Location.

The stadium is located on a wide plain in St Urbain, at the foot of Morne Beausejour in the southern community of Vieux Fort. It is approximately five minutes away from the main population centre in the south of St Lucia, and virtually a stone's throw from the Hewanorra International Airport. The stadium is approximately 45 minutes away from the capital, Castries.

Development and history.

The National Stadium was one of several projects negotiated by then Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Trade, George Odlum. Preparatory work on the site was undertaken over several months by the Government of St Lucia at a cost of Three Million Eastern Caribbean Dollars (EC$3 million), just over US$1 million. In September 2000, the site was handed over to a Chinese construction company, the China National Overseas Engineering Corporation(COVEC).  Over the course of the next two years, COVEC built the stadium superstructure on part of the site, with two spectator stands, a grass field, a rubberized track, lights and large parking areas. Coming in at a total cost of EC$55 million, the stadium was the most modern in the Caribbean at the time of its construction. One of the first events at the stadium, then simply known as the St Lucia National Stadium, was the multi-discipline Windward Islands Secondary School Games.  Modern as it is in terms of layout, seating, fixtures and amenities, the stadium was not equipped with an IAAF-certified competition surface. By 2009, such a surface would prove necessary if the St Lucia Athletics Association were to prove successful in its bid to host the XXXVIII CARIFTA Games, a regional track and field championship featuring hundreds of athletes from over 20 territories. Prime Minister Honourable Stephenson King pledged Government's support.  By this time, St Lucia had broken off diplomatic relations with mainland China, in favour of links with the People's Republic of China on Taiwan. Starting in late 2008, the St Lucia Government scrapped the old running surface, and along with Taiwan, began work rehabilitating the facility, which had suffered through substantial disuse and neglect. The major addition was the installation of an IAAF-certified Mondo track. Total expenditure on the Stadium came to over EC$10 million. Of that amount, though, more than EC$5 million was spent on support systems and infrastructure. The Government of St Lucia never managed to fix the electronic scoreboard, but work was done to install a new photo finish apparatus, repair damaged seating, upgrade the lighting, drainage and plumbing, fix the roof and purchase new equipment. Purchased in collaboration with the Taiwanese, much of the equipment came from major American manufacturer UCS.

CARIFTA 2009.

Minister of Youth, Sports, Social Transformation and Public Service, Honourable Lenard Montoute – a former national athlete himself – worked closely with local contractors and of course Mondo, IAAF Official Supplier since 1987, to bring the facility fully up to international standard. Permanent Secretary Donavan Williams headed the team that was charged with delivering the XXXVIII CARIFTA Games in Easter 2009, when the Caribbean would descend upon St Lucia.  St Lucia delivered. Adjustments had to be made to the programme to account for transportation from the main tourism belt in the island's north, but competition-wise, many considered this the best edition ever of the Caribbean's junior track and field showcase. 15 records were broken or equalled, one in the throws, three in the middle and long distance events. Grenada's Kirani James broke Usain Bolt’s 400m record, and won the Austin Sealy award for most outstanding athlete.  Neville 'Teddy' McCook, president of the North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletics Association(NACAC), was impressed by St Lucia's National Stadium. During a visit to St Lucia in September 2008, he said "This is an excellent facility. I see nothing in the region that compares in terms of availability of rooms and the way you can use those rooms. This is an important stadium with available rooms for medical, media, accommodation, that's excellent."

Amenities and fittings.

The National Stadium contains two spectator stands seating a total of eight thousand (8,000) persons. When handed over in 2002, the stated intention was that two other stands to accommodate a further seven thousand (7,000) persons would be constructed in due course by the St Lucian Government. The stadium was also intended to be the centerpiece of a stadium complex that would include accommodation as well as indoor facilities for court sports, meetings and so on.  As described by Donavan Williams, the refurbished facility includes "a warm up facility, two High Jump areas, four Triple Jump and Long Jump runways, two Pole Vault runways, one Discus Throw circle, two Shot Put circles and two Javelin Throw runways." Previously, there had been a warmup area beneath the stands, but this was replaced in the refurbishment. The stadium boasts a regulation football pitch and a 400m all-weather Mondo track.

St Jude Hospital.

In September 2009, a fire destroyed portions of St Jude Hospital in Vieux Fort, a few miles from the stadium. The government of St Lucia moved the bulk of the hospital's operations to the stadium, where the large, flexible rooms beneath the stands turned out to be ideal for transformation into the main medical facility for the south of the island. In April 2010, Prime Minister King said that his government would be rebuilding St Jude on a site close to the stadium.  The Ministries of Sports and Health, along with the Saint Lucia Athletics Association and the board of St Jude, agreed that for the duration of the hospital's stay in the stadium, although the facility would not be available for competition, the track and field installations could be used for training. For much of the 2010 season, therefore, athletics meets were held at venues as disparate as the Mindoo Phillip Park in Castries or the mini-stadium in Soufrière.  Although at the moment the bleachers are in poor conditions as well as the roof which has begun falling off. Instead the faculty of the various schools have opted to use the sides of the tracks where students sit on cardboard or metal stands.

The George Odlum Stadium is a 9,000 capacity football stadium in Vieux Fort, St Lucia. The stadium was handed over to the Government and people of St Lucia, represented by Prime Minister Honourable Dr. Kenny Anthony and Minister for Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports, Honourable Mario Michel, in July 2002. Its construction was financed by the People's Republic of China. It was given its current name in 2007.


Life.

Charles Jason Gordon was born in Trinidad and Tobago on 17 March 1959.  Gordon managed his father's failing business after his father died and managed to make it profitable all the while becoming involved in parish initiatives that led him to decide to enter the religious life. He had shown his engagement in projects teaching skills to displaced people with an emphasis on adolescents. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1991. In the late 1980s (after selling the business in 1991) and into the 1990s he studied at Mount Saint Benedict and later at the Louvain college in Belgium where he got his bachelor's and master's in theological studies before completing his doctorate in London. He later became involved in the Catholic Charismatic Renewal and was an active participant in their work.  In 2003 he was made the parish priest for Gonzales. He received some awards for his project to bring peace in the eastern part of Port of Spain through the participation of all the stakeholders (including the gangs and their leaders). He mediated between communities in conflict and improved the standing of the Church while saving lives at the same time which earned him praise from Cardinal Peter Turkson. He celebrated a television Mass once a week and this reached out to as much as 50 000 people per week. Pope Benedict XVI named him as a Monsignor in 2009.  In 2011 he was appointed as the Bishop of Kingstown in Saint Vincent and Grenadines and as the Bishop of Bridgetown in Barbados. He received his episcopal consecration from Joseph Everard Harris with Robert Rivas and Malcolm Patrick Galt serving as the co-consecrators on 21 September 2011 which came two months following his appointment. His consecration was celebrated in a tent in front of the Bridgetown Cathedral. Pope Francis later accepted his resignation from Kingstown in 2015 but continued to serve in Bridgetown until the pope appointed him as the Archbishop of Port of Spain in his homeland on 19 October 2017. He will be enthroned in his new archdiocese on 27 December 2017.  In March 2016 he was charged with the physical (not sexual) assault of the altar server Junior Blackman (b. 1974) and the case was brought to the Magistrates' Court that December. Gordon appeared in court and was granted bail after asserting he was innocent of the charges. The Magistrate Kristie Cuffie-Sargeant dismissed the case on 14 July 2017 since Blackman was no longer interested in pursuing the case.  On an annual basis he embarks on a week-long retreat for silence and solitude.

Positions.

Capital punishment.

Gordon is against death sentences and considers it to be nothing more than "state-sponsored murder". The bishop elaborated that "it's still murder" regardless of who perpetrates it and that "its escalating the violence" rather than focusing on stopping it. He also continued that "all people have human dignity... that dignity does not go away when we do something really bad".

Charles Jason Gordon (born 17 March 1959) is a Trinidadian Roman Catholic prelate and the current Archbishop of Port of Spain since his appointment in 2017. He had served prior to this as a parish priest for Gonzales before serving as the bishop for both Bridgetown and Kingston. Gordon is known for his opposition to death sentences and favours peacemaking and bridge building in local disputes and gang violence.


Biography.

Downing was born and raised in Newport News, Virginia. He attended Newport News High School, and graduated from Virginia Military Institute in 1940. After serving in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946, he attended and graduated from the University of Virginia Law School in 1948. He practiced as a lawyer, as well as a substitute judge of the municipal court of Warwick, Virginia.

Congress.

In 1958 he was elected as a Democrat to Congress and was re-elected eight times, before declining to run in 1976. Downing served 18 years in Congress prior to retiring in 1977.

House Select Committee on Assassinations.

Downing was appointed Chairman of the House Select Committee on Assassinations by Carl Albert, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. The Committee was tasked to look into evidence that was not available to the Warren Commission during its investigation of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Upon his retirement from Congress in 1977, Louis Stokes succeeded Downing as Chairman.  Downing stated before and after the HSCA's investigation that he believed there was a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy. He pushed for a House committee to investigate the assassination nearly two years before its formation. In August 1976, he released affidavits from two men who stated that Richard Nixon approved the plan of a right-wing Cuban exile to "eliminate" left-wing Cuban exiles after the Bay of Pigs invasion. Downing said that their statements raised the possibility that right-wing Cubans killed Kennedy.  Downing said that he was skeptical that Lee Harvey Oswald could accurately fire a bolt-action rifle within a short span of time, and he believed video footage of the assassination showed that Kennedy was struck from the front and the rear. According to a theory provided by Downing, one which he said was without evidence and based on speculation, anti-Castro Cuban exiles killed Kennedy due to his failure to support them after the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Downing stated that they expected pro-Castro Cubans would be blamed for the assassination in retaliation for the attempted assassination of Fidel Castro by United States agents. Downing said: "I am firmly convinced, I am sincerely convinced, that more than one person was shooting at President Kennedy in Dallas that day. It is so obvious to me."  Downing described "JFK", Oliver Stone's 1991 film about the assassination of Kennedy, as "implausible". He said: "It's impossible to tell where fact stops and fiction starts, it blends in so well."  Prior to the investigation, James J. Kilpatrick described Downing as "a man of exception integrity and common sense" yet "not altogether unbiased in the matter of Kennedy's assassination". Robert P. Gemberling, head of the FBI's investigation of the assassination for thirteen years after the release of the Warren Commission's report, said in 1976 that Downing and his successor, Henry B. Gonzalez, had "preconceived conspiracy theories".

