History.

First tenure with ABC.

The station first signed on the air on October 27, 1954, as WTVW (for its on-air slogan "Wisconsin's TeleVision Window"). WTVW's transmitter building was built under a tent, as rain had threatened to delay construction. After the building was finished, a second tent was erected, and used for live automobile commercials, until it collapsed one day in early 1955. In early 1955, the station was purchased by the Hearst Corporation, publishers of "The Milwaukee Sentinel" and owners of WISN radio (1130 AM); the new owners changed channel 12's call letters to WISN-TV, after its radio sister (whose calls were derived from now-defunct newspaper "The Wisconsin News", which merged with the "Sentinel" 15 years prior to its sign-on; the WTVW calls are now used by the CW-affiliated station in Evansville, Indiana). The station originally operated as a primary ABC affiliate with a secondary DuMont affiliation. WISN-TV lost the DuMont affiliation when that network ceased operations in 1956, leaving it exclusively with ABC.  In January 1958, WISN-TV became the flagship station of the Badger Television Network, a three-station network serving Wisconsin that also included WFRV-TV in Green Bay and WKOW-TV in Madison. Programs broadcast by the network included "Homemaker's Holiday", a quiz show hosted by Charlie Hanson; "Good Housekeeping", hosted by Trudy Beilfuss titled after the Hearst magazine of the same name; and "Pretzel Party", a variety program originally hosted by Larry Clark. All three programs originated from WISN-TV's studios. During March 1958, the network also aired Senate Investigation Committee hearings during late-night hours. The network ceased operations on August 8, 1958. WISN-TV and WISN radio would gain an FM radio sister when Hearst signed on WISN-FM (97.3, now WRNW) in 1961.

Switch to CBS.

In 1961, CBS decided to affiliate with WISN-TV, as its sister radio station had been a longtime affiliate of the CBS Radio Network. As a result, Storer Broadcasting-owned WITI-TV (channel 6) and WISN swapped networks: channel 12 switched its affiliation to CBS and channel 6 became an ABC affiliate on April 2, 1961. The final ABC network program to air on WISN before it joined CBS was an edition of the "Fight of the Week" with boxers Benny Paret and Emile Griffith; it ran the evening before the switch at 9:00 p.m. Central Time.  During channel 12's time with CBS, it served as the default home station for the NFL's Green Bay Packers for the Milwaukee market, and airing the team's first two Super Bowl appearances (also the first two Super Bowl games in NFL history); it was succeeded and preceded in this stead by WITI.  Hearst sold the "Milwaukee Sentinel" to Journal Publishing (the publishers of the "Milwaukee Journal") in 1962, retaining WISN-TV and WISN radio. The "Journal" also competed with the "Sentinel" (both of which were eventually consolidated into the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" in 1995) in broadcasting as owners of WTMJ radio (620 AM) and WTMJ-TV (channel 4), which Journal operated until April 1, 2015, when Journal and E. W. Scripps Company merged and split their assets into the broadcast-specific Scripps company, and publishing operations into the short-lived Journal Media Group, which merged only a year later into Gannett.

Second tenure with ABC.

On September 26, 1976, CBS announced it was moving its Milwaukee affiliation back to WITI-TV. Storer Broadcasting had much better relations with CBS than it reportedly had with ABC; weeks earlier, ABC opted to drop Storer's San Diego station KCST-TV from the network after a four-year dispute stemming from KCST's successful battle to strip that market's ABC affiliation from XETV-TV in nearby Tijuana, Mexico. Meanwhile, ABC had become the top-rated television network in the United States, thanks in large part to two Milwaukee-set sitcoms: "Happy Days" and "Laverne & Shirley". WISN-TV and ABC agreed to a new affiliation contract about a month later; the two stations swapped networks once again on March 27, 1977; the final CBS program to air on channel 12 was an episode of "The Carol Burnett Show" with guest Ken Berry, which aired at 9:00 p.m. Central Time on the night before the station rejoined ABC (the station also aired the United Cerebral Palsy Telethon ahead of its return to ABC at 6:00 p.m. that Sunday evening). WISN even used "Happy Days" star Henry Winkler (in character as Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli) to herald its return to ABC with the slogan "Happy Days are Here Again" in on-air and print campaigns leading up to the switch. To this day, WISN-TV has been one of ABC's most successful affiliates, and bills itself as such in its own promotions.  Around the same time, the station was the first which utilized newscast composer Frank Gari's "Hello News" package, which included an imaging song individualized to each market's city; in this case "Hello Milwaukee", which remains well-remembered and remains used in various ways by WISN-TV to the present day, and was cited as one of the factors in driving viewers to the station in the late 1970s and allowing it to be competitive.  For most of its years with ABC, the station did not include the network's logo next to theirs, branding solely with the channel number and/or call letters vocally and visually (outside of network-created radio promos which listed the station as "12 ABC") until 2012, when the network began to contractually require the ABC logo be included with any affiliate's logo redesign. In November 2014, the station unveiled their current logo with the call letters beneath the long-used "12" logo form and the ABC logo on the right side of the "12" number mark, the first with the ABC logo blended in for all uses, including for news and entertainment programming, and ending a long run where the station's call letters were rendered in Bank Gothic font. Vocally, the station remains "WISN 12". The station is among the few in the nation which has their logo in a transparent bug at all times, including ABC network and news programming, though not during commercial breaks or paid programming.  Channel 12 was the first commercial station in the market to produce a high-definition broadcast, airing the Summerfest "Big Bang" fireworks show in HD on June 29, 2006. Milwaukee Public Television assisted WISN-TV in the production of the broadcast, and have continued to do so each year since, with additional help from sister stations in Sacramento and Boston in later years.  Hearst sold WISN radio and what by then became WLTQ to Clear Channel Communications in 1997, and the third floor WLTQ/WISN radio studios were vacated in 2000 after their move to the expanded WOKY facility in Greenfield. All ties between WISN-TV and its former sister radio stations were severed when a longtime agreement with channel 12 to provide forecasts for WISN (AM) and the then-WQBW (now WRNW) and four others within Clear Channel's Milwaukee radio cluster ended on July 27, 2009 (though WRNW continues to transmit from WISN-TV's tower), as WITI began its own weather/news content agreement with the stations. WISN-TV then began a news content agreement with Saga Communications for its five area radio stations (WKLH, WHQG, WJMR-FM, WJYI and WNRG-FM). Due to the now separate ownership of the two stations, WISN-TV's news staff disclaim both on-air and through their social networking channels that the station has no connections with WISN radio's conservative talk format other than sharing the same call letters, a point of contention and confusion during events such as live shots at the Wisconsin State Capitol for the 2011 state budget debate.  In February 2014, the station added an SAP audio channel, allowing the station to carry ABC programming featuring audio description or a Spanish-language dub, and complying with the FCC's requirements to offer audio description.

Summer 2012 Time Warner Cable carriage dispute.

As Hearst and Time Warner Cable entered into a retransmission consent dispute that resulted in Hearst's stations being removed from TWC's systems in certain markets on July 10, 2012, WISN was not immediately removed from its Milwaukee area systems in an eleventh hour announcement, as the direct fiber connection between WISN and TWC is also provided by the cable provider to Charter Communications (which serves outer portions of the market such as western Waukesha County and most of Washington, Fond du Lac and Sheboygan Counties) under a side agreement between the providers which TWC and Hearst were contractually obligated to honor. It was the only Hearst station to remain on TWC during the dispute, but with both Start Over video on demand and the ability to record station programming to TWC DVRs completely removed. Charter then tried to pursue a different method of transmitting WISN's signal to remove itself as an intermediary from the dispute, and was able to make the arrangements by July 12, allowing WISN's removal from Time Warner Cable one day later, with WISN's SD and HD channel slots replaced with Hallmark Movie Channel. The dispute was resolved on July 19, returning the station to TWC's systems that evening.

Digital television.

Digital channels.

The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion.

WISN-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 12, at 8:30 a.m. on June 12, 2009 (the transition was led by a retrospective on the station's history narrated by former longtime anchor Jerry Taff, followed by a still of digital transition information that remained until noon, when its analog transmitter was permanently shut down). The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 34. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 12. The channel 12 frequency was subsequently used as the post-transition digital signal of WBBM-TV in Chicago.  On May 17, 2010, WISN-TV filed an application to upgrade its digital transmitter's power to 1 megawatt, mainly to place the station's digital antenna at the taller height of the dormant analog antenna, which would be replaced by a new digital unit. The analog antenna was removed in September 2010, and the digital antenna was activated from the new placement in early October 2010.

News operation.

