Early life.

Paul Zorner was born on 31 March 1920 in Roben, Leobschütz, Upper Silesia. He was a son of head teachers and one of eight children. Zorner expressed an interest in Glider flying in his early years but the size of the family strained his parent's financial resources and he could not take up the hobby. In the spring, 1938 aged 18, Zorner passed his "Abitur", school leaving certificate. Zorner desired a military flying career and he applied to join the "Luftwaffe" and was accepted as a "Fahnenjunker" (officer candidate) in October 1938.  On 8 November 1938 Zorner began his "Flugzeugführerausbildung" (pilot training) as a learner pilot at Oschatz-Sachsen. On 14 March 1939 he was accepted as "Fähnrich" and transferred to Berlin-Gatow. There, he completed the first stage of his officer training on 31 October 1939. Zorner progressed through the A/B Schools (elementary flying schools) and trained at the "Flugzeugführerschule C" in Lönnewitz to gain his pilot license on multi-engine aircraft from 1 November 1939 to the 30 June 1940. He was promoted to the officer rank "Leutnant" (Second Lieutenant) on 1 April 1940.  From 4–30 June 1940 Zorner was based at the "Fluglehrerschule" (flight instructor school) in Brandenburg and from the 1 July 1940 – 15 January 1941 he attended the "Flugzeugführerschule" C 11 to complete his advanced training. Zorner attended the "Blindflugschule" (Blind Flying School) at Neuburg an der Donau from 23 August–16 September 1940 to qualify for night flying.

World War II.

Zorner was posted to 4. "Staffel" (squadron) "Kampfgruppe zur besonderen Verwendung" 104 (KGr.z.b.v. 104—Fighting Group for Special Use) to fly the Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft. The unit deployed to Athens, Greece in April 1941. It assisted in the airborne drop against Crete—"Unternehmen Merkur" (Operation Mercury). Zorner flew over 160 missions in the Mediterranean and North African theatre. The most notable action was the Anglo-Iraqi War in May 1941. KGr.z.b.v. 104 flew spare part supplies for "Zerstörergeschwader" 76 (Destroyer Wing 76) in Iraq. Zorner recorded transport flights from Athens to Aleppo. Zorner was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class on 6 June 1941 for his service. KGr.z.b.v. 104 then moved to Romania to participate in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. It supported Army Group South in the initial assault but then disbanded in the autumn. Zorner left "KGr.z.b.v." 104 on 8 October 1941.

Night fighter.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, bombing missions by the Royal Air Force (RAF) shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, "Generalmajor" (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector, named a "Himmelbett" (canopy bed), would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the "Lichtenstein" radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.  Zorner joined the German night fighter force on 20 October 1941 and was ordered to Schleißheim, Austria, to attend the "Nachtjadgschule" 1 (Night Fighter School 1) to begin conversion and night fighter training on the Messerschmitt Bf 110. At Schleißheim Zorner learned the rudiments of air combat and day fighter tactics which he completed on 28 December 1941. From 1 January 1942 Zorner undertook night fighter training "Nachtjadgschule" 1, at the Ingolstadt base. On 1 April 1942 he was promoted to "Oberleutnant" (First Lieutenant). He graduated on 20 May 1942. The final phase of training was completed with "Ergänzungs-Nachtjagdgruppe" (Supplementary Night Hunting Group) at Stuttgart.  Zorner was posted to 8. "Staffel" (squadron), II. "Gruppe" (Group) "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2 (NJG 2—Night Fighter Wing 2) based at Gilze-Rijen Air Base in the Netherlands on 1 July 1942. On 3 October 1942 Zorner was moved again, this time to 10./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3 (NJG 3—Night Fighter Wing 3), at Grove, where he remained until 5 December 1942. The next day he was ordered to Wittmundhafen and appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of 2./NJG 3. Zorner held this command until 15 March 1943. The "Staffel" was equipped with the Dornier Do 217 night fighter. Zorner disliked flying the Dornier and lobbied his commanding officer, "Gruppenkommandeur" Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld to fly the Bf 110. Lippe-Weißenfeld agreed on the condition that he flies both operationally in rotation with other units.  On the night of 17/18 January 1943 Air Officer Commanding (AOC) RAF Bomber Command, Arthur Harris ordered an attack on Berlin. 170 Avro Lancaster and 17 Handley-Page Halifax bombers carried out the operation. It was to be the last attack on the German capital until the H2S ground scanning radar became available. Zorner intercepted a Halifax northwest of Juist and shot it down at 21:55. Zorner achieved this success on his 14th mission as a night fighter pilot.  Bomber Command attacked Wilhelmshaven with 177 aircraft—129 Lancaster, 40 Halifax and eight Short Stirlings on 11/12 February 1943. The Pathfinders found that the Wilhelmshaven area was covered by cloud. The British marked the target by parachute flares using H2S. The naval ammunition depot at Mariensiel to the south of Wilhelmshaven blew up and caused widespread damage in the naval dockyard and in the town. Zorner engaged a Lancaster west northwest of Borkum and claimed it shot down over the North Sea. Zorner was the only pilot in the "Luftwaffe" to claim a victory on this night. One of the three crews lost in the operation flew in Lancaster I, DX-D, of No. 57 Squadron RAF. Sergeant K. T. Dutton and his six crewmembers disappeared and were listed "lost without trace."  After his second victory, "Geschwaderkommodore" Johann Schalk warned Zorner for leaving the Do 217s idle. On Zorner's next flight, he operated the type. Zorner claimed his third victory on 19 February, north of Norderney at 20:34. The bomber was recorded as a Douglas A-20 Havoc. During the engagement Zorner's Dornier sustained a hit in the wing and one through the starboard engine casing causing an oil leak, necessitating a forced landing on one engine. Although Zorner claimed a probable, an anti-aircraft artillery battery had witnessed the enemy bomber flying just above the sea before it disappeared into the mist. Since its recovery was deemed impossible, he was granted the victory. Zorner's victim was Vickers Wellington II, "BJ1919" OW-P of No. 426 Squadron RAF piloted by Sergeant J. O. R. Gauthier. Sergeants H. R. Bailey, F. Ruzycki, R. C. Ramsay, Flight Sergeant R. W. Ferrier and Pilot Officer C. A. McKinnon, all of RCAF, were posted missing in action. The aircraft has never been found, and likely crashed into the North Sea. On the night of 26 February Zorner claimed a Short Stirling northwest of Schiermonnikoog at 20:46.

Ruhr and Baltic.

Air Marshal Harris, AOC RAF Bomber Command escalated the air war in 1943 and began a concerted effort to destroy the industrial German Ruhr region through area bombing. From March to July 1943 Bomber Command began the campaign, dubbed the Battle of the Ruhr. Harris had 53 squadrons, 16 of which were medium bombers equipped with H2S terrain mapping radar. Zorner's first victory in the defence of the Ruhr came on the night of the 7/8 March 1943 northeast of Norden at 20:50 when he claimed a Wellington. The only other claimant was Karl-Heinz Scherfling. Zorner's victim was probably Wellington "HE202", SE-Z, piloted by Sergeant Derek Cecil of No. 431 Squadron RAF. The bomber was conducting "Gardening" (minelaying operations) by the Frisian Islands when it was shot down. All five crewmen became prisoners of war.  Zorner claimed another Wellington on 13/14 March at 03:51, north of Norderney, one of only two claims. This machine was "BK296", PT, from No. 420 Squadron RCAF. Pilot Flight Sergeant Charles Harrison Tidy and his crew were killed. Zorner was made "Staffelkapitän" of 8./NJG 3 two days later. In April 1943 Zorner was ordered to carry out two daylight operations against the United States Army Air Force (USAAF). Zorner found the task unsuitable for the Bf 110. A combat box of B-17 Flying Fortress bombers had eight firing positions and a formation of nine could muster over 100 guns. The Bf 110 was adjudged to be only faster and the most effective tactic, the head-on-attack, could only be executed three times for the aircraft could not position itself in front of the bomber formations quickly enough: the endurance of two hours forty-five minutes was not sufficient for these lengthy manoeuvres. On the second sortie he flew Lippe-Webenfeld's Bf 110 but was hit in both wings and engines and force-landed without success near Cloppenburg. Zorner claimed his 7th victory on 28/29 June southeast of Antwerp, Belgium at 02:20. It was recorded as a Halifax bomber. Another Wellington was claimed southwest of Sint-Truiden at 01:09. Zorner achieved his 10th victory west of Malmedy at 01:53. Zorner's 11th victory was shot down northeast of Groningen at 03:54 on 24/25 July. His victim was Halifax "R5573" flown by Flight Sergeant Kenneth Hector Wally McLean from No. 106 Squadron RAF. Zorner saw the Halifax crash and explode which resulted in a fire-work display of green, red and white flashes. They assumed the aircraft to be a pathfinder, and the flashes exploding flares. Soon afterwards Zorner and his crewman had to abandon the Bf 110G-4 because an engine caught fire. Zorner extinguished the fire but he could no longer calibrate the propeller pitch to a glide setting. The other power plant could not cope with the added workload and the Bf 110 began to lose height. Zorner ordered his crew to leave. Zorner struggled to exit as his parachute snagged. He managed to clamber back into the cockpit and lower the flaps which slowed the aircraft and afforded him time to unhook the parachute from the strengthening beam in the cockpit and parachute to safety.  Zorner had to wait several weeks for another successful engagement. On 18 August 1943 Bomber Command carried out Operation "Hydra", an attack on the Peenemünde Army Research Center. At 01:53 over the Baltic Sea Zorner claimed a Lancaster followed by another Lancaster over Peenemünde at 02:03—his 13th victory. It was his last victory with 3./NJG 3. On 9 September 1943 he was appointed "Staffelkapitän" of 8./NJG 3.

Battle of Berlin.

