Plot.

Bodhidharma (Suriya), a master of martial arts and medical remedies, is the son of a great Tamil king of the Pallava dynasty. He is sent to China by his guru, who requests him to stop the spread of a pandemic disease existing there from spreading to India. Initially, the people in China treat him as an inferior, but later, when he cures a little girl from the deadly disease and fights against some people who ill-treated villagers there, the people of China began to respect and worship him. He begins to teach them how to cure many diseases, the skills of hypnotism, and the physical training of the Shaolin monks that led to the creation of Shaolinquan. However, after several years, when he expresses his desire to return to India, the villagers plot to poison him and bury him near the temple, believing that their place would be disease free if he is buried there. Bodhidharma agrees to die and subsequently becomes a fundamental figure in Chinese history, affectionately being dubbed as "Damo".  In modern-day China, Dong Lee (Johnny Tri Nguyen) is given the task of starting a government-planned biological war against India, known as "Operation Red". He arrives in Chennai and starts this operation by injecting a virus into a street dog. This disease was the one which occurred during the time of Bodhidharma in China. Meanwhile, Subha Srinivasan (Shruti Haasan), a genetics student, researches that Bodhidharma can be brought back to life if his sample of DNA is matched with another sample of DNA which she finds in Aravind (Suriya), a descendant of Bodhidharma who is working as a circus artist nearby. Lee finds out Subha's mission to revive Bodhidharma and plans to kill her first so that the disease cannot be stopped.  Subha approaches Aravind but begins to love and spend time with him, thereby forgetting about her mission. One day, Aravind's family sees Subha and clearly remembers that she visited them a year before to find Aravind and know all about him for the Bodhidharma research. Saving herself, she lies by saying that she does not know them. Later that night, Aravind's uncle (Ilavarasu) explains all what happened one year before when they met Subha. Aravind goes and meets Subha and is enraged upon realising the truth. However the next day, he reconciles with Subha in a love failure mood and agrees to contribute to the research and hence save the country. The research begins of giving life to Bodhidharma and to end Operation Red. Lee, who is capable of doing anything, does all impossibly bad things, mastered in "Nokku Varmam" (hypnotism), a martial art which was actually taught to the Chinese by Bodhidharma.  Subha goes to her genetics department and announces that Operation Red can be stopped if they read and make use of the cures in a book written by Bodhidharma. However, the department laughs and refuses to believe her, claiming that an ancient book is of no use in modern times, much to her dismay. After some time, Subha and Aravind learn that Subha's professor from the genetics department is assisting Lee in Operation Red. They sneak into the professor's apartment and learn about the operation. The next day, the professor is caught red-handed by Aravind, Subha, and her friends but surrenders and explains that he received a huge sum of money from the China government if he carried out Operation Red. After the professor gives the gang more details about Operation Red and how to stop it, they leave. However, after a while, Lee arrives, and the professor once again teams up with him to save his own life.  Lee causes numerous havoc in the city, which Subha, Aravind, and their gang barely escape. They finally locate a research centre where they can activate Bodhidharma's DNA in Aravind and decide to hide there for a few days. They all deactivate their phones so that nobody can trace them. However, Lee somehow traces Subha and the gang with the help of two of Subha's outside friends. However, he kills both of them afterwards. Lee then locates the place of the research centre. Subha and her friends in the research centre escape in a van, but Lee chases them, and the van collapses. An unconscious Aravind gets beaten badly by Lee at first, but then gains Bodhidharma's skills and kills Lee. Aravind uses an ancient medicine to cure the disease. Subha and Aravind then get married and finally tell the press about the importance of our history.

Production.

Casting.

Initial reports suggested that Suriya would play three characters; a circus artist, a scientist and a Buddhist monk, for a portion set in China in the 5–6th century. However, it was clarified that the scientist's role would be performed by the female lead, Shruti Haasan, while Suriya would play a modern-day circus artist as well as Bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th century. Vietnamese actor and martial artist Johnny Tri Nguyen was signed to play the antagonist, while Kannada actor Avinash and Abhinaya of "Naadodigal" fame were selected to play minor supporting roles in the film.

Influences.

Sources claimed that the film drew inspirations from Christopher Nolan's "Inception". However, the director dismissed the news, reasoning that he had begun shooting much before the release of "Inception". Murugadoss further denied reports that the film was a remake of the Bollywood flick "Chandni Chowk to China", as both were supposed to be set in China, and that the film's concept was similar to that of the Hollywood film "Perfume", confirming the script as original. After completing the film, he emphasised that he had not been inspired or remade any film, stating that Hollywood filmmakers can "feel free to remake "7aum Arivu"".

Filming.

The first schedule of the film was completed in China and those fifteen minutes of the edited film reportedly cost 150 million. Later, some shots were canned in Trichy and later at Ampa Skywalk, followed by the song "Oh Ringa Ringa" in Besant Nagar, for which 1000 junior artists were allotted, and a stunt sequence in Perambur. In the process, Suriya had an ankle injury due to which the shot was postponed for a period of 3 days. Suriya trained to get a Six pack abs for a Kung Fu sequence within 16 days, following cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran's request. Shabina Khan designed the costumes for Suriya and Shruti, staying with the team throughout the filming process in Bangkok and Hong Kong. The song "Mun Andhi" was shot in Thailand. Though initial reports stated that the film would feature a time machine, they were later dismissed.  The visual effects of the film were done by Legacy Effects at an approximate cost of 100 million, who had made an impact in Hollywood for their work in the "Terminator" series, the "Jurassic Park" series, "Aliens", the "Predator" series, "Iron Man", "Edward Scissorhands", and "Avatar".

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack, composed by Harris Jayaraj, consists of six songs including a Chinese track, sung by Chinese singer Wang Hao. It marks the second collaboration of Jayaraj and Murugadoss after the success of "Ghajini". Lyrics were penned by Madhan Karky. The audio rights of the album were secured by Sony Music reportedly for a whopping amount. The composition of the soundtrack took place in Singapore. The audio was released on 22 September 2011 in Chennai Trade Centre in a grand manner. The event was hosted by Jai and Anjali, lead pair of Murugadoss' production "Engeyum Eppodhum", while Bollywood actress Isha Sharvani, Lakshmi Rai and several international artists performed on stage, which were choreographed by Shobi. Actors Dhanush, Karthi, Jiiva, Jayam Ravi, Vishal Krishna and Ram Charan Teja attended the function, with Dhanush releasing the trailer. Though initial reports said that Shahrukh Khan would appear in the launch, it was later dismissed.

Critical response.

P. G. Devi from "Behindwoods" gave 3.5/5 and commented: "The album promises a couple of big chart-busting hits like the peppy 'Ringa Ringa', the melodious 'Mun Andhi' and the pathos-ridden 'Yamma Yamma'. Though there is a déjà vu feel all around the album, its a sure shot commercial success". "Indiaglitz" stated that "the unique stamp of Harris can be felt throughout the disc, and that makes songs [...] a treat to senses", recommending it for "those who love and appreciate good music". Pavithra Srinivasan from "Rediff" provided 2.5/5, mentioning that "it looks like Harris Jeyaraj has run out of steam. While Yemma Yemma and The Rise of Damo are appealing, the rest sound like he remixed some of his own older numbers, or chose to be inspired by other classics [...] 7aum Arivu's music does have its moments, but these are few and far between." Prakash Upadhyaya from "Oneindia.in" said that the album had "variety of songs. The soundtracks will have larger appeal when it is watched".

Release.

Bharath Creations bought the rights for the film in US and Canada. The film's theatrical rights in Tamil Nadu were sold for 600 million. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. The film was given a "U" certificate by the Indian Censor Board, but did not get the 30 percent entertainment tax waiver. The film was scheduled for a Diwali release on 26 October 2011; with producer Udhayanidhi Stalin's intervention, it was brought forward by one day, opening ahead of the other films. The distribution rights in Kerala were acquired for 24 million, releasing in more than 100 screens. In Chennai, the film released in 51 screens. The film was the largest release in Suriya's career, opening with 1000 prints worldwide, with 400 prints in Tamil Nadu alone. The Telugu dubbed version, "7th Sense" had the second largest release in Andhra Pradesh for a dubbed film by opening up in 400 screens across the state. A special screening was shown to actor Kamal Haasan. In Malaysia, the film was released in record 53 screens. In the US, the film was released in both Tamil and Telugu in 50 screens.

Critical reception.

"Indiaglitz" claimed that Murugadoss had made a "bold attempt" and "succeeded in it with the help of Suriya and Udhayanidhi Stalin", lauding him for "conveying a bitter truth [...] in a sugar coating", and going on to claim it to be a "winner in all his invasions". "Behindwoods" described it as "technical finesse catering to commercial compulsions", giving the film 3 out of 5. "Rediff" gave it 3 out of 5, noting that it was "worth a watch" and had "several things working for it". "Sify" called the film "average", writing that "the effort of Murugadoss to make a special kind of film is laudable but seems to lack the imagination required to pull off what he set out to achieve". "Nowrunning.com" rated it 3/5 stating that "a hopeful beginning makes this routine fare an absolute disappointment. This is not a bad film. You just expect better from a director like Murugadoss".

Box office.

"7aum Arivu" had a strong opening on 25 October, a day prior to Diwali. The film earned 402.5 million in its six-day opening weekend from all over the world. In Chennai alone, the film grossed 90 million in its lifetime. Indian film trades considered the film a commercial success, despite a high budget and distribution price. "7aum Arivu" is thought to have grossed an estimated 900 million–1 billion worldwide in its lifetime.

Controversies.