WISN-TV presently broadcasts 34 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with five hours each weekday and 41⁄2 hours each on Saturdays and Sundays); WISN is one of the few Hearst-owned stations that carries an hour-long midday newscast. The station utilizes two weather radars as part of its "Doppler 12 Radar Network", using radar sites based at the National Weather Service forecast office in Sullivan, and atop Froedtert's Community Memorial Hospital in Menomonee Falls, which is operated by the station.  Longtime anchor Jerry Taff retired in May 2005, as WISN's newscasts began to climb in the ratings. Its success stems from hiring popular local anchors and reporters released from other stations, a stronger ABC schedule, and a period of change at rival WTMJ-TV due to NBC's weaker ratings and changes in its newsroom staff. The station's biggest hire came when longtime WTMJ anchor Mike Gousha joined channel 12 in 2007, a year after he retired as WTMJ's evening news anchor in order to focus on his new position as a distinguished fellow in law and public policy at Marquette University. Gousha served as a political analyst for WISN, and hosted the Sunday morning program "UpFront with Mike Gousha", which is a mix of the interview segments familiar to viewers of his former WTMJ program "Sunday Night", and local political analysis. Hearst syndicated the show to other stations statewide, and in August 2010 all of the stations involved (along with Milwaukee Public Television, which provided technical assistance with HD production) broadcast a Gousha-moderated forum for the Wisconsin Republican gubernatorial candidates called the "UpFront Town Hall Challenge" from Marquette's new law building, which was purposefully structured to avoid classification as a traditional debate where either candidate could use the format to "sell" themselves. The format was repeated in October 2010 between the Democratic and Republican nominees for governor and U.S. Senate.  WISN has gradually expanded its newscast schedule since 2007, and is unusual in programming hour-long newscasts, starting that year with a Sunday at 10 p.m. broadcast and for a time, an hour-long Saturday 6 p.m. newscast (the 6:30 p.m. half-hour currently features either paid programming, "Project Pitch It" [a local version of ABC's "Shark Tank", which is syndicated to stations throughout Wisconsin] or "12 Sports Saturday"). On July 30, 2010, WISN, like most of its ABC-affiliated sister stations under Hearst did on that date, added a one-hour extension of its weekend morning newscast from 8 to 9 a.m. On September 6, 2010, WISN expanded its weekday morning newscast a half-hour early to 4:30 a.m., extending the program to hours.  On April 21, 2009, the station began using full-time pillarboxing with the station logo and callsign on the respective sides of the screen for newscasts and other standard-definition programming. Afterwards, the station began to slowly implement graphical elements; in March 2010, WISN-TV unveiled 16:9-optimized weather alert graphics to allow programs to continue to be shown in HD rather than force a downscale to a modified mode in which the program was displayed in 3:3 (to much viewer complaint over the years, especially with ABC prime time programming), with the weather warnings taking up the remainder of the screen. News tickers and logo bugs were also later upgraded; the only HD news segments until late June 2011 aired on its newscasts the day of the Summerfest "Big Bang" fireworks show, usually scenic and human interest pieces, along with Milwaukee Public Television co-productions. On October 10, 2010, the station began broadcasting its newscasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition, with the pillarboxes being removed. Then on June 28, 2011, WISN-TV became the third station in Milwaukee (behind WTMJ-TV and WITI) to begin broadcasting its newscasts in high definition. Footage shot in-studio is broadcast in HD, while all news video from on-remote locations was initially upconverted to widescreen standard definition for broadcast. Since 2012, the station has upgraded its mobile units and field cameras to HD as equipment has needed replacement. In May 2013, the station unveiled its first HD skycam, overlooking the downtown Cathedral Square Park.  On January 24, 2011, WISN-TV expanded its 10 p.m. newscast to one hour (becoming the third Hearst-owned station with an hour-long late local newscast, along with Albuquerque's KOAT and Honolulu's KITV). This bumped "Access Hollywood" from its longtime 10:30 p.m. slot to 12:30 a.m., resulting in NBCUniversal Television Distribution asking for an opt-out from the program's syndication contract with WISN to move "Access", ending up on WTMJ at 6:30 p.m. on April 11, 2011 ("Access" aired at 1:37 a.m. from January 2013 until September 2014 due to WTMJ's January 2013 relaunch of its 6:30 p.m. newscast as the newsmagazine "Wisconsin Tonight"; it now airs on WITI in late night at 4:00 a.m.).  On September 10, 2018, the station added an hour-long 11 a.m. local newscast leading into "GMA Day" (now "Strahan, Sara and Keke"), which coincided with the station introducing a next-generation news set, replacing one utilized since October 2001 with multiple re-facings and equipment replacements in the interim. On January 14, 2019, the station reduced its 10 p.m. newscast to the standard 35 minutes (likely due to its current ABC affiliation agreement), allowing WISN-TV to carry the ABC late night lineup "live" and in pattern for the first time in the station's history. The station began to air a nightly half-hour 9 p.m. newscast on WISN-DT2 on April 1, 2019 entitled "WISN 12 News at 9 on Justice", joining WITI and WMLW-TV (via WDJT) in carrying news at that time. It joined with many of its fellow Hearst stations in programming a prime time newscast on their.2 subchannels, which are usually associated with MeTV. On days where Justice has an hour-long program in the news timeslots, alternate programming like "Upfront" and "Matter of Fact" is re-aired in the latter half to fill the entire hour. The newscast also features a "Working for Justice" segment where a crime or public safety story is highlighted in order to naturally tie into its network's format.

WISN-TV, virtual channel 12 (UHF digital channel 28), is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications, it is the second-oldest television station to remain with the company in all of its various iterations behind WBAL-TV in Baltimore. WISN's studios are located on North 19th Street on the west end of the Marquette University campus, and its transmitter is located at Lincoln Park in the northeastern part of Milwaukee (next to the Weigel Broadcasting tower, which is used by CBS affiliate WDJT-TV, channel 58, and its sister stations).


History.

In 1971 Nelly Seiler Filipson (1926–2012), sensitized by her personal background, created a rehabilitation centre in Laeken for children with mental disabilities. She named it Nos Pilifs from an anagram of her name. This centre still receives some fifty disabled children up to the age of 13. Other organizations have been created to meet the needs of disabled persons who attended the centre. That is how the leisure club was established in 1980, "La Ferme Nos Pilifs" as a company that hires people with disabilities in 1984, the Maison Nos Pilifs providing accommodation and support service in 1985, "le Potelier des Pilifs" day centre in 1989, the "Ados Pilifs" secondary school for autistic children in 2011, the "Villa Pilifs" hostel in 2015, and soon "Les Piloux" inclusive children's nursery. All these private nonprofit organizations share the same philosophy: acceptance of difference and inclusion of people with disabilities.

The centre.

Nos Pilifs centre is a pre-primary and primary school with specialized education for children with pervasive developmental disorders (specialized in type 3 – autism) or with mental retardation or deficiency. The school is part of the non-confessional network. Nos Pilifs centre provides multidisciplinary care in speech therapy, psychomotor education, occupational therapy, physiotherapy and behavioural psychology.

Ferme Nos Pilifs ASBL.

The farm was created in 1984, on the initiative of Mrs Filipson and Benoit Ceysens in response to a lack of employment for disabled people in the north of Brussels. The farm is now a recognized company with disabled employees certified by the Cocof. With social and ecological purposes, 140 out of its 180 employees are disabled. It works a 12-acre long field in Neder-Over-Heembeek in the north of Brussels, with an animal park, a garden centre, different plots, a grocery shop, a brewery and a conditioning workshop for organic dry food. Eight teams of gardeners also offer various gardening services. Children can spend their school breaks at the farm, and school groups can visit it on field trips at any time of the year. Through those various activities, Nos Pilifs Farm showcases disabled people's skills and gives them a real role in their neighbourhood.

Accessibility.

Bus line, stop "Nos Pilifs". Bus line, (new route since 2 March 2020), stop "Ferme Nos Pilifs".

Nos Pilifs Farm is a farm and company that hires disabled people (nonprofit organization) founded in 1984 and located in Brussels.


Biography.

Early life.

Anthony Steel was born in Chelsea, the son of an Indian army officer, Edward (1897-1965), who later became an actor himself. Steel spent most of his early childhood in India (in Lahore) and was educated at Alexander House Prep School, Broadstairs, Kent until he was fourteen. He continued his studies at home with a tutor before attending Trinity College, Cambridge.

War service.

Steel had only completed a year at Cambridge when the Second World War broke out. He enlisted in the Grenadier Guards aged 18 and was evacuated from Dunkirk in May 1940. He received a commission and served in the Middle East where he was badly injured on patrol. He trained as a parachutist, and made nine operational jumps. He finished the war with the rank of major.

Acting.

On demobilisation Steel decided to become an actor. For a time he worked with a pick and shovel at Clapham Junction for £6 a week. He began to get some parts on stage, including appearing opposite Margaret Lockwood in "Roses for Her Pillow", a stage version of the film "Once Upon a Dream" which was being given a special performance by Rank contract artists. He was dating a niece of J. Arthur Rank who introduced Steel to her uncle at a party. Rank subsequently signed the actor to a long-term contract with his company.

Early Rank years.

Steel was trained at Rank's "charm school" and given a slow buildup with small parts in several films, starting with "Saraband for Dead Lovers" (1948). He also appeared in "A Piece of Cake" (1948), "Portrait from Life" (1948), "Once Upon a Dream" (1949), "Marry Me!" (1949), "Quartet" (1948), "The Blue Lamp" (1949), "Trottie True" (1949), "Poet's Pub" (1949), "Don't Ever Leave Me" (1949), "Helter Skelter" (1949), "Christopher Columbus" (1949), and "The Chiltern Hundreds" (1949). He also acted on stage in repertory at Aldershot and Worthington.  He tested unsuccessfully for a part in Walt Disney's "Treasure Island" (1950).

Stardom.

Steel's roles up until then had been essentially bit parts. His first big break was being cast as one of three British POWs who escape from a camp in "The Wooden Horse" (1950). This film, based on a true story, was the third most popular film at the British box office in 1950 and established Steel as a leading man. Director Jack Lee said that the actor "was fine to work with, just a physical type, a young chap who could do certain things, though he didn't have much acting to do in this." He was paid £15 a week. "[Co star] Leo Genn was getting thousands," Steel recalled. "It made me pretty mad."  Steel was cast as the romantic male lead in "The Mudlark" (1950), a Hollywood film starring Irene Dunne being shot in London. He had a small part in the comedy "Laughter in Paradise" (1951) then supported another Hollywood name, Bette Davis in the thriller, "Another Man's Poison" (1951).  Steel's next big break was being cast as a game park warden inspired by Mervyn Cowie in "Where No Vultures Fly" (1951), shot mostly on location in Kenya. This was the most popular British movie of the year and the Royal Command Performance Film for 1951, confirming Steel's status as a genuine box office draw. In 1952 British exhibitors voted him the fourth most popular British star and he was seen as the successor to Stewart Granger.  He co-starred with Jack Warner in a thriller directed by Lewis Gilbert, "Emergency Call" (1952). Rank tried Steel in a comedy, "Something Money Can't Buy" (1952), with Patricia Roc but the public response was not enthusiastic. They put him back in uniform in "The Planter's Wife" (1952), set during the Malayan Emergency. It was the sixth most popular film of 1952 in Britain, although Steel's part was a relatively minor one in support of Jack Hawkins and Claudette Colbert.  He again supported two stars in a military story when he appeared in "Malta Story" (1953), with Hawkins and Alec Guinness. It was the fourth most popular film of the year in Britain in 1953. Hollywood called in the form of Warner Bros, who cast him in support of Errol Flynn in the British-shot swashbuckler "The Master of Ballantrae" (1953); it was a minor success.  Also moderately popular was "Albert R.N." (1952), reuniting Steel with Jack Warner and Lewis Gilbert in another World War Two POW film. He starred in a sequel to "Where No Vultures Fly", "West of Zanzibar" (1954). It was not as successful as the first movie although Steel had an unexpected hit record when he recorded a version of the title track.  "The Sea Shall Not Have Them" (1954) was another war film from Gilbert, co-starring Dirk Bogarde and Michael Redgrave. "Out of the Clouds" (1955) was an ensemble movie set at London airport, not as well received as Steel's war movies.  In 1954 Steel and Dirk Bogarde were the highest paid actors with the Rank Organisation with a reported salary of £15,000 a film. Still, he was not happy with his roles. "In America, they build their male stars by starring them opposite exciting women," he said. "What do they give me? Elephants, crocodiles and giraffes." However, in "Passage Home" he was cast opposite Diane Cilento. "At last I can prove that I have blood in my veins and can make love to a woman," said Steel. "You know how the public identify themselves with the stars. Well, they think that an actor who gets the girl all the time — especially if she is very glamorous — must really have something."  He was given the starring part in "Storm Over the Nile" (1956), an almost shot-for-shot remake of "The Four Feathers" (1939) but a solid hit in Britain. "The Black Tent" (1956) was another war movie, set in Northern Africa during World War Two. "Checkpoint" (1956) was a change of pace, a racing-car thriller partly shot in Italy for director Ralph Thomas.