At the beginning of November 1943 Zorner's Bf 110G was fitted with a FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 radar. The new radar was not affected by "window". On the night of 18/19 November 1943 as RAF Bomber Command began their Berlin offensive and Zorner led 8. "Staffel" through his most successful period of operations. Operating from Lüneburg, Zorner scrambled to intercept 383 aircraft, 365 Lancaster, 10 Halifax and eight de Havilland Mosquito bombers which attacked Berlin on 23/24 November 1943. Zorner caught a Lancaster at 20:09 northwest of Berlin and dispatched the bomber for his 14th victory. On 2 December, Zorner accounted for two Lancaster bombers: one near Diepholz at 19:24 and southwest of Berlin at 20:29. On 20 December at 20:02 claimed a Lancaster. The location was recorded as "Hintetmeiligen". On 23/24 December 1943 Bomber Command returned to Berlin. Zorner claimed three Lancasters: one east of Giessen at 03:02, another south of Diepholz at 05:43 and a third at 06:02 over Cloppenburg. One of the bombers was Avro Lancaster III "ED999", KM-X, from No. 44 Squadron RAF, piloted by Sergeant R. L. Hands. Hands and his crew were killed in action. Zorner maintained his success in 1944. Over Luckenwalde at 03:10 on 3 January 1944 Zorner accounted for his 21st victory. On the 6 January at 02:42 and 02:51 he claimed two Lancasters northwest of Stettin and on 20 January at 19:31 and 19:45 he claimed one Halifax (LL135) and one Lancaster (JB419), while operating north west of Berlin. These victories were achieved with the "Schräge Musik" which had been installed on his Bf 110G-4 prior to the patrol. Four weeks later, on 15 February, Zorner filed claims for two Lancaster bombers at 20:22 and 21:11 near Berlin. The latest Lancaster bombers took his victory total to 27. On 20 February at 03:04 and 03:17 near Wesendorf, at 03:26 over Gardelegen, and at 03:41 south of Briest, Zorner claimed a Lancaster shot down to record his 28th–31st aerial victories.  On 24/25 February 1944, Bomber Command turned its attention to Schweinfurt. 554 Lancaster, 169 Halifax and 11 Mosquito bombers carried out the attack. The route took the bomber stream over Stuttgart. Bomber Command lost 26 Lancaster and seven Halifax bombers (4.5 per cent). Zorner claimed five bombers shot down, becoming an ace in one sortie. The first claim was made west of Stuttgart at 22:15, southwest of the city at 22:22, southwest at 22:30, west at 00:25 and finally north of Stuttgart at 00:51. All five were Lancasters. The latter two claims were made after midnight thus Zorner did not qualify for ace in a day status. By day-break Zorner had been officially credited with 35 enemy bombers destroyed in night operations.  On 1 March 1944 Zorner was promoted to "Hauptmann" (Captain). He continued to command 8. "Staffel". He downed two Lancasters on 22 March in the Frankfurt area between 21:42 and 22:16. A solitary claim on 24 March was followed by a triple claim on 26 March. A single Lancaster was engaged and destroyed north of Oberhausen at 22:01, west of Sint Truiden at 23:03 and then southwest of Brussels at 23:12. For his achievements in battle Zorner was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 20 March 1944. On 4 April 1944 Zorner was appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" of III./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 5 (NJG 5), based at Mainz Finthen Airport having relinquished his command of 8. "Staffel" the day before. In the early hours of 21 April 1944 Zorner claimed a rare victory for the German night fighter arm—a de Havilland Mosquito. Southeast of Antwerp at 03:00 Zorner spotted an aircraft which appeared to be a Junkers Ju 88 flying on one engine. Zorner closed to and saw it was an enemy aircraft. He fired a burst that shattered the good engine. The British bomber dived into haze and four minutes later the crew observed an explosion on the ground. The following morning a Mosquito was confirmed shot down. The Mosquito belonged to No. 169 Squadron RAF. "DD616", was operating out of RAF Little Snoring, Norfolk. Flight Lieutenant Morgan and his navigator Flight Sergeant Bentley bailed out.

Gruppenkommandeur.

On the night of 27/28 April 1944, Bomber Command struck at Friedrichshafen with 322 heavy bombers. The diversion attacks confused German defences and no bomber was lost on the inward flight. The German night fighter reorganised and 18 were shot down on the homeward route. Zorner intercepted southeast of Nancy claimed it destroyed at 01:20. After 31 minutes Zorner's radar operator Heinrich Wilke gained another contact and Zorner duly shot down a second Lancaster southwest of Strasbourg. Northwest of Friedrichshafen, he shot down another bomber at 02:10. Zorner claimed a single victory on 1 June at 02:35 over Tergnier and the 3 June northwest of Evreux.  On 6 June 1944 Operation Overlord began. On that morning the D-Day landings began in Normandy. Within twenty-four hours Zorner's "Gruppe" had relocated to Athies-sous-Laon. The night fighter force resisted the Allied air forces over France by night and the skies over France became a target-rich environment. The RAF Second Tactical Air Force and the Ninth US Tactical Air Force flew night operations alongside bomber command. For the "Luftwaffe", the night actions also produced dangers. Their bases were within easy range of No. 100 Group RAF night fighters.  Two days after his deployment to France, Zorner was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 9 June for 48 victories. He received the award from Joseph Schmid, commanding 1. "Jagdkorps". On the night of the 10/11 June 1944 he shot down four bombers targeting railway installations. The victories (nos. 49–52) were recorded west and southwest of Dreux with two more Lancaster bombers falling over Verneuil-sur-Avre between 01:00 and 01:42. The first three bombers were claimed within eight minutes. Zorner achieved a double victory on 25/26 June. Bomber Command sent 739 bombers including 53 Lancaster, 165 Halifax and 39 Mosquito bombers to attack the V-1 flying bomb sites in the Pas-de-Calais. At 00:30, east of Boulogne Zorner shot down a Lancaster with his front-firing guns and he used his "Schärge Musik" armament to down a second—his 54th victory.  On the 1 July at 01:22 near Bourges Zorner shot down another Lancaster. On 24/25 July 1944 Bomber Command returned to the V-1 sites. Northwest of both Strasbourg and Saint-Dizier, between 02:35 and 02:54 Zorner claimed victory number 57 and 58. Zorner remained with NJG 5 but did not file another claim as the German front in Normandy collapsed. On 17 September 1944 Zorner became the 588th recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (). It was not presented to Zorner until 2 December 1944 when he was handed the medal by "Reichsmarshal" Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the "Luftwaffe" at the "Reichsluftfahrtministerium". By this time III./NJG 5 was based at Lübeck.  Zorner was transferred from front-line operations and on 13 October 1944 he appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" of II./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 100 equipped with Ju 88G night-fighters based at Nový Dvůr. On 1 December 1944 Zorner was promoted to Major. He commanded the unit in operations over Czechoslovakia and Austria until 8 May 1945. The promotion came six days after his radar operator "Feldwebel" Heinrich Wilke, was awarded the Knight's Cross on 25 November 1944 for participating in all Zorner's 58 victories. II./NJG 100 was subordinated to the 7th "Jagddivision" (7th Fighter Division).  The "Geschwader" relocated several times owing to Red Army advances, moving to Vienna, Linz, Prague and finally to Karlsbad in western Germany. The "Gruppe" was overloaded with 53 of the Ju 88G-6 models and Zorner had 630 men under his command. Only 35 were technically fit for operations and he classified only four as combat ready. On the evening of 5/6 March 1945, the group was ordered to scramble a single Ju 88. Zorner decided to fly himself, after a long period of non-operational flying. South southwest of Graz, he shot down Consolidated B-24 Liberator at 01:30.  One B-24 was lost on this night to a night fighter. Liberator VI "KH150", "R", of 34 Squadron SAAF was shot down and the crew were killed. Lieutenant J. B. Masson, C. E. Park, Second Lieutenant C. D. Foord, Flying Officer F. S. A. Thomas, A. R. Thomas, M. A. Ueckermann, R. V. Wilkson and Sergeant A. Stables died. They are buried in Udine, Italy.

Later life.

Zorner surrendered his "Gruppe" to United States Army forces near Karlovy Vary on 8 May 1945. Only Zorner and an interpreter were allowed through the lines. Zorner refused to abandon his men and for a week he remained with them under American guard. He was then handed over to Soviet Forces on 17 May. The men were marched without food for to Hoyerswerda north east of Dresden. Zorner was separated from his men and confined with 2,000 other officers. They survived on rations of fish soup and bread. In October 1945 he was transported to the Caucasus Mountains, in southern Russia. Some 500 officers were sent to a camp at Tkibuli, near Kutaisi, in the Georgian region of the Soviet Union. The prisoners organised the camp themselves. They were permitted to travel within a radius around the camp as long as their work assignments were complete. The German prisoners received some form of monetary payment.  Highly decorated officers were responsible for the kitchen and keeping the peace in the camp. The rooms were four by three metres in area. On the longer wall a wooden framework was mounted. Across this layered boards which measured two metres in length were stacked with a varying gap of. Outside was a corridor that was a metre wide. In 18 of the 20 rooms 500 prisoners were houses, usually 22 per room. The prisoners had to travel some on foot every morning to a quarry were they worked for eight hours drilling out limestone and fed 600 grams of bread and half a litre of cabbage soup. Zoner worked in the camp until the end of 1946.  In January 1946 Zorner was moved to a harsher environment in a coal mine. He heard a rumour that officers of Major rank and above could not be forced to work. He refused to work anymore and was subjected to punishment by the NKVD. The following day he was locked in solitary confinement. The following morning Zorner explained that he would prefer to work as a carpenter and the NKVD officers agreed. From April 1946 the conditions slowly improved in the camp. Ill-treatment from the guards, which had been rare anyway, stopped altogether. At the end of 1947 the prisoners were allowed to send letters to Germany. In 1948 they were permitted to receive packages from their families. In March 1949, Zorner and others planned to escape to Turkey, but events overtook them and the prisoners were repatriated to Germany.  On 19 December 1949 the prisoners were deloused, given new clothes, and transported to Brest-Litovsk on 23 December. From there he was sent to Frankfurt, where he arrived on 29 December. On 1 January 1950 he was sent to Ulm and was processed on 2 January. Zorner then travelled to Kaiserslautern in the French zone of occupation to obtain his discharge certificate and was officially a civilian on 3 January 1950.  Zorner studied mechanical engineering in Stuttgart and entered the field of refrigeration engineering before he rejoined the West German Air Force (Luftwaffe) in 1956. He was not passed fit to fly jet fighters and returned to civilian life in May 1957. He was employed within the chemical industry. He retired in 1981 as a chief engineer with Hoechst near Frankfurt. In May 2006, Zorner received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany () for his voluntary services as founder of the "Silesian Partnership" (). The association, which was founded in 1995, aims to improve German-Polish relations and, among other things, has organised help during the 1997 Central European flood. Zorner died on 27 January 2014 in Homburg.

Aerial victory claims.

Zorner was credited with 59 nocturnal aerial victories, claimed in 272 combat missions, 110 of which as a night fighter.

