Demographics.

The Philippine Statistics Authority reported in October 2015 that, based on the 2010 census, % of the total Filipino population were Catholics, 10.8% were Protestant and % were Muslims.

Christianity.

Christianity arrived in the Philippines with the landing of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago "Las Islas Filipinas" in honor of Philip II of Spain, who was then Prince of Girona and of Asturias under his father, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who, as Charles I, was also King of Spain. Missionary activity during the country's colonial rule by Spain and the United States led the transformation of the Philippines into the first and then, along with East Timor, one of two predominantly Catholic nations in East Asia, with approximately 92.5% of the population belonging to the Christian faith.

Catholicism.

Catholicism (; ) is the predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination, with estimates of approximately 80.6% of the population belonging to this faith in the Philippines. The country has a significant Spanish Catholic tradition, and Spanish style Catholicism is embedded in the culture, which was acquired from priests or friars.  The Catholic Church has great influence on Philippine society and politics. One typical event is the role of the Catholic hierarchy during the bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986. Then-Archbishop of Manila and "de facto" Primate of the Philippines, Jaime Cardinal Sin appealed to the public via radio to congregate along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue in support of rebel forces. Some seven million people responded to the call between February 22–25, and the non-violent protests successfully forced President Ferdinand E. Marcos out of power and into exile in Hawaii.  Several Catholic holidays are culturally important as family occasions, and are observed in the civil calendar. Chief among these are Christmas, which includes celebrations of the civil New Year, and the more solemn Holy Week, which may occur in March or April. Every November, Filipino families celebrate All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day as a single holiday in honour of the saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning ancestral graves, offering prayers, and feasting. As of 2018, Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working holiday.

Philippine Independent Church.

The Philippine Independent Church (officially Spanish: Iglesia Filipina Independiente, IFI; colloquially known as the Aglipayan Church) is an independent Christian denomination in the form of a national church in the Philippines. Its schism from the Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina due to the mistreatment of Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of nationalist José Rizal under Spanish colonial rule.  Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation, and suggested that former Catholic priest Gregorio Aglipay be the head of the church. It is also known as the Aglipayan Church after its first Obispo Maximo, Gregorio Aglipay.  Commonly shared beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of the Apostolic Succession solely to the Petrine Papacy, the acceptance of priestly ordination of women, the free option of clerical celibacy, the tolerance to join Freemasonry groups, non-committal in belief regarding transubstantiation and Real Presence of the Eucharist, and the advocacy of contraception and same-sex civil rights among its members. Many saints canonised by Rome after the schism are also not officially recognised by the Aglipayan church and its members.  Today, Aglipayans in the Philippines claim to number at least 6 to 8 million members, with most from the northern part of Luzon, especially in the Ilocos Region and in the parts of Visayas like Antique, Iloilo and Guimaras provinces. Congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. The church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the population), comprising about 6.7% of the total population of the Philippines. By contrast, the 2010 Philippine census recorded only 916,639 members in the country, or about 1% of the population. It has 47 dioceses including the dioceses outside the Philippines such the Diocese of Tampa (USA) and the Diocese Western USA and Canada. It has Fellowship congregations in the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Hongkong and Singapore. IFI is in full communion with the Anglican Churches and the Episcopal Church.

Iglesia ni Cristo.

Iglesia ni Cristo (; ) is the largest entirely indigenous-initiated religious organisation in the Philippines comprising roughly 1.5% of religious affiliation in the Philippines. Felix Y. Manalo officially registered the church with the Philippine Government on July 27, 1914 and because of this, most publications refer to him as the founder of the church. Felix Manalo claimed that he was restoring the church of Christ that was lost for 2,000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76.  The Iglesia ni Cristo is known for its large evangelical missions. The largest of which was the Grand Evangelical Mission (GEM) which also occurred simultaneously on 19 sites across the country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event. Other programs includes the "Lingap sa Mamamayan" (Aid to Humanity), The "Kabayan Ko Kapatid Ko" (My Countrymen, My Brethren) and various resettlement projects for affected individuals.

Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry.

The Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry (JMCIM) is an apostolic Pentecostal religious group from the Philippines which believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ with signs, wonders, miracles and faith in God for healing. JMCIM was founded by evangelist Wilde E. Almeda on February 14, 1975.

Members Church of God International.

Members Church of God International (Filipino: "Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal") is a religious organization popularly known through its Filipino television program, "Ang Dating Daan" (English Program "The Old Path", in Spanish "El Camino Antiguo", in Portuguese "O Caminho Antigo")  The church is known for their "Bible Expositions", where guests and members are given a chance to ask any biblical question to the "Overall Servant" Eliseo Soriano. He and his associates refute teachings of asked religions which are, according to Soriano, "not biblical" and discuss controversial passages. Besides general preaching, they also established charity works. Among these humanitarian services are the charity homes for the senior citizens and orphaned children and teenagers; transient homes; medical missions; full college scholarship; start-up capital for livelihood projects; vocational training for the differently-abled; free legal assistance; free bus, jeepney, and train rides for commuters and senior citizens, and; free Bibles for everyone. MCGI is now one of the major blood donor in the Philippines, as acknowledged by the Philippine National Red Cross.

Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus.

The Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus (Filipino: "Kabanalbanalang Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus"), is an independent Christian denomination officially registered in the Philippines by Teofilo D. Ora in May 1922. The Church claims to restore the visible Church founded in Jerusalem by Christ Jesus. It has spread to areas including California, USA; Calgary, Canada, Dubai, UAE and other Asian countries. The Church will be celebrating its centennial anniversary in May 2022.  The church was founded by Bishop Teofilo D. Ora in 1922. He, along with Avelino Santiago and Nicolas Perez, split off from the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) in 1922. They initially called their church "Iglesia Verdadera de Cristo Hesus" (True Church of Christ Jesus). However, following a religious doctrine controversy, Nicolas Perez split off from the group and registered an offshoot called "Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan" (Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Support of the Truth). Teofilo D. Ora was bishop until his death in 1969. He was officially succeeded by Bishop Salvador C. Payawal who led the church until 1989. Subsequent bishops were Bishop Gamaliel T. Payawal (1989 to 2003) and Bishop Isagani N. Capistrano (2003–present). It was during Gamaliel Payawal's tenure when the church was renamed as "Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus".

Apostolic Catholic Church.

The Apostolic Catholic Church (ACC) is an independent catholic denomination founded in the 1980s in Hermosa, Bataan. It formally separated in the Catholic Church in 1992 when Patriarch Dr. John Florentine Teruel registered it as a Protestant and Independent Catholic denomination. Today, it has more than 5 million members worldwide. The largest international congregations are in Japan, United States and Canada.

Orthodoxy.

Orthodoxy has been continuously present in the Philippines for more than 200 years. It is represented by two groups, by the Exarchate of the Philippines (a jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople governed by the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia), and by the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Mission in the Philippines (a jurisdiction of the Antiochian Orthodox Church governed by the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania). In 1999, it was asserted that there were about 560 Orthodox church members in the Philippines.

Protestantism.

Protestantism arrived in the Philippines with the take-over of the islands by Americans at the turn of the 20th century. In 1898, Spain lost the Philippines to the United States. After a bitter fight for independence against its new occupiers, Filipinos surrendered and were again colonized. The arrival of Protestant American missionaries soon followed., Protestants comprised about 10%–15% of the population, with an annual growth rate of 10% since 1910 and constitute the largest Christian grouping after Catholicism. Protestant church organizations established in the Philippines during the 20th century include the following:

Members Church of God in Jesus Christ Worldwide.

Members Church of God in Jesus Christ Worldwide (also known as "Miembro de la Iglesia de Dios en Todo el Mundo Inc.") is an independent Christian organization with headquarters in the Philippines led by Wilfredo "Bro. Willy" Santiago, a former Bible reader for Members Church of God International (MCGI). Willy Santiago was excommunicated from MCGI due to various violations. Santiago is currently building a new church headquarters in Malolos, Bulacan.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Philippines was founded during the Spanish–American War in 1898. Two men from Utah who were members of the United States artillery battery, and who were also set apart as missionaries by the Church before they left the United States, preached while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the Church was officially registered in the Philippines. In 1969, the Church had spread to eight major islands and had the highest number of baptisms of any area in the Church. Membership was 710,764 in 2015. A temple was built in 1984 which is located in Manila, and a second temple was completed in Cebu City in 2010. As of 2019, four more LDS temples have been announced, they are planned to be built in Urdaneta, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, as well as a second temple in the greater Manila area.

Islam.

Islam reached the Philippines in the 14th century with the arrival of Muslim traders from the Persian Gulf, Southern India, and their followers from several sultanate governments in Maritime Southeast Asia. Islam's predominance reached all the way to the shores of Manila Bay, home to several Muslim kingdoms. During the Spanish conquest, Islam had a rapid decline as the predominant monotheistic faith in the Philippines as a result of the introduction of Roman Catholicism by Spanish missionaries and via the Spanish Inquisition. The southern Filipino tribes were among the few indigenous Filipino communities that resisted Spanish rule and conversions to Roman Catholicism. The vast majority of Muslims in Philippines follow Sunni Islam of Shafi school of jurisprudence, with small Shiite and Ahmadiyya minorities. Islam is the oldest recorded monotheistic religion in the Philippines. . According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Muslim population of Philippines in 2015 was 5.57%. However, a 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) stated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or approximately 11 percent of the total population.

