Early years.

Dutton was born in the northern Brisbane suburb of Boondall, the eldest of five children, with one brother and three sisters. His mother Ailsa Leitch worked in childcare and his father Bruce Dutton was a builder. Dutton finished high school at the Anglican St Paul's School, Bald Hills.  Dutton joined the Young Liberals in 1988. He became the policy vice-chair of the Bayside Young Liberals the following year and chair of the branch in 1990. At the 1989 Queensland state election, the 19-year-old Dutton ran unsuccessfully as the Liberal candidate against Tom Burns (former state ALP leader) in the safe Labor seat of Lytton.  Dutton graduated from the Queensland Police Academy in 1990. He was a Queensland Police officer for nine years, working in the Drug Squad in Brisbane in the early 1990s. He also worked in the Sex Offenders Squad and the National Crime Authority. As a second job, he worked with his father in a building business.  In 1999, Dutton left the Queensland Police. Allegations were made that his departure was due to an incident of'misconduct'. Documentation filed in the District Court of Queensland in 2000 describes Dutton's resignation as being prompted by a loss of driving confidence resulting from an incident on 4 August 1998. Dutton was driving an unmarked Mazda 626 during a covert surveillance operation. Dutton rolled his car while in pursuit of an escaped prisoner who was driving erratically. Dutton also suffered numerous physical injuries during the accident, was hospitalised briefly and bedridden for a week. Dutton had sought damages of $250,000 from the escaped prisoner's insurance company but dropped the claim in 2005.  He went on to become a businessman, completing a Bachelor of Business at the Queensland University of Technology. He and his father founded the business Dutton Holdings, which was registered in 2000; it operated under six different trading and business names. The company bought, renovated, and converted buildings into childcare centres, and in 2002 it sold three childcare centres to the now defunct ABC Learning. ABC Learning continued to pay rent to Dutton Holdings for a commercial lease until at least 2007. Dutton Holdings continues to trade under the name Dutton Building & Development.

Howard Government (2001–07).

Dutton was elected to the Division of Dickson at the 2001 election, defeating Labor's Cheryl Kernot. He was elevated to the ministry after the 2004 election as Minister for Workforce Participation, a position he held until January 2006. He was then appointed Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Revenue. He successfully retained Dickson at the 2007 election, which saw the government lose office. However, his margin was reduced to just 217 votes more than Labor's Fiona McNamara.

Opposition (2007–13).

Following the 2007 election, Dutton was promoted to shadow cabinet by the new Liberal leader Brendan Nelson, as Shadow Minister for Finance, Competition Policy and Deregulation. In 2008, he chose not to be present in the chamber during the apology to the Stolen Generations, which enjoyed bipartisan support. He said "I regarded it as something which was not going to deliver tangible outcomes to kids who are being raped and tortured in communities in the 21st century." Later, in a 2014 interview with the Sydney Morning Herald, Dutton said he regretted boycotting the apology: "I underestimated the symbolic and cultural significance of it."  In September 2008, Nelson was replaced as Liberal leader by Malcolm Turnbull, who appointed Dutton as Shadow Minister for Health and Ageing. He retained that position when Tony Abbott succeeded Turnbull as leader in December 2009. In June 2010, Dutton released the Coalition's mental health policy. "The Australian" described it as "the most significant announcement by any political party in relation to a targeted, evidence-based investment in mental health", but not all experts agreed. Dutton retained his seat with a positive swing at the 2010 federal election, despite an unfavourable redistribution. In the lead-up to the 2013 federal election, he announced a range of Coalition health policies, which were received favourably by industry groups. The Australian Medical Association said "the Coalition has delivered a strong package of practical, affordable health policies that would strengthen general practice", while Cancer Council Australia said that "Dutton's promise to finalise the bowel cancer screening program by 2020 would save an additional 35,000 lives over the next 40 years."

Attempted seat shift.

As the 2010 election approached, it looked like Dutton would lose to the Labor candidate due to a redistribution of division boundaries that had erased his majority and made Dickson notionally Labor. To safeguard himself, Dutton sought pre-selection for the merged Liberal National Party in the safe Liberal seat of McPherson on the Gold Coast (despite not living in or near McPherson). Some constituents complained, "The abandoning of a seat by a sitting MP halfway through a parliamentary term to contest pre-selection in a seat over 100 kilometres to the south is not looked upon favourably."  Dutton lost the McPherson pre-selection to Karen Andrews, reportedly due to misgivings from former Nationals in the area. He then asked the LNP to "deliver him a seat for which he doesn't have to fight other preselection candidates." Liberal MP Alex Somlyay (the chief Opposition whip of the time) said that Dutton's expectation of an uncontested preselection was "unusual." When the state executive didn't provide Dutton an unchallenged preselection, Dutton reluctantly returned to campaign for the seat of Dickson.

Cabinet minister (2013–present).

Minister for Health.

Dutton retained his seat at the 2013 election. He was appointed to the Ministry by then Prime Minister Tony Abbott, and served as Minister for Health and Minister for Sport.  As Health Minister, Dutton announced the world-leading $20 billion Medical Research Future Fund. As announced, the capital and any ongoing capital gains of the Medical Research Future Fund will be preserved in perpetuity.  Under Minister Dutton, projected funding in the health portfolio increased in the 2014–15 Budget to $66.9 billion, an increase of 7.5 percent from $62.2 billion in 2012–13, the final full year of the Labor Government. Projected expenditure on Medicare increased over 9.5 percent from $18.5 billion in 2012–13 under Labor to a projected $20.32 billion in 2014–15 under Dutton. Funding for public hospital services increased by nearly 14 percent under Dutton in the 2014–15 Budget to a projected $15.12 billion compared to $13.28 billion in the last full year of the Labor Government in 2012–13.  In a 2015 poll by "Australian Doctor" magazine, based on votes from over 1,100 doctors, Dutton was voted the worst health minister in the last 35 years by 46 percent of respondents.

Minister for Immigration (2014–17).

On 23 December 2014, Dutton was sworn in as the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection after a cabinet reshuffle.  In September 2015, Dutton cancelled the visa of anti-abortion activist Troy Newman, over remarks in his 2000 book "Their Blood Cries Out".  In 2016, News Corp Sunday political editor Samantha Maiden wrote a column critical of Jamie Briggs. Dutton drafted a text message to Briggs describing Maiden as a "mad fucking witch" but inadvertently sent it to Maiden. Maiden accepted an apology from Dutton.  Before the 2016 election Dutton said of refugees "many... won't be numerate or literate in their own language let alone English", and "These people would be taking Australian jobs". Turnbull defended Dutton by stating he is an "outstanding Immigration Minister". Against a statewide swing against the government of 2.9 points, Dutton's margin fell from 6.7 to 1.6 points, leaving him with a margin of fewer than 3,000 votes against Labor candidate Linda Lavarch.

Sarah Hanson-Young.

On 5 June 2015, Dutton denied claims made by Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young that she was spied on during a visit to Nauru. At the same time he called into question her credibility saying "I have evidence that Senator Hanson-Young over-states every issue. She gets her facts wrong most of the time. And I just think you need to look at it in the light of experience with Senator Hanson-Young. If she's got evidence, produce it." He also claimed that "What Sarah Hanson-Young is about is publicity. She loves the camera and she loves to see her own name in the paper. That's the start and finish of Sarah Hanson-Young." Hanson-Young responded that "Peter Dutton can attack and insult me as much as he likes, but nothing will change the fact that my work has revealed systemic child abuse and the rape of young women on Nauru under his watch." The spying claims were later confirmed by the Immigration Department and Wilson Security who carried out the spying operation.

Au pair cases.

In June 2015, an au pair who was detained at Brisbane Airport made a phone call and had her tourist visa reinstated. In November, in a second case, Dutton granted a visa to another au pair, despite his department warning him that she was at risk of breaching her work conditions on her tourist visa. Dutton indicated that he knew neither tourist. In August 2018, Roman Quaedvlieg indicated that he had personal knowledge of one of the cases, and was seeking to correct Hansard if it did not match his knowledge. A third au pair was granted a visa due to lobbying by AFL chief Gillon McLachlan, she was due to stay with his relative Callum Maclachlan. Dutton's department again warned him there were indications that she was intending to work for Callum's family. A Senate inquiry into two of the cases published a report on 11 September 2018. It recommended "that the Senate consider censuring the Minister for Home Affairs (the Hon Peter Dutton MP)... for failing to observe fairness in making official decisions as required by the Statement of Ministerial Standards."

Rising seas joke.