Paul Anton Guido Zorner, born Paul Zloch (31 March 1920 – 27 January 2014) was a German night fighter pilot, who fought in the "Luftwaffe" during World War II. Zorner is credited with aerial victories claimed in including fighter missions. Zorner was the ninth most successful fighter pilot in the "Luftwaffe" and in the history of aerial warfare.


Early life.

Lawrence was born Vicki Ann Axelrad in Inglewood, California, the daughter of Anne Alene (née Loyd) and Howard Axelrad, a certified public accountant for Max Factor. The family surname was legally changed to "Lawrence" when Vicki was young. She is a graduate of Morningside High School in Inglewood, class of 1967. Lawrence had originally planned on being a dental hygienist. She attended UCLA while on "The Carol Burnett Show", and changed her major to theater arts, but dropped out after two years.  In high school, she auditioned for and got into the musical group The Young Americans. She stayed with the group almost until the end of high school. By being with the group, she gained experience from touring, performing at the Oscars, coming in contact with noteworthy performers such as Johnny Mathis and Louis Armstrong, and performing on "The Andy Williams Show".  In her senior year, she entered the Miss Fireball of Inglewood contest for the local firefighter's ball. A reporter for a local newspaper wrote a story about the contest and stated that Lawrence bore a striking resemblance to a young Carol Burnett. An avid fan letter-writer, Lawrence's mother urged her to write a letter, which Lawrence did, including the newspaper article.  After receiving the letter, Burnett found Lawrence's father's name in the phone book, called him, and said she would go to see the Miss Fireball contest. Lawrence won the contest and Burnett was called to the stage to crown her. Coincidentally, Burnett was looking for an actress to play her younger sister on her upcoming show. After a few months and auditions, Lawrence got the part, specifically for playing Chrissy in the "Carol and Sis" sketches.  After Lawrence was given the job on "The Carol Burnett Show", both Burnett and Harvey Korman took her under their wings. Korman taught her various sketch comedy skills, such as listening not just for a cue line, and also coached her in other areas, such as speaking in different accents. Lawrence has credited Korman and Burnett with being her mentors, and has referred to her experience on the show as the "Harvard school of comedy". Lawrence has stated that she learned show business from Burnett and looked up to her very much, and that the two share a very close friendship.

Career.

Acting.

As a comedian and actress, Lawrence is known for her work on "The Carol Burnett Show", of which she was a part from 1967 to 1978. She was the only cast member, except for Burnett herself, who stayed on the show for the entire 11 seasons. After "The Carol Burnett Show" ended in 1978, Lawrence and her husband Al Schultz moved with their children to Maui, Hawaii, but after a few years, returned to Los Angeles, where they have remained.  Her portrayal of the Mama character on "The Carol Burnett Show's" "The Family" sketches was so popular that NBC subsequently created the sitcom "Mama's Family", elaborating on the Mama character. (Burnett reprised the Eunice Higgins character for the sitcom from time to time.) The series ran from 1983 to 1985 on NBC; after its cancellation from NBC, it was renewed from 1986 to 1990 in first-run syndication. The show was more successful in the renewed version. She also reprised the Mama character on stage for "Vicki Lawrence & Mama: A Two-Woman Show".  Lawrence has made appearances on other programs, such as the sitcoms "Laverne & Shirley", "Major Dad", "Roseanne", "Hannah Montana", and "Yes, Dear". Between the NBC and syndication runs of "Mama's Family", Lawrence starred in the 1985 comedy pilot "Anything for Love", which aired as a special on CBS that summer and co-starred Lauren Tewes and Rebeca Arthur. Lawrence has also appeared with Burnett, Korman, and Tim Conway in the Burnett show retrospectives that were broadcast in 1993, 2001, and 2004. Lawrence played Sister Mary Paul (Sister Amnesia) in the TV special based on "Nunsense Jamboree" that originally aired on TNN in 1998.  Lawrence played Mamaw Stewart (the mother of Robby Ray Stewart and grandmother of Jackson and Miley Stewart) in the hit Disney series "Hannah Montana" alongside Billy Ray Cyrus and his daughter Miley Cyrus.  Lawrence played as Mama in an Ohio commercial, promoting a constitutional amendment that would permit casino gambling in Ohio. Lawrence played Dan's old high-school flame, Phyllis, in an episode of "Roseanne". She also appeared in a special celebrity-edition episode of the Anne Robinson version of "The Weakest Link". Playing for a charity, she made it to the final two, but ended up losing to Ed Begley, Jr.

Music.

As a singer, Lawrence got her start as one of the scores of hopefuls on the syndicated "Johnny Mann's Stand Up And Cheer" program. However, she is most known for her number-one hit, "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", a song written by her first husband Bobby Russell, which was released on Bell Records in November 1972. It sold over two million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 1973. During the last episode of the sixth season of "The Carol Burnett Show" (March 24, 1973), Lawrence received her gold record by surprise from Carol Burnett. Her first LP, "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", was issued soon after the single went gold. The song was re-recorded by Reba McEntire for her 1991 album For My Broken Heart. McEntire released the track as a single to country radio in 1992 and it peaked at #12 on the country chart, aided in part by a highly cinematic music video.  "He Did With Me", Lawrence's followup to "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", reached number 75 in the United States, although it reached the top 20 of the adult contemporary music charts and also became her biggest hit in Australia, peaking at number one there in November 1973. She followed it up there with "Ships in the Night" (1974). In the fall of 1975, Lawrence managed one last minor U.S. chart entry on the Private Stock label with "The Other Woman" (number 81).  In 1974, she recorded her second LP for Bell Records, "Ships in the Night". The label was in the process of being bought out by Arista, and the LP was not released in the U.S. The LP was, however, released in Australia, where she continued to have chart success. Lawrence's first two LPs were released as a single CD with bonus tracks on April 1, 2014, by Real Gone Music.  She released a disco album entitled "Newborn Woman" late in 1979. The album produced the minor disco hit "Don't Stop the Music".

Hosting and other work.

As an emcee, she hosted the daytime NBC version of the game show "Win, Lose or Draw", as well as an unsold pilot for Mark Goodson Productions, 1990's "Body Talk", and has also appeared often as a popular panelist on such game shows as "Match Game", "Password", "Password Plus", "Super Password", and various incarnations of the "Pyramid" game show, where she was known for verbally sparring with host Dick Clark on numerous occasions. She also appeared on the 1986-89 version of "Hollywood Squares", where she appeared both as herself and in character as Thelma "Mama" Harper. Lawrence was nominated a number of times for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host for the eponymous "Vicki!" (1992–1994), but the show ended after two seasons amid creative battles with her syndicator. In 1997, she hosted "Fox After Breakfast," which was renamed "The Vicki Lawrence Show", but was cancelled five weeks later due to low ratings.  She tours the country with her "two-woman" show with the first half as herself and the second half done as Mama. She can also be seen on TV in an infomercial for the Big Boss Grill. She is also known for her voice-over work as Flo on the animated series "Hermie and Friends".  In 2018, Lawrence was seen promoting "The Carol Burnett Show" and other classic television series on the MeTV television network.

Personal life.

Lawrence was married to singer and songwriter Bobby Russell from 1972 to 1974. Lawrence's second husband is Hollywood make-up artist Al Schultz, to whom she has been married since November 16, 1974, and with whom she has two children, Courtney Allison Schultz (born May 5, 1975) and Garrett Lawrence Schultz (born July 3, 1977).  Lawrence and her family appeared on "Celebrity Family Feud" in July 2015.  Lawrence was diagnosed with chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) around 2011. She teamed with the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America and has become the spokesperson for the campaign CIU & You.  She appeared on "The Doctors" in 2015 to relay her story and talk about CIU and promote the CIU & You campaign.

Vicki Ann Lawrence ("née" Axelrad; born March 26, 1949), sometimes credited as Vicki Lawrence Schultz, is an American actress, comedian, and pop music singer known for the many characters she originated on CBS's "The Carol Burnett Show", where she appeared from 1967–78, for the entire series run. One such character was "The Family" matriarch Thelma Harper/Mama, the cold, unaffectionate mother of the neurotic, misfortunate, Eunice (Burnett) although Lawrence is 16 years younger than Burnett. Thelma Harper was the central character of the television situation comedy series "Mama's Family" on NBC and, later, in first-run syndication. She also starred in the Fox sitcom series "The Cool Kids".


History.

Curicó Unido was founded on 26 February 1973, with "Edmundo Rojas" as the first President of the club. They became the fourth football team from the Curicó city to play at the professional level, after, Luis Cruz Martínez and Bádminton de Curicó.  "Curicó Unido" played since the season 1974 at the Primera B, but after seven poor seasons they gained relegation to the third level to the season 1981, returning to Primera B two years later, in 1983.  1984 and 1985 were the best seasons of "Curicó Unido" history, disputing the promotion until the last week, but with bad luck at the final matches.  The next campaigns were average, with the exception of the season 1990, when they lose the category after the final match with Deportes Valdivia, when they won 4–1, two goals short what they needed to stay at Primera B.  Since then, they stayed at the Tercera División without real chances to return to the Primera B, until the 2003 season. But at the next year that changed.  In 2004 the albirrojos were really close to returned to the Primera B. At the last week of the season, in Chillán, they arrived as leaders, to face Ñublense who was three points behind at the table; however the "Chillanejos" won that game 2–1, forcing a tie breaker match in Linares, where Ñublense won 2–0, taking the title and the promotion.  However, the year 2005 Curicó Unido had his revenge. They disputed the title with Trasandino until the last week. While Trasandino tied with Municipal Iquique, Curicó crushed Iberia 4–0, and in this way, after 15 years of suffering, Provincial Curicó Unido returned to the Chilean professional football.  In 2006, in their return to the Primera B, Curicó Unido finished in fifth place.  The next year, Curico avoided relegation only at the end of the season; Deportes Temuco finished last and fell down to the third level of national football for the upcoming season.  Curicó won promotion to the Primera Division after a 1–0 win over Deportes Puerto Montt on the last home game of the 2008 season, which was enough to securing 1st place of the Primera B and automatic promotion. Only to return to Primera B the next season, after losing a promotion play-off against San Luis.  They returned to the top-tier in 2017, after winning the 2016–17 Primera B tournament.

Team colours.

Curicó Unido's official kit is a white shirt with a diagonal red stripe that crosses the chest from the right shoulder to the left side of the hip. The shorts are black and socks are white.

