Gameplay.

"X-Men Legends II" is an action role-playing game. It unites two Marvel Comics superhero teams, the heroic X-Men and the villainous Brotherhood of Mutants as they together face the mutant supervillain Apocalypse and his minions. Players can choose up to four characters to use at once from a larger roster. Players unlock additional characters as they proceed through the game. Four players can play on one machine cooperatively, and players can join or leave at any time. The game also features online play for up to four players, a first for the series. A new game plus mode is included that allows players to play through the game a second time while retaining all character stats.  As characters gain experience points their mutant superpowers and unique abilities can be upgraded. Items found during gameplay can also be equipped to further enhance a character's abilities. Characters can combine attacks to create a combo, in which two or more players punch or kick a single enemy at the same time. The character's special abilities can also be used in the same manner to create a Super Combo which inflicts massive damage on enemies. Each character has several mutant powers that players can assign to controller buttons. The game also features a skirmish mode, which allows players to fight against each other or waves of computer-controlled enemies.  "X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse" features a central hub that players return to between missions. It is a designated area free from enemies, and its setting changes to coincide with the current act of the game. Here players can view loading screen art, cinematics, and comic book covers acquired during gameplay. Biographies of the X-Men and their enemies can be accessed here. Players can also participate in an X-Men trivia game which awards experience points for correct answers. Additionally, players can access a virtual combat environment known as the Danger Room to play additional missions unlocked during gameplay.  The mobile phone version of the game is primarily a beat 'em up with role-playing elements. Unlike the console versions, the game plays as a side-scroller in the same vein as the 1992 "X-Men" arcade game. There are five selectable characters, and players upgrade each through experience points earned. Players control one character at a time, and can switch to another at the press of a button.

Synopsis.

Setting.

"X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse" is not set in any particular Marvel Comics universe. The game takes place some time after the events of "X-Men Legends". The mutant supervillain Apocalypse, having witnessed the X-Men's defeat of Magneto remotely, declares that the Age of Apocalypse is nigh. Prior to the game's campaign he kidnaps Professor X and Polaris for unknown purposes. Locations include a military prison in Greenland, the fictional mutant sanctuary of Genosha, the Savage Land and Egypt.

Plot.

The game begins with the X-Men and Brotherhood of Mutants uniting forces to save Professor X and Polaris. Cyclops, Storm, and Wolverine meet up with Magneto, Mystique, and Sabretooth at a military prison outpost in Greenland to free Professor X. Upon freeing him, the teams relocate to the fictional mutant haven of Genosha. They find the island ravaged by Apocalypse's forces, and work through the wreckage and find out what he was searching for. They learn that Quicksilver was kidnapped by Apocalypse, who also kidnaps Beast from the X-Mansion. Beast manages to point the team in the direction of the Savage Land, a secret prehistoric preserve in Antarctica.  The teams work their way through the Savage Land, temporarily hindering Apocalypse's plans. Apocalypse then travels to conquer New York. The teams work at sabotaging his army and resources, but Emma Frost and Angel are kidnapped as well. Angel is unwillingly transformed by Apocalypse and Mister Sinister into Archangel, a Horsemen of Apocalypse. He is assigned as a sentry to Apocalypse's tower. The teams defeat Archangel and infiltrate the tower where they find Beast, now under the control of Mister Sinister; he kidnaps Sabretooth and escapes with Apocalypse and Mister Sinister to Egypt.  They learn that Apocalypse's plan is to use Polaris, Quicksilver, Emma Frost, and Sabretooth—four mutants with what he refers to as Harmonic DNA—as part of a machine to fuel an experiment to grant him massive amounts of power. The teams then follow Apocalypse to Egypt where they defeat Mister Sinister, freeing Beast from Sinister's control. After besting the final guard, the Living Monolith, the teams battle Apocalypse and defeat him by stealing the powers from his machine. In the final cutscene, Magneto and Professor X part once again as adversaries, noting that Apocalypse was defeated but not destroyed. Beast ponders why the machine did not work properly, wondering if sabotage was a factor. As the X-Jet flies away, Sinister is seen on top of the pyramid, laughing, hinting that he sabotaged the machine.

Characters.

Several playable characters return from "X-Men Legends", and select members of the Brotherhood of Mutants are also playable. Some non-playable X-Men and Brotherhood characters appear during levels. In some instances dialogue throughout the game can be character-to-character specific, depending on the player character's alignment and relationship with the non-player character.

Development and marketing.

"X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse" was announced on October 21, 2004, exactly one month after the release of "X-Men Legends". It was shown at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) and San Diego Comic-Con in 2005. It was first released in North America on September 20, 2005 for the Gamecube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Windows platforms. The PlayStation Portable version was released approximately one month later on October 19, 2005. It was released on the first-generation N-Gage handheld platform on October 31, 2005. A mobile phone version was launched on December 19, 2005. A playable demo was released for the Windows version of the game on November 3, 2005.  Developer Raven Software sought to expand on the preceding game's scale. As such, characters were given additional powers to choose from. Locations were also made more diverse. "With the environments we tried to create [something] more exotic and organic" stated Dan Vondrak, Project Lead on "X-Men Legends II". Locations span from the fictional mutant haven of Genosha, to the Marvel Comics jungle known as the Savage Land, to ancient temples in Egypt. Raven Software collaborated directly with Marvel to write the game's story. Man of Action, a group of former Marvel writers who were responsible for the previous game's story, were not involved. The music was composed by Gregor Narholz. Gameplay and story aspects were adjusted to ensure that four players can play continuously, whereas in the previous game certain missions were limited to one player. The CGI cinematics were created by Blur Studio, who would go on to create cinematics for games such as "" and "".  Vicarious Visions's engine powers "Rise of Apocalypse" and its predecessor. They also were responsible for the PlayStation Portable version of the game. Karthik Bala, CEO of Vicarious Visions felt strongly that the PSP version should have the same gameplay as the consoles. "One of our main goals [...] was to really bring the depth and detail of the console game over to portable form on the PSP." Four new exclusive characters were added to the PSP version along with nine new side missions. The control system had to be modified to accommodate the PSP's fewer buttons. Online play is available on the PSP, both in ad-hoc and infrastructure modes. Bala stated that it was a priority for his team. SuperVillain Studios was brought on to the project to focus on the online component of the game. Beenox ported "X-Men Legends II" to Microsoft Windows.

Reception.

"X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse" received generally favorable reviews. All platforms hold aggregate scores in the 80–85% range at aggregate review websites GameRankings and Metacritic. Reported scores at Metacritic ranged from 59% to 100% approval. According to the NPD Group, "Rise of Apocalypse" sold over 63,000 units on the Xbox during the month of its release. It sold enough copies to be added to the budget line known as PlayStation 2's Greatest Hits. PALGN's Jeremy Jastrzab felt that "Rise of Apocalypse" "caters for X-Men fans and if you can gather three others, you're going to have a great time." Tom Byron of 1UP.com praised several aspects of the game, and felt that amidst "", "Ultimate Spider-Man" and "Fantastic Four" game releases in 2005 "X-Men Legends II" was the best release from Marvel that year.  Commentary on gameplay was generally positive. G4TV's reviewer lauded the destructible environments, but felt that the gameplay lacked variation. The reviewer from VideoGamer.com noted that the co-operative gameplay was strong, and that the addition of online play "opens the [gameplay] up to a wider range of people." PALGN's Jeremy Jastrzab felt that the game's menus were convoluted and difficult to navigate, and also felt that the game began to drag near the end of the story. GameTrailers's reviewer The inclusion of additional mutant powers and online gameplay were points of praise. GameSpot's Greg Mueller praised the game's vast cast of characters, destructible environments and unlockable content, but felt that the user interface was awkward. Mueller also felt that the game loaded content far too frequently. GamesRadar's Raymond Padilla had similar complaints about the frequency and length of the game's load times. Padilla praised the addition of online play and the automatic upgrade system.  Reviewers have high marks on the game's cast of characters, but were divided in their opinions of the choice of voice actors. GameTrailers's reviewer disliked that several famous X-Men and Brotherhood characters were not playable, but appeared only as side characters. They also cited issues with voice acting and a convoluted story. Unlike the critic from GameTrailers, G4's reviewer praised the overall story, and further praised the selection of characters for the cast. Greg Mueller of GameSpot also praised the game's vast cast of characters.  Critics were split on their assessment of the game's visuals. The reviewer from GameTrailers noted that the game's visuals had improved greatly, citing the effects, environments and cinematics as some of the largest upgrades. Inversely GamesRadar's Raymond Padilla felt that the game's graphics felt dated. Steve Steinberg of GameSpy conceded that while the visuals were generally improved over the game's predecessor, it still lacked in quality and variation. Steinberg stated that the characters now felt like "a part of the environments, as opposed to cut-outs floating on top of it." He noted that even with the improvements that players may lose their character amidst the environment, causing confusion.  The success of the "X-Men Legends" series led Raven Software, Marvel, and Activision to create the video game "", which was released on several consoles, handheld devices and Microsoft Windows in 2007. Barking Lizards, Vicarious Visions and Beenox handled the ports for different platforms. "Marvel: Ultimate Alliance" was followed by "", jointly developed by Vicarious Visions, n-Space and Savage Entertainment. "Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2" was released on several consoles and handhelds in the fall of 2009. Vicarious Visions developed the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions, while n-Space developed the Nintendo DS, PSP and Wii versions. Savage Entertainment ported the version developed by n-Space to the PSP.

X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse is an action role-playing game developed primarily by Raven Software and published by Activision. It is the follow up to 2004's "X-Men Legends". It was released in September 2005 for the GameCube, Microsoft Windows, N-Gage, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Xbox. It is set after the events of "X-Men Legends" and features the mutant supervillain Apocalypse as the primary antagonist.


Episodes.

Series 1 (1994).