Move to Hollywood.

In 1956 Steel married Swedish actress Anita Ekberg and together they moved to Hollywood, with mixed results. He broke his contract with the Rank Organisation – for whom he was meant to star in "The Secret Place" (1957) – received bad publicity for fighting with Ekberg and attacking paparazzi, and was arrested twice for drunk driving. During his time in Hollywood he appeared in one film, the little-seen "Valerie" (1957). It was announced he would be in a film to be made in Spain, "Tetuan", but this did not come to fruition.

Career decline.

Steel returned to Britain but was unable to regain his earlier popularity. He had the lead in a courtroom drama, "A Question of Adultery" (1958), and supported Stewart Granger in a Hollywood-financed adventure tale shot partly in India, "Harry Black" (1958).  He appeared in a film directed by Michael Powell, "Honeymoon" (1959), but it was one of Powell's least known works. John Davis, head of the Rank Organisation was known to be furious about Steel having left the company earlier after the support they had given him, and this was thought to have harmed his chances at reviving his career. Steel was also hurt that the sort of war films in which he had made his name were going out of fashion.  In 1960 Steel went missing for a week from a luxury hotel in Germany, leading to a two-nation search. He later turned up in Rome, claiming he had just gone there to discuss another film.  In 1960 Steel moved to Rome and lived there for the next decade. He starred off appearing - like many fading stars - in a peplum, "Revenge of the Barbarians" (1960) - and a swashbuckler, "Tiger of the Seven Seas" (1962). His roles grew smaller and less prestigious, such as appearing as "Sir Stephen" in the Just Jaeckin film adaptation of "Story of O" (1975).

Return to Britain.

By the 1970s he had returned to Britain where he appeared in TV shows such as "Bergerac", "The Professionals", "Robin of Sherwood" and "Crossroads". He made stage tours in the 1980s and his last role was in "Cinderella", a pantomime at Birmingham's Alex Theatre in 1989. He lived for a number of years in a tiny flat in Northolt, west London. His then agent, David Daly, said that: He was a very private man. He just decided that he would withdraw. He found a place to live and simply went into hiding. In some ways, it was not unlike him; if he decided that things weren't right, he would withdraw into himself and not contact anybody. In 1995 John Mills tried to rehouse him through the Actors Benevolent Fund but Steel refused. Steel told a journalist in 1997: This is a very difficult time for me. You can see that by where I'm living. I know a lot of people are trying to find out where I am, but to be honest that's how I want it. I want to be left alone. I don't want to see any of my old friends from my old life. I've been quite ill lately and it's too much for me to go back to it all now.Of course I have regrets, but there is nothing anyone can do to change the past. I just want to get on with it. Daly arranged for him to stay at Denville Hall, a London retirement home for actors. Not long before he died he had a guest role in the TV series "The Broker's Man".

Singer.

In 1954, Steel teamed up with the British vocal ensemble The Radio Revellers to record "West of Zanzibar". Released on the Polygon Records label, it peaked at No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart.

Personal life.

Steel was married three times: Steel had an affair with actress Patricia Roc in 1952 while they were co-starring in "Something Money Can't Buy", resulting in a son, Michael. Both Steel and Roc were married at the time, he to Juanita Forbes and she to André Thomas, but the latter was unable to have children, so Thomas agreed to bring up Michael as his own.  Steel, then 35, was engaged to his secretary, Anne Hanson, age 20, in 1954. They had one daughter, Penelope Steel.  His engagement and subsequent marriage to Ekberg was widely publicised at the time. Ekberg later claimed he hit her:When he wasn't drunk he was charming and cultured, intelligent, a sense of humour. Too bad he got on that road. He would start arguments with anybody after one drink too much and then he would get violent."

Death.

Anthony Steel died from lung cancer in Northolt, Middlesex in 2001, aged 80.

Selected filmography.

Box office ranking.

At the height of his career, British exhibitors voted Steel among the most popular local stars in the country.

Anthony Maitland Steel (21 May 1920 – 21 March 2001) was a British actor and singer best known for his appearances in British war films of the 1950s such as "The Wooden Horse" (1950), and his marriage to Anita Ekberg. He was described as "a glorious throwback to the Golden Age of Empire... the perfect imperial actor, born out of his time, blue-eyed, square-jawed, clean-cut." As another writer put it, "whenever a chunky dependable hero was required to portray grace under pressure in wartime or the concerns of a game warden in a remote corner of the empire, Steel was sure to be called upon."


Synopsis.

Claudiu Crulic is dead and recounts from beyond the grave how his mother and sister have difficulties recognising his body. He is significantly thinner than last time they saw him, and looks closer to 70 years old than his actual age of 33. Crulic had supported himself by buying goods in Poland and then selling them in his native Romania. In 2007 he was arrested for theft in Poland. At the time of the crime he had been in Italy. Crulic's protests were dismissed and his pleads to the Romanian consul for help were fruitless. Crulic began a hunger strike. Prison doctors dismissed signs of his deteriorating health. When they finally agreed to force-feed him, his lung was injured by a needle. After Crulic's death, authorities and the doctors deny responsibility.

Production.

Claudiu Crulic, a 33-year-old Romanian, was arrested for theft in Poland in 2007. Crulic asked the Romanian consulate in Poland for help, but when nothing happened he began a four-month hunger strike, which ended with his death from starvation in January 2008. The case received significant media attention and led to the resignation of the Romanian foreign minister and the recall of the consul in Poland. Three prison doctors were trialed for their responsibility in the death.  Anca Damian had debuted as a feature-film director in 2009. She became interested in Crulic's case and fascinated by the slow nature of a death caused by hunger strike. She therefore wanted to make a film which captured the emotional aspects of Crulic's death. Damian researched the case for one year. She interviewed Crulic's family, neighbours and co-prisoners, and was, unlike the journalists who wrote about the case, eventually allowed to read every page in the Polish police files. The film was produced by Damian's Romanian company Aparte Film and co-produced by the Polish company Fundacja Magellana. Further co-production support came from Editura Video and Kraków Festival Office. The film received financial support from the Romanian National Centre for Cinema, the Polish Film Institute, the Kraków Film Commission, the Romanian Ministry of Culture and Editura Video.  The film was made with a mix of techniques including hand-drawn animation, cutout animation from photographs, scanned documents, projection, stop motion and digital 3D. It was the first Romanian animated feature film in two decades, and the team of animators was formed specifically for the film. All the artwork and animation for the film were done at the animation and visual effects studio DSG, in Bucharest, by a team made of Dan Panaitescu, Raluca Popa, Dragos Stefan, Roxana Bentu and Tuliu Oltean, with Vlad Pascanu and Andrei Saraliischi. As a stylistic choice, Damian decided to use photos mixed with drawing, and to make the outlines of the drawings gradually thinner as Crulic comes closer to death. At the end of the film there is live-action news footage; Damian intended this to remind the viewer that the story did take place in the real world.

Release.

The film premiered at the 2011 Locarno International Film Festival. It was released in Romania on 21 October 2011 and in Poland on 1 December. It was not initially planned to be released theatrically in Poland, but after positive festival reactions, the Polish co-producer decided to give it a release. The Polish version was dubbed by Maciej Stuhr. The French release was on 12.12.2012, and the French version was dubbed by Vlad Ivanov and Sandrine Bonnaire. The movie was theatrically released also in Czech Republic, Italy, Hungary, Germany.

Reception.

Giuseppe Sedia of the "Krakow Post" compared the film to the journalistic comics of Chappatte, and the darkly humouristic sensibilities of the Romanian filmmaker Lucian Pintilie. Sedia wrote that the film "has, deservedly, been cherished across Europe." Jay Weissberg of "Variety" praised the artwork and Damian's straightforward style of storytelling, but had a reservation about how he sometimes found it difficult to process all information on the screen. Weissberg wrote: "Beautiful artwork and a powerful story are the key elements of animated docu "Crulic — The Path to Beyond", recounting the Kafkaesque history of a Romanian man arrested in Poland and abandoned by everyone until his death following a hunger strike in 2008.... Animation is especially appealing, featuring attractive watercolors and lovely washes forming the background to an imaginative use of drawings, cutouts and photos. Even if overloaded at times, the individual frames are beautifully rendered and clear, accompanied by Piotr Dziubek's seamless and understated compositions."  The film won the Special Mention Don Quixote at the Locarno Film Festival. The Romanian Filmmakers Union honoured it with its Grand Prix for best domestic film of 2011. It won the Cristal for Best Feature film at the 2012 Annecy International Animated Film Festival. It also received awards at the Cottbus, Warsaw, Jihlava, ASTRA Film Fest Sibiu, CPH DOX, Istanbul, FICUNAM and Gdynia film festivals.