Some criticism toward the film involved historical inaccuracies pertaining to the character Bodhidharma. According to experts, he had travelled from India to China with a main intention of propagating Buddhism and his portrayal as a man with "medicinal knowledge" and his expertise at "martial arts" were not well received by the viewers who claimed that the film gives too much emphasis on his identity as a Tamilian rather than highlighting the other facts. The film was compared by film historian S. Theodore Baskaran with other Tamil films about history and folklore which had been historically inaccurate like "Veerapandiya Kattabomman" and "Parthiban Kanavu". A man named Babu T. Raghu had pointed out in a press conference that the monk was 150 years old when he reached China, while in the film they had depicted him in his 20s. He expressed his desire to debate with the film-makers, and also said that he had material evidence to prove it, while sparking off a hunger strike across the country on Bodhidharma's followers. Other sources also reported a similar issue. Later reports claimed that the film was very similar to the game Assassin's Creed. Some were of the opinion that the film and the game were based on the same concept, despite being different in other aspects. The film "Velayudham", which had released alongside "7aum Arivu" was also compared with the game.  The film was sent for CBFC certification with dummy background score and the official re-recording happened thereafter triggering protests demanding re-certification.

7aum Arivu (; ) is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language science fiction martial arts film written and directed by AR Murugadoss, featuring Suriya and Shruti Haasan in the lead roles and Johnny Tri Nguyen as the main antagonist. The film, produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin began production in May 2010 and was released on 25 October 2011 in Chennai and a day later, on Diwali, worldwide. The visual effects for the film were done by US based Legacy Effects, making this their second Indian film after "Enthiran".


Family and early life.

Anthony Fainga'a was born in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, and started playing rugby league as a five-year-old with the Queanbeyan Kangaroos. He attended St. Edmund's College where he first represented the school's 1st XV aged 15. He was selected as vice-captain of the Australian Schools team in 2004.  Anthony's twin brother Saia, and younger brothers Vili and Colby are also professional rugby union players. The Fainga'a's are of Tongan and Aboriginal descent.

Rugby career.

Fainga'a was vice captain of the World Championship-winning Australian Under 19's in 2006. He sealed Australia's 17–13 Under 19 final win over New Zealand with a late drop goal and was later nominated for the International Rugby Board's Under 19 Player of the Year. He also represented the Australian Under 21s in 2006.  Fainga'a made his Super 14 debut for the Brumbies against the Bulls in 2007 after recovering from a Lisfranc fracture in his left foot and added a further two caps during the season, coming off the bench against the Stormers and Sharks.  A confident ball player and punishing defender, Fainga'a was called into the Australian Sevens side for the final two tournaments of the 2007 World Series in London and Edinburgh. He played in all eight matches for the Canberra Vikings in the Mazda Australian Rugby Championship, taking on the goal kicking duties at the back end of the season.  In 2008, Anthony and his twin brother Saia signed on with Queensland Reds for the 2009 season. He joined the Reds Development Tour to Ireland and France at the end of 2008 and made his full Reds debut in 2009. At the start of the 2010 season, he lined up as the Reds' starting No. 12.  Fainga'a made his test debut for Australia against the All Blacks in Melbourne in 2010. He played in 16 matches of the Reds 2011 Super Rugby title-winning season in including the semi-final win over the Blues and final victory over the Crusaders. He was selected alongside his brother Saia in the Wallabies squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, where Australia took third place.

Anthony Fainga'a (born 2 February 1987) is an Australian professional rugby union footballer. His usual position is centre. He currently plays Super Rugby for the Brumbies.


Tennis career.

Franjo Kukuljević first came to attention when he won the National Tennis Championships in 1929. This led to him receiving an invitation to join the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Davis Cup team the following year in Zagreb. He made his debut with doubles partner Ivan Radović, losing to the Spanish team. He was also defeated in his singles match by Enrique Maier due to his lack of match play. This was followed by appearances at international tournaments in places such as Kaposvár, Piešťany and Semmering. In 1930 he was selected to represent Yugoslavia in the inaugural Balkan Games in Athens, joined by Franjo Šefer and Vlasta Gostiša. Playing singles, doubles and mixed doubles matches, they earned a silver medal, the final scores of the top five teams being Romania with 25 points, Yugoslavia with 24, Greece with 18, Bulgaria with 4, and Turkey with 3.  In 1931 Zagreb welcomed the Japan Davis Cup team consisting of the Satoh brothers and Minoru Kawashima who were scheduled to face Yugoslavia in the first round of the Davis Cup in front of 1,500 spectators, which at the time was a record at the tennis courts in Yugoslavia. Kukuljević nearly defeated Hyotare Satoh whom he pushed to five sets. He competed again at the second Balkan Games.  In 1932 a rivalry arose between Kukuljević and the up-and-coming talent Franjo Punčec. They met in two notable finals, first in the Yugoslavian International Championships, and then in the national championships. In both meetings Kukuljević dominated the field and left victorious. Kukuljević then returned to Semmering where he booked his first world top ten trophy over a Wimbledon champion, the Australian Jack Crawford.  The 1933–1934 season saw Kukuljević's decline as Franjo Punčec stripped him of his national singles title. After travelling to Egypt he injured himself, which caused him to waste the rest of his season. In 1935 he won the All-India Lawn Tennis Doubles Championships with Franjo Šefer. He performed well in the mixed doubles as well and took the Netherlands Championships mixed trophy.  By chance, in 1937 at the Wimbledon Championships he met Madansinhji, the Maharaja of Kutch, with whom he played doubles. They became lifelong friends. Kukuljević went on to claim the singles title in the Dutch Championships after eliminating Giorgio de Stefani in the final. He then travelled to Düsseldorf, clinching the tournament there by beating Czechoslovakian Josef Siba for the title. He became the Danish champion as well in Copenhagen after facing his compatriot Josip Palada in the final match. In the doubles he won the South of Sweden Championships. He then toured India and Nepal again, then sailed to the Philippines and Japan to take part in exhibition matches.  In 1938 Kukuljević reached the Davis Cup Europe final with Punčec and Palada, and only lost to Germany in Berlin. In Belgrade he beat world number one Don Budge in two straight sets, which was a major upset.  In the 1939 Wimbledon Championships he beat reigning French champion Don McNeill in the second round, a huge feat that received a massive media coverage in England. He marched into the quarterfinals where only Henner Henkel of Germany was able to stop him. Together with Simonne Mathieu of France, he was runner-up at the French Open mixed doubles event in 1939.  In 1943 he was still active within the seceded Independent State of Croatia. He played in Gödöllő where he lost in the doubles, partnering Josip Sarić.  In 1948 he added the North of England Championships to his accolades, which he won in Scarborough from Gerald Oakley of Britain.

Later life.

Kukuljević had a brother named Tomislav. After World War II, they emigrated to South Africa, where Kukuljević worked as a merchant and married Ljuba Kukuljević. He died in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Franjo Kukuljević (; 7 October 1909 – 8 November 2002) was a Croatian tennis player. He played for the Yugoslavian team at the International Lawn Tennis Challenge from 1930 to 1939. He was a 13-time national champion – one in singles, six in doubles and six in the mixed doubles, usually with Vlasta Gostiša. He was a Dutch, Indian and Danish champion as well.


Early life.

Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1815, Catherine moved to England with her family in 1824. She was the eldest daughter of 10 children to George Hogarth. Her father was a journalist for the "Edinburgh Courant", and later became a writer and music critic for the "Morning Chronicle", where Dickens was a young journalist, and later the editor of the "Evening Chronicle". Dickens immediately took a liking to the intelligent and beautiful 19 year old Catherine and invited her to his 23rd birthday party. Catherine and Dickens later became engaged in 1835 and were married on 2 April 1836 in St Luke's Church, Chelsea, going on their honeymoon in Chalk, near Chatham in Kent. They set up a home in Bloomsbury, and went on to have ten children. During that period, Charles wrote that even if he were to become rich and famous, he would never be as happy as he was in that small flat with Catherine.  Catherine's sister, Mary Hogarth, entered Dickens's Doughty Street household to offer support to her newly married sister and brother-in-law. It was not unusual for the unwed sister of a new wife to live with and help a newly married couple. Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837. She became a character in many of his books, and her death is fictionalised as the death of Little Nell.  Catherine's younger sister, Georgina Hogarth, joined the Dickens family household in 1842 when Dickens and Catherine sailed to America, caring for the young family they had left behind. During their trip, Dickens wrote in a letter to a friend that Catherine never felt gloomy or lost courage throughout their long journey by ship, and "adapted to any circumstances without complaint". 1845, Charles Dickens produced the amateur theatrical "Every Man in his Humour" for the benefit of Leigh Hunt. In a subsequent performance, Catherine Dickens, who had a minor role, fell through a trap door injuring her left ankle. In 1851, as 'Lady Maria Clutterbuck', Catherine Dickens published a cookery book, "What Shall we Have for Dinner? Satisfactorily Answered by Numerous Bills of Fare for from Two to Eighteen Persons". It contained many suggested menus for meals of varying complexity together with a few recipes. It went through several editions until 1860. Also in 1851, she suffered a nervous collapse after the death of her daughter Dora Dickens, aged nearly 8 months.  Over the subsequent years, Dickens found Catherine an increasingly incompetent mother and housekeeper and blamed her for the birth of their 10 children, which caused him financial worries. He had hoped to have no more after the birth of their fourth son Walter, and he claimed that her coming from a large family had caused so many children to be born. He even tried to have her diagnosed as mentally ill in order to commit her in an insane asylum. As well as this, to ensure no more children could be born, he ordered their bed to be separated and put a bookshelf in between them. Their separation in May 1858, after Catherine accidentally received a bracelet meant for Ellen Ternan, was much publicised and rumours of Dickens' affairs were numerous—all of which he strenuously denied.

Separation.