The first series consists of seven episodes, and was broadcast from 10 April to 22 May 1994. It was released on DVD on 27 November 2006. The DVD release of the series has become hard to obtain. The series was rebroadcast in Australia for the first time in 2014. This series was repeated on ITV3 on 10 January 2017, 11 January 2017, 12 January 2017, 13 January 2017, 14 January 2017, 17 January 2017 and 18 January 2017.

Series 2 (1996).

The second series consists of thirteen episodes, and was broadcast from 28 April to 21 July 1996. It was released on DVD on 27 August 2007. The DVD release of the series has become hard to obtain. The series was rebroadcast in Australia for the first time in 2014. This series was rebroadcast on ITV3 on 19 January 2017, 20 January 2017, 21 January 2017, 24 January 2017, 25 January 2017, 26 January 2017, 27 January 2017, 28 January 2017, 31 January 2017, 1 February 2017, 2 February 2017, 3 February 2017 and 7 February 2017.

Series 3 (1997).

The third series consists of seven episodes, and was broadcast from 6 April to 18 May 1997. The series has never been released on DVD, and repeats have been very few and far between. This series was rebroadcast on ITV3 on 8 February 2017, 9 February 2017, 10 February 2017, 14 February 2017, 15 February 2017, 16 February 2017 and 17 February 2017.

Series 4 (1999).

The fourth series consists of six episodes, and was broadcast from 7 January to 11 February 1999. This series was the last to feature many of the original cast members, including Enzo Squillino, Jr. and Andrew Dunn; and was also the last series to feature multi-part stories (in this case, two stories of three episodes each). The series has never been released on DVD, and although repeats have been very few and far between, the series was repeated in full from 13–20 June 2016, on ITV3. This Series was rebroadcast on ITV3 on 21 February 2017, 22 February 2017, 23 February 2017, 24 February 2017, 28 February 2017 and 1 March 2017.

Series 5 (2000).

The fifth series consists of four episodes, and was broadcast from 21 October to 11 November 2000. This series saw a major overhaul in both the production team and cast; with Caroline Lee-Johnson, Steve Toussaint and Daniel Brown the only three cast members to return. The format of the series was also very different, featuring four stand-alone stories, with the running time extended to 105 minutes per episode, with advertisements. A new theme tune and title sequence was also introduced. The series has never been released on DVD, and although repeats have been very few and far between, the series was repeated in full from 21—24 June 2016 on ITV3. This Series was rebroadcast on ITV3 on 2 March 2017, 3 March 2017, 9 March 2017 and 10 March 2017.

The Knock is a British television crime drama, created by Anita Bronson and broadcast on ITV, which portrayed the activities of customs officers from the London City & South Collection Investigation Unit of HM Customs and Excise. The series derived its name from the distinctive ""Knock knock knock"" command used over the radio to synchronise a raid.


Biography.

Stuart Ash began studying graphic design at the Western Technical-Commercial School between 1957 and 1962. He graduated from the Ontario College of Art and Design in 1964. Upon leaving school, he worked among others with Cooper & Beatty and Paul Arthur and Associates, among others. During the 1960s, these advertising agencies were among the most popular in Canada. They were mainly recognized for their typographic creations and their large-scale advertising campaigns. While working at Cooper & Beatty, he met Anthony Mann, Artistic Director and Typographer, with whom he worked jointly on the design of the logo of the Canadian Centennial.  By working on the centennial logo, he met Fritz Gottschalk, a designer of Swiss origin, with whom he conceived the visual identity of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in 1965. In 1966, Ash and Gottschalk joined together to create Gottschalk + Ash. This new agency quickly built an international reputation. He remained at the head of this agency, until his retirement in 2007. He was present, in 2012, at the signing of the contract between G + A and Entro, an environmental communication firm.  Stuart Ash's personal work has also been exhibited; among others at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the National Gallery of Canada and the Mead Library of Ideas in New York.

Gottschalk + Ash.

In 1966 in Montreal, Stuart Ash teamed up with Swiss-born designer Fritz Gottschalk to found Gottschalk + Ash International. The philosophy of the design agency aims to provide global companies with "solutions tailored to the public's vision". The creative duo relies on a healthy relationship of internal competition where each of the parties is complementary to the other.  The graphic universe of Gottschalk + Ash impresses the lack of ornamentation. The company considers that ornaments are not necessary. However, that the message or information must be well understood by the public. That's why G + A was largely a corporate client. It offers a simple, straight and geometric international design. Their achievements show a play in space and composition. In addition, Helvetica is the featured typography of their works. The international style of Swiss and Canadian influence makes their graphic works something unique.  The company quickly became a staple on the international scene. The growth of the company benefits in particular from the visibility brought by the Expo 67 to the city of Montreal in the design circles. On the other hand, their overall vision of design goes beyond the graphic aspect; they offer a diversified approach by integrating strategic marketing and research concepts into their solutions. Part of their success is also due to their openness to design on a global scale, joining the best design schools in America and Europe, but also sporadically partnering with designers from diverse backgrounds. These associations allowed G + A employees to see and apprehend several graphic styles influenced by the different pathways and professional experiences of each guest designer. These exchanges are not unrelated to the Swiss style adopted by G + A, which was a Canadian detonator and competed with major international agencies such as Pentagram in London, Total Design in the Netherlands or Unimark in Chicago.  Over the years, G + A opened several offices in America and Europe. In 1972, they moved to Toronto, then to New York in 1978. Gottschalk then went to Switzerland to establish an office in Zurich in 1979, while the Calgary office was inaugurated in 1997. Today, G + A still has offices in Toronto and Zurich. Stuart Ash retired in 2007 and sold Calgary and Toronto offices to DW + Partners, a business partnership that is actively involved in Canadian design development.  In 2012, Stuart Ash participated in the signing of the agreement between G + A and Entro; an environmental communication firm that occupies offices on every continent. They are recognized for associating frequently with renowned architects in order to design sustainable communication strategies adapted to contemporary trends in environmental design.

Stuart Ash is a Canadian designer, born in 1942 in Hamilton, Ontario, who gained international fame in the late 1960s. He is recognized for designing strategic visual identities within Gottschalk + Ash, which he founded in partnership with Fritz Gottschalk in Montreal. He is considered one of the pioneers of international graphic design in Canada.


Facilities and service.

Located at above mean sea level, the station is from Arendal Station and was from Grimstad Station, and from Oslo Central Station. The station is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration; it has parking for 15 cars, is unmanned and lacks a ticket machine.  The station is served by the Norwegian State Railway's feeder service on the Arendal Line with up to five daily services per direction. Travel time to Arendal is 10 minutes while travel time to Nelaug is 25 minutes.

History.

The station opened on 14 September 1907 as the terminus of the private Grimstad–Froland Line (GFB) which ran to Grimstad. The station was from the opening owned by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB), who were in the process of building the Arendal–Åmli Line. GFB therefore had to pay rent to NSB until 1912, when NSB took over the Grimstad Line. Originally, the station consisted of temporary platform, a roundhouse, a turntable with a diameter and a coal shed.  NSB built a station building designed by Paul Armin Due. It was of the Flikkeid-type, as it was a duplicate of Flikkeid Station on the Flekkefjord Line and was the same as was built at Froland Station on the Arendal Line. It was in Art Nouveau style with a goods room built as an extension. The outhouse was the same type as had been built at Flikkeid and at Urdland Station and has three places and a wood storage. Also the water tower was the same type as at Flikkeid. The station also received a guard residence and a small shed. The line from Treungen came from the north-west, while the lines from Arendal and Grimstad game from the south-east, with the Grimstad Line south of the Arendal Line. Track 1 had a side platform which it shared with the station building, while Track 2 and 3 had a shared island platform. Eastwards, Track 1 was only connected to the Arendal Line, while Track 3 and 4 was only connected to the Grimstad Line. All four were connected towards Treungen.  Rise was originally a transfer station between the Arendal Line and the Grimstad Line. Trains were normally coordinated so there would be a train to Arendal at Track 1, a train to Treungen at Track 2 and a train to Grimstad at Track 3. The Arendal Line was converted to standard gauge in 1935, and Rise Station temporarily became a station on the Sørland Line from 9 November. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. In 1936, the Grimstad Line was converted to standard gauge and the turntable replaced with one with a diameter.  The last train to run on the Grimstad Line was on 31 August 1961. The passenger service was replaced by bus; the service from Grimstad to Rykene was extended to Rise, where there was transfer with the train. Later, the bus service was moved to transfer to the Grimstad bus was made in Arendal. Demolition of the line started on 19 September and lasted until 21 November, when all but the last from Rise Station had been removed. The level crossing east of the station was subsequently replaced with an overpass. As the roundtable was no longer needed, it was removed, although the pit remains. Scheduled train remained at Rise until 1979. From 1 November 1983, the station was unmanned. In 1985, the guard house and outhouse were sold. The line took electric traction into use on 15 June 1995. From 20 October, the service was terminated on the Arendal Line and the Bratsberg Line. NSB had a large shortage of motormen, and chose to close operations on the lines with least traffic to allocate sufficient personnel to areas with higher ridership. Traffic resumed on 24 June 2001.

Rise Station () is a railway station at Rise in Arendal, Norway. Located on the Arendal Line, it is served by the Go-Ahead Norge. The station opened as the terminus of the Grimstad Line in 1907; the following year it became a transfer station to the Arendal Line. It then received a station building designed by Paul Armin Due. In 1935 and 1936, the lines were converted from narrow gauge to standard gauge, although for a year the station served as a break-of-gauge station. The Grimstad Line closed in 1961 and in 1983 the station was unmanned.


Moldova in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012

Before Eurovision.

Selecția Națională 2012.

On 28 December 2011, TRM confirmed their participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. On 3 January 2012, TRM announced that the Moldovan national final would take place on 10 March 2012.

Competing entries.