Later life and death.

He died from the complications of intestinal surgery at the age of 82, and is interred in Peninsula Memorial Park Cemetery, Newport News, Virginia.

Thomas Nelms Downing (February 1, 1919 – October 23, 2001) was a lawyer, politician, and Democratic Congressman from for nine terms.


History.

Background.

The idea of introducing trolleybuses was considered during Interbellum. In the late 1930s, city's Directory for trams and lights prepared the acquisition of the first vehicles. The intention was to introduce the trolleybus lines which would connect the downtown Belgrade to Karaburma. World War II prevented the realization of this plan but the devastation of the tram infrastructure during the war revitalized the idea of trolleybuses.

1947-1960s expansion.

The first trolleybus was presented to the public during the Labor Day parade on 1 May 1947 while the network became operational on 22 June 1947. First two lines were Kalemegdan-Slavija and Crveni Krst-Slavija, which was later expanded to Kalemegdan Park, too. Several months later, the third line, to Dušanovac, was open. In the 1950s, the general idea was that trolleybuses should take over the major role in the public transportation. By 1955, the number of trolleybuses rose to 42. Envisioned plans included lines to Zemun, Karaburma, New Belgrade and Dedinje, but not all were carried into effect. Line to Zemun was opened in 1956, and in time three lines across the Sava river were formed: Line 14 – Zeleni Venac-Gornji Grad (Zemun) (which was considered a successor line to the pre-war tram line), Line 15 – Zeleni Venac-Novi Grad (Zemun) and Line 16 – Zeleni Venac-Pohorska, New Belgrade.  During this period, trolleybus became part of the Belgrade’s sub-culture due to the activity of "kešanje" (slang for hanging onto something). Instead of entering the vehicle and paying for the ticket, the teenagers and young adults would grab onto the trolley pole on the outside.

1970s decline.

Since the late 1960s, city authorities began to consider abolishing the trolleybus network completely. In 1973 all three lines across the river were terminated and by the ending of Branko Pešić’s tenure as the mayor of Belgrade in 1974, only one line survived, Kalemegdan-Kruševačka, Lekino Brdo. It was planned for it to be abolished, too, but already in the mid-1970s, after several types of research, city government changed the opinion and began developing the trolleybus network again.

1980s revitalization.

By the early 1980s, new neighborhoods planned to become part of the network were Konjarnik, Miljakovac, Učiteljsko Naselje, Medaković, Banjica, Kumodraž, and Zvezdara. By 1982 trolleybuses reached Konjarnik (Line 19) and Učiteljsko Naselje (Line 21) and the Line 28, connecting Kalemegdan to Zvezdara opened in 1983. In 1985 Line 41 connected Kalemegdan to Banjica II and in 1986 Line 40 was opened between Banjica II and Zvezdara. By the late 1980s, citizens became accustomed to the network and in the 1990s a new trolleybus depot was built in Dorćol, with the capacity of servicing 135 vehicles.

Future.

After new city government took over in 2013, an idea of abolishing the trolleybus network was raised again, partially prompted by the experimental introduction of the electric buses. Due to the possible creation of the pedestrian zone in the entire central section of Belgrade, propositions include the change of the routes in downtown, the relocation of the central terminus from Studentski Trg to Slavija and of the depo from Dorćol to Medaković. The remaining lines should connect the hilly parts of the city: Konjarnik, Medaković, Vračar, Banjica and Kanarevo Brdo. City manager Goran Vesić announced that one single tram line will replace all four trolleybus lines (19, 21, 22 and 29) and the only bus line (31), which traverse through the city’s main street "Kralja Milana". Regarding reasons, Vesić stated that the overhead lines look ugly in downtown and that citizen complained about the noise made by the trolleybuses. The immediate reaction of the citizens was mostly negative.  However, some of the advantages of the trolleybuses are their minimal noise pollution. Also, there is a matter of price of digging up the entire center of the city so that at least of tram tracks can be placed, and the cost of buying the new trams which will supposedly be operated on capacitors, without the grid. At the moment, five lines pass through the main street 47 times per hour. On average, that is one vehicle on every 86 second, which is virtually impossible with only one line. In May 2017, Prime Minister of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić, even though the Belgrade's city transportation is completely outside of his jurisdiction, stated that he wants to abolish the trolleybus network completely and replace it with the electric buses. As a reason, he said that the trolleybuses are causing problems and that when one stops due to the malfunction, it stops the entire traffic behind it. Though electric buses may be a better solution than the trams, Vučić's reasoning is dubious, just like the Vesić's. Trolleybus has easier traffic avoidance than a tram. Contrary to the trams, which indeed stops all the trams behind when one malfunction because they all use the same tracks when a trolleybus is broken, it is simply unhooked from the grid and is easily bypassed by the trolleybus behind it.  After public protests, the 2013 idea was modified in 2015 and the city announced that the terminus from Studentski Trg will be relocated to the Dunavska Street, extending the trolleybus lines to Dorćol, as a temporary solution. As of July 2019 nothing has been done regarding the trolleybuses relocation. Due to the massive 2018-2019 reconstruction of the Republic Square, some lines were shortened only to the Slavija quare, some were replaced with buses, while some were abolished completely. After continued citizens protests, city administration modified it's idea of the large pedestrian zone in downtown and announced that all trolleybuses will be returned to their regular lines in September 2019, after the reconstruction of the square is finished. However, after the square was reopened for traffic on 1 November 2019, lines 21 and 22 remained shortened to the Slavija Square, while lines 19 and 28 were completely abolished due to the "overlapping in the central city zone". But it was also reported that the reduction (it also included several bus lines) is part of the ongoing plan by the city to transform the main traffic route into the pedestrian zone and because of the weight restrictions due to the botched reconstruction of the Republic Square.  In December 2018, Ministry of construction, transportation and infrastructure instigated changes in the Law on Communal Activity, which would allow for private companies to operate trams and trolleybuses, as the present law allows them only to operate city transportation's bus lines. However, deputy mayor Vesić said that city will buy 80 electric buses instead and that trolleybus lines will be shut completely. In October 2019, a scandal broke out when it was reported that some 80 trolleybuses (64%) are not registered (which was discovered by the police in the spring of 2019). GSP general manager was charged, though the company claimed that vehicles have regular technical inspections.

Dorćol route.

As the city authorities continued with their already heavily criticized project of removing the traffic completely from downtown and conducting it into the neighborhood of Dorćol, they began the construction of the grid. Local residents opposed the idea and blocked the streets. When city sent workers to begin the works on the new grid, the residents physically prevented them. They are opposing the project which will reduce the sidewalks and number of parking spots, cut the trees and induce further traffic jams. City claimed they are doing this because of the wishes of the citizens but never provided any proof of that. After negotiations with the residents, city decided to temporarily halt the works and later announced the partial change of the route.  In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a state of emergency was declared in Serbia, which included social distancing, partial curfew and ban on public gathering. The emergency was declared on 16 March and already on 17 March city began to cut trees to make way for the grid. Citizens reported that the city is building the route as they like, pushing aside what little agreement they made with the citizens, that workers employed in the construction don't follow protocolos of protection during the pandemic and that works are being done without all necessary permits since there was no time to obtain them so fast. City responded that now, when there is no traffic, it is ideal time to work and that they do everything as agreed with the citizens who are now legally prevented to organize protests and blockades due to the state of emergency. The works continued only during the night curfew, including loud construction works like the hydraulic concrete drilling. Police refused to intervene so the situation culminated in late April when citizens gathered in the streets, breaking the curfew and halting the works. Police then appeared with black Marias but an ad hoc agreement was reached by which residents returned to their homes, and the works were stopped.

Line 28.

City Hospital (today KBC Zvezdara) was opened on 1 December 1935. In the early 1941, before World War II began in Yugoslavia, the bus Line 28 was established, which connected City Hospital to Theatre Square in downtown Belgrade, via Hadžipopovac and Profesorska Kolonija. The line was kept operational by the German occupational authorities throughout the war, from 1941 to 1944. After the war, the bus line of the similar route continued, but was renamed to Line 27. In 1949, the pre-war line was fully re-established, and the number 28 was returned.  The buses which operated on the line were Miesse and Renault. Later bus brands on the line included Leyland Royal Tiger Worldmaster, MAN and Ikarbus. The buses were replaced by trolleybuses in 1983, but neither the number nor the route changed (modern street names): Dimitrija Tucovića-Cvijićeva-Jaše Prodanovića-Takovska-Svetogorska-Makedonska-Republic Square-Vasina-Studentski Trg.  The changes in 2019, especially the shut down of the line 28 was described as the "complete miss" and caused public protests and gatherings, and street and works blockades. Thousands of people signed petition asking for the line to be restored and organized protests along the line's route. Closing and shortening of the lines in November 2019 right away resulted in crowds in the surviving lines and massive public discontent. Especially affected was Zvezdara municipality as lines 19, 21 and 28 were connecting different parts of Zvezdara to downtown. Furthermore, line 28 was the only line of public transportation which connected downtown to KBC Zvezdara, one of the largest medical-hospital complexes in Belgrade. Authorities said that everything is covered with changing buses on other lines, but it turned out that for some, previously direct routes, it takes an extra hour for the commuters. Another explanation by the authorities was reduced pollution in downtown. However, an extra diesel-operated bus line No. 22A, for the shortened section of the trolleybus lines through the city center, was introduced. Just five days into new network, mayor Zoran Radojičić said that line 28 "may be reintroduced". The residents continued to occasionally block the traffic and in February 2020 they placed a "monument" to line 28 at its former terminus at Studentski Trg.  The line was also directly connecting several students' dormitories to the Belgrade University. The abolishment and shortening of the lines was abrupt and unannounced. In the 2015 project, line 28 was not only preserved, but was planned for extension - to Medaković III on one, and to Cerak Vinogradi, on the other side. When the reconstruction of the Republic Square began, it was stated that the shutting of the lines was temporary. And when the works were finished on 1 September 2019, all the lines were indeed restored. However, when two weeks later the newly renovated square began to fall apart, the cubes which were used for paving were turned upside down. After this was finished, the lines were shut down, unofficially, because of the mishandled reconstruction and poor quality.  After 4 months of protests, city finally accepted to hold talks with the citizens regarding line 28 in the late February 2020. Previously they completely ignored the protesters, not answering to any petition or question, refusing to disclose the study on which they based the abolishment of the line, even when they had to do it when the Law on Free Access to Information was invoked by the activists. After several sessions city remained insistent on enforcing pedestrian zone in the entire downtown and refusing to re-establish the line. The activists said they will physically prevent removal of the electric grid.

