Invention and application.

Very long "tubed" telescopes.

Telescopes built in the 17th and early 18th century used single element non-achromatic objective lenses that suffered from interfering rainbow halos (chromatic aberration) introduced by the non-uniform refractive properties of single glass lenses. This degraded the quality of the images they produced. Telescope makers from that era found that very long focal length objectives had no appreciable chromatic aberration (the uncorrected chromatic aberration fell within the large diffraction pattern at focus). They also realized that when they doubled the diameter of their objectives they had to make the objective's focal length 4 times as long (focal length had to be "squared") to achieve the same amount of minimal chromatic aberration. As the objective diameter of these refracting telescopes was increased to gather more light and resolve finer detail they began to have focal lengths as long as 150 feet. Besides having very long tubes, these telescopes needed scaffolding or long masts and cranes to hold them up. Their value as research tools was minimal since the telescope's support frame and tube flexed and vibrated in the slightest breeze and sometimes collapsed altogether.

Tubeless "aerial" telescopes.

Around 1675 the brothers Christiaan and Constantijn Huygens decided to accommodate the very long focal length objectives they were creating by eliminating the tube altogether. In the Huygens' "aerial" telescope the objective was mounted inside a short iron tube mounted on a swiveling ball-joint on top of an adjustable mast. The eyepiece was mounted in another short tube (sometimes on a stand), and the two tubes were kept aligned by a taut connecting string. Christiaan Huygens published designs for these tubeless "aerial telescopes" in his 1684 book "Astroscopia Compendiaria", and their invention has been attributed to him and his brother Constantijn, although similar designs were also used by Adrien Auzout; the idea is even sometimes attributed to Christopher Wren.  The Huygens contrived some ingenious arrangements for aiming these "aerial telescopes" at an object visible in the night sky. The telescope could be aimed at bright objects such as planets by looking for their image cast on a white pasteboard ring or oiled translucent paper screen and then centering them in the eyepiece. Fainter objects could be found by looking for the reflection of a lamp held in the observer's hand being bounced back by the objective and then centering that reflection on the object. Other contrivances for the same purpose are described by Philippe de la Hire and by Nicolaas Hartsoeker. The objectives for aerial telescopes sometimes had very long focal lengths. Christiaan Huygens states that in 1686 he and his brother made objectives of 8 inch (200 mm) and 8.5 inch (220 mm) diameter and 170 and 210 ft (52 and 64 m) focal length, respectively. Constantijn Huygens, Jr. presented a 7.5 inch (190 mm) diameter 123 ft (37.5 m) focal length objective to the Royal Society of London in 1690. Adrien Auzout and others made telescopes of from 300 to 600 ft (90 to 180 m) focal length, and Auzout proposed a huge aerial telescope 1,000 ft in length that he would use "to observe animals on the Moon".

Applications.

Astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini had the wooden Marly Tower, originally built as part of the Machine de Marly to lift water for the reservoirs and fountains at the Gardens of Versailles, moved to the grounds of the Paris Observatory. On this tower he mounted long tubed telescopes and the objectives of aerial telescopes made for him by the Italian optician Giuseppe Campani. In 1684 he used one of his aerial telescopes to find Dione and Tethys, two satellites of Saturn. James Bradley, on December 27, 1722, measured the diameter of Venus with an aerial telescope whose objective had a focal length of 212 ft (65 m). Francesco Bianchini tried to map the surface of that same planet and deduce its rotational period in Rome in 1726 using a 2.6" (66 mm) 100 foot focal length aerial telescope.

Obsolescence.

The extreme difficulty of using these very long focal length telescopes led astronomers to develop alternative designs. One was the reflecting telescope. In 1721 John Hadley showed a Newtonian reflecting telescope to the British Royal Society with 6 inch in diameter mirror. The instrument was examined by Society members James Pound and James Bradley who compared its performance to the 7.5 inch (190 mm) diameter aerial telescope built by Constantijn Huygens, Jr. that the Society had in their collection. In the comparison they noted that the Hadley reflector "will bear such a charge as to make it magnify the object as many times as the latter with its due charge", and that it represented objects as distinct, though not altogether so clear and bright as the Huygens aerial telescope.  The need for very long focal length refracting telescope objectives was finally eliminated with the invention of the achromatic lens in the middle of the 18th century.

Replicas.

In May 2014 a working replica of an aerial Huygens telescope was unveiled at the Old Leiden Observatory in Leiden. It was commissioned by Hans de Rijk, a Dutch science promoter. It was unveiled during the first annual 'Kaiser Lente Lezingen' (Kaiser Spring Lectures), which is a local astronomy lecture event. Unlike the original telescopes this one only has a 4-meter focal length, making it much easier to operate as compared to the original. The telescope is so far the only known fully working replica in the world. It can be seen on open days at the Old Observatory and on special request during tours.

An aerial telescope is a type of very long focal length refracting telescope, built in the second half of the 17th century, that did not use a tube. Instead, the objective was mounted on a pole, tree, tower, building or other structure on a swivel ball-joint. The observer stood on the ground and held the eyepiece, which was connected to the objective by a string or connecting rod. By holding the string tight and maneuvering the eyepiece, the observer could aim the telescope at objects in the sky. The idea for this type of telescope may have originated in the late 17th century with the Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens and his brother Constantijn Huygens, Jr., though it is not clear if they actually invented it.


Bibliography.

GREAT SHORT WORKS OF JACK LONDON, Harper Perennial Classics Series, Editor (Harper & Row, 1965; rev. ed., 1970).  A HANDBOOK OF CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE, Co-Author with Wilfred L. Guerin, et al. (Harper & Row, 1966; 6th ed. Oxford UP, 2011).  MANDALA: LITERATURE FOR CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Co-Editor with Guerin, et al. (Harper & Row, 1970).  THE FUTURE OF COLLEGE ENGLISH: A CEA CHAP BOOK, Editor (The College English Association, 1972).  TUSAS JACK LONDON (Twayne, 1974; rev. ed. with Jeanne Campbell Reesman, 1994).  JACK LONDON: A KLONDIKE TRILOGY, Editor (Neville, 1983).  LIT: LITERATURE AND INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES, Co-Editor with Guerin, et al. (Harper & Row, 1986).  THE LETTERS OF JACK LONDON, 3 Vols., Co-Editor with Robert C. Leitz and I. Milo Shepard (Stanford UP, 1988).  THE CALL OF THE WILD, WHITE FANG, AND OTHER STORIES BY JACK LONDON, Co-Editor with Leitz, World's Classics Series (Oxford UP, 1990).  THE STORIES OF JACK LONDON: AUTHORIZED ONE-VOLUME EDITION, Co-Editor with Robert Leitz and I. Milo Shepard (Macmillan, 1991).  THE COMPLETE STORIES OF JACK LONDON, 3 Vols., Co-Editor with Robert Leitz and I. Milo Shepard (Stanford UP, 1993).  THE PORTABLE JACK LONDON, Editor (Viking/Penguin, 1994).  TO BUILD A FIRE AND OTHER STORIES, Afterword, World's Best Reading Series (Reader's Digest Association, 1994).  IN THE STEPS OF JACK LONDON by Vil Bykov, Co-Editor with Susan Nuernberg and Hensley C. Woodbridge (www.jacklondons.net, 2005).  JACK LONDON: THE SEA-WOLF AND SELECTED STORIES, Introduction, Signet Classics (New American Library, Penguin, 2013).  JACK LONDON: AN AMERICAN LIFE (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2013). Received Western Writers of America Golden Spur Award as Best Western Non-Fiction Biography.  THE FAR MUSIC: A MEMOIR (DeGolyer Library, SMU, 2016). Celebrates the unique but neglected “Era of Bright Expectations” in America between the end of WWII and beginning of the Korean War (1945-1950).  JACK LONDON: THE CALL OF THE WILD, WHITE FANG, AND SELECTED STORIES, Introduction, Penguin Classics Series (Penguin/Random House, November, 2019).

Earle Labor (b. March, 1928) is George Wilson Professor (Emeritus) of American Literature at Centenary College of Louisiana. His research and teaching career have been devoted to the study of the American author, Jack London. He taught the first undergraduate course devoted to London at Utah State University in 1966. Labor taught the first-ever graduate course on London in 1973-74 (University of Aarhus, Denmark) while on a Fulbright Scholarship.


Plot summary.

Dart-In-Again, a young and poor nobleman from Gascony travels to Paris hoping to become one of the King's musketeers. When he first encounter three musketeers, Walrus, Octopus and Porpoise, he starts duelling with them but rapidly becomes their friend. Together they fight the guards of Li'l Cardinal Richie-Loo, main Minister of King Louis XIII.  Queen Ann is desperate because the Cardinal has discovered that she has given the jewels offered to her by the King to her lover Lord Duke Poussy Bunkumin. Dart-In-Again crosses the English Channel on his sailing horse to recover them and returns them to the Queen just in time to save her honour. In the course of his adventures, he falls in love with Constance Bonne-aux-Fieux. The King rewards Dart-In-Again by appointing him as a musketeer and celebrates his wedding with Constance.

Critical response.

On 28 August 1922, "The New York Times" wrote: ′′(...) it is good-natured and lots of fun. If it lacks subtlety and pointed satire, it abounds in broad and whole-hearted mockery. Its method is that of absurdification. Following Fairbanks in the story almost step by step, it parallels, rather than follows him, in its treatment of each incident of the narrative. The Fairbanks version runs along the line of the romantic. The Linder version runs along the line of the ridiculous. (...) It is content to be a burlesque. So you can enjoy both films and neither will impair your enjoyment of the other.′′

The Three Must-Get-Theres is a 1922 American silent film directed by Max Linder. The film follows the plot of the 1844 novel "The Three Musketeers" by Alexandre Dumas. It is also meant as a parody of the previously released 1921 film "The Three Musketeers", starring Douglas Fairbanks.


Life and career.