On 11 September 2015, Dutton was overheard on an open microphone, before a community meeting on Syrian refugees, joking about rising sea levels in the Pacific Islands. He said "time doesn't mean anything when you're about to have water lapping at your door". Dutton initially refused to apologise, saying it was a private conversation, but later apologised. The foreign minister of the Marshall Islands at the time, Tony deBrum, responded by writing the "insensitivity knows no bounds in the big polluting island down [south]" and the "Next time waves are battering my home [and] my kids are scared, I'll ask Peter Dutton to come over, and he is still probably laughing,"

Comments on Lebanese immigration.

In November 2016, Dutton said it was a mistake by the Malcolm Fraser administration to have admitted Lebanese Muslim immigrants. Foreign Minister Julie Bishop said Dutton was making a specific point about those charged with terrorism offences. "He made it quite clear that he respects and appreciates the contribution that the Lebanese community make in Australia."

Manus Island.

On 15 April 2017 shots were fired by the Papua New Guinea defence force into the Manus Island Detention Centre. Dutton responded saying "There was difficulty, as I understand it, in the community. There was an alleged incident where three asylum seekers were alleged to be leading a local five-year old boy back toward the facility and there was a lot of angst around that, if you like, within the local PNG community." "I think there was concern about why the boy was being led or for what purpose he was being led away back into the regional processing centre. So I think it's fair to say that the mood had elevated quite quickly. I think some of the local residents were quite angry about this particular incident and another alleged sexual assault."  However, the regional police commander on Manus Island said a young boy who was 10, not five, had gone to the centre two weeks earlier to ask for food. He said "It's a total separate incident altogether" The Greens senator Nick McKim said Dutton had been caught telling an outrageous lie. "This has disturbing echoes of the children overboard affair lies."  On 31 October 2017, the Papuan Government closed down the Manus Island regional processing centre. However, 600 men residing in the processing centre refused to be moved to alternative accommodation in the town of Lorengau and staged a protest. Dutton defended the closure of the processing centre and asserted that the Papuan authorities had given notice of the camp's impending closure in May 2017. He also rejected Australian Greens Senator Nick McKim's report that there was no safe alternative accommodation available as false and claimed McKim was inciting trouble. Following a prolonged standoff with Papuan security forces, the remaining men were evacuated, many forcibly, to new accommodation. Arrangements have been made to resettle an unspecified number of the asylum seekers in the United States. The others will be moved to either a different part of Papua New Guinea or a different country.  In mid November 2017, Dutton rejected an offer by the newly-elected New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern to resettle 150 asylum seekers from the Manus Island detention centre in New Zealand and warned that it would have repercussions for the two countries' bilateral relations. He also claimed that New Zealand's offer would encourage people smugglers. Dutton also criticised a New Zealand offer to provide $3 million for services for asylum seekers on Manus and Nauru as a "waste of money" that could be spend elsewhere, such as displaced people in Indonesia. In addition, Dutton criticised Australia's Opposition Leader Bill Shorten's call for Australia to accept the New Zealand offer as an attempt to appease the Labor Left with "cheap political stunts and mealy-mouthed words".

Minister for Home Affairs (2017–present).

On 20 December 2017, Dutton was appointed the Minister for Home Affairs with responsibilities of overseeing the Department of Home Affairs which was established on 20 December 2017 by Administrative Arrangement Order. The Home Affairs portfolio is a major re-arrangement of national security, law enforcement, emergency management, transport security, border control, and immigration functions.

South African farm attacks.

In March 2018 Dutton made calls to treat white South African farmers as refugees, stating that "they need help from a civilised country". However, his offer was rejected by Afrikaner rights organisation AfriForum, which stated that the future of Afrikaners was in Africa, as well as by the survivalist group the Suidlanders, which took credit for bringing the issue of a purported "white genocide" to international attention and for Dutton's decision, and was met with "regret" by the South African foreign ministry. The Australian High Commissioner was subsequently summoned by the South African foreign ministry, which expressed its offence at Dutton's statements, and demanded a "full retraction".  His proposal got support from some of his party's backbenchers and Liberal Democrat Senator David Leyonhjelm with Leyonhjelm later clarifying that he thought that South African farmers should be admitted under existing visa programmes, and could not be regarded as refugees. National Party of Australia MP Andrew Broad warned that the mass migration of South African farmers would result in food shortages in South Africa. Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema encouraged white farmers to take up Dutton's offer. After initially leaving the door open to changes, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop subsequently ruled out any special deals for white South African farmers, emphasising the non-discriminatory nature of Australia's humanitarian visa programme. In a subsequent interview, Dutton vowed to push forward with his plans, saying that his critics were "dead to me".  Later, in April 2018, it emerged that Dutton's department had previously blocked asylum applications by a white farmer, and another white South African woman, with the decisions upheld by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.

Immigration from New Zealand.

As both Immigration Minister and Home Affairs Minister, Peter Dutton has defended an amendment to the Migration Act 1958 that facilitates the denial or cancellation of Australian visas for non-citizens on "character" grounds. This stringent "character test" also affects non-citizens who have lived most of their lives in Australia or who have families living in the country. New Zealand nationals living in Australia were disproportionately affected by this "character test" with over 1,300 New Zealanders having been deported from Australia in the period between January 2015 and July 2018. According to a Home Affairs Department report, 620 New Zealanders had their visas cancelled on character grounds in 2017 alone.  In July 2017, Dutton's Department of Immigration and Border Protection introduced a special Skilled Independent subclass 189 visa to provide a pathway for New Zealanders holding a Special Category Visa to acquire Australian citizenship. The visa requires NZ nationals to have held a Special Category Visa for five years and to maintain an annual income of $53,900. Between 60,000 and 80,000 New Zealanders residing in Australia are eligible for the Skilled Independent subclass 189 visa. By February 2018, 1,512 skilled independent visas had been issued by late February 2018 with another 7,500 visas still being processed. The Skilled Independent subclass 189 visa was criticised by Australian Greens Senator Nick McKim as a stealth means of favouring "English-speaking, white and wealthy" migrants.  In early July 2018, Dutton ordered the deportation of controversial New Zealand Baptist Pastor Logan Robertson, who had disrupted services at two mosques in Kuraby and Darra in Brisbane. Dutton approved Robertson's visa cancellation on the grounds that he had violated the conditions of his visa, stating that "we have a wonderful tradition in our country of freedom of speech, but we're not going to tolerate people going to a place of worship and harassing others." Robertson had early drawn controversy in New Zealand for his homophobic remarks and opposition to same-sex marriage.  In mid-July 2018, Dutton's immigration "character test" became the subject of a controversial Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary, entitled "Don't Call Australia Home", focusing on New Zealanders who had been deported from Australia. In response, Dutton issued a tweet defending his deportation policy and claiming that deporting 184 "bikies" saved Australia A$116 million. In response, the New Zealand Minister of Justice Andrew Little, who also appeared in the documentary, criticised Australia's deportation laws for lacking "humanitarian ideals." The documentary's release also coincided with the release of a 17-year-old New Zealand youth from an Australian detention centre, which had caused friction between the two governments. In response, Dutton defended his Government's policy of deporting non-citizen criminals and chastised New Zealand for not contributing enough to assist Australian naval patrols intercepting the "people smugglers."  In mid-July 2019, Dutton defended Australia's right to deport criminal non-citizens in response to concerns raised by the visiting New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, stating: In response, Professor Patrick Keyzer and Dave Martin of La Trobe University criticized Dutton's pedophilia remarks as misleading and contended that most deportees from Australia had spent most of their lives in Australia and had little ties to New Zealand.

Protests.

In October and November 2019, Dutton expressed his views on protesters and police response. He stated that when protesters break the law "There needs to be mandatory or minimum sentences imposed... A community expectation is that these people are heavily fined or jailed." He also agreed with an on-air statement made by conservative 2GB radio presenter Ray Hadley that protesters should not receive social security payments. Leader of the Australian Greens Richard Di Natale responded by saying that "Peter Dutton doesn’t know what living in a democracy means" and claimed that he's "starting to sound more like a dictator than he is an elected politician. Because somebody says something that he doesn’t like, that he doesn’t support, he’s saying we’re going to strip away income support.”  In November 2019, Dutton said that the States should make protesters pay for the cost of police response to demonstrations. He said of protesters: "For many of them they don't even believe in democracy... These people are completely against our way of life. These people can protest peacefully, as many people do, but the disruption that they seek to cause, the disharmony that they seek to sow within our society is unacceptable."

Policing.

In December 2019, Dutton announced that airport security measures were to be increased to detect, deter and respond to potential threats to aviation safety. Measures include greater use of canines and the deployment of extra protective services personnel armed with MK18 short-barreled rifles. Dutton appeared in a video alongside police personnel to announce the policy, sparking criticism of the potential use of police for political purposes.  In March 2019, the Australian Federal Police Association had claimed that the AFP should be removed from the Department of Home Affairs to preserve its integrity and its ability to carry out investigations without government influence. Association president Angela Smith described it as “an embarrassing situation... We look the least independent police force in Australia, surely the other police forces are laughing at us.”