TRM invited artists and composers to submit their entries that the submission period would come to a close on 16 January 2012. Only Moldovan artists were eligible to compete, however, up to two band members could be of foreign origin and collaboration with foreign songwriters was also allowed. From 14–18 January 2012, TRM released the submitted entries to the public online. In total, 85 entries were received, with submissions from 2008 entrant Geta Burlacu, 2009 entrant Nelly Ciobanu and 2010 entrants Olia Tira and SunStroke Project. On 21 January, a jury panel listened to the 85 submitted entries and shortlisted 60 for a live audition phase on 29 January. 20 entries were selected at the audition phase to compete in the national final. The jury panel that selected the finalists consisted of Olga Ciolacu (singer), Igor Dinga (producer and composer), Vali Boghean (instrumentist, actor and composer), Tatiana Cerga (singer), Andrei Sava (composer), Victoria Tcacenco (professor at the Music, Theatre and Fine Arts Academy) and Dana Argint (Orange Moldova representative).  An additional wildcard was also awarded through internet voting that was held between 1–12 February 2012. 33 entries which failed to be among the 20 finalists were in contention for the wildcard and on 20 February 2012, Mariana Mihaila and the song "Live On Forever" was awarded the wildcard for the final. Nelly Ciobanu and the song "Turn On The Light" were withdrawn from the competition due to personal reasons. On 5 March 2012, as the runner-up in the internet wildcard voting, the song "Live The Show" performed by Akord replaced Ciobanu.  The draw for running order took place on 20 February 2012.

Final.

The final was held on 11 March 2012 at TRM Television Studios in Chisinau, hosted by Marcel Spataru, Evelina Vârlan and Dorina Gherganov with backstage interviews conducted by Anatol Melnic. A combination of televoting (50%) and jury voting (50%) resulted in Pasha Parfeny winning the competition with the song "Lăutar".  The jury panel consisted of Olga Ciolacu (singer), Igor Dinga (producer and composer), Vali Boghean (instrumentist, actor and composer), Tatiana Cerga (singer), Andrei Sava (composer), Victoria Tcacenco (professor at the Music, Theatre and Fine Arts Academy), Angela Brasoveanu (journalist), Nicu Țărnă (singer), Anatol Chiriac (composer), Igor Cobileanski (director) and Ludmila Climoc (Orange Moldova representative).

At Eurovision.

Moldova competed in the second half of the first semi-final (17th on stage), on 22 May 2012, following Austria and preceding Ireland. Moldova received 100 points and placed 5th, thus qualifying for the final on 26 May.  In the final, Moldova was drawn to close the final and perform 26th, following Ukraine. The Moldovan entry scored a total of 81 points and placed 11th in the final.

Points awarded by Moldova.

Semi-final 1.

Points awarded in first semi-final:

Final.

Points awarded in the final:

Moldova participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. The Moldovan entry was selected through a national final, organised by the Moldovan broadcaster TeleRadio-Moldova (TRM). Pasha Parfeny represented Moldova with the song "Lăutar", which qualified from the first semi-final and went on to place 11th in the final, scoring 81 points.


Club career.

Wigan Athletic.

McManaman was born in Huyton. He grew up as an Everton supporter, and joined the club's youth system when he was seven years old. After being released by the club at the age of sixteen, he signed for Wigan Athletic on a free transfer in 2007. He made his debut for the reserves toward the end of the 2007–08 season. He became a regular in the reserve team during the second half of the following season, appearing ten times and scoring four goals. He then made his first team debut on 24 May 2009 in a Premier League match against Portsmouth, becoming Wigan's youngest-ever player to play in the Premier League.  In July 2009, he signed his first professional contract with the club. McManaman remained in the reserve team during the 2009–10 season, scoring twice in a 5–0 win against Burnley. Although he did not appear in the first team, he earned a contract extension.  McManaman was an unused substitute in the first team at the start of the 2010–11 season, but Wigan manager Roberto Martínez felt the player was not yet ready for Premier League football. On 30 November 2010, he made his first appearance in over 18 months when he came on as a substitute in a League Cup match against Arsenal. Martínez suggested the player would feature more regularly later in the season. He scored his first goal for Wigan in his first start for the club against Hull City in the FA Cup on 8 January 2011. In April 2011, he extended his contract for a further two years, keeping him at the club until 2013.  On 17 October 2011, McManaman joined Blackpool in a three-month loan deal. He made his debut a day later, appearing as a substitute against Doncaster Rovers, and made his first start for the club in the following game against Nottingham Forest. On 3 December 2011, he scored his first league goal in a 1–0 win against Reading. After he returned from his loan spell at Blackpool, McManaman scored against Swindon Town in the FA Cup on 7 January 2012. He returned to Premier League football at the DW Stadium on 16 January 2012 as an 81st-minute substitute in a single-goal defeat to Manchester City.  McManaman scored as a substitute in the 89th minute in Wigan's first League Cup game of the 2012–13 season, capping off a 1–4 win over Nottingham Forest. In January 2013, he signed a new contract with Wigan until 2016. On 17 February 2013, in the fifth round of the FA Cup, McManaman scored one goal and was named man-of-the-match in a 4–1 win against Huddersfield Town, helping Wigan reach the quarter-finals for the first time in 26 years. In that quarter-final match, he scored against his former club Everton, at Goodison Park, in a 3–0 win that sent Wigan to the semi-finals at Wembley.  After the Everton game, McManaman made his first Premier League start against Newcastle United on 17 March 2013. His challenge on Massadio Haïdara in that game was the subject of a two-day review by The Football Association; the Association concluded it lacked the authority to penalise McManaman retrospectively. On 23 March 2013, "The Daily Telegraph" reported that the McManaman situation had prompted the FA "... to raise the issue with the other'stakeholders' involved in setting disciplinary guidelines... at the end of the season."  On 27 April 2013, he scored his first Premier League goal for Wigan in a 2–2 draw against Tottenham Hotspur. A week later, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 win against West Bromwich Albion. On 11 May, he was named man-of-the-match in the FA Cup Final, leading Wigan to a 1–0 victory over Manchester City.

West Bromwich Albion.

On 28 January 2015, McManaman signed for Premier League club West Bromwich Albion on a three-and-a-half-year contract for £4.75 million. He was the first signing for the club by Tony Pulis.  On 27 December 2016, McManaman signed for Championship club Sheffield Wednesday on loan for the remainder of the season. He played in their first match of 2017 against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 2 January.

Sunderland.

McManaman signed for Championship club Sunderland on 31 August 2017 on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first goal for Sunderland in a 3–3 draw with Middlesbrough on 24 February 2018.

Return to Wigan Athletic.

On 20 July 2018, McManaman returned to his boyhood club Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee, signing onto a one-year rolling contract.

Luton Town.

On 4 June 2019, McManaman signed for newly-promoted Championship club Luton Town on a free transfer.

International career.

McManaman is available to represent England and the Republic of Ireland, through his Dublin-born grandparents.  In June 2011, McManaman, along with teammate Lee Nicholls, was included in the England under-20s squad for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup, the first time a Wigan Athletic player has been involved in the tournament. He made his debut in the country's first group match – a 0–0 draw against North Korea, and went on to play in all of England's games during the tournament before the team were knocked out by Nigeria.  On 14 May, he was called up for the first time to the England Under 21s for the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in Israel. However, he was ruled out of the tournament due to an ankle injury picked up in a game against Arsenal on the same day.

Personal life.

McManaman is a distant relative of former Liverpool, Real Madrid, and England player Steve McManaman.

Honours.

Wigan Athletic

Callum Henry McManaman (born 25 April 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Championship club Luton Town. Born in Whiston, Merseyside, lived and brought up in Rainhill, Merseyside, McManaman began his youth career at Everton before being released in 2007 and joining Wigan Athletic. He made his first team debut in 2009, and was the man of the match as they won the FA Cup in 2013. In January 2015, he joined West Bromwich Albion for £4.75 million.


Early life and education.

Brown was born on 13 October 1926 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He was one of six children born to Julia Lindsey Brown, a schoolteacher, and John Brown, a grocery warehouse worker. He had four brothers, Marvin, William, Fletcher, and Lura, as well as an older sister known as Johnny. Brown's ancestry was African American, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The family lived in a house without central heating or indoor plumbing so they relied on a fireplace for warmth. As a child, Jesse's brother William fell into this fireplace and was severely burned.  At the beginning of the Great Depression, John Brown lost his job and relocated the family to Palmer's Crossing, from Hattiesburg, where he worked at a turpentine factory until he was laid off in 1938. John Brown moved the family to Lux, Mississippi, where he worked as a sharecropper on a farm. During this time, Jesse Brown shared a bed with his brothers (as was common among many families) and attended a one-room school away. His parents were very strict about school attendance and homework, and Jesse Brown walked to school every day. The Browns also were committed Baptists and Jesse, William, and Julia Brown sang in the church choir. In his spare time, Brown also worked in the fields of the farm harvesting corn and cotton.  When Brown was six years old, his father took him to an air show. Brown gained an intense interest in flying from this experience, and afterward, was attracted to a dirt airfield near his home, which he visited frequently in spite of being chased away by a local mechanic.  At the age of thirteen, Brown took a job as a paperboy for the "Pittsburgh Courier", a black press paper, and developed a desire to pilot while reading in the newspaper about African-American aviators of the time including C. Alfred Anderson, Eugine Jacques Bullard, and Bessie Coleman. He also became an avid reader of "Popular Aviation" and the "Chicago Defender", which he later said heavily influenced his desire to fly naval aircraft. In his childhood he was described as "serious, witty, unassuming, and very intelligent." In 1937, he wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in which he complained of the injustice of African-American pilots being kept out of the U.S. Army Air Corps, to which the White House responded with a letter saying that it appreciated the viewpoint.  Because the schools closer to his family were of lower quality, in 1939, Brown lived with his aunt and attended the segregated Eureka High School in Hattiesburg. He was a member of the basketball, football, and track and field teams and he was an excellent student, graduating as the salutatorian in 1944. During this time, Brown met his future wife, Daisy Pearl Nix.  Following graduation, Brown sought to enroll in a college outside of the South. His principal, Nathaniel Burger, advised he attend an all-black college, as his brother Marvin Brown had done. But he enrolled at Ohio State University as his childhood role model, Jesse Owens, had done. Burger told Brown that only seven African Americans had graduated from the university that year, but Brown was determined to enroll, believing that he could compete well with white students.  Brown took several side jobs to save money for college, including waiting tables at the Holmes Club, a saloon for white U.S. Army soldiers. In this job, Brown was frequently the target of racist vitriol and abuse, but he persevered, earning $600 to pay for college. In the autumn of 1944, Brown left Mississippi on a segregated train for Columbus, Ohio, where he started at Ohio State.  Brown moved into an on-campus boarding house at 61 East Eleventh Avenue in the primarily black neighborhood of the University District in Columbus. He majored in architectural engineering. Brown attempted several times to apply to the school's aviation program, but was denied because of his race. Brown joined the track and field team as well as the wrestling team, but soon dropped both for financial reasons. He took a job as a janitor at a local Lazarus department store and was hired by the Pennsylvania Railroad to load boxcars from 15:30 to midnight each day. In spite of this, he maintained top grades in his classes.  Although facing difficulties with academics and the institutional segregation in the city, Brown found that most of his fellow students were friendly toward him. Brown rarely returned to Mississippi during the school year, but in the summers he worked at a dry cleaner in Hattiesburg to help pay for his classes.  During his second year in college, Brown learned of the V-5 Aviation Cadet Training Program being conducted by the U.S. Navy to commission naval aviation pilots. This program operated at 52 colleges, none of which was a historically black college, so only students such as Brown, who attended integrated colleges, were eligible. In spite of resistance from recruiters, Brown passed the entrance exams.  Brown enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve on 8 July 1946 and was admitted to the aviation program, becoming a Seaman Apprentice in the U.S. Navy and a member of the school's Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) program. A $50 monthly stipend allowed him to quit his jobs and concentrate on his studies; he completed his architectural engineering degree in 1947. At this time, the NROTC was the normal route to a regular Naval commission, but only 14 of the more than 5,600 NROTC students in 1947 were black.