Beatty is a graduate of Upper Canada College in Toronto, Ontario, and of the University of Western Ontario in London.  He first won election to the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive Conservative at the age of 22 in the 1972 election.  In 1979 he became, at the time, the youngest person ever appointed to a Canadian Cabinet when Prime Minister Joe Clark made Beatty his minister of state for the Treasury Board in his short-lived government. Beatty returned to the opposition benches as a result of the defeat of the Clark government in the 1980 election.  With the Conservative victory in the 1984 election, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney made Beatty Minister of National Revenue and Minister responsible for Canada Post. He subsequently served as Solicitor General of Canada (1985-1986), Minister of National Defence (1986-1989), Minister of National Health and Welfare (1989-1991), and the now-defunct position of Minister of Communications (1991-1993).  Despite long being touted as a future Tory leader, Beatty did not run in the 1993 Progressive Conservative leadership convention to succeed Mulroney. He was promoted to Secretary of State for External Affairs in the short-lived government of Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell, but lost his seat in the 1993 election which returned only two Tory MPs.  In 1995 the Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien appointed Beatty President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, a position he held until 1999 when he became president and CEO of Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters, a business association that promotes the interests of Canadian industry and exporters.  In August 2007 Beatty left the CME to become president and CEO of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. Beatty was appointed President of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in August 2007. Beatty served as Chancellor of the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) in Oshawa, Ontario from 2008 to 2015. He has received honourary degrees from UOIT and Western University.  In 2012 Beatty received an honorary Certified International Trade Professional (CITP) designation from the Forum for International Trade Training.  In May 2020, Beatty was appointed to serve on Canada's COVID-19 Supply Council.

Henry Perrin Beatty, (born June 1, 1950) is a Canadian corporate executive and former politician, who served as a Progressive Conservative of the House of Commons from 1972 to 1993, and as a cabinet minister from 1979 to 1980 and again from 1984 to 1993.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, of it is land and is water.

History.

The area embracing North Yarmouth, first settled in 1636, was abandoned twice before successful final settlement in 1713. In 1646, William Royall purchased a farm on the river that, since, has borne his name. John Cousins, a few years previous, occupied a neck of land between branches of a stream and owned an island, both now bearing his name. These settlements were established in the vicinity, called by the Wabanakis, as “Wescustogo”. Yarmouth originally constituted the eastern portion of North Yarmouth; the “North” in the name intended to differentiate it from Yarmouth, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod (Maine was then a part of Massachusetts). North Yarmouth was chartered on September 22, 1680, encompassing the area of the present Town of North Yarmouth and the future towns of Harpswell (until 1750), Freeport (until 1789), Pownal (until 1808, from Freeport), Cumberland (until 1821), and Yarmouth (until 1849).

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,565 people, 1,297 households, and 1,036 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 1,354 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% White, 0.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.  There were 1,297 households of which 42.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.2% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 20.1% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.05.  The median age in the town was 42.5 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 34.7% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,210 people, 1,118 households, and 924 families living in the town. The population density was 151.9 people per square mile (58.6/km2). There were 1,142 housing units at an average density of 54.0 per square mile (20.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.66% White, 0.09% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.  There were 1,118 households out of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.2% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.3% were non-families. 12.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.13.  In the town, the population was spread out with 30.2% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $60,850, and the median income for a family was $65,000. Males had a median income of $42,986 versus $29,179 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,180. About 0.6% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.2% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

North Yarmouth, officially the Town of North Yarmouth, is a town in Cumberland County, Maine. The population was 3,565 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford Metropolitan Statistical Area.


High school career.

Rivers attended high school at Oak Hill Academy, in Mouth of Wilson, Virginia, where he played high school basketball. While there, he helped his team capture two USA Today national high school basketball championships. In those two years, his team's record was a combined 72–2. He holds Oak Hill's record for the most three-point field goals made in a game, with 15.

College career.

Rivers played college basketball at Clemson University, with the Clemson Tigers, seeing action in 102 games, while starting 55 of those games. Rivers averaged 14.2 points, and grabbed 6 rebounds a game, in his four years at Clemson.

Professional career.

After failing to be drafted in the 2009 NBA draft, Rivers signed with AB Latina of the Italian LegaDue Basket, the Italian second-tier league, in August 2009. In 10 games with Latina, he averaged 24.5 points and 5.7 rebounds per game, and in December 2009, he signed with Benetton Treviso of the Italian top-tier league, the LBA, for the remainder of the season.  On June 30, 2010, he signed a contract with Chorale Roanne of the French LNB Pro A for the 2010–11 season. In January 2011, he returned to Italy, and signed with Virtus Bologna, for the rest of the season.  On July 29, 2011, he signed a one-year deal with Lokomotiv Kuban of Russia. On May 30, 2012, he signed a two-year deal with another Russian team, Khimki Moscow Region. In July 2013, he parted ways with Khimki.  In November 2013, he was acquired by the Reno Bighorns of the NBA D-League. In 47 games played in the D-league, he averaged 15.8 points and 4 rebounds per game, during the 2013–14 season.  On August 7, 2014, he signed a one-year deal with the Spanish club Real Madrid. In the 2014–15 season, Real Madrid continued its successes in the EuroLeague from the previous seasons, advancing to the EuroLeague Final Four for the third straight time. In the semifinal game against Fenerbahçe Ülker, Rivers helped his team to secure its third straight EuroLeague Finals appearance, by scoring 17 points, on 5 of 6 shooting from the three-point line, in a 96–87 win. Real Madrid eventually won the EuroLeague championship, after defeating Olympiacos in the EuroLeague Final, by a score of 78–59. Over the season, Rivers averaged 5.3 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 1.1 assists per game, to help his team win its ninth EuroLeague title overall, and its first in 20 years. Real Madrid eventually finished the season by also winning the Spanish League championship, after a 3–0 series sweep in the Spanish League Finals series against Barcelona. With the Spanish League title, they won the triple crown.  On September 8, 2015, Rivers signed a one-year contract with the German club Bayern Munich. On December 22, 2015, he left Bayern, and returned to his former club, Real Madrid, for the rest of the season.  On July 24, 2016, Rivers signed a 1+1 deal with the Greek club Panathinaikos. He soon established himself as a favorite player of the club's fans mainly because of his excellent performances against the arch-rivals of Olympiacos BC.  On December 7, 2018, Rivers signed a deal with the Italian club Pallacanestro Reggiana. He parted ways with Reggiana in February 2019.  On February 11, 2019, Rivers signed for Serbian club Crvena zvezda for the rest of the 2018–19 season. On August 20, 2019, Rivers signed a one-year deal with Spanish club Coosur Real Betis.  On November 22, 2019, Rivers signed with Lithuanian club Žalgiris Kaunas for the remainder of the 2019–2020 season.

Personal life.

Rivers is the nephew of former NBA player Byron Dinkins. Rivers is married, and has 2 children, Maiyah and Micah.

Kelvin Creswell Rivers (born March 1, 1987) is an American professional basketball player for Žalgiris Kaunas of the LKL and the EuroLeague. Standing at, he plays at the shooting guard and small forward positions.


Life.

He was born in Dundee, the son of Thomas Calman, a music teacher, and Agnes Beatts Maclean.  He studied at the High School of Dundee.  In the scientific societies in Dundee, he met D'Arcy Thompson. He later became Thompson's lab boy, which allowed him to attend lectures at University College, Dundee for free. A. D. Peacock, one of Thompson's successors to the chair of Natural history at Dundee, believed this appointment came about following a letter sent by Calman in 1891 asking Thompson's advice as to applying for a post in Edinburgh. After his graduation with distinction in 1895, he took on a lecturership at the University, where he remained for eight years. When Thompson died, Calman, along with Douglas Young, wrote his obituary notice in the Royal Society of Edinburgh Yearbook.  He later worked at the Natural History Museum, where he was appointed assistant curator of Arachnida in 1904 (replacing Pocock), became assistant curator of Crustacea and Pycnogonida and Keeper of Zoology. In 1909, he wrote the Crustacea section in Lankester's "Treatise on Zoology", where he introduced the superorders Eucarida, Peracarida and Hoplocarida as well as the concept of the "caridoid facies", a hypothetical ancestral malacostracan. He wrote several of the entries about crustacea for the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. He also established the current division of the Branchiopoda into the four orders Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca and Cladocera. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921, being the first graduate of the University of Dundee to be so. Calman retired to Tayport in 1936, but returned to teaching during the Second World War at Queen's College, Dundee and St Andrews. He was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1926 to 1928, president of the Linnean Society from 1934 to 1937, and was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1946.  He was awarded CB in 1935. St Andrews University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1937.  He died in Coulsdon in Surrey on 29 September 1952.

Taxa named by Calman.

Taxa named by W. T. Calman include:

Dr William Thomas Calman (29 December 1871 – 29 September 1952) was a Scottish zoologist, specialising in the Crustacea. From 1927 to 1936 he was Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum).


Life.

He was born in London the son of David William Murray, a merchant.  Murray was educated at Edinburgh Academy and then studied aw at the University of Edinburgh, was admitted as an advocate in 1889 and appointed a King's Counsel in 1909. He was a Major in the Fourth Division of the Royal Engineers (Volunteers), resigning in 1907. He was on the War Office staff from 1915 to 1917, and was appointed a temporary Lieutenant Colonel and Director of National Service for Scotland in 1917. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG; Military Division) in 1918. He became Sheriff of Renfrewshire and Buteshire in 1918, and was awarded an LLD by the University of Edinburgh in 1919.  Murray was an unsuccessful parliamentary candidate in Edinburgh South in 1910, but was elected for the seat in December 1918, holding it until October 1922. He was Dean of the Faculty of Advocates from 1919 to 1920, and was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland in March 1920. He was sworn of the Privy Council and promoted to Lord Advocate in March 1922, holding office until October of that year. He was then raised to the bench with the judicial title Lord Murray, where he served until his death in 1936.  In 1923 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Francis Gibson Baily, James Hartley Ashworth, Sir Francis Grant Ogilvy, Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker and William A.P. Tait.  In later life he is listed as living at 62 Great King Street in Edinburgh's New Town, a large and impressive Georgian townhouse.  He became a deputy lieutenant of Fife in 1922.  He died in Edinburgh on 9 June 1936 and is buried in the central roundel in Warriston Cemetery.