Leadership challenges.

On 21 August 2018, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called a snap ballot of the leadership of the Liberal Party following several days of feverish leadership speculation, of which Dutton was at the centre. Dutton responded to Turnbull's ballot call by formally challenging for the leadership of the party and won 35 of 83 votes available, 7 short of a majority. Dutton then resigned from the Ministry despite being offered by Turnbull to retain his position of Minister for Home Affairs, and the media speculated that Dutton and his conservative backers in the party were likely to challenge for the leadership again in the near future. Three days later, Dutton called for another leadership spill, and Malcolm Turnbull tendered his resignation to the Governor-General. Dutton was defeated by Treasurer and Acting Home Affairs Minister Scott Morrison by 45 votes to 40. Doubts surrounding Dutton's eligibility to be elected to parliament emerged on the grounds of section 44(v) of the Australian Constitution, as the family trust owned by Dutton operated a child care centre that received over $5.6 million in funding from the Commonwealth Government, in a situation similar to Bob Day's case. Although Dutton had received legal advice stating that he was not in breach of section 44(v), Labor had received contrary advice; at Turnbull's request, the Attorney-General referred the matter to the Solicitor-General. On 23 August, Labor attempted to move a motion to refer Dutton's eligibility as an MP to the High Court, in a similar manner to referrals made during the recent parliamentary citizenship crisis. The motion failed by 69 votes to 68. On 24 August, the Solicitor-General advised that in terms of section 44(v) Dutton was "not incapable" of sitting as an MP, although he added that he had been provided with limited factual information and that, owing to differences of judicial opinion in earlier decisions of the High Court on section 44(v), Dutton's legal position could not be entirely clear without a referral to the High Court. Dutton was reappointed to his former Home Affairs portfolio by Scott Morrison in the Morrison Ministry, however the duty of Immigration was stripped from the role and was assigned to David Coleman.

2019 federal election.

Dutton was re-elected at the 2019 federal election. The political think tank GetUp! identified Dutton as "Australia's most unwanted hard-right politician" after surveying more than "30,000 members". GetUp! mounted a campaign in an attempt to defeat Dutton in Dickson. In response, Dutton said GetUp! was, "deceptive", "undemocratic" and "unrepresentative" and that he would back "parliamentary processes to bring the activist group to heel." GetUp! has defended the effectiveness of its campaigning in Dutton's electorate.

Political views.

Dutton is aligned with the right-wing, conservative faction of the Liberal Party. He has been described as a right-wing populist, and is opposed to an Australian republic. In December 2018, Dutton told Sky News that for the prior seventeen years he had regarded "parliament as a disadvantage for sitting governments".

Violence.

Dutton said that people in Melbourne are scared of going out because of "African gang violence", leading to him being ridiculed by people who live in Melbourne.

Same-sex marriage.

Dutton opposes same-sex marriage. In March 2017 it was reported in "The Sydney Morning Herald" that Dutton "said privately it was inevitable that same-sex marriage would become law in Australia so it would be better for the Coalition, rather than Labor, to control the process". Dutton's actions publicly have been in opposition to same-sex advocates and "the forcefulness of Mr Dutton's attack on corporate chief executives last week – in which he told them to'stick to their knitting' – has aroused suspicion among some colleagues who believed he was committed to achieving a breakthrough on [same-sex marriage]". The following month "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Dutton was asked by a lesbian for clarification on his position, and he "told her he had been clear that he was against same-sex marriage". In his political career, Dutton has voted "very strongly against same sex marriage". However, he voted in favour of the "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", which legalised same-sex marriage; 65 percent of his constituency voted "Yes" in the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey.  In March 2017, 31 CEOs signed a letter to Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull calling for a free vote in the Australian Parliament on same-sex marriage. In response to this letter, on 16 March 2017, Dutton said that the CEOs "shouldn't shove their views down our throats" and that CEOs who were "doing the wrong thing" should "be publicly shamed". Dutton repeated his criticism at a speech to the LNP State Council in Queensland on 18 March.  Dutton's comments were heavily criticised as an attempt to censor expressions of support for same-sex marriage, with some commenters also accusing him of hypocrisy given his support for changing. Former New South Wales Premier Kristina Keneally said that according to Dutton, "Free speech is great and should be expanded, unless it's an Australian corporate CEO speaking about same-sex marriage. Then they need to shut up." Liberal MPs and ministers Julie Bishop and Simon Birmingham also expressed disagreement with Dutton's comments.  On 9 May 2017, a 67-year-old man pushed a pie into the face of Qantas CEO Alan Joyce while Joyce was speaking at a function in Perth. The next day, the assailant confirmed that the attack was to protest against Joyce's support for same-sex marriage. Dutton had singled out Joyce in his criticism of pro-same-sex marriage CEOs, leading some LGBTI advocates to hold him partially responsible for the attack. Dutton condemned the attack on Twitter.

Negative gearing.

Dutton, who owns six properties with his wife, including a shopping centre in Townsville, opposes any changes to negative gearing which currently offers tax breaks to property investors, stating that changing it would harm the economy.

South African farmers.

Dutton has been accused of supporting and promoting the white genocide myth. In 2018, he declared that Boers required refugee status in Australia because of "the horrific circumstances they face" in South Africa. BBC News reported that the Suidlanders group's "message of white genocide" had "resonated" with Dutton, prompting him to offer fast-track visas to white South African farmers due to their being "persecuted", claiming they needed help from a "civilised" country. Meanwhile, local media contribution from The Greens leader Richard Di Natale labelled the process of bringing white South African farmers to Australia as thoroughly racist. He also labelled it as a policy that would restore the semblance of policy that was not dissimilar to that enacted under the White Australia Policy.

Personal life.

Dutton married his first wife when he was 22 years of age; however, the marriage ended after a few months. His eldest child, a daughter, was born in 2002 to another partner, and splits time between her parents in a shared parenting arrangement. In 2003 Dutton married his second wife, Kirilly (), with whom he has two sons.  On 13 March 2020, Dutton announced that he tested positive for COVID-19, becoming one of the first high-profile cases of the pandemic in Australia. Earlier in March 2020, he had travelled to Washington, D.C., where he met with Five Eyes security ministers, US Attorney General William Barr, and Ivanka Trump on 6 March.

Peter Craig Dutton (born 18 November 1970) is an Australian Liberal Party politician serving as Minister for Home Affairs since 2017, and has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dickson since 2001. Dutton served as Minister for Health and Sport from 2013 to 2014, and Minister for Immigration from 2014 to 2017 in the Abbott and Turnbull Government.


Region.

The spicy and sour fish dish is known widely in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. It is part of the culinary heritage of both Minangkabau and also Malay traditions, thus its exact origin is unclear. The Minang "asam padeh" can be easily found throughout Padang restaurants in Indonesia and Malaysia.  It has become a typical cuisine of Malays from eastern shoes of Sumatra - Jambi, Riau, Riau Islands, and as far north in Aceh and across the Straits of Malacca in Johore, Malacca and Singapore. The spice mixture and the fish used might be slightly different according to the area.

Preparation.

The main ingredients in "asam pedas" are usually seafood or freshwater fish. They are cooked in "asam" (tamarind) fruit juice with chilli and spices.  The cooking process involves soaking the pulp of the tamarind fruit until it is soft and then squeezing out the juice for cooking the fish. "Asam" paste may be substituted for convenience. Vegetables such as "terong" or "brinjals" (Indian eggplants), okra and tomatoes are added.  Fish and seafood — such as mackerel, mackerel tuna, tuna, skipjack tuna, red snapper, gourami, pangasius, hemibagrus or cuttlefish — either the whole body or sometimes only the fish heads are added to make a spicy and tart fish stew. It is important that the fish remain intact for serving so generally the fish is added last.  In Indonesia, the most common fish used in asam pedas is "tongkol" (mackerel tuna).  "Kaeng som" is the Thai version of "asam pedas". In Bengal, India there is a similar dish is called "Macher tak" (sour fish).

Asam pedas (Indonesian and Malay: "Asam Pedas", Minangkabau: "Asam Padeh", ) is a Minangkabau and Malay sour and spicy fish stew dish. It is from Indonesia and is popular in Malaysia.


Life.

Early life.

Pierre de Porcaro was born to a long-established Breton family in Dinan, Brittany, in August 1904. He was ordained to the priesthood at Versailles in 1929, and worked at the seminary there as a master of Roman history. In 1935 he became the vicar of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, outside Paris, where he was particularly known for his work with Catholic youth groups.

The Second World War.

