Curriculum vitae.

Miroslav Bobek studied zoology at the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. From 1993 to 2009 he worked for Czech Radio, where he initially worked as an editor and reporter. He was primarily involved in popularising science. In 1997, he was the head of the Rainbow Bridge project, which ensured broadcasting during the floods in Moravia.  From 1998 to 2000 he was editor-in-chief of the radio station Prague. In 2000 he founded Czech Radio 8 (Online) and became its editor-in-chief. In 2005, he drew up the construction of the popular-science radio station Leonardo, of which he was the director until 2009. At the end of 2009 he won the selection procedure for the director of Prague Zoo and took over this function on January 1, 2010. In June 2014 he was elected president of the Union of Czech and Slovak Zoos (UCSZOO). He held this position until 2016.  Miroslav Bobek is married to Klára, they have a son, Kryštof, and a daughter, Markéta.

Activities.

Projects.

In 1994, Miroslav Bobek initiated the African Odyssey project, which he subsequently ran for many years. It involved monitoring the migration of black storks from Czechia to their African wintering grounds and back to Bohemia using satellite and VHF telemetry. The storks were fitted with “backpacks” containing radios and satellite telemetry. He led several expeditions to Africa, from where he made hundreds of live broadcasts. He also played a leading role in the New Odyssey project looking at stork migration in Asia, which was launched in 2002 and was loosely linked to the "African Odyssey" project.  Afterwards, he organised a two-year (2001–2002) on-line transmission of the falcons at the Tyn Church in Prague as well as the Czech Radio building on Vinohradská Street. The project was called "Falcons in the Heart of the City" and even caught live hatchings.  Among the other projects he has participated in are "Call for the Day", which introduced various instances of birdsong by means of an audio CD and Czech Radio’s Internet, or Via Pontica which monitored the migration of birds of prey in eastern Turkey.

Revealed.

Miroslav Bobek became the author and head of the Revealed project which had the subtitle “A Slightly Different Reality Show” (2005–2008). It was one of Czech Radio’s most prominent multimedia projects. The project began with the launch of an online video broadcast from the gorilla pavilion at Prague Zoo and became a regular radio and television show in autumn 2005. Czech Radio received a “Wild Oscar” for it at the prestigious Wildscreen Festival in Bristol and the Seal of Comenius EduMedia in Berlin. The main aim was to compare gorillas’ behaviour with that of humans, whilst conveying some relevant information about apes and thus contribute to their conservation. The project partly parodied the reality shows that were being broadcast at that time on commercial television (e.g. Big Brother or VyVolení). Tereza Šefrnová and Radomír Šofr also took part in the screenplay for Revealed.  See the article The Revealed for more information.  Based on this project, Tereza Šefrnová and Miroslav Bobek wrote a book of fairy tales for children Moja and Páv (2006). Subsequently Bobek wrote the second volume Moja, Tatu and the Biting Midges (2009), again with the participation of the actress Tereza Šefrnová. The books were also published in English and French for African children. Tereza Šefrnová narrated them in Czech for the Leonardo show on Czech Radio, she was then replaced by actress Lucie Bílá.  Together with Martin Smrček he wrote a book of the same name about the Revealed project.

Director of Prague Zoo.

After Petr Fejk left, Miroslav Bobek applied for the post of the director of Prague Zoo. He advanced to the final round, together with the economist Miroslav Zámečník and former head of news at TV Nova, Jan Vávra. The committee for the selection of the new director recommended Miroslav Bobek and Prague City Council appointed him to this position. The ceremonial inauguration took place on December 22, 2009 at the zoo. At the time he saw his main task to be maintaining Prague Zoo’s success. He wanted to use modern technology in the zoo, including the Internet, thus being able to present the animals more in the context of their natural environment. A particularly big task he set himself was the construction of a new pavilion for the elephants and hippos.  Under his leadership the zoo managed to break its record for annual attendance, it increased its level of economic self-sufficiency, deepened its breeding successes and increased its efforts in the conservation of endangered species. One of the things Prague Zoo did was to cooperate with the Czech Army in transporting Przewalski’s horses to Mongolia (The Return of the Wild Horses from 2011) and it actively engaged in the conservation of western gorillas in Africa (in particular by means of The Wandering Bus project since 2013).  During his time at Prague Zoo they have built new grounds for the elephants (Elephant Valley), a hippo house, an aquarium for giant salamanders, the Bororo Reserve and Rákos’ Parrot house for mainly exotic birds. The Feline and Reptile House has been reconstructed, Gočár's houses have been restored and, after decades of neglect, the Zakázanka trail has reopened. He considers the acquisition of elephants from Sri Lanka to be a great success.

Publishing activities.

In 2012, Miroslav Bobek published his first anthology of the columns and notes that he regularly publishes in the leading major news media every week as the director of Prague Zoo. The book was called Bobbles from Bobek and was followed by A Giraffe on Monday and Trojan Lion in 2016. The latest publication of Miroslav Bobek’s Journal was published in May 2018.

Awards.

In 2008 he received an honorary Vojtěch Náprstek medal for popularising science. It was awarded by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, mainly for the Revealed and African Odyssey projects. In 2014 he was awarded the Medal of Friendship by the Mongolian President.

External links.

Director's view

Miroslav Bobek (born February 10, 1967 in Mlada Boleslav) is a Czech natural scientist and manager, since 2010 he has been the director of Prague Zoo and from 2014 to 2016 he was also president of the Union of Czech and Slovak Zoos. He worked for a long time in Czech Radio, where he became famous for his show “Revealed”, in which he observed the life of the gorillas at Prague Zoo in the form of a reality show.


Biography.

Vögele who has three sisters is coached by Ivo Werner. She was introduced to tennis at the age of four by her parents.

Professional career.

2009.

For the first five months of the year, Vögele participated in several WTA events, needing to play through the qualifying rounds of most tournaments. During this period, she never won a main-draw match in a WTA event. Vögele also played in ITF tournaments.  In June, Vögele played in Birmingham, defeating seeded Ekaterina Makarova en route to a quarterfinal showing. Playing at Wimbledon for the first time, she lost to defending champion Venus Williams in the first round.  Vögele had strong showings in July, advancing to the second round and semifinals in Prague and Portorož, respectively.

2010.

Playing at her third French Open, she lost to Serena Williams in the first round.

2011.

In 2011, Stefanie failed to qualify for the main draw of the Grand Slam tournaments. She lost in the first round of qualifiers of the Australian Open to Lesia Tsurenko. At Roland Garros, she defeated María Irigoyen and Misaki Doi, before losing to Heather Watson. She lost in the first round of Wimbledon qualifiers to Carla Suárez Navarro. At the US Open, she defeated Lenka Wienerová, before losing to Aleksandra Wozniak.

2012.

Vögele began her year at the Brisbane International. In the first round of qualifying, she defeated Australian wild card Sally Peers 6–4, 6–2. In the second round of qualifying, she defeated Akgul Amanmuradova (6–2, ret.). In the final round of qualifying, she lost to top seed Vania King. At the Apia International Sydney, Vögele qualified by defeating Victoria Larrière, Michaëlla Krajicek, and Bojana Jovanovski. In the first round, she lost to third seed and eventual champion Victoria Azarenka 2–6, 1–6. As the 20th seed, Vögele qualified for the Australian Open by defeating Lara Arruabarrena, Mihaela Buzărnescu, and Michelle Larcher de Brito. In the first round she then lost to 14th seed Sabine Lisicki, 2–6, 6–4, 4–6.  At the Copa Sony Ericsson Colsanitas, Vögele lost in the first round to top seed Marina Erakovic. However, in doubles, Vögele and her partner Mandy Minella reached the final where they lost to top seeds Eva Birnerová/Alexandra Panova, 2–6, 2–6. At the Monterrey Open, Vögele lost in the first round to third seed Sorana Cîrstea. After Monterrey, Vögele competed at the 25k tournament in Clearwater, Florida. In the first round, she defeated Allie Kiick. In the second round, she defeated Hsieh Su-wei, and in the quarterfinals, she defeated Camila Giorgi. However, in the semifinals, she lost to Garbiñe Muguruza 1–6, 2–6. At the Sony Ericsson Open, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to 24th seed Valeria Savinykh. After Miami, Vögele played at the 50k tournament in Osprey, Florida. In the first round, she defeated Mirjana Lučić-Baroni before she lost to Edina Gallovits.  Vögele, as the ninth seed, qualified for the Family Circle Cup by defeating Ani Mijačika and 16th seed Caroline Garcia. In the first round, she defeated Jarmila Gajdošová in three sets. In the second round, she beat Lucie Hradecká, and in the third, Vögele lost to fourth seed Vera Zvonareva. At the e-Boks Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Bojana Jovanovski. Seeded fourth for qualifying at the Budapest Grand Prix, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to Rika Fujiwara in two tiebreakers. At the 100k tournament in Prague, Vögele defeated Stéphanie Foretz in the first round. Then, she withdrew from her match against Ayumi Morita. Seeded ninth for qualifying at the French Open, Vögele beat Noppawan Lertcheewakarn in the first round of qualifying 6–0, 6–4. In the second round of qualifying, Vögele lost to Julia Cohen.  Seeded eighth for qualifying at the Wimbledon Championships, Vögele defeated Grace Min in the first round of qualifying and in the second, she lost to Kristýna Plíšková in three sets.  After Wimbledon, Vögele played at the 100k tournament in Biella. She was beaten in the first round by Alexandra Cadanţu. At the 100k event in Biarritz, Vögele defeated Amra Sadiković in the first round 1–6, 7–5, 7–5. In the second round, she lost to Romina Oprandi. At the 100K+H event in Bucharest, Vögele lost in the second round to Irina-Camelia Begu 3–6, 1–6. At the 100k tournament in Olomouc, Vögele lost in the first round to Yvonne Meusburger.  As the 27th seed, Vögele qualified for the US Open by defeating Petra Rampre, Ekaterina Bychkova, and Heidi El Tabakh. In the first round, she lost to fellow qualifier Edina Gallovits-Hall in two sets.  Vögele lost in the final at the 75k event in Shrewsbury to Annika Beck 2–6, 4–6. However, she bounced back by winning the 25k tournament in Clermont-Ferrand defeating Tatjana Malek in the final, 6–4, 6–1. At the Generali Ladies Linz, Vögele beat Malek in the first round of qualifying 6–4, 6–3, but in the second round she lost to top seed Irina-Camelia Begu. Vögele lost in the semifinals at the 50k event in Limoges to Claire Feuerstein in a narrow three-setter. At the 100K tournament in Poitiers, Vögele lost in the quarterfinals to Monica Puig.