In June 1858, Charles and Catherine Dickens separated, and she moved into a property on Gloucester Crescent in Camden Town. The exact cause of the separation is unknown, although attention at the time and since has focused on rumours of an affair between Dickens and Ellen Ternan and/or Catherine's sister, Georgina Hogarth.  A bracelet intended for Ellen Ternan had supposedly been delivered to the Dickens household some months previously, leading to accusation and denial. Dickens' friend, William Makepeace Thackeray, later asserted that Dickens's separation from Catherine was due to a liaison with Ternan, rather than with Georgina Hogarth as had been put to him. This remark coming to Dickens' attention, Dickens was so infuriated that it almost put an end to the Dickens–Thackeray friendship.  Georgina, Charles and all of the children except Charles Dickens, Jr., remained in their home at Tavistock House, while Catherine and Charles Jr. moved out. Georgina Hogarth ran Dickens' household. On 12 June 1858, he published an article in his journal, "Household Words", denying rumours about the separation while neither articulating them nor clarifying the situation.  He sent this statement to the newspapers, including "The Times", and many reprinted it. He fell out with Bradbury and Evans, his publishers, because they refused to publish his statement in "Punch" as they thought it unsuitable for a humorous periodical. Another public statement appeared in the "New York Tribune", which later found its way into several British newspapers. In this statement, Dickens declared that it had been only Georgina Hogarth who had held the family together for some time:

Later years.

Dickens and Catherine had little correspondence after their separation, but she remained attached and loyal to her husband and to his memory until her own death from cancer. On her deathbed in 1879, Catherine gave the collection of letters she had received from Dickens to her daughter Kate, telling her to "Give these to the British Museum – that the world may know [Charles] loved me once".  Catherine Dickens was buried in Highgate Cemetery in London with her infant daughter Dora, who had died in 1851 aged nearly 8 months.

In the media.

Catherine Dickens was the subject of the sixty-minute BBC Two documentary "Mrs Dickens' Family Christmas", broadcast on 30 December 2011 and performed and presented by Sue Perkins, and which looked at the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of Catherine.  In the 1976 series "Dickens of London", she was portrayed by Adrienne Burgess.  In the 2013 film "The Invisible Woman", she was portrayed by Joanna Scanlan.  In the 2017 film "The Man Who Invented Christmas", she was portrayed by Morfydd Clark.

Catherine Thomson "Kate" Dickens (née Hogarth; 19 May 1815 – 22 November 1879) was the wife of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the mother of his ten children.


Professional career.

Milošević started his pro career with Hercegovac during the 2003–04 season. In 2005, he moved to Sloboda Tuzla where he played for almost 3 years. In the 2008–09 season, he moved to Serbia and joined Crvena zvezda. He then returned to Bosnia and played for Bosna Sarajevo.  He then moved to Cyprus and played for Keravnos Strovolou in 2010, and later to Budućnost Podgorica in 2011. He joined Zlatorog Laško in 2013.  In 2014, he agreed to terms with Panionios, but he left the club before playing in a single game. Later that season, he signed a one-year contract with AEK. He sometimes came off the bench, while Dušan Šakota served as the team's starting power forward. He had a solid season with AEK, and in August 2015, the team re-signed him for the 2015–16 season. In June 2016, he re-signed with AEK for the 2016–17 season.  On September 22, 2017, after three years with AEK Athens, Milošević joined Promitheas Patras of the Greek Basket League. On July 19, 2018, he agreed to join Lavrio and stay in Greece for another season. On August 16, 2019, Milošević signed with Aris.

National team career.

Milošević has also been a member of the senior men's Bosnia and Herzegovina national basketball team. With Bosnia's senior national team, he played at the EuroBasket 2011. He was also called by Bosnian head coach, Duško Ivanović, to participate at the team's training camp for EuroBasket 2015, and he managed to make the team's final roster and play at the tournament.

Milan Milošević (born September 26, 1985) is a Bosnian professional basketball player for Aris of the Greek Basket League. He also represents the senior men's Bosnia and Herzegovina national basketball team. He is 2.05 m (6 ft. 8 in.) tall, and he can play at both the small forward and power forward positions.


First and second marriage.

Ovtchinnikova was born in Saint Petersburg. On 26 November 1919, she married Jehan, marquis de Monléon (uncle of Rose de Monléon, Princess Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł), in Nice, France. She was only 15-years-old. Their marriage ended in divorce on 17 July 1930. She took Lewis Sloden, an art dealer, as her second husband in London on 9 November 1932. She met the 27-year-old Prince Peter in the summer of 1935 and the two soon started a romantic relationship. He introduced her to his mother, Princess Marie, but the royal family strongly disapproved of Peter's relationship with "the Russian" (as they dubbed her) and were wary of her influence over the Prince. After King George II's restoration to the Greek throne in the autumn of 1935, Peter left for Athens. Ovtchinnikova threatened with suicide, leading King George to compare her with Anna Karenina.

Royal marriage.

Ovtchinnikova's influence over Peter steadily increased. She also proved willing to try to appease his family, especially Princess George. In December 1936, she obtained divorce from her second husband. The same month, King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom abdicated in order to marry his own twice divorced foreign lover, the American Wallis Simpson, and Peter disapproved of his conduct.  The pair embarked on a journey to Asia in September 1937, where Peter was going to engage in anthropological research. They arrived in what is now Pakistan in early 1938. Wishing to avoid the Himalayan winter, they moved to South India and spent time with the Toda people. They visited the Nilgiris district, Madras, Kalimpong and finally Ceylon. The pair contracted marriage in a Danish consulate in Madras in September 1939, without informing his family or the Greek government. By marrying Ovtchinnikova his father, Prince George, disowned him.  Prince Peter and Ovtchinnikova returned to Europe in November 1939. The German invasion of France in 1940 led Peter and his wife to leave Paris and move to Assisi, Italy. As tensions between Greece and Italy increased prior to the Greco-Italian War, Peter moved to Athens. Ovtchinnikova was not welcome there, so she took refuge in Istanbul. The Greek government spoiled Peter's plans to have Ovtchinnikova, whom the King considered to be a plotter, evacuated to India and assured that she remained blocked in Istanbul.  The two were eventually reunited in Palestine, and underwent a Greek Orthodox marriage ceremony in Jerusalem on 5 June 1941. They settled in Cairo, where Peter introduced his wife as a Greek princess. This shocked the King, who did not hesitate to inform the diplomatic corps that their marriage was not recognized as dynastic and that Ovtchinnikova was not entitled to the princely dignity. Furthermore, the King placed the couple under surveillance. "The Russian", it was rumored, wished Greece to be Orthodox but Communist and with Peter as king. The pair was well received at the court of King Farouk I and Egyptian high society. Ovtchinnikova used this to involve herself in charities, especially those related to Greek diaspora. The royal family viewed her activities with suspicion, worrying that she might eclipse Princess Paul, wife of the heir presumptive.

After the war.

After the end of the Second World War, Peter and Ovtchinnikova moved to Denmark, but soon moved to the United States in order to raise funds for another Asian expedition. They left the United States in January 1949, travelling from California to Colombo, the capital of Ceylon. They arrived on the island on 16 February and crossed over to India, once again meeting with the Toda people. The pair were unable to enter Tibet or Nepal due to the recent Chinese invasion of Tibet, but Peter managed to study Tibetan refugees who fled to India and Ovtchinnikova assisted him in his research. Ovtchinnikova also occupied herself with the welfare of children and founded several orphanages for Indian and Tibetan children in Bengal.  The expedition ended in 1952, and the pair went to Copenhagen, where Peter presented his findings. The committee wanted him to return and continue his research, which he did within a few weeks. He and his wife were again prohibited from entering Tibet, but this time they also faced the hostility of the Indian government. In 1956, Ovtchinnikova's mother-in-law accepted her invitation to visit them in India; their relationship was improving. In May 1956, the pair received an eviction notice from the Indian government, demanded by China. Ovtchinnikova was then suffering from tuberculosis, and Peter managed to obtain permission for them to stay six more months. They departed in February 1957.

Separation and widowhood.

Upon their return to Europe, Prince Peter and Ovtchinnikova settled in the United Kingdom. After the Greek monarchy was abolished in 1973, Prince Peter decided to liquidate his possessions in Greece, most notably his residence in Glyfada. From then on, the pair spent their time in London, Paris and Copenhagen. As the years passed by, their relationship deteriorated. They eventually decided to separate, but not officially. Ovtchinnikova moved to Hong Kong, where she lived in a vast apartment filled with cats and monkeys, while Peter took up a relationship with a young Englishwoman who lived with him in Copenhagen. Ovtchinnikova was widowed on 15 October 1980. Her in-laws ostracized her at Peter's memorial mass, held at St Sophia's Cathedral, London, on 22 October; no member of the royal family expressed condolence to her. She inherited his enormous wealth, which he in turn had inherited from his mother. She sold her mother-in-law's jewelry in February and died on 13 March 1990. She was buried next to her husband in the grounds of their Danish palace, Lille Bernstorff. On her tomb, "the Russian" is described as "Princess Peter of Greece".

Princess Peter of Greece and Denmark ("née" Irina Aleksandrovna Ovtchinnikova (Russian: Ирина Александровна Овчинникова); 4 October 1904 – 13 March 1990), formerly Irina, marquise de Monléon, was a white émigré who married the anthropologist Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark and assisted him in his research.


History.