Sponsorship.

The club are currently sponsored by "Multihogar" and their technical sponsors are "Dalponte".

Stadiums.

Curicó Unido's traditional home-ground is the Estadio La Granja, located in Curicó city; an 8,000 football stadium with an athletic track around the pitch, located in the "La Granja sports complex", leased from Curicó city hall.  Curicó Unido have also used other grounds during their history.  The "Estadio Carabineros de Curicó", was Curicó Unido's home in 1976 and 1977.  They also played their "Tercera Division" league home games of the season 1992, at the "Estadio ANFA Luis H. Alvarez".  And recently, during the 2010 season, the "Estadio Municipal Jorge Silva" de San Fernando, was their temporary home ground due to the reconstruction of the Estadio La Granja.

Supporters.

Curicó Unido fans traditionally come from Curicó itself; and from the rest of the Curicó Province, but in smaller numbers.  The largest supporters' group is the "Marginales", created in 1997.  Curicó Unido supporters' current main rivals are "Rangers de Talca", and "Ñublense".

Curicó Unido is a football club based in Curicó, Maule Region, Chile. They currently play in the Primera División, the first level of the Chilean football system. They are currently managed by Dalcio Giovagnoli.


Biography.

Family, early life and marriage.

Sally Cary, as she was born, came from one of Virginia's oldest and wealthiest families. Her forefather, Miles Cary of Bristol, England, first came to America in the mid-17th century and established himself as a Virginian nobleman. Colonel Wilson Cary, Sally's father and a member of the House of Burgesses, inherited one of Virginia's largest fortunes and the family estate, Ceelys on the James. Little is known about his wife and Sally's mother, Sarah, on account of an 1826 fire that destroyed many of the family's records. Out of Colonel Cary's four daughters, the eldest Sally was the most sought-after and a grande belle in Virginian society. Although she had many suitors, George William Fairfax eventually won Sally's favor, and in records found by Wilson Miles Cary, a writer and family historian, their marriage was announced in "The Virginia Gazette" in December 1748. After their marriage, Sally and George William moved into the Belvoir estate that had been established in the early 1740s, by his father Col. William Fairfax.  The Fairfax family, as the Carys, was a living remnant of European feudalism and English aristocracy. Fairfax family members generally held the reins of social and political power in Virginia.

Relationship with George Washington.

George William's sister, Anne Fairfax, married Lawrence Washington soon after George William's marriage to Sally. Lawrence's adolescent half-brother, George Washington, began visiting Belvoir frequently. Wishing to advance his brother's fortunes, Lawrence introduced George to George William. A friendship grew between the two men, who were close in age. Yet a relationship also blossomed between Sally Fairfax and George Washington. Sally had been well-educated under the Colonel's supervision, and as a young man with limited education and inexperienced in climbing the social ladder, Washington was impressed with this attractive, popular, and intelligent woman—arguably viewing her as the ideal of womanhood. She was a key inspiration for the future President to elevate himself to a higher social, cultural, and intellectual sphere, which is clear in the increasing level of refinement in his letters to her.  While serving in the Forbes campaign in September 1758, Washington wrote a particularly famous letter to Sally, telling her that "Tis true, I profess myself a Votary to Love...I feel the force of her amiable beauties in the recollection of a thousand tender passages that I wish to obliterate, till I am bid to revive them – but experience alas! Sadly reminds me how Impossible this is." In another letter, he makes an allusion to the literary characters Juba, prince of Numidia, who loves Cato's daughter Marcia, in the play "Cato", by Joseph Addison. This ambiguity makes the question of the relationship's consummation frustrating to historians, and the answer is still unknown.  Despite any feelings he may have felt for Sally Fairfax, Washington married the wealthy Martha Dandridge Custis, perhaps to heighten his social status, but their marriage appears to have been strong. Sally and George William were, in fact, the most frequent visitors to Mount Vernon, implying that any inkling the spouses had of previous indiscretions (or flirtation) was politely ignored.

Later years.

The happy foursome separated in 1773 when the Fairfaxes repaired to England to attend to family matters. Thereafter, George William's fortunes were crushed. As a Loyalist, he had every intention of returning to America after the 1776 insurrection was over, but the success of the Revolution prevented either of them from ever returning. He died in 1787 and Sally then lived alone in Bath until her death in 1811.  There were signs of regret on Sally's part in the end. She wrote to her sister-in-law in 1788: "I know now that the worthy man is to be preferred to the high-born who has not merit to recommend him...when we enquire into the family of these mighty men we find them the very lowest of people." Washington, too, confesses to Sally in a letter that she was the passion of his youth and that not all the glories of the Revolution, not even the splendors of the Presidency, had "been able to eradicate from my mind those happy moments, the happiest in my life, which I have enjoyed in your company."

Bibliography.

Note: All excerpts from correspondence have been taken from Wilson Miles Cary's "Sally Cary: A Long Hidden Romance of Washington's Life." (See Bibliography)

Sally Cary Fairfax (1730 – 1811 in Bath, England) was the wife of George William Fairfax (1724–1787), a prominent member of the landed gentry of late colonial Virginia. As such, she was mistress of the Virginia plantation and estate of Belvoir. She is well-remembered for being the woman George Washington was apparently in love with just before his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis.


Causes.

The body's inflammatory response to surgery likely plays an important role, at least in elderly patients. Various research initiatives during recent years have evaluated whether actions taken before, during and after surgery can lessen the possible deleterious effects of inflammation. For example, anti-inflammatory agents can be given before surgery. During surgery, inflammation can be modulated by temperature control, use of regional rather than general anesthesia or the use of beta blockers. After surgery, optimal pain management and infection control is important. Several studies have shown variable-significance positive effects when a multidisciplinary, multifactorial approach to elderly patient is followed during pre, peri and post-operative care.  A Cochrane review explored whether inhalation anaesthetics or intravenous anaesthetics were more likely to cause POCD when used in the elderly for non-cardiac surgery. Seven studies (869 participants) included in the review led to the conclusion that fewer people experienced POCD with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) compared to inhalational anaesthesia. The conclusions, however, rated "low" on GRADE scoring (confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect).

Assessment.

Cognitive tests are given prior to operations to establish a baseline. The same tests are again given post-operatively to determine the extent and duration of the decline for POCD. "A project examining adults 55 and older who have major non-cardiac surgeries is finding that 'upward of 30 percent of patients is testing significantly worse than their baseline 3 months later'".

Epidemiology.

POCD is common after cardiac surgery, and recent studies have now verified that POCD also exists after major non-cardiac surgery, although at a lower incidence. The risk of POCD increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important because there is a very low incidence associated with minor surgery. POCD is common in adult patients of all ages at hospital discharge after major noncardiac surgery, but only the elderly (aged 60 years or older) are at significant risk for long-term cognitive problems. Patients with POCD are at an increased risk of death in the first year after surgery. Research interest has increased since early 2000, especially as more elderly patients are able to undergo successful minor and major surgeries.  POCD has been studied through various institutions since the inception of the IPOCDS-I study centred in Eindhoven, Netherlands and Copenhagen, Denmark. This study found no causal relationship between cerebral hypoxia and low blood pressure and POCD. Age, duration of anaesthesia, introperative complications, and postoperative infections were found to be associated with POCD.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in cognitive function (especially in memory and executive functions) that may last from 1–12 months after surgery, or longer. In some cases, this disorder may persist for several years after major surgery. POCD is distinct from emergence delirium. Its causes are under investigation and occurs commonly in older patients and those with pre-existing cognitive impairment.


History.

The Union Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  During the American Revolutionary War, John Paulding and Isaac Van Wart left from what was later known as the Yerkes Tavern on Sept. 22, 1780, joined by David Williams (soldier). Their expedition resulted in the capture of the British spy Major John André. The foundation of Yerkes (Yerks) Tavern is all that is left of the historic building, once at the intersection of Yerkes Road and Bogtown Road. An historic plaque posted on the site reads: On this site stood one of North Salem's early taverns. Its proprietor was John Yerkes, who received a license from the town "to operate a tavern or inn for the accommodation and entertainment of travelers" in 1815. Early records indicate that this property was owned by the Smith family prior to this date.

Geography.

The north town line is the border of Putnam County, New York; and the east town line is the border of Connecticut. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and, or 6.38%, is water.

Demographics.

In 2011, the average income for a household in the town was $157,258, with an average net worth of $1,300,058. The median house value in 2009 was $772,817. The per capita income for the town was $59,403. About 1.5% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,173 people, 1,764 households, and 1,374 families residing in the town. The population density was 241.5 people per square mile (93.2/km2). There were 1,979 housing units at an average density of 92.4 per square mile (35.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.44% White, 0.75% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 1.12% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.65% of the population.  There were 1,764 households out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.17. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

Education.

North Salem Middle School/High School is at 230 June Road in North Salem. The North Salem School District's border encompasses the entire town of North Salem, in addition to parts of the Putnam County towns of Southeast,and Carmel. Some residents of nearby Somers also reside within the district line.  In 2004, the high school was distinguished as a Blue Ribbon School for high levels of educational achievement by the United States Department of Education. Pequenakonck Elementary School, located away from the middle school/high school, serves grades K-5. The middle school, which shares the same building as the high school, serves grades 6–8. This school is particularly small, with about 90 children on average per grade, making the student to faculty ratio relatively small.

Town Government.

North Salem's town government consists of a town supervisor and 4 town board members. The supervisor serves a 2 year term, and the board members serve 4 year terms. Elections are staggered such that in any given election year, the supervisor and 2 board members seats will be up. The next election will be in 2019. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Aronchick first won his seat in 2011, lost it in 2015 to Lisa Douglas, and won a seat back in 2016 in a special election.

North Salem is a town in the northeast part of Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City approximately 50 miles north of Midtown Manhattan. The population of North Salem was 5,104 at the 2010 census.


Biography.