Family.

In 1896 he was married to Annie Florence Nicolson (1873-1968), and together they had four sons. Their eldest son, David Charles Graeme Murray, married the Comtesse Elena Maia Sollohub. Their second son, Crichton Gavin Murray died while a child, their third son, Keith Anderson Hope Murray (1903-1993), became Baron Murray of Newhaven, and his youngest son, Charles Dean Leslie Murray (1906-1972) was an advocate.

Rt Hon Charles David Murray, Lord Murray (20 October 1866 – 9 June 1936) was a Scottish Tory politician, lawyer and judge. He became Lord Advocate in 1922.


Construction.

Designed by J.J. Webster of Westminster, London, the pier has cast iron columns, with the rest of the metal structure made in steel, including the handrails. The wooden deck has a series of octagonal kiosks with roofs, plus street lighting, which lead to a pontoon landing stage for pleasure steamers on the Menai Strait.

History.

Opened to the public on 14 May 1896, the ceremony performed by George Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn. A railway for handling baggage which had been included in the design, was removed in 1914.  The pontoon handled the pleasure steamers of the Liverpool and North Wales Steamship Company to/from Blackpool, Liverpool and Douglas, Isle of Man. In 1914, the cargo steamer SS "Christiana" broke free from the pontoon overnight, and caused considerable damage to the neck of the pier. A resulting gap to the pontoon was temporarily bridged by the Royal Engineers, that remained until place until 1921 due to the onset of World War I. By this time, additional damage had occurred, and repairs took a few months over the originally envisaged few weeks.

Threat of demolition.

In 1971, the pier closed on safety grounds, with ownership being passed to Arfon Borough Council in 1974. The council took the immediate decision to demolish the pier, but Bangor City Council objected, obtaining a Grade II listing for the structure, with the planning officer considering it one of the three finest surviving piers in Great Britain.  Purchasing the pier for a nominal 1p in 1975, in 1982 renovation, undertaken by Alfred McAlpine commenced, taking until 1988 to complete. Financial assistance was given from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, the Welsh Office and Manpower Services Commission. The pier was reopened by George Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey on 7 May 1988.

Present.

Now Grade II* listed, the pier is free to access, but there is an honesty box at the throat requesting that each walker contribute 50 pence to the pier's upkeep. The pier gates remain open until 9 pm in summer, with pre-booked night fishing available.  Due to its location and length, at low tide the site is a haven for local seabirds to access the rich mud of the Menai Strait, allowing close viewing of oystercatchers, redshanks, curlews, little egrets and the occasional cormorant.  The kiosks, including the one at the end housing a traditional seaside tearoom, which is presently closed due to the continuing work, have been rented out to local small businesses. The kiosks presently house small but popular cafes, artist studios and a kiosk supplying crabbing and fishing gear. One kiosk was formerly used by the Bangor branch of the Soroptimists.There are also seats along the promenade, with memorial benches to RAF Group Captain Leslie Bonnet and writer Joan Hutt.  It was announced in August 2017 that major restoration work would take place at a cost of £1million, as the Pier has not received any major maintenance works for many years and is now in need of a refurbishment. The last restoration and renovation programme was in 1980s. The work will be funded by Bangor City Council and is likely to take up to three years to complete. Initially, the pier remained fully open to the public during the restoration works. However, following a structural report which found the pier head to be in a dangerous condition, it was closed to the public on a temporary basis in June 2018. The bulk of the pier is now accessible. However, increased costs meant that completing work to the pier head is continuing. As of May 2020 the pier head is closed to the public.  Historically, dogs were never allowed on the pier, but following a trial period it was decided that the ban would be abolished.

Garth Pier is a Grade II listed structure in Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. At in length, it is the second-longest pier in Wales, and the ninth longest in the British Isles.


Background.

Skopje government attack.

On October 28, 2014, at 22.00, the Macedonian government building was shelled, damaging the walls and roof of the building. No casualties were registered. It has been speculated that the event was linked to the recent proclamation of the so-called "Republic of Ilirida", part of the Greater Albanian project. The projectiles were likely fired from a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launcher, likely the same used in the 2007 attack. The National Liberation Army (NLA), the militant organization that fought against the Macedonian government in the Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001), claimed responsibly for the attack. The organization, in the letter signed by "Kushtrimi" to the government, claimed that the "Hasan Prishtina" elite force hit the government building in a coordinated action. The organization claims it is discontent with the 2001 Ohrid Agreement.

Assault on Gošince.

On 21 April 2015, a group of 40 armed men with NLA patches attacked a border police station located at Gošince, near the Kosovo border. The group tied the policemen and beat them, then stole their arms and communication devices; they stayed for a couple of hours, filming the event, and before they left for Kosovo, they issued this message through an interpreter: "We are from the National Liberation Army. Tell them that neither Ali Ahmeti nor Nikola Gruevski can save you. We do not want any framework agreement and if we see you here again, we will kill you. We want our own state."  The state issued a statement that this was "a terrorist attack on the state". The police has stepped up security in the area. Gošince is 99% Albanian, and was a site of the Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) in which the fought against the Macedonian government seeking basic rights for the Albanian population in Macedonia.  On 22 April an unofficial police source alleged that the group was led by Xhevair Ademi, while other identified individuals were brothers Erhan and Kadir Bajrami, and a Faruk who managed the attack, all from Gjilan in Kosovo. The identified persons, now numbering five, are known to the Macedonian Security Service, as well as those of the region. According to Pristina media, on 22 April, the attack was claimed by the NLA, signed by "Commander Flamuri".  On 24 April, President Nikola Gruevski was accused by the opposition to have staged the attack. On 26 April, Macedonian police recovered illegal arms from the villages of Gošince, Brest and Malina Mahala. Some of the arms found in Malina Mahala were those stolen in the attack. On 27 April, Osman Sulejman was indicted for the attack, while Mirsad Ndrecaj "Commander NATO" (a Kosovo Liberation Army and NLA veteran) was said by Interior Minister Gordana Jankuloska to have been involved in the attack, having assumed responsibility for the attack.  On 9 June, Macedonian daily newspaper, Dnevnik reported that the OSCE Mission to Skopje had advance knowledge of the Gošince border post attack and that the OSCE Mission did not share this information with the security services.

Aftermath.

On 3 May 2015, a bomb was thrown at building of the Democratic Union for Integration, the party established by the NLA leadership. There were no victims or wounded. On 9 May an armed group clashed with police in Kumanovo.

On 21 April 2015, 40 armed men with National Liberation Army (NLA) patches attacked a border police station located at Gošince, near the Kosovo border. The group tied and beat the policemen manning the outpost and stole weapons and radios. They stayed for a couple of hours, filming the event, and issued a message through an interpreter before leaving.


Education.

Speth was awarded a degree in Engineering from the University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim, Germany. He later undertook a Doctorate of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering and Business Administration at The University of Warwick.

Career.

Speth started his automotive career with BMW in 1980 and worked for them for twenty years.  In 2002 he joined The Linde Group and served as Head of Global Operations and as Vice President of Operations. He was also Chief Operating Officer and Member of Executive Board at its subsidiary KION Group GmbH.  In 2007 Speth returned to the car industry and joined Ford Motor Company's Premier Automotive Group (PAG) as Director of Production, Quality and Product Planning. Following the sale of two of the PAG marques, Jaguar and Land Rover, to Tata, he became Chief Executive Officer of Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) in February 2010, and a Non-Executive Director of Tata Motors in November 2010.  Under Speth's management, JLR has increased the company's workforce significantly. "We have added more than 17,000 people in the course of the last five years," he said in an interview published in June 2015. Speth champions the need for R&D and makes much of JLR's investment in R&D. "I guess we are the biggest R&D investor in the UK in the automotive business," he claims.  In 2015 Special Honours list, Speth was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the automotive industry. In August 2019 the award was made Substantive following Speth becoming a British citizen.  In September 2016 Speth was appointed as an Honorary Professor, having previously been an Industrial Professor. Professor Dr Speth was a graduate of the University of Warwick with an Engineering Doctorate from the University for his engineering research and study at the Warwick Manufacturing Group.  On 25 October 2016, Dr Ralf Speth, CEO of Jaguar Land Rover, was appointed as an Additional Director to the board of Tata Sons.. On the 30th January 2020, Speth announced his intention to retire from his current role, effective September 2020, but will remain on both the JLR plc and Tata Sons boards..

Personal life.

He is married, with two children, and lives between Leamington Spa and Munich.

Sir Ralf Dieter Speth,, (born 9 September 1955 in Roth, Bavaria) is a British-German automotive executive, currently chief executive officer of Jaguar Land Rover, following previous roles with BMW, Linde and Ford's Premier Automotive Group.


History.

Originally the "104th division" was sent for the escalating Battle of Lake Khasan on Soviet border, but the battle was finished 11 August 1938. Therefore, the "104th division" was attached to 21st Army on 19 September 1938 and sailed from Dalian on 4 October 1938. It arrived in Daya Bay on 12 October 1938. The 137th Infantry Regiment then landed and proceeded inland to isolate Hong Kong, as part of the large-scale Canton Operation. Afterwards, the main garrison of the 104th Division was established in Conghua District. On 9 February 1940 the 21st Army was dissolved and the 104th Division was reassigned to the Southern China Area Army.  The 104th Division was reassigned to the 23rd Army in January 1941, and simultaneously lost the 170th Infantry Regiment, becoming a triangular division. The detached regiment was converted into the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade which was eventually sent to participate in the Invasion of Southern French Indochina.  After a long garrison service in Guangzhou, the 104th Division participated in Operation Ichi-Go, capturing Zhaoqing on 16 September 1944, Wuxuan County on 4 November 1944 and Xiangzhou County on 6 November 1944. Also, it captured Huizhou on 15 January 1945 and Haifeng County on 18 January 1945. Until the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the 104th Division built coastal fortifications along the Daya Bay – Haifeng County – Lufeng – Huizhou line. The 161st Infantry Regiment and 104th Transport Regiment were concentrated at Daya Bay. The 108th Infantry Regiment was at Dongguan. It was moved to the port of Taiping, Perak by 16 February 1946. The 137th Infantry Regiment was garrisoned at Haifeng County, and was moved to Humen Town port on 19 February 1946. The 104th Artillery Regiment was located on the southern outskirts of Huizhou, but was transferred on 18 February 1946 to Dongguan. The 104th Engineer Regiment was in Huizhou.  The division departed from Humen Town port between 28 March and 2 April 1946, and arrived at Uraga, Kanagawa between 6 and 19 April 1946. The dissolution of the 104th Division was complete by 23 May 1946.