Crulic: The Path to Beyond () is a 2011 Romanian-Polish animated biographical film, directed by and starring Vlad Ivanov. It tells the story of Claudiu Crulic, a Romanian citizen who died in a Polish prison while on a hunger strike. The film was made with a mix of techniques including hand-drawn animation and animated photographs. Artwork and animation was done at the animation studio DSG, by Dan Panaitescu, Raluca Popa, Dragos Stefan, Roxana Bentu and Tuliu Oltean. The film won the Cristal for Best Feature Film at the 2012 Annecy International Animated Film Festival.


Architecture.

It is the work of Russian architect Nikolaj Petrovič Krasnov, the most important representative of the academic historicism in the Serbian interwar architecture. Due to the importance that the building has as an anthological work of Belgrade academic interwar architecture, it represents the immovable cultural property as the cultural monument. The building was constructed between 1926 and 1928, after the design by the architect Nikolay Krasnov, as the author of the original design of the building, and the later addition of the third floor from 1938.  The building is conceived as the monumental object at the crossroads of the busy Knez Miloš Street and Nemanjina Street. It has the square-shaped basis with the spacious inner courtyard. The interior was designed according to its purpose. The exquisite artistry of the facades reflects in the richness of the decorative architectural plastic, a number of details, studied ratio between the masses. The dynamic facades, designed in the style of аcademism, have massive pilasters, between the first and the second floor windows. The most luxurious is the corner part of the building, where the vertical effect is underlined by the dome with the bronze sculpture on its top – the personification of Yugoslavia. This sculpture, as well as other free standing sculptures on the facades of the building, Fertility with cornucopia, Crafts, Industry and Mercury were the works of a sculptor Đorđe Jovanović. The choice of motifs and the symbols of the facade sculptures was determined by the institution located in the building. The symbolism of the motifs was determined by the activity of the institution the object was initially intended for. The Ministry of Finance of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Building was designated as the cultural property.  Today, this building is a site of the Government of Serbia.

The Ministry of Finance of Serbia Building () is a building of the Ministry of Finance of Serbia, located in Savski Venac, Belgrade, Serbia.


Career.

Born in Kenilworth, England, Marlow studied psychology at Manchester University, graduating in 1974. He began his photography career in 1975 working on an Italian cruise liner in the Caribbean before joining the Sygma news agency in Paris in 1976. In the 1970s Marlow worked in Northern Ireland, Angola, The Philippines and Lebanon primarily as a war photographer, but soon found that the competition of photojournalism did not suit him.I did get some very good pictures, and was doing a lot of conflict work, but I just realised I was never ever going to be Don McCullin. And actually, in certain situations, I was very, very scared.He returned home to Britain, and worked in Liverpool on an eight-year project, "Liverpool – Looking out to Sea," which documented what he perceived to be decline of the city under Margaret Thatcher"."  He became associated with Magnum Photos in 1980 and became a full member in 1986, having been attracted to the freedom the agency gives its photographers to work on personal projects. Alongside Chris Steele-Perkins, he founded Magnum's London office in 1987. He served as the agency's president twice and was vice-president numerous times. The photographer Martin Parr said it was “difficult to overestimate” Marlow’s contribution to Magnum".  He also worked regularly for "The Sunday Times" in the mid-1980s. In 1991 he received an assignment from the Somme department in France to photograph Amiens. Later he began to work abroad again, travelling to Japan, the United States, and other parts of Europe. His later photography is primarily in color. Though well known for his depictions of places, Marlow also documented politics with a collaboration with Tony Blair.  Marlow died on 21 February 2016 from influenza contracted during a stem cell transplant as a treatment for multiple myeloma.

Collections.

Marlow's work is held in the following public collections:

Peter Marlow (19 January 1952 – 21 February 2016) was a British photographer and photojournalist, and member of Magnum Photos.


History.

Hamlet's history goes back to the late 80s, when five kids decided to get together under the name of one of the best-known works of writer William Shakespeare. After several concerts, they recorded a mini LP ·Hamlet". this work shows a style influenced by the era of hard rock. That same style would continue in the first official recording of the group, but with some changes (including formation): "Peligroso" was released in 1992 by DRO, with a production that was quite bad. The group was not very happy with the final work and this is the reason why the unheralded record is widely unknown by many fans.

1993: Sanatorio de Muñecos (The True Beginning).

More concerts and self-promotion lead J. Molly, Luis Tárraga, Pedro Sanchez, Paco Sanchez, and Augusto Fernandez to move to Tampa, Florida in 1993 to Morrisound Studios with producer and owner Tom Morris (Sepultura, Coroner, Morbid Angel) and record their second proper album "Sanatorio de Muñecos". The history of this group really starts with this album. Without pressure, they were able to express all their musical influences (Sepultura, Pantera, Faith No More) Hamlet formed their own sound. The musical evolution is very strong with this record; the style, though ill-defined at beginning, inspired a new trend, a new movement. The Hard-rockers roots were left behind, with powerful guitars, rhythmic bases and an aggressive vocal style, blending melody with hardcore shouting and screaming vocals. The lyrics of Hamlet in this work are strong, committed and involve current topics.

Hamlet is a Spanish five-piece metal band from Madrid, Spain. They formed in 1987 and are still active. They are signed to Maldito Records and have released twelve albums, their most recent being "Berlín" was released in 2018. They are the pioneers of alternative metal in Spain with their albums "Sanatorio de Muñecos" (1994) and "Revolución 12.111" (1996).


First generation (2000–2012).

Spyder (2000–2009).

The Spyder (later known as the Spyder SWB to distinguish it from Spyker's long-wheelbase offerings) is the original base model of the C8, debuting at the 2000 Birmingham Motor Show. Equipped with an Audi 4.2L V8 engine making, the Spyder has a top speed of.

Laviolette (2001–2009).

The Laviolette was the second C8 model to be developed, and was unveiled by Spyker at AutoRAI 2001. The Laviolette has the same Audi 4.2L V8 engine producing as the Spyder, but replaces the Spyder's retractable soft top roof with a fixed glass canopy and an integrated roof air intake, making it the first C8 coupe.  The name 'Laviolette' is a reference to Belgian engineer Joseph Valentin Laviolette, who helped develop several Spyker race cars in the early 1900s.

Double 12S (2002–2007).

The next year, Spyker commemorated the opening of a new factory with the unveiling of the Double 12S on March 21, 2002. The Double 12S is a road-legal version of the Double 12R race car, and as such uses the same modified 4.0L Audi V8. The Double 12S was offered in five different stages of tune, listed below:  The name 'Double 12' is a reference to the 24-hour world speed record, set in 1922 by racing driver Selwyn Edge in a Spyker C4.

Spyder T (2003–2007).

The Spyder T is a modified version of the original C8 Spyder. This updated model, announced by Spyker at the Amsterdam Motor Show in February 2003, features a twin-turbocharged version of the Spyder's 4.2L V8, resulting in a power increase to. To handle the new powertrain, the Spyder T features a wider track and tires over the standard Spyder, as well as suspension and aerodynamic upgrades.

Laviolette LWB (2008–2012).

At the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, Spyker introduced a long-wheelbase C8 Laviolette to be produced alongside the original standard-wheelbase car. The new version extended the C8's wheelbase to from the original, meeting customer demands for a more spacious interior. The Laviolette LWB uses the same Audi 4.2L V8 from the original Laviolette, producing.

Laviolette LM85 (2009–2012).

The Laviolette LM85 is a road-legal version of the Laviolette GT2-R racing car, much like the Double 12S was to the Double 12R. Production of the LM85 was limited to 24 units to pay homage to the 24 Hours of Le Mans races in which many Spyker race cars have taken part. The Laviolette LM85 was designed after the GT2-R's racing livery, and only offered in a two-tone Burnt Orange/Gun Metal finish. The car utilized the 4.2L Audi V8, producing.  The 'LM85' name is a combination of the acronym for 'Le Mans' (LM) and the number 85, Spyker Squadron's preferred racing number.

Second generation (2009–2018).

Aileron (2009–2016).

At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, Spyker debuted the C8 Aileron, described by the company as the second generation of their C8 sports car, to replace the Laviolette. Though still equipped with the same 4.2L Audi V8 from the Spyder and Laviolette, the Aileron features a longer, wider body, and, for the first time in the C8, an optional ZF automatic transmission. Continuing with the aviation themes of previous C8 cars, the Aileron's wheel design is inspired by jet turbine blades, a motif that can be seen throughout the car's aluminum construction and interior.  The name 'Aileron' is a reference to the flight control surface of the same name, a nod to the company's history in aviation.

Aileron Spyder (2009–2016).

A convertible version of the C8 Aileron was unveiled later in 2009 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. Aside from the retractable roof, the dimensions and powertrain of the Aileron Spyder are identical to those of the standard Aileron. The Aileron Spyder would replace the original C8 Spyder, which had been in production since 2000.

Aileron LM85 (2018).

To commemorate the end of the production of C8 Aileron models with the introduction of the Preliator, Spyker built three Aileron LM85 cars. As with the previous Laviolette LM85s, the Aileron LM85s are styled after the Spyker racing livery, though each of the three Aileron LM85 examples produced came with a distinct color scheme. The LM85 is the only Aileron model to feature Spyker's more powerful 4.2L supercharged Audi V8 producing

Third generation (2016–present).

Preliator (2016–present).

The C8 Preliator was officially announced at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show as the third generation C8 sportscar, replacing the Aileron. Though originally Spyker had planned to produce the Preliator with a 5.0L V8 engine supplied by Koenigsegg, in 2018 this deal was called off. Instead, the Preliator will use a 4.2L supercharged Audi V8 producing, resulting in a 0-100 km/h (62 mph) time of 3.7 seconds and a top speed of. The car comes with a choice of a 6-speed Getrag manual or a 6 speed ZF automatic transmission. As with previous Spyker models, the car has typical aviation inspired design elements such as NACA styled air-inlets. Driver technology has been upgraded as well compared to previous models, with the C8 Preliator gaining a heads-up display and bluetooth connectivity for phones.  The name 'Preliator' likely comes from the Latin word "proeliator", meaning "fighter".