He was born on 21 July 1839, at Marsciano near Perugia. He was educated at the seminary of Perugia, ordained in 1862, and after receiving the doctorate at the Roman Sapienza university, was appointed in 1864 professor in the seminary of Perugia. In 1870 he became pastor at Marsciano and in 1872 went to Montecassino, where he remained two years.  Called to Rome by Leo XIII in 1880, Satolli was appointed professor of dogmatic theology in the Propaganda Fide. In 1882 he was appointed professor at the Roman Seminary. On 7 March 1882 at the Dominican church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva Satolli delivered the annual encomium in honor of St. Thomas Aquinas to the Dominican College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Satolli was rector of the Greek College (1884). He was appointed president of the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici in 1886. In 1888 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Naupactus. As professor he had an important share in the neo-Scholastic movement inaugurated by pope Leo XIII. His lectures, always fluent and often eloquent, aroused the enthusiasm of his students for the study of St. Thomas Aquinas, while his writings opened the way for an extended literature in Thomistic philosophy and theology.  Satolli came to the United States in 1889, was present at the centenary of the hierarchy celebrated in Baltimore and delivered an address at the inauguration of the Catholic University of America in November. On his second visit, he attended on 16 November 1892 a meeting of the archbishops held in New York City and formulated in fourteen propositions the solution of certain school problems which had been for some time under discussion. He then took up his residence at the Catholic University of America, where he gave a course of lectures on the philosophy of St. Thomas.  On 24 January 1893, the Apostolic Delegation in the United States was established at Washington, D.C. and Satolli was appointed first delegate. He was created cardinal-priest on 29 November 1895, with the titular church of "Santa Maria in Ara Coeli".  His three-quarter length seated portrait was painted in 1893 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947).  Returning to Rome in October, 1896, he was appointed prefect of the Congregation of Studies and archpriest of the Lateran Basilica. He became Cardinal Bishop of Frascati on 22 June 1903. His last visit to the United States was on the occasion of the St. Louis Exposition, 1904. He died on 8 January 1910, at Rome.

Writings.

Satolli's works include:

Francesco Satolli (July 21, 1839 – January 8, 1910) was an Italian Roman Catholic theologian, professor, Cardinal and the first Apostolic delegate to the United States.


Athlete and Trainer.

Hermann Rieder was a member of the German National Team as an active javelin thrower. In the years 1952-1960 he was the second-placed German in this discipline. In 1951 and 1955 respectively he won the gold medal in the World University Games, the forerunner of the Universiade. His best distance was 76.68m.  From 1966 to 1972, Rieder was Coach of the German National Team for javelin throwing in the German Track and Field Federation (see German Olympic Sports Confederation). As a trainer, he coached among others Olympic champion Klaus Wolfermann, the 1979 World University Games champion Helmut Schreiber and the 1986 European champion Klaus Tafelmeier.

Scientist.

After his studies in the fields of German language and literature, history, and physical education in Munich, Hermann Rieder was active as an assistant professor at the University of Würzburg. From 1968 to 1994 he directed the Institute of Physical Education at the University of Heidelberg, which was renamed in 1973 to the Institute of Sport and Sport Science. Concurrently he was the founder of the Federal Institute of Sport Science, which he led as director from 1970 to 1973. Significant high points of his work included the establishment of Sport science as a scientific discipline and the promotion of sport for the disabled. Rieder was also General Secretary of the International Society of Sport Psychology.  Hermann Rieder united multiple facets of sport science and excelled at the knitting together of theoretical and practical expertise. In his works can be found contributions from sports psychology, kinematics, training theory and the interdisciplinary field of sport therapy which he invented. As a generalist of his field he encompassed a wide range of sport science subjects, ranging from talent scouting in tennis to exercise programs for HIV sufferers. Rieder was convinced of the power of communication, which exemplified itself in the number of national and international conventions he organized.  From the beginning of his time as an educator, Rieder was a promoter of growth in sport science, witnessed by more than 40 doctoral degrees and habilitations he supervised. Generations of students profited from his abilities to motivate and to lead in scientific work. Since 1997, he was honored by the Institute of Sport and Sport Science with a prize named for him, which is awarded yearly for the best qualification work by a student.  After becoming Professor Emeritus, based on his education and experience in sport, Hermann Rieder dedicated himself to the theme of the "Cultural History of the Javelin". In 2001 he launched the exhibit "Javelin Throwing - from Stone-age Hunter to Olympic Champion" in Mannheim and held lectures on this topic.

Awards.

Hermann Rieder held, among others, the following awards:

Hermann Rieder (3 May 1928 in Altfraunhofen (near Landshut) – 22 August 2009 in Gaiberg (near Heidelberg) was a German javelin thrower, trainer and sports scientist.


Early life.

Mederos was born in the Constitución neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. He spent his childhood in the province of Entre Ríos, and later went to the University of Córdoba to study biology.  As a young man he was an admirer of fellow bandoneonist Ástor Piazzolla. He played with Piazzolla for several years before joining the Osvaldo Pugliese Orchestra, alongside other young musicians.

1960s.

After 1960 he formed his early groups to play at provincial radio stations and on television. When he heard Mederos's Octeto Guardia Nueva during one of his tours, Astor Piazzolla suggested that Mederos should travel to Buenos Aires. Piazzolla later returned to Córdoba and invited Mederos to appear in his recitals.  In 1965 Mederos traveled to Buenos Aires and made his first record, "Buenos Aires, al rojo", in which he played pieces by Cobián and Piazzolla as well as his own compositions.  After spending two years abroad, first in Cuba and later in Paris, he returned to Argentina, and in 1969 he joined the new Osvaldo Pugliese orchestra, which was formed following a decision by its former players, who wanted to play only with the ensemble, Sexteto Tango, that they had recently put together. He was in the bandoneon section with Arturo Penón, Daniel Binelli and Juan José Mosalini.

Generación Cero.

In 1976 Mederos started a new group, Generación Cero, which attracted a cult following, trying to create a fusion between jazz, rock and the music of Buenos Aires. Although the group contained a bandoneon, and despite other similarities, their music was not tango, either in riffs or rhythm, and the arrangements changed the melody until it was hardly recognizable. In 1976 the first LP was released, "Fuera de broma 8". The subsequent albums were "De todas maneras" (1977), "Todo hoy" (1978), "Buenas noches, Paula" (1983), "Verdades y mentiras" (1984) and "Reencuentros" (1989).  These works reached a widespread audience, and Mederos's artistic personality was growing and achieving public acclaim, including internationally.

1990s.

At the beginning of the 1990s, Mederos returned to the recording studios with a new series of CDs, in different settings: "Tanguazo" (1993), "Carlos Gardel" (1994), "Mi Buenos Aires querido" (with a trio that included pianist Daniel Barenboim; 1995), "El día que Maradona conoció a Gardel" (1996), "El tanguero" (1998) and "Eterno Buenos Aires" (1999). In 2000 he released the record "Tango Mederos-Brizuela", with another disc that included the soundtrack of the film "Las veredas de Saturno" that he had composed twenty years before.  In 1999 Mederos formed a quintet with the pianist Hernán Posetti, the violinist Damián Bolotín, the guitarist Armando de la Vega and the double-bassist Sergio Rivas, who together recorded "Eterno Buenos Aires".

Soundtracks.

Besides the soundtrack of the French-Argentine motion picture directed by Hugo Santiago (1986), Mederos composed all or part of the soundtracks for Sergio Renán's "Crecer de golpe" (1976), Simón Feldman's "Memorias y Olvidos" (1987), Tristán Bauer's "Después de la tormenta" (1991), Jana Boková's "Diario para un cuento" (1997), Jaime Chávarri's "Sus ojos se cerraron" (1998) and Bebé Kamin's "Contraluz" (2001).

Collaborations.

Mederos' has appeared alongside folk, pop and rock musicians, blending tango with different rhythms and genres in a series of recitals. Other collaborations include recordings with Mercedes Sosa and Luis Alberto Spinetta, and later with the Catalan Joan Manuel Serrat ("Cansiones"), with whom he also recorded two tracks of the album "Nadie es perfecto" in 1994.

Rodolfo Mederos (born March 25, 1940) is an Argentine bandoneonist, composer and arranger. He lived in Cuba and France; in Argentina, he founded the cult group Generación Cero.


Overview.

Up until now, Berlino appears to be mute. However, this condition does not seem to prevent him from giving interviews to the media.  Berlino has been referred to as the "star" of the 2009 Championships and been noted by athletes, such as Usain Bolt by wearing a T-shirt with "ICH BIN EIN BERLINO" ("I am a Berlino", referring to John F. Kennedy's famous West Berlin speech) written on it during warm up for the 200 meter final.  The iconic image of the games is the famous photograph of Berlino and Usain Bolt down on one knee, twinned in mutual respect, sharing a mimed lightning-bolt pose to celebrate victory and a new world record.  In an interview, published after the World Championships in Berlin, Usain Bolt said: "Berlino and I have become friends. We exchanged telephone numbers."  While celebrating winning the gold in 400 meter hurdles, Melaine Walker took a piggy-back off Berlino, who promptly ran into a stack of hurdles. The diverse videos of this have been watched over 400,000 times (26.08.2009) and have been called "a YouTube classic."  He was also involved in some controversy during the men's 10,000m final in which he ran part of the race down the back strait with the athletes cheering them on. This annoyed some traditionalists and it was rumoured that the IAAF told him to reel in the enthusiasm after this act.  Smaller versions of Berlino - Berlino teddies as well as Berlino key rings, both produced in China - were offered via Internet and in Berlin Tourist shops during the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in August 2009. After being delivered in the beginning of August 2009, the Berlino teddies at first sold slow. Due to the increasing popularity of the mascot during the games, Berlino soon became a bestseller and - before the end of the games - was out of stock.  Berlino later made a guest appearance at the UKA Aviva British Grand Prix, in Gateshead, on 31 August 2009, alongside the British mascot, Spike.  Tournament officials refused to publicly disclose who played the part of Berlino. However, the Guardian Observer reported that it was 33-year-old Berlin actor Oliver Seiffert.  In 2018 Berlino reappeared as the official mascot at the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the 24th European Athletics Championships being hosted in the city.

Berlino, an anthropomorphic bear, was the mascot of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and 2018 European Athletics Championships held in Berlin, Germany, noted for his hyperactivity and celebrations with various athletes during the Championships.


Books.

Most of the series' early titles were written or edited by John Fisher, Jack Holland and Martin Dunford, who along with Mark Ellingham were co-founders and owners of Rough Guides. In 1995, they negotiated the sale of the series to Penguin Books, a process which was completed in 2002.  In 1994, the first non-travel Rough Guides books were published: "The Rough Guide to World Music" and "The Rough Guide to Classical Music". The success of these titles encouraged expansion of the Rough Guides format into other areas of publishing to cover a range of reference subjects, including music – covering genres such as world music, rock, hip-hop, jazz, and individual artists – and topics such as film, literature, popular science, ethical living, true crime, Shakespeare, pregnancy and birth, plus the Internet and related subjects such as eBay, blogging and iPods.