Lines.

As of 2017, there are seven lines in operation. They operate every day, on a different timetable, depending on the time of the day or if it is a weekend. There are no night trolleybus lines.  Some of the recently abolished lines include Line 22L, which operated from Kalemegdan to Slavija, as the shortest line of the public transportation in Belgrade () which was abolished on 3 September 2012, and Line 29N, night line which was abolished in 2006 and replaced by the bus.

The fleet.

In 2012, when the fleet numbered 133 vehicles, the breakdown by the type was:  3 Hess/Kiepe lighTram buses will be delivered in June 2019.  Former types included:

Notes.

Notes:

The Belgrade trolleybus system forms part of the public transportation network in the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is operated by the city-owned public transportation company GSP Belgrade. In 2017, the network consisted of 7 lines, with 125 trolleybuses operating on of two-way overhead wires. "Trola", Serbian name for the trolley pole, became among Belgraders the common, colloquial name for the trolleybus in general.


Models.

WD TV (1st Gen).

In November 2008 Western Digital introduced the WD TV. with full HD 1080p multimedia player with DTS pass-through only. The hardware starts with a 300 MHz TangoX MIPS 4KEc from Sigma Designs, which has 100 MB of memory.

WD TV (2nd Gen).

Updated device with 2-channel DTS support. Uses the same Sigma SMP8655 Secure Media Processor as the Live.

WD TV Mini.

Released in Fall 2009, it was a Media Player with DVD quality, upscales to 1080i, Plays back RealVideo and many other popular file formats with no need for transcoding, but lacks the ability to play H.264 encoded video.

WD TV Live.

Released in Fall 2009 with Full HD 1080p resolution. An updated device with 2-channel DTS, streaming and network support, which comes in the form of an Ethernet port on the back. Also compatible with certain wireless USB adapters. Connects to Internet sites: YouTube (until 2017), Flickr, Live365, myTV, Pandora, Mediafly, Flingo, AccuWeather, Facebook or stream content from a home network. Supports a wide variety of the most popular file formats. No need for transcoding. Mediafly and DVD menu support added in firmware update.  The device supports three playlist formats.  The Sigma Designs SMP8655 SoC inside the WD TV Live features a 500 MHz CPU, a 333 MHz coprocessor, a 333 MHz DSP, 512 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of NAND flash memory. Western Digital has tweaked the original Sigma SMP8600 Family design slightly by including 6 video Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) which should give it the ability to handle high-def content with ease. (Model number WDBAAN0000NBK).

WD TV Live Plus (WD TV Live 2nd Gen).

Released early in 2010 and having all the features of the WD TV Live along with Netflix streaming support. In order to support Netflix, a macrovision enabled SoC was required (Sigma Designs SMP8654) and the Linux system is also now encrypted. However, actual user experience has lagged for some. As of April 12, 2011, Netflix Canada works on a WD Live TV Plus as long as the firmware has been upgraded to version 1.04.31_B or newer. It is also known as WDTV Live Plus (Model number WDBABX0000NBK, WDBREC0000NBK, WDBG3A0000NBK). Reviews: WD TV Live Plus was met with generally positive reviews. Review Horizon names it a worthy successor of WD TV Live.

WD TV Live Hub.

Released in fall 2010, this is a WD TV Live device with an internal 1 TB storage disk. It uses the same Sigma Designs SMP8654 found in the WD TV Live Plus with four 64 MB Nanya NT5TU64M16GG DDR2 667/800 MHz modules (256 MB total), and a 2 GB Samsung K9F2G080UB flash chip.

WD TV Live Streaming (WD TV Live 3rd Gen).

Released in October 2011. It has customizable themes, a larger remote control, can get content information from the internet, plays DRM-protected services, has a built-in wireless adapter, a 10/100Mbit/s RJ45 Ethernet port and is the first WD TV model to include the Spotify service. The WD TV Live has WiFi and a Sigma Designs SMP8670AD 700 MHz processor with 512MB of DDR2 memory from Nanya. It is also known as WD TV Live Gen 3 (NTSC model number WDBHG70000NBK, PAL model number WDBGXT0000NBK).

WD TV Play (WD TV 4th Gen).

According to the WD Site, it was released in early 2013. (NTSC model number WDBMBA0000NBK). Their exact words are: The software does not support DTS or MPEG2, as these features were removed.

WD TV Media Player (WD TV 2nd Gen).

Released in July 2014. (NTSC model number WDBYMN0000NBK, PAL model number WDBPUF0000NBK). Identical hardware to the WDTV Live Streaming but missing Netflix. This last version of the WDTV was finally discontinued by Western digital in June 2016 and is no longer available for sale through the manufacturer.

Hacking.

The WD TV has been hacked to enable further options, including using external optical drives, Ethernet connection via USB to Ethernet adapters, bittorrent downloading and improved thumbnail preview images. The newest versions of the WD TV (Streaming Media) have encrypted firmware and there are efforts to continue hacking them.

The WD TV was a consumer device produced by Western Digital that played videos, images, and music from USB drives or network locations. The device was introduced in 2008 and played high-definition video through an HDMI port, and standard video through composite video cables. The device had support for most common video and audio formats. The WD TV was discontinued as of August 2016.


History.

When the Japanese invaded Sandakan on 19 January 1942, the Chinese Consulate was one of their first targets. Cho Huan Lai, who was the Chinese Consul General for the Republic of China in North Borneo since 1940 was arrested during the invasion. Shortly before the Japanese came to the consulate, Cho managed to destroy a number of consulate documents and other decipherment. Because of his diplomatic immunity, Cho along with several other Europeans sent to an internment camp in Berhala Island before being moved together with his family to the Batu Lintang camp in Kuching. He used his connections to keep in contact with his outside inmates. But when the Japanese got to know about it, all of his inmates was arrested in May 1944 along with him. The Japanese military court sentence them to imprisonment, in which they were serving their first period in a prison in Kuching, and later in Batu Tiga prison in Jesselton.  When the Allies launched an attack on the Japanese, some of his inmates were killed during an air raid on the prison in late 1944, with Cho was also wounded. In January 1945, the Japanese moved their prison to Beaufort and on 12 April 1945, it was moved to Keningau. After another series of bombing to other prison, all prisoners was taken to Bulu Silau, which about two miles from Keningau. In Keningau, Cho came under the command of Lt. Col. Abe Keichi, the Japanese military commander of Keningau, and Lieutenant Akutagawa Mitsuya, the commander of the local "kenpeitai". On 5 July, the Japanese planned to dismiss them because they had fully served the sentence.  Since none of them were still alive at the end of the war, inquiries were made as to their whereabouts. It turned out that the men were taken to an airfield in Keningau under the pretext of relocation to Ranau and located near the airfield (about two miles from the Japanese General Lieutenant Abe's headquarters) where they been executed on 6 July 1945. After the war, the British government was keen to get on the exact locations of whereabouts of Cho and his European companions. The plan was supported and conducted by Richard Evans, the former residents of the West Coast Division. In October 1945, his search led him to Keningau where he discovered the graves of Cho, Stokes and others. Although the Japanese Commander of Abe Keichi and Lieutenant Akutagawa Mitsuya denied their role in the execution of Cho, both of them were found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence was carried out in Changi Prison in Singapore. The remains of Cho and his colleagues was later reburied at the old Anglican Cemetery of Jesselton.

Location.

The monument is located near the former airfield of Keningau where Cho and his colleagues been executed.  The monument is shaped like a towering stele of about 4 metres in height. The cross section is rectangular; the entrance facing the wider side with red ancient Chinese character given a slightly concave. At the bottom of the monument is a slightly wider rectangular block with bronze plate, which described the information in English. The monument is placed on a three-tiered, square stepped pedestal.  The memorial inscription in large red ancient Chinese characters translated as:  The bronze plaque listed the names of the people executed here, namely: Above the English language bronze plaque is a marble slab inserted into the monument with an inscription in Chinese language:

Cho Huan Lai Memorial or also known as Keningau War Memorial () in the Malaysian town of Keningau in Sabah is a monument dedicated to Chinese Consul General Cho Huan Lai and his colleagues who died on 6 July 1945 after being executed by the Japanese.


Pogrom.

An unidentified Armenian press editor said the commander of the Soviet troops asked the Interior Ministry in Moscow for permission to evacuate some of the city's Armenian population of 100,000. The conflict intensified in the fall of 1988, as the Armenians of Kirovabad and the surrounding countryside were driven from their homes and forced to seek safe haven in Armenia. According to Los Angeles Times, an article published on November 27, 1988, "Soviet soldiers have blocked dozens of Azerbaijani attempts to massacre Armenians in their homes in the continuing communal violence in the southern Soviet republic of Azerbaijan, a senior military commander there said Saturday."  On November 23, martial law was declared in Kirovabad, meaning that troops could now respond with rifle fire. That same day, an attempt of pogrom against the building of the city's Executive committee took place. During the clashes between the aggressive crowd and the armed forces who tried to keep the order and to defend the Armenian citizens three soldiers were killed, and 67 people were wounded. Hooligans burned down and damaged military vehicles.