2013.

Vögele began her year by playing at the first edition of the WTA Shenzhen Open. As the top seed in qualifying, she qualified by beating Zarina Diyas and fifth seed Caroline Garcia. In the first round, she defeated Tímea Babos. In the second round, Vögele lost to second seed Marion Bartoli. Competing in Melbourne at the Australian Open, Vögele lost in the first round to thirtieth seed Tamira Paszek.  Vögele qualified for the Open GDF Suez by defeating eighth seed Mandy Minella, Stéphanie Foretz, and Monica Puig. After winning her first round match over Tsvetana Pironkova, she lost in the second round to second seed and 2011 Open GDF Suez champion Petra Kvitová. Vögele reached the semifinals of the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships by defeating Sílvia Soler Espinosa, qualifier Claire Feuerstein, and fourth seed Heather Watson. She was defeated in her semifinal match by eventual champion Marina Erakovic. As the top seed for qualifying at the BNP Paribas Open, Vögele lost in the final round of qualifying to seventeenth seed Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. Despite losing in the final round of qualifying, she received a lucky loser spot into the main draw. In the first round, she defeated Petra Martić. She lost in the second round to tenth seed Nadia Petrova. Seeded second for qualifying at the Miami Masters, Vögele qualified for the main draw by beating Alexandra Cadanţu and twenty-first seed Galina Voskoboeva. In the first round, she again defeated Petra Martić. Vögele was defeated in the second round by thirtieth seed Kirsten Flipkens.  Vögele began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup. She started off the tournament by defeating qualifier Teliana Pereira in the first round. In the second round, she upset seventh seed Carla Suárez Navarro. In the third round, she upset 10th seed Julia Görges. In the quarterfinals, Vögele had a huge win over 2011 Family Circle Cup champion, second seed, and former world number one Caroline Wozniacki. With this win, she reached her 2nd semifinal of the year. Vögele lost in the semifinal to 2007 Family Circle Cup Champion, ninth seed and former world number one Jelena Janković. Playing against Australia at the 2013 Fed Cup World Group Play-offs, Vögele lost both of her rubbers to Ashleigh Barty and Samantha Stosur. Australia defeated Switzerland 3–1. Seeded third for qualifying at the Mutua Madrid Open, Vögele lost in the final round of qualifying to 13th seed Lesia Tsurenko. However, she entered the main draw as a lucky loser. She was defeated in the first round by wild card Anabel Medina Garrigues. Seeded second for qualifying at the Italian Open, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to María Teresa Torró Flor. Playing in Brussels at the Brussels Open, Vögele was defeated in the first round by wild card Elena Baltacha. Ranked 56 at the French Open, Vögele advanced to the third round of a Grand Slam for the first time in her career. She started off with a three-set victory over Heather Watson in the first round. In the second round, she won a three-set thriller over Kaia Kanepi. Her run came to an end as she lost in the third round to twelfth seed Maria Kirilenko.  Vögele began her grass-court season at the Topshelf Open. She defeated qualifier Yulia Putintseva in the first round, and in the second round, she lost to lucky loser Lesia Tsurenko. At Wimbledon, Vögele lost in the first round to 22nd seed Sorana Cîrstea.  Vögele began her US Open series at the Bank of the West Classic. She defeated wild card Ajla Tomljanović in the first round 6–4, 6–0. In the second round, she lost to third seed and eventual champion Dominika Cibulková. Playing at the Citi Open, Vögele lost in the first round to sixth seed Mona Barthel. Seeded fifth for qualifying at the Western & Southern Open, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to Sofia Arvidsson. Seeded fifth for qualifying at the New Haven Open at Yale, Vögele qualified by defeating American wild card Katerina Stewart, Alexandra Cadanţu, and Yaroslava Shvedova. In the first round, she lost to American and fellow qualifier Alison Riske. At the US Open, Vögele lost in the first round to world No. 105 Anna Karolína Schmiedlová.  Playing at the Toray Pan Pacific Open, Vögele lost in the first round to ninth seed Sloane Stephens 3–6, 2–6. At the China Open, Vögele lost in the first round to 2011 China Open champion and third seed Agnieszka Radwańska. Vögele reached her third semifinal of the year at the Generali Ladies Linz by defeating Klára Zakopalová (5–7, 7–5, 6–0), Karin Knapp, and second seed Sloane Stephens (6–7, 6–4, 7–5). In the semifinal, she lost to third seed and eventual finalist Ana Ivanovic 4–6, 4–6. Her final tournament of the year was the Luxembourg Open. She reached the semifinals by defeating sixth seed Mona Barthel, Karolína Plíšková, and second seed Sloane Stephens. Vögele retired in her semifinal-match against eventual finalist Annika Beck at 7–5, 1-0 due to a left thigh injury.  Vögele ended the year ranked 44.

2014.

Vögele began the year by playing at the Brisbane International. In the first round, she defeated Madison Keys 6–4, 6–3. In the second round, she received a walkover when seventh seed Sabine Lisicki withdrew due to gastrointestinal illness. In the quarterfinals, Vögele lost to second seed and eventual finalist Victoria Azarenka. At the Australian Open, Vögele defeated Kristina Mladenovic in the first round 7–5, 7–5. In the second round, she lost to 20th seed and eventual finalist Dominika Cibulková, 0–6, 1–6.  After the Australian Open, Vögele competed at the Open GdF Suez. In the first round, she lost in a narrow match to qualifier Galina Voskoboeva. Playing against France at the 2014 Fed Cup World Group II, Vögele lost the only rubber she played to Virginie Razzano. France ended up defeating Switzerland 3–2. At the Qatar Total Open, Vögele defeated Alizé Cornet in the first round, 7–6, 7–5. In the second round, she lost to wild card Alisa Kleybanova. Seeded seventh at the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, Vögele lost in the first round to Kimiko Date-Krumm. At the BNP Paribas Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Annika Beck in three sets. At the Sony Open Tennis, Vögele lost in the first round to wild card Casey Dellacqua in straight sets.  Vögele began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup where she was the last year semifinalist. In the first round, she lost to Ajla Tomljanović. After Charleston, Vögele competed at the Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem. She defeated Sílvia Soler Espinosa, and in the second round, she lost to fifth seed and eventual semifinalist Garbiñe Muguruza. At the Portugal Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Polona Hercog. At the Madrid Open, Vögele lost in the first round to qualifier Petra Cetkovská 1–6, 3–6. Seeded 12th for qualifying at the Italian Open, Vögele defeated wild card Corinna Dentoni in the first round of qualifying. In the final round of qualifying, Vögele lost to fourth seed Christina McHale. At the Internationaux de Strasbourg, she lost in the first round to qualifier and eventual finalist Sílvia Soler Espinosa. At the French Open, she defeated Anna-Lena Friedsam in the first round, 6–7, 7–5, 6–2. In the second round, Vögele lost to 28th seed and eventual semifinalist Andrea Petkovic in three sets.  Vögele began her grass-court season at the Aegon Classic. She lost in the first round to 12th seed Monica Puig 7–6, 2–6, 2–6. At the Aegon International, Vögele played qualifying. In the first round of qualifying, Vögele defeated Vesna Dolonc; in the second, she lost to first seed Karolína Plíšková. At the Wimbledon Championships, Vögele lost in the first round to wild card Jarmila Gajdošová.  After Wimbledon, Vögele played at the Gastein Ladies. In the first round, she defeated Julia Görges 7–6, 6–2. In the second round, she defeated fifth seed Elina Svitolina 6–2, 7–5. In the quarterfinals, she lost to fourth seed and eventual champion Andrea Petkovic. At the İstanbul Cup, Vögele defeated Tsvetana Pironkova in the first round 6–4, 7–5. In the second round, she lost to fourth seed Elina Svitolina 0–6, 3–6. At the Baku Cup, Vögele defeated Alexandra Cadanţu in the first round 6–1, 6–4. In the second round, she upset top seed Sorana Cîrstea 6–1, 6–1. In the quarterfinals, she defeated last year finalist Shahar Pe'er 6–2, 2–6, 6–4 to reach her first semifinal of the year. In the semifinals, she lost to fifth seed and eventual finalist Bojana Jovanovski in three sets.  At the Connecticut Open, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to American Nicole Gibbs. At the US Open, she lost in the first round to qualifier Zheng Saisai.  After the US Open, Vögele played at the Korea Open. In the first round, she lost to Kristýna Plíšková. After the Korea Open, Vögele competed at the first edition of the Wuhan Open. Seeded 12th for qualifying, Vögele defeated wild card Ran Tian in the first round of qualifying. In the final round of qualifying, Vögele defeated Bethanie Mattek-Sands 6–4, 3–6, 6–1 to qualify for the main draw. In the first round, she lost to fellow qualifier and compatriot Timea Bacsinszky. Seeded eighth for qualifying at the China Open, Vögele defeated Mandy Minella in the first round of qualifying 6–1, 6–2. In the final round of qualifying, she lost to Bethanie Mattek-Sands. After the China Open, Vögele competed at the Generali Ladies Linz where she was the last year semifinalist. In the first round, she defeated sixth seed Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová 7–6, 7–5. In the second round, she defeated Anna Karolína Schmiedlová 2–6, 6–1, 6–4. In the quarterfinals, Vögele lost to qualifier Anna-Lena Friedsam. Last year semifinalist at the Luxembourg Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Alison Van Uytvanck. At the 100K tournament in Poitiers, Vögele lost in the first round to Aliaksandra Sasnovich. Her final tournament of the year was the Open GdF Suez de Limoges. Seeded seventh, she defeated Kateřina Siniaková in the first round, and in the second, Vögele lost to lucky loser Richèl Hogenkamp.  Vögele ended the year ranked 78.