What is known today as ATV started in 1969 with Alfonso Pereyra as its first manager. After unsuccessful attempts to run it in the early 1970s and subsequent political turmoil in Peru, the station was closed; however, it became a TV Perú local station for the capital area.  By 1981, the channel was under new leadership. Carlos Tizón Pacheco, who financed the 1980 presidential campaign of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry, and then-president of local auto firm PROMASA, took over the channel frequency with his firm Andina de Radiodifusión, S.A., with test broadcasting commencing on May 9 the same year. After two years the channel returned to broadcasting on April 18, 1983, with President Terry presiding.  Since then the station has quickly gained a Peruvian audience by showing foreign films and broadcasting dramas, usually from Brazil. Until 1992 the station was known as Canal 9 (Channel 9), after its Lima, Peru VHF frequency, up until 1986 it had only been a local station, with national broadcasting starting only in 1987.  On January 14, 1992, due to the interconnection via satellite at the national level, the then denominated Channel 9 changes its name to ATV (abbreviation of Andina de Televisión).  The station is among the most watched television stations in Peru, often obtaining high ratings from past TV shows such as Magaly TV, a magazine and gossip show hosted by Peruvian journalist Magaly Medina.  ATV has had the Peruvian broadcasting rights to the FIFA World Cup 2010, as well as the last Olympic games and the European Championship. In 2014, ATV HD has announced it will broadcasting the full coverage of the FIFA World Cup 2014 in full HD to its viewers.

ATV HD.

In November 2006, the Peruvian Minister of Transports and Communications published in Peru's official newspaper "El Peruano" a decree concerning Digital terrestrial television. In April 2007, ATV started to test their HD Channel with American NTSC system on channel 30.

Programming.

ATV programming is varied and tries to attend to all agrees and cultural groups within Peru. Among their usual programming is a morning show called "Que Tal Mañana!" hosted by Laura Borlini and comedians Fernando Armas and Hernan Vidaurre; soap operas such as Pasion de Gavilanes, El Color del Pecado or El Cuerpo del Deseo; news shows which include the daily "Primera Noticia", ATV Noticias and El Deportivo and the Sunday's Dia D; folkloric shows like Canto Andino; a movie reviews show called De Pelicula; a toddler-oriented programme called "Tu Bebe". It also broadcasts WWE shows RAW and Smackdown and its monthly pay per views. In January 2013, they started to broadcast, followed by El Señor de los Cielos in 2014.

ATV (known as Andina de Televisión), is a Peruvian television network founded in 1959 and relaunched in 1983. The network is the flagship property of Grupo ATV one of Peru’s largest media and broadcasting companies.


Early life.

Paul Bolo was born in Marseille, the younger brother of "an eloquent French prelate". Starting in his youth, Paul was the black sheep of the family. He changed occupations frequently; his first place of employment was a barber's shop where he worked as an assistant. After a few months, he became the owner of a small soap shop. His soap business eventually collapsed and so he decided to sell lobsters. The lobster sales were large, but expenses were higher than the income and the venture went "to the wall." He then left Marseille and became involved with a silk manufacturing company in Lyon. He later ran a photographic shop, taking pictures of customers belonging to various sectors of society, but this business also was short-lived.  Bolo's next stop was Paris where he quickly became "a man about town". He was easy-going and intelligent and became a frequent guest in the "convivial circles" of Paris. He married a woman who was older and much richer than he was; she died and left her fortune to him, and he went to Egypt.

Travel to Egypt and beyond.

Bolo was an adventurer, and Egypt was considered to be "the Mecca of adventurers" at that time. A colorful, multicultural country appealed to this inquisitive Frenchman.  Almost as soon as Bolo arrived in Egypt he sought a meeting with the ruler, Abbas Hilmi, the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Hilmi, who spoke fluent French, was as eager to meet with Europeans visiting Cairo as they were eager to meet with him. Bolo and Hilmi liked each other from the first meeting; the Khedive and the lobster-dealer had common ground: their love of adventure. They met frequently, and at one of those meetings, Bolo was presented with the title of Pasha. Paul Bolo thus became Bolo Pasha.  Bolo accompanied Hilmi on various outings: to a petrified forest and on boat trips along the Nile; the boats were decorated as if it was the era of Cleopatra and Antony. Bolo and Hilmi were seen together, visiting the statue of the Sphinx, the pyramids and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, which is situated in the Citadel of Cairo. Gradually Bolo became an intimate friend of Hilmi, and as such he was present at some unusual court ceremonies, some of which he planned himself. One was a reception for a Consul-General from one of the European countries.  This was a carefree time in Bolo's life, but Hilmi had foreseen a storm on the horizon. Hilmi felt he was about to be deposed, and he knew his country's history: nobody in Egypt was going to admire a deposed Khedive. Hilmi tried to decide how he could save as much as possible of his fortune. He decided to use his faithful friend to assist him in this effort. Newspaper articles of the time preserve this history:  Bolo found himself under suspicion because of his frequent trips between Paris and Geneva. In March 1915, Bolo met with Hilmi in Switzerland. Apparently Bolo was given $2,500,000 to be used to pay the French media in order to influence the public to accept peace with Germany.

Traveling to the United States.

On February 22, 1916, Bolo arrived in New York City. He spent almost a month there, leaving on March 17, 1916. During the time he spent in New York, Bolo tried to avoid being seen in the company of German agents, but he traveled to Washington, D.C. for a secret meeting with Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, a German ambassador to the United States.  When the French government appealed to the governor of New York asking for help in collecting evidence against Bolo, Merton E. Lewis, the Attorney General of New York State, was assigned to the case. He was able to collect some "sensational" evidence: One of the most important pieces of evidence was the letter Bolo wrote to the New York City branch of the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916:

Arrest and trial.

Bolo was arrested in Paris on 29 September 1917. He was tried at court-martial and was charged with treason. Visibly shaken by the charge of treason, Bolo exclaimed: When asked why he never kept records of his money transfers, Bolo responded: "I am the master of money, not its slave!"  Abbas Hilmi was called as a witness, but he failed to arrive in Paris. However, Bolo's second wife was a strong witness on his behalf, as was his brother. Senator Charles Humbert (whom Bolo had mentioned in his letter to the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916) was called as a witness. The senator testified "he never suspected for a moment that there was any hidden motive in the deal for the bonds of the newspaper."  In his last appeal to the court, Albert Salles, Bolo's attorney, said: Salles' speech was to no avail. The court convicted Bolo and sentenced him to death. The conviction was based on circumstantial evidence, and the decision was handed down after only 15 minutes of deliberation.  Bolo Pasha was executed in Vincennes, on the morning of April 17, 1918.  After the execution, Georges Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France addressed the American people:

Bolo Pasha, originally named Paul Bolo, (24 September 1867, Marseilles – 17 April 1918, Vincennes) was a Frenchman who was a Levantine financier, a traitor, and a German agent. The New York Times wrote that he "circumnavigated the globe, engaged in various curious occupations, participated in many shady schemes." The French secret police and Scotland Yard failed to collect enough evidence to convict him of treason, but he was eventually convicted with the help of evidence collected by the New York Attorney General. He was executed by firing squad on April 17, 1918.


Plot.

Madison Avenue advertising executive Fred Bolton, a Lakeville, Connecticut widower living beyond his means, is beset by two major problems. First, his boss at Tomes Advertising Agency has instructed him to come up with an original campaign—in 24 hours—to promote star client Allied Drug & Food's over-the-counter indigestion medication "Aspercel". Allied's Chairman of the Board, Tom Dugan, wants a "jet set" appeal campaign that will "give sour stomachs class and dignity."  The second problem is Helen, Fred's teenage daughter. She loves horses, takes riding classes and has already had decent success in some competitions. Her biggest wish is to have her own horse, which her riding instructor Suzie Clemens feels will give the girl much-needed confidence, both as a young girl and as an equestrian. However, it is a dream that Fred, Helen, and even Helen's Aunt Martha, know they cannot actually afford, in addition to the fact that Fred is allergic to horses.  After a frustrated night brainstorming, Fred gets the idea to solve both problems at once: acquire a good horse, name him "Aspercel" and—with Helen riding him—bring the name of the client's product into the press, all the while fulfilling his daughter's dream. In order to accomplish this, of course, Helen and "Aspy" have to win a few prizes and make the horse a celebrated figure. Fred enlists the aid of Helen's riding instructor, Suzie, and is assisted by teenager Ronny Gardner—who quickly develops eyes for Helen.  Helen does begin to win ribbons, but the resulting publicity is below Dugan's expectations. When Helen learns that her father's job is at stake, she falters under pressure and fails to win an important show. Suzie, however, realizes Aspercel's potential when the animal carries Fred over a seven-foot wall – and tops that by outrunning a police car. Suzie volunteers to ride Aspercel in the International Horse Show in Washington, D.C. and suggests that her ex-fiancé, the wealthy Archer Madison—who once rode on the U.S. Equestrian Team—be brought in as trainer. Suppressing his jealousy of Archer, Fred reluctantly agrees. As the result, Suzie and Aspercel win the championship and all ends happily as Fred is rewarded with a promotion, a happy daughter, and Suzie's love.

The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit is a 1968 American comedy film directed by Norman Tokar, with a screenplay by Louis Pelletier, based on the 1955 book, "The Year of the Horse" by Eric Hatch. The film stars Dean Jones, Diane Baker, Ellen Janov, Kurt Russell and Lurene Tuttle in the principal roles. The film's title is a riff on the titular horse's dapple gray color and the title of the 1955 Sloan Wilson novel about the American search for purpose in a world dominated by business, "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit."


Background.

The "Concerto for Violin and Orchestra", Opus 33, was not an easy assignment for Nielsen. He began writing it in the summer of 1911 in Bergen, Norway, where he was spending some time at the invitation of Nina Grieg. It progressed with some difficulty as Nielsen, now back in his native Denmark, commented that the concerto "has to be good music, and yet always make allowances for the activity of the solo instrument in the best light, that is rich in content, popular and dazzling without becoming superficial." In fact, he did not complete it until mid-December.

Reception.