History.

In 1380 Karim ul' Makhdum the first Arabian trader reached the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in the Philippines and through trade throughout the island established Islam in the country. In 1390 the Minangkabau's Prince Rajah Baguinda and his followers preached Islam on the islands. The Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque was the first mosque established in the Philippines on Simunul in Mindanao in the 14th century. Subsequent settlements by Arab missionaries traveling to Malaysia and Indonesia helped strengthen Islam in the Philippines and each settlement was governed by a Datu, Rajah and a Sultan.  By the next century conquests had reached the Sulu islands in the southern tip of the Philippines where the population was animistic and they took up the task of converting the animistic population to Islam with renewed zeal. By the 15th century, half of Luzon (Northern Philippines) and the islands of Mindanao in the south had become subject to the various Muslim sultanates of Borneo and much of the population in the South were converted to Islam. However, the Visayas was largely dominated by Hindu-Buddhist societies led by rajahs and datus who strongly resisted Islam. One reason could be due to the economic and political disasters prehispanic Muslim pirates from the Mindanao region bring during raids. These frequent attacks gave way to naming present-day Cebu as then-"Sugbo" or scorched earth which was a defensive technique implemented by the Visayans so the pirates have nothing much to loot.  Moro (derived from the Spanish word meaning "Moors") is the appellation inherited from the Spaniards, for Filipino Muslims and tribal groups of Mindanao. The Moros seek to establish an independent Islamic province in Mindanao to be named Bangsamoro. The term "Bangsamoro" is a combination of an Old Malay word meaning "nation" or "state" with the Spanish word "Moro". A significant Moro rebellion occurred during the Philippine–American War. Conflicts and rebellion have continued in the Philippines from the pre-colonial period up to the present.

Muslim Mindanao.

The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) comprises the Philippines' predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi, and the Islamic City of Marawi. It is the only region with its own government. The regional capital is at Cotabato City, although this city is outside of its jurisdiction.

Judaism.

In the 1590s some Jews fleeing from the Inquisition were recorded to have come to the Philippines. In 2006, Metro Manila boasted the largest Jewish community in the Philippines, which consisted of roughly 100 families., the Jewish population comprised between 100 and 300 individuals, depending on one's definition of Jew.  The country's only synagogue, Beth Yaacov, is located in Makati. There are other Jews elsewhere in the country, but these are much fewer and almost all transients, either diplomats or business envoys, and their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a few Israelis in Manila recruiting caregivers for Israel, some work in call centers, businessmen and a few other executives.

Hinduism.

The Srivijaya Empire and Majapahit Empire on what is now Malaysia and Indonesia, introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the islands. Ancient statues of Hindu-Buddhist gods have been found in the Philippines dating as far back as 600 to 1600 years from present.  The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of Hindu Tamil people, Gujarati people and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. Indian religions, possibly an amalgamated version of Hindu-Buddhist arrived in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian kingdom of Srivijaya followed by Majapahit. Archeological evidence suggesting exchange of ancient spiritual ideas from India to the Philippines includes the 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat gold Hindu goddess Agusan (sometimes referred to as Golden Tara), found in Mindanao in 1917 after a storm and flood exposed its location.  Another gold artifact, from the Tabon caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam. These archaeological evidence suggests an active trade of many specialized goods and gold between India and Philippines and coastal regions of Vietnam and China. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images of Nandi – the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.  Today Hinduism is largely confined to the Indian Filipinos and the expatriate Indian community. There are temples also for Sikhism, also located in the provinces and in the cities, sometimes located near Hindu temples. The two Paco temples are well known, comprising a Hindu temple and a Sikh temple.

Anitism.

Anitism, simply referred as Philippine mythology or indigenous Philippine ancestral religions, is a body of myths, tales, and superstitions held by Filipinos (composed of more than a hundred ethnic peoples in the Philippines), mostly originating from beliefs held during the pre-Hispanic era. Some of these beliefs stem from pre-Christian religions that were specially influenced by Hinduism and were regarded by the Spanish as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize legitimate precolonial beliefs by forcefully replacing those native beliefs with colonial Christian myths and superstitions. Today, some of these precolonial beliefs are still held by many Filipinos, both in urban and rural areas.  Philippine mythology is incorporated from various sources, having similarities with Indonesian and Malay myths, as well as Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions, such as the notion of heaven ("kaluwalhatian", "kalangitan", "kamurawayan", etc.), hell ("kasamaan", "sulad", etc.), and the human soul ("kaluluwa", "kaulolan", etc.). Philippine mythology attempts to explain the nature of the world through the lives and actions of deities (gods, goddesses), heroes, and mythological creatures. The majority of these myths were passed on through oral tradition, and preserved through the aid of community spiritual leaders or shamans ("babaylan", "katalonan", "mumbaki", "baglan", "machanitu", "walian", "mangubat", "bahasa", etc.) and community elders.  Philippine mythologies and indigenous religions have historically been referred as Anitism, meaning "ancestral religion". Today, many ethnic peoples continue to practice and conserve their unique indigenous religions, notably in ancestral domains, although foreign and foreign-inspired Hispanic and Arabic religions continue to interfere with their life-ways through conversions, land-grabbing, inter-marriage, and/or land-buying. Various scholarly works have been made regarding Anitism and its many topics, although much of its stories and traditions are still undocumented by the international anthropological and folkloristic community. Unlike dead religions such as Norse mythology, living religions such as Anitism, Shintoism, and Hinduism continue to develop up to this day due to inevitable dynamics in belief systems in the modern century. Because of this natural phenomenon, folk literature or oral stories on a variety of Philippine mythologies concerning the deities, heroes, and creatures have sustainably been multiplying since the pre-colonial era up to the 21st century. Presently, around 2% of the population are Anitists, concentrating in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Palawan, Mindoro, Western Visayas, and Mindanao. Specific communities throughout the Philippines also adhere to Anitism, while more than 90% of the Philippine national population continue to believe in certain Anitist belief system, despite adhering to another religion.

Bahá'í Faith.

The Bahá'í Faith in the Philippines started in 1921 with the first Bahá'í first visiting the Philippines that year, and by 1944 a Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was established. In the early 1960s, during a period of accelerated growth, the community grew from 200 in 1960 to 1000 by 1962 and 2000 by 1963. In 1964 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the Philippines was elected and by 1980 there were 64,000 Bahá'ís and 45 local assemblies. The Bahá'ís have been active in multi/inter-faith developments. The 2005 World Christian Encyclopedia estimates the Bahá'í population of the Philippines at about 247,500.

Buddhism.

No written record exists about the early Buddhism in the Philippines. However, archaeological discoveries and the few scant references in the other nations' historical records can tell about the existence of Buddhism from the 9th century onward in the islands. These records mention the independent states that comprise the Philippines and which show that they were not united as one country in the early days. Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts. The style are of Vajrayana influence.  Loanwords with Buddhist context appear in languages of the Philippines. Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts. The style are of Vajrayana influence. The Philippines's early states must have become the tributary states of the powerful Buddhist Srivijaya empire that controlled the trade and its sea routes from the 6th century to the 13th century in Southeast Asia. The states's trade contacts with the empire long before or in the 9th century must have served as the conduit for introducing Vajrayana Buddhism to the islands.  Both Srivijaya empire in Sumatra and Majapahit empire in Java were unknown in history until 1918 when the Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient's George Coedes postulated their existence because they had been mentioned in the records of the Chinese Tang and Sung imperial dynasties. Ji Ying, a Chinese monk and scholar, stayed in Sumatra from 687 to 689 on his way to India. He wrote on the Srivijaya's splendour, "Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. Many of the kings and the chieftains in the islands in the southern seas admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good action."  Both empires replaced their early Theravada Buddhist religion with Vajrayana Buddhism in the 7th century.

Irreligion.

Dentsu Communication Institute Inc., Research Centre for Japan said in 2006 that about 11% of the population are irreligious. Other sources put the number at less than 0.1%.  In February 2009, Filipino Freethinkers was formed. Since 2011, the Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society has held its OUT Campaigns in Rizal Park and Quezon Memorial Circle. Also it held two feeding programs "Good without Religion" in Bacoor, Cavite. The society also is a member affiliate and associate of various international atheist organizations such as the Atheist Alliance International, Institute for Science and Human Values, and the International Humanist and Ethical Union, as one among secular organizations that promotes free thought and scientific development in the Philippines.

Religion and politics.