Preliator Spyder (2017–present).

The following year at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show, Spyker unveiled the Preliator Spyder to replace the outgoing Aileron Spyder model. Though introduced with the Koenigsegg V8 producing, due to the termination of the engine deal the Spyder will also use the Preliator's 4.2L supercharged Audi V8.

Racing.

Double 12R (2001–2003).

The Double 12R was a version of the C8 developed specifically for the 24 hours of Le Mans, using a modified Audi V8 engine with a displacement of 4.0L and power output of. The Double 12R debuted shortly after the Laviolette at the 2001 IAA in Frankfurt. The Double 12R's first race was the 2002 12 Hours of Sebring, though an accident prevented the car from finishing. It also participated in the 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans and several other endurance races.

Spyder GT2-R (2005–2008).

The Spyder GT2-R represented Spyker's next generation of racing car, succeeding the Double 12R in 2005 in its debut at the 12 Hours of Sebring. The GT2-R featured a further-modified version of the Double 12R's V8, now displacing 3.8L and producing.

Laviolette GT2-R (2008–2010).

Spyker followed the introduction of the Laviolette LWB in 2008 with a replacement for the Spyder GT2-R race car. The Laviolette GT2-R debuted at the 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans with the 4.0L V8 seen previously in the Double 12R.

Specifications.

Chassis.

Every incarnation of the C8 from the Spyder to the Preliator is built on an aluminum spaceframe chassis, although through the generations the original chassis has been stiffened and lengthened to accommodate the longer wheelbase and optional automatic transmission. The body panels for the first two C8 generations are also made out of aluminum, while the Preliator incorporates carbon fibre for all parts of the body except the hood and the deck for additional weight savings over the outgoing Aileron.

Suspension.

All generations of C8 come equipped with double wishbone suspension at the front and rear axles. First generation C8 models used inboard Koni shock absorbers and components constructed from stainless steel and aluminum. Aileron and Preliator models adopted an updated suspension setup developed by Lotus, with an increase number of parts manufactured from forged aluminum and new mono-tube dampers.

In popular culture.

A C8 Spyder appeared in Season 4 episode 7 of "Top Gear" (UK) driven by Jeremy Clarkson and The Stig.  The Spyker C8 Laviolette has been featured in movies such as "Basic Instinct 2", "War" and "Fast & Furious 6". The Spyker C8 was also featured in a 2010 commercial for Reese's Puffs.  The C8 has also been featured in a number of video games, including:

The Spyker C8 is a sports car produced by the Dutch automaker Spyker Cars since 2000. The design takes visual cues from the 1999 Spyker Silvestris V8 concept car but the proportions have been changed vastly.


History.

During the years immediately following World War I several road circuits were created in Italy. These included the Montenero Circuit at Livorno, which became home for the annual Coppa Montenero from its inauguration in 1921. In the beginning it was only a local affair and the organizers quickly found themselves in financial troubles. In 1923 the event was taken over by the Automobile Club of Italy and the future was secured.  In 1927, the Livorno-born politician Costanzo Ciano donated a victory trophy: the Coppa Ciano. At first, this was awarded to the victor in a separate sports car race, run within a week of the Coppa Montenero. In 1929, however, the Coppa Ciano was merged into the main event and at the same time became the name most often used.  The driver Emilio Materassi won 4 years in a row 1925-1928 and earned the nickname "King of Montenero".  In the 1930s, Italian Hall of Fame driver Tazio Nuvolari won this race five times, more than any other driver. In his 1936 victory he made his way through the field, beating the otherwise superior German cars. This victory was one of the reasons leading to the Italian Grand Prix being held at the Montenero circuit in 1937, instead of the usual venue, Monza.  The 1939 race was run to Voiturette regulations and became the last before World War II stopped all racing for many years. In 1947 the 20th and final edition of the Coppa Montenero was run, with 1500 cc unsupercharged cars. At that point, due to Costanzo Ciano's connections with the now abolished Fascist regime, it was no longer called Coppa Ciano.

The Coppa Ciano was an automobile race held in Italy. Originally referred to as Coppa Montenero or Circuito Montenero, the Coppa Ciano name was officially in use between 1927 and 1939.


Format.

All episodes follow a similar format. The episode starts with the show logo in a room and it is filling with water. Then the Little Fish break the fourth wall by saying the title of the show to the audience. Then it's starts with an introduction by Molly, saying 'Hi, it's me, Molly, and it's time for—' only to be stopped by Gil performing an act related to the episode's subject. One or both of the two then state 'It's time for "Bubble Guppies"!', and the theme song plays. After the theme song, the Little Fish say the episode's name.  An event may occur when one or more characters is on the way to school. For example, Avi breaks his tail in "Call a Clambulance!" when Oona is on the way to school. A guppy tells Mr. Grouper about the earlier experience. He suggests, "Let's think about it," and the characters discuss the theme. A song follows, focusing on the episode's main theme. Usually, Molly or Gil sing this song, but there are episodes where Deema or Mr. Grouper sing it instead.  One of the guppies may go to a shop that mostly focuses on the theme (example: a doctor's office in "Call a Clambulance!"). The owner of the shop (usually played by Deema) will ask questions about what he or she needs. Jokes and silly responses will eventually lead to the correct necessity. Mr. Grouper often ends this segment by asking, "Excuse me, what time is it?" in a call-and-response pattern, with the guppies responding, "It's time for lunch!" three times.  At lunch, three of the characters make a food pun about the subject of the episode; usually done by Nonny. After lunch, another Gil and Molly sketch is shown.  After the sketch, some classroom activity is shown further reinforcing that episode's topic, or Mr. Grouper talks more about the theme. This is usually ended when Mr. Grouper says, "Line up everybody, it's time to go outside!" followed by the "outside song". Outside the classroom, the guppies act out a story about the theme, interfused with Adobe Flash-animated graphics. Once back inside, a second song is typically performed. Afterward, Gil and Molly do another sketch.  The guppies may then go on a field trip that focuses on the theme. They yell out, "FIELD TRIP!" This may focus on a problem shown earlier and involves the key characters. The episode concludes with a final sketch by Gil and Molly, followed by a shorter version of the theme song. The credits then roll which include a song played earlier in that episode.  Season 5 introduced a new series format which has the story segment take up the majority of the episode, and incorporates the shop and lunch segments into the narrative. Gil and Molly simply introduce themselves before the theme song with no opening gag, the show cuts right to school after the theme, and the dance songs and field trips were removed. Gil and Molly's sketches were removed as well, instead having Mr. Grouper wave goodbye to the viewer as the guppies go back inside.  A significant contribution to the show's popularity is its two-level humor track. Minor characters include a police officer named Miranda and a winged serpent named Pretzel-coatl. Heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne guest starred as Sid Fishy in the 2015 episode "Super Guppies", while actor George Takei guest starred in a tour de force sci-fi mashup which pitted him as a Darth Vader-like armored villain against starship captain Gil and his first officer, Mr. Smart (Nonny). Any grownup who has ever seen Monty Python's Meaning of Life will instantly recognize recurring character Mr. Grumpfish, while the episode "The Puppy & The Ring" makes in-jokes ranging from JRR Tolkien to L Frank Baum.

Production.

Although it began in 2011, the show started production in 2009.  The voice cast is based in New York and California and the dialogue is recorded at New York-based Dubway Studios and Rhumba Recorders and Burbank-based Nickelodeon Animation Studio.

Broadcast.

The series first premiered on January 24, 2011, the second season then premiering on November 4 of the same year. Season 3 premiered on August 12, 2013, with an episode entitled, "Bubble Guppies: Get Ready for School". Season 4 premiered on May 21, 2015. The series was then canceled on October 21, 2016, but was then revived for a fifth season on June 4, 2019, which premiered on September 27, 2019.

Bubble Guppies is a Canadian-American children's television series produced for Nickelodeon and created by Jonny Belt and Robert Scull. The series is a combination of the sketch comedy, edutainment and musical genres, and revolves around the underwater adventures of a group of merperson preschoolers named Molly, Gil, Goby, Deema, Oona, Nonny, and Zooli. The program premiered on Nickelodeon on January 24, 2011 and originally concluded on October 21, 2016. The series is produced using Autodesk Maya 3D software.


Background.

The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and quickly spread throughout the country. The U.S. Military Government outlawed it in the South shortly after their arrival. The leader of the People's Republic, Yeo Un-hyeong, stepped down and formed the Working People's Party. The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by Kim Ku, who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens.

Key events.

After the surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies, division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and American command over the North and South, respectively. U.S. forces landed at Incheon on September 8, 1945, and established a military government shortly thereafter. The forces landing at Incheon were of the XXIV Corps of the U.S. Tenth Army. They were commanded by Lt. General John R. Hodge, who then took charge of the government. Four days before he arrived in Korea, Hodge told his officers that Korea "was an enemy of the United States".  On September 9, at a surrender ceremony, Hodge announced that the Japanese colonial government would remain intact, including its personnel and its governor-general. After a major outcry, Hodge replaced the governor-general with an American and removed all the Japanese bureau chiefs, though he, in turn, enlisted the former Japanese bureaucrats as advisors.  Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. The majority of the Council seats were given to members of the Korean Democratic Party which had been formed at the encouragement of the U.S. and was primarily made up of large landowners, wealthy businesspeople, and former officials in the colonial government. A few members of the PRK were offered to join, but they refused and instead criticized the Council appointees for their collaboration with the Japanese.  A proposal was made in 1945 for a long-term trusteeship arrangement. In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.–Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers. It was agreed that Korea would govern independently after four years of international oversight. However, both the United States and the USSR approved Korean-led governments in their respective halves, each of which was favorable to the occupying power's political ideology. From a number of perspectives, it may be argued that not all Koreans necessarily favoured these arrangements. In the south the interim legislature and the interim government were headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee, respectively, and the elections for which were met with a large uprising.  The USAMGIK tried to contain civil violence in the south by banning strikes on December 8 and outlawing the revolutionary government and the people's committees on December 12. Things spiraled quickly out of control however, with a massive strike on September 23, 1946 by 8,000 railway workers in Busan which quickly spread to other cities in the South. On October 1, police attempts to control rioters in Daegu caused the death of three student demonstrators and injuries to many others, sparking a mass counter-attack killing 38 policemen. In Yeongcheon, a police station came under attack by a 10,000-strong crowd on October 3, killing over 40 policemen and the county chief. Other attacks killed about 20 landlords and pro-Japanese officials. The U.S. administration responded by declaring martial law, firing into crowds of demonstrators and killing a publicly unknown number of people.