Trips.

In November 2018, Rough Guides launched its tailormade trips service. The service offers individualized travel experiences chosen by the traveller, planned by a local expert, and booked by Rough Guides. In keeping with the brand ethos, the trips generally include some sort of adventurous component, dependent on what the traveller has asked for.

Digital publishing.

Rough Guides migrated to digital platforms with the launch of Rough Guides city guides for iOS, Android and Windows platforms, interactive e-books, and downloadable guide chapters. In January 2013 Rough Guides launched a new website. From 1 April 2019, Rough Guides started rolling out a scheme to offer a free downloadable e-book with every print guide purchased.

Podcasts.

Rough Guides runs a podcast called "The Rough Guide to Everywhere", which was launched in 2017. The podcast explores topical travel issues and interviews inspirational travel personalities who have unique stories to tell.  The first episode went live on 30 January 2017 with the first two series being hosted by Greg Dickinson. On 3 May 2019, Rough Guides announced series 3 and introduced the new hosts, Rebecca Hallett and Neil McQuillian. The first episode of series 4 went live in May 2019 and is hosted by Aimee White.  On 9 April 2019, it was announced that "The Rough Guide to Everywhere" had been nominated for the Best Branded Podcast category at The British Podcast Awards.

Music.

In association with UK-based record label World Music Network, Rough Guides has issued over 350 recorded anthologies of the music of various nations and regions. In addition to their "Rough Guide" Series, the record label World Music Network has released 130 recordings in their other "Introducing", "Riverboat", and "Think Global" Series.

Television.

In the late 1980s, the Rough Guides brand was spun off into a series of travel shows on United Kingdom television channel BBC 2. Initially part of Janet Street Porter's DEF II strand, alongside Rapido and Jovanotti's Gimme 5, the show became established in BBC 2's early 1990s evening schedule.  Later editions of the show, usually hosted by Sigue Sigue Sputnik associate Magenta Devine (with various male co-presenters through the show's run), were repeated on the Sky Travel channel until 2005.  A new Rough Guide series of fifteen thirty-minute programmes started production in November 2007 and began airing on Channel 5 (the UK's fifth terrestrial channel), on 7 January 2008. A second 'Rough Guide to...' series was aired starting in November 2008.

Environmental campaigns.

In May 2007, Mark Ellingham said he had grave concerns about the growth of air travel because of its growing contribution to climate change. He launched a joint awareness campaign with Tony Wheeler (Lonely Planet founder), and Rough Guides began including a "health warning" in each of its travel guides, urging readers to "Fly less, stay longer" wherever possible.

Rough Guides Ltd is a British travel guidebook and reference publisher, which has been owned by APA Publications since November 2017. In addition to publishing guidebooks, the company also provides a tailor-made trips service based on customers’ individual criteria.


History.

Ima Robot formed in the late 1990s. In the early 2000s, the band signed with Virgin Records. The band's other original members were Timmy "The Terror" Anderson, Oliver "Oligee" Goldstein, Justin Meldal-Johnsen, and studio drummer Joey Waronker. Meldal-Johnsen and Waronker were sought-after musicians who had played with Beck before joining Ima Robot.  On September 16, 2003, Ima Robot released their first full-length album, the self-titled "Ima Robot". The album featured the singles "Dynomite" and "Song #1" (released in the UK only).  In 2004, Waronker and "Oligee" left the band. Meldal-Johnsen followed in 2005, with former Oleander drummer Scott Devours. Tim Anderson's cousin, whom he had never met before Devours, auditioned and took over the drums. Filip Nikolic took over the bass and Andy Marlow started playing the keyboards.  On September 12, 2006, they released their second album "Monument to the Masses", which featured the singles "Creeps Me Out" and "Lovers in Captivity".  In April 2007, the band won their independence from Virgin Records and continued to work unsigned under the management of Alexis Rivera of Echo Park Records. The song "Gangster" premiered on the band's MySpace on April 15, 2008, with its lyrics posted in a blog entry by the band. In 2010 the band announced the upcoming release of their new album, "Another Man's Treasure", and released the song "Ruthless" on the Internet.  Ebert remained frustrated with Virgin, saying in a 2016 interview with Transverso Media that, "pretty unironically I ended up feeling like a robot by the end of the process because of the major label thing." During that period, they were being represented by the Werewolf Heart label.  In June 2008, Lars Vognstrup joined the group, having previously played with Nikolic in the band Junior Senior. In 2009, Orpheo McCord (of Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros and of Fool's Gold), Jason "ComputerJay" Taylor, and Jonas Petri Megyessi joined the band.  On January 6, 2011, the band played six songs live on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic. This was the first time since "Monument to the Masses" tours that the new band lineup had played live. Ima Robot's B-side "Greenback Boogie" from the album "Another Man's Treasure" has been featured as the theme song of the USA Network legal drama, "Suits", since 2011.  The band has been inactive since 2011 as its members have been busy with side projects. Alex Ebert has stated that he is "still in Ima Robot."

Ima Robot is an American band based in Los Angeles, California, United States, that formed in the late 1990s. The band's song, "Greenback Boogie", is the main theme song of the USA Network legal drama series "Suits".


United States.

FHFA/OFHEO.

The US Federal Housing Finance Agency (formerly Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight a.k.a. OFHEO) publishes the HPI index, a quarterly broad measure of the movement of single-family house prices.  The HPI is a weighted, repeat-sales index, meaning that it measures average price changes in repeat sales or refinancings on the same properties in 363 metropolises. This information is obtained by reviewing repeat mortgage transactions on single-family properties whose mortgages have been purchased or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since January 1975.  Since the HPI index only includes houses with mortgages within the conforming amount limits, the index has a natural cap and does not account for jumbo mortgages.  The HPI was developed in conjunction with OFHEO's (now FHFA) responsibilities as a regulator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. It is used to measure the adequacy of their capital against the value of their assets, which are primarily home mortgages.  On July 30, 2008 OFHEO became part of the new Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA). The index is now termed the FHFA HPI.

S&P/Case-Shiller indexes.

The Case-Shiller index prices are measured monthly and track repeat sales of houses using a modified version of the weighted-repeat sales methodology proposed by Karl Case and Robert Shiller and Allan Weiss. This means that, to a large extent, it is able to adjust for the quality of the homes sold, unlike simple averages.  As a monthly tracking index, the Case-Shiller index has a long lag time. Typically, it takes about 2 months for S&P to publish the results, as opposed to 1 month for most other monthly indices and indicators. Specific indexes are available for specific metropolitan areas, and composite indexes for the top 20 and top 10 metro areas, and nationwide.

FNC Residential Price Index.

FNC Inc. publishes the Residential Price Index, which is based on data collected from public records blended with data from real-time appraisals of property and neighborhood attributes. The RPI is the mortgage industry's first hedonic price index for residential properties. The RPI is constructed to gauge price movement among non-distressed home sales, and excludes sales of foreclosed properties.  As a monthly tracking index, the RPI has a lag time of about two months. Specific indices are available for specific metropolitan areas, and composite indices are available for the top 10, 20, 30, and 100 metro areas. The RPI is also available at the zip code level and can be constructed to track price trends for specific characteristics (e.g., ranch-style house, colonial-style house, etc.) since preferences can change over time.

HouseCanary Home Price Index.

HouseCanary publishes monthly HPI data at block, block group, zipcode, metro division and metropolitan levels. These indices include forecasts up to 3 years into the future.

United Kingdom.

House Price Indices (HPIs) have been produced in the UK since around 1973, initially by mortgage-providers, and more recently by government bodies. More recently, they have come from property market websites.

Ireland.

In the Republic of Ireland, the Central Statistics Office publishes a monthly Residential Property Price Index. Up until 2011, Permanent TSB and the Economic and Social Research Institute published a similar monthly houseprice index.

India.

In India, National Housing Bank completely owned by Reserve Bank of India computes an index termed NHB RESIDEX. The index was formulated based on a pilot study covering 5 cities, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Bhopal representing the five regions of the country. Actual transactions prices are used to compute an Index reflecting the market trends. 2007 is taken as the base year for the study to be comparable with the WPI and CPI. It now covers Delhi with NCR, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Faridabad, Patna, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Jaipur, Lucknow, Pune, Surat, Kochi, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Ludhiana, Vijayawada, Indore, Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Dehradun, Meerut, Nagpur and Raipur. The index shows that the prices have doubled in cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Bhopal, but have declined in Hyderabad and Kochi.

Canada.

In Canada, the New Housing Price Index is calculated monthly by Statistics Canada. Additionally, a resale house price index is also maintained by the Canadian Real Estate Association, based on reported sale prices submitted by real estate agents, and averaged by region. In December 2008, the private National Bank and the information technology firm Teranet began a separate monthly house price index based on resale prices of individual single-family houses in selected metropolitan areas, using a methodology similar to the Case-Shiller index and based on actual sale prices taken from government land registry databases. This allows Teranet and the National Bank to track prices without allowing periods of high sales in one city to push up the national average. The National Bank also operates a forward market on Canadian housing prices.

A house price index (HPI) measures the price changes of residential housing as a percentage change from some specific start date (which has HPI of 100). Methodologies commonly used to calculate a HPI are the hedonic regression (HR), simple moving average (SMA) and repeat-sales regression (RSR).


History.

Historically, Nandi like other Kalenjin areas was divided into districts known as emotinwek (sing. "emet"). There were six "emotinwek" in Nandi which were Wareñg in the north, Mosop in the East, Soiin (also known as Pelkut) in the south-east, Aldai and Chesumei in the west and Em'gwen in the center.  The districts were further divided into divisions known as bororiōsiek (sing. "bororiet") which were made up of several villages known as "koret"

Settlement.