De Porcaro was called up when war broke out in 1939, and he was captured, along with the rest of his unit, during the Battle for France in June 1940. He was originally sent to Stalag IX-B as a prisoner of war, but was subsequently released as "clean" in August 1941. Returning to Saint-Germain, he continued his work as a local priest until 1943, when the Bishop of Versailles, Monsignor Roland-Gosselin, asked him to travel to Germany and minister clandestinely to French forced labourers. Catholic priests were under great danger in Germany, but de Porcaro accepted the mission, writing:  Accepting the mission, he travelled to Germany as part of the Service du travail obligatoire programme, by which Vichy France provided thousands of French workers to Nazi Germany as forced labour. De Porcaro worked at a cardboard factory in Dresden during the day, and pursued his ministry by night, when he held popular masses in secret, with the complicity of a local German priest. He wore a special scouting belt around his waist as a sign to other French workers that he was secretly a priest. His cover was blown, though, after a written denunciation by a fellow Frenchman, and he was arrested in September 1944, and eventually, in January 1945, sent to Dachau concentration camp, where he was interned in a block filled with other Catholic priests.

Death.

Conditions in the camp were deteriorating at this point in the war, and disease was a serious problem. De Porcaro contracted typhus in February (almost certainly from ministering to sick Frenchmen in the camp), and ultimately died of the disease on 12 March 1945, just over a month before the camp was liberated by the American army.

Legacy.

The seminary buildings of Versailles are named after him (the "Maisons Pierre de Porcaro"), and the current Bishop of Versailles, Monsignor Éric Aumonier, has initiated plans to have de Porcaro beatified. There is also a commemorative statue of him in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

The Abbé Pierre de Porcaro (; 1904–1945) was a French Roman Catholic priest who worked as an undercover minister during the Second World War. He was eventually captured by the Nazis and died in Dachau concentration camp.


Church and state.

The EU is a secular body, i.e., there is a separation of church and state. There are no formal ties to any religion and no mention of any specific religion in any current or proposed treaty. Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon have included proposals to mention Christianity and/or God in the preamble of the text. This call has been supported by Christian religious leaders, most notably the Pope. However explicit inclusion of a link to religion faced opposition from secularists and the final Constitution referred to Europe's "Religious and Humanist inheritance". A second attempt to include Christianity in the treaty was undertaken in 2007 with the drafting of the Treaty of Lisbon. Angela Merkel promised the Pope that she would use her influence during Germany's presidency to try to include a reference to Christianity and God in the treaty. This has provoked opposition, not least in the German press, and as this inclusion may have caused problems in reaching a final agreement, this attempt was given up. Of the Union's 27 states, only three have an official state religion, these being Denmark (Church of Denmark), Greece (Church of Greece), and Malta (Catholic Church). Some other churches have a close relationship with the state. Until 2000, the Church of Sweden was the state church of Sweden.  In the secularising EU, The Vatican has been vocal against a perceived "militant atheism". It based this on a number of events, for example: the rejection of religious references in the Constitution and Treaty of Lisbon, the rejection by Parliament of Rocco Buttiglione as Justice Commissioner in 2004, while at the same time Parliament approved Peter Mandelson (who is gay) as Trade Commissioner, and the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain. The European Parliament has also been calling for same-sex marriages to be recognised across the EU. Meanwhile, states such as Latvia and Poland have rejected legislation designed to stop discrimination against homosexuals. This has been stated to be on religious grounds, with homosexual behaviour described as "unnatural", and the Catholic Church influencing public opinion. The difference of opinion between these countries and Brussels has been damaging relations.  Due to the rise of other religions, and some intolerance towards them, the EU Commission now regularly meets with different religious leaders. In November 2005, a delegation from the European Humanist Federation was invited to a meeting by Commissioner-President Barroso. This was the first time a humanist group had been consulted in this manner by the Commission. President Romano Prodi has refused such meetings, despite meeting various religious leaders, causing some resentment by humanists.

Secularisation.

Atheism and agnosticism have increased among the general population in Europe, with falling church attendance and membership in many countries. The countries where the most people reported no religious belief were France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), the Netherlands (30%), Estonia (29%), Germany (27%), Belgium (27%) and Slovenia (26%). In such countries, even those who have a faith can be disdainful of organised religion. The most religious societies are those in Romania with 1% non-believers and Malta with 2% non-believers. Across the EU, belief was higher among: the elderly, those with strict upbringings, those with the lowest levels of formal education, those leaning towards right-wing politics, and those more concerned with moral and ethical issues in science and technology over risk-benefit analysis.  In 2012, the highest ever number of births outside of marriage were recorded in the European Union, at 40%, with first-births out of wedlock and cohabitation figures being even higher. Seven EU countries recorded a majority of births outside of marriage - Estonia (59% in 2014), Bulgaria (58.8% in 2014), Slovenia (58.3% in 2014), France (57.4% in 2014), Sweden (54.4% in 2013), Belgium (52.3% in 2012), and Denmark (51.5% in 2013). These countries tend to be some of the less religious ones.

Religiosity.

Most EU countries have experienced a decline in church attendance, as well as a decline in the number of people professing belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the EU Member States state that they believe there is a God, 26% state that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% state that they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer. According to a recent study (Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline), 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. The situation of religion varies between countries in European Union. A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in Western Europe (especially in the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Luxembourg and Czech Republic) has been noted and called "Post-Christian Europe". Also, in the most populous Eastern European country and EU Member State Poland there has been a sharp reduction in church attendance since 2005, although with 41.5% in 2009 it is still well above the single digit figures that are so typical for Sunday service attendance in other EU countries.  The following is a list of European countries ranked by religiosity, based on the rate of belief, according to the 2010 Eurobarometer survey. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey asked whether the person "believes there is a God", "believes there is some sort of spirit or life force" or "doesn't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".

Diversity.

Immigration has increasingly introduced faiths not originally of significant adherence into Europe, most notably Islam.  It was estimated that the Union's Muslim population in 2009 was 13 million people. The country with the largest number of Muslims in western Europe is believed to be France with an estimated 6–7 million (though the French census does not ask religious questions) followed by Germany (4.5 million), the United Kingdom (2.7 million) and Italy (1.5 million). Aside from Turkey, the other possible future member to have a majority of Muslims are Albania and Bosnia, although other Balkan states like Montenegro and Macedonia also have sizeable Muslim populations. Kosovo is also a Muslim majority area. A series of clashes and incidents connected to the religion have occurred in recent years, including: the murder of Theo van Gogh, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, and the 7 July 2005 London bombings. In response to extremism, some figures, such as Justice Freedom & Security Commissioner Franco Frattini, have suggested creating a "European Islam" – a branch of the Islamic faith that is compatible with European values.  Judaism has had a long history in Europe going back to the Roman Empire. Prior to the Holocaust, the area of the European Union had a Jewish population of 5,375,000 but they were largely exterminated in Nazi concentration camps. In 2002, the EU had a Jewish population of barely over a million, including about 519,000 in France and about 273,500 in the United Kingdom. This can be compared with about 5.8 million Jews living in Israel. In view of the history of persecution of Jews in Europe, antisemitism remains a matter of attention within the EU.

Religion in the European Union is diverse. The largest religion in the EU is Christianity, which accounted for 72.8% of EU population. Smaller groups include those of Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, and some East Asian religions, most concentrated in Germany and France. Also present are revival movements of pre-Christianity European folk religions including Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, and Druidry.


History.

A post office called Pillager has been in operation since 1886. The city was named after the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians.

Geography.

Pillager is located in Sylvan Township (T133N R30W), on the left (North) bank of the Crow Wing River, just East of Lake Placid. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, is land and is water.  Minnesota State Highway 210 and County Road 1 are the main routes in the community.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 469 people, 190 households, and 124 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 218 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 96.8% White, 0.2% African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.  There were 190 households of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.7% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.99.  The median age in the city was 36.1 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.7% male and 49.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 420 people, 167 households, and 106 families living in the city. The population density was 655.3 people per square mile (253.4/km2). There were 181 housing units at an average density of 282.4 per square mile (109.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.38% White, 1.43% Native American, 0.95% Asian, and 0.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.  There were 167 households out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.03.  In the city, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $34,792. Males had a median income of $25,962 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,291. About 6.2% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Pillager is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 469 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area.


Club career.

Chitiva started his top-flight career in 1997 playing for Millonarios in his hometown of Bogotá in Colombia. In 2001, Chitiva was signed by Mexico's Pachuca, at the recommendation of the team's Colombian goalkeeper and captain Miguel Calero. Chitiva has been ever present in the Pachuca side ever since and a driving force in the team's four domestic Mexican titles (2001, 2003, 2006, 2007) since his arrival. Chitiva's ability to deliver the killer cross and finish in the box with timely runs have made him a hero to the Pachuca fans.  Most recently, Chitiva helped lead Pachuca to its historic capture of the South American Cup Copa Sudamericana - the first intercontinental title victory for a Mexican side.  In July 2011 he returned to Pachuca for the Apertura 2011 to finally retire as one of the most notable players in Pachuca's history.