Education.

Among the earliest edicts promulgated by USAMGIK was one reopening all schools, issued in November 1945. No immediate changes were made in the educational system, which was simply carried over from the Japanese colonial period. In this area, as in others, the military government sought to maintain the forms of the Japanese occupation system.  Although it did not implement sweeping educational reforms, the military government did lay the foundations for reforms which were implemented early in the First Republic. In 1946, a council of about 100 Korean educators was convened to map out the future path of Korean education.

Politics.

Although the military government was hostile to leftism from the beginning, it did initially tolerate the activities of left-wing political groups, including the Korean Communist Party. They had attempted to strike a balance between hard-left and hard-right groups, encouraging moderation. However, these overtures frequently had the adverse effect of angering powerful leaders such as Syngman Rhee.  This period of reconciliation did not last long. Within a short time, the military government actively disempowered and eventually banned popular organizations that were gaining support within the general public, including the People's Republic of Korea. The justification given by the USAMGIK was its suspicion that they were aligned with the communist bloc, despite professing a relatively moderate stance compared to the actual Korean Communist Party, which had also been banned at this time.

Inter-Korean relations.

At the time of division, the overwhelming majority of Korean industry was concentrated in the North, while most of the agricultural land was in the South. Power lines and shipping connections were maintained during this period, but were frequently and unpredictably cut off. The North, controlled during this period by the Soviet Union, had the ability to wreak havoc in the South by cutting off the supply of electricity or fertilizer, and frequently did so.

Economy.

The economy of South Korea did not fare well during this period, although the foundations of recovery were laid. Counterfeiting was reportedly a serious problem during this period.

Dissolution.

Following the constitutional assembly and presidential elections held in May and July 1948 respectively, the Republic of Korea was officially proclaimed on August 15, 1948. American troops finally withdrew in 1949.

The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from September 8, 1945 to August 15, 1948.


Gameplay.

In "X-Men: Destiny", players are put in the roles of new mutants who choose to join either the X-Men or the Brotherhood of Mutants; from there, they make decisions for the ultimate destiny of their character. "X-Men: Destiny" places an emphasis on the players' freedom of choice, as opposed to a more traditional linear type of gameplay. This was supported by quotes in the official press release: "the all-new original video game casts players as new mutant recruits in a rich, branching storyline that features a deep element of choice and gives players ultimate control of their destiny."  Throughout the game, players collect power enhancements called X-Genes. Every X-Gene can unlock three types of abilities: offensive, defensive and utility. X-Genes can be mixed and matched as the player sees fit for a unique experience.  Some retailers packaged the game with exclusive pre-order bonuses. Those who pre-ordered on Amazon.com received an early unlock code for Emma Frost's outfit and X-Genes; Best Buy offered an early unlock code of Juggernaut's costume and X-Genes; and GameStop's pre-ordering customers received Havok's suit and X-Genes.

Plot.

In "X-Men Destiny" San Francisco has been divided into human and mutant areas due to conflict. The player chooses from one of three mutant characters who have been created for the game. Player choices affect which mutants become their allies and enemies through decisions made in the course of the story.  The game begins at a peace rally in memory of the deceased Professor X, seen through the Mutant Response Division's Chief Luis Reyes. Things quickly turn when the rally is attacked by an anti-mutant extremist group called the Purifiers, who are kidnapping mutants, not killing them as they usually do. The latent mutant powers of the player character are awakened, and they are forced to defend civilians from the Purifiers. The player character then meets with mutants from both the X-Men and Brotherhood of Mutants and chooses to join a group as they go after Cameron Hodge, leader of the Purifiers. Hodge is wearing a suit of power armor and personally joins the hunt for mutants. The player eventually corners Hodge on top of a building but is interrupted by Magneto, accused by Reyes of attacking the rally, who drops the Golden Gate Bridge on top of the combat zone.  The player character is saved by Nightcrawler at the last second and is teleported to Chinatown, where they are tasked with finding Gambit, who is currently operating a nightclub nearby. After meeting Gambit, he asks the player to help him raid a Purifier warehouse which contains technology used against mutants. After the raid, Gambit gives the player character the location of the secret underground lab where Purifiers hold captured mutants. At the lab, the player character meets several captured mutants such as Quicksilver, Surge and Colossus. With their help John Sublime and the U-Men are defeated, and the captured mutants are rescued. Acting on information gained by the X-Men, the player character goes to a secret underground base used by Hodge and the Purifiers. They find Hodge, who is now wearing a more powerful power armor containing drained mutant powers. Hodge boasts that the powers drained from Pixie and Caliban will allow him to find any mutant, and that he is being helped by some other group or person. After the fight, Hodge falls from a generator tower to his apparent death.  Depending on the player's choice between the X-Men or the Brotherhood of Mutants, they goes to either Cyclops or Mystique with the new-found information and are tasked with finding Pixie and Caliban. With the aid of Forge, the player character finds Caliban and realizes that Hodge's ally is Bastion, the robot who killed Professor X before being destroyed by Magneto. Bastion somehow survived and uploaded himself to the MRD satellite, and even Reyes is working for him. With Caliban's help, the player character finds Pixie. Still, the helicopter carrying her is shot down by a laser beam and crashes, killing her. Immediately after, regardless of the player's choices so far, Magneto accuses Cyclops of shooting down the helicopter and, alongside Juggernaut, attacks both Cyclops and the player. After the fight, Magneto grudgingly gives the player character a chance to join the Brotherhood, and they are forced to make an important decision.  Regardless of which side the player chooses, they are tasked to take down Reyes, who seems to have mind control powers. Reyes plans to amplify his power with Bastion's satellite so he can control all humans and mutants on Earth. After fighting several allied mutants and saving them from Reyes' mind control, the player finds the broadcasting tower used by Reyes and shuts down the signal with the aid of Cyclops and Magneto. Bastion downloads himself into Reyes, now wearing an enormous version of Hodge's armor, and takes control of his mind. Bastion also sends several Sentinels to join the fight. After the player defeats Reyes and his Sentinels, Reyes surrenders himself to the authorities, to which the player character responds that they are the authorities now.  The ending depends on which side the player chose to join at the end of Chapter 7.

Development.

Silicon Knights developed the game in collaboration with Activision after being green-lighted in 2009. Anonymous sources claiming to be former employees have claimed that the development team was split between "'XMD" and "Eternal Darkness 2", with management indifferent toward "X-Men".  Denis Dyack, the founder of Silicon Knights, has responded, stating that the project budget was drastically reduced due to Marvel's acquisition by Disney. He has asserted that the perception of indifference had to do with resources at the developer being re-allocated in response to the shift in budget; the developers were not informed of the reduced budget so as to maintain morale. He also admitted in 2019 that he was not heavily involved with the game development as he was busy handling the lawsuit against Epic Games.

Reception.

"X-Men: Destiny" received generally negative reviews, with most pointing out the button mashing combat, lack of consequences to choices, and overall lack of polish. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 32.50% and 33 out of 100 for the DS version; 50.90% and 50 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version; 48.47% and 47 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version; and 40.44% and 36 out of 100 for the Wii version.  Joystiq (now a part of Engadget) criticized the sluggish gameplay and short story, stating the game feels unfinished and gave the Xbox 360 version 1.5 stars out of 5, ending the review with, "...at least you can quickly move onto something more pleasurable, like...burying a beloved family pet." GamesRadar, although praising the fan service of the game, echoed the sentiment of the game feeling unfinished, calling it mediocre and citing the graphics being similar to "an HD remake of a last-gen game" and although the boss battles received some praise, the majority of the fighting was considered dull and repetitive, awarding the game 2.5 stars out of 5. However, "Game Informer" gave the game a 7 out of 10. They praised the fulfillment of fantasy for mutant lovers that this game provides, as well as replay value, despite the questionable graphics.

X-Men: Destiny is an action role-playing video game based on the "X-Men" comic book series. It was developed by Silicon Knights. Written by Mike Carey, the writer of the "" comic book series, it was published and released by Activision for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360 consoles.


Pioneering experiments.

Although Ascott was the first person to name this phenomenon, the first use of telecommunications as an artistic medium has occurred in 1922 when the Hungarian constructivist artist László Moholy-Nagy made the work "Telephone Pictures". This work questioned the idea of the isolated individual artist and the unique art object. In 1932 Bertold Brecht emphasized the idea of telecommunications as an artistic medium in his essay 'The Radio as an Apparatus of Communication'. In this essay Brecht advocated the two-way communication for radio to give the public the power of representation and to pull it away from the control of corporate media. Art historian Edward A. Shanken has authored several historical accounts of telematic art, including "From Cybernetics to Telematics: The Art, Pedagogy, and Theory of Roy Ascott."  In 1977 'Satellite Arts Project' by Kit Galloway and Sherrie Rabinowitz used satellites to connect artists on the east and west coast of the United States. This was the first time that artists were connected in a telematic way. With the support of NASA the artists produced composite images of participants, enabling an interactive dance concert amongst geographically disparate performers. An estimated audience of 25,000 saw bi-coastal discussions on the impact of new technologies on art, and improvised, interactive dance and music performances that were mixed in real time and shown on a split screen. These first satellite works emphasized the primacy of process that remained central to the theory and practice of telematic art.  Ascott used telematics for the first time in 1978 when he organized a computer-conferencing project between the United States and the United Kingdom called "Terminal Art". For this project he used Jacques Vallée's Infomedia Notepad System, which made it possible for the users to retrieve and add information stored in the computer’s memory. This made it possible to interact with a group of people to make "aesthetic encounters more participatory, culturally diverse, and richly layered with meaning". Ascott did more similar projects like "Ten Wings" which was part of Robert Adrian’s "The World in 24 Hours" in 1982. The most important telematic artwork of Ascott is "La Plissure du Texte" from 1983. This project allowed Ascott and other artists to participate in collectively creating texts to an emerging story by using computer networking. This participation has been termed as ‘distributed authorship’. But the most significant matter of this project is the interactivity of the artwork and the way it breaks the barriers of time and space. In the late 1980s the interest in this kind of project using computer networking expanded, especially with the release of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.