The first performance followed on 28 February 1912, the same night as the first performance of Nielsen's 3rd Symphony. Carl Nielsen himself conducted the Royal Danish Orchestra at the Odd Fellows Mansion in Copenhagen with Peder Møller, Nielsen's preferred virtuoso, as soloist. Nielsen spoke of the "great enthusiasm" with which the concerto was received but in fact the press commented above all on the masterly performance of Møller. Robert Henriques, in his extremely positive review, noted: “The Violin Concerto is a very significant work which will gain every time it is heard, because of course one only gradually becomes aware of all the brilliant details." He saw the concert, which had also included Nielsen's third symphony, as a demonstration of the composer's "rare talent," commenting that he was "on the true road towards the great goals he has set himself." It became something of a landmark for Nielsen who wrote of his overwhelming "Erfolg" (success). The concerto continued to be received with enthusiasm as it was performed on several occasions over the following years, not only in Denmark but also in Gothenburg and Stockholm, always with Møller as soloist.

Music.

Unlike Nielsen's later works, the concerto has a distinct, melody-oriented Neo-Classical structure. Unusually, there are two movements. The calm "Praeludium" is followed by a catching tune for the orchestra providing opportunities for tricks by the violin. The long, slow Adagio leads to the final Scherzo which, as Nielsen commented, "renounces everything that might dazzle or impress."

Carl Nielsen's Concerto for Violin and orchestra, op. 33 [D.F.61] was written for Hungarian violinist Dr. Emil Telmányi, Nielsen's son-in-law, in 1911. The concerto has three movements, including a slow prelude.


Design and development.

The MCR4S is a four-seat development of the Dyn'Aéro MCR01 and retains many similarities. Both types are low wing, single engine monoplanes with T-tails. The major changes are an increase in fuselage length to accommodate an extra row of seats with generous windows and the replacement of the flaperons seen on the long span variants of the MCR01, which have wings of about the same span as those of the MCR4S, with slotted flaps.  The wing and all control surfaces of the MCR4S have carbon fibre spars and ribs, to which preformed aluminium skins are glued. The wings have constant chord and carry 3° of dihedral. The ailerons are short, leaving the rest of the trailing edge of each wing divided between two double slotted, three position flaps. Winglets were introduced in 2001 and modified to have straight (in plan) trailing edges from 2002. The MCR4S has a T-tail with an all-moving tailplane. The fin is an integral part of the carbon fibre monocoque fuselage shell which also features a small ventral fin.  The cabin seats up to four, depending on the variant, in two side-by-side rows. Entry is via the large, forward hinged, two piece canopy. Two large windows light the rear seats, the port side one doubling as an emergency exit. A variety of Rotax flat four engines may be fitted, driving a two or three blade propeller, which may have fixed or variable pitch. The MCRS4 has a tricycle undercarriage. The main wheels are mounted on short, vertical legs beneath the wings, as on the Club and ULC variants of the MCR01, with a track of 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in). All undercarriage wheels and legs are faired.  The Dyn'Aéro MCR4S flew for the first time on 14 June 2000.  The MCR4S structure has been used by EADS Defence & Security for its EADS Surveyor 2500 drone.

Operational history.

The first public appearance of the MCR4S was at the International Air Rally held at Cranfield just nine days after the first flight. French certification was gained in June 2001 (DGAC) and the first customer, aircraft designer Pierre Robin, flew his aircraft shortly afterwards. UK certification (LAA), though sought, had not been achieved by 2009.  In mid-2010, 90 MCR4Ss appeared on the civil aircraft registers of European countries excluding Russia.

Variants.

"Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2011/12"

The Dyn'Aéro MCR4S is a four-seat development of the French two seat, single engine Dyn'Aéro MCR01. It first flew in early 2000 and is sold as a kit for homebuilding in several versions by SE Aviation of Pontarlier.


Films.

"Paranormal Activity" (2007).

Set in October 2006, a young couple, Katie and Micah, who have recently moved to a new house in San Diego, California, are terrorized by a demon that Katie believes has been following her all her life. The film is designed to look like a found footage-styled film with Micah filming the activity in their house.

"Paranormal Activity 2" (2010).

Set in August 2006, two months before the events of the first film, Katie's sister, Kristi, and her family, who reside in Carlsbad, California, experience strange activity after Kristi's baby son, Hunter, is born. The film uses security cameras and, in some scenes, a hand-held camera to film the activity in the house.

"Paranormal Activity 3" (2011).

Set in September 1988, it focuses on a younger Katie and Kristi, who live with their mother, Julie, and Julie's boyfriend, Dennis, in Santa Rosa, California, as they encounter "Tobi" the demon from the first time. Concerned, Dennis decides to set up a few cameras around the house, one of which is attached to a small oscillating fan that moves the camera back and forth. The film also uses a hand-held camera.

"Paranormal Activity 4" (2012).

Set in November 2011, the film focuses on Alex Nelson and her family residing in a neighborhood in Henderson, Nevada. The family began to experience hauntings, concerning Alex's adopted brother, Wyatt, after Katie and her mysterious son, Robbie, move in across the street. Alex is helped by her boyfriend, Ben, to film the activity via MacBook webcams, a video camera, an iPhone camera and Kinect technology. "Tobi" is mentioned once in the film.

"Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones" (2014).

Set in June 2012, the film follows a Latino community in Oxnard, California, where a group of high school graduates deal with the demon of a mysterious cult which has "marked" one of them. They document their experiences using basic tools of recording and with clues from the previous films to try to understand what is happening to them. "The Marked Ones" is the last film in the series to feature Katie Featherston.

"Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension" (2015).

Set in 2013, the film follows the Fleeges, a family of three who, after having relocated to a house in Santa Rosa, California, discover several tapes that show Katie and Kristi in the midst of their initiation ritual to enter a demonic coven 25 years before. The family begins to be haunted by the demon when the daughter, Leila, is targeted as she was born on the same date as Hunter from "Paranormal Activity 2". Along with normal recorders, the family also discovers a unique video recorder that can show supernatural happenings, which they use to record the increasing paranormal activities.

Untitled seventh film (2021).

On June 19, 2019, Paramount announced that a seventh installment is in development. On November 7, 2019, it was announced that the seventh film will be released on March 19, 2021.

Production.

Development.

First-time director Oren Peli had been afraid of ghosts his whole life, even fearing the comedy film "Ghostbusters", but intended to channel that fear into something positive and productive. Peli took a year to prepare his own house for shooting, going so far as to repaint the walls, add furniture, put in a carpet, and build a stairwell. In this time, he also did extensive research into paranormal phenomena and demonology, stating, "We wanted to be as truthful as we could be." The decision to make the supernatural entity in the story a demon was a result of the research pointing to the most malevolent and violent entities being "demons". The phenomena in the film take place largely at night—the vulnerability of being asleep, Peli reasoned, taps into a human being's most primal fear, stating, "If something is lurking in your home there's not much you can do about it." Attempting to focus on believability rather than action and gore, Peli chose to shoot the picture with a home video camera. In deciding on a more raw and stationary format (the camera was almost always sitting on a tripod or something else) and eliminating the need for a camera crew, a "higher degree of plausibility" was created for the audience and they were "more invested in the story and the characters". Peli says that the dialogue was "natural" because there was no real script. Instead, the actors were given outlines of the story and situations to improvise, a technique known as "retroscripting" used in the making of "The Blair Witch Project". In casting the movie, Peli auditioned "a few hundred people" before finally meeting Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat. He originally auditioned them individually and later called them back to audition together. Peli was impressed with the chemistry between the actors, saying, "If you saw the footage, you would've thought they had known each other for years." During a guest appearance on "The Jay Leno Show" on November 3, 2009, Sloat and Featherston explained they each saw the casting call on LACasting. Featherston noted they were originally paid $500 for their work. The film was shot out of sequence due to Peli's self-imposed seven-day shooting schedule, though Peli would have preferred the story unfold for the actors as he had envisioned it. Sloat, who controlled the camera for a good deal of the film, was a former cameraman at his university's TV station. "It was a very intense week", Peli recalled, stating that the film would be shot day and night, edited at the same time, and would have the visual effects applied to it as the acting footage was being finalized.  Paramount and DreamWorks hired screenwriter Michael R. Perry to create "Paranormal Activity 2". Oren Peli, the director of the first film, served as a producer for this prequel. Kevin Greutert, director of "Saw VI", was initially hired to direct the prequel; however, Lions Gate Entertainment exercised a clause in Greutert's contract to have him direct the final film in the "Saw" film series. Both of the actors from the first film, Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat, reprise their roles in the prequel. Tod "Kip" Williams directed "Paranormal Activity 2", which started production in May 2010 and was released in October the same year.  "Paranormal Activity 3" and "4" were directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, documentary filmmakers who were well-known for their feature debut "Catfish". Production on the third entry began in June, 2011, with a release October 21 of the same year. Filming for the fourth film commenced in June, 2012, with a release of October 19.  A Latin American-themed fifth film, "" was released on January 3, 2014. Oren Peli, the creator of the franchise, returned to produce the film, while Christopher B. Landon, a screenwriter who had worked on the prior three entries in the series, served as the writer and director.  The sixth and final film in the series, "", was announced to be released on October 25, 2013. However, in August 2013, the release date was pushed back to October 24, 2014. On September 17, 2014, the film's title was finalized and the release date was set on March 27, 2015, later changed to October 23, 2015. In September 2013, it was confirmed that Gregory Plotkin, a film editor who had edited every release in the series since "Paranormal Activity 2", would make his directorial debut with the fifth film. Oren Peli, the creator of the franchise, and Jason Blum would return to produce the fifth film. In late September 2013, Paramount hired "Almanac" writers Jason Pagan and Andrew Stark to write the screenplay. Though series writer Christopher B. Landon said that several sequels would follow "The Ghost Dimension" to wrap up the story, producer Jason Blum later confirmed that the film would indeed be the last in the series. He said: "It’s coming to an end. This is it, the finale. We’re saying it before the movie opens. We’re not going to grind this horror franchise into the ground. This will keep Paranormal Activity as part of this culture and this particular time in a really fantastic way... All the questions that everyone has asked from the past ‘Paranormal Activity’ films: What does Toby look like? What’s the backstory to the families? These questions have been teased out. Now they will be answered."  A seventh film was later announced to be in development.