International career.

Chitiva applied and received dual citizenship in Mexico so that Pachuca no longer has to use a foreigner spot for him in their roster. Chitiva remains, however, fiercely loyal to his Colombian heritage and has stated his desire to play for his nation's full national team on numerous occasions.  Former Colombian coach, Jorge Luis Pinto, capped the Pachuca player for two friendly matches against Switzerland and Paraguay in late March 2007. Although he entered as a substitute late in the Switzerland game, he helped finish the Colombian win with a final 3rd goal. He was also a crucial element in the 2–0 defeat against Paraguay three days later on March 28, 2007.

Club Honors.

C.F. Pachuca

Andrés Chitiva Espinoza (born August 13, 1979) is a retired Colombian footballer who last played for CF Pachuca on the Primera División Mexicana. He was a pacy left winger who possessed great speed, dribbling skills and crossing ability.


Life.

Fryderyk (in English, "Frederick") Skarbek lived during a complex historic period: beginning in independent Poland, continuing from 1793 in Prussian Poland, later in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–13) created by Napoleon, then from 1815 in the Kingdom of Poland, whose king was the Tsar of Russia.

Childhood and education (1792-1818).

Fryderyk Skarbek was born in Toruń, son of Kacper Skarbek, whose aristocratic family had roots dating back to medieval times, and of Ludwika Fenger, daughter of a rich Toruń merchant of German descent. He was the first of four children. Around 1800 the family, which had lived at Izbica Kujawska, moved to Żelazowa Wola. In 1802 Nicolas Chopin (the composer's father) was hired as the children's teacher.  In 1808 Fryderyk graduated from the Warsaw Lyceum (a secondary school in Warsaw). In 1809 he left for Paris, where he studied economics. He became, while absent in Paris, vicariously godfather to the composer Frédéric Chopin (1810–49), who had been born on the Skarbek estate in Żelazowa Wola. In 1812 he returned to Poland and worked as a translator in the Duchy's administration; then he devoted some years to local administration of the Sochaczew district.  Skarbek married twice:

Professor and sociologist.

In 1818 he became professor of economics at the University of Warsaw. He received a doctorate from the University of Kraków in 1819.  In 1820-30 he published several books on economics, in Polish (1821, 1824) and in French (1829).  Under the influence of Stanislaw Staszic, he became interested in questions concerning the poor, charity houses, and prisons; he worked for the department of prisons and charitable establishments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When in 1828 he went to Paris to publish a book, the government commissioned him to report on prisons in Holland and Great Britain. Upon returning to Warsaw, he designed the Pawiak prison (completed 1835).  He was a pioneer in economic theory, and his 1829 work, "Théorie des richesses sociales" (Theory of Social Wealth), influenced Karl Marx's theory of labor. He also authored dramas and novels.

1830-31 crisis.

Politically, Skarbek favored accommodation with the Russian authorities. In November 1830, at the outbreak of the Polish November 1830 Uprising against Russia, he was in Saint Petersburg, Russia, having been summoned by Tsar Nicholas I to inspect Russian prisons.  He remained in Russia for the duration of the Uprising. In March 1831 he became a member of the Provisional Council of the Kingdom, and he returned to Poland only after Warsaw had been captured in September 1831 by Russian General Ivan Paskevich.

Late career (1832-58).

Despite Russian Poland's deteriorating situation under Paskevich as Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland (1831–55) — with the changing of the Constitution in 1832, the closing of Warsaw University in 1833, the promotion of Russification — Skarbek went on to serve in the administration, as president of the Central Council of Welfare Charity Works, and later as president of the Directorate of Insurance.  Tsar Nicholas I awarded him the Order of Saint Stanislaus, Second Class; and in 1846 gave him the Russian hereditary title of Count, after Skarbek had failed to obtain confirmation of a previous hereditary title of count.  In 1854 Skarbek became director of the Justice Committee (Minister of Justice).  He retired in 1858 and returned to scholarly and literary work, including his "Memoirs" which were published in 1876. He died in Warsaw in 1866, of sepsis.

Fryderyk Florian Skarbek (15 February 1792 – 25 September 1866), a member of the Polish nobility, was an economist, novelist, historian, social activist, administrator, politician, and penologist who designed the Pawiak Prison of World War II ill fame.


History.

According to Livy, Satricum was an Alban colony, and a member of the Latin League of 499 BC. In c. 488 BC it was taken by the Volsci. In 386 BC a force made up of Volscians of the town of Antium, Hernici and Latins rebelled against Rome and gathered near Satricum. After a battle with the Romans which was stopped by rain, the Latins and Hernici left and returned home. The Volsci retreated to Satricum, which was taken by storm. In 385 BC the Romans planted a colony with 2000 colonists at Satricum. In 382 BC a joint force of Volsci and Latins from the city of Praeneste took Satricum despite strong resistance by the Roman colonists. In 381 BC the Romans levied four legions and marched on Satricum. There was a fierce battle which the Romans won. In 377 BC a joint Latin and Volscian force encamped near Satricum. It was routed by the Romans and fled to Antium. A quarrel then broke out between the Antiates and the Latins. The former were minded to give up, while the latter did not and left. The Antiates surrendered their city and lands. The Latins burned Satricum in revenge, sparing only the temple of Mater Matuta. In 348 BC the Volsci rebuilt the city. 346 BC Antium sent envoys to the cities of the Latins to try to stir a war. The Romans attacked Satricum. They defeated an army of Antiates and other Volsci which had been levied in advance. These fled to Satricum. The Romans besieged this town and 4000 of the enemy surrendered. The town was destroyed and burnt. The temple of Mater Matuta was spared a second time. After this, we hear of this town only in connection with the temple of Mater Matuta.

Identification and history of research.

Antonio Nibby mistakenly identified ancient Satricum with the low hill at, then known as the Tenuta di Conca, surrounded by tufa cliffs, 1.5 km ESE of present-day Le Ferriere, on which were still scanty remains of walling in rectangular blocks of the same material. In 1896, the hill above Le Ferriere yielded remains of an archaic and early Classical sanctuary ascribed to Mater Matuta, during excavations begun under the direction of Prof. H. Graillot of the University of Bordeaux, member of the French School of Rome. After two weeks, this work was suspended by order of the Italian government, and then resumed under the supervision of Felice Barnabei, Raniero Mengarelli, and A. Cozza. The objects discovered were brought to the Villa Giulia Museum at Rome.  After some cursory investigations during the 1950s, the site of Satricum was brought to light again in 1977, as a result of a concerted effort by the Italian authorities to rescue the antiquities in the Roman "campagna" that were acutely threatened by large-scale urbanisation and agricultural reform. The alarm was first made public by the exhibition "Civiltà del Lazio primitivo" at Rome (1976). As a result, the Royal Dutch Institute at Rome was invited by the "Comitato per l'Archeologia laziale" to participate in a rescue project and to ascertain the state of preservation of the site.  Since 1977, a comprehensive research program at the site has been carried out through annual excavation and study campaigns. This concerned, first of all, activities by the Royal Dutch Institute at Rome (C. M. Stibbe), later joined by the Universities of Groningen (prof. M. Kleibrink) and Nijmegen (prof. J. de Waele). As of 1990, the project is being executed by the University of Amsterdam alone, under the direction of prof. Marijke Gnade.

Results.