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines declares: The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. (Article II, Section 6), and, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. (Article III, Section 5). Joaquin Bernas, a Filipino Jesuit specializing in constitutional law, acknowledges that there were complex issues that were brought to court and numerous attempts to use the separation of Church and State against the Catholic Church, but he defends the statement, saying that "the fact that he [Marcos] tried to do it does not deny the validity of the separation of church and state".  On April 28, 2004, the Philippines Supreme Court reversed the ruling of a lower court ordering five religious leaders to refrain from endorsing a candidate for elective office. Manila Judge Conception Alarcon-Vergara had ruled that the "head of a religious organization who influences or threatens to punish members could be held liable for coercion and violation of citizen's right to vote freely". The lawsuit filed by Social Justice Society party stated that "the Church's active participation in partisan politics, using the awesome voting strength of its faithful flock, will enable it to elect men to public office who will in turn be forever beholden to its leaders, enabling them to control the government".  They claimed that this violates the Philippine constitution's separation of Church and State clause. The named respondents were the Archbishop of Manila Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, El Shaddai Movement Leader Mike Velarde, Iglesia ni Cristo Executive Minister Eduardo V. Manalo and Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide leader Eddie Villanueva. Manalo's Iglesia ni Cristo practices bloc voting. Former Catholic Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin had been instrumental in rallying support for the assumption to power of Corazon Aquino and Gloria Arroyo. Velarde supported Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Benigno Aquino III while Villanueva endorsed Fidel Ramos and Jose De Venecia. The papal nuncio agreed with the decision of the lower court while the other respondents challenged the decision.

Religion in the Philippines is marked by a majority of people being adherents of the Christian faith. At least 92% of the population is Christian; about 81% belong to the Catholic Church while about 11% belong to Protestantism, Orthodoxy, Restorationist and Independent Catholicism and other denominations such as Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Iglesia ni Cristo, Seventh-day Adventist Church, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Members Church of God International (MCGI) and Evangelicals. Officially, the Philippines is a secular nation, with the Constitution guaranteeing separation of church and state, and requiring the government to respect all religious beliefs equally.


History.

On December 2, 1960, the station signed on as WGAA-FM, the FM counterpart to WGAA in Cedartown. Shortly after being established, the station was sold to Kenco Broadcasting for $25,000. Kenco was headed by Don Kennedy, James Lathom and Arthur Swan; Kennedy was an Atlanta radio and television personality, playing "Officer Don" on WSB-TV's "Popeye Club" children's show from 1956 to 1972. After the sale, WGAA-FM's call letters were changed to WKLS, representing the initials of Kenco's partners, "Kennedy-Lathom-Swan". They sold it ten years later for $750,000.  From its earliest days until the early 1970s, the station played easy listening music. For its first several years on the air, WKLS was voice-tracked with most of the announcements and commercials read by Kennedy. By 1972, WKLS had moved to a middle of the road format with popular adult music and live disc jockeys who served as friendly personalities. Its main slogan by then was "WKLS...That's 'Klass'."  From 1977 to 1988, WKLS was co-owned with WKLS (970 AM), consequently, WKLS was formally known as WKLS-FM during this period. The following year, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) database shows it as having the call letters WEOA for a month from November to December (however, this may be a mistake).

Album rock era.

WKLS made a dramatic change in 1974, as it flipped to an album rock format, using the moniker "96 Rock", the branding it retained until November 2006. Key artists on WKLS in the 1970s included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Elton John, Carole King, The Who and Chicago. For a time in 1977, DJ "Skinny" Bobby Harper, who was the inspiration for Dr. Johnny Fever of the television sitcom "WKRP in Cincinnati", was a WKLS disc jockey. In the 1980s, the station was acquired by The Great American Radio & TV Company, with Jacor Communications taking over in the 1990s.  In the early 1980s, "96 Rock" cultivated a somewhat macho image. The station often mocked competing stations which played Top 40 hits as "wimp rock." WKLS began to play more heavy metal, which was increasing in popularity, especially among teenaged boys. However, a backlash began to develop among the station's more mature listeners. In 1985, the station modified its playlist to a mix of older and newer titles. WKLS and its parent company Jacor was bought by San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications.  "96 Rock" continued to play a mixture of classic rock and new rock for nearly two decades. WKLS finally became exclusively a classic rock station in 2004. The 2004 change occurred when competing Atlanta station Z-93 (WZGC FM 92.9) became "Dave FM," switching from classic rock to adult album alternative (AAA). This did not cause a dramatic change in 96 Rock's playlist, however. Even before officially declaring itself a classic rock station, most of its songs were from past decades. Only a few new or recent songs were played an hour.  The station honored its history and tradition on several occasions. In 1984, WKLS celebrated its 10th anniversary by airing a Labor Day countdown of the top 296 songs from 1974 to 1984. The station's 30th anniversary was recognized in 2004 with several promotions. Listeners were asked to write to the station and reminisce about events in their lives, in which 96 Rock played a memorable role. Some of this correspondence was read on the air and posted on the station's website.  In April 2004, long-time morning drive time hosts The Regular Guys (Larry Wachs and Eric Von Haessler) were fired after they had inadvertently aired graphic sexual language from porn star Devin Lane when the content bled through a Honda commercial. That content, which aired the previous month, was intended to be played backwards. The Regular Guys wanted to mock the FCC indecency crackdown when they came back from the break. Regular Guys sidekick "Southside" Steve Rickman and former midday host Tim Rhodes took the morning time slot temporarily. A permanent replacement came in the form of the syndicated "Bob & Tom Show", as Rhodes and Rickman moved to the afternoon slot. The Regular Guys returned to Atlanta airwaves on March 21, 2005, and came back to 96 Rock in May, after a brief stint on co-owned talk station WGST. The return of the Regular Guys only lasted 18 months.  On October 23, 2006, Clear Channel Communications terminated the Regular Guys for good following an incident in which Wachs recorded bathroom conversations between the two morning show hosts on co-owned WWVA-FM while all three men were using the restroom. The recording was played on the air a couple of days later. The WWVA hosts (known as "Yogi & Panda") complained to management and subsequently sued Clear Channel and The Regular Guys. Wachs said, "A case of a humorous prank has turned into a culture clash, a suppression of First Amendment rights, and a ridiculous smear campaign against me as well as termination of my income without due process."  On November 17, 2006, at 9 a.m., Clear Channel dropped the station's 32-year "96 Rock" moniker, replacing it with "Project 9-6-1", and shifted to more of an active rock format. At the same time, alternative-formatted "105.3 The Buzz" WBZY-FM ceased independent operations and began simulcasting the new format for several days, until a Regional Mexican music format began. The new format on WKLS was intended to be somewhat of a merger between 96 Rock and The Buzz, although more personalities from The Buzz were on the new station than ones from 96 Rock.  On July 7, 2007, the "Atlanta Journal Constitution" reported that the new morning show host for Project 9-6-1 would be "Giant" Brian Carothers, morning producer and sidekick for John DeBella at WMGK in Philadelphia. Carothers was joined by co-host Shaffee, former radio personality from long-time rock station WRIF in Detroit. "The Giant Show" debuted on October 1, 2007. On October 2, 2009, it was announced that "Giant" Brian Carothers would no longer be a part of the morning show and "The Giant Show" would be replaced by a show hosted by Shaffee and El Jefe, who was later replaced by Klinger.  On May 21, 2011, it was revealed that Shaffee and Klinger would no longer be a part of the morning show. Kidd Chris from WYSP Philadelphia announced on May 24, 2011, that he would be joining the morning show. He hosted mornings on Project 9-6-1 until the station's discontinuation.

Contemporary hit era.

On August 29, 2012, at 7 p.m., without warning, "Project" signed off following a farewell message from program director Chris "The OC" Williams, as he ended the station's 38-year rock history with "Free Bird" by Lynyrd Skynyrd., with the rock format moving to its HD2 digital subchannel. After stunting with an hour of jockless pop songs and the opening chorus to "Ready or Not" by The Fugees, the station flipped to contemporary hit radio branded "Power 96.1"; the first song was "Party Rock Anthem" by LMFAO. The flip marked the second station in the market to use the "Power" branding, the first being WARM-FM/WAPW from 1986 to 1992. On September 11, 2012, WKLS changed call letters to WWPW to match the "Power" branding.  The nationally syndicated program "Elvis Duran and the Morning Show" was carried by WWPW from September 2012 until February 11, 2014. When Duran was discontinued, the station warned listeners about the change, and directed them to the iHeartRadio website and smartphone app. WWPW went a month without a morning show, playing music during morning drive time, calling it "The Most New Hit Music in the Morning", until the station debuted a local morning show on March 17th with Scotty K, Riley Couture and Bret Mega.  On February 29, 2016, it was officially announced that "Power Morning Show" hosts Scotty K and Bret Mega were let go. This came as a surprise since the local morning show, and the station as a whole, had been gaining traction in the ratings. Some speculations have been made about Power mornings returning to a more music-intensive show. Word of their replacement was announced on March 19th, with PK, formerly of "The Playhouse" morning show from Portland, Oregon, and KKHH in Houston, hosting mornings along with his wife Denise and Riley Couture beginning March 21st.  WWPW also carries the syndicated "On-Air with Ryan Seacrest", hosted by Atlanta native Ryan Seacrest, in middays. Seacrest's countdown show "American Top 40" is also heard Sunday mornings.

Digital Broadcasting.

