first voyage of James Cook. The specific epithet ("viridiflora") is from the Latin "viridis" meaning "green" and "flos" meaning "flower" referring to the most common flower colour of this species.

Distribution and habitat.

This melaleuca occurs in tropical areas of Australia, including as far south as Maryborough in Queensland, northern parts of Western Australia south to the Dampier Peninsula district, and the northern half of the Northern Territory. It is also found in the southern part of West Papua in Indonesia and southern Papua New Guinea It grows on the margins of gallery forest, in forest, woodland and swampy plains in a variety of soils.

Ecology.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" forests provide habitat for orchid species including the rare, threatened or endangered "Calochilus psednus", "Pachystoma pubescens", "Eulophia bicallosa" and Cardwell midge orchid ("Genoplesium tectum"). Individual trees often host the epiphytic ant-house plant, ("Myrmecodia beccarii").  Plants distributed in south-eastern Florida in 1900 under the name "Melaleuca viridiflora" have been subsequently identified as "Melaleuca quinquenervia".

Uses.

Traditional uses.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" is used by Aboriginal Australians for multiple uses. The bark is peeled off in layers and is used for shelter, bedding, containers, storing and cooking food, fire tinder, watercraft, fish traps and wrapping corpses. In traditional medicine, an infusion from leaves was drunk, inhaled or used for bathing to treat coughs, colds, congestion, headache, fever and influenza.

Essential oils.

Different populations of this species yield different oils but there are two distinct groups. One is rich in terpenic oil but otherwise highly variable with three distinct chemotypes. Another population is rich in methyl cinnamate with two chemotypes.

Horticulture.

"Melaleuca viridiflora" is a useful and adaptable small tree in cultivation, with the red-flowered form being preferred. It is suitable for tropical and subtropical areas where there is high summer rainfall, especially in heavy clay soils. Its open canopy makes it a useful host tree for epiphytes such as "Dendrobium".

Melaleuca viridiflora, commonly known as broad-leaved paperbark is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is native to woodlands, swamps and streams of monsoonal areas of northern Australia and New Guinea. It is usually a small tree with an open canopy, papery bark and spikes of cream, yellow, green or red flowers.


History.

Ever since the Islamic Revolution, Iran has sought to back Shia Islamist paramilitary organizations across the Middle East. Many have been very close to the Iranian state, particularly the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, like the Movement of Vanguard Missionaries and the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). During the Iran–Iraq War many of these groups fought for Iran, with SCIRI's Badr Brigade being led by Iranian officers. After the US overthrow of Saddam Hussein, these Iranian-led militia men returned to Iraq where they retained their autonomy and Iran continued to support Shia Islamist paramilitaries.  In February 2010, Asaib Ahl al-Haq kidnapped U.S. contractor Issa T. Salomi, a naturalized American from Iraq. They released a video of him where he read their demands, calling for the release of all the group's members, including several of the group's leaders who are currently imprisoned. Iran is supporting three Shiite extremist groups in Iraq that have been attempting to attack American bases, General Ray Odierno, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, said on July 21, 2010. The Iranians have "gone to a more sophisticated program with a smaller set of extremists" and are now focusing on three groups, which he identified as Kataib Hezbollah, Asaib Ahl al-Haq (League of the Righteous), and the Promised Day Brigade.  As of 2011, according to American officials, the Promised Day Brigades is the largest, with over 5,000 fighters, and pose the biggest long-term security threat to Iraq. Kata'ib Hezbollah is said to have around 1,000 fighters and is the most exclusively reliant on Iranian support. Asa'ib al-Haq is said to have less than 1,000 fighters as of 2011 and receives a reported 5 million per month in Iranian funding. The Promised Day Brigades is said to receive the least amount of Iranian funding and is the most independent of the three.  Since the beginning of the Iraqi war against ISIS, the Special Groups have joined the Popular Mobilization Forces to fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

Special Groups (SGs) is a designation given by the United States military to the cell-based Shi'a paramilitary organizations operating within Iraq, backed by Iran. According to the United States these groups are funded, trained, and armed by the Iranian Quds Force, part of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). According to the United States Department of Defense, 603 American troops in total were confirmed to have been killed by IRGC-backed Shia militias (Special Groups) during the Iraq War.


Definition.