The was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the. It was formed 16 June 1938 in Osaka as a B-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 4th division headquarters. The division was originally subordinated to the Northern China Area Army.


Early life and education.

Viktor Pshonka was born on 6 February 1954 in Serhiyivka, Slovyansk District of Donetsk Oblast. After graduating from high school he was called up for military service in the Soviet Army. Having discharged from army, he got a job at one of the enterprises in Donetsk Oblast.  In 1975, Viktor Pshonka enrolled at the Kharkiv Law Institute.

Career.

In 1980, he began work at Kramatorsk Prosecutor's Office in Donetsk Oblast, where he served as investigator, and eventually as an assistant to prosecutor of the city of Kramatorsk.  From 1986 till 1997, Viktor Pshonka served as prosecutor of Kramatorsk City.  In 1997, he was appointed first deputy prosecutor of Donetsk Oblast.  In 1998–2003, he was prosecutor of Donetsk Oblast, one of the biggest regions in Ukraine.  In November 2003, Viktor P. Pshonka was appointed Deputy Prosecutor General of Ukraine. He was in charge of prosecutor's supervision over observance of laws by the agencies of the Ministry of Interior, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), tax police and special units combating organized crime and corruption. He was also responsible for supervision over state customs service and border guard.  He resigned voluntarily from his office in December 2004, but returned to the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine at the end of 2006.  In November 2010, members of Ukraine's Parliament voted in favor (292 votes) of Viktor Pshonka's appointment as the General Prosecutor of Ukraine.

General Prosecutor of Ukraine.

Since his appointment to office, Viktor Pshonka has laid emphasis in his activity on bringing Ukrainian prosecution service in line with European standards. Speaking on the Ukrainian TV channel Inter four days after his appointment, Pshonka called himself "a member of President Viktor Yanukovych's team".  In this regard, V. Pshonka takes active part in consultations and discussions on the issues of improving of the work of prosecution service with experts and representatives of European and international organizations, in particular, the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Venice Commission, etc., as well as exchange of experience with law enforcement authorities of other states.  In accordance with the new Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine CPC, which entered into force in 2012, the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine led by Pshonka introduced the Unified Register of Pretrial Investigations (computerized system, where all complaints and applications regarding criminal offences in Ukraine are registered), which is used by Ukrainian law enforcement agencies.  In November 2012, the Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics for employees of the prosecution service was adopted by all-Ukrainian Conference of Members of prosecuting agencies.  On 3 March 2012, another innovation during Pshonka's tenure was establishment of the Dnipro Ecological Prosecutor's Office, the main task of which is to oversee compliance with environmental laws in respect of drainage basin of the Dnieper River within the territory of Ukraine.  In 2012, Pshonka as the Prosecutor General of Ukraine began investigating Burisma Holdings owner, Mykola Zlochevsky, over allegations of money laundering, tax evasion, and corruption during 2010-2012.

Discovery of Ukraine's Watergate papers.

Together, Viktor Pshonka, Viktor Yanukovych, and Vitaly Zakharchenko became guests on the 11th floor of the Hotel Ukraina in Moscow on 25 February 2014. On 21 February 2014, Yanukovych traveled by helicopter to Kharkiv and then to Donetsk but was denied permission to takeoff from Donetsk, so, he drove to Crimea and then left Crimea for Russia on a Russia government boat. Similarly, on 22 February 2014, Pshonka left the VIP terminal at Donetsk airport for Russia by having his security detachment occupy the Ukraine border guards.  Upon Pshonka's departure, the luxurious Pshonka mansion near Kyiv at Gorenichi, Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district () was searched and numerous files were discovered. Revealed on 31 May 2016 by Serhiy Anatoliyovich Leshchenko (), the secret bookkeeping of Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Regions' Black Ledger () or Barn Book () which implicated numerous persons to improper payments including Paul Manafort for which the book included the handwritten records of 22 payments over five years to Manafort from pro Kremlin and pro Putin sources, nine of which had been signed by Vitaly Anatolyevich Kalyuzhny () who was the Verkhovna Rada's foreign relations committee chairman. On 17 August 2016, Donald Trump removed Paul Manafort as Trump's campaign chairman following Trump's first national security briefing directly because of the records in the secret ledger. In September 2016, Leshchenko referred to these papers as Ukraine's Watergate.

Criminal prosecution.

On 22 February 2014, as a part of the Euromaidan Revolution, the Verkhovna Rada ousted Pshonka in a no-confidence vote. On 23 February 2014, an arrest warrant was issued to arrest Pshonka.  But, on 5 December 2015, Interpol denied a request to put former Prosecutor General of Ukraine Viktor Pshonka on the wanted list allegedly due to the weakness of the evidence submitted by the competent authorities of Ukraine.  Early March 2014, the EU froze Pshonka's accounts.

Controversies.

Murder of Ihor Aleksandrov.

who was an investigative reporter and presenter for the independent television station TOR TV () in Sloviansk was murdered in 2001 while producing a program for the series "Bez Retushi" (Without Touching Up) () which was exposing links between politicians, law enforcement, and organized crime in Kramatorsk; Pshonka was one of two men Aleksandrov had identified as godfathering the Kramatorsk underworld. Pshonka then oversaw the investigation of the murder. A homeless man was later charged but acquitted in the case, dying of'mysterious circumstances' soon after; the same fate that befell the two witnesses and investigating police officer.

Missing GPU files.

In early April 2015, Ukraine Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin stated that the General Prosecutor Ukraine (GPU) files disappeared about criminal orders from former General Prosecutor Pshonka along with Pshonka's secret casework and secret materials: Viktor Shokin: I will tell you more: not only criminal cases, but secret materials are missing - secret casework. Including, as far as Victor Pshonka's orders were concerned." (). During the search for the missing files, the Head of the Special Investigations Division of the General Investigation Department of the GPU, Serhiy Viktorovych Horbatyuk (), believed that Pshonka had ordered those files and many others to be transferred to Crimea. On 10 April 2015, Mustafa Nayyem stated that he was with members of the Right Sector when they entered Pshonka's mansion and that the Right Sector recovered numerous GPU files from Pshonka's mansion including some items from under the tiles in the Pshonka mansion's sauna. On 15 April 2015, Nayyem recovered missing GPU files about Yulia Tymoshenko in Pechersk's regional department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kyiv. The Tymoshenko files were sent to Pechersk after the Right Sector () left the Dnipro Hotel.

Family and personal life.

Pshonka's son Artyom Pshonka was a constituency candidate in Zaporizhia for Party of Regions during the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election. He was elected into parliament.  After his removal as General Prosecutor of Ukraine media reported in late February 2014 that photos of Pshonka's mansion were "astonishing by their luxury".  When Pshonka and his son Artyom appealed the EU accounts freeze in late May 2014, they both had Russian citizenship, although it was unclear since when. Both Viktor and Artem listed their residences as Moscow with the European Court of Justice. The last time Pshonka appeared in public was during a joint press conference with former President Viktor Yanukovych and former Ukrainian Interior Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko on 13 April 2014 in the Russian city of Rostov-on-Don.  In the fall of 2014, Pshonka moved his family's jewelry businesses, Gold Standard Jewelry Factory LLC () and others, from Kramatorsk, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, to Sebastopol in Russian annexed Crimea. Russia has illegally occupied Crimea since the Russian invasion of Ukraine beginning March 2014. Pshonka dominated the gold jewelry industry in Kramatorsk which was the third largest production center in Ukraine behind only Kyiv and Kharkiv in production.

International sanctions.

For his roles in destabilizing Ukraine, his role in the Victor Yanukovych government, his support for pro-Russia individuals and entities in Ukraine, abuse of office, and embezzlement of public funds, Pshonka is under sanctions by the European Union, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, and Norway since 28 February 2014. and Canada since 5 March 2014.  For his roles in destabilizing Ukraine, his son, Artem or Artyom, has been under sanctions since early March 2014 by the European Union, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, and Norway; and since 5 March 2014 by Canada.

Awards.

In view of special accomplishments in strengthening of the due course of law in Ukraine, V. Pshonka was awarded a rank of "State Counselor of Justice of Ukraine", "Honored Jurist of Ukraine" and "Third Class Order of Merit "by the Decrees of the President of Ukraine.  In 2000, he was named "Jurist of the Year" in the nomination among prosecutors.  In 2002, he was awarded the "Certificate of Honor of the "Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.  Viktor Pshonka was awarded lapel badges of the ""Honorable Member of Prosecution Service of Ukraine”", "“Statehood. Fairness. Honesty”" of 2nd Degree.  He also received "“Acknowledgement of Honest Service in Prosecution Service of Ukraine” "of 1st Degree, as well as awards from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

Viktor Pavlovych Pshonka (; born 6 February 1954,, Sloviansk district, Donetsk oblast, () Ukraine, USSR) is a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine (from 4 November 2010 until 22 February 2014), State Counselor of Justice of Ukraine and member of the High Council of Justice of Ukraine. He holds a Doctor of Laws degree, and is a member of the International Association of Prosecutors.


Personal life.

Born to Harry and Mary Baldwin on 15 March 1946,he was diagnosed with a learning disability as a child and required speech therapy. Baldwin left school at age 16 to join Sir Robert Fossett's Circus, the oldest circus in England, for whom he performed as "Nello the Clown" for three seasons. He lived with his mother until a few years before she died in 2003. He is known to be acquainted with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the footballer Gary Lineker and Prince Edward.