WWPW broadcasts in IBOC digital radio, using the HD Radio system from iBiquity. On January 30, 2006, the station added a separate digital subchannel, known under the branding "The Incubator", which featured an adult album alternative format. It had changed names to "The Alternative Project" or "Project 9-6-1".  Following the format change to "Power 96.1", the "Project 9-6-1" rock format moved to WWPW's HD2 subchannel as "Project 9-6-2". Then, following WWVA/WWLG (now WRDA/WRDG)'s format change from rhythmic contemporary, the HD2 channel on WWPW became "Wild 96.1 HD2" just a few hours later, on March 28, 2013.  In June 2013, WWPW activated a third digital subchannel, and began airing ESPN Deportes Spanish-language sports programming. The format was also carried on FM translator W222AF at 92.3 MHz. On October 2, 2015, W222AF/WWPW-HD3 flipped to Contemporary Spanish Hits, branded as "Mia 92.3."  In late March 2010, low-power digital TV station WANN-LD started carrying the audio of WKLS on one of its multiplexed, audio-only digital subchannels. Originally on virtual channel 32.13, it was then moved to 32.103, with 32.101 to 32.106 reserved for other stations in Atlanta.  Currently, the HD2 subchannel carries Christian Contemporary music from the iHeartRadio Christian Hits service, while the HD3 subchannel simulcasts WRDG as "96.7 The Beat."

WWPW (96.1 FM) – branded as Power 96-1 – is a commercial contemporary hit radio station licensed to Atlanta, Georgia. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station serves the Atlanta metropolitan area and is the Atlanta affiliate for "American Top 40". The WWPW studios are located in Atlanta's Brookwood Hills district, while the station transmitter resides in nearby North Druid Hills. Besides a standard analog transmission, WWPW broadcasts over three HD Radio channels, and is available online via iHeartRadio.


Background.

Rogers was born in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, to Leo Rogers from St. John's and Philomena Coles from Port Saunders. Leo joined the army, and the family moved to Montreal, then to Toronto, Winnipeg and Germany. They eventually returned to St. John’s in 1979, where Rogers completed a bachelor of social work at Memorial University of Newfoundland. Rogers worked at the St. John’s Women’s Centre, where she helped establish the first transition house for battered women. In 1982, she moved to Montreal to make documentary films at the National Film Board's Studio D, the only state funded women’s filmmaking unit in the world. Rogers made films with Studio D for 10 years. In 1992, she returned to St. John’s and founded Augusta Productions, and directed several international award-winning films including "My Left Breast", a documentary about her own battle with breast cancer. Augusta Productions produces low-budget, POV, activist documentaries bringing viewers to the hearts and lives of people from all kinds of nooks and crannies of society. The films work to uncover the joy and strength and resilience of people in difficult situations, celebrating and broadcasting their voices.  Openly lesbian, Rogers is the partner of social worker and businessperson Peg Norman. In honour of her role as a significant builder of LGBT culture and history in Canada, a portrait of Rogers by artist Claire Priddle was added to the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives' National Portrait Collection in 2003.  Rogers became a marriage commissioner in 2005 in response to the many marriage commissioners who resigned after being told that they must perform same-sex marriages or resign from their positions.

Politics.

Rogers was elected to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly in the 2011 provincial election, representing the district of St. John’s Centre as a member of the New Democratic Party. She was the first openly gay politician ever elected to the provincial legislature. She was re-elected in the 2015 provincial election.  In 2017, Rogers announced her intentions to run for leader of the provincial NDP, following the resignation of Earle McCurdy. At the leadership convention on April 8, 2018, Rogers was elected leader with two-thirds of the vote. Rogers is the first openly LGBT person to lead a political party in Newfoundland and Labrador.  On February 12, 2019, Rogers announced she would be stepping down as leader and not seeking re-election in Newfoundland's upcoming election. On March 5, 2019, Alison Coffin was acclaimed as NDP leader. She retired from the House of Assembly at its dissolution for the 2019 provincial election, which was held on May 16.

Films.

"Les enfants de la guerre"  — Program Producer (Documentaries, NFB)

Themes.

Breast Cancer, Feminism, LGBTQ+ Community, LGBTQ+ Activism, Violence Against Women.

Frequent Collaborators.

Kathleen Shannon, Ginny Stikeman, Terre Nash, Nicole Hubert.

Awards and Honours.

Portrait in the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives’ national Portrait collection, Gemini Award for "My Left Breast" (2001), Gold at HotDocs for "My Left Breast"

Gerry Rogers (born 1956) is a Canadian politician, a former leader of the Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party (2018-2019), and documentary filmmaker. She served in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly as NDP MHA for the electoral district of St. John’s Centre from 2011 to 2019. She became the party's leader after winning the April 2018 leadership election. She resigned as party leader prior to the 2019 provincial election.


Early life and education.

Merrell was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Plainfield. The youngest of five children, their mother was a minister. They graduated with a degree in costume design from Columbia College Chicago in 2011. In their sophomore year, they were cast in "Ten Square". During their senior year at Columbia, they were the lead designer on Shakespeare's "The Winter’s Tale". Coulee has performed in theater since they were nine years old.

Career.

At one point, they were asked to perform as a dancer in a burlesque show "Jeezy’s Juke Joint". After an email mishap, they ended up performing a solo act for the show, their first time in Drag.  They have performed at various venues in Chicago, including Roscoe's, Berlin, Double Door, and Hydrate. In Chicago, they also worked as a resident host at Smart Bar, and was a Co-Host for the Tony Soto Show. At one point, Couleé competed in Miss Roscoe's Pageant. Before doing Drag full-time, Couleé also worked part-time as a sales associate and customer service representative for an adult store "Tulip".  In 2016, Couleé was photographed for "Glossed and Found" magazine.  In April, Couleé was featured in Peppermint's "Too Funky" music video. In May 2017, Couleé performed as part of the Werq the World 2017 tour. The tour, hosted by Bianca Del Rio and Michelle Visage, also featured drag queens Alaska Thunderfuck, Alyssa Edwards, Detox, Latrice Royale, and Violet Chachki.  Shea Couleé co-produced, directed, and starred in their own film "Lipstick City" in July 2017.  In April 2018, Couleé premiered "Call Me Couleé", a web series documenting Couleé's life post Drag Race. The series lasted six episodes, and concluded on October 18, 2018. In September 2018, Shea Couleé performed as a background dancer for Christina Aguilera for Opening Ceremony's Spring 2019 collection, alongside other "Drag Race" alumni. They were photographed with Farrah Moan for Manny MUA's "Lunar Beauty" palette. In June 2018, Couleé and other "RuPaul's Drag Race" alum Asia O'Hara and Monét X Change performed in The Vixen's widely popular "Black Girl Magic", a drag show created to showcase the talent of black drag queens.  In November, Coulee was featured as a part of Lush's "Merry DRAGMas" Campaign, alongside Detox and Kim Chi.  In March 2019, they appeared in the music video for Iggy Azalea's "Sally Walker". The same month, they joined the "Drag World UK" lineup, which began touring in June. In May, they were photographed with Farrah Moan and Violet Chachki for Huda Beauty’s new Setting Spray.  Couleé was one of the Inspirations for Sina Grace's character of Shade, Marvel's first Drag Queen superhero.  Couleé has embarked on several world tours following their success on "Drag Race" including headlining the "War on the Catwalk" and "A Drag Queen Christmas", among others. Coulee was added to the "Drag Race" "Haters Roast: The Shady Tour" comedy tour with other Drag Race alumnae in 2019.  They also headlined a one-woman show in 2019, entitled "Coulee With A 'C'". An autobiographical show, it combined song, story, and comedy, revolving around their upbringing and how they got into drag.  Couleé's makeup and look transformations have been featured in publications such as "Cosmopolitan". In October, Coulee published their first article for Metro. In January 2020, Couleé attended the first ever RuPaul's DragCon UK.  In March 5th and 6th, Couleé will be performing alongside fellow drag race alum Bebe Zahara Benet, Bob The Drag Queen, Monique Heart, Peppermint, and The Vixen in "Nubia" tour. The tour began its run with sold-out shows in New York City, and has plans to visit Los Angeles, as well as other major cities across the United States.  On May 28, Couleé announced the release of Shea Coul-Alé, a beer in collaboration with DoStuff Media and Goose Island Brewery as a part of their Drag a Beer campaign. A portion of all profits from the beer will go to an organization that supports individuals within the LGBTQ community.

"RuPaul's Drag Race".

After auditioning five times, every year since they started doing drag Couleé became one of 14 queens to compete on the ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race." After portraying Naomi Campbell in the Snatch Game challenge, Campbell tweeted Couleé in approval.  Couleé won their first challenge in the fourth episode, alongside Sasha Velour. They again won the following episode, portraying Blac Chyna for "Reality Stars: The Musical". Couleé won another challenge in the ninth episode, "Your Pilot's On Fire", again alongside Sasha Velour. In the following episode, "Makeover: Crew Better Work", Coulee lip synced for their life against Nina Bo'nina Brown, sending her home to Demi Lovato's "Cool for the Summer". Couleé won once again during the season's "Gayest Ball Ever", after creating a look inspired by the Village People's "construction worker".  In the season's penultimate episode, the final four queens wrote, recorded, danced, and performed a verse in RuPaul's "Category Is", choreographed by Todrick Hall. In a series first, all four queens ended up advancing to the finale. In the season finale, Couleé received a personalized video from Blac Chyna, whom Couleé had portrayed earlier in the "Reality Stars: The Rusical" challenge. In this finale, for the first time in Drag Race history, the final four queens all participated in a "lip sync for the crown". Coulee was selected to lipsync against Sasha Velour, to Whitney Houston's "So Emotional", but lost. They ultimately placed in joint third/fourth place. Couleé's loss was met with controversy, with many people claiming that Shea Couleé should have won the crown. Coulee themself responded to the controversy, defending Velour's win, and saying "Ultimately Sasha was more successful than myself and the other girls."  While on tour, Merrell and fellow "Drag Race" contestant Farrah Moan were harassed by a woman at a kebab shop in Newcastle in April 2018 who first yelled at and then tried to hit the off-duty queens. On the 8th May 2020, Coulée was announced as a contestant on the fifth series of All Stars via the Drag Race Youtube channel.