Several inscriptions bearing the name of Mater Matuta have now made undisputed the identification of the city on and around the acropolis directly to the south of today's Le Ferriere with ancient Satricum. There remains, however, some discussion on the equation, proposed by C.M. Stibbe, of Satricum with the legendary city of "Suessa Pometia."  The sanctuary on top op the acropolis was re-excavated in 1978-1981. Metrological analyses by Prof. J. de Waele, published in 1981 convincingly demonstrated a succession of three building phases dated from the late 7th to the early 5th century BC. Further investigations in the subsoil showed a particularly large, rather isolated hut to have preceded them, possibly with a religious function. Evidence for a large number of other huts of various shapes testify to a concentrated use of the acropolis during Latial periods II-IV (1000 - 580 BC).  The three temples succeeding one another are characterized by Etrusco-Ionian, Campanian, and central-Italic traditions, respectively, in material, technology, and artistic background, evidencing the character of Satricum as a true crossroads of regionally competing, or successive, cultures. The discovery, in 1977, of the "Lapis Satricanus" re-used in the foundations of the last temple and bore the name Publius Valerius (possibly to be identified with Publius Valerius Poplicola) perhaps confirms to the political connections between Satricum and Republican Rome.  The Archaic Period at Satricum is evidenced by a number of large courtyard buildings on and at the foot of the acropolis. To the NE, a network of large roads, amongst which a "Sacra Via", in combination with a dense urban build-up have been traced, documenting various phases from the 6th to 4th century BC.  Among the more surprising recent (1981) findings is a large necropolis dated to the 5th and 4th century BC, within the "agger" in the SW corner of the Archaic city. The material culture of the populace buried here, yielding "i.a." a rare inscription on a lead miniature axe bearing the inscription "iukus|ko|efiei" shows strong connections with the Volscian traditions best known from the interior regions of the Apennine Peninsula. In fact, the discovery corroborates the historical traditions of the Volscians conquering Satricum in 488 BC. Tombs of this kind have successively been found both on the very top of the acropolis and intermixed with the remains of roads in the NW city area.  In addition to ongoing fieldwork, the storerooms and archives of the Villa Giulia Museum have gradually become accessible for advanced research. Thus the precise details are now known of the circumstances that led to the first excavation campaign by Graillot, the Italian government's intervention, and the subsequent neglect of the Satricum objects in the Villa Giulia. In addition, many object categories have now been properly studied and published (finds from the Archaic Votive Deposit, from the Orientalising and Archaic necropolises to the NE of the city, and the architectural terracottas of the sanctuary).

Bibliography.

Excavation updates.

Preliminary reports have been appearing frequently since 1978 in the scholarly periodicals "Archeologia Laziale, Bulletin Vereniging Antieke Beschaving", "Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome" and Lazio & Sabina.

Satricum (modern ), an ancient town of Latium vetus, lay on the right bank of the Astura river some SE of Rome in a low-lying region south of the Alban Hills, at the NW border of the Pontine Marshes. It was directly accessible from Rome via a road running roughly parallel to the Via Appia.


History.

The DF-5 was designed under the leadership of Tu Shou'e [屠守锷]] at the China Academy of Launch Technology (CALT); Li Xu'e [李绪鄂]] served as deputy chief designer. The missile was produced at the China's Factory 211 (Capital Astronautics Co. [首都航天机械公司], also known as the Capital Machine Factory [首都机械厂]).  The DF-5 was first flight tested in 1971, with final tests into the Pacific Ocean in May 1980. Two silo-based missiles were put into 'trial operational deployment' in 1981. It had a range of 10,000 to 12,000 km which allowed it to threaten the western portions of the United States. Beginning in 1986 the Chinese started developing the improved DF-5A, with range increased to over 15,000 km and a more accurate guidance system. The DF-5A upgrade increased the throw-weight of the system from 3,000 kg to 3,200 kg.

Deployment.

As with the DF-4, initially the DF-5 was stored in a horizontal position in tunnels under high mountains, and are launched immediately outside the mouth of the tunnel. The missiles must be moved into the open and fueled prior to firing, an operational mode dubbed "chu men fang pao" (firing a cannon outdoors), with the fueling operation apparently requiring about two hours. The initial deployment of a pair of DF-5s in silos in Central China was completed in 1981. That portion of the DF-5A force that is deployed in silos could be maintained in a ready-to-fire status. In order to enhance the survivability of these missiles, China has constructed a large number of decoy silos which consist of shallow holes excavations with headworks that resemble operational silos.  According to the US National Air and Space Intelligence Center, as of 1998 the deployed DF-5 force consisted of "about 25" missiles. From early 1999 to 2008 the total deployed DF-5 force was generally estimated at about 20 missiles. As of 2017, there were about 20 operational DF-5 launchers.

Variants.

DF-5B.

According to a 2015 US report, "Business Insider", "Jane's Defence Weekly", and "The Diplomat", China had begun to MIRV its DF-5s. It is believed about three to eight warheads can be placed on each MIRVed missile.  An improved version, named DF-5B, was shown to the public during the parade in Beijing celebrating 70 years since the end of World War II on 3 September 2015. By that time, the DoD estimated China of having approximately 20 DF-5 ICBMs, with 10 of them being DF-5B variants containing MIRVs. Although China has had the technology to field MIRV warheads for decades, they have only recently begun to do so, likely in response to the development of the American ballistic missile defense system. The DF-5B supposedly has an increased throw weight of 5000 kg.

DF-5C.

China has begun testing a new variant of a DF-5 missile, which has a MIRV with 10 nuclear warheads. It is called the DF-5C.

The Dongfeng 5 () or DF-5 is a second-generation two stage Chinese intercontinental ballistic missile. It has a length of 32.6 m and a diameter of 3.35 m. It weighs in at 183,000 kilograms and it has an estimated range of 12,000 to 15,000 kilometers. The DF-5 had its first flight in 1971 and was in operational service 10 years later. One of the limitations of the missile is that it takes between 30 and 60 minutes to fuel. The DF-5 is due to be replaced by the solid-fuelled DF-41. Around 2015, the newest variant DF-5B force are believed to have received a MIRV upgrade; according to "Business Insider", with DF-5B: "China has the ability to deliver nuclear warheads nearly anywhere on earth (outside of South America, at least)".


Early life.

McCarten was born and raised in New Plymouth, New Zealand, and attended Francis Douglas Memorial College. He worked as a reporter for a couple of years on "The Taranaki Herald" before studying for an Arts degree at Massey University and Victoria University of Wellington, where he studied creative writing with Bill Manhire. After leaving university, McCarten appeared in a production of "King Lear".

Career.

Novels.

McCarten is a celebrated novelist and author of seven novels. McCarten's novels have been translated into 14 languages. His first novel, "Spinners" (Picador, 2000), was voted one of the top ten novels of that year by "Esquire" magazine. McCarten published his second novel, "The English Harem", in 2002, which he later adapted for the screen. It was broadcast on ITV in December 2005.  In 2007, he wrote his third novel "Death of a Superhero", then adapted the screenplay, executive produced the film, and wrote the book of the stage musical. It won the 2008 Austrian Youth Literature Prize and was a finalist for the 2008 German Youth Literature Prize. His fourth novel, "Show Of Hands", was published in Europe, and in the US by Simon and Schuster in 2009. McCarten directed the big screen adaptation and the movie had its world premiere at the Montreal World Film Festival, 2008, and was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director at the New Zealand Film Awards. The sequel novel to "Death of a Superhero", "In The Absence Of Heroes", was published in 2012, and was a finalist for the 2013 New Zealand Fiction Prize and was longlisted for the 2014 Dublin International IMPAC Literary Award. 2013 saw the release of "Brilliance" (Alma Books (UK), Hawthorne Books (USA)), the Gilded Age story of Thomas Edison, the legendary inventor of the first commercially practical incandescent light, and his transforming friendship with the giant of the late 19th-century financial world, J.P. Morgan. In 2015 he was inducted as a Literary Fellow of the New Zealand Society of Authors.

Nonfiction books.

In June, 2018, his work of historical non-fiction, "Darkest Hour: How Churchill Brought Us Back From The Brink" ranked number 1 on the UK non-fiction charts, enjoying ten weeks as a Sunday Times Bestseller.

Screenwriting.

"Via Satellite", which McCarten adapted from his own stage play, and directed himself, was invited to several film festivals including London, Cannes, Toronto, Melbourne, Hawaii and Seattle. His follow-up feature as writer/director, "Show of Hands" (2008), premiered at the Montreal International Film Festival and was an official selection for the Shanghai Film Festival 2009.  In 2011, his adaptation of his own novel "Death of a Superhero" had its world premiere at the Toronto Film Festival, won the 2011 Les Arcs European Film Festival Audience Choice Prize and Young Jury Prize, and the Audience Award and 'Special Mention' of the Jury at the Mamer-en-Mars European Film Festival. It had its US premiere at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival.  McCarten produced and wrote "The Theory of Everything" (2014), concerning the life of Prof. Stephen Hawking, and his first wife, Jane Hawking. He first initiated talks with Jane to acquire the rights to her autobiography, "Travelling to Infinity", in 2004, and shortly after began work on the screenplay, which took its inspiration from her book.  On 15 January 2015, the film received 5 Academy Award nominations, with McCarten earning two as producer and screenwriter in the categories of Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. He won two BAFTA awards for his roles as producer Best British Film and screenwriter Best Adapted Screenplay.  In 2017, McCarten wrote and co-produced a film about Winston Churchill, "Darkest Hour". It stars Gary Oldman as Churchill, who has received critical acclaim for his performance. The film received 6 Academy Award nominations, with McCarten earning one as producer in the category of Best Picture. He was also nominated for two BAFTA awards for his role as producer, Best British Film and Best Film.  McCarten wrote "Bohemian Rhapsody", the Queen biopic that reached Number 1 at the box office in the US, UK, France, Germany, and all major markets, recording the second biggest opening weekend in history for a musical biography. It became the biggest grossing drama and/or biopic of all time in 2018, winning the 2019 Golden Globe for Best Picture (drama), earning over $900 million at the box office, and was nominated for the 2019 Academy Award for Best Picture.  In 2019, he wrote the script for "The Two Popes", the film adaptation of his own stage play, "The Pope"; the film stars Anthony Hopkins as Pope Benedict XVI and Jonathan Pryce as Pope Francis, and had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival.  April 2020, Deadline.com announced McCarten would be writing the screenplay for an upcoming Whitney Houston biopic. He’ll also serve as producer with Houston’s mentor/boss Clive Davis, her estate president and music company Primary Wave. Stella Meghie will direct and the film has a working title, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody".