Keele University.

Since 1960, unasked and unpaid, Baldwin has visited Keele University, where his mother worked as a cleaner, to greet new students. A testimonial football match, on 12 March 2000, featured his own team of Keele University students (the Neil Baldwin Football Club, formed in 1967, whose president was Kevin Keegan) against an all-star side of former Football League players including Lou Macari, Asa Hartford and Gordon Cowans.  He was granted honorary life membership of Keele University Students' Union in 1968. The proposal received unanimous support. His fiftieth year there was marked with a two-day celebration, including a service of thanksgiving presided over by the Bishop of Lichfield, Keele alumnus Jonathan Gledhill, and a further testimonial match. He was also awarded honorary alumni-hood.  In 2013 Baldwin received the honorary degree of Master of the University from Keele University, which said that he  In 2016, Stoke City FC and Keele University combined to celebrate Neil Baldwin's 70th birthday at Keele Hall. Guests included friends and family, professional footballers and football administrators, members of the clergy, professional actors and screenwriters, impresarios of the circus, Keele University professors, students and graduates, local dignitaries, singers from the Neil Baldwin Choir, three Cambridge University Boat Club rowers, and members of the Neil Baldwin Football Club. The highlight was a birthday greeting by video-link from Sir Alex Ferguson. Vice-Chancellor Professor Trevor McMillan remarked that "Only Neil could bring together people from such diverse walks of life to celebrate his birthday".

Stoke City.

In the 1990s Baldwin was appointed as Stoke City Football Club kit-man by then manager Lou Macari who has described him as "the best signing I ever made", as his humour was so good for team morale. In 1993, Macari played him as a substitute for Stoke City, against Aston Villa, in the final five minutes of a testimonial match for Gordon Cowans. Macari later wrote seven pages about Baldwin in his 2009 autobiography, "Football, My Life", and said that he is a "man without an angle and there aren’t many of them in football". In May 2015 Baldwin was awarded "Supporter of the year" by Stoke City FC.

"Marvellous" TV film.

Baldwin is the subject of and also appeared as himself in "Marvellous", an acclaimed 2014 biographical film in which he is played by Toby Jones who was praised by "The Guardian" for his "lovely, very human, performance". It was first broadcast on BBC Two and BBC Two HD on 25 September 2014.  Reviewing the programme for the "Stoke Sentinel", John Woodhouse said:  The film received the 2015 BAFTA for "best single drama", and Gemma Jones received the British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Baldwin's mother. Toby Jones was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his performance. Baldwin collected the drama award, during the ceremony at the Theatre Royal on Drury Lane, and made an acceptance speech.

"Marvellous" book.

Baldwin's autobiography, "Marvellous: Neil Baldwin – My Story", written with the help of Keele University alumni Malcolm Clarke and Francis Beckett, was published in hardback by John Blake in August 2015.

Other honours.

On 21 May 2015 Baldwin was presented with the Freedom of Stoke-on-Trent and on 26 November 2015 was awarded the freedom of Newcastle-under-Lyme. In October 2015, he featured in an episode of the BBC television programme "Songs of Praise".  Baldwin was awarded a British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2019 New Year Honours "For services to the community in Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire".

Neil Baldwin BEM (born 15 March 1946) is an honorary graduate of Keele University from Westlands in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England. He is a registered clown and also worked for Stoke City Football Club, for whom he once played briefly in a friendly match. He is the subject of an award-winning BBC television drama, "Marvellous", which was broadcast in 2014.


Plot.

After seven years at college, Thomas R. "Tommy" Callahan III (Chris Farley) barely graduates from Marquette University and returns to his hometown of Sandusky, Ohio. His father, industrialist, and widower, Thomas R. "Big Tom" Callahan, Jr. (Brian Dennehy), gives him an executive job at the family's auto parts plant, Callahan Auto. In addition to the new job and office, Big Tom reveals that he plans to marry Beverly Barrish-Burns (Bo Derek), a woman he had met at a fat farm, and that her son, Paul (Rob Lowe), will become Tommy's new stepbrother. However, Big Tom dies from a sudden heart attack during the wedding reception. After the funeral, doubting the future of the company without Big Tom, the bank reneges on promises of a loan for a new brake pad division and seeks immediate payment of Callahan Auto's debts. Tommy suggests a deal: he will let the bank hold his few inherited shares and house in exchange for the bank giving time to sell enough brake pads to prove the new division's viability. If enough brake pads are sold by the deadline, the bank will grant the loan. Tommy sets out on a cross-country sales trip with his father's sycophantic assistant, Richard Hayden (David Spade), a childhood acquaintance who is annoyed over Tommy's ability to be lazy and yet be rewarded.  Meanwhile, Beverly and Paul are shown kissing romantically. They are not mother and son, but rather married con artists with criminal records. Instead of eventually suing for divorce and taking half of Big Tom's estate, Beverly has inherited controlling interest in the company. To turn that into cash, she seeks a quick sale to self-described "auto parts king" Ray Zalinsky (Dan Aykroyd). On the road, Tommy's social anxiety and hyperactivity alienate several potential buyers. The lack of any progress leads to tension between Tommy and Richard. When all seems lost, Tommy persuades a surly waitress to serve him after the kitchen has closed and Rich suggests he use his skill at reading people to make sales. The two start to become friends and quickly make their sales goal. However, Paul sabotages the company's computers, causing sales posted by sales manager Michelle Brock (Julie Warner) to be lost or rerouted. With half of the sales now canceled, the bank, backed by Beverly and Paul, decides to sell Callahan Auto to Zalinsky. Hoping that they can persuade Zalinsky to reconsider, Tommy and Richard travel to Chicago boarding a plane posing as flight attendants. In Chicago, they get a brief meeting with Zalinsky, but he tells them he wants only the reputation connected with the Callahan brand and will close down the company and lay off its workers.  Tommy and Richard are denied entrance to the Zalinsky board room since Tommy has no standing. As they wallow on the curb in self-pity, Michelle arrives with Paul and Beverly's police records. Tommy devises a plan: dressed as a suicide bomber by using road flares, he attracts the attention of a live television news crew and then, along with Michelle and Richard, forces his way back into the board room. Back in Sandusky, Callahan workers watch the drama on a television. In a final move of pure persuasion, Tommy quotes Zalinsky's own advertising slogan, that he is on the side of the "American working man." As the TV audience watches, Zalinsky signs Tommy's purchase order for 500,000 brake pads. Although Zalinsky says that the purchase order is meaningless as he will soon own Callahan Auto, Michelle shows her police records, which includes Paul's outstanding warrants for fraud. Since Beverly is still married to Paul, her marriage to Big Tom was bigamous and therefore never legal. Thus, all of Big Tom's controlling shares actually belong to Tommy, the rightful heir. Since Tommy does not want to sell the shares, the deal with Zalinsky is off, and since Tommy still holds Zalinsky's purchase order, the company is saved. Paul attempts to escape, but is arrested. Zalinsky admits that Tommy outplayed him and invites Beverly to dinner. The film ends as Tommy is appointed the president of Callahan Auto and starts a romance with Michelle.

Reception.

Box office.

"Tommy Boy" opened on March 31, 1995 and grossed $8 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office. The film had a total box office gross of $32.7 million.

Critical reception.

"Tommy Boy" received mixed reviews from critics upon its release. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 42% approval rating, based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it benefits from the comic charms of its two leads, "Tommy Boy" too often feels like a familiar sketch stretched thin." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100, based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A- on scale of A to F.  Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Daily News" gave the film a positive review, calling it "sweet natured..." and a "good belly laugh of a movie". Brian Webster of the Online Film Critics Society also received the film positively, saying that the film would please Farley fans. Dan Marcucci and Nancy Serougi of the "Broomfield Enterprise" said the film was "Farley at his best", and Scott Weinberg of DVDTalk.com said that it was "pretty damn funny". In the 2015 film "I Am Chris Farley", many of his fellow "SNL" peers praised Farley's performance; Dan Aykroyd stated that the movie showcased Farley's quality and range as an actor, while Jay Mohr noted that audiences were able to see Farley's sensitive and vulnerable side.  Among the negative reviews, "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert wrote: ""Tommy Boy" is one of those movies that plays like an explosion down at the screenplay factory. You can almost picture a bewildered office boy, his face smudged with soot, wandering through the ruins and rescuing pages at random. Too bad they didn't mail them to the insurance company instead of filming them." The film is on Ebert's "Most Hated" list. Caryn James of "The New York Times" wrote that the film was "the very poor cousin of a dopey Jim Carrey movie". Owen Gleiberman graded the film a "C" on an A+ to F scale, and Ken Hanke of "Mountain Xpress" said that it was a "Passably funny star vehicle. Nothing great."  Bo Derek was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.

Tommy Boy is a 1995 American adventure comedy film directed by Peter Segal, written by Bonnie and Terry Turner, produced by Lorne Michaels, and starring former "Saturday Night Live" castmates and close friends Chris Farley and David Spade. This was the first of many movies that Peter Segal has filmed with former "SNL" castmates. The film was shot primarily in Toronto and Los Angeles under the working title "Rocky Road". It tells the story of a socially and emotionally immature man (Farley) who learns lessons about friendship and self-worth following the sudden death of his industrialist father. The film did well commercially, but received mixed reviews from critics. However, since its release, "Tommy Boy" has become a cult classic due to being very successful on home video.


History.