Death toll.

Yuri Rost mentions sources reporting that the number of fatalities had risen to forty by 24 November, one third of whom were Azerbaijanis killed in clashes with the Soviet troops. Human rights activists reported, that up to 130 Armenians were killed in Kirovabad alone and "with warnings of possible genocide, they have appealed for swift action by the government to halt Azerbaijani attacks on Armenians." On 25 November 1988, Soviet human rights activist Andrei Sakharov, in Massachusetts during the unrest, said he had received reports from the Soviet Union that more than 130 Armenians were killed and more than 200 wounded in the violence. However the Soviet authorities denied Sakharov's claims, with Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennady Gerasimov saying that the information about the casualties was not accurate. The New York Times also reported that "official and unofficial informants in the two republics who have provided reliable reports during the last nine months of unrest discounted the higher figures, saying they were based on second- and third-hand accounts". Later Sakharov admitted in his memoirs that his statement was a mistake and that he should not have used concrete figures about the numbers of Armenian casualties in Kirovabad. He wrote:  The Soviet authorities confirmed the death of 7 people at the time of the events. This figure included 3 Soviet soldiers, 3 Azerbaijanis and 1 Armenian. Angus Roxburgh during the violence reported that at least six more Armenians were killed due to ethnic rioting in Kirovabad.

The Kirovabad pogrom or the pogrom of Kirovabad was an Azeri-led pogrom that targeted Armenians living in the city of Kirovabad (today called Ganja) in Soviet Azerbaijan during November 1988.


Plot.

Juliette is a Canadian magazine editor who arrives in Cairo for a vacation with husband Mark, a UN official working at refugee camps in the Gaza Strip. Their children have grown and Juliette is looking forward to spending more time with Mark. Delayed, Mark asks his friend—a handsome Egyptian named Tareq—to watch over Juliette. Mark is continually delayed in Gaza, during which time Juliette makes friends with Cairo locals, North American and European residents like Kathryn, explores the city and the surrounding area, and finds herself falling in love with the city during her "Cairo Time".  Tareq is a regular (but not constant) companion during Juliette's extended time waiting for Mark, leading to a very close relationship between the two. While their relationship remains platonic, it is steadily headed to a stronger connection. After travelling to Alexandria with him to attend the wedding of the daughter (Hanan) of a girlfriend from his university days (Yasmeen), she admits that she will miss him when she returns to Canada.  The two visit the Great Pyramids—something Mark had insisted should be "just for us" on his sporadic calls to Juliette at her hotel room. Whatever change this may signify in Tareq and Juliette's growing relationship, they return to the hotel to find that Mark has finally arrived. Mark is happy to see Juliette, while she and Tareq adequately hide their sorrow over the end of their Cairo Time.

Production.

When Ruba Nadda finished writing the script for "Cairo Time" she showed it to producer Daniel Iron of Foundry Films. Daniel, remembering Ruba's previous feature "Sabah", loved the script and decided to work with her.  Atom Egoyan gave the screenplay for "Cairo Time" to Christine Vachon and Charles Pugliese at Killer Films in New York in 2005. Vachon saw there was a lot of potential in the script and decided to meet Nadda with Pugliese. After meeting Nadda they wanted to get involved in the project and thereby became executive producers. Because Canada did not have co-production treaties with Egypt they needed to find a way to shoot in Egypt anyhow. Iron was introduced to David Collins of Samson Films in Ireland by Ruba Nadda. Collins met Nadda at a film festival in Mannheim and in Rotterdam and was familiar with her work. Samson decided to join the project, making it a Canada-Ireland co-production, which allowed them to shoot in Egypt.

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes certified the movie "fresh" with 82 as of August 2010. The film was received with great reviews. The "Wall Street Journal" said "Clarkson makes taking 'Cairo Time' well worth it", while CTV News gave the movie a positive review stating that the movie as "A masterful look at repressed romance" giving it 3 stars out of 4 Picktainment.com said "Ruba Nadda's "Cairo Time" is a passive, delicate film with a mature respect for its surroundings and a profound understanding of neglect, especially in its subtle form." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" called "Cairo Time" "a fragile romance" and said about Nadda, "Just when you think you know what's coming, the canny writer-director Ruba Nadda (Sabah) makes sure you won't. Nadda lets the sensuous tempos of Cairo life seep into Juliette's system, and ours. It's a haunting and hypnotic film. And Clarkson's sublimely nuanced performance is in every way transporting." At the end of 2010, Cairo Time was named "Best-reviewed romance of the year (2010)" by Rotten Tomatoes.

Release.

The movie was released in Canadian theaters on 9 October 2009. "Cairo Time" won the "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival 2009. The movie was bought by IFC during Toronto International Film Festival 2009 and released in the U.S. in New York and Los Angeles on August 6, 2010 with a wide release on Labor Day weekend of 2010 by IFC. "Cairo Time" grossed $66,245 in the opening weekend, ranking at #38. The film sold out all shows in the weekend in New York and Los Angeles, with a theater revenue of $12,450, the best per-theater-average of any film in release.

Cairo Time is a 2009 film by Canadian director Ruba Nadda. It is a romantic drama about a brief, unexpected love affair that catches two people completely off-guard. The film won the "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival 2009.


Early years.

Urecal was born in Eureka, California in 1894. She later formed her stage name by combining letters from the names of her hometown and state.

Career.

Urecal was originally a vaudeville performer before venturing into radio and stage, later making her film debut in 1933. She played largely uncredited roles such as secretaries, laundresses and frontierswomen. She began working in television in the 1950s, favoring Westerns.  From 1932 to 1937, Urecal portrayed Mrs. Pasquale on the "Sunday Night Hi-Jinks" radio program.  On television Urecal played Maw Bowie, mother of the title character, in "The Adventures of Jim Bowie" (1956-1958). She guest-starred on CBS's "My Friend Flicka", "The Roy Rogers Show", The Lone Ranger, and the syndicated "The Range Rider". She also had a recurring role in the 1953-1954 situation comedy "Meet Mr. McNutley" in the role of Josephine Bradley, the dean of a women's college. The program was broadcast on CBS radio and CBS-TV. She also played Billie the Barber in the 1950 episode of "The Lone Ranger" as "Billie the Great".  In 1957, Urecal had her only starring television role on the syndicated "The Adventures of Tugboat Annie", playing the title character originally performed by Marie Dressler in the film "Tugboat Annie" in 1933 and continued by Marjorie Rambeau and Jane Darwell in two movie sequels. Later, in 1957, Urecal appeared as a landlady in the "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Fan Dancer's Horse". She then succeeded actress Hope Emerson, as nightclub owner "Mother", on the private detective series "Peter Gunn".  Urecal appeared on the Walter Brennan ABC sitcom "The Real McCoys" in the series' 1960 episode "The Gigolo" and in the Western series "Whispering Smith" in the episode "Swift Justice". She was cast as a maid in the 1961 episode "Call Me Mother" of the CBS sitcom "Angel", starring Annie Fargé. In 1965 she made her second appearance on "Perry Mason", this time as Martha Glenhorn in "The Case of the Lover's Gamble". Her final television appearance was the following year, when she played Mrs. Griffin on an episode of the rural sitcom "Petticoat Junction".

Personal life and death.

Urecal was married to Max Holtzer.  Urecal died in 1966 from a heart attack in Glendale, California, aged 71.

Minerva Urecal (born Minerva Dunnock; September 22, 1894 – February 26, 1966) was an American stage and radio performer as well as a character actress in Hollywood films and on various television series from the early 1950s to 1965.


History.

Prior to the discovery of the microbial loop, the classic view of marine food webs was one of a linear chain from phytoplankton to nekton. Generally, marine bacteria were not thought to be significant consumers of organic matter (including carbon), although they were known to exist. However, the view of a marine pelagic food web was challenged during the 1970s and 1980s by Pomeroy and Azam, who suggested the alternative pathway of carbon flow from bacteria to protozoans to metazoans.  Early work in marine ecology that investigated the role of bacteria in oceanic environments concluded their role to be very minimal. Traditional methods of counting bacteria (e.g., culturing on agar plates) only yielded small numbers of bacteria that were much smaller than their true ambient abundance in seawater. Developments in technology for counting bacteria have led to an understanding of the significant importance of marine bacteria in oceanic environments.  In the 1970s, the alternative technique of direct microscopic counting was developed by Francisco "et al." (1973) and Hobbie "et al." (1977). Bacterial cells were counted with an epifluorescence microscope, producing what is called an "acridine orange direct count" (AODC). This led to a reassessment of the large concentration of bacteria in seawater, which was found to be more than was expected (typically on the order of 1 million per milliliter). Also, development of the "bacterial productivity assay" showed that a large fraction (i.e. 50%) of net primary production (NPP) was processed by marine bacteria.  In 1974, Larry Pomeroy published a paper in BioScience entitled “The Ocean’s Food Web: A Changing Paradigm”, where the key role of microbes in ocean productivity was highlighted. In the early 1980s, Azam and a panel of top ocean scientists published the synthesis of their discussion in the journal "Marine Ecology Progress Series" entitled “The Ecological Role of Water Column Microbes in the Sea”. The term ‘microbial loop’ was introduced in this paper, which noted that the bacteria-consuming protists were in the same size class as phytoplankton and likely an important component of the diet of planktonic crustaceans.  Evidence accumulated since this time has indicated that some of these bacterivorous protists (such as ciliates) are actually selectively preyed upon by these copepods. In 1986, "Prochlorococcus", which is found in high abundance in oligotrophic areas of the ocean, was discovered by Chisholm, Olson, and other collaborators (although there had been several earlier records of very small cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll b in the ocean). Stemming from this discovery, researchers observed the changing role of marine bacteria along a nutrient gradient from eutrophic to oligotrophic areas in the ocean.

Factors controlling the microbial loop.