Music.

In June 2017, Shea Couleé released three music videos to promote their debut EP, "Couleé-D". They co-directed the music videos, and co-produced the EP. Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé announced plans to release a studio collaboration. The collaboration never came intro fruition after Banks ghosted Couleé.  On May 18, Couleé Re-Released their song ‘’Creme Brulee’ as well as an accompanying music video. The song is inspired by other female rappers such as Lil' Kim, Nicki Minaj, and Azaelia Banks. The song was originally written in 2013 and was the first song Couleé ever wrote. "Billboard" named "Creme Brulee" as the best Drag Music Video of 2018. In September, Couleé released “Gasoline” a collaboration with Gess, who produced, co-wrote, and featured credit on the track.  On June 21, National Selfie Day, Shea Couleé was featured in Shawn Hollenbach's track "Double Filter Face", along with an accompanying music video. On July 15, Shea Couleé released "Rewind", a collaborative song with them and Gess. The following month, they released a music video for the song, directed by Sam Bailey. The song is about Shea Couleé's former boyfriend who suffered from bipolar disorder and committed suicide.  In an interview with The Advocate, Couleé announced that for the past three years, they have been working on an album.

Activism.

Couleé has said it is important to them to use their career in drag to inspire people. In an interview with "Seattle Gay Scene", they said, "I would say the influence I would like to have on the queer community would be to inspire people—specifically queer POC—to feel comfortable in themselves and their identities, to understand that they're special, they're amazing, and that anything you want or dream about, you deserve it. They have been particularly outspoken about racial equality, especially within the "RuPaul's Drag Race" fandom and drag community. In October 2018, Couleé interviewed The Vixen about racism in America for the UK's Black History Month edition of "Gay Times". In another interview with "Gay Times UK", Couleé discusses the importance of supporting and uplifting trans women of color.  Couleé has spoken against President Donald Trump. Specifically, in reaction to Trump's potential policy eliminating transgender recognition, they wrote: Continuing their political activism, Couleé has publicly endorsed Presidential Candidate Elizabeth Warren, and spoke at Warren's DragCon NYC booth, encouraging people to vote for her in the 2020 United States presidential election. They also marched alongside Warren at the Las Vegas Pride Parade.  In 2020, Couleé participated and spoke at the Drag March for Change in support for the Black Lives Matter movement.

Personal life.

Merrell identifies as gay and non-binary, preferring singular they pronouns when out of drag and goes by "she" and "her" while in drag.  At one point, they suffered from bulimia. In 2018, Couleé received corrective dental surgery, something they had wanted since they were a teenager.  Shea has three drag daughters, Kenzie Couleé, Bambi-Banks Couleé, whom she adopted into her family in 2018,and Khloe Couleé, whom she publically announced as her newest drag daughter on June 12th, 2020. Shea, Kenzie, Bambi, and Khloe represent the current members of Shea's drag house, Maison Couleé.  Couleé has named Naomi Campbell, Grace Jones, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Josephine Baker, Diana Ross, and Stevie Wonder as personal icons and influences.

Jaren Kyei Merrell (born February 8, 1989), known professionally as Shea Couleé, is an American drag queen and musician most recognized as a fixture of the Chicago nightlife scene and as a contestant on season 9 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and season five of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars".


History.

Braden was founded in 1850 as a depot on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

Geography.

Braden is located at (35.374867, -89.574942).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 271 people, 104 households, and 79 families residing in the town. The population density was 71.2 people per square mile (27.5/km). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 28.6 per square mile (11.0/km). The racial makeup of the town was 91.14% White, 7.01% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.  There were 104 households, out of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 16.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.97.  In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $48,333, and the median income for a family was $51,750. Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,610. About 4.9% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Braden is a town in Fayette County, Tennessee. The population was 282 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Joseph P. Braden.


Family, marriages, and issue.

Elizabeth Mortimer was born at Usk, Monmouthshire, Wales on 12 or 13 February 1371, the eldest daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, and his wife, Philippa, the only child of Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence, and Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster. Elizabeth Mortimer had two brothers, Sir Roger (1374–1398) and Sir Edmund (1376–1409), and a younger sister, Philippa (1375–1401), who married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (d.1389), secondly Richard de Arundel, 11th Earl of Arundel (1346–1397), and thirdly, Sir Thomas Poynings. It is unknown when Elizabeth was married to her first husband, Henry Percy, nicknamed 'Hotspur' (1364–1403), eldest son of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, who was already acquiring a reputation as a great soldier and warrior and responsible administrator. They had two children:  On 21 July 1403, Elizabeth's husband was slain at the Battle of Shrewsbury while commanding a rebel army that fought against the superior forces of King Henry IV. He was buried in Whitchurch, Shropshire; however, when rumours circulated that he was still alive, 'Henry IV had the corpse exhumed and displayed it, propped upright between two millstones, in the market place at Shrewsbury'. This done, the king dispatched Percy's head to York, where it was impaled on one of the city's gates; his four-quarters were first sent to London, Newcastle upon Tyne, Bristol, and Chester before they were finally delivered to Elizabeth. She had him buried in York Minster in November of that year. In January 1404, Percy was posthumously declared a traitor and his lands were forfeited to the Crown. The king ordered Elizabeth herself arrested on 8 October 1403.  Sometime after 3 June 1406, Elizabeth Mortimer was married to her second husband, Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. Although Camoys was in his mid-sixties, she may have had a son by him, Sir Roger Camoys. Like her first husband, Camoys was a renowned soldier who commanded the left wing of the English army at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415.

Death.

Elizabeth died on 20 April 1417 at the age of 46 years. She was buried in St. George's Church at Trotton, Sussex. Her second husband was buried beside her. Their table-tomb with its fine monumental brass depicting the couple slightly less than life size and holding hands can be viewed in the middle of the chancel inside the church.  King Henry VIII's Queen consort Jane Seymour was one of Elizabeth Mortimer's many descendants through her daughter Elizabeth Percy.

In fiction.

Lady Elizabeth is represented as "Kate, Lady Percy", in William Shakespeare's plays "Henry IV, Part 1" and "Henry IV, Part 2". She is also the main character in Anne O’Brien’s novel "Queen of the North" published in 2018.

Elizabeth Mortimer, Baroness Camoys (12 February 1371 – 20 April 1417) was an English noblewoman, the granddaughter of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and great-granddaughter of King Edward III. Her first husband was Sir Henry Percy, known to history as 'Hotspur'. She married secondly Thomas Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. She is represented as 'Kate, Lady Percy,' in Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 1", and briefly again as 'Widow Percy' in "Henry IV, Part 2".


History.

Plans for a combined authority covering the entirety of East Anglia, including Norfolk and Suffolk, were announced by Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne on 16 March 2016 as part of the 2016 United Kingdom budget, with the aim of creating an "Eastern Powerhouse" analogous to the government's Northern Powerhouse concept. Norfolk and Suffolk had initially submitted separate devolution bids, but government ministers called for a joint bid including all three counties. Initial proposals had been agreed by all county and district councils in the region, with the exception of Cambridge City Council.  The East Anglia devolution deal was subsequently rejected by Cambridgeshire County Council, with Peterborough City Council also opposing the deal. Plans for devolution in the region were split in June 2016, with one deal for Cambridgeshire and Peterborough and a separate deal covering Norfolk and Suffolk. The Norfolk and Suffolk devolution deal was later scrapped, after several district councils withdrew.  The devolution deal was agreed by the constituent local councils in November 2016, and the first meeting of the shadow combined authority was held in December 2016. The draft statutory instrument required for formal establishment of the combined authority was laid in Parliament on 23 January, made on 2 March 2017, and came into force the following day.

Responsibilities.

As part of the devolution deal, the responsibilities of the combined authority will include the following:

Mayor.

The combined authority is chaired by a directly elected mayor. The first election was held on 4 May 2017 for a four-year term of office, with further elections in May 2021 and every fourth year thereafter. The mayor's salary has been reported to be £70,000 a year.

Membership.

In addition to the elected mayor, the seven constituent local councils, Cambridgeshire County Council, Peterborough City Council, Cambridge City Council, East Cambridgeshire District Council, Fenland District Council, Huntingdonshire District Council and South Cambridgeshire District Council, each nominate one member of the combined authority. The Chairman of the Business Board, which functions as the Local Enterprise Partnership for the region, also holds a seat. Substitute members are also nominated in case of absence.  Bodies that hold observer status currently include the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group, the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Fire Authority and the Cambridgeshire Police and Crime Commissioner.

The Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority is a combined authority covering the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire in the East of England. The authority was established on 3 March 2017. The authority is led by the directly elected Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, with Conservative James Palmer winning the first elections in May 2017.


Geography.