Before the introduction of the National Division, the former Turkish Football Championship was held as a national championship in Turkey. Its tournament system was based on a knockout tournament, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues. In the late 1920s the demand for a national football league was growing in the general Turkish public, which showed in the country's newspapers and magazines, where the European counterparts were given as examples. In 1937 that demand was fulfilled, as the "Millî Küme" was founded and began in March that year. Eligible for the league competition where the top placed teams of the Istanbul, Ankara, and İzmir regional leagues, which where the strongest leagues in those decades. An exception was made in 1941, when 1940 Turkish Football Championship winners Eskişehir Demirspor (the only club from outside the three major cities) and a third club from Ankara were included. In 1940 the Turkish Football Federation decided to resume the Turkish Football Championship. As a result both national championships were held at the same time from 1940 to 1950. The main differences between both tournaments were the competition systems and the qualification criteria. The National Division became the most popular and most important football competition in Turkey, overshadowing the Turkish Football Championship, since it was played in a league format with away matches. In 1944 a special super cup, the Prime Minister's Cup, was introduced by the TFF. It was competed by the winners of both championships. The Prime Minister's Cup was one of the earliest football super cups in the world. The cup was held in that format until 1950, when the National Division concluded.

Competition format.

There were eight clubs in the National Division. The four highest placed teams in the Istanbul Football League and the top two teams from the Ankara League and İzmir League at the end of the season qualified for the National Division. The competition was played within a year, it started just after the conclusion of the aforementioned regional leagues. The competition format was based on a double round-robin system, that means each club played the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents', for 14 games. Teams received three points for a win, two points for a draw, and one point for a loss. No points were awarded for a forfeit/regulation loss. Teams were ranked by total points, then goal average (the number of goals scored divided by the number of goals conceded). There was no system of promotion and relegation, since the National Division was the only national league and there was no lower division.

The National Division or National League () was a top-level football competition organised by the Turkish Football Federation, including the most successful teams from Istanbul, Ankara, and İzmir in Turkey. It was the first national league in Turkish football history. The league was played from 1937 to 1950.


Early life.

Wilson graduated from Atwood High School in 1914 and began a career in education the following school year by teaching in a country school for two years. He enrolled at the University of Illinois in 1916 and studied agriculture.

College athletics.

Wilson was a multi-sport athlete, playing for the Fighting Illini on the 1919 team and named captain for the 1920 team. During the 1920 season, Wilson would play with Helms Athletic Foundation All-American Chuck Carney. He also played end for the football team and was best known for his prowess in track and field. Wison threw the discus, javelin and shot, making the U.S. Olympic Team in javelin and discus. He competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp by throwing the discus and placing tenth.

Post-graduate.

Wison graduated from Illinois in 1920 but remained at the university as an assistant to the athletic director, George Huff. He utilized his experiences at Illinois to take the role of athletic director and head track coach at Drake from 1922-25. All of these experiences catapulted Wison into the athletic director position at Northwestern University where he remained until 1945. In 1945 Wison would be named commissioner of the Big Ten Conference, remaining in that position until 1961. Wilson also served as a member of the President's Council on Youth Fitness under President Eisenhower and Kennedy.

Personal information.

Wilson married Dorothy Estelle Shade in 1924. His nickname, ""Tug"" was passed down from his father, Charles Wesley ""Tug"" Wilson.

Kenneth Leon "Tug" Wilson (March 27, 1896 – February 2, 1979) was an American track and field athlete and amateur athletics administrator. He competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics, finishing tenth in the discus throw competition. Wilson served as the second commissioner of the Big Ten Conference, from 1945 to 1961, and as the president of the United States Olympic Committee from 1953 to 1965.


History.

In 2009, Russian Railways has made an order with Siemens for a development of an electric multiple unit adapted to the Russian environment. The new trains were planned to be used in Sochi for suburban passenger traffic during the 2014 Winter Olympics and then to be partially transferred to other train lines with non-stop service routes.  Previously, Siemens had already produced dual-system "Sapsan" trains (Velaro RUS) for Russian Railways. The design of the new trains were to be based on the five-car Siemens Desiro ML electric train. On 29 December 2009, Russian Railways signed a contract with the German company Siemens for the production of 54 Siemens Desiro RUS electric trains worth €410 million.  The trains received the ES1 () series designation and were branded as "Lastochka". All 54 trains were manufactured in Germany.

Train design.

Dual-system trains with automatic system transfer were the ideal solution for amalgamating pre-existing railway lines in the region of the Olympic Games. There, the main railway network operating in flat terrain along the coast of the Black Sea had been electrified with direct current at 3 kV, while the lines built in the mountainous section of Adler – Krasnaya Polyana had been electrified with AC voltage at 25 kV, 50 Hz, appropriate for the steep gradients, and hence much higher power demands. Dual-system electric trains allow commuter rail routes covering sections of both DC and AC track with no need to stop at places where the electric power changes. With the technology, the trains are able to run directly from Adler to Krasnodar without stopping at the Goryachiy Klyuch changeover station.  All technical solutions adopted by Siemens in the design of the new Desiro ML RUS electric trains were discussed with the experts from specialized research institutes and were approved by the Russian Railways. Siemens consulted many Russian experts in high-speed railways—especially those involved in the Velaro RUS high-speed trains construction—for the design decisions concerning the Desiro ML train design and construction.  In particular, the base platform of the Desiro ML train had to undergo adaptation to the Russian network's gauge of 1,520 mm and the demands of the harsh Russian winter. The topographical conditions in the region of the Olympic Games present higher requirements for automated systems and traction equipment. The design and construction efforts were focused particularly on the head car of the train.  In March 2011, LLC Ural Locomotives—a joint venture of Siemens AG and Sinara Group—and LLC Aeroexpress formed a joint venture to manufacture electric trains in Russia at the Ural Locomotives plant in Verkhnyaya Pyshma (Sverdlovsk Oblast). Production started in late 2013 with the aim of producing around 200 train carriages per year for Russian Railways. By 2017, 80 percent of the production of these trains is expected be localized in Russia.  On 7 September 2011, Russian Railways placed an order for up to 1,200 Desiro RUS train carriages. The contract was signed by the President of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin, Siemens CEO and Chairman of the Management Board Peter Löscher, and President of Sinara Group Dmitry Pumpyansky at the international railway business forum Expo 1520 in Shcherbinka.  Russian Railways also has a maintenance contract with Siemens for 54 trains, ordered in 2009 and 2010. The contract with a value exceeding 500 € million was signed by Vladimir Yakunin and Peter Löscher and came into force in 2013 for a period of 40 years.  On 11 November 2013, on the Ural Locomotives started manufacturing a new model developed for 3 kV-only routes with the interior designed for city lines. It was designated as ES2G (). In 2014, manufacturing ES1 on Siemens factory was finished. On the third quarter of 2016 ES2G started their work on MCC, earlier and now they are working as suburban trains on Moscow–Tver line (Moscow–Zelenograd and Moscow–Tver) and on Yekaterinburg suburban lines. In August 2017, 72 trains were produced.  In March 2016, Ural Locomotives transferred to RZD a new train designated as ES2GP (), which is technically similar to ES2G, but designed for intercity lines and has not only standard 3rd-class seats like ES2G, but also 1st- and 2nd-class seats. In March 2017 train have only trial runs.

The Lastochka () is a German and Russian train. It is a commuter intercity electric multiple unit train used across multiple Russian cities, based on the Siemens Desiro design and manufactured by Siemens and Ural Locomotives.


Pre season.

New Zealand Warriors salary cap breach.

The salary cap for the 2006 season was A$3.366 million per club for their 25 highest-paid players. The New Zealand Warriors were investigated by the National Rugby League over alleged salary cap breaches committed by the team's previous administrators. The club admitted to inflating its salary cap to the tune of nearly $1 million during the 2005 season. The National Rugby League fined the Warriors $430,000 and ordered the team to start the season with a four premiership point deficit. It was the first time in 99 years of rugby league in Australia that a team has started a season on less than "zero" premiership points.  The Warriors appealed the decision by the NRL to deduct the four competition points but accepted the financial penalty. Prior to the beginning of the season, the National Rugby League confirmed that the points penalty would stand. The penalty would prove the decisive factor in the Warriors missing the finals for the third year in succession.

Season summary.

The season began on March 10 with a match between defending premiers Wests Tigers and the St George Illawarra Dragons, played at Telstra Stadium. The Melbourne Storm won 20 out of 24 regular season matches to win the minor premiership eight points clear of the Bulldogs. However, in April 2010, the Storm were retroactively stripped of their minor premiership as a result of salaray cap breaches occurring over the course of the 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 seasons.

Venues.

Sixteen stadiums regularly hosted National Rugby league matches, with a further six hosting at least one match in season 2006.

Advertising.

In 2006 the NRL and their advertising agency MJW Hakuhodo stayed with the Hoodoo Gurus' "That's My Team" soundtrack for a fourth year, producing a treatment aimed to appeal to the fundamental hope of all players and fans: that it would be ‘their team’ who would win the Grand Final.  Capitalising on the enthusiasm generated by the Wests Tigers triumph of 2005 in only their sixth season, the campaign line and song chorus was changed to ‘That’s My Dream’.  All fifteen NRL club captains featured heavily in the television and outdoor ads holding aloft the Telstra trophy. Eight young real life fans also featured in the TV commercial reflecting the origins of the game from backyard football scenes to Sydney beaches. Each was a fan of one of eight clubs who had not till then won the Telstra Premiership trophy and four different broadcast versions of the ad told the stories of their love of the game and each's dream of their own team's victory.

Dally M Awards.

The Dally M Awards were introduced in 1980 by News Limited. The most prestigious of these awards is the Dally M Medal which is awarded to the Player Of The Year. The other prestigious award is the Provans Summons Medal which is the season's best player as voted by the public. As well as honouring the player of the year the awards night also recognises the premier player in each position, the best coach, the best captain, representative player of the year and the most outstanding rookie of the season. The awards night and Player of the Year medal are named in honour of Australian former rugby league great Herbert Henry "Dally" Messenger.  Team of the Year

Finals series.

The Melbourne Storm went into the finals for the first time as Minor Premiers. They had a week off after their first finals win against the Parramatta Eels 12-6 to prepare for a Preliminary Final encounter, again the St. George Illawarra Dragons which was won by the Storm 24-10, earning them a spot in the Grand Final against the Brisbane Broncos. The Broncos had surprised everyone in the previous two months. After a slight hiccup in the Qualifying Final, going down against St. George Illawarra Dragons 20-4, they came back in the next two weeks, beating the Newcastle Knights 50-6 in the Semi Final and coming from 20-6 down at halftime to win 37-20 against the Bulldogs in the Preliminary Final.