Career.

On 15 March 1947, Brown reported to Glenview Naval Air Station in Glenview, Illinois, for Naval Flight Officer training. There, his enlistment ended 15 April and Brown reverted to the rank of midshipman, becoming the only African American in the program. Although he anticipated antagonism, he found the other cadets were generally friendly and welcoming. He found many of the black cooks and janitors hostile to him, however, possibly due to jealousy. Brown got his first flight time aboard a Stearman N2S trainer aircraft. In spite of the rigors of the initial training, Brown was encouraged by instructors and completed the first phase of training, transferring to Ottumwa Naval Air Station in Ottumwa, Iowa, for the next phase. The Ottumwa training involved intense physical fitness and technical training, which Brown completed. Thereafter, he was moved to Pensacola Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Florida, to train in aircraft flight.  In Pensacola, Brown and Nix married in secret, as naval cadets were not allowed to marry until their training was complete, under threat of immediate dismissal. Nix took a room in Pensacola, and the two visited one another on weekends. In spite of overt racism from at least one instructor and several classmates at this posting, Brown completed the rigorous training in August 1947.  By June 1948, Brown had begun training for carrier-based aircraft, and hoped to fly either the F4U Corsair or F6F Hellcat, both of which were fighters. He trained in carrier takeoffs and landings aboard the light carrier, after which he was sent to Jacksonville, Florida, for final flight qualifications. On 21 October 1948, he completed his training and was given his Naval Aviator Badge. This accomplishment was widely publicized, and Brown became known nationally. The Associated Press profiled him and his photograph appeared in "Life" magazine. Author Theodore Taylor later wrote that through Brown's efforts to become a pilot, he had broken the "color barrier" which had been longstanding and preventing blacks in naval aviation.  Brown was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Navy on 26 April 1949. He was assigned to Quonset Point Naval Air Station in Quonset, Rhode Island, as a part of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Brown reported that incidents of racism and discrimination, which had been harsh late in his training, were substantially relieved once he became an officer. Following his commissioning, Brown was assigned to temporary duty at Norfolk Naval Air Station in Norfolk, Virginia. His daughter, Pamela Elise Brown, was born in December. In January 1949, Brown was assigned to Fighter Squadron 32 aboard. Over the next 18 months, the unit conducted numerous training exercises along the East Coast, many of them taking place at Quonset Point. Brown reported here his superiors treated him fairly and held others to equal standards. The unit trained rigorously in aircraft maneuvers.  By the outbreak of the Korean War, he had gained a reputation among the others in the squadron as an experienced pilot and a capable section leader. He was well-liked among other pilots and the black stewards and support staff of the carrier. Brown did not socialize much with the other pilots, however, and was known to spend as much time as possible visiting his wife. He was able to reveal his marriage following his commissioning.

Korean War.

On the night of 25 June 1950, ten divisions of the North Korean People's Army launched a full-scale invasion of the nation's neighbor to the south, the Republic of Korea. The force of 89,000 men moved in six columns, catching the Republic of Korea Army by surprise, resulting in a rout. The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment, and was unprepared for war. The numerically superior North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south. Most of South Korea's forces retreated in the face of the invasion. The North Koreans were well on their way to South Korea's capital of Seoul within hours, forcing the government and its shattered army to retreat farther south.  To prevent South Korea's collapse, the United Nations Security Council voted to send military forces. The United States Seventh Fleet dispatched Task Force 77, led by the fleet carrier ; the British Far East Fleet dispatched several ships, including, to provide air and naval support. Although the navies blockaded North Korea and launched aircraft to delay the North Korean forces, these efforts alone did not stop the North Korean Army juggernaut on its southern advance. U.S. President Harry S. Truman ordered ground troops into the country to supplement the air support. All U.S. Navy units, including "Leyte", were placed on alert. At the time, the ship was in the Mediterranean Sea and Brown did not expect to be deployed to Korea, but on 8 August a relief carrier arrived in the area and "Leyte" was ordered to Korea. Commanders felt the pilots on the carrier were better trained, and hence needed in the theater. The ship sailed from the Strait of Gibraltar across the Atlantic Ocean and to Quonset, then through the Panama Canal and to San Diego, California, Hawaii, and Japan before arriving in Korea around 8 October.  The ship joined Task Force 77 off the northeast coast of the Korean Peninsula, part of a fleet of 17 ships from the Seventh Fleet, including the aircraft carrier, battleship and cruiser. Brown flew 20 missions in-country. These missions included attacks on communication lines, troop concentrations, and military installations around Wonsan, Chongpu, Songjim, and Senanju.  Following the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war in late November 1950, Brown and his squadron were dispatched to the Chosin Reservoir, where an intense campaign was being fought between the People's Volunteer Army and the US X Corps. Approximately 100,000 Chinese troops had surrounded 15,000 U.S. troops, and Brown and other pilots on "Leyte" flew dozens of close air support missions every day to prevent the Chinese from overrunning the U.S. troops.

Death.

On 4 December 1950, Brown was part of a six-aircraft flight supporting U.S. Marine Corps ground troops trapped by Chinese forces. At 13:38 KST, Brown took off from "Leyte" with squadron executive officer Lieutenant Commander Dick Cevoli, Lieutenant George Hudson, Lieutenant Junior Grade Bill Koenig, Ensign Ralph McQueen, and Lieutenant Junior Grade Thomas J. Hudner Jr., who was Brown's wingman. During this flight, Brown had the call sign "Iroquois 13". The flight traveled from the Task Force's location to the Chosin Reservoir, flying 35 to 40 minutes through very harsh wintery conditions to the vicinity of the villages of Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri. The flight began searching for targets along the west side of the reservoir, decreasing their altitude to. The mission was a three-hour search and destroy flight as well as an attempt to probe Chinese troop strength in the area.  Although the flight spotted no Chinese, at 14:40 Koenig radioed that Brown appeared to be trailing fuel. The damage had likely come by small arms fire from Chinese infantry, who were known to hide in the snow and to ambush passing aircraft by firing in unison. At least one bullet had ruptured a fuel line. Brown, losing fuel pressure and increasingly unable to control the aircraft, dropped his external fuel tanks and rockets and attempted to land the craft in a snow-covered clearing on the side of a mountain. Brown crashed into a bowl-shaped valley at approximately. The aircraft broke up violently upon impact and was destroyed. In the crash, Brown's leg was pinned beneath the fuselage of the aircraft, and he stripped off his helmet and gloves in an attempt to free himself, before waving to the other pilots, who were circling close overhead. The other pilots had thought he had died in the crash. Brown had crash-landed near Somong-ni, behind Chinese lines in weather, and the other pilots began a Mayday radio to any heavy transport aircraft in the area as they canvassed the mountain for any sign of Chinese ground forces who might threaten Brown. They received a signal that a rescue helicopter would come as soon as possible, but Brown's aircraft was smoking and a fire had started near its internal fuel tanks.  Before it became clear Brown was seriously injured, Hudner attempted in vain to rescue Brown by radioing him instructions for escaping his damaged aircraft. Hudner then intentionally crash-landed his aircraft, ran to Brown's side and attempted to wrestle him free from the wreck. While Brown's condition worsened by the minute, Hudner attempted in vain to put out the aircraft fire using snow and to pull Brown from the aircraft. In great pain, Brown began slipping in and out of consciousness. A rescue helicopter arrived around 15:00; its pilot, Lieutenant Charles Ward, and Hudner were unable to put out the engine fire with a fire extinguisher, and tried unsuccessfully to free Brown with an axe for 45 minutes. They even considered, at Brown's request, amputating his trapped leg. Brown lost consciousness shortly thereafter. His last known words to Hudner were, "Tell Daisy I love her." The helicopter, which was unable to operate in the darkness, was forced to return to base at nightfall with Hudner, leaving Brown behind. Brown is believed to have died shortly thereafter of his injuries and exposure to the extreme cold. No Chinese forces threatened the site, likely owing to the heavy air presence of Brown and Hudner's unit.  Hudner begged superiors to allow him to return to the wreck to help extract Brown, but he was not allowed, as other officers feared an ambush of the vulnerable helicopters resulting in casualties. To prevent the body and the aircraft from falling into Chinese or North Korean hands, the U.S. Navy bombed the aircraft with napalm two days later, with pilots reportedly reciting the Lord's Prayer over the radio as they watched Brown's body be consumed by flames. The pilots observed that Brown's body was still stuck in the aircraft, but his clothes were gone. The remains of both Brown and the aircraft were never recovered. Brown was the first African-American U.S. Navy officer killed in the war.