Scottsburg is located in eastern Halifax County at (36.759890, -78.790515). Virginia State Route 344 passes through the center of town, leading northwest to U.S. Route 360 and southeast to its end at Staunton River State Park.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Scottsburg has a total area of, of which, or 0.52%, are water. Gibson Creek, a tributary of the Banister River, flows north to south through the center of town.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 145 people, 56 households, and 39 families living in the town. The population density was 196.0 people per square mile (75.7/km2). There were 64 housing units at an average density of 86.5 per square mile (33.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 80.69% White, 16.55% African American, 2.76% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.21%.  Of the 56 households 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 26.8% of households were one person and 10.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.13.  The age distribution was 30.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.  The median household income was $28,750 and the median family income was $25,938. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,289. There were 13.3% of families and 10.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 8.9% of under eighteens and 19.0% of those over 64.

Scottsburg is a town in Halifax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 119 at the 2010 census, down from 145 at the 2000 census.


Early life.

Rupert Leo Scott Bruce-Mitford was born on 14 June 1914 at 1 Deerhurst Road, Streatham, London. Following Terence, Vidal, and Alaric (Alex), he was the fourth of four sons born to Eustace and Beatrice Jean Bruce-Mitford. His mother was a daughter of John Fall Allison. Family tradition has it that Rupert's brothers were responsible for his given names, selecting them from their reading: Rupert from Anthony Hope's "Rupert of Hentzau", Leo from Rider Haggard's "", and Scott from Robert Falcon Scott's diary, or his "Message to England". The family's surname was little older. Eustace, born Charles Eustace Beer in 1875, had adopted the name around 1902; perhaps indicative of his desire to separate himself from his family's missionary past, the change occurred shortly before he left a teaching post at a school in China headed by his brother, and set out by himself for Japan. "Mitford" was a take on "Midford," his mother's maiden name, and perhaps not unintentionally, that of the unrelated Algernon Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, whose name carried respect in the British expatriate community in Japan. "Bruce" may have been taken from Major Clarence Dalrymple Bruce, an acquaintance who commanded the Weihaiwei Regiment. Eustace Bruce-Mitford was a journalist, geographer, and vulcanologist. Rupert was born three years after his family returned from Japan, and three years before his father left for India. When Eustace died in 1919, Rupert was five years old.  Orphaned and poor, Rupert Bruce-Mitford was educated with the financial support of his mother's cousin. She did so "on one condition – that [his] father's novel, depicting life in Yokohama at the turn of the Century, should be burnt; she thought it immoral and scurrilous." Bruce-Mitford was thereby sent to Brightlands preparatory school in Dulwich, London, in 1920, and then to the charity school Christ's Hospital in 1925. At Christ's Hospital he was introduced to archaeology, in 1930 participating in a dig with S. E. Winbolt at the Jacobean ironworks in Dedisham, Sussex. By 1933 he had switched studies from classics to history, and was awarded a Baring Scholarship to attend Hertford College, Oxford.

At the British Museum.

Bruce-Mitford worked at the British Museum for 32 years, from 1938 to 1977, with a wartime break from 1940 to 1946 in the Royal Corps of Signals. He was an assistant keeper for 11 years; keeper of the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities for 15 years, and of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities for 6; and for 2 years, from 1975 to 1977, a research keeper.  In December 1937 Bruce-Mitford was named assistant keeper (second class) of the then Department of British and Medieval Antiquities at the British Museum. He was possibly helped in this position by his professor from two years previously, Robin Flower, also the deputy keeper of Manuscripts. That year Bruce-Mitford was reacquainted with archaeological work, spending three weeks with Gerhard Bersu at the Iron Age site Little Woodbury. In 1939 he was tasked with leading an excavation, this time at the medieval village of Seacourt. Though Seacourt was a difficult site, Bruce-Mitford was able to acquire complete ground plans of domestic buildings and of the church. It was also "a village deserted, in ruins, and archaeologically sealed within a century of the Black Death"; this precise dating—the village was deserted by 1439—"promised to provide important evidence for specialists in connexion with the chronology of mediaeval pottery and small objects" such as "brooches, ornaments, buckles, fittings of various kinds, shears, horseshoes, [and] nails" the dating of which was "notoriously vague". Excavations wrapped up 15 July 1939, seven weeks before Britain's entry into World War II.  1940 to 1946 saw Bruce-Mitford serving in the Royal Signals, "reaching the standard Army morse speed of twelve words a minute and after his day-time job fire-watching in the dome of St. Paul's." He was commissioned as an officer on 1 February 1941. Bruce-Mitford spent the war awaiting his "eventual" return to the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities. As early as 1940, he was informed by T. D. Kendrick that he would "be responsible for the Museum's collection of Anglo-Saxon antiquities and also for the Germanic collections of Europe and the Late Celtic collections of the British Isles." The letter closed with a warning: "You will also be responsible for Sutton Hoo. Brace yourself for this task."  His twenty-one years as Keeper saw outstanding acquisitions by the Museum, including the Lycurgus Cup and the Ilbert collection of clocks and watches; however, the Bury St Edmunds Cross was missed.

Sutton Hoo.

Excavated in 1939, the Anglo-Saxon Sutton Hoo ship-burial was to become "the defining moment of Rupert's life, his greatest challenge, the source of almost insuperable difficulties, and his greatest achievement." By 1954 he was already recognised as the ""spiritus rector" of present day Sutton Hoo research", a title that would only become more deserved with time.  Soon after returning to the British Museum Bruce-Mitford began publishing the Sutton Hoo finds, which had waited out the war in the London Underground before being returned to the museum in 1944 and 1945. In 1944 Herbert Maryon, a Technical Attaché recruited for the task, set to work restoring them, and when Bruce-Mitford returned two years later, he quickly began work. As he later wrote, "[t]here followed great days for Sutton Hoo when new, often dramatic, discoveries were being made in the workshops all the time. Built from fragments, astonishing artefacts – helmet, shield, drinking horns, and so on – were recreated." The first edition of "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Provisional Guide" was published in January 1947, the same year that Bruce-Mitford was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. The work quickly "turned out to be one of the Museum’s most successful publications ever"; by the time the second edition, "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Handbook", was published in 1968, the first had gone through ten impressions.  Dozens of articles, chapters, and books on Sutton Hoo would follow. In 1947 he visited Sweden for six weeks at the invitation of the archaeologist Sune Lindqvist, in what Bruce-Mitford would later describe as "one of the most rewarding experiences of my life." There he studied the similar finds from Vendel and Valsgärde, learning Swedish along the way. In 1960 Bruce-Mitford was put in charge of a definitive Sutton Hoo publication, but before it was completed, from 1965 to 1970 he led another round of excavations at Sutton Hoo to acquire "more information about the mound, the ship and the circumstances of the burial". The first volume of "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial" was finally published in 1975, and hailed as "one of the great books of the century" by A. J. Taylor, then president of the Society of Antiquaries. The second volume followed in 1978, and the third volume—published in two parts—came in 1983.

Personal life.

Bruce-Mitford was married three times, and had three children by his first wife. In 1941 he married Kathleen Dent, with whom he fathered Myrtle (b. 1943), Michael (b. 1946), and Miranda (b. 1951). A professional cellist, Myrtle Bruce-Mitford would herself contribute to the Sutton Hoo finds, being employed by the British Museum to work on the remnants of the lyre and co-authoring a paper with her father. She was also the longtime partner of Nigel Williams, who from 1970 to 71 reconstructed the Sutton Hoo helmet.  Bruce-Mitford's relationship with Dent was "long in trouble", and he left home in the later 1950s and formed a series of relationships. He married his former research assistant Marilyn Roberta Luscombe on 11 July 1975; the marriage was dissolved in 1984, at which point Bruce-Mitford found it necessary to sell his library, which went to Okinawa Christian Junior College in Japan. In 1986 he married for a third time, to Margaret Edna Adams, a child psychiatrist and published poet, whom he had met at Oxford fifty years before.  After years of inherited heart disease, Rupert Bruce-Mitford died of a heart attack on 10 March 1994. He was buried eight days later in the burial ground by St Mary's Church in Bampton, Oxfordshire. His widow, Margaret Edna Adams, died in 2002.

Rupert Leo Scott Bruce-Mitford, FBA, FSA (surname sometimes Mitford) (14 June 1914 – 10 March 1994) was a British archaeologist and scholar, best known for his multi-volume publication on the Sutton Hoo ship burial. He was also a noted academic as the Slade Professor of Fine Art at Cambridge University from 1978 to 1979, in addition to appointments at All Souls College, Oxford and Emmanuel College, Cambridge.


Background.

During World War II, the Lingayen Gulf proved a strategically important theater of war between American and Japanese forces. On 22 December 1941, the Japanese 14th Army—under Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma—landed on the Eastern part of the gulf at Agoo, Caba, Santiago and Bauang, where they engaged in a number of relatively minor skirmishes with the defenders, which consisted of a poorly equipped contingent of predominantly American and Filipino troops, and managed to successfully invade and occupy the gulf. Following the defeat, the next day General Douglas MacArthur issued the order to retreat from Luzon and withdraw to Bataan. For the next three years, the gulf remained under Japanese occupation prior to the Lingayen Gulf Landings.

Operations.