The 2006 NRL season was the 99th season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the ninth run by the National Rugby League. The lineup of teams remained unchanged from the previous year, with fifteen clubs competing for the 2006 Telstra Premiership. Throughout the 26 rounds of the regular season ten teams from New South Wales (9 of them from the Sydney basin), two from Queensland and one each from Victoria, the ACT and New Zealand competed for the minor premiership. Eight of these teams qualified for the four-week finals series, with the Brisbane Broncos eventual victors over the Melbourne Storm in the grand final. Melbourne finished the regular season first so were awarded the minor premiership, but this was later revoked due to the Melbourne Storm salary cap breach.


Background.

Emma Sulkowicz attended Dalton School on the Upper East Side, and in 2011 began a visual arts degree at Columbia University. Sulkowicz alleges that she was slapped, choked, and anally raped by Nungesser in Sulkowicz's dorm room, on the first day of her second year in August 2012, during what began as a consensual sexual encounter. Nungesser denies the allegation, insisting that the encounter was entirely consensual. In April 2013, 8 months after the encounter, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the university. Sulkowicz says she filed a complaint after encountering two female students who said they had also been victimized by Nungesser. One was a former girlfriend who said she was emotionally abused during their long-term relationship, and stated that she later recognized their sexual relations as having been non-consensual. The other said that on one occasion Nungesser had moved toward her aggressively, grabbed her arms, and attempted to kiss her. Shortly after Sulkowicz filed a complaint, the two other students with whom she was acquainted also filed complaints with the university against the same student. Columbia ultimately cleared him of responsibility in all three cases.  The case attracted wider attention when the three female students who filed complaints gave interviews to the "New York Post", which broke the story on December 11, 2013, without naming those involved. In April 2014 Sulkowicz appeared with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand at a press conference about campus sexual assault.  On April 24, 2014, 23 students filed a federal complaint against Columbia and Barnard College, alleging violations of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, a law upholding gender equality in federally-funded institutions. Among other issues, the complaint alleged that the institutions discourage students from reporting sexual assault, that alleged perpetrators are not removed from campus, and that sanctions are too lenient. The Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights opened an investigation in January 2015.  On May 14, 2014, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the New York Police Department. The district attorney's office interviewed Sulkowicz and Nungesser in August, but did not pursue charges, citing lack of reasonable suspicion.

Creation and performance.

Sulkowicz devised "Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)" in the summer of 2014 as a senior thesis while at Yale University Summer School of Art and Music. Her first effort was a video of herself moving a bed out of a room, accompanied by the audio of her filing the police report, which she had recorded on a cellphone. The mattress later became the focus of the piece. Sulkowicz's thesis was supervised by artist Jon Kessler, a professor at Columbia. As the idea for "Mattress Performance" developed, Kessler and Sulkowicz discussed the nature of endurance art and the work of Tehching Hsieh, Marina Abramović, Ulay and Chris Burden. Sulkowicz described the work as "an endurance performance art piece". Sulkowicz told the "Columbia Daily Spectator": "I do think that nowadays art pieces can include whatever the artist desires and in this performance art piece it utilizes the elements of protest..."  Purchased online from Tall Paul's Tall Mall, the 50-lb (23-kg), dark-blue, extra-long twin mattress is of the kind Columbia places in its dorms, similar to the one on which Sulkowicz said that she was raped. Sulkowicz spent the summer of 2014 creating the rules of engagement, which defined the parameters of the project. Written on the walls of her studio in the university's Watson Hall, these included that Sulkowicz had to carry the mattress when on university property; that it had to remain on campus when she was not there; and that she was not allowed to ask for help in carrying it, but could accept if help was offered.  In early September 2014 Sulkowicz began carrying the mattress on campus. A homeless man was one of the first to help. Sulkowicz told "New York" magazine: "He was the first person who helped without some sort of preconstructed belief for why they were going to help. He was like, 'Oh, look, a struggling girl—let me help her and be a nice human being.' That was probably the most honest interaction I had." Sulkowicz kept a diary throughout, amounting to 59,000 words at the end of the work, recording the artist's experiences as well as the misunderstandings of commentators.  Sulkowicz said the work would end when Nungesser was expelled from or otherwise left Columbia, and that she would take the mattress to her graduation ceremony if necessary. In the end Sulkowicz carried it to the graduation ceremony on May 19, 2015, despite a request from the school that students should not bring "large objects which could interfere with the proceedings". Several women helped carry the mattress on stage. As Sulkowicz approached, university president Lee Bollinger, who had been shaking other graduates' hands, turned away as if to pick something up, and did not shake her hand; the university said this happened because the mattress was in the way. The next day posters appeared in Morningside Heights near the university calling Sulkowicz a "pretty little liar".  After graduation Sulkowicz said she had known the university would not expel Nungesser, and had expected to carry the mattress for nine months, the length of a pregnancy, which was an important part of the work: "To me, the piece has very much represented [the fact that] a guy did a horrible thing to me and I tried to make something beautiful out of it."

Reception.

Reaction by the accused.

Paul Nungesser said in a December 2014 interview with "The New York Times" that the mattress performance is not an act of artistic expression, but instead one orchestrated to bully him and force him to leave Columbia. He said that on the National Day of Action, protesters followed him around, carrying mattresses to one of his classes and taking his picture. He also said that he was not permitted to use written communications between himself and the alleged victim as evidence, and expressed disbelief that anyone could believe he was guilty even after his accusers failed to meet what he deemed the low burden of proof in the university hearing process. He also stated that since Sulkowicz's protest serves as her senior thesis, it is being supervised and implicitly endorsed by a Columbia faculty member.  Nungesser's parents criticized the university, including its decision to let Sulkowicz take the mattress to the graduation ceremony: "This has been a deeply humiliating experience.... A university that bows to a public witch-hunt no longer deserves to be called a place of enlightenment, of intellectual and academic freedom." Asked by German "Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin" about her feelings on the treatment of her son at Columbia, Nungesser's mother said, "This is a feeling of lawlessness." His father said that he sometimes fears his son will leave the school as a "cynic" and a "suspicious man".  In April 2015 Nungesser filed a Title IX lawsuit against Columbia University, its trustees, university president Lee Bollinger, and Sulkowicz's senior-thesis supervisor, Jon Kessler, alleging they exposed him to gender-based harassment and a hostile educational environment in allowing the project to go forward. Nungesser said that in so doing they damaged his college experience, emotional well-being, reputation and career prospects. His lawyers argued that Columbia allowed Sulkowicz to create and propose "performances depicting [the plaintiff] as a rapist" even though the university cleared him of any wrongdoing. Among examples of what they described as "public harassment", they cited Sulkowicz's public display of drawings which the lawyers said depicted Nungesser's genitals as part of the project (Sulkowicz left open the question of whether these drawings were of him or stories about him), as well as depictions of the alleged sexual assault, as violations of Columbia's gender-based misconduct policy, which prohibits "unwelcome remarks about the private parts of a person's body" and "graffiti concerning the sexual activity of another person". The lawsuit alleged that Columbia was responsible because the university sponsored and supervised the project. The university's lawyers say the university is "not responsible or liable" for Sulkowicz's conduct  On August 28, 2015, Columbia's lawyers asked that the case be dismissed, citing First Amendment protections and arguing that Nungesser's lawsuit suggests Columbia was obligated to prevent Sulkowicz from speaking publicly on an important issue. The case was heard by Judge Gregory H. Woods of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, who dismissed the suit on March 12, 2016. Nungesser filed an amended complaint on April 25, 2016. In July 2017, the university announced that it reached a settlement with him; terms of the settlement were not disclosed. The university said in a statement: "Columbia recognizes that after the conclusion of the investigation, Paul's remaining time at Columbia became very difficult for him and not what Columbia would want any of its students to experience. Columbia will continue to review and update its policies toward ensuring that every student — accuser and accused, including those like Paul who are found not responsible — is treated respectfully and as a full member of the Columbia community."

Other responses.

Praise.

Numerous art critics responded positively to "Mattress Performance". Artnet cited it as "almost certainly... one of the most important artworks of the year", comparing it to Ana Mendieta's "Untitled (Rape Scene)" (1973) and Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz-Starus's "Three Weeks in May" (1977). Performance artist Marina Abramović praised it. "The New York Times" art critic Roberta Smith described it as "strict and lean, yet inclusive and open ended, symbolically laden yet drastically physical", writing that comparisons to the Stations of the Cross and Hester Prynne's scarlet letter were apparent. Jerry Saltz, art critic for "New York" magazine, included it in his list of the best 19 art shows of 2014, calling "clear, to the point, insistent, adamant... pure radical vulnerability".  The political response was marked too. Nato Thompson, chief curator of Creative Time, said he could not think of another case where art had triggered a movement in the way "Mattress Performance" had. Hillary Clinton told the DNC Women's Leadership Forum in September 2014: "That image should haunt all of us..." In October 2014, Columbia students carried 28 mattresses on campus, one for each student who joined the federal Title IX complaint, then left them outside the home of university president Lee Bollinger; they were fined $471 for the clean-up. A group called "Carry That Weight" organized a "National Day of Action to Carry That Weight" on October 29, 2014, during which students carried mattresses on 130 US campuses and several elsewhere. Sulkowicz received the National Organization for Women's Susan B. Anthony Award and the Feminist Majority Foundation's Ms. Wonder Award.  In January 2015, New York's U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand invited Sulkowicz to attend the 2015 State of the Union Address. Families Advocating for Campus Equality said the invitation was "undeserved and violates the principles of confidentiality and gender equality of Title IX", and that Sulkowicz had "failed to establish any wrongdoing" on the part of Nungesser.  In 2015, Sulkowicz was included in "The Forward"s Forward 50 as one of the year's fifty most influential Jewish-Americans.

Criticism.