Other media.

Digital comics.

In December 2009, a short digital comic entitled "Paranormal Activity: The Search for Katie" was released for the iPhone. It was written by Scott Lobdell and features art from Mark Badger.

Video game.

A video game called "Paranormal Activity: The Lost Soul" was released on August 15, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PS4. The game was engineered for VR and made use of the PlayStation VR for the PlayStation as well as Oculus Rift and HTC Vive for Windows, but VR was not required for play. The game was nominated for "Best Sound Design for an Indie Game" at the 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.

Paranormal Activity is an American supernatural horror franchise consisting of six films and additional media. Created by Oren Peli, the original film was widely released in 2007.


Childhood and early career.

Mewalal was born on 1 July 1926, in Daulatapur in Chitarghati Panchayat of the erstwhile Gaya district (now Nawada district) in Bihar, to Sahoo Mahadeoram and Kusumi Devi. He spent his early days playing football in Daulatpur at the banks of Khuri river flowing next to his village, with the seeds of the tar tree.  In 1937, his family shifted to Calcutta (now Kolkata), with his father working at the Fort William, and resided at the locality, Fort William and Hastings. Once in Calcutta, his footballing talent was noticed by Sergeant Barnett who guided him to join the Morning Star Club. Barnett would then become his first coach. Known for his ability to shoot with both feet, Mewalal credited Sergeant R. Blackey for helping him with the technique. He began playing as a right-in and was eventually urged at the club to play in the center-forward position, considering his physique and the ball shooting technique. he began playing for the Napier club the following year. He made his name at the club scoring an important goal in a draw against Grear Sporting Club.

Club career.

Mewalal started his senior career in 1938 with Khiddirpore Club which was then playing in the 2nd Division of Calcutta Football League. He came into the limelight in 1944 when he scored the winning goal for the IFA XI against India XI. In 1945, he joined the 1st Division club Aryans. It was his hattrick for Aryans in the same year against Mohun Bagan in a Calcutta league match that impressed the then Mohun Bagan captain Sailen Manna and in 1946 he joined Mohun Bagan under Manna. In 1947 he joined the Eastern Railway Football Club. After spending 8 years with them, he joined BNR Football Club. In 1958, while playing in an Inter-Railway tournament in Kharagpur his knee was broken. This incident brought an end to Mewalal's illustrious 20-year career.  During his club career, he scored more than 150 goals in the local league. He also scored 39 goals for Bengal in Santosh Trophy including five hattricks. Mewalal was the top-scorer in the Calcutta Football League on four occasions. He achieved this feat in 1949, 1951 & 1954 for Eastern Railways and in 1958 for BNR. He also scored a record of 32 hat-tricks in local football tournaments which record stands even today.

International career.

Playing for the Indian national team, Mewalal's first major tournament was the 1948 Olympics in London. Following Games, the team played exhibition games including a game against the Dutch club Ajax winning 5–1. Mewalal emerged as the top scorer in the games. At the inaugural Asian Games in 1951 in New Delhi, he finished as the top scorer with four goals, and India winning the gold medal. He scored the winning goal in the 1–0 win against Iran in the final. He was also a part of the team that competed at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki. He also toured several European countries in the late 1940s as part of the Indian team, and its tours of Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Myanmar and Thailand in the 1950s.

Personal life.

Mewalal married Laxmi Devi Lal when he was 18, and had three children together. He was admitted to a hospital in Kolkata on 14 November 2008, after having suffering from pneumonia. Diagnosed with Gallstone, he was again admitted on 8 December and was operated upon on 19 December. Having lived on liquid diet following this, he died on 27 December.

Sheoo Mewalal (also known as "Sahu Mewalal"; born 1 July 1926) was an Indian Olympian footballer who plied his trade at Kolkata (then Calcutta). His playing position was striker and he was known for his excellent fitness, bicycle kicks and goal scoring abilities especially using the rabona kick.


History.

Modern municipal engineering finds its origins in the 19th-century United Kingdom, following the Industrial Revolution and the growth of large industrial cities. The threat to urban populations from epidemics of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus led to the development of a profession devoted to "sanitary science" that later became "municipal engineering".  A key figure of the so-called "public health movement" was Edwin Chadwick, author of the parliamentary report, published in 1842.  Early British legislation included:  This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors (later known as "municipal engineers").  In the U.K, the Association of Municipal Engineers, (subsequently named Institution of Municipal Engineers), was established in 1874 under the encouragement of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to address the issue of the application of sanitary science. By the early 20th century, Municipal Engineering had become a broad discipline embracing many of the responsibilities undertaken by local authorities, including roads, drainage, flood control, coastal engineering, public health, waste management, street cleaning, water supply, sewers, waste water treatment, crematoria, public baths, slum clearance, town planning, public housing, energy supply, parks, leisure facilities, libraries, town halls and other municipal buildings.  In the UK, the development of different strands of knowledge necessary for the management of municipal infrastructure led to the emergence of separate specialised institutions, including:  In 1984 the Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers.  Since the 1970s, there has been a global trend toward increasing privatisation and outsourcing of municipal engineering services.  In the UK in the 1990s a change in management philosophy brought the demise of the traditional organisational structure of boroughs where the three functions of town clerk, borough treasurer and borough engineer were replaced by an administrative structure with a larger number of specialised departments.  In the late 1990s and early 21st century there was increasing dissatisfaction over what was perceived to be fractured and dysfunctional public services designed along narrow specialties. A more holistic approach to urban engineering began to emerge as an alternative concept. Critics of the specialised approach included the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment that complained that the specialised approach to management of the public realm focussed too much on the on efficient movement of vehicles rather than the more general interests of local communities...GANESH.One of the civil eng.

Professional practice.

In the United Kingdom there is no longer any formal professional qualification in municipal engineering although there are degree courses available in urban engineering.  A professional certificate in Urban Engineering is available from through the Institution of Incorporated Engineers via the Public Realm Information and Advice Network.  The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the public sector, private consultancy and academia through its Proceedings Journal Municipal Engineer. The journal, first published in 1873, has a global scope and covers the whole life cycle of municipal services addressing technical, political and community issues. In addition an Expert Panel responds on behalf of ICE to Government consultations and is represented on the International Federation of Municipal Engineering.

International organization.

The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organisation comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world. IFME's mission is to connect municipal engineers, public works professionals, public agencies, institutions and businesses around the world in order that they can share a global pool of knowledge and experience. The aim is to foster continued improvement in the quality of public works and wider community services.  The inaugural meeting was held in 1960 at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. Membership has grown steadily and in 2009 comprised representatives from national associations in: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Southern Africa (South Africa, Botawana, Namibia & Zimbabwe), Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland) and USA. Belgium and San Marino are presently Corresponding Members.

Related engineering disciplines.

Municipal or urban engineering combines elements of environmental engineering, water resources engineering and transport engineering.

Relationship to urban design or urban planning.

Today, municipal engineering may be confused with urban design or urban planning. Whereas the urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public places, the municipal engineer is concerned with the detailed design. For example, in the case of the design of a new street, the urbanist may specify the general layout of the street, including landscaping, surface finishings and urban accessories, but the municipal engineer will prepare the detailed plans and specifications for the roads, sidewalks, municipal services and street lighting.

Site civil works.

In the case of large buildings or plants, facilities or campuses, site civil works may be required that are similar in scope or type as municipal infrastructure, namely, access roads, parking lots, potable water supply (including fire hydrants), on-site waste water treatment plants, site drainage including sedimentation and retention ponds or basins, etc. In most engineering consulting firms, Structural Engineering and Municipal Infrastructure are typically separate departments. On a large construction project, the civil engineering design will typically be divided into a structural portion, designed by structural engineers and typically focused on the buildings, and "civil" portion, designed by municipal engineers and focused on the site.

Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment. Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure.


Biography.

He was born to ethnic Hungarian parents in Târgu Mureș and completed secondary studies at the city's Bolyai Farkas High School. He then studied Economics at the University of Timișoara, graduating in 1977. While there, he was also a theatre actor, an activity he continued in Târgu Mureș until 1990, and is an avid tennis player. Following postgraduate studies at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, which he finished in 1985, he attended a postgraduate seminar at the University of Salzburg in 1991, and (as of 2008) is pursuing a doctorate at Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca. Borbély worked as an economist in Reghin from 1977 to 1979, while continuing to live in his native city. That year, he was hired as an economist in Târgu Mureș; in 1984, he became the head of a commercial bureau there. He retained that position until 1988, when he resumed working as an economist, also in Târgu Mureș.  Following the 1989 Revolution, Borbély was initially part of the National Salvation Front but soon joined the newly created UDMR and represented it in the Chamber starting in 1990. In 1996, after the Romanian Democratic Convention (supported by the UDMR) came to power, Borbély became Secretary of State in the Ministry of Public Works and Land Management, serving until 2000. He returned to Parliament that year, and in 2004 was again named to the cabinet, this time as Minister-Delegate of Transportation. Following a reshuffle in 2007, he became Regional Development Minister, holding that position until his party entered opposition after the 2008 election. In June 2008, Borbély ran for mayor of Târgu Mureș, but was defeated by incumbent Dorin Florea of the PD-L on a 52.5-44.8 margin.  Within the UDMR, Borbély has served as President of the Mureș County Chapter (1990–1994), Executive Vice President (1998–2008) and President of the Mureș County Territorial Council (2000–2005). From 1992 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2004, he belonged to the Chamber of Deputies' Permanent Bureau. Since 1991, he has been president of the Dr. Bernády György Cultural Foundation in Târgu Mureș, and has also taught at Sapientia University's campus in that city.