The efficiency of the microbial loop is determined by the density of marine bacteria within it (Taylor and Joint 1990). It has become clear that bacterial density is mainly controlled by the grazing activity of small protozoans and various taxonomic groups of flagellates. Also, viral infection causes bacterial lysis, which release cell contents back into the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool, lowering the overall efficiency of the microbial loop. Mortality from viral infection has almost the same magnitude as that from protozoan grazing. However, compared to protozoan grazing, the effect of viral lysis can be very different because lysis is highly host-specific to each marine bacteria. Both protozoan grazing and viral infection balance the major fraction of bacterial growth. In addition, the microbial loop dominates in oligotrophic waters, rather than in eutrophic areas - there the classical plankton food chain predominates, due to the frequent fresh supply of mineral nutrients (e.g. spring bloom in temperate waters, upwelling areas). The magnitude of the efficiency of the microbial loop can be determined by measuring bacterial incorporation of radiolabeled substrates (such as tritiated thymidine or leucine).

Importance in marine ecosystems.

The microbial loop is of particular importance in increasing the efficiency of the marine food web via the utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is typically unavailable to most marine organisms. In this sense, the process aids in recycling of organic matter and nutrients and mediates the transfer of energy above the thermocline. More than 30% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) incorporated into bacteria is respired and released as carbon dioxide. The other main effect of the microbial loop in the water column is that it accelerates mineralization through regenerating production in nutrient-limited environments (e.g. oligotrophic waters). In general, the entire microbial loop is to some extent typically five to ten times the mass of all multicellular marine organisms in the marine ecosystem. Marine bacteria are the base of the food web in most oceanic environments, and they improve the trophic efficiency of both marine food webs and important aquatic processes (such as the productivity of fisheries and the amount of carbon exported to the ocean floor). Therefore, the microbial loop, together with primary production, controls the productivity of marine systems in the ocean.  Many planktonic bacteria are motile, using a flagellum to propagate, and chemotax to locate, move toward, and attach to a point source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) where fast growing cells digest all or part of the particle. Accumulation within just a few minutes at such patches is directly observable. Therefore, the water column can be considered to some extent as a spatially organized place on a small scale rather than a completely mixed system. This patch formation affects the biologically-mediated transfer of matter and energy in the microbial loop.  More currently, the microbial loop is considered to be more extended (Kerner, Hohenberg, Ertl, Reckermannk, Spitzy 2003). Chemical compounds in typical bacteria (such as DNA, lipids, sugars, etc.) and similar values of C:N ratios per particle are found in the microparticles formed abiotically. Microparticles are a potentially attractive food source to bacterivorous plankton. If this is the case, the microbial loop can be extended by the pathway of direct transfer of dissolved organic matter (DOM) via abiotic microparticle formation to higher trophic levels. This has ecological importance in two ways. First, it occurs without carbon loss, and makes organic matter more efficiently available to phagotrophic organisms, rather than only heterotrophic bacteria. Furthermore, abiotic transformation in the extended microbial loop depends only on temperature and the capacity of DOM to aggregate, while biotic transformation is dependent on its biological availability (Kerner, Hohenberg, Ertl, Reckermannk, Spitzy 2003).

The microbial loop describes a trophic pathway in the marine microbial food web where dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. The term microbial loop was coined by Farooq Azam and Tom Fenchel et al. to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and nutrient cycles of the marine environment.


Biography.

Nabia Abbott was born on January 31, 1897 in Mardin, Ottoman Empire. Her father was a Christian merchant whose business activities brought his family first to Mosul, then to Baghdad and finally to Bombay. There she attended various English-language schools. In 1919 she completed her undergraduate studies with honours at the Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow.  After her graduation, Nabia returned for a short time to Mesopotamia. She worked there in education for women. The politician and orientalist Gertrude Bell offered her friendship and supported her in her research.  In 1923, Abbott moved with her family to the United States. She received a master's degree in 1925 from Boston University. From 1925 to 1933, she taught history at Asbury College in Wilmore, Kentucky, rising to head of the Department of History. In 1933 she joined the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago to begin her doctoral studies under Martin Sprengling. She became a Professor of Islamic Studies at the Oriental Institute in 1949. In 1963, after retirement, she became Professor Emerita.  Nabia Abbott died in Chicago on 15 October 1981.

Research.

Papyrology.

Nabia Abbott's concentration was in Arabic and Islamic studies. The Oriental Institute had a large collection of early Islamic papyri and documents on paper and parchment. Abbott published these documents and helped expand the Institute's collection.

Arabian Nights.

In al-Maqqari's "History of Spain Under the Moslems", there is a reference to the existence of a 12th-century work titled "Thousand and One Nights". Abbott notes this in her documentation of the early evolution of the tales. Among other conclusions, she showed that the Arabian Nights borrows the framing tale (around which are accumulated Arabised and original Arabian stories) from the "Hezar Afsaneh", an Indo-Persian collection of tales.  Abbott published an essay in 1949 about a 9th-century fragment of the Arabian Nights, which contains the title and first page of the works. She demonstrated its assistance in elucidating early Arabic palaeography as well as the development of early Islamic books in paper. She proved it was nearly a century older than earliest known references to the Arabian Nights, and established a chronology of the evolution of the Arabian Nights, which has remained valid since then.

Hadiths.

Early generations of Western scholars of Islam, notably Ignác Goldziher and Joseph Schacht, had introduced a scepticism to the hadith tradition, which - as actions or habits by the Prophet Muhammad - was supposedly the basis for Islamic Law. They claimed that these originated, instead, in the first few centuries of Islam (therefore, not contemporaneous with Muhammad), and that these were attempts to shoehorn authority atop a legal foundation that had already been laid. Indeed, the hadith had been traditionally held to be of higher consequence than the opinions of the Prophet's Successors or Companions, and over time, the desire to promote certain laws over others resulted in the attribution of Successors' arguments to the Companions, and the Companions' opinions to the Prophet himself. Nabia Abbott, on the other hand, argued that hadith was an original practice in Islam, held in written form until they entered the canonical books. In answer to the question of the unavailability of these early manuscripts, she blamed the Caliph Umar, who ordered the destruction of these writings to prevent a parallel development of holy literature that might contend against the Qur'an. After his death, however, the remaining hadiths compiled by some of the Prophet's companions, formed the basis of the later collections.

Nabia Abbott (born 31 January 1897 in Mardin, Ottoman Empire; died 15 October 1981 in Chicago) was an American scholar of Islam, papyrologist and paleographer. She was the first woman professor at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. She gained worldwide recognition for her researches into the emergence of the Arabic script and the oldest written documents of Islam. She was also a pioneer in the study of early Muslim women. Especially noteworthy was her biography of Aisha, one of the wives of the prophet Muhammad.


Tennis career.

In 1898 he reached the final of the Austrian Championship but lost in four sets to Jorge André. In 1901 he won the Adriatic Championships in Triest in a three-set match. His opponent in the final had been Miklós Horthy who later became the Regent of Hungary.  In 1903 he won the international tournament of the Magyar Athletikai Club in Budapest with a victory over Josiah Ritchie. With his compatriot Kurt von Wessely he celebrated his first important doubles title in the German International Championships. In 1904 he was defeated in the semifinals of the Austrian Championship by Josiah Ritchie in straight sets. He and von Wessely also lost the doubles final to Herbert Roper-Barrett and B.W. Frost.  Kinzl played for the Austrian Davis Cup team during the 1905 World Group semifinal against Australasia. He lost both his singles matches against Norman Brookes and Anthony Wilding as well as the doubles match with his partner Kurt von Wessely. His best result at a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the third round at the 1907 Wimbledon Championships. In 1907 he was the finalist of the Budapest International Doubles Championships partnering von Wessely but eventually lost it to Tony Wilding and Oscar Kreuzer.  In May 1908 he was runner-up at the Wiesbaden Cup having lost the final in straight sets to Anthony Wilding. In July he participated in the singles event at the Summer Olympics but lost in the first round to Wilberforce Eaves. In 1912 he clinched the title of the inaugural Academic Sports Association international tournament in Wawel.  In 1913 he captured his second German International Championships doubles trophy in Hamburg alongside von Wessely. The same year they reached the semifinals of the World Hard Court Championships.

Other.

In football, he played as the center-forward of the DFC Prague. He was an occasional football referee as well.  In civil life he was an editor-in-chief for a sport magazine called "Wiener Sporttagblattes".  He died in Vienna on 14 November 1938 of a sudden heart attack.

Rolf Kinzl, (; 19 October 1878 – 14 November 1938) was an Austrian tennis player, football player and cyclist who was active during the beginning of the 20th century.


Biography.

Henry Jones was born in London, the eldest son of surgeon Henry Derviche Jones. He attended King's College School, Wimbledon from 1842 to 1848, and entered St Bartholomew's Hospital as a student during the 1849/50 session. His signature can be seen in the hospital’s archives in the student signature book (a book that students signed when they began their studies) for the 1849/50 and 1850/1 sessions, where his address is given as 23 Soho Square.  Jones qualified MRCS (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons) in 1852 and practised medicine as a general practitioner (GP) until 1869 when he changed tack and became a full-time writer on games and sport. His writing career can be traced back to 1857 when he began writing about whist. Jones's father had been a keen devotee of this trick-taking card game, and under his tutelage, Jones had become a good player at an early age. He was a member of several whist clubs, among them the New Cavendish Club, and in 1862 he published "The Laws and Principles of Whist: Stated and Explained and its Practice Illustrated on an Original System by Means of Hands Played Completely Through by "Cavendish"", which became the leading treatise on the game. This work was followed by treatises on the laws of the card games piquet and ecarte. Jones became widely known as "Cavendish" and wrote extensively in "The Field", the world's original country and fieldsports magazine, which was founded in 1853. As "Cavendish" he also wrote on billiards, lawn tennis and croquet, and contributed articles on whist and other table games to the ninth edition (1889) of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". "Cavendish was not a law-maker, but he codified and commented upon the laws which had been made during many generations of card-playing." One of the most noteworthy points in his character was the manner in which he kept himself abreast of improvements in his favourite game.