A number of commentators questioned Sulkowicz's account of the assault and argued that the performance was unfair to Nungesser.  Social critic Camille Paglia described "Mattress Performance" as "a parody of the worst aspects of that kind of grievance-oriented feminism", adding that a feminist work "should empower women, not cripple them".  In an editorial in the "New York Post", Naomi Schaefer Riley criticized Sulkowicz's work as "shaming without proof" and accused Sulkowicz and her supporters of "saving themselves from having to answer any questions and destroying men's lives with lies and innuendo". In his article "If anything's art, art's nothing", "National Post" columnist Robert Fulford compared Sulkowicz's work to that of Megumi Igarashi and concluded, "if everything is art, then art can be used for anything. And in the process meaning and value dissolve and art becomes hopelessly debased."  In an editorial for the Federalist, columnist Mona Charen stated that she believed Sulkowicz was likely "shading the truth" and argued that, while campus rape was a real problem, advocates did not pay enough attention to the possibility of false allegations.

Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight) (2014–2015) was a work of endurance/performance art which Emma Sulkowicz conducted as a senior thesis during the final year of a visual arts degree at Columbia University in New York City.


Format.

All the games are played according to the International Rugby Board Laws of the Game – 7s Variations.

Pool phase.

Originally, the twelve Premiership clubs were split into three pools, each playing on three consecutive Friday nights, on one of the teams grounds. Following expansion, the four Welsh regions compete in their own pool.  Teams play on a round-robin format and are awarded points based on the results of the matches. Teams are awarded: Following the completion of all the matches in a pool, both the winner and runner-up progress to the final.

Final.

2010 – 2013.

For the final, the final six teams were split into two pools. The teams again play each other on a round-robin basis, receiving points in the same manner as in the pool stage. After the pool stage of the final, the respective winners of the pools play each other in the grand final, the winner of that game being declared the winner of the competition.

2014 – 2016.

Following the expansion to include the Welsh regions, the format of the finals was changed.  Eight teams contested the quarter-finals, and the format resembled a traditional sevens final day, with the losers of the quarter-finals contesting a plate competition, and the winners a cup competition. The winner of the cup competition is the series winner.

2017 – present.

For 2017 a new format was introduced with the four Welsh regions no longer taking part and all matches taking place in one venue over two days. The 12 Premiership Rugby teams were split into four pools of three with all group matches taking place on the first day and the competition splitting into bowl, plate and cup tournaments on the second day. Franklin's Gardens was selected as the venue for the inaugural edition of the new format.  In 2018 and 2019 the venue and format remained similar, however the bowl tournament was not contested.

Broadcast.

Initially, each event in the competition was broadcast live on ESPN. Highlights were shown on ITV4 the following Sunday.  On 25 February 2013, BT announced that it had acquired ESPN's UK channels and their sports broadcasting rights. The 2013 edition of the competition, including the final, was broadcast live on the new BT Sport channel. The channel was launched on Thursday 1 August, the first day of the competition. Highlights of the 2013 competition were shown on STV in Scotland. In 2014, Welsh language channel S4C broadcast the first round of the tournament (containing the four regions) live.  Since 2017, highlights have been broadcast on Channel 5.

History.

2010.

The 2010 Premiership Rugby Sevens Series was the inaugural edition of the competition. It began on Friday 16 July and lasted four weeks, with the final at the Recreation Ground on Friday 6 August.  Saracens 7s and Harlequins 7s qualified from group A, played at The Stoop on Friday 16 July; Newcastle Falcons 7s and Sale Sharks 7s qualified from group B, played at Welford Road on Friday 23 July; and Northampton Saints 7s and Exeter Chiefs 7s qualified from group C, played at Franklin's Gardens on Friday 30 July.  The finals were played at the Recreation Ground on Friday 6 August. The six teams were split into two pools of three teams. The winner of pool B, Newcastle Falcons 7s, were defeated 17 – 5 by the pool A winner, Saracens 7s in the final.

2011.

The 2011 Premiership Rugby Sevens Series was the second edition of the competition. It began on Friday 15 July and lasted four weeks, with the final at The Stoop on Friday 5 August.  Harlequins 7s and Bath 7s qualified from group A, played at Recreation Ground on Friday 15 July; Saracens 7s and London Wasps 7s qualified from group B, played at Franklin's Gardens on Friday 22 July; and Newcastle Falcons 7s and Sale Sharks 7s qualified from group C, played at Edgeley Park on Friday 29 July.  The finals were played at The Stoop on Friday 5 August. The six teams were split into two pools of three teams The winner of pool B, Saracens 7s, were defeated 21 – 31 by the pool A winner, Newcastle Falcons 7s in the final.

2012.

The 2012 Premiership Rugby Sevens Series was the third edition of the competition. It began on Friday 13 July and lasted four weeks, with the final at The Recreation Ground on Friday 3 August.  Saracens 7s and London Irish 7s qualified from group A, played at The Stoop on Friday 13 July; London Welsh 7s and Sale Sharks 7s qualified from group B, played at Edgeley Park on Friday 20 July; and Gloucester 7s and Bath 7s qualified from group C, played at Kingsholm on Thursday 26 July.  The finals were played at The Recreation Ground on Friday 3 August. The six teams were split into two pools of three teams The winner of pool A, Gloucester 7s, were defeated 28 – 31 by the pool B winner, London Irish 7s in the final.

2013.

The 2013 Premiership Rugby Sevens Series was the fourth edition of the competition. The group stages ran on 1–3 August 2013 and the final at The Recreation Ground on 9 August 2013.  Worcester Warriors 7s and Gloucester 7s qualified from group A, played at Kingsholm on Thursday 1 August; Newcastle Falcons 7s and Leicester Tigers 7s qualified from group B, played at Franklin's Gardens on Friday 2 August; and Harlequins 7s and Saracens 7s qualified from group C, played at Allianz Park on Saturday 3 August.  The finals were played at The Recreation Ground on Friday 9 August. The six teams were split into two pools of three teams. The winner of pool A, Leicester Tigers 7s, were defeated 24 – 17 by the pool B winner, Gloucester 7s in the final.

2014.

The 2014 Premiership Rugby Sevens Series was the fifth edition of the competition, and the first to include the Welsh regions. The group stages ran on 26 July 31 July – 2 August 2014 and the final at The Stoop, Twickenham on 8 August 2014.  Cardiff Blues 7s and Newport Gwent Dragons 7s qualified from group A, played at Cardiff Arms Park on Friday 26 July. Gloucester 7s and London Irish 7s qualified from group B, played at Kingsholm on Thursday 31 July. Harlequins 7s and Northampton Saints 7s qualified from group C, played at Franklin's Gardens on Friday 1 August; and Newcastle Falcons 7s and Leicester Tigers 7s qualified from group D, played at The Darlington Arena on Saturday 2 August.  The finals were played at The Stoop on Friday 8 August. The eight teams contested a more traditional sevens style finals competition, consisting of quarter-finals, followed by a plate and cup competition. Newport Gwent Dragons 7s were defeated 12 – 5 by Gloucester 7s in the cup final. This was the first time a team has won successive series finals.

2015.

The 2015 Premiership Rugby Sevens Series was the sixth edition of the competition. The group stages ran on 15 August 20 – 22 August 2015 and the final at The Stoop, Twickenham on 28 August 2015.  Newport Gwent Dragons 7s and Scarlets 7s qualified from group A, played at Cardiff Arms Park on Saturday 15 August. Gloucester 7s and Exeter Chiefs 7s qualified from group B, played at Kingsholm on Thursday 20 August. Wasps 7s and Harlequins 7s qualified from group C, played at the Ricoh Arena, Coventry on Friday 21 August; and Newcastle Falcons 7s and Sale Sharks 7s qualified from group D, played at Kingston Park, Newcastle on Saturday 22 August.  The finals were played at The Stoop on Friday 28 August. The eight teams contested a finals competition consisting of quarter-finals, followed by a plate and cup competition. Wasps 7s were defeated 17 – 14 by Newport Gwent Dragons 7s in the cup final. This was the first time the tournament was won by a Welsh team.

The Premiership Rugby Sevens Series is a friendly Rugby Sevens competition for the twelve Premiership Rugby clubs that will play the following season (i.e. the 2010 competition features the teams playing in the Aviva Premiership in the 2010–11 season). It was started in 2010, as an off-season competition, held during the months of July and August. Between 2014 and 2016 the competition included the four Welsh regions which compete in the Pro14.


International career.

Yallop made her senior international debut in a 0–6 loss to the United States on 10 October 2004.  Yallop captained the U-20 side at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship finals in Russia, where they lost to Australia (0–3) and Russia (2–3), before holding Brazil to a goalless draw,  Yallop was included in the New Zealand squad for the 2008 Summer Olympics, playing the full 90 minutes in each of New Zealand's group games, scoring one of New Zealand's goals in the 2–2 draw with Japan.  Attending her first Women's World Cup at Germany 2011, Yallop earned her 50th cap in her only appearance at the finals in a 1–1 draw with Mexico as New Zealand won their first ever point at a Senior Women's World Cup.  She played in all of New Zealand's games at the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She featured in one of New Zealand's three matches at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada.  On 20 September after playing two games against United States Yallop announced her retirement from international football.

Club career.

At club level she played for Lynn-Avon United before moving to Kristianstads DFF in Sweden's Damallsvenskan in 2010. For the 2011 season she moved to second tier side Vittsjö GIK. In her first year at Vittsjö the team attained promotion to Damallsvenskan.  On 31 October 2015, Yallop joined Australian club Brisbane Roar.  On 9 December 2016, Yallop joined Melbourne Victory as an injury replacement for Bianca Henninger. In October 2017, it was confirmed that she didn't re-sign with Melbourne Victory for a further season. In 2017 Yallop joined Norwegian side Klepp.

Personal life.

In December 2017, Yallop's engagement to Klepp IL teammate and Australian international Tameka Butt was announced on Butt's Twitter account. The two were married in Mangawhai, New Zealand on 9 February 2019.

Kirsty Lee Yallop (born 4 November 1986), is an association football player who represented New Zealand at the international level and last played for Melbourne Victory in Australia's W-League.