László Borbély (born March 26, 1954) is a Romanian economist and politician. A member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), he has been a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Mureș County since 2000, having previously served there from 1990 to 1996. Since December 2009 he has been the Minister of the Environment in the Boc cabinet, previously serving in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet as Minister-Delegate of Transportation from 2004 to 2007, and Minister of Regional Development, Public Works and Housing from 2007 to 2008.


History.

Wunü Shan has a long history of human living. Recent years some archaeologists found historical remains and relics on the mountain. The oldest ones that had been proven are the potteries of the late Neolithic Age, more than 4,500 years ago. Those relics also include some human-used weapons and producing tools which have thousands of years of history. According to the Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo was founded above the mountain in 37 BC, and the mountain city remained its capital until King Yuri moved it to Gungnae Fortress in 3 AD. In contemporary sources, the city was called Holbon fortress(홀본성) in the Gwanggaeto Stele and Heulseunggol fortress(흘승골성) in Records of the Three Kingdoms. During the North-South States Period in Unified Shilla, it was recorded as Jolbon fortress(졸본성). During Goryeo period, according to Goryeosa, it was called Oros mountain fortress(오로산성) or Ura mountain fortress(우라산성).  Today's name of Wunü Mountain derives from a Chinese legend that five ladies from Tang Dynasty defended the mountain from foreign invaders.  In 1424 when the third king of Jurchen Li Manzhu invaded Liaoning with his troops, they quartered at this mountain and founded the Manchu tribe.

Location.

Wunü Shan is located in the northeast of Huanren County and the northwest of the Hun Jiang River, 8 km from the county. Its main peak measures 821 metres above sea level, has a length of 1,500 m from the north to the south side and a width of 300 m from the east to the west side. Its central coordinate is 41°19’36"N,125°24’44"E.

Natural significance.

Wunü Shan is located in the north temperate zone so it has four distinct seasons. There are more than 60 natural tourist spots. In the spring and summer one will find flowers, trees, butterflies, and birds, and there are tourist ships that travel down the river. In the fall, the mountain turns red because of the famous Chinese sweet gums. In the winter, the mountain receives snow.

Cultural significance.

Wunü Shan has all the elements of a defensive city wall, temple, palace, barn, barracks, water source, and a city wall of more than 200 metres above sea level. Therefore, the Goguryeo kingdom could quarter at the mountain for extended periods in the cold weapon era.

Wunü Shan (; Korean: 오녀산 Onyeosan), which means "mountain of Five Women", is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located in the north of the town of Huanren, in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, China. The tallest peak is the 821 metre-high Main Peak. Jolbon, the birthplace of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo and its capital from 37 BC to 3 AD, was in Wunü Mountain.


Background.

The song was inspired, both musically and for Fogerty's vocal delivery, by 1950s rock 'n' roll songs, particularly that of Little Richard. Musically, it has also been described as nearly identical to The Monkees' 1967 song, "No Time". In October 1972, the company that held the publishing rights to Richard’s "Good Golly, Miss Molly" felt that "Travelin' Band" bore enough similarities to warrant a plagiarism lawsuit that was later settled out of court. The lyrics of the song describe what life is like for a musician on the road. The opening line "Seven-thirty-seven coming out of the sky" refers to the Boeing 737, then coming into service on short-to-medium range routes.

Cover versions.

It has been covered by a few artists, most notably Elton John, who recorded a cover of the song early in his career, and Bruce Springsteen, who has incorporated it into his "Detroit Medley" during live shows on numerous occasions. Jerry Lee Lewis sang the song with Fogerty on the album "Last Man Standing".  It has been covered by Def Leppard and Brian May of Queen. The cover was ended with "Rock and Roll" by Led Zeppelin. The cover appears on the deluxe edition of Def Leppard's Pyromania.  On April 18, 2010, Miranda Lambert, Carrie Underwood, Brad Paisley, Charlie Daniels, and Fogerty performed the song as the opening to the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards.

In popular culture.

A cover of "Travelin' Band" by Curtis Stigers and The Forest Rangers is played during a chase scene in season 3 episode 7 of the television show "Sons of Anarchy".  The song appeared in the Brazilian film "O Homem Que Copiava" in relation to an over-the-hill rock fan who has a preference for Creedence. It plays during the armored car robbery sequence.  The full version of "Travelin' Band" is played during the fight scene of the third episode of the television show "The Good Guys".  The song is available as a playable song for the "Rock Band" series of music video games as downloadable content.  Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel.

"Travelin' Band" is a song written by John Fogerty and originally recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival. It was included on their 1970 album "Cosmo's Factory". Backed with "Who'll Stop the Rain", it was one of three double sided singles from that album to reach the top five on the U.S. Pop Singles Chart and the first of two to reach the number 2 spot on the American charts, alongside "Lookin' Out My Back Door", in which he was unable to interrupt the six-week song of the successful number one, by "Bridge Over Troubled Water" by Simon and Garfunkel. "Travelin' Band" was also a hit in the UK, reaching number eight on the UK Singles Chart.


Baseball career.

Alou was the middle of a trio of baseball-playing brothers that included the older Felipe and younger Jesús. They were the first set of three siblings to play together in the same outfield (on September 15). and all bat in the same half-inning in the majors (September 10), accomplishing both with the Giants in 1963. Matty had been teammates with Felipe during the prior three campaigns, and was likewise with Jesús for the following two. Matty and Felipe later reunited with the Yankees in 1973.  Alou's best years as a player were spent with the Pirates, where he won the National League (NL) batting title in 1966 and was a two-time All-Star in 1968 and 1969. He was a member of a World Series Champion with the Athletics in 1972 and a NL pennant winner with the Giants in 1962.

Playing career.

Alou was born in Haina, Dominican Republic. He was a platoon player for the Giants for several years and was mostly unremarkable. His finest moment in San Francisco came in 1962 when his pinch-hit bunt single in the final game of a three-game tie-breaking playoff against the Los Angeles Dodgers began the rally that won the game and the pennant for the Giants. He batted.333 in the Giants' losing effort against the Yankees in the 1962 World Series. While he was primarily an outfielder, Alou also appeared in one game in 1965 as a pitcher, pitching two scoreless innings.  After Alou was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates before the 1966 season, he received instruction from expert hitting instructor Harry "the Hat" Walker that helped turn him into a formidable hitter and an integral member of a Pirates team which, included future Baseball Hall of Fame members Roberto Clemente, Bill Mazeroski and Willie Stargell. The Pirates fought the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants in a tight pennant race and were in first place on September 10, before they faltered to finish the season in third place for a second consecutive year. Alou won the 1966 batting title with a.342 average, with his brother Felipe finishing second.  His contract was sold by the St. Louis Cardinals to the San Diego Padres on October 24, 1973,  He finished in the top five in hitting four more times after that in –,. His best year was 1969, when he led the major leagues in at-bats (698), doubles (41), and hits (231). His 231 hits in 1969 remain the highest total by any National League player since Joe Medwick, with 237, in 1937.  After leaving the Major Leagues following the season, he played three seasons in Japan (Taiheiyo Club Lions) and managed in the Dominican Professional Baseball League.  On June 23,, the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame inducted Matty Alou into their Hall of Fame during an on-field, pre-game ceremony at AT&T Park before a game between the San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees. He, along with San Francisco Giants shortstop Omar Vizquel were inducted in front of over 43,000 fans.  Matty Alou died in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic as the result of diabetic complications, according to his former Dominican team, Leones del Escogido. The Giants also confirmed his death and said Alou had been suffering for several years with a variety of health issues.

Mateo "Matty" Rojas Alou (December 22, 1938 – November 3, 2011) was a Dominican former professional baseball player and manager. He played as an outfielder in Major League Baseball from 1960 to 1974. He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Taiheiyo Club Lions from 1974 through 1976. Alou was a two-time All-Star player who is notable for being the 1966 National League batting champion.


Geography.

Chignik Lagoon is at (56.307535, -158.535023), on the southeast shore of the tidal inlet of the same name. It is bordered to the east by the city of Chignik.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of, all of it land.  In 2009 the Marines of 4th Combat Engineer Battalion, 4th Marine Division, began work on an inter-village road system to link Chignik Lake to Chignik Lagoon. This is the first phase of potentially creating road links between Chignik Lagoon, Chignik Lake and Chignik.

Demographics.

Chignik Lagoon first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village (although it probably had been a part of the earlier Chignik Bay settlement listed on the 1890 & 1910 U.S. Censuses when it was the site of some canneries). It did not appear on the 1970 census, but was made a census-designated place in 1980 and has appeared on every census since to date (2010).  As of the census of 2000, there were 103 people, 33 households, and 22 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 7.9 people per square mile (3.0/km). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 5.2/sq mi (2.0/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 11.65% White, 0.97% Black or African American, 81.55% Native American, and 5.83% from two or more races.  There were 33 households, out of which 48.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, and 33.3% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.95.  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 16.5% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 134.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 184.0 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $92,297, and the median income for a family was $99,054. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $38,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,941. There were no families and 1.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Chignik Lagoon (Alutiiq: "Nanwarnaq") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 78.


Song information.