Theater.

McCarten received early international success with his play "Ladies Night". McCarten has written a Broadway musical about Neil Diamond that is entering rehearsals in New York.

Personal life.

McCarten divides his time between London, Los Angeles and Munich. He has three children.

Awards and nominations.

Academy Awards.

! Year! Nominated work! Category! Result! Ref

Golden Globe Awards.

Anthony McCarten (born 28 April 1961) is a New Zealand novelist, playwright, journalist, television writer and filmmaker. He is best known for writing the biopics "The Theory of Everything" (2014), "Darkest Hour" (2017), "Bohemian Rhapsody" (2018) and "The Two Popes" (2019). He received Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay nominations for "The Theory of Everything" and "The Two Popes".


General techniques.

Remote Sensing methods employed in the service of archaeological investigations include: Ground-based geophysical methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar and Magnetometry are also used for archaeological imaging. Although these are sometimes classed as remote sensing, they are usually considered a separate discipline (see Geophysical survey (archaeology)).

Satellite archaeology.

Satellite archaeology is an emerging field of archaeology that uses high resolution satellites with thermal and infrared capabilities to pinpoint potential sites of interest in the earth around a meter or so in depth. The infrared light used by these satellites have longer wavelengths than that of visible light and are therefore capable of penetrating the Earth's surface. The images are then taken and processed by an archaeologist who specializes in satellite remote sensing in order to find any subtle anomalies on the Earth's surface.  Landscape features such as soil, vegetation, geology, and man-made structures of possible cultural interest have specific signatures that the multi-spectral satellites can help to identify. The satellites can then make a 3D image of the area to show if there are any man-made structures beneath soil and vegetation that can not be seen by the naked eye. Commercially available satellites have a.4m-90m resolution that make it possible to see most ancient sites and their associated features in such places as Egypt, Perù and Mexico. It is a hope of archaeologists that in the next few decades resolutions will improve to the point where they are capable of zooming in on a single pottery shard buried beneath the earth's surface.  Satellite archaeology is a non-invasive method for mapping and monitoring potential archaeological sites in an ever changing world that faces issues such as urbanization, looting, and groundwater pollution that could pose threats to such sites. In spite of this, satellites in archaeology are mostly a tool for broad scale survey and focused excavation. All archaeological projects need ground work in order to verify any potential findings.

Examples of regional applications.

Maya research.

Some of the most prominent remote sensing research has been done in regard to Maya studies in Mesoamerica. The Petén region of northern Guatemala is of particular focus because remote sensing technology is of very definite use there. The Petén is a densely forested region and it lacks modern settlements and infrastructure. As a result, it is extremely difficult to survey, and because of this remote sensing offers a solution to this research problem. The use of remote sensing techniques in this region is a great example of the applications these methods have for archaeologists. The Petén is a hilly, karstic, thickly forested landscape which offers an incredible barrier for field archaeologists to penetrate. With the advent of remote sensing techniques, a plethora of information has been uncovered about the region and about the people that inhabited it.  The Petén is arguably one of the most difficult of the Maya landscapes in which to subsist. It is questions regarding subsistence patterns and related problems that have driven remote sensing methodology in the hopes of understanding the complex adaptations that the Maya developed. Remote sensing methods have also proven invaluable when working to discover features, cisterns, and temples. Archaeologists have identified vegetative differentiation associated with such features. With the advent of remote sensing, archaeologists are able to pinpoint and study the features hidden beneath this canopy without ever visiting the jungle.  A pioneer in the use of remote sensing in Maya research is NASA archaeologist Tom Sever, who has applied remote sensing to research in Maya site discovery as well as mapping causeways ("sacbeob") and roads. Sever has stressed the enormous use of remote sensing in uncovering settlement patterns, population densities, societal structure, communication, and transportation. Sever has done much of his research in the Petén region of northern Guatemala, where he and his research team have used satellite imagery and GIS to map undiscovered roads and causeways the ancient Maya built to connect cities and settlements. These landscape artifacts represent the advantage of using remote sensing as these causeways are not visible from the ground. By mapping these forms, Sever is able to locate new sites and further uncover ancient Maya methods of communicated and transportation. Sever and his team also use remote sensing methods to gather data on deforestation. The rain forests of the Petén are undergoing massive deforestation, and Sever's remote sensing offers another window into this understanding and halting this problem. Monitoring the rate of deforestation not only has important ecological value, but the use of remote sensing can detect landscape change. By measuring the magnitude of landscape change in terms of vegetative cover and soil geography, as well as shifting land use patterns and the associated cultural diversity, archaeologists are given a window into depletion rates and trends in anthropogenic landscape alteration.  Much attention has been devoted to the mapping of canals and irrigation systems. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has proved particularly useful in this research. SAR is a type of radar that is sensitive to linear and geometric features on the ground. It is also important to include a method called ground truthing, or the process of physically visiting (on foot) the localities surveyed to verify the data and help inform the interpretation. GPS is often used to aid in this process.  Ground-based geophysical methods have also been employed in Maya research. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been performed on a number of sites, including Chichen Itza. The GPR research has detected buried causeways and structures that might have otherwise gone unnoticed.

Maya "collapse".

One of Sever's research goals is understanding the comparatively sudden decline of many Maya centers in the central Lowlands region by the end of the 1st millennium CE, a happenstance often referred to as the "(Classic) Maya collapse". Sever's research on communication and transportation systems points to an extensive societal infrastructure capable of supporting the building and maintenance of the causeways and roadways. Using satellite imagery, researchers have been able to map canals and reservoirs. These offer a glimpse into Maya cultural adaptations during the period of their highest population density. At the height of the classic period, the population in the Maya lowlands was 500 - 1300 people per square mile in rural areas, and even more in urban regions. This far outweighs the carrying capacity for this region, but this follows centuries of successful adaptation. Other data shows that by the end of the classic period, the Maya had already depleted much of the rain forest. Understanding how the ancient Maya adapted to this karst topography could shed light on solutions to modern ecological problems that modern peoples in the Petén currently face, which is much the same, except there are fewer people who are causing even more damage to the biodiversity and cultural diversity. Sever believes that the Maya collapse was a primarily ecological disaster. By detecting deforestation rates and trends can help us to understand how these same processes affected the Maya. An important contribution to the study of Maya has been provided by LiDAR thanks to its ability to penetrate dense tropical canopies. LiDAR has been applied to the site of Caracol, Belize in 2009, revealing an impressive monumental complex covered by jungle.

Satellite archaeology in Peru.

In Peru, an Italian scientific mission of CNR, directed by Nicola Masini, provided important results by using satellite imagery for both site discovery and the protection of archaeological heritage. In particular, by processing QuickBird images a large buried settlement, including a pyramid, in the Nasca riverbed (Southern Peru), near the Ceremonial Center of Cahuachi, has been detected. In the region of Lambayeque (Northern Peru), which is strongly affected by clandestine excavations, satellite imagery have been also employed for mapping and monitoring archaeological looting.

Location of ancient Iram.

Iram of the Pillars is a lost city (or region surrounding the lost city) on the Arabian Peninsula. In the early 1980s a group of researchers interested in the history of Iram used NASA remote sensing satellites, ground penetrating radar, Landsat program data and images taken from the Space Shuttle "Challenger" as well as SPOT data to identify old camel train routes and points where they converged. These roads were used as frankincense trade routes around 2800 BC to 100 BC.  One area in the Dhofar province of Oman was identified as a possible location for an outpost of the lost civilization. A team including adventurer Ranulph Fiennes, archaeologist Juris Zarins, filmmaker Nicholas Clapp, and lawyer George Hedges, scouted the area on several trips, and stopped at a water well called Ash Shisar. Near this oasis was located a site previously identified as the 16th century Shis'r fort. Excavations uncovered an older settlement, and artifacts traded from far and wide were found. This older fort was found to have been built on top of a large limestone cavern which would have served as the water source for the fort, making it an important oasis on the trade route to Iram. As the residents of the fort consumed the water from underground, the water table fell, leaving the limestone roof and walls of the cavern dry. Without the support of the water, the cavern would have been in danger of collapse, and it seems to have done so some time between 300-500 AD, destroying the oasis and covering over the water source.  Four subsequent excavations were conducted by Dr. Juris Zarins, tracing the historical presence by the people of 'Ad, the assumed ancestral builders of Iram.