2015.

Vögele began the year at the Shenzhen Open. She lost in the first round to compatriot, eighth seed, and eventual finalist Timea Bacsinszky. After the Shenzhen Open, Vögele played at the Apia International Sydney. In the first round of qualifying, she defeated Australian wild card Arina Rodionova 6–2, 6–3. In the second round of qualifying, Vögele lost to Lesia Tsurenko. At the Australian Open, she defeated Pauline Parmentier in the first round 6–1, 3–6, 6–2. In the second round, she was beaten by Caroline Garcia.  At the Thailand Open, Vögele lost in the first round to seventh seed Monica Puig. Seeded 11th for qualifying at Dubai, Vögele lost in the first round to Misa Eguchi. She qualified for the Qatar Total Open by defeating Yuliya Beygelzimer, Francesca Schiavone, and Yulia Putintseva. But in the first round, she lost to Karolína Plíšková. At the Malaysian Open, Vögele lost in the first round to sixth seed Kurumi Nara. Seeded 17th for qualifying at the Miami Open, Vögele qualified for the main draw by defeating Shahar Pe'er and Zhu Lin. In the first round, she beat Kirsten Flipkens 6–2, 6–2. In the second round, Vögele lost to 12th seed and eventual finalist Carla Suárez Navarro.  Vögele began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup. In the first round, she lost to Yaroslava Shvedova. Seeded 16th for qualifying at the Madrid Open, Vögele defeated wild card Olga Sáez Larrabut in the final round, but lost to seventh seed Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. At the Nürnberger Versicherungscup, Vögele defeated qualifier Renata Voráčová in the first round; in the second round, she lost to seventh seed Kurumi Nara. At the French Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Vitalia Diatchenko. At the 100K tournament in Marseille, Vögele lost in the first round to Maryna Zanevska.  Vögele began her grass-court season at the first edition of the Aegon Open Nottingham. In the first round, she lost to Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. At the Aegon Classic, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to Çağla Büyükakçay. At Wimbledon, Vögele lost in the first round to 21st seed Madison Keys in three sets.  After Wimbledon, Vögele played at the 100K tournament in Contrexéville and defeated Lara Michel in the first round and Jeļena Ostapenko in the second. In the quarterfinals, Vögele lost to Teliana Pereira. At the Bucharest Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Anna Tatishvili. At the Gastein Ladies, she was defeated in the first round by Johanna Larsson 6–2, 6–2. At the Baku Cup, Vögele lost in the first round to second seed Karin Knapp.  Seeded 28th for qualifying at the US Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Mandy Minella. Seeded sixth for qualifying at the Japan Women's Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Hiroko Kuwata. Seeded seventh for qualifying at the Pan Pacific Open, Vögele defeated Junri Namigata but lost to Misa Eguchi. At the Tashkent Open, Vögele qualified for the main draw by defeating wild card Vlada Ekshibarova and eighth seed Ekaterina Bychkova. In the 1st round, she lost to fourth seed Johanna Larsson. At the Generali Ladies Linz, Vögele qualified for the main draw by beating fifth seed Tereza Smitková, Donna Vekić, and fourth seed Jeļena Ostapenko. In the first round, she defeated wild card Tamira Paszek. In the second round, Vögele lost to seventh seed and eventual champion Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 4–6, 0–6. At the Luxembourg Open, Vögele was given a wild card. In the first round, she defeated Urszula Radwańska who retired due to a low back injury. In the second round, she beat Anna-Lena Friedsam. In the quarterfinals, she defeated lucky loser Laura Siegemund 6–4, 2–6, 6–1. In the semifinals, Vögele lost to Mona Barthel. After Luxembourg, Vögele played at the 100K tournament in Poitiers and defeated Amandine Hesse in the first round 6–0, 6–3 and Kirsten Flipkens in the second. In the quarterfinals, Vögele lost to Pauline Parmentier.  At the Open de Limoges, Vögele lost in the first round to lucky loser Mandy Minella. Seeded seventh at the Taipei WTA Challenger, Vögele defeated Lee Ya-hsuan in the first round. In the second round, she beat Maria Sakkari 6–1, 6–1. In the quarterfinals, she lost to fourth seed and eventual champion Tímea Babos. At the $75,000 +H event in Toyota, Vögele defeated Ankita Raina in the first round 6–1, 6–4. In the second round, she lost to Luksika Kumkhum 2–6, 3–6.  Her final tournament of the year was the 25K tournament in Bangkok. In the first round, she defeated Kyoka Okamura 6–1, 6–4. In the second round, she lost to Ran Tian.  Vögele ended the year ranked 122.

2016.

Vögele began the year at the Shenzhen Open. Seeded third in qualifying, she lost in the final round of qualifying to eighth seed Zhang Kailin. However, due to Magda Linette pulling out of the tournament because of a gastrointestinal illness, Vögele entered the main draw as a lucky loser. In the first round, she lost to Vania King. Next, Vögele competed at the Apia International Sydney. In a narrow three-setter, she lost in the first round of qualifying to Lauren Davis. Seeded ninth for qualifying at the Australian Open, Vögele was defeated in the second round by Luksika Kumkhum.  After the Australian Open, Vögele played at the 50K tournament in Andrézieux-Bouthéon, France. Vögele won the tournament defeating An-Sophie Mestach in the final 6–1, 6–2. Vögele then competed at the first edition of the Taiwan Open. In the first round, she defeated Chang Kai-chen, 1–6, 6–3, 6–4. In the second round, she beat fifth seed Zheng Saisai, 6–4, 6–4. Vögele retired in her quarterfinal match against third seed Yulia Putintseva. Vögele retired due to dizziness after losing the first set 6–3. Seeded 12th for qualifying at the Qatar Total Open, Vögele defeated Barbora Krejčíková in the first round of qualifying, 6–3, 6–2. In the final round of qualifying, she lost to top seed Kirsten Flipkens in three sets. At the Malaysian Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Kristína Kučová. At the Miami Open, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to 23rd seed Lourdes Domínguez Lino.  After Miami, Vögele lost at the 50k tournament in Croissy-Beaubourg in the quarterfinals to Océane Dodin. At the Katowice Open, Vögele upset sixth seed Lesia Tsurenko in the first round 6–4, 6–0. In the second round, she lost to Magda Linette.  Vögele began her clay-court season at the İstanbul Cup. In the first round, she defeated Turkish wild card İpek Soylu 6–2, 7–5. In the second round, she defeated Andreea Mitu 6–4, 6–1. In the quarterfinals, she defeated qualifier Kristína Kučová 7–5, 6–2 to reach her first semifinal of the year. In the semifinals, Vögele lost to eventual champion Çağla Büyükakçay 0–6, 5–7. Vögele reached three more quarterfinals later in the season, in Bol (lost to Nao Hibino), Tashkent (lost to Kateryna Kozlova) and Limoges (lost to Alizé Cornet). She ended the year ranked 113.

2017.

For the third time in a row, Vögele kicked off her season at the Shenzhen Open, where she survived the qualification but subsequently lost in the first round to Ons Jabeur.  At the Australian Open, she again survived the qualification and went on the defeat Kurumi Nara in the first round. She then lost to Venus Williams in the second round. Also at the Ladies' Trophy in St. Petersburg, Vögele survived the qualification but then had to withdraw from the main tournament due to a wrist injury. She did not compete in any tournaments for six months thereafter. Vögele attempted a comeback at the US Open but had to retire from the second round of qualification. Her second attempt at a comeback followed a month later, at the Tashkent Open, where she reached the quarterfinals.

2019.