Tunstall said of the song: The song is usually performed solo by Tunstall, the original artist, with the layered guitar and vocals constructed piece-by-piece by sampling the parts live, and using a loop pedal unit to create the backing track. A performance of the song on "Later... with Jools Holland" (recorded before the release of "Eye to the Telescope") was an important break in Tunstall's career. The song won Tunstall an award for Best Single of 2005 in "Q", and it received a 2007 Grammy Award nomination for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance".  The album version was used as the opening theme song for the CBC Television drama "Wild Roses". The song was later redone by Aly & AJ for "Pepsi Smash", included on the Japanese only re-release of their second studio album "Insomniatic". "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" was also used in advertisements for The WB show "Pepper Dennis" and the 2006 US Open. The song's video ranked No. 19 on VH1's "40 Greatest Videos of 2006." During the programme's airing, Tunstall stated that the day of the video shoot was the only time she had ever worn red lipstick.

Chart performance.

In the United Kingdom, the single peaked at No. 28 in its first week and dropped out of the Top 75 in three weeks.  In the United States, "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" was initially in the bottom half of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Only after Katharine McPhee sang the song on "American Idol" (in the 5th season) as part of a "Billboard" charts-based song selection did the tune rise rapidly in popularity; it jumped 56 positions on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, going from No. 79 to No. 23, and then moving to No. 20, becoming Tunstall's first single (and only, to date) to appear on that chart's Top 20. McPhee would go on to sing the song again in her final performance show on 23 May 2006, finishing second to Taylor Hicks.  Megan Joy also sang this song on "American Idol", in season 8.

"Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" (commonly written with an ampersand) is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall that is featured on her debut album, "Eye to the Telescope". It is one of many songs that reuses the famous Bo Diddley beat from the influential 1955 song of his own name. The track was released on 21 February 2005 as the lead single from the album, charting at No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The following year, the single became a hit outside Europe, reaching No. 7 in Canada and No. 20 in the United States and New Zealand.


Biography.

After completing secondary school in Verdun in 1924, Marcel Baltazard began studying medicine in Paris, determined to become a clinician.  In 1928, a friend of Marcel Baltazard, C. Desportes, suggested that he join him in Emile Brumpt's laboratory of parasitology (medical faculty in Paris), where he became an assistant in 1931.  In June 1932, Georges Blanc, to whom Emile Roux entrusted the foundation of Institut Pasteur in Morocco, invited him to prepare his doctoral thesis on the Marrakech's bilharziosis focus. From December 1932 to May 1933, in the laboratory of parasitology at the medical faculty (Paris), he studied the spotted fever. He improved his microbiological technique in René Legroux's laboratory in Institut Pasteur. He attended his medical thesis "Contribution to the study of the vesical bilharziosis in Morocco".  He then rejoined Georges Blanc at Institut Pasteur of Casablanca, where he did research on the transmission of typhus, sodoku, spirochaete, recurrent fevers. In 1935, he received the Desportes Prize from the French Academy of Medicine.  In 1937, Georges Blanc and Marcel Baltazard create from infected fleas' excrements a new vaccine against typhus.  From 1942 to 1945, he participated in the Italian, French and German campaigns as the head doctor in the first group of Moroccan Tabors-Goums.  Back in Morocco in 1945, he was then sent by René Legroux on a temporary mission at Institut Pasteur of Iran. There he prepared a new contract with the Iranian government that will sign Louis-Pasteur Vallery-Radot, René Legroux and Antoine Lacassagne on behalf of Institut Pasteur.  In 1946, he became the director of the Institut Pasteur of Iran, where he re-planned the scientific structures and architecture. There he organized a national campaign of mass vaccination against smallpox and tuberculosis, the latter with the help of WHO and UNICEF. He collaborated with French, American and Soviet research institutes and also founded an agricultural centre for the social rehabilitation of leprous population. In 1947, he studied a plague epidemic in rural environment in Kurdistan, despite the absence of rats on these high plateaux. Studies pointed out the permanence of infection in these foci, and the role played in this permanence by the presence of rodents showing a high resistance to infection. He came to the conclusion that it was necessary to look for a real plague reservoir not among sensitive species eradicated by infection, but among the semi-resistant species that survive. To prove this theory, WHO set up a research campaign associated with Institut Pasteur of Iran.  In 1950, he became WHO' rabies committee expert. He elaborated a testing program of a new serum antirabic, purified and concentrated (called hyperimmun) in the USA. This has paved a new way of using serum antirabic.  In 1954, he was awarded the Bellion Prize by the French Academy of Sciences. In 1956, he becomes member of WHO's expert committee for the plague.  In 1958, Baltazard left Institut Pasteur of Iran and was the adviser of his Iranian colleague, M. Ghodsi, until 1966. In 1961, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Medicine, Paris.  In 1966, in the Institut Pasteur in Paris, he remained in contact with his Iranian team associated with WHO and Russian and American researchers.  In 1968, he became departmental head of the new medical service of epidemiology of transmittable diseases, researching and teaching at the same time. He was managed the organization of epidemiology courses. He also continued the research program previously set up in Brazil, Peru, Burma, and Mauritania, with the prospect to extend investigations to other countries.  He died in Paris on September 1, 1971.

Marcel Baltazard (February 13, 1908 – September 1, 1971) was a French physician and medical researcher. Known for his work on plague and rabies, he was the director of the Pasteur Institute of Iran from 1946 to 1961 and then head of the service of epidemiology in the Pasteur Institute of Paris.


Structure.

The oratorio lasts around 40 minutes and is written in seven movements:

Overview.

In the shadow of the Zhdanov decree.

Compared to most of Shostakovich's other output, especially several of his symphonies, it is all too easy to consider "The Song of the Forests" a simplistic and overtly accessible "official" piece without remembering the context of the time in which it was written. In 1948 Shostakovich, along with many other composers, was again denounced for formalism in the Zhdanov decree. Simplistic and overtly accessible compositions was exactly what the Party demanded. Shostakovich was not the only one writing "safe" pieces at this time. Prokofiev composed his oratorio "On Guard for Peace" and Myaskovsky wrote his 27th Symphony. Even so, Soviet attacks on composers were both arbitrary and unpredictable, due in no small part to vagueness surrounding the theory of socialist realism in music and how it should be applied. Marina Frolova-Walker stated the situation this way: For Shostakovich the story of 1936 was repeated, only this time he was not alone. Most of his works were banned, he was forced to publicly repent, and his family had privileges withdrawn. Yuri Lyubimov says that at this time "he waited for his arrest at night out on the landing by the lift, so that at least his family wouldn't be disturbed". In the next few years Shostakovich divided his compositions into film music to pay the rent, official works aimed at securing official rehabilitation, and serious works "for the desk drawer". The latter included the Violin Concerto No. 1 and the song cycle "From Jewish Folk Poetry".

Composition.

For practical reasons (not to mention those of personal survival), Shostakovich began using two distinct musical idioms in which to compose. The first was more simplified and accessible to comply with Party guidelines. The second was more complex and abstract to fulfill himself artistically. "The Song of the Forests" belongs in the first category. In his "official" style he set a text by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky, a poet high in Party favor. Dolmatovsky had seen the then-new forest plantations and shared his experiences with the composer.  Shostakovich creates an arc from the opening evocation of vastness of the Russian steppes with a dark, almost Mussorgskian recollection of the devastation of the war just past, to a closing fugue of vigor and affirmation. In between these two points are a series of choral songs encouraging the planting of trees. While composing this piece, Shostakovich read an article in his daughter's school newspaper about groups of "Pioneers"—the Soviet youth movement—becoming involved in the planting project. He asked Dolmatovsky to supply additional lines for children's chorus to represent the Pioneers' efforts. A lyrical movement just before the finale is reminiscent of the recently castigated Eighth Symphony, though more "accessible" to avoid censure. The final fugue, Shostakovich felt, was a risk since fugues were considered formalistic. By using a Russian folk song as the basis for the movement and the potential of citing Glinka as a model, he felt he reduced the risk factor substantially.

Lyrics.

The full cantata has 7 sections.  The title of the poem Оденем Родину в леса! is repeated as a refrain in the cantata. The second movement of the cantata begins as follows:

Continued popularity.

While "Song of the Forest" has been considered neither the best nor the most popular of Shostakovich's oeuvre, it continues to be performed and recorded because it is an attractive musical pastiche. Reminiscences of the boys' chorus from Tchaikovsky's "Pique Dame" rub shoulders with Glinka and even Mussorgsky. There is additionally a direct influence of Mahler's "Das Lied von der Erde", especially the introspective third and fourth movements. Shostakovich hints at this in the similarity of titles between the two compositions. The propaganda value of "The Song of the Forests" may have been purely superficial, but it was enough to satisfy Party ideologues.

Nods to officialdom.

Nevertheless, the composer considered this oratorio a shameful work. Before the work's premiere, a friend of Shostakovich said to him, "It would be so good if instead of Stalin you had, say, the queen of the Netherlands—she's a big fan of reforestation. The composer replied, "That would be wonderful! I take responsibility for the music, but as for the words..."  Ironically, the work glorified Stalin least of all. The fierce battles of World War II had deforested huge tracts of the Soviet Union and the concern for replacing and increasing forest land became a major issue in the immediate post-war years. This appeal for forestation was the core musical idea in the oratorio, with Stalin getting only a few "pro forma" phrases. These acknowledgements proved totally superfluous and were easily jettisoned after Stalin's death. Nevertheless, heightening the irony was Shostakovich's receiving a Stalin Prize for the work.

The Song of the Forests ("Песнь о лесах"), Op. 81, is an oratorio by Dmitri Shostakovich composed in the summer of 1949. It was written to celebrate the forestation of the Russian steppes (Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature) following the end of World War II. The composition was essentially made to please Joseph Stalin and the oratorio is notorious for lines praising as the "great gardener", although performances after Stalin's death have normally omitted them. Premiered by the Leningrad Philharmonic under Yevgeny Mravinsky on 15 November 1949, the work was well received by the government, earning the composer a Stalin Prize the following year.