The traditional Nandi account is that the first settlers in Nandi came from Elgon and formed the Kipoiis clan; a name that possibly means 'the spirits'. They were led by a man named Kakipoch, founder of the Nandi section of the Kalenjin and are said to have settled in the emet of Aldai in south-western Nandi. One of the early Nandi bororiōsiek was named after Kakipoch.  Studies of the settlement pattern indicate that the southern regions were the first to be settled. As of 1910, these comprised the emet of Aldai on the west and the, by then annexed, emet of Soiin on the east. It was conjectured that the first pororiosiek were Kakipoch in Aldai and Tuken in Soiin.  It is notable that Sirikwa holes (known to the Nandi as mukowanisiek) were almost non-existent in the areas first settled, being only present on the Nandi escarpment itself. They were however found in great numbers in the northern regions of Nandi.  Inward migrants and general population growth are thought to have led to a northward expansion of the growing identity during the eighteenth century. This period is thought to have seen the occupation and establishment of the emotinwek of Chesume, Emgwen and Masop. This period would also have seen the establishment of more pororosiek.  The final expansion occurred during the middle of the nineteenth century when the Nandi took the Uain Gishu plateau from the Uasin Gishu. Traditions contained in the tale of Tapkendi however seem to indicate that the plateau was previously held by the Nandi and that Nandi place names were superseded by Maasai names. This is further evinced by certain "Masai place-names in eastern Nandi which indicate that the Masai had temporary possession of strip of Nandi roughly five miles wide", these include Ndalat, Lolkeringeti, Nduele and Ol-lesos, which were by the early nineteenth century in use by the Nandi as koret names.

Late 19th century.

Nandi county was the scene of the resistance struggle that has come to be known as the Nandi Resistance. The traditional system of governance came to an end c.1905 with the end of the resistance struggle. This was followed by the subsequent absorption of Nandi into the East African Protectorate in 1905 and later into the Kenya Colony in 1920.  The Emet of Wareng was amalgamated into the Uasin Gishu district during the colonial period. It is today part of Uasin Gishu County and last bore its name as a county of Eldoret South Constituency. The Emet of Soiin would be appropriated for European occupation, as part of what were known as the white highlands, during the colonial period. It was later split in two and is today named after the Tinderet and Nandi Hills.

Sub-counties.

The county has six subcounties:

Wards.

The county () is further sub-divided into 30 wards namely:

Constituencies.

The county consists of six constituencies: 151. Tinderet, 152. Aldai, 153. Nandi Hills, 154. Chesumei, 155. Emgwen, 156. Mosop.

Education and sports.

Nandi County is home to many world record holders in athletics, including Kipchoge Keino, Henry Rono, Eliud Kipchoge, Pamela Jelimo, Janeth Jepkosgei, Moses Tanui, Julius Yego, Jairus Birech, Conseslus Kipruto and Bernard Lagat.  There are 443 primary education schools and 80 secondary education schools in Nandi.  Kapsabet Boys High school, situated in Kapsabet and founded in 1925, is a prominent national school. Its list of alumni includes cabinet ministers such as Nicholas Biwott, Kipruto Arap Kirwa, Henry Kosgey and William Arap Ruto who is currently the Kenyan Deputy President. Sports stars such as Julius Yego went here and a former President of Kenya, Daniel Arap Moi.

Economy.

Tea.

Nandi county is endowed with a scenic topography that is dotted with numerous tea plantations. These provide the raw material for the county's most vibrant agricultural industry, tea processing.  It hosts twelve of Kenya's sixty six tea factories making it a significant player in the country's and hence the global tea industry since Kenya is the world's leading tea exporter.

Tourism.

Nandi County is renowned for its heritage, landscapes, its cool highland climate and vistas of rolling tea plantations.

Notable destinations.

Nandi Hills town and the surrounding region.

Home to a number of tea estates as well as the Koitalel Samoei Museum, Kapsimotwa Gardens and the Nandi Bears Club.

Koitalel arap Samoei mausoleum and museum.

Koitalel Arap Samoei Museum was instituted in commemoration of Koitalel arap Samoei, a traditional spiritual leader of the Nandi. It incorporates a mausoleum as well as a center that display of the cultural heritage of the larger Kalenjin community.

Keben.

The area is home to the Ngabunat caves, the site of ancient battles between the Nandi and Maasai - one of which led to the capture of Moki chebo Cheplabot and establishment of the second Orkoinotet.

Nandi rock.

This, is the most prominent rock formation along the whole length of the Nandi (Nyando) Escarpment, is a 30-minute walk from the KWS post at Kaptumek.

Additional Tourism Destinations.

Health.

There are three hospitals, 45 dispensaries, and 9 health care centers in Nandi. It has a doctor to population ratio of 1:94,000

Nandi County is in the North Rift of Kenya, occupying an area of 2,884.4 square kilometres. Its capital, Kapsabet, is the largest town in the county while other towns include Mosoriot, Kaiboi, Kabiyet and Nandi Hills. According to a 2019 census, the county had a population of 885,711, made up of a number of Kenyan communities, the majority of whom belong to the native tribe called Nandi.


Early life.

Harry Anderson was born October 14, 1952, in Newport, Rhode Island. Anderson spent much of his childhood moving from performing on the streets of Chicago, New York, St. Louis and New Orleans before landing in California at the age of 16. He was drawn to the art of magic in his youth. After moving to Los Angeles, he practiced his skills often. He joined the Dante Magic Club in his teens and reportedly made money as a street magician in San Francisco when he was 17. He attended Buena Park High School before graduating from North Hollywood High School in 1970 as class valedictorian. From 1971 to 1976 he lived in Ashland, Oregon, performing magic and working with the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.

Career.

Anderson's many appearances on "Saturday Night Live" led to his role as Harry "The Hat" Gittes on several seasons of the television sitcom "Cheers", and eventually as Judge Harry Stone on the sitcom "Night Court". Anderson went on to appear in other television specials and shows, including 12 appearances on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". As a magician, Anderson toured extensively and performed in comedy/magic shows for clubs and broadcast, including "Harry Anderson's Sideshow" in 1987. In 1990, he starred in the television adaptation of "Stephen King's It" as the adult Richie Tozier. From 1993 to 1997, Anderson starred in the television sitcom "Dave's World", based loosely on the life and columns of humor columnist Dave Barry.  Together with longtime friend Turk Pipkin, Anderson wrote a book called "Games You Can't Lose: A Guide for Suckers", a collection of gags, cons, tricks, and scams. First published in 1989 (, 2001 reprint), this title also contains a survey of "Games You Can't Win" told from an insider's perspective. He appeared with Criss Angel in a TV special called "The Science of Magic", later released on DVD.  In 2000, Anderson hosted the pilot for a potential revival of the panel game show "What's My Line?" for CBS primetime.  He moved from Pasadena, California, to New Orleans in 2002. In 2002, he and his second wife Elizabeth, whom he met in New Orleans while she was bartending, opened a small shop in the French Quarter named "Spade & Archer Curiosities by Appointment" (later named "Sideshow"), selling various "magic, curiosities, and apocrypha".  In 2005, Anderson opened a nightclub in the French Quarter called Oswald's Speakeasy, located at 1331 Decatur Street at the corner of Esplanade Avenue. He performed a one-man show there called "Wise Guy."  Anderson appeared in "Hexing a Hurricane", a documentary about the first six months in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. He and his wife Elizabeth sold Oswald's Speakeasy in October 2006. Anderson continued to present his evening show "Wise Guy", which was originally developed for his theater in New Orleans.  In November 2008, Anderson played himself on an episode of "30 Rock", along with fellow former "Night Court" cast members Markie Post and Charles Robinson.  In his final years, Anderson appeared in television comedy series such as in "Comedy Bang! Bang!" (2013) and "Gotham Comedy Live" (2014). His final film portrayal was as Professor Kaman in the 2014 Christian drama film "A Matter of Faith".

Personal life.

Anderson was a longtime fan of singer Mel Tormé and his character Judge Stone on "Night Court" was also a Tormé fan; the singer appeared on the sitcom six times (as himself). "Night Court"s creator Reinhold Weege stated that Anderson being a Tormé fan like his character was completely coincidental. Anderson was among those who delivered eulogies at the singer's funeral in 1999.  Anderson was married twice. In 1977, he married Leslie Pollack [b. 1953]. Leslie and Harry had two children together. They divorced in 1999. In 2000 he married Elizabeth Morgan [b. 1973]. In 2006, Anderson and his wife Elizabeth moved from New Orleans to Asheville, North Carolina.

Death.

In late January 2018, Anderson had a bout of influenza, and subsequently suffered several strokes. On April 16, 2018, Anderson died in his sleep of a stroke due to influenza and heart disease at his home in Asheville, North Carolina, at the age of 65.

Harry Laverne Anderson (October 14, 1952 – April 16, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, and magician. He is best known for the lead role of Judge Harry Stone on the 1984–1992 television series "Night Court", and later starred in the sitcom "Dave's World" from 1993 to 1997.


Description.

Pisau raut is found throughout the Island of Kalimantan of Indonesia. It is variously known under different names by different Dayak tribes: "munbat" for the Iban tribe, "langgei" for the Ngaju, "jabang" for the Dayak of Baranjan, etc. The Dayak pisau raut is used for harvesting and processing rattan as well as a tool to carve wood. Even though the pisau raut is placed in the same sheath as the weapon mandau, pisau raut was not a weapon.  Pisau raut consists of a small blade and a wooden handle. The blade is about long and is slightly curved. The blade is attached to a wooden hilt that is about three times longer than the blade itself. The blade is attached to the hilt by gluing the blade onto the wooden hilt using a kind of dammar resin taken from the damar tree and then bound with rattan cords. In other version, the blade is convex on one side and concave on the other, which is similar to the design of the Dayak mandau, a much larger blade.  The hilt of the pisau raut is much longer than the blade, reaching to long. It is also slightly curved, following the same curve as the blade. This wooden handle is often decorated with finely carved inlaid bands made of the horn of a water buffalo or a stag. At the end of the handle is a knob which is also made of a horn of a stag, or sometimes of light-colored bone or ivory, giving it a contrast with the normally dark-colored hilt. The knob is intricately decorated with figurative representations of mythical creatures typical of Dayak art, e.g. a stylised "aso" dragon head above a crouching figure.  Pisau raut is used by holding the blade between thumb and index finger. The very long hilt is held tight between the ribs and lower arms, or under the armpit. The pisau raut is used with the strength of the body while at the same time used to work on fine details.  On Kalimantan, the pisau raut is carried with the mandau in a separate scabbard. The scabbard used for the pisau raut is made of palm leaf and attached to the back of the scabbard for the mandau.

Pisau raut ("pisau" meaning 'knife'; "raut" meaning 'rattan') is a Dayak whittling-knife that serves as a tool to prepare the rattan found in the island of Kalimantan in Indonesia. It is placed in the same sheath as the mandau, the traditional weapon of the Dayak people. Despite being placed in the same scabbard sheath as the weapon mandau, the pisau raut is mostly used as a crafting tool.


Playing career.

Ħamrun Spartans.