French side story.

Thanks to the Minitel, France had a public telematic infrastructure more than a decade before the emergence of the World Wide Web in 1994. This enabled a different style of telematic art than the point-to-point technologies to which other locations were limited in the 1970s and 1980s. As reported by Don Foresta, Karen O'Rourke, and Gilbertto Prado, several French artists made some collective art experiments using the Minitel, among them Jean-Claude Anglade, Jacques-Elie Chabert, Frédéric Develay, Jean-Marc Philippe, Fred Forest, Marc Denjean and Olivier Auber. These mostly-forgotten experiments (with notable exceptions like the still-active Poietic Generator) foreshadowed later web applications, especially the social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, even as they offered theoretical critiques of them.

Pop culture and mass media.

Telematic art is now being used more frequently by televised performers. Shows such as "American Idol" that are based highly form viewer polls incorporate telematic art. This type of consumer applications is now grouped under the term "transmedia".

Telematic art is a descriptive of art projects using computer-mediated telecommunications networks as their medium. Telematic art challenges the traditional relationship between active viewing subjects and passive art objects by creating interactive, behavioural contexts for remote aesthetic encounters. "Telematics" was first coined by Simon Nora and Alain Minc in "The Computerization of Society". Roy Ascott sees the telematic art form as the transformation of the viewer into an active participator of creating the artwork which remains in process throughout its duration. Ascott has been at the forefront of the theory and practice of telematic art since 1978 when he went online for the first time, organizing different collaborative online projects.


Life.

Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, David Lykken was the youngest of seven children born to Henry G. Lykken and his wife Frances. He joined the United States Navy at 17 and then attended University of Minnesota on the G.I. Bill, earning his bachelor of arts (psychology, philosophy and mathematics) 1949, his master's degree in psychology and statistics in 1952, and his doctorate in clinical psychology and neuropsychiatry in 1955. He remained on Minnesota’s permanent faculty for his entire career and taught as a visiting professor at Deep Springs College. He was an emeritus professor from 1998 until his death. Lykken's wife, wildlife advocate Harriet (Betts) Lykken, died in 2005. Lykken was survived by three sons: attorney Matthew Lykken, physicist Joseph Lykken, and criminologist Jesse Lykken, as well as ten grandchildren.

Work.

Lykken was also known for his work on twins, which he began in 1970. He was a principal investigator on the Minnesota Twin Family Study, which examines heritability of certain psychological traits based on evidence found in identical and fraternal twins. He was a signatory of a collective statement in response to "The Bell Curve" titled "Mainstream Science on Intelligence", written by "Intelligence" editor Linda Gottfredson and published in the "Wall Street Journal" in 1994 and in "Intelligence" in 1997.  Lykken was the proponent of a set-point theory of happiness, which argues that variation in sense of well-being is half determined by genetics and half determined by circumstances, and has been the subject of international media attention. His research findings suggest that variation in baseline levels of cheerfulness, contentment, and psychological satisfaction is largely a matter of heredity.  He was also a proponent of introducing a scheme whereby every parent or prospective parent would have to obtain a license in order to have a legal baby, which would depend on the parents being married, financially independent, having no criminal record or debilitating illness, and not being assessed as high in psychopathy or sociopathy.  He was elected a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (Division 1), a Charter Fellow of the American Psychological Society and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also a member of the Behavior Genetics Association and the International Society for Twin Research. Throughout his career, he consulted with government and industry. He frequently testified as an expert witness on polygraph testing and personality assessment in the wake of Daubert standard requirements.

Funding.

Some of Lykken's work was funded by the Pioneer fund, an organization often criticized as promoting scientific racism. Lykken defended his acceptance of money from the fund, writing "If you can find me some rich villains that want to contribute to my research—Qaddafi, the Mafia, whoever—the worse they are, the better I'll like it. I'm doing a social good by taking their money... Any money of theirs that I spend in a legitimate and honorable way, they can't spend in a dishonorable way". Nevertheless, he has praised the theories of eugenic academics associated with or on the board of the pioneer fund, such as Richard Lynn.

David Thoreson Lykken (June 18, 1928 – September 15, 2006) was a behavioral geneticist and Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota. He is best known for his work on twin studies and lie detection.


History.

Ediciones B was established in 1986, when Grupo Zeta purchased Editorial Bruguera, and renamed it "Ediciones B".  From its inception, Ediciones B's focus has published magazines such as TBO. It included stories from fictional characters such as Mortadelo & Filemon, SuperLopez, the naughty twins Zipi and Zape, and Capitán Trueno. Later, Ediciones B published comics and other stories that originated in foreign countries.  In the late 1990s, Ediciones B launched magazines geared toward children and teen audiences. As time passed, Ediciones B's publishing focus grew to include books from other genres. Some of these included adult content.  In April, 2017, Grupo Zeta sold Ediciones B to Penguin Random House for €40 million ($46,658,000). The transaction was completed in July 2017.

Genres.

Ediciones B publishes multiple literary genres, including:

Imprints.

After merging with Penguin Random House's web, the publisher changed its distribution. Significant sections include:

Literary events.

Ediciones B takes part in literary events.  Historical Novel award "Ciudad de Úbeda": After organizing this contest together with other entities, Ediciones B published the winning historical novel. The contest is called once a year.  "La Trama" award: Beginning in the year 2014, this Ediciones B's annual contest looks for new writing talent in the categories of thrillers and whodunits. The first winner was Laura Balagué with her "Las Pequeñas Mentiras" (lit. "The Little Lies").  Boolino awards: These annual awards began in 2015 and award accolades to the best illustrated youth and children's books. Ediciones B awards the winner with publication under "B de Blok". The first winning book was "Entre Todas las Estrellas" (Lit. "Among All the Stars"), by Cristina Alfonso Ibáñez.  Ediciones B can be found in some book fairs, such as those of the World Book Day/International Day of the Book. Others are held in cities such as Madrid or Barcelona.

Internet.

Ediciones B offers two weekly contests so their readers can interact and try to complete their own books. They are "Los Martes nos vemos en B" ("We see at B on Tuesdays") and "Viernes con B" ("On Fridays with B"). The contests are not held in August due to the holiday period.  Los martes nos vemos en B: It consists of uploading a picture of a book cover together with a question. Answering it allows readers to participate in a drawing for the book.  Viernes con B: To become a participant, readers must retweet a message B has published. After the weekend, the person having retweeted the already mentioned message can win the book that has been tweeted that Friday.

Ediciones B is a Spanish publisher, which currently operates as a division of Penguin Random House. Ediciones B is headquartered in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain; with branches throughout Latin America.


Early life.

Graynor was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Joani Geltman, a parenting expert, and Greg Graynor, a contractor.  Her mother is from a Jewish family; her father is from a Polish and Roman Catholic background, and converted to Judaism. Graynor was raised Jewish. Her paternal grandfather's surname was changed from "Gryzna".  She attended Buckingham Browne & Nichols, a private school in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut.

Career.

Graynor first came to prominence as Caitlin Rucker on HBO's "The Sopranos". Her film credits include "An American Crime" (2007), which premiered in January 2007 at the Sundance Film Festival. She also appeared early in the second season of UPN's "Veronica Mars" as the daughter of a bus driver. She made her Broadway debut as 'Alison' in 2005's "Brooklyn Boy" after appearing in the world premiere at South Coast Repertory. She also appeared in "The Little Dog Laughed". Graynor played Elvina, a pop star, in "", and was a recurring guest star on the Fox series "Fringe", playing Agent Olivia Dunham's younger sister, Rachel. In 2008, Graynor appeared in the film "Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist", and in October 2009, she also was in "Whip It", a comedy film directed by Drew Barrymore and written by Shauna Cross, based on Cross' young adult novel "Derby Girl".  In 2010, she appeared in the play "Trust" at the off-Broadway Second Stage theatre company with Sutton Foster, Zach Braff, and Bobby Cannavale. In the fall of 2011, she appeared on Broadway in the Woody Allen-written segment of three one-act comedies collectively called "Relatively Speaking". She played Nina Roth in Allen’s “Honeymoon Motel” segment. In 2012, Graynor starred in the comedy "For a Good Time, Call...", and is also credited as the film's executive producer. Graynor starred on Broadway opposite Cheyenne Jackson, Henry Winkler, and Alicia Silverstone in David West Read's play "The Performers", which opened November 2012 at the Longacre Theatre.  She appears in "Yen", a play by Anna Jordan. "Yen" opened off-Broadway at the Lucille Lortel Theatre on January 31, 2017, directed by Trip Cullman.  During a June 29, 2017, CBS late-night interview with Stephen Colbert, promoting "I'm Dying Up Here", she mentioned she went to a prom with future congressman Joseph Kennedy III.

Ariel Geltman "Ari" Graynor (born April 27, 1983) is an American actress, known for her roles in TV series such as "The Sopranos" and "Fringe", in stage productions such as "Brooklyn Boy" and "The Little Dog Laughed", and in films such as "Whip It" and "For a Good Time, Call...". She also starred as Meredith Davis on the short-lived CBS television sitcom "Bad Teacher", which was cancelled on May 10, 2014.


Early life in al-Andalus.