Vögele started her year at the ASB Classic. She lost in the first round to Sara Sorribes Tormo. In Sydney at the Sydney International, Vögele was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Ekaterina Alexandrova. At the Australian Open, Vögele lost in the first round to twenty-eighth seed Hsieh Su-wei.  At the Thailand Open, Vögele was defeated in the first round by sixth seed and eventual finalist Ajla Tomljanović. Coming through qualifying at the BNP Paribas Open, Vögele stunned fourth seed, Sloane Stephens, in the second round. She lost in the third round to eventual champion Bianca Andreescu. In Miami at the Miami Open, Vögele was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Tímea Babos. Vögele lost in the second round at the Monterrey Open to eighth seed Magdaléna Rybáriková.  Playing in her country at the Ladies Open Lugano, Vögele reached the quarterfinal round where she was defeated by Fiona Ferro. At the J&T Banka Prague Open, Vögele lost in the first round to Jana Čepelová. Seeded third at the Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer, Vögele made it to the final where she was defeated by Christina McHale. Seeded third in Spain at the Torneig Internacional de Tennis Femení Solgironès, Vögele lost in the second round to qualifier Marta Kostyuk. At the French Open, Vögele was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Xu Shilin.  In Croatia at the Bol Open, Vögele lost in the second round to top seed, defending champion, and eventual champion Tamara Zidanšek. As the top seed at the 2019 Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo, Vögele was defeated in the first round by Italian Jessica Pieri.  Playing one grass-court tournament before Wimbledon, the Eastbourne International, Vögele lost in the first round of qualifying to Jessica Pegula. At the Wimbledon Championships, Vögele was defeated in the first round by two-time quarterfinalist Kaia Kanepi.  Seeded second and last year champion at the Grand Est Open 88, Vögele reached the semifinal where she lost to Katarina Zavatska.

2020.

Vögele kicked off her 2020 season at the Shenzhen Open. She lost in the first round of qualifying to Irina-Camelia Begu. At the Australian Open, Vögele was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Monica Niculescu.  Seeded sixth at the Oracle Challenger Series – Newport Beach, Vögele reached the final where she lost to fifth seed Madison Brengle. In Mexico at the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, Vögele was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Sara Errani. Next, she remained in Mexico to compete at the Monterrey Open. Coming through qualifying, Vögele lost in the first round to Leylah Annie Fernandez.

Performance timelines.

"Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records."

Singles.

"This table is current through 2020 Monterrey Open."

Stefanie Vögele (born 10 March 1990) is a professional Swiss tennis player. She reached her highest WTA singles ranking of No. 42 on 11 November 2013. Her career-high in doubles is No. 103, set on 12 January 2015.


Biography.

Wannieck founded Friedrich Wannieck & Co. in 1864. He was also chairman of the Prague Iron Company and the First Brno Engineering Company, both major producers of capital goods in the Habsburg empire. He was also president of the organisation and publishing house Verein "Deutsches Haus" ("German House" Association) in Brno. This was a nationalist association for German inhabitants of the city, who knew it by the name of "Brünn" and felt encircled by the overwhelming Czech population of South Moravia (Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 37).  In 1888 the "Verein "Deutsches Haus"" published an historical work entitled "Der altdeutsche Volksstamm der Quaden [The Ancient German Quadi Tribe]" by Heinrich Kirchmayr. Wannieck was impressed by the parallels between List's clairvoyant account of the Quadi and the academic study of Kirchmayr. Between Wannieck and List there developed a regular correspondence that laid the basis of a lasting friendship. The "Verein "Deutsches Haus"" later published three of List's works in its own book-series of nationalist studies of history and literature ("ibid.").  Wannieck's munificence eventually led to the foundation of the "Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft" (Guido von List Society) twenty years later. Around 1905, he and his son Friedrich Oskar were among the signatories to the initial announcement endorsing the formation of the Society. This came to fruition with an official founding ceremony in 1908. The Society's assets came mostly from the Wanniecks, who put up more than 3000 crowns at the inauguration ("ibid.", 43-44).

Family.

Friedrich Oskar Wannieck (died July 6, 1912) was an Austrian/German and the son of Friedrich Wannieck. He, along with his father, were two of the initial signatories creating the Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft in support of their good friend, Guido von List.  He was an Armanist and supporter of the Armanen runes system.

Friedrich Wannieck (1838 in Brno, Austrian Empire –1919) was a prominent and wealthy Austrian/German industrialist most notable for his successful business ventures and his enthusiastic support for the "völkisch" author, pioneer of Germanic mysticism and runic revivalist, Guido von List. He is the father of Friedrich Oskar Wannieck.


Early life and education.

Daubechies was born in Houthalen, Belgium, as the daughter of Marcel Daubechies (a civil mining engineer) and Simonne Duran (then a homemaker, later a criminologist). She remembers that when she was a little girl and could not sleep, she did not count numbers, as you would expect from a child, but started to multiply numbers by two from memory. Thus, as a child, she already familiarized herself with the properties of exponential growth. Her parents found out that mathematical conceptions, like cone and tetrahedron, were familiar to her before she reached the age of 6. She excelled at the primary school, moved up a class after only 3 months. After completing the Lyceum in Hasselt she entered the Vrije Universiteit Brussel at 17.  Daubechies completed her undergraduate studies in physics at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1975. During the next few years, she visited the CNRS Center for Theoretical Physics in Marseille several times, where she collaborated with Alex Grossmann; this work was the basis for her doctorate in quantum mechanics. She obtained her Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1980 at Free University in Brussels.

Career.

Daubechies continued her research career at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel until 1987, rising through the ranks to positions roughly equivalent with research assistant-professor in 1981 and research associate-professor 1985, funded by a fellowship from the NFWO (Nationaal Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek).  Daubechies spent most of 1986 as a guest-researcher at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. At Courant she made her best-known discovery: based on quadrature mirror filter-technology she constructed compactly supported continuous wavelets that would require only a finite amount of processing, in this way enabling wavelet theory to enter the realm of digital signal processing.  In July 1987, Daubechies joined the Murray Hill AT&T Bell Laboratories' New Jersey facility. In 1988 she published the result of her research on orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets in Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. From 1991-1994 Daubechies taught as a professor at Rutgers University in their Mathematics Department.  In 1994, Daubechies moved to Princeton University, where she was active within the Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics. In 2004 she was named William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor and became the first female full professor of mathematics at Princeton. In January 2011 Daubechies moved to Duke University to serve as the James B. Duke Professor in the department of mathematics and electrical and computer engineering at Duke University. In 2016, she and Heekyoung Hahn founded Duke Summer Workshop in Mathematics (SWIM) for female rising high school seniors.  Daubechies is on the board of directors of Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education (EDGE), a program that helps women entering graduate studies in the mathematical sciences. She was the first woman to be president of the International Mathematical Union (2011–2014).

Awards and honors.

Daubechies received the Louis Empain Prize for Physics in 1984, awarded once every five years to a Belgian scientist on the basis of work done before the age of 29. Between 1992 and 1997 she was a fellow of the MacArthur Foundation and in 1993 was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1994 she received the American Mathematical Society Steele Prize for Exposition for her book "Ten Lectures on Wavelets" and was invited to give a plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich. In 1997 she was awarded the AMS Ruth Lyttle Satter prize. In 1998, she was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences and won the Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society She became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999.  In 2000, Daubechies became the first woman to receive the National Academy of Sciences Award in Mathematics, presented every 4 years for excellence in published mathematical research. The award honored her "for fundamental discoveries on wavelets and wavelet expansions and for her role in making wavelets methods a practical basic tool of applied mathematics". She was awarded the Basic Research Award, German Eduard Rhein Foundation and the NAS Award in Mathematics.  In January 2005, Daubechies became the third woman since 1924 to give the Josiah Willard Gibbs Lecture sponsored by the American Mathematical Society. Her talk was on "The Interplay Between Analysis and Algorithm".  Daubechies was the 2006 Emmy Noether Lecturer at the San Antonio Joint Mathematics Meetings. In September 2006, the Pioneer Prize from the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics was awarded jointly to Daubechies and Heinz Engl.  In 2010 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).  In 2011, Daubechies was the SIAM John von Neumann Lecturer, and was awarded the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal, the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research from the American Mathematical Society, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering from the Franklin Institute.  In 2012, King Albert II of Belgium granted Daubechies the title of Baroness. She also won the 2012 Nemmers Prize in Mathematics, Northwestern University, and the 2012 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Basic Sciences category (jointly with David Mumford).  In 2015, Daubechies gave the Gauss Lecture of the German Mathematical Society. The Simons Foundation, a private foundation based in New York City that funds research in mathematics and the basic sciences, gave Daubechies the Math + X Investigator award, which provides money to professors at American and Canadian universities to encourage new partnerships between mathematicians and researchers other fields of science. She was the one to suggest Simons that the foundation should fund not new research but better mechanisms for interpreting existing data.  In 2018, Daubechies won the William Benter Prize in Applied Mathematics from City University of Hong Kong (CityU). She is the first female recipient of the award. Prize officials cited Professor Daubechies' pioneering work in wavelet theory and her "exceptional contributions to a wide spectrum of scientific and mathematical subjects...her work in enabling the mobile smartphone revolution is truly symbolic of the era."  In 2018, Daubechies was awarded the Fudan-Zhongzhi Science Award ($440,000) for her work on wavelets. She is part of the 2019 class of fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics.  Daubechies was named the North American Laureate of 2019 L'Oréal-UNESCO International Award For Women in Science. Since 1998, the award annually recognizes five outstanding women in chemistry, physics, materials science, mathematics, and computer science worldwide; Daubechies was chosen (for North America) along with Najat Aoun Saliba (Africa and Arab States), Maki Kawai (Asia Pacific), Karen Hallberg (Latin America), and Claire Voisin (Europe).