Even though originally studied for regular expressions, the definition applies to arbitrary formal languages. Given any formal language "S" over an alphabet "Σ" and any string "u" ∈ Σ, the derivative of "S" with respect to "u" is defined as:  An equivalent way of stating this is, for all "u","v" ∈ Σ:  which provides some intuition for the notation.  From the definition, for all "u","v","w" ∈ Σ:  so "(uw)""S" = "w"("u""S").  The derivative with respect to an arbitrary string reduces to successive derivatives over the symbols of that string because, for "a"∈ Σ, "u"∈ Σ:  A language "L"⊆ Σ is called "nullable" if it contains the empty string, that is, "ε" ∈ "L". Each language "S" is uniquely determined by nullability of its derivatives:  A language can be viewed as a (potentially infinite) boolean-labelled tree (see also tree (set theory) and infinite-tree automaton). Each possible string "w" ∈ Σ denotes a position in the tree, with binary label "true" when "w" ∈ "S" and "false" when "w" ∉ "S". In this interpretation, the derivative with respect to a symbol "a" corresponds to computing the subtree obtained by following the edge "a". Decomposing tree into the root and the subtrees "a""S" corresponds to the following equality, which holds for every formal language "S"⊆ Σ:

Derivatives of generalized regular expressions.

When a language is given by a regular expression, the concept of derivatives leads to an algorithm for deciding whether a given word belongs to the regular expression.  Given a finite alphabet "A" of symbols, a generalized regular expression denotes a possibly infinite set of finite-length strings of symbols from "A". It may be built of: In an ordinary regular expression, neither ∧ nor ¬ is allowed. The string set denoted by a generalized regular expression "R" is called its language, denoted as "L"("R").

Computation.

For any given generalized regular expression "R" and any string "u", the derivative "u""R" is again a generalized regular expression. It may be computed recursively as follows.  Using the previous two rules, the derivative with respect to an arbitrary string is explained by the derivative with respect to a single-symbol string "a". The latter can be computed as follows:  Here, ν("R") is an auxiliary function yielding a generalized regular expression that evaluates to the empty string ε if "R"'s language contains ε, and otherwise evaluates to ∅. This function can be computed by the following rules:

Properties.

A string "u" is a member of the string set denoted by a generalized regular expression "R" if and only if ε is a member of the string set denoted by the derivative "u""R".  Considering all the derivatives of a fixed generalized regular expression "R" results in only finitely many different languages. If their number is denoted by "d", all these languages can be obtained as derivatives of "R" with respect to string of length below "d". Furthermore, there is a complete deterministic finite automaton with "d" states which recognises the regular language given by "R", as laid out by the Myhill–Nerode theorem.

Derivatives of context-free languages.

Derivatives are also effectively computable for recursively defined equations with regular expression operators, which are equivalent to context-free grammars. This insight was used to derive parsing algorithms for context-free languages. Implementation of such algorithms have shown to have cubic complexity, corresponding to the complexity of Earley parser on general context-free grammars.

In theoretical computer science, in particular in formal language theory, the Brzozowski derivative "u""S" of a set "S" of strings and a string "u" is defined as the set of all strings obtainable from a string in "S" by cutting off a prefixing "u", formally: "u""S" = { "v" ∈ Σ: "uv" ∈ "S" }, cf. picture. It was introduced under various different names since the late 1950s. Today it is named after the computer scientist Janusz Brzozowski who investigated their properties and gave an algorithm to compute the derivative of a generalized regular expression.


Geography.

Elsmere is located in western Kenton County at (39.001475, -84.603116). It is bordered to the north and east by Erlanger, to the south by Independence, and to the west by Florence in Boone County. The Dixie Highway (U.S. Routes 25, 42, and 127) forms the northern border of the city and leads northeast to Covington and southwest to the center of Florence.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Elsmere has a total area of, of which, or 0.73%, are water.

History.

The community was first settled in 1885 as "South Erlanger". Elsmere organized as a city in 1896, renamed after Elsmere Avenue in Norwood, Ohio, the hometown of one of its founders.

Government.

In 1998, Billy Bradford was elected mayor of Elsmere, the first African-American mayor elected in northern Kentucky. He served 12 years (three terms), and now serves as a member of the city council. The current mayor is Marty Lenhof.

Economy.

Regal Beloit (formerly Emerson Power Transmission) and L'Oréal have facilities in an unincorporated pocket of Kenton County surrounded by Elsmere. Portions of Elsmere have a Florence mailing address. Mazak's North American headquarters are in Elsmere.

Education.

The cities of Elsmere and adjacent Erlanger share a public school system. The following schools are shared by the two cities:

Demographics.

According to the 2010 U.S. census, there were 8,451 people, 2,992 households, and 2,131 families residing in the city. The racial makeup was 84.3 percent white, 7.1 percent black, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian American, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.2% some other race, and 3.4% two or more races. 8.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Elsmere is a home rule-class city in Kenton County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 8,451 at the 2010 census.