Legacy.

For his actions in Korea leading up to his death, Brown was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Purple Heart Medal, and the Air Medal. For the failed rescue attempt, Hudner received the Medal of Honor, the highest valor award presented by the U.S. military.  Brown's shipmates memorialized him in a shipwide newspaper as "a Christian soldier, a gentleman, a shipmate, and friend... His courage and faith... shone like a beacon for all to see." As word of his death spread, Brown inspired numerous other African Americans to become pilots, notably Seaman Apprentice Frank E. Petersen. Petersen would become the first African-American Marine Corps aviator and the first African-American Marine Corps general, graduating from the Naval Aviation Training Program in 1952 and retiring from the military after 38 years in 1988 with the rank of lieutenant general.  On 17 February 1973, the Navy commissioned the, the third U.S. ship named in honor of an African American. Present at the commissioning ceremony in Boston, Massachusetts, were Daisy Brown Thorne (who had remarried), Pamela Brown, and Hudner, who gave a dedication. The ship was decommissioned on 27 July 1994 and renamed "Damiyat" after being commissioned with the Egyptian Navy. Brown also has a VA Hospital in Chicago named after, formerly the known as the West Side VA Hospital. In July 2013, Hudner visited Pyongyang in an attempt to recover Brown's remains from the crash site. He was told by North Korean authorities to return in September when the weather is more predictable.  While Brown is often cited as the first African-American Naval Aviator, historian Robert J. Schneller has maintained that Lieutenant (junior grade) Oscar W. Holmes preceded Brown, earning the designation of Naval Aviator in 1943 with an exemption from the Navy's basic aviation training program due to his prior civilian piloting experience.

Biographies.

In 1998, Theodore Taylor wrote a biography titled "Flight of Jesse Leroy Brown", interviewing Brown's acquaintances and with reference to his personal letters. In 2015, Brown was the subject of the biography "Devotion: An Epic Story of Heroism, Friendship, and Sacrifice", by Adam Makos.

Awards and decorations.

Brown's military decorations and awards included the following:  His Distinguished Flying Cross citation reads:

References.

Sources.

Online sources

Jesse LeRoy Brown (October 13, 1926December 4, 1950) was a United States Navy officer. He was the first African-American aviator to complete the U.S. Navy's basic flight training program, was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the first African-American naval officer killed in the Korean War.


History.

The city of Tegal developed from a small village called Tetegual. The modernization of the village began in the early 1530s, and it eventually became part of the Pekalongan Regency, which admitted the existence of the Pajang Empire in Central Java. The Pajang Empire was the successor of the Sultanate of Demak.  The city was founded by Ki Gede Sebayu. Together with the local people, he aspired to increase the region’s agriculture, exploiting its fertile soil. Because of his efforts to develop the region, he became the high leader and the symbol of the city. His coronation as leader was held simultaneously with a traditional festival celebrating a rich agricultural harvest. In accordance with district ordinance no. 5/1988, July 28 is the anniversary of the city of Tegal.  In the 1920s, the city was a center of activism for the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), and the radical leaders of the Tegal branch of the PKI were among the instigators of the 1926 rebellion that led to the temporary destruction of that party.  On October 8, 1945, an anti-feudalism movement called "Gerakan Tiga Daerah" ("Three Regions Movement") was established in Tegal, Pekalongan, and Brebes. Its goal was to replace the blue-blood regents (related to the kings of Yogyakarta and Surakarta) with ordinary people. According to the leaders of this movement, the old regents had cooperated with the Japanese during World War II and sent people to Japanese slave labor camps. The main leader of "Gerakan Tiga Daerah" was Sarjiyo, who became the new regent of Pekalongan. Others were Kutil, K. Mijaya and Ir. Sakirman. Ir Sakirman was the local leader of the PKI. The government of the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta opposed "Gerakan Tiga Daerah" and declared it illegal.  "Gerakan Tiga Daerah" had the old regents arrested, stripped naked and dragged into prison. Other government officials and police officers were kidnapped and massacred at Talang bridge. The "Gerakan Tiga Daerah" also started a racial riot against ethnic Chinese in Brebes. On November 4, 1945, the movement attacked the Indonesian army headquarters and the regent office in Pekalongan. The rebels were defeated by the Indonesian army in a fierce battle on December 21, 1945, and most of their leaders were arrested and imprisoned. This rebellion is called the Three Regions Affair.  During the unrest following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Tegal was the site of extensive protests and occasional violence against local government officials, especially in June 1998.  Tegal has faced issues relating to political corruption. In the late 2010s, two consecutive mayors of the city - Ikmal Jaya and Siti Masitha Soeparno - were both arrested and removed from office by the Corruption Eradication Commission.

Administrative division.

Tegal Town Hall as the administrative center of Tegal City originally occupied the Resident Building on Jl. The young man who is now used for the Parliament Building Tegal City. But since 1985, the center of government moved to Pendopo Ki Gede Sebayu former Pendopo Tegal regency, in the area of Alun-alun Mangkukusuman. Colonel Laut (Ret.) Adi Winarso, S. Sos is Tegal's first son who served as mayor for two periods, 1999 - 2004 and 2004 - 2009 through an indirect election. Year 2008 marks a new history of leadership of Tegal City, because that year also for the first time mayor directly elected by the people of Tegal City. As a result, Ikmal Jaya, SE Ak / Ali Zainal Abidin, SE won the election. They were inaugurated on March 23, 2009 by the Governor of Central Java, Bibit Waluyo. Tegal City is divided into 4 districts ("kecamatan") and sub-divided into 27 administrative villages as follows:

Geography.

Tegal City is located on the north coast road (pantura) of Central Java, located 165 km west of Semarang City or 329 km east of Jakarta, lies between 109 ° 08 '- 109 ° 10' East Longitude and 6 ° 50 '- 6 ° 53' South latitude, with an area of 39.68 km2 or approximately 3,968 hectares. Tegal City is located in the Pantura region, from the orientation map of Central Java Province located in the Western Region, with the farthest spans north to south 6.7 km and west to east 9.7 Km. Seen from geographical location, Tegal's position is very strategic as a liaison of cross-national and regional economic path in Pantura region that is from west to east (Jakarta-Tegal-Semarang-Surabaya) with middle and south area Pulai Jawaa (Jakarta-Tegal-Purwokerto-Yogyakarta- Surabaya) and vice versa.

Climate.

With very low rainfall, the average temperature (temperature) of this city reaches 35 degrees Celsius.

Economy.

Trade and services are the main sectors of the economy of Tegal City. The city became the final processing and marketing of various products from the western part of Central Java. Small and medium enterprises are quite rapid progress is the home metal industry in the area of Jl. Cempaka, and Tegalan batik handicrafts in Kalinyamat Village. To support the economic pulse, the city government of Tegal has built the Center for Promotion and Business Information (PPIB).

Language.

Tegal has its own language, known as "Bahasa Tegal". Tegal language has a resemblance to the language of Banyumas ( ngapak ) that is in the vocabulary. However, people in Tegal are reluctant to use "ngapak" as a term of the language, due to their dialectical difference. People using Tegal language include: northern part of Tegal regency, Tegal City, western part of Pemalang regency, and eastern part of Brebes district. The first Tegal language Congress was held by the Tegal City government on April 4, 2006, at the Bahari Inn hotel. The event which was initiated by Yono Daryono presented several figures such as SN Ratmana (cerpenis), Ki Enthus Susmono (dalang Tegal), Eko Tunas (Tegal poet), Dwi Ery Santoso (Poetry and Director). The purpose of the congress was to raise the status of the Tegalan dialect into Tegal language. Some Indonesian comedians speak it because its accent and dialect arouse amusement. One example is the translation of the greeting phrase "How are you?" into "Kepriben kabare?".

Greetings.

It is common practice for people in Tegal to call their friends "Jon", "Jack" or "Jakwir". The translation for "Daddy" is "Jasak", "Mommy" is "Jok", a younger brother is addressed as "Yarig" and an older brother as "Sahang". Many other words can only be understood by native Tegals. Bahasa Tegal also has many Arabic loan words.

Interesting places and buildings.

Historical buildings in the city of Tegal mostly Dutch architecture,

Tegal is a large city in the northwest part of Central Java Province of Indonesia. It is situated on the north coast (or "pesisir") of Central Java, about from Semarang, the capital of the province. It had a population of 239,599 at the 2010 Census, but the latest official estimate (as at 2014) is 242,539. Its built-up ("or metro") area made of Tegal Municipality and 12 districts spread on Tegal and Bremes regencies was home to 1,366,858 inhabitants as of 2010 census. It is administratively separate from Tegal Regency, which borders it to the south and east; Brebes Regency borders it to the west.


Geography.

Beaumont is located at (31.168178, -88.922588).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and 0.29% is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 977 people, 387 households, and 270 families residing in the town. The population density was 280.6 people per square mile (108.4/km). There were 448 housing units at an average density of 128.7 per square mile (49.7/km). The racial makeup of the town was 51.38% White, 47.49% African American, 0.92% Native American, 0.10% from other races, and 0.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.  There were 387 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.09.  In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $20,147, and the median income for a family was $24,250. Males had a median income of $30,250 versus $17,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,601. About 32.4% of families and 35.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.8% of those under age 18 and 43.4% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

The Town of Beaumont is served by the Perry County School District.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Beaumont has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Beaumont is a town in Perry County, Mississippi. It is part of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 951 at the 2010 census.