Personal life.

In 1985, Daubechies met mathematician Robert Calderbank, then on a 3-month exchange visit from AT&T Bell Laboratories, New Jersey to the Brussels-based mathematics division of Philips Research; they married in 1987. They have two children, Michael and Carolyn Calderbank.

Ingrid Daubechies ( ; ; born 17 August 1954) is a Belgian physicist and mathematician. She is best known for her work with wavelets in image compression.


Early life.

Sangaré was born in 1968 to singer Aminata Diakité and Sidiki Sangaré, both of whom originated from the Wassoulou region. In 1970, her father took a second wife and moved to Abidjan, leaving Sangaré, her mother and her siblings behind in Bamako. She began singing in the streets to help her mother, leaving school at an early age to do so. Her career began in 1973 when, at the age of five, she won an inter-kindergarten singing competition in Bamako, going on to perform before an audience of several thousand at the Omnisport stadium. At 16, she went on tour with the percussion group Djoliba, touring in France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Caribbean, and elsewhere. Inspired by her reception on tour, Sangaré returned to Bamako and established her own musical group.

Music.

Sangaré recorded her first album, "Moussoulou" ("Women"), with Amadou Ba Guindo, a renowned maestro of Malian music. The album was very successful in Africa, with more than 200,000 copies sold.  With the help of Ali Farka Touré, Sangaré signed with the English label World Circuit. At the age of 21, she was already a star.  Oumou Sangaré is considered an ambassador of Wassoulou; her music has been inspired by the music and traditional dances of the region. She writes and composes her songs, which often include social criticism, especially concerning women's low status in society.  Since 1990 she has performed at some of the most important venues in the world, such as the Melbourne Opera, Roskilde Festival, Gnaoua World Music Festival, WOMAD, Oslo World Music Festival, and the Opéra de la Monnaie.  Many of Sangaré's songs concern love and marriage, especially freedom of choice in marriage. Her 1989 album "Moussoulou" was an unprecedented West African hit. In 1995, she toured with Baaba Maal, Femi Kuti, and Boukman Eksperyans. Other albums include "Ko Sira" (1993), "Worotan" (1996), and a 2-CD compilation "Oumou" (2004), all released on World Circuit Records. Sangaré supports the cause of women throughout the world. She was named an ambassador of the FAO in 2003 and won the UNESCO Prize in 2001 and was made a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters of France in 1998.  Sangaré is featured prominently in "Throw Down Your Heart", a 2008 documentary about world-renowned American banjo player Béla Fleck, and his exploration of the relatively unknown relationship between his instrument and the musical traditions in Africa.  Sangaré contributed vocals to "Imagine" for the 2010 Herbie Hancock album "The Imagine Project", which also featured Seal, P!nk, India.Arie, Jeff Beck, Konono No1 and others.

Personal life, politics and business.

Oumou Sangaré is an advocate for women's rights, opposing child marriage and polygamy.  Sangaré is also involved in the world of business, including hotels, agriculture, and automobiles. She has launched a car, the "Oum Sang", manufactured by a Chinese firm and marketed in conjunction with her own company Gonow Oum Sang. She is the owner of the 30-room Hotel Wassoulou in Mali's capital, Bamako, a haven for musicians and her own regular performing space. "I helped build the hotel myself. I did it to show women that you can make your life better by working. And many more are working these days, forming co-operatives to make soap or clothes."  Sangaré has also been a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, but says she does not want to be a politician: "While you're an artist, you're free to say what you think; when you're a politician, you follow instructions from higher up."  She is a cousin of actor Omar Sangare and the aunt of actor and writer Bréhima Sangaré.

Oumou Sangaré (born February 25, 1968 in Bamako, Mali) is a Grammy Award-winning Malian Wassoulou musician, sometimes referred to as "The Songbird of Wassoulou". Wassoulou is a historical region south of the Niger River, where the music descends from age-old traditional song, often accompanied by a calabash.


Castle (1978–1983).

Castle is the first Lego Castle theme, and, like Space, is still very popular. 375 Castle (often called the Yellow Castle) is the most well known set from this theme. Often known by fans as "Original Castle", the knights featured unique movable visor pieces, with eye slits, and a crest that runs backwards from the frontward-facing part of the visor along the helmet. These knights also wore a coat of arms (either a tunic or breastplate) over their body. It was not again until 1990 when knights came with movable visors and armor breastplates, as the knights between 1984-89 had solid grill helmets while their "armor" was just a texture on their body. As there were no horse-specific pieces, horses were built entirely of bricks.

Different factions (1984–1992).

In 1984, LEGO released the first Castle sets that had more realistic castles, knights, and colors (such as gray castles rather than yellow) that more accurately depicted the Middle Ages compared to the Classic Castle sets from the late 1970s and early 1980s.  The 1984 castle sets featured many newly introduced pieces and weapons. Examples are: one-piece horse, horse saddles, new knight helmets with fixed visors, feather plumes (there were three types in five colors: red, blue, yellow, white and black), waving flags and bows and arrows. Many of these new pieces would be included in future castle sets. The 1990 castle sets brought a further changes - as knights now had armor breastplates and helmets with movable visors.

Black Falcons (1984–1992).

The sets that were released during this time period predominantly featured the motif of a black and white bird against a black and white background, split down the middle. The mini-figures that were associated with this symbol almost invariably had black pants, black helmets, and blue torsos with black sleeves, often with the bird emblem on their chests and shields (with a blue or gold border). Fans have labeled these sets as "Black Falcons", though the term only appears once in any official LEGO literature (Black Falcon's Fortress), and faction was never labeled as anything other than "Castle". In 1984, the first "Black Falcons" castle was 6073 Knight's Castle. It came with six minifigures; two archers, two spearmen, and two knights mounted on horses. Like the yellow castle, the set featured special hinge pieces that could open up the castle to take a look inside and get at the interior. The Black Falcons were also featured in other sets the same year such as 6021 Jousting Knights and 6030 Catapult. In 1986, the Knight's Castle was replaced by similar-sized 6074 Black Falcon's Fortress which had the same type of minifigures (including the two mounted knights). The main difference was in the structure as the two defense towers had been moved to the front, and were made with more rounded (octagonal) corner pieces, leaving room in the back for a small roofed residence/chapel with a yellow Tudor wall. 6074 was quite unique because it was the first set to include the octagonal corner pieces and the yellow Tudor wall, as well as the only set to have a blue Black Falcons flag. The Black Falcon's Fortress was known as the Eagle Crest Castle in Canada.  Although no new Black Falcons-specific sets would be released after that, Black Falcon figures would appear as guests in other sets, such as the Black Knights' 6059 Knights Stronghold (1990) and 6057 Sea Serpent (1992). Thus the Black Falcons were one of the longest-lived factions from 1984 to 1994, the latter when the last sets with their minifigures were discontinued.  6059 Knights Stronghold featured the Black Falcons as attacking a gate defended by the Black Knights which implied that the two factions had been at war with each other. 6062 Battering Ram featured the Black Falcons defending a castle wall section from a Crusader siege, also implying armed conflict between these two sides. Catalogue dioramas in the late 1980s also showed the 6074 Black Falcon's Fortress under siege by the Forestmen.  LEGO has re-released some old Black Falcons sets. Examples are 6062 Battering Ram, 6067 Guarded Inn, 6103 Castle Mini Figures, and 6059 Knight's Stronghold. In 2002, at the request of fans, Lego re-released the Black Falcon's Fortress re-numbered (#10039) as a Lego Legend which was almost identical to the 1986 set: the horse saddles had two clips instead of one, the shield ornament on the minifigures' breastplates was slightly different in shape, and the small Black Falcons flag has a slightly different print.

Lion Knights/Crusaders (1984–1992).