Lawn tennis.

In 1869 Jones joined the "All England Croquet Club", which had been founded the previous year. He was later voted onto the club's committee and was Secretary for a brief period in 1871. In 1875 Jones proposed that one of the club's croquet lawns should be set aside for playing lawn tennis, which proved to be a significant step. In 1877, Club Secretary John Walsh proposed that a lawn tennis championship be held, and "Wimbledon" was born. Jones and two other prominent men, Julian Marshall and John Moyer Heathcote, formed a sub-committee to frame the rules, many of which survive today, and Jones was referee at The Championships from 1877 to 1885.  The only tournament of the inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship was the Gentlemen's Singles, which was won from a field of 22 competitors by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player. The final attracted a crowd of about 200 spectators, who each paid one shilling. Today, centre court tickets for Gentleman's Finals Day cost £75.  The Ladies' Singles tournament was inaugurated in 1884 when Maud Watson became the champion from an entry of just 13 players. The same year, the Gentlemen's Doubles was started, with a trophy donated to the club by Oxford University Lawn Tennis Club following the cessation of their own doubles championship.  Henry Jones died in 1899 when the fortunes of Wimbledon were at a low ebb. Public affection for the championships had waned in the 1890s and Jones' obituaries largely ignored his role in lawn tennis.

Legacy.

Cavendish Road in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia was named after his nom de plume "Cavendish" by early residents who were keen whist players.

Henry Jones (2 November 1831 – 10 February 1899) was an English writer under the name "Cavendish", an authority on whist and other card games, tennis and other lawn games.


Geography.

Location.

The Leininger Sporn lies between the valleys of the river Isenach in the south and the Eckbach stream in the north, and has an area of around 44.8 km2. From north to south it is about 10 kilometres long, and from east to west it is about 4 to 5, and at its northern tip, only about 2 to 3 kilometres wide.The outer boundary of this hill ridge runs from the Kleinkarlbach in the northeast, southwards along the edge of the Rhine Graben, before swinging southwest at Leistadt. Here it follows the Lambrecht Fault, a fracture line that crosses the Isenach valley at Hausen between Peterskopf and Teufelsstein, and separates the mountain range of the Haardt from the Leininger Sporn and the Limburg-Durkheim Forest that lies to the southwest. At the "Alten Schmelz" it turns north and reaches the valley of the Höninger Bach and village of Höningen after crossing the Rahnfels hill (517 m AMSL (NHN)). Here the natural region transitions smoothly in the west into the foothills of the Inner Palatine Forest and, in the northwest, into the Stumpfwald and the forest clearances of the Eisenberg Basin. From Altleiningen the boundary follows the valley of the Eckbach as far as Kleinkarlbach in a northeasterly direction.

Name.

The name "Leininger Sporn" was coined by the geographer, Adalbert Pemöller, who in the 1960s developed a detailed internal subdivision of the Palatine Forest for the Handbook of Natural Region Divisions of Germany. In doing so, Pemöller gave the historic name, Leiningerland, for this natural sub-region, which in turn was derived from the formerly important noble family of the House of Leiningen. From a geographic perspective, the Leiningerland, and the low mountain country of the Leininger Sporn are also part of the wine route region and the zone of low, rolling hills on the edge of the mountain region and the Upper Rhine Plain.

Landscape character.

The relief of the natural environment is characterized by a distinctive ridge with steep hillsides, extending from the Pickelhaube (360.7 m above sea level (NHN)) in the north to the Rahnfels and the Heidenfels (496.0 m) in the south, and which drops steeply to the Eckbach valley, the Upper Rhine Plain and, especially, into the Isenach valley by 250 to 300 metres in altitude. Rivers both large and small have cut deeply into the sandstone beds, so that the landscape has a varied topography with V-shaped valleys, rock formations and cliffs. Larger valleys include the Langental to the northwest of the spur and the Krumbach valley beginning at the Ungeheuersee and running in a northeasterly direction as far as the Kleinkarlbach stream. In the south, on the other hand, the hill range is only drained by a few smaller streams that flow in narrow V-shaped valleys into the Isenach. The landscape of the Leininger Sporn is mainly characterized by dense forest which, in the east, is mainly dominated by conifers, especially pine monocultures or mixed stands of pine and mixed beech whose ground flora is often composed of heather, simple grasses and blueberry bushes. These pine forests were created in the 19th and 20th centuries through targeted reforestation of land that had been used for intensive farming over long periods of time - for example for the production of wooden poles for viticulture and had become over-exploited wasteland. In addition to these typical Haardt forests, chestnuts are also found in warmer sites at the eastern foot of the hills, often occurring in large stands. Wine and fruit growing also demonstrate the favourable climate of Weinstraße region and create a varied landscape alternating with foothills of the Haardt Forest. The forest areas in the west of this natural region, by contrast, are of somewhat different composition. Here, "inter alia" in the area of the Rahnfels and Heidenfels, there are larger mixed stands with a higher proportion of Hardwood and a more balanced age range, so that these areas in terms of forest cover and composition are similar to the remaining natural areas of the Central Palatinate Forest.  Human settlement activity is restricted to the peripheral regions of the Leininger Sporn; the hill country itself is not settled. One area that stands out is an isolated clearing at the northeastern edge of the spur in the municipality of Battenberg, which includes Battenberg Castle, at a height of about 300 metres above sea level (NHN). This open area is mainly used for agriculture, since the dominating loam-clay soils, a weathering product of the erosion of Upper Bunter sandstone are rich in nutrients and so, unlike other regions of the Middle Palatinate Forest, allow higher yields. In contrast, the formerly widespread vineyards are in decline, something that is apparent from the old vineyard terraces in the north of the municipal territory. In addition, orchards and waste land can be found on hillsides in the parish of Battenberg. A geological feature and classified as natural monument, are the "Blitzröhren" below Battenberg Castle. These are tubular iron bands of rock, embedded in an ochre-coloured sandstone rock face several metres high caused and by precipitation and the sintered formation of iron solutions.

Historic iron region.

To the west, settlements are concentrated in the valleys of the Eckbach, with the village and castle of Altleiningen, and the Höninger Bach with the village of Höningen and ruins of a former monastery, encouraged by the former ironworks. In places, there are recoverable iron ore deposits geologically dependent on faults along the edge of the Leininger Sporn.  The Eckbach valley was part of the historic iron processing of the region, e.g. there was a big ironworks below Altleiningen (Maihof-Drahtzug). The stream was impounded to create reservoirs for the ironworks and also drove several sawmills. Upstream, it has the character of a meadow valley.

The Leininger Sporn is a highly prominent ridge in the northeast of the Palatinate Forest in western Germany, mainly composed of the rock formations of the Middle and Upper Bunter. It forms the western edge of Upper Rhine Plain between Grünstadt in the north and Leistadt, a village in the county of Bad Durkheim, in the southeast. In the natural region system of the German Central Uplands it is considered one of the four sub-units of the Middle Palatinate Forest.


Education.

Gibbs attended Mars Hill College and North Carolina State University in his home state, where he earned an A.A. degree in 1958 and a B.S. degree in 1960, respectively. In 1965, he earned a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California at Berkeley with his thesis on "Total Spin-Exchange Cross-Sections for Alkali Atoms from Optical Pumping Experiments".

Career.

After earning his Ph.D., Gibbs remained at U.C. Berkeley as an Acting Assistant Professor until 1967. He then joined Bell Labs in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey where he worked until 1980. During his work there he collaborated on numerous experiments, including research on optical energy transfer in crystals with Samuel L. McCall and Steven Chu, a Nobel Prize winner and the United States Secretary of Energy. For one year during this period, 1975 to 1976, he was an exchange scientist at Philips in Eindhoven, Holland. He was also a visiting lecturer at Princeton University from 1978 to 1979.  In 1980 he moved to Tucson, Arizona to become a professor at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. Here he founded the "Optical Circuitry Cooperative" in 1984, which conducted research relevant to optical processing, funded jointly by industry leaders in optics and optoelectronics. He remained its director until 1991 when the role was given to his collaborator, Dr. Nasser Peyghambarian. Gibbs was able to concentrate more fully on his research, particularly his work with Dr. Galina Khitrova and Dr. Stephan W. Koch on the quantum nano-optics of semiconductors. Gibbs became a professor emeritus in 2011, but continued his work until his death in 2012.

Asteroid Hyatt.

The unusual main-belt asteroid 221628 Hyatt was named in his honor on 3 July 2012 (), just two months before he died. The asteroid was discovered by his son Alex Gibbs of the Catalina Sky Survey, who proposed the name to the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.

Personal life.

Gibbs' first marriage was to Lethia, with whom he had a son, Alex, and a daughter, Vanetta. His second marriage was to Galina Khitrova, with whom he collaborated professionally. On September 3, 2012, Hyatt M. Gibbs died in France at the age of 74 from mesothelioma complications.

Hyatt M. Gibbs (6 August 1938 – 3 September 2012) was a notable physicist and professor at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences. Well known for research in nonlinear optics and quantum optics, he authored a book on optical bistability, and was a recipient of the Humboldt Research Award and Michelson Medal.


Early life.

Michael Bishop was born in Bowdon, Cheshire. The son of a factory boss, aged six he was given a pleasure flight, and in 1949 his parents took him on an Aer Lingus flight to Dublin in search of chocolate, a rarity in the post-war rationing in Manchester.  Educated at the independent Mill Hill School in north London, he enjoyed flying and as a result took a series of school holiday jobs with an aerial photographer.

British Midland.