College career.

McKee played college basketball at Coppin State University and was a member of the 2007–08 Eagles team that went to the NCAA tournament with a 16–20 record. He was also the 2008 player of the year for the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference.

Professional career.

Wollongong Hawks (2009–2010).

After going undrafted, McKee joined the Washington Wizards for the 2009 NBA Summer League. McKee started his professional career with Australian team Wollongong Hawks, where he was named to the All-NBL First Team in 2010.

Triumph Lyubertsy (2012–2013).

On June 28, 2012, McKee signed a one-year contract extension with Triumph Lyubertsy. On November 21, 2012, McKee recorded a career-high 32 points, shooting 11-of-16 from the field, along with six rebounds, six assists and four steals in a 91–84 win over VEF Rīga. McKee finished the season as the EuroCup leading player in efficiency rating (23.6 per game) and second-leading player in assists (6 per game). McKee was named two-time the EuroCup MVP of Week.

UNICS Kazan (2013–2014).

On July 10, 2013, McKee joined the Toronto Raptors for the 2013 NBA Summer League. One week later, McKee signed with UNICS Kazan of Russia for the 2013–14 season. McKee helped Kazan to win the 2014 Russian Cup, as well as reaching the 2014 EuroCup Finals.

EWE Baskets Oldenburg (2014–2015).

On August 1, 2014, McKee signed with the German team EWE Baskets Oldenburg for the 2014–15 season. On October 27, 2014, McKee parted ways with Oldenburg after appearing in eight games.

Hapoel Jerusalem (2015).

On January 7, 2015, McKee joined the Israeli team Hapoel Jerusalem for the rest of the season. McKee helped Jerusalem to win the 2015 Israeli League Championship.

Le Mans (2015–2016).

On July 23, 2015, McKee signed with French team Le Mans Sarthe for the 2015–16 season. On December 22, 2015, McKee tied his career-high 32 points, shooting 12-of-18 from the field, along with six rebounds and three assists in an 82–71 win over Nanterre. McKee helped Le Mans to win the 2016 French Cup.

Türk Telekom (2016–2017).

On August 22, 2016, McKee signed a one-year deal with Türk Telekom of the Turkish Basketball First League.

Hapoel Tel Aviv (2017–2018).

On August 2, 2017, McKee signed with Israeli team Hapoel Tel Aviv for the 2017–18 season, joining his former head coach Danny Franco. On February 17, 2018, McKee recorded a season-high 22 points, shooting 5-of-7 from the field, along with three rebounds and seven assists in an 85–86 loss to Hapoel Gilboa Galil. McKee helped Hapoel to reach the 2018 Israeli League Final Four, where they eventually lost to Maccabi Tel Aviv.

Cholet Basket (2018).

On July 23, 2018, McKee signed a one-year deal with the French team Cholet Basket.

Wilki Morskie Szczecin (2018–2019).

On December 23, 2018, McKee parted ways with Cholet to join the Polish team Wilki Morskie Szczecin for the rest of the season. However, on February 4, 2019, McKee parted ways with Szczecin after appearing in five games.

Panionios (2019).

On March 1, 2019, McKee signed with the Greek team Panionios for the rest of the season.

US Monastir (2019–present).

On October 12, 2019, McKee signed with the Tunisian team US Monastir for the rest of the season.

Tywain "Ty" McKee (born March 7, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for US Monastir of the Tunisian Division I League. He played college basketball for Coppin State University, where he was named the MEAC Player of the Year in 2009. McKee played professional basketball in Australia, Belarus, Russia, Germany, Israel, France, Turkey, Poland and Greece.


Production.

Background.

The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view, produced every January by WWE since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The match generally features 30 wrestlers. Traditionally, the winner of the match earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For 2013, the winner could choose to challenge for either the WWE Championship or World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 29. 2013 was the twenty-sixth event in the Royal Rumble chronology, and was the last to feature the World Heavyweight Championship, as well as the last time it was a choice for the winner of the titular match, as the title was unified with the WWE Championship at December's event, with the latter being renamed to WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

Storylines.

The card consisted of five matches, including one on the Pre-Show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters to build tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Raw" and "SmackDown". On July 23, 2012, during "Raw 1000", The Rock announced that he would challenge for the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble. Later that night, reigning champion CM Punk, Daniel Bryan, and John Cena each stated that they'd face The Rock as defending champion; later that night, Punk turned heel, attacking and laying out The Rock. Punk defended the championship for the rest of the year, while on December 23, 2012, The Rock tweeted to Punk that he was ready for the Royal Rumble. On the January 7 episode of "Raw", Punk retained the WWE Championship against Ryback in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match after The Shield interfered. They also did during Punk's defence against Ryback and John Cena back at Survivor Series; this win secured Punk as the one who would defend against The Rock. On the January 21 episode of "Raw" while speaking about beating Punk at the Rumble, The Shield assaulted The Rock. After the assault, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that if The Shield interfered in the match, Punk will be stripped of his title.  Big Show began a feud with Alberto Del Rio after humiliating Del Rio's personal ring announcer, Ricardo Rodriguez, sarcastically picking him to fight Show for the World Heavyweight Championship during "Champion's Choice Night" on the New Year's Eve 2013 episode of "Raw", leading to a disqualification win for Big Show after Del Rio interfered. On the January 11, 2013 episode of "SmackDown", Del Rio defeated Show in a Last Man Standing match for the championship. Three days later on "Raw", Show announced that he would invoke his rematch clause at the pay-per-view. The week after, he made the match a Last Man Standing Match.

Event.

Pre-show.

The Royal Rumble Pre-Show match featured reigning United States Champion Antonio Cesaro defending his title against The Miz. During the match, Miz attempted a diving attack and injured his leg. Shortly after, Cesaro won after landing the Neutralizer.

Preliminary matches.

As the PPV portion of the show began, a backstage segment was shown with Bret Hart wishing Alberto Del Rio good luck in his match. He then gave Ricardo Rodriguez a pair of his signature sunglasses.  The opening match on the PPV telecast (and second on the card overall) featured reigning World Heavyweight Champion Alberto Del Rio defending his title against Big Show in a Last Man Standing match. After Del Rio managed to beat the count after being chokeslammed through a table from an elevated position on the entrance stage, he managed to win when he locked in the Cross Armbreaker while Rodriguez duct taped Show's legs to the bottom rope. Show was unable to free himself in time and was counted out.  Next, reigning WWE Tag Team Champions Team Hell No (Daniel Bryan and Kane) defended their titles against Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow). The match ended when Bryan applied the "No! Lock" on Sandow, forcing him to submit.  After that was the annual Royal Rumble match. Dolph Ziggler (as per the "Beat The Clock" stipulations from "Raw") chose to enter first, followed by the surprise return of Chris Jericho at #2. Another surprise entry, Goldust returned at #8, and spent most of his time battling with his half brother Cody Rhodes (entrant #3), who eventually eliminated him. Sheamus entered at #11, trying to become the fourth man to win back-to-back Rumbles, joining Hulk Hogan ('90-'91), Shawn Michaels ('95-'96), and "Stone Cold" Steve Austin ('97-'98). Kofi Kingston (the #4 entrant) provided a highlight, for when he was about to be eliminated, he jumped onto the back of recently eliminated Tensai, who put him on the Spanish announce table. Kingston made it back onto the apron using John Bradshaw Layfield's chair like a pogo stick, but was quickly eliminated by Rhodes before reentering the ring. Following this, The Godfather made a surprise appearance at #17, only to be immediately eliminated by Ziggler. John Cena entered at #19, quickly eliminating Rhodes and #10 entrant Heath Slater. Daniel Bryan (#21) and Kane (#24) teamed up to eliminate #23 The Great Khali, but Bryan then eliminated Kane. When #22 Antonio Cesaro sent Bryan over the top rope, Kane caught him, only to drop him on the floor, eliminating him from the match. Later, NXT tournament winner (and #16 entrant) Bo Dallas managed to eliminate Intercontinental Champion Wade Barrett (#18), leading to Barrett eliminating him and perform the Bull Hammer on Dallas, despite having already been eliminated. Ryback entered at #30 and eliminated three wrestlers in quick fashion. Ziggler finally eliminated Jericho after nearly 48 minutes. The final four consisted of Ziggler, Sheamus, Cena and Ryback. Sheamus eliminated Ziggler (who lasted nearly 50 minutes) and tried to execute the Broque Kick on Ryback, but Ryback managed to eliminate him. After a few minutes of going back and forth, Cena then eliminated Ryback to win the Rumble, making him the fourth wrestler to win multiple Rumble matches (as he won the match in 2008 as well).

Main event match.

The main event and fifth match on the card featured reigning WWE Champion CM Punk defending his title against The Rock. During the match, Rock attempted to perform a Rock Bottom through the Spanish announce table on Punk, but the table collapsed beneath them. Rock performed a Rock Bottom outside the ring, but Punk kicked out of a pin attempt. When Rock performed a People's Elbow, the arena went dark and Rock was attacked by an unknown entity, believed by the commentators to be The Shield. When the lights came back, the assailant(s) were nowhere to be found, and Rock had been driven through the English announce table, allowing Punk to get the winning pin. As he celebrated with the title, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon came out and reminded Punk that if the Shield interfered (which while McMahon said he couldn't see it, he knew enough to realize what had happened) he would strip him of the title. Before he could however, the Rock said he wanted to take the title from Punk and told McMahon to instead restart the match. McMahon did so, and Rock won the match with a spinebuster followed by a second People's Elbow, winning the WWE Championship for the eighth time and ending Punk's historic reign at 434 days.

Aftermath.