Beginning on 6 January 1945, a heavy naval and air bombardment of suspected Japanese defenses on Lingayen began. Underwater demolitions began, but found no beach obstacles, and encountered sparse opposing forces. Aircraft and naval artillery bombardment of the landing areas also occurred, with "kamikazes" attacking on the 7th. On the 8th, it was observed that in the town of Lingayen, as a response to the pre-landing bombardment, Filipinos had begun to form a parade, complete with United States and Philippine flags; fire was shifted away from that area.  At 09:30 on 9 January 1945, about 68,000 GIs under General Walter Krueger of the U.S. 6th Army—following a devastating naval bombardment—landed at the coast of Lingayen Gulf meeting no opposition. A total of 203,608 soldiers were eventually landed over the next few days, establishing a beachhead, stretching from Sual, Lingayen and Dagupan (XIV Corps) to the west, and San Fabian (I Corps) to the east. The total number of troops under the command of MacArthur was reported to have even exceeded the number that Dwight D. Eisenhower controlled in Europe. Within a few days, the assault forces had quickly captured the coastal towns and secured the 20-mile-long (32 km) beachhead, as well as penetrating up to five miles (8 km) inland.  Despite their success in driving out the Japanese forces stationed there, they suffered relatively heavy losses; particularly to their convoys, due to "kamikaze" attacks. From 4–12 January, a total of 24 ships were sunk and another 67 were damaged by "kamikazes"; including the battleships, and (the latter was accidentally hit by friendly fire), the heavy cruiser, the light cruiser, and the destroyers and. Following the landings, the Lingayen Gulf was turned into a vast supply depot for the rest of the war to support the Battle of Luzon.

Commemoration.

On 9 January 2008, Gov. Amado Espino, Jr. and Vice Gov. Marlyn Primicias-Agabas of Pangasinan institutionalized the commemoration to honor the war veterans. The resolution named 9 January as Pangasinan Veterans' Day. In the 63rd anniversary commemoration of the Lingayen Gulf Landing, President Fidel Ramos appealed to U.S. President George W. Bush for 24,000 surviving war veterans, to pass two legislative bills pending since 1968 at the US House of Representatives — the Filipino Veterans' Equity Act of 2006 and the Filipino Veterans' Equity of 2005 sponsored by former Senator Daniel Inouye.

The Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Filipino: "Paglusob sa Golpo ng Lingayen"), 6–9 January 1945, was an Allied amphibious operation in the Philippines during World War II. In the early morning of 6 January 1945, a large Allied force commanded by Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf began approaching the shores of Lingayen. U.S. Navy and Royal Australian Navy warships began bombarding suspected Japanese positions along the coast of Lingayen from their position in Lingayen Gulf for three days. On 9 January, the U.S. 6th Army landed on a beachhead between the towns of Lingayen and San Fabian.


History.

Orme is rooted in a coal mining community known as Needmore, which was established in the early 1890s. Mining operations in the valley were slow to develop, however, due to the area's remoteness and lack of adequate means of transportation for the coal. In the late 1890s, Chattanooga businessman Frederick Gates purchased the Needmore mining operations, and began negotiating with the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway to build a branch line into the valley. After some hesitation, this railroad agreed to build the line in 1902.  After negotiating the construction of the branch line, Gates sold the Needmore operation to Richard Orme Campbell (1860–1912), who renamed the operation the "Campbell Coal and Coke Company". He renamed the town of Needmore after his son, who was also named Richard Orme Campbell (the name "Orme" was the maiden name of the elder Campbell's mother, Virginia Orme). Along with mining facilities, Campbell built a commissary, an office building, workers' cottages, schools, and a hotel. Within a few years, the town had grown to several thousand residents.  Campbell sold the Orme operation in 1905, and the new owners renamed the company, "Battle Creek Coal and Coke Company." By 1912, the operation consisted of four drift mines, some reaching high up the walls of the Cumberland Plateau. Mule-drawn rail cars carried the mined coal to the mine entrances, where it was transferred to a locomotive. The locomotive then carried the coal to an upper tipple, which in turn transferred it to a lower tipple. At its height, the mining operation was shipping 1,000 tons of coal per day out of the valley. The operation was known for its "good coal, inaccessibility, irregular stratification, and consequently difficult mining."  Following a miners' strike in 1939, major mining operations in Orme were shut down. The railroad company removed the rails, and the metal was used for ongoing World War II efforts. Afterward, Orme declined. The hotel closed in 1945, the school closed in 1961, and the post office closed in 1970. The wooden railroad depot is one of the few buildings remaining from the town's mining heydey.

2007 drought.

In 2007, Orme was one of the hardest-hit communities in the drought-ridden southeastern United States, due to its dependence on two vulnerable water sources: a waterfall-fed creek and a natural spring that delivered up to 60,000 gallons/day (227,000 liters/day). These sources dried up to only 5,000 gallons/day (19,000 liters/day), not enough to pressurize the supply lines to the town's residents. A temporary solution was arranged whereby a truck would haul water to the town providing enough water to keep the system running for three hours each evening. The mayor of Orme, Tony Reames, arranged a permanent solution in the form of a connection to the municipal system of the nearby town of Bridgeport, Alabama. In his words: "It's not a short-term solution. It is THE solution." The connection would be via a pipe between the two towns, paid for by an emergency grant of $377,590 from the USDA. The project was hoped to be completed by the end of November 2007.

Geography.

Orme (rhymes with "storm") is located at (35.011361, -85.805175). The town occupies most of the Tennessee portion (i.e., the northern end) of Doran's Cove, a narrow valley surrounded on the north, east, and west by the Cumberland Plateau. Most of Orme's public buildings and residences are concentrated in a small stretch of bottomland along Dry Creek, the valley's primary drainage. The walls of the plateau rise nearly a thousand feet in all directions, the exception being a relatively narrow gap that opens to the south. South Pittsburg, Tennessee, lies across the plateau to the east, and Bridgeport, Alabama, lies to the southeast. Russell Cave National Monument lies just across the state line to the south.  A single paved road, Orme Road, connects Orme to Jackson County, Alabama. To reach Orme via paved road from Tennessee generally requires driving along U.S. Route 72 from South Pittsburg southward into Alabama, and following county roads 75 and 98 northward through Doran's Cove (the latter highway becomes Orme Road at the state line). A gravel road, Orme Mountain Road, connects Orme with Tennessee State Route 156 atop the plateau to the north.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 124 people, 57 households, and 36 families residing in the town. The population density was 29.8 people per square mile (11.5/km2). There were 63 housing units at an average density of 15.2 per square mile (5.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White.  There were 57 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.64.  In the town, the population was spread out with 17.7% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 36.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 121.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $21,563, and the median income for a family was $23,750. Males had a median income of $45,833 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,374. There were 17.9% of families and 18.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including 22.2% of under eighteens and 18.2% of those over 64.

Orme is a town in Marion County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 126 as of 2010. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN–GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.


History.

Legend says Griffin Tipsword came to live with the Kickapoo Indians, who were indifferent to the coming of a white man. Tipsword was white by birth and Indian by adoption. He was a pioneer, a missionary preacher, hunter and medicine man among the Indians. Tipsword's family name was Sowards. He called himself Tipsword after coming to Illinois. Tipsword was a veteran of the Revolutionary War, first fighting at Ramsour's Mill in the Carolinas. Griffin died in 1845 and was buried on the banks of Wolff Creek (Tipsword family cemetery, Effingham), leaving three sons, John, Isaac, and Thomas, who left many descendants in the area.  Altamont, the "City of Plain", was laid out in Mound Township, considered the richest and best township in Effingham County - being mostly prairies and farm ground - slightly rolling along Big Creek, Coon Creek, and Second Creek. Mound Township was settled early by German immigrants from the Rhine by way of Pennsylvania and Ohio.  The name "Altamont", like "Mound Township", was bestowed by J.W. Conlogue because of the elevation or "mound" to the northwest. The first part of the word means altitude, the second mount or mound. Conlogue was a romantic, naming his town from Latin.  In "History of Effingham County", editor William Henry Perrin wrote in 1883: "The name of Mound Township was bestowed upon it in consequence of what is known as the neighborhood of Blue Mound, a slight elevation of Section 8, which is nearly all a kind of mound, the apex being in the center of the section, and having an altitude of seventy-eight feet above the bed of the Vandalia Railroad, which passes near it. Recently, the Government has erected a signal observatory upon it, some seventy-five to one hundred feet in height, from the top of which one may look across the States of Missouri and Arkansas and see the cowboys watching their herds on the prairies of Texas."  There had been a trading center called Montville on the bank of the creek south of what is now Altamont (Southmore Heights). The postmaster was G.H. Milleville and in 1871 the post office moved to this new place called Altamont. Altamont was organized as a town in 1871.  On August 8, 1872, Altamont adopted the village form of government, with a mayor and four council members. On April 16, 1901, the voters adopted a city form of government and became the City of Altamont.

Geography.

Altamont is at (39.0569861, -88.7474670 ). According to the 2010 census, Altamont has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,283 people, 899 households, and 608 families in the city. The density was 1,751.6 inhabitants per square mile (678.1/km2). There were 955 housing units at an average density of 732.7 per square mile (283.6/km2). The racial makeup was 99.30% White, 0.09% African American, 0.09% Native American, Pacific Islander, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.  There were 899 households of which 33.3% had children under 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. 29.0% of households were individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family 3.02.  In the city 25.9% were under 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 or older. The median was 40. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $33,186, and the median income for a family was $37,837. Males had a median of $27,639 versus $18,446 for females. The per capita income was $15,478. 4.6% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under 18 and 4.5% of those 65 or over.