In 1963, Bishop joined the ground handling operation of Manchester-based Mercury Airlines, a schedule and charter airline, which was taken over by British Midland Airways (later re-branded as BMI) in October 1964. Bishop joined British Midland, and rose to become General Manager of the airline in 1969 and Managing Director in 1972.  In 1978, the London-based Minster Assets investment group, which owned British Midland, decided to sell its stake. With the help of an entrepreneurial Californian dentist, Bishop raised £2.5 million to lead the management buy-out, and was subsequently appointed chairman: "I had to borrow the money from an American citizen. Most venture capitalists want a return of 40% to make up for all their other failures, and they want an exit strategy." From 1969 he was the key driving force behind the steady growth of the airline, which held eleven percent of the landing and take-off slots at London Heathrow airport, second only to British Airways, and had a route network spanning Europe, North America, Asia and Africa.  Bishop formerly held a controlling 50% + 1 share stake of BMI, with German airline Lufthansa holding 30% minus 1 share, and SAS Airlines a further 20%. In October 2008, under a deal agreed in 1999 as part of the package for BMI to join the Star Alliance, Bishop agreed to sell his 50% stake to Lufthansa for an undisclosed sum, though reports suggested it was about £318m. BDLH (LH's holding vehicle) acquired Bishop's share on 1 July 2009, assuming full control of the company.

Honours and appointments.

Between 1991 and 1993, Bishop was deputy chairman of Channel 4 television, becoming chairman from 1993 to 1997. He was also a board member at Sir Nigel Rudd's Williams plc., and deputy chairman at Airtours.  In 1986, he was awarded the CBE, and in 1991 he was knighted. He was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D) from the University of Leicester on 12 July 2007.  In an annual survey by "The Independent" of the UK's most influential gay men and women, Bishop was ranked as number 5 in 2005 and number 6 in 2006.  In February 2011, Bishop was created a life peer as Baron Glendonbrook, of Bowdon in the County of Cheshire, and was introduced in the House of Lords the next month, where he sits as a Conservative.

Personal life.

Bishop is openly gay and, since 2008, has spoken out publicly about gay rights and success in the workplace. He is often referred to as "dapper" by the press, to note his keen sense of elegance.  A member of the Conservative Party since the age of 17, he is chairman of the Board of Trustees of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company—which promotes and sometimes, in recent years, has returned to producing the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan—due to his personal financial sponsorship. Bishop lives in London and at Bruern Abbey, West Oxfordshire, having purchased the 18th-century property in 2013. The Abbey has been completely refurbished under his ownership, including the installation of 'a large and impressive cantilever stone staircase and twenty-five kilometres of data cabling' as well as a 'large underground car park'.

Michael David Bishop, Baron Glendonbrook, (born 10 February 1942) is a British businessman and life peer who rose to prominence as owner of the airline BMI. He sold his stake in the airline to Lufthansa on 1 July 2009 and () had an estimated personal fortune of £280 million. He was one of the country's first openly gay senior executives.


Description.

The Kylver stone was found during the excavation of a cemetery near a farm at Kylver, Stånga, Gotland in 1903. The stone was a flat limestone rock used to seal a grave and the runic inscription was written on the underside, and could therefore not be read from above. The dating of the stone from 400 CE is based upon the archeological dating of the graves.  The Kylver stone was removed from Gotland and brought to the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm where it is not currently on display (2008).  The fact that the inscription was on the inside of a cover to a grave has resulted in speculation that it represented a use of the elder futhark to pacify the dead man in some manner. However, it has been pointed out that there is nothing in the inscription to support this. In addition, there is no evidence that the inscription was made for the purpose of being used on the cover of a grave. There are many examples where stone with runic inscriptions was reused for other purposes. It has been suggested that the likely purpose of making the inscription was for practice or instruction in the carving of the elder futhark.

Inscription.

The Kylver stone is inscribed with the earliest known sequential listing of the 24 runes of the elder futhark, with the a (ᚨ), s (<unk>), and b runes (ᛒ) mirrored compared to later use, and the z rune (ᛉ) upside down (<unk>). The dots in the image indicate incorrect or unorthodox forms like these in the original inscription. The f (<unk>) and w runes (ᚹ) runes are only partially inscribed.  After the last rune follows a spruce- or tree-like rune, with six twigs to the left and eight to the right of a single stave. This is interpreted as a bindrune of stacked Tiwaz rune, or possibly of six Tiwaz and four Ansuz runes to invoke Tyr and the Æsir for protection.  At a separate space the word <unk>ᚢᛖᚢ<unk> sueus is inscribed. The meaning of this latter palindromic word is unknown, but it is possible that it is associated with magic. One suggestion presented by Marstrander is that it is a magical writing of the word 'eus' (the nominative form of the word horse) starting from the e and writing either way. However, this suggestion has been criticized as being "linguistically impossible" for that time period. The small inscription also uses the younger futhark version of the s-rune. It is also possible that it refers to the Germanic tribe of the Suiones that inhabited the region, whose realm laid the basis for what became Sweden.

External links.

"SUEUS" may also be another word for "Schwaben", named after the Suebi or Suevi, sometimes also called Alemanni, a political and defense confederation created by a number of Germanic tribes north of the Rhine in defiance of the Roman Empire. According to the Roman writer Tacitus, writing in the 1st century AD, the Suebi confederation organized most of the Germanic tribes around the Baltic Sea. In fact, Tacitus names the Baltic Sea "Mare Suebicum". Of course, Gotland is located in the middle of the Baltic Sea.

The Kylver stone, listed in the Rundata catalog as runic inscription G 88, is a Swedish runestone which dates from about 400 AD. It is notable for its listing of each of the runes in the elder futhark.


Overview.

The "Maharlika" were a martial class of freemen. Like the "Timawa", they were free vassals of their "Datu" who were exempt from taxes and tribute but were required to provide military service. In times of war, the "Maharlika" were obligated to provide and prepare weapons at their own expense and answer the summons of the "Datu", wherever and whenever that might be, in exchange for a share in the war spoils ("ganima"). They accompanied their ruler in battles as comrades-at-arms and were always given a share. 1/5 of the spoils goes to the Ginoo and the 4/5 will be shared among the Maharlikans who participated, who in turn will subdivide their shares to their own warriors. The "Maharlika" may also occasionally be obligated to work on the lands of the "Datu" and assist in projects and other events in the community.  Unlike the "Timawa", however, the "Maharlika" were more militarily-oriented than the "Timawa" nobility of the Visayas. While the "Maharlika" could change allegiances by marriage or by emigration like the "Timawa", they were required to host a feast in honor of their current "Datu" and paid a sum ranging from six to eighteen pieces of gold before they could be freed from their obligations. In contrast, the "Timawa" were free to change allegiances at any time, as exemplified by the action of Rajah Humabon upon the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan.  The earliest appearance of the term is "manlica" mentioned in the Boxer Codex with the meaning of "freeman". The only other contemporary account of the "Maharlika" class was by the Franciscan friar Juan de Plasencia in the 16th century. He distinguished them from the hereditary nobility class of the Tagalogs (the "maginoo" class, which included the "datu"). The historian William Henry Scott believes that the class originated from high-status warriors who married into the "maginoo" blood or were perhaps remnants of the nobility class of a conquered line. Similar high-status warriors in other Philippine societies like that of the Bagobo and the Bukidnon did not inherit their positions, but were acquired through martial prowess.

Etymology.

The term "maharlika" is a loanword from Sanskrit "maharddhika" (महर्द्धिक), a title meaning "man of wealth, knowledge, or ability". Contrary to modern definitions, it did not refer to the ruling class, but rather to a warrior class (which were minor nobility) of the Tagalog people, directly equivalent to Visayan "timawa". Like "timawa", the term also has connotations of "freeman" or "freed slave" in both Filipino and Malay languages.  In some Indo-Malayan languages, as well as the languages of the Muslim areas of the Philippines, the cognates "mardika", "merdeka", "merdeheka", and "maradika" mean "freedom" or "freemen" (as opposed to servitude). The Malay term "mandulika", also meant "governor".  The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas), whose name comes from the same etymon, were also the Catholic native inhabitants of the islands of Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore of the Moluccas in modern-day Indonesia, converted during the Portuguese and Spanish occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. Most were enslaved or expelled to Batavia (modern Jakarta) and Java when the Dutch Empire conquered Ambon in 1605. The remaining Catholic natives in Ternate and Tidore were resettled by the Spanish in the communities of Ternate and Tanza, Cavite, Manila in 1663 when the Spanish evacuated the islands under threat of invasion by the Dutch-allied Muslim sultanates.  The name of the Mardijker people of Batavia also comes from the same etymon, and referred to freed slaves and servants under Dutch rule who were composed largely of Portuguese-speaking Catholic Goans, Moluccan Merdicas, and Filipinos (the Papangers) captured by Moro raiders.

Modern usage.

Usage as propaganda during the Marcos regime.

During the "New Society Movement" ("Kilusang Bagong Lipunan") era in the Philippines, former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos used the word "Maharlika" to promote an authoritarian view of Filipino nationalism under martial law, incorrectly claiming that it referred to the ancient Filipino nobility and included the kings and princes of ancient Philippine society. Marcos was influential in making "Maharlika" a trendy name for streets, edifices, banquet halls, villages and cultural organizations. Marcos himself utilized the word to christen a highway, a broadcasting corporation, and the reception area of the Malacañan Palace. Marcos' utilization of the word started during the Second World War. Marcos claimed that he had commanded a group of guerrillas known as the Maharlika Unit. Marcos also used "Maharlika" as his personal "nom de guerre", depicting himself as the most bemedalled anti-Japanese Filipino guerrilla soldier during World War II. During the martial law period in the Philippines, the Philippine film industry produced a film entitled "Maharlika" to present his "war exploits".

Usage as a new name for the Philippines.

Senator Eddie Ilarde was the first to propose to rename "the Philippines" into "Maharlika" in 1978, citing the need to honor the country's ancient heritage before the Spanish and Americans occupied the country. Ferdinand Marcos was in favor of changing the name of the Philippines into "Maharlika", thinking it meant "nobility", as a symbol of nationalism. Despite the misconception of its meaning, "Maharlika" as a proposed new name for the Philippines remains popular among Muslim Filipinos, the Lumad, and other Filipino ethnic groups who fought the Spanish colonization. They view the name "Philippines" as a colonial reminder of the ruler of their previous colonial masters. In 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte reiterated the idea, thinking that it means "more of a concept of serenity and peace".