The sets that would eventually form the basis of the Lion Knights were released the same year as the Black Falcons in 1984. The Lion Knights shield had either a blue lion against a yellow background or a yellow lion against a blue background, both with a red border. The mini-figures that were associated with these shields invariably had blue or red pants and red torsos with blue sleeves, and their helmets were usually gray. They had shield-like emblems on their torsos, one which was a yellow lion set against blue, while the other emblem had the crossed axes (two black and gold axes crossing each other against a black and gold background, split down the middle, with a red border). A few of these sets were later inducted into the Lion Knight subtheme, so some fans retroactively consider all such sets to be Lion Knight sets. As with the Black Falcons, Lego never officially named this faction for some time, although catalogues in the United States and Australia used the name Lion Knights while Canada used Lion Crest. The 1992 United States and Canadian catalogue officially established the faction as the Crusaders.  Over the years, Lion Knights were included in many sets along with the Black Falcons, Forestmen, and Black Knights. Examples include the 6067 Guarded Inn in 1986, 6103 Castle Mini Figures in 1988, and 6060 Knights' Challenge, a set that was the successor after the 1979 6083 Knights' Tournament, in 1989 (ten years later).  An unusual Lion Knights set was the 6041 Armor Shop in 1986, which was the only set to have the rare black short sword and a Lion Knight Flag.  The first castle under the Lion Knights was 6080 King's Castle. This castle was one of the largest Lego Castle sets produced. Four mounted knights and eight soldiers/guards were included. The walls of the castle could be opened to play inside the castle.  The second and last Lion Knight's castle released was 6081 King's Mountain Fortress in 1990. This was one of the first sets to feature the newly invented knight helmet visor and armor pieces. Crossbows and glow in the dark ghost were also new pieces introduced. The King's Mountain Fortress was also the first Lego castle to be mounted on a raised baseplate which would feature in subsequent Lego castles as well as in Lego Pirates. Two exclusive elements the set included a princess and a black-colored bird. A small Crusader-style set, King's Catapult appears to be the only Lego castle set to be released in 1991. Finally, the last Lion Knight-style set produced was 1463 Treasure Cart released in 1992, another small set that included a soldier pulling a treasure chest on a cart.  In 2001, Lego re-released the well-known Guarded Inn, re-numbered (#10000) as a Lego Legend. The set consisted of two Lion Knight soldiers, a mounted Black Falcon Knight, and an inn keeper. This set was the only structure to include red Tudor walls. One change in the reissue was the horse saddle had two clips instead of one for holding weapons. Since 1984, Lego Castle had horse saddles with a single clip (except the horse barding saddles) at one side until 1992 when that was changed to two clips.  The Lion Knights (like the other knight factions) were in open conflict with the Forestmen, as shown by several catalog dioramas, analogous to the legendary conflict between King John of England versus Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Outlaws. 6062 Battering Ram featured the Black Falcons defending a castle wall section from a Crusader siege, implying armed conflict between these two sides. Sets such as 6060 Knights' Challenge and 1584 Knight's Challenge suggested that the Lion Knights had a respected sporting rivalry with the Black Knights; indeed for 1990 and 1991 the Crusaders were merged with the Black Knights in a combined "Castle" faction (the catalogue combined the lion and wyvern motifs) that was pitted against the Forestmen, analogous to the legend of Prince John's knights against Robin Hood and his Merry Men outlaws. However in 1992 which was their final year of release, the Crusaders reverted to their own faction when the Black Knights were formally launched. The 1992 Canadian catalogue described the Lion Knights (renaming them as Crusaders) as "looking to take over the country's rule" while also establishing the Black Knights as "longtime rulers of the countryside", possibly suggesting that the Crusaders and Black Knights' rivalry could have escalated to war. The 1992 United States catalog in the same year described the Crusaders as "the bravest knights in the kingdom" and "protectors of the innocent and the keepers of justice", while establishing the Black Knights as "a powerful force" that "will not back down from any conflict", while an advertisement in the United Kingdom showed the Crusaders and Black Knights at war allowing the Wolfpack to sneak in.

Forestmen (1987–1992).

The Forestmen theme was introduced in 1987 when Lego Castle released the first Forestmen set 6066 Camouflaged Outpost. This set was a hideout that featured a large tree adjacent to a cave where the Forestmen lived. The interior of the set could be opened to see inside the cave and enabled more play. The set included six Forestmen minifigures, the most Forestmen minifigures in a single set. This set was also one of the first sets to have a brown colored horse. In 1988, the 6054 Forestmen's Hideout was released; it was a small tree hideout that housed two Forestmen. The following year, the 6077 Forestmen's River Fortress, which was the largest Forestmen set, was released. This hideout was an abandoned castle covered with trees, vines and leaves, where it was surrounded by a moat. It included five Forestmen, and a Lion Knight paddling a raft.  In 1990, the last original Forestmen hideout set, 6071 Forestmen's Crossing, was released. This set had a unique baseplate of a small stream printed on it with white dots marked on the studs to indicate where to place the pieces. The set featured an old tower and a large tree which were connected by a rope bridge that ran across the stream. This was the only set to include a Forestwoman minifigure. A few Forestmen were included in other small non-Forestmen Castle sets, such as 6103 Castle Mini Figures. At the end of 1992, the Forestmen were discontinued as a faction, along with the Lion Knights.  The Forestmen were considered the foes to the other factions who had knights and castles, such as the Lion Knights, Black Falcons, and Black Knights. Some have suggested that the Forestmen could be compared to Robin Hood and his outlaws, while the Lion Knights (with their Lion Crest) represented King John and the English throne. (In legends, Robin Hood did support King Richard the Lionhearted who led one of the Crusades, but after Richard's younger brother John succeeded to the throne Hood was declared an outlaw.)  In 1996, a re-make Forestmen subtheme was released called Dark Forest which featured an amoral band of forest outlaws.

Black Knights (1988–1994).

Much like the Lion Knights, the Black Knights were based on earlier, non-subtheme-affiliated sets, some of which were retrospectively included in the faction. Officially launched in 1992, the Black Knights are characterized by a red, yellow, and blue wyvern dragon symbol which is only shown on their shield or flag; unlike the other factions the Black Knights never wore the emblem on their chests.  The first well-known Black Knights-style set released was 6085 Black Monarch's Castle in 1988, which was also the largest Black Knights set ever released. The enormous black castle was effectively an upgraded successor to the Crusaders' 6080 King's Castle, with the same general layout and the same complement of soldiers - four archers, four axe/spearmen, and four knights on horseback. Like 6080, 6085 could be opened and closed using special "hinge" pieces, and snapped closed using a peg and hole mechanism; for 6085 this enabled it to combine with Knight's Stronghold and Black Monarch's Ghost (see below) to create even bigger super-castles. The big difference was that 6085 had black and grey bricks and octagonal turrets, compared to 6080's all-grey scheme and rectangular towers, while 6085 was also among the first sets to include the horse armor barding.  In 1989, three Black Knights-style figures were included in the 6060 Knights' Challenge set. Two more Black Knights-style sets were released in 1990; one was the 6059 Knights Stronghold town gate set that featured one mounted knight, four soldiers, along with a big catapult, and 6034 Black Monarch's Ghost, a set that included a lone mounted knight and a glow-in-the-dark ghost. Like the 6081 King's Mountain Fortress, Knights Stronghold and Black Monarch's Ghost featured the newly invented helmet visor and armor breastplate pieces for the mounted knights. These two sets were also among the last Lego Castle sets to carry the "Legoland" banner. The two 1990 castle sets were re-released in 1992 with the "Lego System" banner on the boxes, but the instruction booklets of the sets still had the "Legoland" banner. The only changes that were made to the 1992 re-release sets were the horse saddles. The saddles were changed from one clip to two clips since 1992 was the year that introduced the altered Lego horse saddle. Interestingly in 1990 and 1991, the Crusaders were merged with the Black Knights in a combined "Castle" faction (the catalogue combined the lion and wyvern motifs) that was pitted against the Forestmen, analogous to the legend of Prince John's knights against Robin Hood and his Merry Men outlaws, however in 1992 the Crusaders reverted to their own faction when the Black Knights were formally launched.  When the Black Knights were "officially" launched in 1992, the 6086 Black Knights Castle (known as Dungeon Master's Castle in Canada and the USA for 1992-93) was released to replace Black Monarch's Castle. Two other main Black Knights sets were released the same year as the Black Knights Castle in 1992. They were the 6057 Sea Serpent (the biggest Lego Castle boat ever released in the 1990s) and 6009 Black Knight, a small set that included a single, full armored knight, along with the new dragon plume and shield accessories. A number of new accessories were created for the three new sets, including a new oval shaped shield with a different dragon design usually carried by mounted knights, new dragon plumes available in four different colors (just like the feather plumes) which added side dragon wing plumes to the movable visors on knight helmets. These sets, along with Wolfpack, were the first castle sets to have minifigures with mustache and beard faces. The older dragon triangular shield was still used in the sets for infantry and guards. Older sets such as the Knights Stronghold and Black Monarch's Ghost were retroactively included as part of the Black Knights.  Like the Black Falcons and Lion Knights/Crusaders, the Black Knights were in conflict with the Forestmen. The Lion Knights and Black Knights were featured together in only one set, the 1584 Knight's Challenge, and were merged into a "Castle" faction in 1990 and 1991 before being separated for 1992. As the 6059 Knights Stronghold and 6057 Sea Serpent featured the Black Falcons, this suggested that the two factions were rivals, particularly in Knights Stronghold where the Black Knights defend the gates against a Black Falcons siege. The Black Knights were also opponents to the Wolfpack Renegades (the 1992 catalogue diorama shows Black Knights soldiers pursuing a Wolfpack Renegade wagon, while the Black Knight's Castle contains a Wolfpack figure as a prisoner) and Dragon Masters (the 1993 catalogue diorama shows Majisto the Wizard on a dragon engaging two mounted Black Knights).  The Black Knights series continued until the end of 1994 when they were superseded by the Royal Knights in 1995. One of the last Black Knights sets released was 1917 King's Catapult in 1993, a miniset that included a knight who manned a tiny catapult. It was re-released in 1998.

Wolfpack Renegades (1992–1993).

The Wolfpack Renegades were a group of bandits in the LEGO Castle world. Only three sets were made, making it the smallest Castle factions. Their main hideout was 6075 Wolfpack Tower that included three renegades and a ghost.  The Wolfpack was one of the official opponents of the Black Knights during its short run, as the 1992 catalogue diorama shows Black Knights soldiers pursuing a Wolfpack Renegade wagon, while the Black Knight's Castle contains a Wolfpack figure as a prisoner. Wolfpack soldiers would also be guests in Dragon Masters sets (see below). Unlike the Forestmen who were never stated as being good or evil, most Lego literature implied that the Wolfpack were amoral outlaws.