CM Punk, livid that his reign had ended, invoked his rematch clause at Elimination Chamber, but The Rock defeated him and retained the championship. Punk then challenged Cena for his contendership, which Cena accepted and defeated Punk. Punk later went to WrestleMania to try to end The Undertaker's undefeated streak. After Elimination Chamber, The Rock retired the spinner and bling belt (which was Cena's design for the championship and used by the company for the past eight years) and unveiled a new belt to represent the WWE Championship.  The following night on "Raw", John Cena announced that he would challenge the reigning WWE Champion with his winning the Royal Rumble match. With The Rock retaining the championship, this would set up a rematch between The Rock and Cena from last year's WrestleMania. Cena would go on to win the match and the championship, making him a record 11-time WWE Champion.

Reception.

The event garnered 512,000 pay-per-view buys, the highest in four years.

Royal Rumble (2013) was the twenty-sixth annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by WWE. It took place on January 27, 2013 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona.


Biography.

Hademine was born on December 31, 1953 in Timbédra. He received his primary education in Djigueni. Hademine attended the College of Aïoun between 1967 and 1970, and later studied at the "Lycée national de Nouakchott" from 1971 to 1974. After moving to Canada in 1974, he earned a degree in Metallurgical Engineering from the "École Polytechnique de Montréal" in 1979.  After moving back to Mauritania, he began working for the "Société nationale industrielle et minière" (SNIM), which mines for iron in Mauritania, and he became head of a steel mill in 1979. Between 1985 and 1988 Hademine served as Head of Department purchases for SNIM. In 1989, he was promoted to CEO of the Arab Society of Iron and Steel (SAFA), which is a subsidiary of SNIM. Hademine was appointed general manager of the Sanitation Maintenance and Transportation Works (SMTA) in 2008. He said there were too many engineers in the SMTA and the quality of work was poor. After the 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état that overthrew President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Hademine sided with the coup leaders and was allowed to keep his job. In December 2010, Hademine became Minister of Equipment and Transport. In his four years as minister, he made no significant changes.  After President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was reelected in June 2014, he appointed Hademine to the premiership on August 21. Hademine replaced Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, who had been Prime Minister since 2008. Pledging to promote the participation of women in political, economic and social development, Hademine appointed seven women to his government when it was formed three days after his appointment as Prime Minister.  Hademine met with Chinese Special Envoy on the Middle East Issues Gong Xiaosheng on May 19, 2015, to discuss bilateral relations. He spoke at an agriculture conference in December 2015, and emphasized that his government fully supports the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)'s initiative to “expand wheat production in the country to enhance national food security and reduce dependence on increasing wheat imports.” In June 2016, he caused controversy when he called Ahmed Baba Ould Azizi, President of the General Confederation of Employers of Mauritania, "a terrorist, worse than Al Qaeda and Daesh together." He resigned from the premiership on October 29, 2018.

Personal life.

Hademine is married and has four children.

Yahya Ould Hademine (; born December 31, 1953) is a Mauritanian engineer and politician who served as Defence Minister of Mauritania. He served as the Prime Minister of Mauritania from August 21, 2014 to October 29, 2018.


Education and Work.

David Korn received his undergraduate degree in mathematics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1965 and his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in 1969. After working on computer simulations of transsonic airfoils and developing the Korn airfoil, he switched fields to computer science and became a member of technical staff at Bell Laboratories in 1976. He developed Korn shell in response to problems he and his colleagues had with the most commonly used shells at the time, Bourne shell and C shell. The Korn shell pioneered the practice of consultative user interface design, with input from Unix shell users, and from mathematical and cognitive psychologists. The user interface, which included a choice of editing styles (the choices included styles based on vi and on two variants of Emacs) was incorporated into, or copied by, most subsequent Unix shells. The Korn shell is backward-compatible with Bourne shell, but takes a lot of ideas from C shell, such as history viewing and vi-like command line editing.

Korn shell and Microsoft.

Microsoft once included a version of the Korn shell produced by Mortice Kern Systems (MKS) in a UNIX integration package for Windows NT. This version was not compatible with ksh88 (a Korn shell specification), and Korn mentioned this during a question and answer period of a Microsoft presentation during a USENIX NT conference in Seattle in 1998. Greg Sullivan, a Microsoft product manager who was participating in the presentation, not knowing who the commenter was, insisted that Microsoft had indeed chosen a "real" Korn shell. A polite debate ensued, with Sullivan continuing to insist that the man giving the criticisms was mistaken about the compatibility issues. Sullivan only backed down when an audience member stood up and mentioned that the man making the comments was none other than the eponymous David Korn.

Other software projects.

Along with Korn shell, he is also known as the creator of UWIN, an X/Open library for Win32 systems, similar to the later Cygwin. Korn and Kiem-Phong Vo also co-developed sfio, a library for managing I/O streams.  Korn became a Bell Labs fellow in 1984. He currently lives in New York City, and until 2013 worked for AT&T Labs Research in Florham Park, New Jersey, but now he is working for Google.

Family.

David Korn's son Adam used to work at Goldman Sachs.

David G. Korn (b. Brooklyn, August 28, 1943) is an American UNIX programmer and the author of the Korn shell ("ksh"), a command line interface/programming language.


Biography.

Early years.

Merriman was born in Eureka, California, the son of a lumberjack. He grew up in Santa Cruz, and graduated from Santa Cruz High School in 1925. He worked various odd jobs in order to make his way through the University of Nevada. To earn some extra money at school, he joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps ("ROTC") where he received basic training with arms.  In 1932, he wed Frances Marion Stone, three years his junior. That same year he returned to California as a doctoral student in economics at the University of California, Berkeley and worked as a teaching assistant. Fascinated by Stalinism and the emerging economics in the Soviet Union, Merriman earned a scholarship to study for one year in Moscow along with his wife. There he became interested in the anti-fascist movement and left before his year was up to move to Spain while his wife stayed in Moscow, where she was working. Like most Americans involved with the Spanish cause, the Merrimans were communists. According to his wife, Merriman was convinced that defeating the fascists in Spain and then Germany would prevent a second World War.

Spain.

A member of left-wing groups at the University of California and friend of Robert Oppenheimer, he was chosen to lead the volunteers in Spain. As few volunteers had any military experience, Merriman's ROTC experience meant he took over the training of the 428-man strong Lincoln Battalion and, in late January, he became battalion commander. He held the rank of Captain of the Spanish Republic.  The Lincoln Battalion first saw action at the Battle of Jarama (6–27 February). They were one of the four battalions comprising the XV International Brigade. Their role was to prevent Nationalist forces taking the main Madrid-Valencia road. The Lincolns took appalling casualties, particularly in the assault of Pingarrón, which became known as "Suicide Hill". Merriman himself was seriously wounded and spent time as Chief of XV Brigade Staff. His place as battalion commander was taken by Martin Hourihan (a US Army veteran).  Merriman, who suffered a severe arm injury, was joined by his wife in Spain, where she nursed him back to health and also joined the International Brigades at their training camp in Albacete.  The depleted Lincolns next went into action at the Battle of Brunete. Together with the depleted British Battalion, and an understrength second US battalion (the George Washington Battalion, commanded by African-American Oliver Law), they formed one regiment of the XV International Brigade. Of the 2,500 men of the XV who went into battle, only 1,000 effective soldiers remained.

Death.

Merriman led the Lincoln-Washington Battalion again during the Battle of Teruel during the Aragon Offensive in March 1938. Under heavy attack by Nationalist tanks and aircraft, the Americans had been badly mauled at the Battle of Belchite. The battalion was forced to retreat towards Catalonia and its boundary river, the Ebro, because it was the only direction available.  On April 2, the Lincoln-Washington Battalion made camp in the vineyards near Corbera d'Ebre. However, the Americans were unaware that the town had been captured by the Nationalists at noon on April 2. As the troops passed through the town, Merriman, and his second-in-command, David Doran, as well as several other American officers from the Lincoln and Washington Battalions of the International Brigades including Lieutenant Edgar James Cody, were captured. A few hours later they were executed.  For some time, Merriman's family was led to believe he was safe because of conflicting reports about his whereabouts. His wife had already returned to the United States in January 1938. She had originally planned to return to Spain but never heard from him again after March. On April 13, there was news that he had "miraculously escaped death or capture". She eventually came to believe he died in the retreat.  His widow later remarried and had three children. She worked at Stanford University and in 1986 published her memoir: "American Commander in Spain".

Legacy.

Milton Wolff succeeded as battalion commander, and returned to the same ground a few months after Merriman's death during the Battle of the Ebro on 26 July while trying to recapture Gandesa.  The 6'4" Merriman is believed to be have been the inspiration for Robert Jordan in Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls". Merriman and Hemingway briefly met in Madrid, and Hemingway was "deeply impressed" with the young idealist.

Robert Hale Merriman (November 17, 1908 – ) was an American doctoral student who fought with the Republican forces in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. He was killed while commanding the Abraham Lincoln Battalion of the International Brigades.


Gameplay.

Like its predecessor, "Wii Play: Motion" is a minigame collection that features Miis as playable characters. All the minigames require use of the Wii MotionPlus accessory, which allows Wii Remote movement to be detected with greater accuracy. Twelve minigames are available to play with both single-player and multiplayer modes. Unlike its predecessor, Wii Play: Motion can be played with more than two players at a time.

Development.

"Wii Play: Motion" was announced by Nintendo's official press on April 12, 2011. It was also shown at the E3 convention that same year. The game's development resulted from the combined efforts of several game developers, including Good-Feel and Chunsoft, who were asked by Nintendo to create prototypes of games that utilized the Wii MotionPlus accessory. According to an interview on Iwata Asks, Ryusuke Niitani said he wanted to make a game himself if he ever had a chance to, so he created "Teeter Targets". According to Cubed3, a total of around 200 staff members (including debug staff) were involved in the creation of "Wii Play: Motion".

Reception.