Usage in popular culture.

The modern use of "Maharlika" persists in original Philippine music (OPM), notably in the lyrics of "Ako ay Pilipino".  The word "Maharlika" is used by the semi-professional basketball league Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League or the MPBL.

The Maharlika (meaning freeman or freedman) were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society in Luzon, the Philippines. The Spanish translated the name as "Hidalgos" (or "libres"). They belonged to the lower nobility class similar to the "Timawa" of the Visayan people. In modern Filipino, however, the term has come to mean "royal nobility", which was actually restricted to the hereditary "Maginoo" class.


Early and family life.

Born in Fairfax, Virginia to lawyer Thomas Moore (1819-1899) of Fairfax and his wife (the former Hannah Morris (1835-1912) of Gilbertsville, New York), Moore had five younger sisters who survived to adulthood: Susan Lindsay Moore Donohoe (1862-1888)(wife of S. R. Donohoe, state senator and editor of the "Fairfax Herald"), Jennie Morris Moore (1868-1940), Helen Stuyvesant Moore (1868-1954; her twin Billie among the siblings dying as infants), Edith M. Keith (who married her brother's law partner Thomas R. Keith) and Margaret Lindsay Moore (1873-1953).  Moore later took pride that his ancestors included the Lindsays on the paternal side and Lewis Morris (signer of the Declaration of Independence) and his son General Jacob Morris (brother of Gouveneur Morris) on the maternal side. His paternal great grandfather Jeremiah Moore, an early Baptist minister who had been imprisoned for his religious dissent, married Lydia Renno and moved from Stafford County to Fairfax County, where descendants continued to farm. His grandfather served in the War of 1812 and married Susan Lindsay. His father Thomas Moore served as a soldier in the Mexican War and in the Confederate States Army during American Civil War, then as deputy clerk of Court. While continuing his legal practice, Thomas Moore also served as the first Superintendent of the Fairfax County Public Schools beginning in 1870.  Young Robert Moore attended the private schools, then Episcopal High School in Alexandria. He then studied at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. The College of William and Mary later awarded him a Phi Beta Kappa key and honorary LLD, and he was active in the Phi Beta Kappa society in Washington, D.C. A lifetime bachelor, Moore lived with his unmarried sisters in Fairfax City (or later Washington when a Congressman and Congress was in session) and served on the vestry of Truro Episcopal Church.

Career.

Moore taught in the Fairfax schools while studying for the bar under the supervision of a local judge. He was admitted to the bar in 1880 and practiced in Virginia and Washington, D.C., initially with his father, then with Mr. Keith as Moore & Keith and later as senior partner at Moore, Barbour & Keith.  From 1907 until World War I Moore was special counsel for Southern carriers in cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, the United States Commerce Court, and the United States Supreme Court, which limited his private legal practice. Active in the Virginia Bar Association, Moore served as its president in 1911. He was assistant general counsel of the United States Railroad Administration in 1918 and 1919.

Virginia politics.

Voters in Alexandria, Fairfax and Prince William Counties elected Moore to the Virginia State Senate, where he served one term (1887-1890) in the part-time position, succeeding Elisha E. Meredith. Active in Democratic Party politics, Moore was a presidential elector for Grover Cleveland in 1892. In 1896 Moore was mentioned as a candidate for the U.S. Congress, but did not receive the party's nomination (fellow Democrat John Franklin Rixey being elected instead). Although later known as a maverick within the state party, Moore declined to run for U.S. Senate against incumbent Democratic Senator Thomas S. Martin in 1898.  Fairfax County voters elected Moore to the State constitutional convention in 1901 and 1902, in which his young law partner John S. Barbour represented Culpeper County. As chairman of the committee on the legislative department and member of the finance and revision committees, Moore promoted better highways and funding for public schools. That convention would become known for creating the State Corporation Commission, as well as for disenfranchising African American and poor white voters, contributing to the growth of Senator Martin's political organization that later became the Byrd Organization. Moore, despite personal misgivings about the proclamation method to put it into effect. Rather than submit it to voters as had the 1869 document it would supersede, he proposed that it would become effective when approved by the General Assembly, as eventually happened. Nonetheless, Moore and state senator C. O'Conor Goolrick (of Fredericksburg, Virginia and first elected in 1908) were considered mavericks, beyond organization control.  Moore served on the boards of visitors of both the College of William and Mary and the University of Virginia. On December 7, 1922, he was appointed a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. He also served as vice-president of the Virginia Historical Society and as a board member of the Library of Virginia.

US Representative.

Voters of Virginia's 8th congressional district elected Moore as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Creighton Carlin, who had succeeded Rixey for the seat that Moore had wanted in 1896. Moore was re-elected five times, serving from April 27, 1919 to March 3, 1931. He was a ranking member of the Foreign Affairs Committee although a member of the minority party. He declined re-election in 1930, as he was beyond normal retirement age. He nonetheless served two years as a member of the State Board of Education after his retirement. His successor was Howard W. Smith, a lieutenant in the Byrd Organization during Massive Resistance.

New Dealer.

His close friend and political ally, Secretary of State Cordell Hull convinced Moore to join the "Brain Trust" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, succeeding Professor Raymond Moley. He became an Assistant Secretary of State, where he worked under Secretary of State Hull beginning September 19, 1933, and took Hull's place during travels. Many other Virginia Democrats followed the lead of Senator Harry F. Byrd and opposed the New Deal. Moore handled some patronage in the state, and advised Roosevelt to help Governor James Hubert Price as well as Judge Floyd Roberts of Bristol, Virginia, whom Byrd's ally Senator Carter Glass found "personally offensive."  In 1937, Hull needed to fill the most important position in the Department, Under Secretary of State. His two principal candidates were Moore and Sumner Welles, Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs (a close ally and favorite of the President). Hull promised Moore the post, but never forced the issue with President Roosevelt. Eventually, Welles won the position, but Moore's appointment as the Department Counselor was announced at the same time. Though both Moore and Welles gained new titles, Welles took the position they both wanted. Moore served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Import-Export Banks, as well as on the Central Committee of the American Red Cross, among other committees. In subsequent years (until his death in 1941), Moore worked on issues including legal questions, aviation, and arms control.  In late 1940, when Welles made homosexual propositions to two railroad porters, the matter was initially hushed up. Moore learned of the incident from his friend Ernest Norris, president of the Southern Railway. Norris gave Moore affidavits from the men involved, and just before his death, Moore passed them to former ambassador William C. Bullitt, who eventually forced Welles' resignation in 1943.

Death and legacy.

Moore died in Fairfax, Virginia on February 8, 1941, after an illness of two months. Virginia Theological Seminary Dean Alexander C. Zabriskie and Rev. Gray Temple officiated at his funeral at Truro church, which was attended by Secretary of State Hull, Virginia's governor Price, White House representatives, four U.S. Congressmen (S. Otis Bland, Thomas G. Burch, Colgate Darden, Howard W. Smith), many diplomats and neighbors (including pallbearers Francis Pickens Miller and state senator John W. Rust) as well as at least two of his sisters. Moore was then interred in the Fairfax City Cemetery beside his parents.  The Liberty ship was named in his honor in 1944. His papers, including an unpublished autobiography, are at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York.

Robert Walton Moore (February 6, 1859 – February 8, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician. A lifelong resident of Fairfax, Virginia, he served as a state senator, member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902, with the Interstate Commerce Commission and in the United States House of Representatives from 8th Congressional District. One of few Virginia politicians to embrace the New Deal, Moore interrupted his retirement to serve as Assistant Secretary of State until his death.


Anthony St John, 22nd Baron St John of Bletso

Life and career.

Born to Andrew St John, 21st Baron St John of Bletso, he succeeded to his father's titles in 1978. He was educated at the University of Cape Town, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science, and at the University of South Africa, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws. He was further educated at the London School of Economics and received a Master of Laws. Lord St John took his seat in the House of Lords in 1979.  Between 1985 and 2002, he worked as an oil analyst at County NatWest Securities and then Smith New Court Plc and thereafter served as a consultant to Merrill Lynch until 2008. He built up the Internet Datacentre business of Globix Corporation in the UK and then became President of Global Sales and Marketing for the International Group. Between 2004 and 2012, he was Non-Executive Chairman of Spiritel Plc, a telecommunications service provider and served as a Non-Executive Director at Sharp Interpak, WMRC and Pecaso. He has also been on the Advisory Board of Infinity SDC and Chayton Capital with the focus on agriculture and business opportunities in Africa. His company, African Business Solutions, assists International companies seeking to invest in Africa specifically in infrastructure, broadband, financial services and renewable energy. He currently serves as Chairman and Non-Executive Director of several listed and un-listed companies.  Since 1998 Lord St John has served as an extra Lord-in-Waiting to HM The Queen. He has recently served on the House of Lords Communications Select Committee and the Ad hoc select committee on artificial intelligence. He is currently Vice Chairman of the All Party Parliamentary Africa Group, Zimbabwe group and South Africa group as well as the endangered species group. He served as Chairman of the charity, Citizens Online from 2001 to 2008. He is currently a trustee of Christel House Europe and trustee emeritus of Alexandra Rose Charities, Tusk Trust and Television Trust for the environment.  His special interests are foreign affairs, particularly Africa, clean technology, wildlife conservation and sport. He plays a proactive role in the charitable sector, as a trustee of 7 charities mostly focused on poverty reduction, education and wildlife conservation in Southern Africa.

Personal.

Anthony St John is married to Sabine St John, they have 5 children between them

Anthony Tudor St John, 22nd Baron St John of Bletso (born 16 May 1957) is a British peer, politician, businessman and solicitor. He is one of the ninety hereditary peers elected to remain in the House of Lords after the House of Lords Act 1999. He speaks on African affairs (and is a notable expert on Southern Africa), deregulation, financial services and information technology. Rather than aligning with a particular political party, he remains a crossbencher.