According to different sources, al-Mandri comes from a noble family. Historian Gozalbes Busto believes that his family comes from Bedmar y Garcíez in the region of Jaen.  During the Spanish Reconquista, al-Mandri belonged to the side of Boabdil, the last king of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. When the Granada War started in 1482, he was holding the mayoralty of the fortress of Piñar, north east of Granada. According to 16th century Spanish chronicler Luis del Mármol Carvajal, al-Mandri was a captain of the troops loyal to Boabdil, a firm defender of the castle of Piñar until 1485 when it succumbed, either abandoned or surrendered, after the siege and conquest of the fortresses of Cambil and Alhabar. Portuguese historian says of him that in Spain, "...it seems, [he] had played an important role in the struggles with the Christians of the Iberian Peninsula." Portuguese chronicles, those of Bernardo Rodriguez, Damião de Góis and Rui de Pina, situate him as a historical figure although the name of "Almendarim" refers both to him and to his grandson (or nephew), Sidi al-Mandri II.  Al-Mandri was married to Fatima, a noblewoman, niece of Aben Comixa and a relative of King Boabdil. When she was sent to celebrate her wedding with him in Tetouan, she was captured by Alonso de Cárdenas while trying to cross the river Genil. Conducted to Pinos Puente, where the Count of Tendilla awaited her arrest. She was kept in captivity in Alcalá la Real until she got released by mediation.  After the fall of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, he took refuge in the North of Morocco with an objective of avenging the loss of his native city Granada in al-Andalus and waiting for a quick return to the lost kingdom; something that would never happen.

As re-founder of Tetouan.

The city of Tetouan had just suffered major destructions in separate occasions during the 15th century. In 1399, Castilians burned down the city and enslaved its population in retaliation for piracy activities. An attack by the Portuguese, who had already captured Ceuta to the north, followed in 1436.  He is considered as the refounder of the city of Tetouan, a city already in ruins after its destruction. It is there where he took refuge with his troops and 400 members of the 32 noble Granadine families in the 1491 fleeing the Christian advance in the south of the Iberian Peninsula.  He later wrote to the founder and governor of the neighboring newly founded city of Chefchaouen, Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami asking him to send competent people to build a wall of protection for Tetouan. In exchange he put himself at the service of Ali Ibn Rashid, then lord of northern Morocco, who was in constant struggle with the Portuguese garrisons based in Ceuta. He later found himself facing the tribe of Beni Hozmar who wanted to impede the continuation of the works.  To further strengthen and foment unity against the Iberians, al-Mandri married Ali Ibn Rashid's daughter, known as Sayyida al-Hurra. She soon became a de facto vice-governor with her husband entrusting her the reins of power each trip he made outside the city. When the latter died in 1515, the population, who had become accustomed to seeing her exercise power, accepted her as a governor of Tétouan, giving her the title of "al-Hurra".

Abu al-Hassan Ali al-Mandari al-Garnati (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي المنظري, Portuguese: Alí Almenderim, Almendarim), also known as Almandari, Almandali, Al-Mandri I and Sidi al-Mandri, was the re-founder of the city of Tetouan in Morocco. He was born in Granada, Spain in the 15th century A.D. and died in Tétouan on an unknown date between 1515 and 1541.


Ancient practice.

Station days grew out of the early Christian practice of visiting the tombs of the martyrs and celebrating the Eucharist at those sites. By the fourth century, the practice of carrying out an itinerary to various churches of the city began to develop during the days of Lent. In those days it became a tradition for the pope to visit a church in each part of the city and celebrate Mass with the congregation.  In the early centuries, the Lenten fast lasted all day, and so towards the evening the Christians of Rome would begin to gather at a church known as the "collecta" ("gathering place"), where they would be joined by the assembled clergy of the city and the pope. The procession would then move through the streets to the station church, not far away. Having gathered at the daily "statio" ("standing place"), the pope would then celebrate a solemn Mass, and fragments of the Host were sent to the other "stationes" of the city in order to symbolize the unity of the city around its bishop. After the conclusion of Vespers, the day's fast was broken with a communal meal.  In the earliest form of the Lenten itinerary, only about twenty-five churches were assigned as "stationes". More precisely, the "statio" was defined not as the church building, but the relics of the martyr whose relics were housed within. (For example, rather than "Station at the Basilica of St. Anastasia", the station was considered to be "at St. Anastasia" herself.)  In the sixth century, Pope Gregory the Great fixed the classic order of these stations, and confirmed the tradition that the more solemn festivals of the liturgical year should be marked with the standard practices: assembling at Sext, continuing in procession to the "statio", celebrating the Eucharistic liturgy, and finishing with Vespers.  The practice of keeping stations continued beyond Lent into Eastertide. The stations for the Easter season proceeded in order of sanctity: from St. John Lateran, which is dedicated to Christ, the Savior, for the Easter Vigil, to St. Mary Major on Easter day, to the shrines of principal patrons of the city over the next three days: St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Lawrence.

Liturgical influence.

The stational liturgy of the early Roman Church had an important part in determining the various readings for strong liturgical seasons, such as Lent. For example, in the pre-1970 Missal, the Gospel for the Thursday after Ash Wednesday was always Matthew 8:5–13, the healing of the centurion's servant. This reading was almost certainly chosen because the station of that day was San Giorgio in Velabro, where the relics of the soldier-saint George are kept. Likewise, the station at Sant'Eusebio on Friday of the Fourth Week of Lent recalls the Gospel of that day, the raising of Lazarus, given the proximity of that church to the cemetery on the Esquiline.  In addition to their influence on the lectionary, the station churches also left traces in the other texts of the Mass. A prominent example is the petition for "the protection of the Doctor of the Gentiles" (i.e. Saint Paul) in the collect of Sexagesima. This petition reflects the gathering of the Roman faithful at the Basilica of Saint Paul outside the Walls on Sexagesima Sunday.  It should also be noted that for the early centuries of the Roman Church, Mass was never celebrated on Thursdays. Therefore, when the liturgy began to be celebrated on that day in the eighth century, new stations were added to the list which are later than the original stations as defined by Gregory the Great.

Modern revival.

The practice of keeping stations gradually waned in Rome, starting after the Gregorian reforms of the eleventh century began to place more emphasis on the pope as administrator, and papal liturgies began to be celebrated in private, rather than among the people of the city. The keeping of stations ceased entirely during the Avignon papacy, and left their trace only as notations in the Roman Missal.  After the Lateran Treaty of 1929 solved the Roman Question, Pope Pius XI and Pius XII encouraged a return to the ancient tradition by attaching indulgences for visiting the station churches of Lent and Easter. Concrete gestures on the part of Pope John XXIII and Paul VI also began a revival, as John XXIII was the first pope in modern times to celebrate Ash Wednesday at Santa Sabina, and Paul VI visited Sant'Eusebio on its station day in 1967.  The greatest impetus towards the recovery of the ancient tradition, however, has been the student-organized station church program put on by the Pontifical North American College. The North American College has coordinated a public station Mass in English at all the station churches of Lent, from Monday to Saturday, every year since 1975. In recent years, the Diocese of Rome too hosts Italian-language Lenten station Masses at the traditional evening hour.

Seven Church Walk.

In addition to the station churches, a long-standing Roman custom is to visit the four major basilicas and the three of the more important minor basilicas, in what is commonly called the Seven Church Walk. This is traditionally done on Wednesday of Holy Week. Outside of that day, the Church allows for the following indulgence:  A "plenary indulgence" is granted the Christian faithful who devoutly visit one of the four patriarchal basilicas in Rome and there recite the Our Father and the Creed: 1) on the basilica's titular feast; 2) on Sundays and the other 10 holy days of obligation 3) once a year or on any other day chosen by the individual Christian faithful.

Indulgences.

The fourth edition of the "Enchiridion Indulgentiarum" (1999) lists the following as an opportunity for the faithful to obtain a plenary indulgence:

Station churches of Lent and the Easter Octave.

On some days, the list of stations has more than one church. The original reason was simply that the crowds would be too large to handle if only one church was used, so an alternate was also designated. In such cases, the most important (i.e., the original traditional station) is listed first, but indulgences can still be gained by attending the alternate. In a few cases the original station has been destroyed (for example, when the station at San Trifone was transferred to Sant'Agostino). Also in the 1930s two churches were raised to stational status by the Pope, as "alternates", by reason of their importance.  The following list of collect and station churches for Lent is taken from Mabillon's "Ordo Romanus XVI", which for the most part, is still current. If changes have occurred, such as in cases when the original church is destroyed, the current station is provided. The stations for the Easter Octave are taken from what is provided in the Roman Missal.  Table notes

Stations of other liturgical seasons.

The station churches outside of Lent did not have collect churches.

Station days were days of fasting in the early Christian Church, associated with a procession to certain prescribed churches in Rome, where the Mass and Vespers would be celebrated to mark important days of the liturgical year. Although other cities also had similar practices, and the fasting is no longer prescribed, the Roman churches associated with the various station days are still the object of pilgrimage and ritual, especially in the season of Lent.


Final Stages.

The first semi-final was held on 23 May. Viadana came out on top, beating Rovigo 15-11. The next day Benetton Treviso beat Overmach Parma 15-6. The final of the Super 10 was contested on 30 May between Benetton Treviso and Arix Viadana at the Stadio Flaminio. Treviso started excellently scoring three tries in the first half. Treviso's first try was scored by Andy Vilk, a terrific run from the 10 metre line. Argentine Pedro Di Santo was the next to be driven over the line from a few metres out, and the third by the fly-half Marius Goosen who caught the ball from a 22 dropout and ran straight through Viadana to score a try that should never have been one. Viadana responded with a try by Sam Cox. Viadana's full-back Garry Law missed three penalties leaving the score at 19-10 to Treviso at the halfway point. In the second half Law went from villain to hero. He scored a try and a second penalty to take Viadana into the lead by one point. However Law's opposite kicker Marius Goosen was one of the heroes for Treviso. He goaled a penalty to snatch back the lead and then converted replacement Robert Barbieri's try to take Treviso to their 14th title. The final score was Treviso 29-20 Viadana.  Scorers:  For Benetton Treviso: Tries: Vilk, Di Santo, Goosen, Barbieri Cons: Goosen 3 Pen: Goosen  Arix Viadana: Tries: Cox, Law Cons: Law 2 Pens: Law 2

The 2008-09 Super 10 was the top level Italian domestic rugby union club competition. It ran from September through to May, operated by the Federazione Italiana Rugby. The Super 10 is now called Top12.