Fantasy themes (1993–2000).

Dragon Masters (1993–1995).

The Dragon Masters collection was released in August 1993, making it the first time that Lego Castle had a fantasy faction with magic and mythical creatures. Led by Majisto the Wizard (known as Merlin the Wizard outside of the U.S.) the Dragon Masters organization seemed to have the goal of capturing and taming (for use in battle) fire breathing green dragons with red wings. The new dragon animal figure had points of articulation at the jaw, arms, wings, and the tail, with studs on their back to carry a minifgure as a rider, while a flame could inserted near the tip of its mouth. Dragon Masters also introduced new knight helmets, halberds, faces, and the Wizard's glow-in-the-dark wand. The Dragon Masters shield emblem was identical to the ovoid shields of the Black Knights except they featured a green dragon instead of the blue dragon. The largest Dragon Masters set was the 6082 Fire Breathing Fortress, followed by 6076 Dark Dragon's Den, and then 6048 Majisto's Magical Workshop. Interestingly the total number of dragons included in the entirety of Dragon Masters sets was three; besides 6082 and 6076 the only other set containing a dragon was 6056 Dragon Wagon; due to the inclusion of the dragon these sets featured less minifigures and horses than other similar-sized sets in Lego Castle. In Europe and Asia, a total of seven Dragon Masters sets were released in 1993. But in North America, only four sets were released that same year. The remaining three sets – 6020 Magic Shop, 6043 Dragon Defender, and 6105 Medieval Knights – were released in 1994. One possible reason why this occurred was because in 1994, no new castle sets were planned to be released. Therefore, it was decided that these sets would fill in the gap. Other smaller Dragon Masters sets were released in 1994, such as 1906 Majisto's Tower and 1794 Dragon Master Chariot but they were only mini castle sets. In 1995 the last Dragon Masters set released was 1736 Wizard's Cart that featured Majisto with a treasure chest, which marked the end of the Dragon Masters reign. Nonetheless this faction inspired other castle sets to have magic and fantasy themes such as the Fright Knights.  The Dragon Masters were in conflict with the Black Knights, as shown in the 1993 and 1994 catalogue dioramas, and Wolfpack who were often guests in Dragon Masters sets. In 1995 which was their last year of release the Dragon Masters are seen confronting newly-launched Royal Knights, and the two sides are shown battling each other in the 1996 Lego Idea Book (even though the Dragon Masters were already discontinued).

Royal Knights (1995–1996).

The Royal Knights were the first Lego theme to have skeletons, starting with the first ever skeleton set "Skeleton Surprise". Their leader was the Royal King. Their largest set was the 6090 Royal Knight's Castle. This faction also introduced the fan favorite silver longsword, which is used by the Royal King.

Dark Forest (1996).

The Dark Forest faction is a continuation of Forestmen, with some influence from the Wolfpack Renegades, but is usually considered sub-par to the earlier two factions. With only three sets released it ties with Wolfpack Renegades for the smallest Castle faction ever, and the largest set was 6079 Dark Forest Fortress.

Fright Knights (1997–1998).

The Fright Knights were a faction of soldiers that were not ruled by a king, but instead by Basil, the 6007 Bat Lord. The Fright Knights Lego Sets delved deeper into the supernatural "Fantasy" aspect of Lego, featuring black dragons with fire-colored wings, creepy trap-filled red-and-black castles, crystal balls and Willa the Witch, a dark sorceress who was the real power behind Basil's throne. Their headquarters was the 6097 Night Lord's Castle.

Knights' Kingdom (2000).

Knights' Kingdom centered on a conflict involving the Lions, led by King Leo, and the Bulls, led by outlaw Cedric The Bull. This theme had many small sets with minifigures, and was the first Castle theme to feature two female minifigs, Queen Leonora and Princess Storm. The Lion shields were inspired by the Royal Knights. The Lions castle was 6098 King Leo's Castle, while the Bulls did not have a castle.  A game, titled "", was released in late 2000 by Lego Software and allowed the player to create their own kingdoms based on the theme.  Much like with the Lego Adventurers line, the characters, weapons, castle and others made a special appearance in "", which would be the first island that Pepper Roni would visit outside Lego Island itself. where even the Bulls had their own castle. The set 10176 King's Castle used the shield crests of this theme, but was released in 2006 as part of the Knight's Kingdom II product line.

Knights' Kingdom II (2004–2006).

Knights' Kingdom II, aimed at six to twelve year-olds, was first officially announced in November 2003, in the English version of the LEGO magazine. In spring 2004, the large action figures were released in Europe; several months later, they were released in America. Both continents obtained the playsets in the summer. "Knights' Kingdom" chronicles the legends of the Kingdom of Morcia, a fantasy world, and the adventures that take place within it. The main characters are the knights of the opposing factions. It is a revamped version of an earlier "Knights' Kingdom" LEGO theme, featuring larger, action-figure like characters as well as more colourfully attired mini-figures in the traditional sets. While officially titled "Knights' Kingdom" on its packaging, it is popularly known as "Knights' Kingdom II" in order to differentiate it from the original theme which only included LEGO mini-figures and featured different knight, king, and villain characters. It was also made into a trading card game and book series. 8877 Vladek's Dark Fortress was the largest set of this theme. 10176 King's Castle is part of this product line, but is not in the official storyline.  With the emergence of a new Castle line in 2007, the line was discontinued.

Characters.

This is a list of the characters in the Knights’ Kingdom line.

Morcia.

Morcia is where Knights' Kingdom takes place. It is believed to be a reference to the ancient English kingdom, Mercia. It is the home of the Hero Knights, King Mathias, and Vladek.

Ankoria.

A lost kingdom cursed by the Great Sorcerer, later Lord Vladek's kingdom, land where Knights Kingdom 2 takes place.

Sets.

2006.

Story: Lord Vladek has returned seeking the power of the Mistlands Tower, so that he can take over Morcia. This time he has hired an army of Rogue Knights instead of his usual Shadow Knights. The Rogue Knights are led by Dracus and his lieutenant, Weapons Master Karzon. In Morcia, Jayko, now King after defeating Vladek, hears about Vladek's return and his army of rogue knights, and how he's after the power of the Mistlands Tower. After hearing this, King Jayko teams up with two newly trained knights, Sir Kentis and Sir Adric, who must help King Jayko defend the tower from Lord Vladek and his army of Rogue Knights. In the end, "The Shield of Ages" is reforged by the mysterious Blacksmith (who is hinted as being the first king of Morcia, Orlan), the Shield is used to imprison Lord Vladek in an orb on top of the tower, the Rogue Knights get trapped in a dungeon, and Morcia is saved. As shown in the comic, the old knights did not die. Sir Danju is once again a trainer of knights, and shown as being the trainer of Kentis and Adric.

Castle (2007–2009).

Released in May, 2007, the new Lego Castle line features a human faction led by a King fighting against an opposing undead skeleton faction ruled by an evil Necromancer. This was also the first series to have a royal family including a Queen and a Princess. It also included other minifigs such as a Champion (Gold Knight), a Court Wizard, and even a Jester. The human faction bears the emblem of a crown, leading to being nicknamed by buyers and Lego fans as the "Crownies". Their main color scheme is dark blue, light blue and gold. The undead faction has the emblem of a skull, and the army consists almost entirely of undead skeletons, mostly the normal white kind but also featuring a new black variant. Their color scheme consists of dark red and black. In 2008, Lego Castle introduced sets with orcs, trolls, and dwarves to add to the medieval fantasy theme. Excluding the Chess Set, the largest set of this theme is 10193 Medieval Market Village. The last sets of this incarnation of Castle were released in 2009 and were replaced by a new castle theme, Kingdoms, in 2010.

Kingdoms (2010–2012).

Kingdoms is the name of the new Lego Medieval theme that was released June 2010 and replaced the fantasy-based Castle theme that had been in place since 2007. Kingdoms departs from the concept of a fantasy world inhabited by undead, orcs and dwarves; and returns to a more realistic world modeled after the European Middle Ages. The only fantasy elements are the wizard minifigures. Thus, it features sets that are more reminiscent of the early sets of the classic Castle theme from the 1980s. Indeed, the set 7946 King's Castle is modeled after the 6080 King's Castle set released in 1984.  In Kingdoms, there are two human factions pitted against each other. One side has the role of the attackers, featuring more vehicles and siege engines (The Green Kingdom/Dragon Knights). The other side has the role of the defenders with an emphasis on buildings (The Red Kingdom/Lion Knights). This theme, like the fantasy-era Castle theme of 2007, includes peasants and civilians, instead of concentrating solely on military factions.  Kingdoms is the first theme to include back-printing on the torsos of the minifigures. This theme featured new knight helms, new horse armor (a sleek-silhouette "unicorn" horse battle helmet), goats, and a new portcullis piece. Two unique horse prints are found only in Kingdoms sets: a pair of white horses with printed harnesses (7188 King's Carriage Ambush), and a dappled grey cart horse (7189 Mill Village Raid.) This theme also marked a welcome return to the full-body rampant lion motif, rather than the decapitated lion head used in the Royal Knights, Knight's Kingdom I, and Knight's Kingdom II.  The final Kingdoms-themed sets were 10223 Kingdoms Joust, released on December 26, 2011; and 853373 Kingdoms Chess Set, released in 2012. The Kingdoms theme was discontinued in 2012, replaced by The Lord of the Rings franchise sets.