"Wii Play: Motion" received mixed reviews from critics, receiving an aggregate score of 61.89% on GameRankings as of March 2014. In Joey Davidson's review for Crave Online, Joey said that the controller of the game was "nice", The mini-games were "decent", and the bundle was decent. "Nintendo Power" rated the game 7.5 out of 10, stating that "although a few activities aren't exactly winners, the majority are fun and guaranteed to familiarize new users with the bundled Wii Remote Plus controller."  In contrast, GamePro's Andrew Hayward gave the game two stars. Hayward said that the game "does spotlight a better set of diversions than the original release, but little here will wow or surprise players who have been through the existing gauntlet of Wii mini-game packages." GameSpot reviewer Nathan Meunier awarded the game a 5.5/10, stating that "Greater variety and depth don't save this second round of motion minigames from the bargain bin." IGN's Jack DeVries gave the game a "bad" rating of 4/10, stating that "Even if you need a controller, I still can't recommend this."  By July 2012, "Wii Play: Motion" had sold 1.12 million copies.

Wii Play: Motion is a video game for the Wii console and the sequel to the 2006 game "Wii Play". It was released in North America on June 13, 2011; Europe on June 24; and in Australia on June 30, 2011. All retail copies of "Wii Play: Motion" are bundled with a Wii Remote Plus controller (Red in Europe and Black in other regions).


History.

Originally incorporated in 1884, the community lies in the Birdtail River valley. It features a spacious community park developed in the early years of the community with additions through the years to bring it to the current time where the original golf course designed to take advantage of the valley contours now enjoys the modern amenities and the tennis courts still located in the original location now feature modern plexipave surfaces and are some of the best in western Manitoba.  Another attraction is the Birdtail Country Museum, housed in an historic stone building on Main Street. The building was built in the early 1900s to be used as the Union Bank. Later it was purchased by the Royal Bank of Canada. The main floor was the bank premises. The second floor was the bank manager's living-quarters.  In 1983, the building was purchased by the former town and the former Rural Municipality of Birtle. It officially opened as the Birdtail Country Museum on May 24, 1984, as a joint centennial project of the former town and former rural municipality. Inside are more than 4,000 artifacts related to the area, including such historical items such as the diaries of original settlers (Alfred Morton's, from 1878), button hooks for ladies' boots, and ice-saws and ice-tongs used for harvesting ice from the Birdtail River in the winter. The Museum houses the trophies awarded to Samuel Larcombe, one of the early settlers of Birtle. In 1917, Larcombe, the "World Wheat King", developed a variety of rust-resistant wheat. The second floor of the Museum is set up to resemble a Victorian home. People often come to the Museum to do genealogy research through the microfilm reader, which contains every edition of the Birtle 'Eye Witness' newspaper, dating back to 1891. Local history books for the community and surrounding districts provide additional sources of information.  A Heritage Walking Tour describes the history of many of the buildings and sites in the community.

Geography.

The Birdtail River is smaller slow flowing river dammed just above the Birtle Park, creating a small lake suitable for canoeing, kayaking and fishing. The Birdtail flows into the Assiniboine just a few miles south of Birtle. A 15-minute drive west the Qu'Apelle River flows into the Assiniboine. Many tributaries, ravines and valleys make this a very scenic region with ample habitat for a variety of wildlife and a popular area for birders. Fertile agricultural fields surround the community in all directions.

Climate.

Summers are warm, with a mean temperature of in July. Winter are long and cold, with a mean temperature of in January.

Facilities and tourism.

The local high school (grades 7 to 12), Birtle Collegiate Institute, draws students from surrounding communities. In addition to regular academic classes, the school offers a construction technology program and in 2014-15 offered an opportunity to receive both a highschool diploma and a health care aide certificate. The elementary school houses Kindergarten to grade 6 classes and houses the Park West School Division offices. The feature outdoor community recreation development is the Birtle Riverside Park where many amenities are found in one location. These include a golf course, licensed clubhouse restaurant, tennis courts, serviced campground, picnic area, tennis courts, a large playground and the Birtle beach - a sand bottom chlorinated swimming area alongside but separate from the river. There are many other recreation facilities in the community that include a skating arena and curling rink both with artificial ice, a 24/7 fitness centre, baseball and soccer leagues, and trails for cross country skiing and snowmobile trails linked to the Snowtraxx and Snowman routes across the province.  An attraction for tourists and locals is a costume barn, Whooo's That? where visitors can peruse thousands of theme and period costumes or opt for a photo shoot in period dress.  The area has become known for its community of gardeners. National Communities in Bloom titles were won in 2000 and 2001. A biannual Gallery in the Garden event features art displayed in private and community gardens. Some private gardens are also available to be viewed throughout the summer season. Some are part of the Gardens of Western Manitoba seasonal self-guided tour.  Also see the museum and heritage self-guided tour under "history".

Economy.

The main industries of the area are agriculture and livestock: cattle and hogs primarily, and to a lesser extent sheep, goats, dairy cows, etc. The climate and soil are best suited for hard grains such as wheat, rye and barley, but canola also thrives. Crops are sown in spring (May) and harvested at the end of summer (August/September).  The potash mine located 50 km away just inside the Saskatchewan border provides employment for many people in the area. This has become more prominent since a large expansion of the industry which began in 2009. The Birdtail Oilfield has also offered a boost to the economy with revenue from oil rights as well and supporting industries. More aggressive drilling began taking place in 2010.

Demographics.

Most residents are multi-generation Canadians, mainly descended from Europe, with pockets of Ukrainian Canadians and French. About south of the community is Birdtail Sioux First Nation, home to 315 people (2001 Census). English is the primary language of Birtle and surrounding area, except for St. Lazare, a French-speaking community about to the west.

Birtle is an unincorporated urban community in the Prairie View Municipality within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It is located at the junction of Highways 83 and 42.


Preparation.

There are many recipes that include a range of food, from vegetables, fruit, meat, and bread or other grains. The ingredients are blended and baked into a solid loaf. In one version, it is made from a mixture of ingredients that include ground beef, vegetables, beans, and bread crumbs. Other versions include mechanically separated poultry and "dairy blend".

Legal challenges.

Although nutraloaf can be found in many United States prisons, its use is controversial. It was mentioned by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1978 in "Hutto v. Finney" while ruling that conditions in the Arkansas penal system constituted cruel and unusual punishment. Prisoners were fed "", described as "a substance created by mashing meat, potatoes, oleo [margarine], syrup, vegetables, eggs, and seasoning into a paste and baking the mixture in a pan". The majority decision delivered by Justice Stevens upheld an order from the 8th Circuit Court that the diet be discontinued.  The standards of the American Correctional Association, which accredits prisons, discourage the use of food as a disciplinary measure, but adherence to the organization's food standards is voluntary. Denying inmates food as punishment has been found to be unconstitutional by the courts, but because the loaf is generally nutritionally complete, it is sometimes justified as a "dietary adjustment" rather than a denial of proper meals.  Lawsuits regarding nutraloaf have taken place in several states, including Illinois, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington, and West Virginia. In March 2008, prisoners brought their case before the Vermont Supreme Court, arguing that since Vermont state law does not allow food to be used as punishment, nutraloaf must be removed from the menu. The Vermont Supreme Court held that nutraloaf and water diet constitutes punishment as it was designed to be unappetizing and as such compelled their conclusion. In April 2010, sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona won a federal judgment in favor of the constitutionality of nutraloaf. In December 2015, New York State decided to discontinue the use of nutraloaf throughout prisons statewide. In "Gordon v. Barnett", the District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled that although it was not cruel and unusual, nutraloaf is a punishment and that prisoners are entitled to a due process hearing before being subjected to it.

Nutraloaf (also known as Meal Loaf, prison loaf, disciplinary loaf, food loaf, lockup loaf, confinement loaf, seg loaf, grue or special management meal) is a food served in prisons in the United States and formerly Canada to inmates who have misbehaved; for example, assaulting prison guards or fellow prisoners. It is similar to meatloaf in texture, but has a wider variety of ingredients. Prison loaf is usually bland, perhaps even unpleasant, but prison wardens argue that nutraloaf provides enough nutrition to keep prisoners healthy without requiring utensils to be issued.


Chess career.

Korobov won the Ukrainian Chess Championship in 2002, 2012 and 2018, and finished second behind Andrei Volokitin in 2004.  He won the Masters tournament of the Abu Dhabi Chess Festival in 2010. In 2011, he came first in the Nakhchivan Open. He competed in the Chess World Cup 2011, where was eliminated in the second round by Nikita Vitiugov. In February 2012, he tied for 1st–3rd with Mateusz Bartel and Pavel Eljanov in the 11th Aeroflot Open. Korobov took clear third place in the Ukrainian Championship of 2013, behind Yuriy Kryvoruchko and Ruslan Ponomariov respectively.  In the World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway he eliminated Vasif Durarbayli, Baadur Jobava, Daniil Dubov and Hikaru Nakamura, but in the fifth round he was knocked out by former World Chess Champion Vladimir Kramnik, after losing the first game and drawing the second.  He served as Anna Ushenina's second during the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 and during her match with Hou Yifan in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013, alongside Alexander Khalifman.  Korobov won the individual gold medal for his performance on board 2 at the 2013 World Team Chess Championship, contributing to the team bronze. Also in 2013 he won the European Blitz Chess Championship.  In 2014 he competed in the 41st Chess Olympiad held in Tromsø, scoring 41⁄27 points. In September 2015 he took part in the Chess World Cup 2015, where he was eliminated in the second round by Dmitry Andreikin, after knocking out Dragan Šolak in round one. In the following month, Korobov won the 16th Karpov International Tournament, a round-robin tournament, in Poikovsky, Russia on tiebreak over Victor Bologan, after they both finished on 6/9 points. In August 2016, Korobov won the Karpov Tournament in Pokovsky one more time, scoring 6/9. The next month, he played on the silver medal-winning Ukrainian team at the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku. In 2018, he won an individual gold medal at the 43rd Chess Olympiad as the best player on the reserve board.

Personal life.

Korobov graduated from the University of Kharkiv.

Anton Korobov (; born 25 June 1985) is a Ukrainian chess player. He was awarded the title Grandmaster by FIDE in 2003. Korobov is a three-time Ukrainian champion. He was voted the best male chess player of Ukraine of 2012.