Arts and culture.

The painting, The Moaning Betty (by Andre Wolff), hangs in city hall.

Points of interest.

Altamont is home to the Effingham County Fairgrounds, at which the Effingham County Fair has been held annually in the first week of August since 1945. Each year the Effingham County Fair hosts nationally known country singers, a touring rodeo, two ITPA truck and tractor pulls, a queen pageant, a talent show, Standardbred and Thoroughbred races, and a demolition derby. The fairgrounds were once host to the Illinois High School rodeo finals, and currently host the Mill Road Thresherman's gathering and the annual Schützenfest.  The Dr. Charles M. Wright House is a Victorian style home built in 1889 by Dr. C.M. Wright on a tract on upper North Main Street, where there had been a two-story frame house that was the Wright family home. Wright planned the house himself but the final design (with Wright's approval) was by Edwardsville, Illinois, architect, C. H. Spilman. The builder was Charles Hanker of Toledo, Illinois, for a $17,965 with the owner furnishing the materials. The total cost, not including furnishings, was approximately $35,000. The house has 18 furnished rooms, including seven bedrooms. On May 8, 1986, the house was put on the National Register of Historic Places.  Ballard Nature Center is a nature preserve and educational center located east of Altamont. It includes of woodland, of restored prairie, of shallow water wetlands and of agricultural land. Ernie Ballard donated for the site of a nature center and the funds to construct a visitor center. He developed a non-profit 501 (C) 3 foundation, in August 1999, to oversee development and management of the center. Construction of the log building began in October 1999. It opened to the public in July 2000. In 2014, the Glen Mathias family donated another 7 acres of land adjacent to the original 210 acres.

Parks and recreation.

Altamont has three parks. Gilbert Park, named after Ray Gilbert, Mayor of Altamont from 1971–1979, is the largest of Altamont's parks. It has four baseball/softball diamonds, an indoor batting cage, playground equipment and soccer field, and a nine-hole disc golf course.  Schmidt Park has picnic pavilions and playground equipment.  W.C. Klitzing Memorial Heritage Park, often called simply Heritage Park and known to some as "The Train Park," is named after former mayor, school board member, and City Attorney Walter C. Klitzing. It has play equipment, a skateboard area, several covered picnic tables, a basketball court, and restrooms.  There is also "The Triangle," a garden and pavilion space between North Second Street, North Main Street, and West Washington Avenue in downtown Altamont. The Triangle features benches, flower beds, a flagpole, and a covered pavilion which often hosts bake sales and cookouts for community organizations to host fundraisers.

Government.

The City of Altamont is governed by an elected mayor and city council of four members. Most recent mayoral and city council elections were in April 2015, those terms all expire in 2019. Currently, Jason Rippetoe is mayor, and the council members are Todd Slingerland, Richard Frailey, Dan Milleville, and Jason Williams.

Education.

Altamont Lutheran Interparish School (ALIS) is a private school serving grades K-8. Robinette Flach will assume duties as principal, beginning in July 2015. The cornerstone reads "Immanuel Lutheran School 1959", but the school is now a joint effort of Immanuel, Bethlehem, St. Paul (Blue Point) and Zion Lutheran Churches. Its sports teams are the Rockets.  In 1905, a school building was erected behind Immanuel. Later, in 1928, a school building was purchased for $250, rebuilt, and added to the existing school for a second room. The cornerstone for a new school was laid on July 26, 1959. This building was dedicated on Sunday, January 31, 1960. The cost, including land, was $200,000. The final payment was made in 1966.  In early 1973, St. Paul Blue Point and Immanuel, Altamont formed Altamont Lutheran Interparish School. St. Paul paid $40,000 to add two rooms. The school at St. Paul was discontinued and the students were taken to the Interparish School. St. Paul's school had been in use since 1910.  Zion Lutheran School was organized in 1887. In 1922, the Zion Church building was dedicated so the school was now used exclusively for school classes. In 1931, the Ladies Aid started a fund for a new school. The new school was dedicated in 1938, with electricity, which was also installed in the parsonage at that time. The school closed for a time but reopened in 1956 with Gladys Heiser as teacher. In 1972, Zion school closed and children began attending Altamont Lutheran Interparish School. Zion became a corporate member of ALIS in 1989.  In 1861, the congregation of Bethlehem Lutheran Church erected a church and school building, used until 1867 when the present church was built. In 1873, the school had 23 students. In 1940, English began to be used. The teaching of German ended in 1954.  In December 1958 Bethlehem school building failed a fire inspection. Voters improved the school to keep it open. In 1960 it was decided to build a new school. In 1961, enrollment showed 51 students and the congregation built a parish hall with the school.  On August 26, 1962, Bethlehem Congregation dedicated three classrooms, office, restrooms, parish hall/gymnasium and kitchen. In May 1987, Bethlehem Lutheran School closed and students began attending ALIS in August. In 1988, Bethlehem became a member of ALIS.  To accommodate the additional students from the Bethlehem and Zion congregations a major building project was undertaken in the summer of 1989. Four classrooms were added to the north end of the building and two classrooms, teacher lounge, and storage at the center of the building. The exterior look was completely changed with the addition of a pitched roof. Each grade now has its own room plus a computer lab and a band room.  In 1990, Dr. D. G. Huelskoetter gave the Frog Pond Pre-School to ALIS Frog Pond. Frog Pond is currently taught by Candace Wolff and Kathy Corder.  Altamont Grade School is a public grade school serving grades K-8. Enrollment at the beginning of 2011 was 546. Its sports teams are the Wildcats. Doug Hill is the principal.  Altamont Community High School is a public high school. The main section of the current building was constructed in the 1950s, and students first occupied the building in 1954. Enrollment at the beginning of 2011 was 285. Its sports teams are the Indians. Jerome "Jerry" Tkachuk is the principal.  Altamont Grade School and Altamont High School are part of Altamont Community Unit School District #10. Dr. Steven Mayerhoffer is the superintendent of schools. The High School athletics compete in the National Trail Conference.

Infrastructure.

Transportation.

Altamont is served by Interstate 70, U.S. Route 40, and Illinois Route 128, all of which pass through the city limits. What is now U.S. Route 40 was once known as the National Road.  Amtrak service to Chicago and New Orleans and all points in between can be accessed in Effingham, to the east.

Community.

Altamont Lions Club has been active since 1938. The Lions operate the youth basketball and soccer programs, have an annual fishing rodeo, sponsor a golf tournament, participate in Lions International Candy Day each fall, sponsor local youth for trips abroad and within the U.S., and contribute toward Ballard Nature Center and local parks.  The Altamont Garden Club has planted and cared for many areas around town, as well as pays for and waters over thirty hanging baskets of flowers throughout downtown the spring & summer months. The Garden Club also installed a few dozen lamp posts along the walking path in Schmidt Park.

Altamont is a city in Effingham County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2,319 at the 2010 census. Altamont is part of the Effingham, Illinois Micropolitan Statistical Area.


Critical reception.

The song received positive reviews from critics. Billboard said the song "might just qualify as the biggest international banger the world has ever seen." ClashMusic.com described the song saying "'Bum Bum Tam Tam' is the carefree phenomenon 2017 needs, the sort of ear-worm pop melody that can bring entire nations together." Vice described the song questioning if "Bum Bum Tam Tam is the best funk song in history?"

Music video.

The official music video was released on 8 March 2017 on the Kondzilla channel. It cost R$30,000 (Roughly US$7,700) to make. According to Fioti, "It was all last minute and it was perfect."  The music video has over 1.4 billion views and 10 million likes as of January 2020. It is also the most-viewed Brazilian music video and the first to hit 1 billion views.

Remixes.

Future, J Balvin, Stefflon Don and Juan Magán Remix.

"Bum Bum Tam Tam (Remix)" is a song recorded by Brazilian singer and producer MC Fioti, Colombian singer J Balvin, American rapper Future, British rapper Stefflon Don and Spanish singer Juan Magán. It was released on 15 December 2017 through Island Records and Universal Music. It is a remix of MC Fioti's song "Bum Bum Tam Tam".

Other versions.

A version by Jonas Blue was released in March 2018. ClashMusic.com describes this version as a "fiery Friday anthem".  A version by Jax Jones was released in January 2018. Billboard has ranked the remix as one of the best Dance/Electronic remixes of 2018. Billboard also described the song saying "Jax Jones ships the record straight to the club, adding a bassy four-on-the-floor beat while letting the flutes shine."  A version by David Guetta was released on April 27, 2018. As described by Billboard, "Guetta gives Fioti's anthem a big, boisterous intro and some serious snare drum, plus a few electronic elements to let you know you've arrived at the middle of the megaclub dance floor."

"Bum Bum Tam Tam" (also known by the title "Joga O Bum Bum Tam Tam") is a song recorded by Brazilian singer and producer MC Fioti. A music video was released on 8 March 2017. The song samples Johann Sebastian Bach's Partita in A minor for solo flute. The song has peaked at number one in the Netherlands and the top 5 in France.