Castle (2013).

Lego released a new Castle theme in autumn 2013 replacing the previously cancelled Kingdoms theme. It ended up being a very short-lived theme with only five sets released in late 2013 and two battlepacks released in early 2014. The two factions were "King's Knights", which wore blue with a crown insignia on their torsos and lion insignia on their shields and armor; and "Dragon Knights", in red and black. This theme was a fantasy-based theme with a wizard and a large dragon.

LEGO Castle was a Lego medieval and fantasy theme featuring knights and castles. It was introduced in 1978 and was supported almost continuously until ceasing in 2014. The medieval theme was then carried on in the LEGO Knights Kingdoms and later LEGO Kingdoms themes. Lego Castle sets were marketed under the "LEGOLAND" banner until 1991. LEGO decided to change and add "LEGO System" in 1992, but was dropped after 1999.


Replacements for holotypes.

Under the ICN, an additional and clarifying type could be designated an epitype under Article 9.8, where the original material is demonstrably ambiguous or insufficient.  A conserved type (ICN article 14.3) is sometimes used to correct a problem with a name which has been misapplied; this specimen replaces the original holotype.  In the absence of a holotype, another type may be selected, out of a range of different kinds of type, depending on the case, a lectotype or a neotype.  For example, in both the ICN and the ICZN a neotype is a type that was later appointed in the absence of the original holotype. Additionally, under the ICZN the Commission is empowered to replace a holotype with a neotype, when the holotype turns out to lack important diagnostic features needed to distinguish the species from its close relatives. For example, the crocodile-like archosaurian reptile "Parasuchus hislopi" Lydekker, 1885 was described based on a premaxillary rostrum (part of the snout), but this is no longer sufficient to distinguish "Parasuchus" from its close relatives. This made the name "Parasuchus hislopi" a "nomen dubium". Texan paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee proposed that a new type specimen, a complete skeleton, be designated. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature considered the case and agreed to replace the original type specimen with the proposed neotype.  The procedures for the designation of a new type specimen when the original is lost come into play for some recent, high-profile species descriptions in which the specimen designated as the holotype was a living individual that was allowed to remain in the wild (e.g. a new species of capuchin monkey, genus "Cebus", "Marleyimyia xylocopae", or the Arunachal macaque "Macaca munzala"). In such a case, there is no actual type specimen available for study, and the possibility exists that—should there be any perceived ambiguity in the identity of the species—subsequent authors can invoke various clauses in the ICZN Code that allow for the designation of a neotype. Article 75.3.7 of the ICZN requires that the designation of a neotype must be accompanied by "a statement that the neotype is, or immediately upon publication has become, the property of a recognized scientific or educational institution, cited by name, that maintains a research collection, with proper facilities for preserving name-bearing types, and that makes them accessible for study", but there is no such requirement for a holotype.

A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several such, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept.


History.

The community was initially formed as an urban kibbutz in Givat Michael near Ness Ziona by immigrants from Polish Republic (who were members of the "BaMesilah" group from which the kibbutz takes its name) and Bulgaria (members of the "Bulgaria - Tel Hai group"), with both groups belonging to the Hashomer Hatzair movement.  The kibbutz itself was established on 22 December 1938 as a tower and stockade settlement. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the kibbutz was bombed by an Iraqi aeroplane. One member of the kibbutz was killed in the bombing, and some other members were injured.  On 16 April 1957 two guards of the kibbutz were killed by Palestinian terrorists who came from the West Bank, then part of Jordan.

Economy.

Mesilot is the home of Wire Ropes Works Messilot Ltd., one of the largest producers of wire rope in Israel and the Middle East. The kibbutz also engages in various forms of agriculture, including livestock (milking cows and raising chickens), a fishery, an orchard, plantings of olives and dates, and other vegetables.

Education.

1st to 6th grade.

The children of the kibbutz are educated in the regional school within the kibbutz, which also serves children from the nearby kibbutzim Reshafim, Nir David, Beit Hashita, Sde Nahum and Beit Alfa.

School for children with autism.

Next to the elementary school, based on the donation of Yehudit ben Moshe (who was a member of Mesilot and the first principal of its school), a special school was founded for children with autism.

7th to 12th grade.

Healthy children from grades 7 through 12 used to be educated at the Gilboa School, which was founded next to Kibbutz Beit Alfa and was run jointly by Mesilot, Reshafim, Nir David and Beit Alfa. In 2005 this school was closed, so the students of Mesilot transferred to the regional school at Neve Eitan.

Sports.

The club was home to a football team, which was sponsored by the local Wire Works factory and played under the name Hapoel Kvalim Mesilot. In 2009 the team was merged with Hapoel Beit She'an to form Hapoel Beit She'an Mesilot, which play its home games in nearby Beit She'an.

Messilot (, "lit." Tracks) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Beit She'an Valley near the city of Beit She'an, it falls under the jurisdiction of Valley of Springs Regional Council. In it had a population of.


2009–10 UEFA Champions League knockout phase

Round of 16.

The draw for the competition's round of 16 was held on 18 December 2009. The first legs of the round of 16 were played on 16, 17, 23 and 24 February, and the second legs were played on 9, 10, 16 and 17 March 2010.

Second leg.

"Arsenal won 6–2 on aggregate."  "Fiorentina 4–4 Bayern Munich on aggregate. Bayern Munich won on away goals."  "Lyon won 2–1 on aggregate."  "Manchester United won 7–2 on aggregate."  "CSKA Moscow won 3–2 on aggregate."  "Internazionale won 3–1 on aggregate."  "Barcelona won 5–1 on aggregate."  "Bordeaux won 3–1 on aggregate."

Quarter-finals.

The draw for the quarter-finals took place in Nyon, Switzerland, on 19 March 2010. There was no seeding and no country protection, meaning that it was an entirely random draw.  The first legs were played on 30 and 31 March 2010, and the second legs were played on 6 and 7 April 2010.

Second leg.

"Internazionale won 2–0 on aggregate."  "Barcelona won 6–3 on aggregate."  "Lyon won 3–2 on aggregate."  "Bayern Munich 4–4 Manchester United on aggregate. Bayern Munich won on away goals."

Semi-finals.

The draw for the semi-finals took place immediately after the draw for the quarter-finals. The first legs were played on 20 and 21 April 2010, with the second legs on 27 and 28 April 2010. There were fears that the first legs would have to be postponed due to the eruptions of the volcano at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland. On 18 April, UEFA issued a statement that the matches would go ahead and that the teams would have to make alternate travel arrangements.

Second leg.

"Bayern Munich won 4–0 on aggregate."  "Internazionale won 3–2 on aggregate."

Final.

The 2010 UEFA Champions League Final was the fourth to be held at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, Spain, after the 1957, 1969 and 1980 finals. It also was the first to be held on a Saturday.

The knockout phase of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League began on 16 February and concluded on 22 May 2010 with the final won by Internazionale against Bayern Munich 2–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid. The knockout phase involves the sixteen teams who finished in the top two in each of their groups in the group stage.


History.

The moshav was founded in the evening of the Jewish holiday Shavuot (23 May 1939) on the lands of the Arab village al-Shajara, which the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association had bought in the 1920s. Initially it was established as a tower and stockade settlement by part of the members from the cooperative moshav Moledet, most of which were immigrants from Germany, whom strove to live in a moshav ovdim. Initially the settlement was named "Omer" after the Nahal which established it, although later on the name of the village was changed to "Shadmot Dvora", after the name of Dorothy de Rothschild, the wife of James Armand de Rothschild who was the president of PICA (he was appointed to this position in 1924 by his father Edmond James de Rothschild), that from his money the lands of the moshav were bought, and also after Deborah the prophetess, whom gathered the Israeli tribes to fight the Canaanites in this area (Judges 4:14).  During the first seven years the residents of the moshav lived within the walls of the small tower and stockade settlement, which was located opposite the unfriendly Arab village of Shaara on the other side of the wadi, only after the conclusion of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War during which the inhabitants of Shaara fled to the neighboring Arab countries, their village was ruined and the residents of the moshav felt more secure to start living outside of the walls. Following this, at the end of the 1940s and the start of the 1950s the lands of the moshav were distributed between all the inhabitants of the moshav, in which the inhabitants established individual farms for each family, while the rest of the lands were distributed among the residents for agricultural purposes.  During the 1970s a new part was added to the moshav in its southern part, in which new houses were constructed which were bought by the children of the residents of the moshav, and also new residents.  During the 1980s the economic condition of the moshav worsened, as a result of financial debts accumulation and the commonalty of the settlement was put under an Administrative receivership. Since the end of the 1990s and during the course of the 2000s, under the Administrative receivership, on a designated vacant part of the moshav in its eastern part, which wasn't in use by anyone, new houses were built and were sold to the children of the veteran residents of the moshav and to new residents in order to cover the debts of the moshav.

Shadmot Dvora () is a moshav in northern Israel. Located south-west of Tiberias, it falls under the jurisdiction of Lower Galilee Regional Council. In it had a population of.