Ryan Fenech joined Ħamrun Spartans as a trainee, and made his debut for the club during the 2002–03 season, although Ħamrun Spartans found themselves in the relegation group, Fenech helped his side to a seventh place finish, during the season Ryan made six appearances and scored one goal.  Ryan started to establish himself in the first team, but unfortunately Ħamrun Spartans finished the season in 10th, bottom position in the Maltese Premier League for the 2003–04 season. During the season Ryan made ten appearances.  Fenech and Ħamrun Spartans heartache was short lived as the club gained an immediate return to the Maltese Premier League, as the club finished as champions in the Maltese First Division for the 2004–05 season. The 2005–06 season saw Ryan and Ħamrun Spartans return to the Maltese Premier League, and the hope that they could retain their Premier League status, however it was to be another disappointing season for Ryan Fenech, as Ħamrun Spartans finished in 10th position and were again relegated to the First Division, during the season Fenech made 20 appearances and scored two goals.  Ryan and Ħamrun Spartans started and finished the 2006–07 season with a replica of what they did during the 2004–05 season, with another championship win, and an immediate return to the Premier League.  Fenech was hopeful that he could this time keep Ħamrun Spartans in the Premier League during the 2007–08 season, following a hard season, Ħamrun Spartans defied the odds and finished in sixth position. Ryan's performances were so impressive that he was called up to the Malta national football team, during the season Ryan made 24 appearances and scored two goals.  For the 2008–09 season, Fenech and Ħamrun Spartans hoped to improve on their previous season, but the club did anything but, and following an extremely poor season Ħamrun Spartans were yet again relegated to the First Division. with another 10th place finish, during the season, Ryan made 22 appearances and scored one goal.  With the player in high demand, linked with Marsaxlokk, Valletta and Sliema Wanderers, and forcing his way into the Maltese national team, Fenech was seeking a short term move away from Ħamrun Spartans, with the player thinking if he stayed with Ħamrun Spartans and played in the First Division it may harm his international chances.

Sliema Wanderers.

During the summer of 2009, Ryan Fenech completed a season long loan deal to move from Ħamrun Spartans to Sliema Wanderers.  Fenech made his Premier League debut for Sliema Wanderers on 30 August 2009 in a 1–0 defeat to Qormi.  Ryan scored his first Premier League goal for Sliema Wanderers on 7 February 2010, as he scored after 11 minutes to help Sliema Wanderers to a 3–0 victory over Floriana.

Valletta.

Fenech joined Valletta for the 2010–11 season of the Premier League. At his first season with Valletta, Fenech won the Premier League, going unbeaten all season. Fenech played a vital part in Valletta's UEFA Champions League qualifiers, where Valletta reached the second round after beating Tre Fiori 5–1 on aggregate. They then faced FK Ekranas, where they lost 2–4 on aggregate.

Career statistics.

"Statistics accurate as of match played 1 August 2009."

External links.

[[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Ħamrun]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Maltese footballers]] [[Category:Ħamrun Spartans F.C. players]] [[Category:Sliema Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Valletta F.C. players]] [[Category:Balzan F.C. players]] [[Category:Birkirkara F.C. players]] [[Category:Maltese Premier League players]] [[Category:Malta under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:Malta international footballers]] [[Category:Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games]]

Ryan Fenech (born 20 April 1986 in Ħamrun, Malta) is a professional footballer currently playing for Birkirkara where he plays as a midfielder.


Biography.

Born in County Fermanagh, Ireland, Gunn emigrated to the United States with his parents while he was very young. The family settled in Wisconsin where he attended the common schools. James later attended the Notre Dame Academy in Indiana and taught school briefly before the Civil War.  In 1862, Gunn enlisted in the 27th Wisconsin Infantry and served with them for the remainder of the war. By the time he was discharged in October 1865, he was a Captain. He briefly studied law, but never practiced, and, in 1866, he headed west.  In the West, he followed opportunity and lived for a while in Gilpin County and Georgetown, Colorado. He also worked in Virginia City, Nevada, and in California before settling in Hailey, Idaho, in 1881. At Hailey, he went into the newspaper business, publishing the "Wood River Valley Sentinel".  Gunn became a member of the Populist Party, and stood for office several times. When Idaho became a state in 1890, Gunn was elected to the Idaho State Senate.  He also served as editor of the "Boise Sentinel" until elected to the state's at-large seat in Congress. Gunn ran for the seat four times; in 1892, 1894, 1896, and 1898, but only his 1896 race was successful. He defeated Boise attorney William Borah, who later served over 32 years as a U.S. Senator (1907–40). Gunn lost his bid for re-election in 1898 to Edgar Wilson, a Silver Republican, whom had preceded Gunn in office as a Republican.  Gunn later was the commandant of the Idaho Soldiers' Home in 1901–03. He died in 1911 and is buried at Morris Hill Cemetery in Boise.

External links.

Retrieved on 2008-11-05

James Gunn (March 6, 1843 – November 5, 1911) was a one-term U. S. Congressman from the state of Idaho.


Early life.

Tetsuzan Nagata was born on 14 January 1884 in Suwa, Nagano Prefecture, the third son of Shigeru Nagata, director of the local Takashima Hospital. Nagata's family were wealthy and he descended from a long line of physicians in service of the Suwa Domain. Nagata was childhood friends with Shigeo Iwanami, the founder of Iwanami Shoten, and the two had a lifelong friendship. Nagata attended Suwa Higher Elementary School in Suwa where he was classmates with Sakuhei Fujiwhara, the namesake of the Fujiwhara effect. In 1895, Nagata transferred to an elementary school in Tokyo until 1898 when he began attending the military school of the Imperial Japanese Army in the city.

Military career.

Nagata graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy at the top of the list in October 1904 and from the Army Staff College in November 1911. Nagata served as military attaché to several Japanese embassies in Europe before and during World War I, including Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. Upon Nagata's return to Japan in February 1923, he was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, where he served as administrator of various departments, and was regarded as an expert on Germany. Nagata was promoted to colonel in March 1927 and received command of the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment. Nagata was promoted to major general in 1932, and became the commander of the IJA 1st Infantry Brigade in 1933. According to the testimony of Lieutenant-General Kajitsuka Ryuji, Chief of the Medical Department of the Kwantung Army, at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in late 1949, in the 1930s, Nagata was the "most active supporter" of the program of conducting bacteriological or germ (biological) warfare put forth by Shiro Ishii. Ryuji testified that Ishii kept a bust of Nagata in his offices at Unit 731 headquarters in Pingfan District because he was "so grateful" to Nagata for his support. Ryuji identified Nagata as Chief of the Military Affairs Department of the Ministry of War.

Death.

By the mid-1930s, Nagata was considered the leader of the "Tōseiha", the moderate political faction that opposed the radical "Kōdōha" during the "Gunbatsu" period within the Japanese military. Nagata was responsible for planning Japan's national mobilization strategy as Chief of Mobilization Section, Economic Mobilization Bureau, Ministry of War, to put both the military and the civilian economy on a total war footing in times of national emergency. Nagata's ideas and actions earned him the violent animosity of the "Kōdōha", who regarded him as the "chief villain" for collusion with corrupt party politics and the "zaibatsu". In July 1935, Nagata's political manoeuvres led to the forced retirement of Jinzaburō Masaki, the Inspector-General of Military Training and a leading member of "Kōdōha". Masaki's forced retirement angered his friend Lieutenant-Colonel Saburō Aizawa, a particularly radical member of "Kōdōha".  On 12 August 1935, Nagata was assassinated by Aizawa for reputedly putting the Army "in the paws of high finance" and in retalition for Masaki's forced retirement, which became known as the Aizawa Incident. Aizawa entered Nagata's office in Tokyo and cut him down with his sword, making no attempt to resist arrest by military police and reportedly said that he "was in an absolute sphere, so there was neither affirmation nor negation, neither good nor evil". Nagata was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general and the Army Minister Senjūrō Hayashi was forced to resign over the affair. Nagata's assassination increased the political polarization within the Imperial Japanese Army, prompting further retaliation between factions that resulted in the February 26 Incident in February 1936, effectively eradicating the "Kōdōha" and granting the "Tōseiha" total influence within the army. Aizawa was executed by firing squad in July 1936 after a high-profile court martial trial held by the IJA 1st Division.

Nagata was an influential military figure in the Meiji government and the "de facto" leader of the "Tōseiha" faction during the "Gunbatsu" political rivalry within the Imperial Japanese Army. Nagata was assassinated by Saburō Aizawa of the rival "Kōdōha" faction and his death triggered events that led to the February 26 Incident.


Observance.

Within a six-week cycle, Adae has two celebration days, once on a Sunday ("Akwasidae") and again on a Wednesday ("Awukudae"). The Adae cycle is repeated nine times in a year. In observance of the Akan calendar, the ninth Adae Festival, called the Adae Kese Festival ("big Adae"), coincides with celebration of the New Year. It is therefore celebrated to thank the gods and the ancestors for the new harvest. The festivals within Adae are not interchangeable, having been fixed from ancient times.

Traditions.

The preparations for the Adae are quite elaborate. The day the preparations are made is called "Dapaa",(Normally on Tuesdays and Sundays). On this day, houses and the area surrounding them are all cleaned. In front of the chief’s house, drums are played by the “divine drummer” (after paying due respects to the chief), the whole evening from sunset till late night along with ceremonial songs. The chief takes a meal consisting of yam or plantain. (without salt as it is the belief that spirits do not like it). With his processional party, he then proceeds to the chamber where the ceremonial stool (throne) is kept. The food that is left out after the chief has eaten is brought to the courtyard and sprinkled about for the dead spirits of ancestors to eat it; this is accompanied by the ringing of a bell indicative of the spirits eating the food. The ritual continues with the sacrifice of sheep by the chief's attendants. The blood of these sacrifices are marked on the forehead and chest of the chief. The queen mother then offers a paste of fufu (made of cassava or yam). Then rum is poured over the stool, and what is left is consumed by those present at the chamber. All those present at the site greet the chief, who is ceremonially seated at the open courtyard with the greetings "Adae morn". Other ceremonial features include the court poet reciting poems which extol the deeds of the past chiefs, and drums are continuously beaten to the accompaniment of horns. The celebration runs until late at night. The food and drink offerings to the stool are removed late in the evening, except for the flesh which is allowed to remain there for more time.

Adae Festival (Twi: "resting place") is a celebration in Ashanti. Considered a day of rest, it is the most important ancestral custom of the Ashanti people.