Egypt and the Roman Empire.

Archaeologist Dr Sarah Parcak uses satellites to search for sub-surface remains, as described in her TED Talk on the subject of space archaeology and uses of citizen science. Parcak uses these satellites to hunt to for lost settlements, tombs, and pyramids in Egypt's Nile Delta. She has also prospectively identified several significant sites in various parts of the ancient Roman Empire.

Remote sensing techniques in archaeology are an increasingly important component of the technical and methodological tool set available in archaeological research. The use of remote sensing techniques allows archaeologists to uncover unique data that is unobtainable using traditional archaeological excavation techniques.


Origins.

Mathematically, imaginary time formula_1 may be obtained from real time formula_2 via a Wick rotation by formula_3 in the complex plane: formula_4, where formula_5 Is defined to be formula_6, and formula_7 is known as the imaginary unit.  Stephen Hawking popularized the concept of imaginary time in his book "The Universe in a Nutshell". In fact, the names "real" and "imaginary" for numbers are just a historical accident, much like the names "rational" and "irrational":

In cosmology.

In the Minkowski spacetime model adopted by the theory of relativity, spacetime is represented as a four-dimensional surface or manifold. Its four-dimensional equivalent of a distance in three-dimensional space is called an interval. Assuming that a specific time period is represented as a real number in the same way as a distance in space, an interval formula_8 in relativistic spacetime is given by the usual formula but with time negated:  where formula_10, formula_11 and formula_12 are distances along each spatial axis and formula_13 is a period of time or "distance" along the time axis.  Mathematically this is equivalent to writing  In this context, formula_7 may be either accepted as a feature of the relationship between space and real time, as above, or it may alternatively be incorporated into time itself, such that the value of formula_13 is itself an imaginary number, and the equation rewritten in normalised form:  Similarly its four vector may then be written as where distances are represented as formula_19, formula_20 is the velocity of light and formula_21.  In physical cosmology, imaginary time may be incorporated into certain models of the universe which are solutions to the equations of general relativity. In particular, imaginary time can help to smooth out gravitational singularities, where known physical laws break down, to remove the singularity and avoid such breakdowns (see Hartle–Hawking state). The Big Bang, for example, appears as a singularity in ordinary time but, when modelled with imaginary time, the singularity can be removed and the Big Bang functions like any other point in four-dimensional spacetime. Any boundary to spacetime is a form of singularity, where the smooth nature of spacetime breaks down. With all such singularities removed from the Universe it thus can have no boundary and Stephen Hawking has speculated that "the boundary condition to the Universe may be that it has no boundary".  However the unproven nature of the relationship between actual physical time and imaginary time incorporated into such models has raised criticisms.

In quantum statistical mechanics.

The equations of the quantum field can be obtained by taking the Fourier transform of the equations of statistical mechanics. Since the Fourier transform of a function typically shows up as its inverse, the point particles of statistical mechanics become, under a Fourier transform, the infinitely extended harmonic oscillators of quantum field theory. The Green's function of an inhomogeneous linear differential operator, defined on a domain with specified initial conditions or boundary conditions, is its impulse response, and mathematically we define the point particles of statistical mechanics as Dirac delta functions, which is to say impulses. At finite temperature formula_22, the Green's functions are periodic in imaginary time with a period of formula_23. Therefore, their Fourier transforms contain only a discrete set of frequencies called Matsubara frequencies.  The connection between statistical mechanics and quantum field theory is also seen in the transition amplitude formula_24 between an initial state "I" and a final state "F", where "H" is the Hamiltonian of that system. If we compare this with the partition function formula_25 we see that to get the partition function from the transition amplitudes we can replace formula_26, set "F" = "I" = "n" and sum over "n". This way we don't have to do twice the work by evaluating both the statistical properties and the transition amplitudes.  Finally by using a Wick rotation one can show that the Euclidean quantum field theory in ("D" + 1)-dimensional spacetime is nothing but quantum statistical mechanics in "D"-dimensional space.

Imaginary time is a mathematical representation of time which appears in some approaches to special relativity and quantum mechanics. It finds uses in connecting quantum mechanics with statistical mechanics and in certain cosmological theories.


Early life.

Beer was born in 1908 in Chodorów near Lviv, a.k.a. Lwów or Lemberg, the second child of Uri Isidore, a wealthy banker, and Amelie Esther Malka Silver; he had an older brother and a younger sister. Beer started composing in his early teens and attended the Lviv Conservatory during his high school years.  To please his father, he agreed to a contract: a successful year of law studies at Lviv University against musical education. As he succeeded in the final exam (on the question of Lex Salica), he could therefore apply at the Staatsakademie und Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Vienna. Not only did he gain admission, he was allowed to skip the first four years and enter directly in the master classes of Joseph Marx. Following this success, his father set Joseph up in a two-bedroom apartment in central Vienna with his own baby-grand piano. In 1930, he graduated with highest honors.

Career.

Beer joined a Viennese ballet company as conductor and toured with the company extensively in Austria and throughout the Middle East. While on tour, he played some of his compositions to the librettist Fritz Löhner-Beda who was so impressed that he became very instrumental in Beer's budding career. Their first collaboration, "", which also included the librettist, premiered on 31 March 1934 at the Zürich Opera House and subsequently toured extensively in Europe and South America.  Joseph Marx wrote a congratulatory letter to his former pupil, enthusiastically stating that in his first work, Beer had displayed a knowledge and mastery that "few established operetta composers possess." Beer was barely 25 years old.  Beer's second work, "Die Polnische Hochzeit" to a libretto by Fritz Löhner-Beda and Alfred Grünwald, premiered in Zurich in 1937. It saw tremendous success and was performed throughout Europe on some 40 stages (including the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, the Teatr Wielki in Warsaw, and the Teatro Fontalba in Madrid) and translated into eight languages in the space of a couple of years.  Following the "Anschluss" in 1938, Beer had to flee Austria and was granted a visa by the French government and he settled in a hotel room in Paris. He adapted instrumental works for orchestras and received a commission from a conductor at the Zürich Opera House for a work to be performed under the latter's name. He completed this work, including all orchestral and voice parts, in just three weeks, and without the benefit of a piano.  After the German invasion of Paris in 1940, Beer, who was enrolled in the Polish army-in-exile, tried to reach his troops in England. But the last boat from Bordeaux was gone. He then escaped to Nice in the south of France where he stayed until the end of the war.  While continuing to arrange orchestral works, he also composed his third major work, "Stradella in Venedig" based on Alessandro Stradella's episode in Venice. When the Nazis completed their occupation of France in 1942, Beer had to go into hiding, using the name "Jean Joseph Bérard". During this time, his father, his mother and his sister, who had remained in Lviv, were caught in the Lwów Ghetto. Postcards written under false names from the ghetto to their son Joseph also under a false name as he was in hiding in Nice, may show that they survived the Lviv pogroms of 1941. But the end of any communication in 1942 may show that they had been sent to concentration camps, maybe after the "Great Aktion" ("Großaktion") of August 1942 when between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews were deported from the Lemberg Ghetto to Belzec. Beer always thought his parents had been murdered in Auschwitz and his younger sister Suzanne in Buchenwald. His librettist Fritz Löhner-Beda was murdered in Monowitz (Auschwitz III) on 4 December 1942.  Following the events of the war, Beer became increasingly withdrawn and refused performance rights to his previous works. Still,'was performed in Scandinavia without his co-operation or consent —even posthumously up until 2005— often under the title "Masurkka". In 1946 his oratorio "Ave Maria" premiered at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Nice starring Enzo Seri, Tenor and Lotte Schöne, Soprano. "Stradella in Venedig", composed during his years in hiding, premiered in 1949 at the Zürich Opera House. The music critic Kurt Pahlen called it "a comic opera of the highest sort" and the member of the Académie Française André Roussin adapted the libretto to the French stage. Beer spent most of his time until his death in 1987 creating two new works: the operas "La Polonaise" (1975) and'(1987.)

Later life.

After the war years Beer married a young German Jewish refugee, Hanna Königsberg, in 1957. They had two daughters, Suzanne and Béatrice.  In 1966, Beer earned a doctorate in musicology from the Sorbonne University under the direction of renowned musicologist Jacques Chailley and the presidency of the French philosopher and musicologist, Vladimir Jankélévitch. The topic of Beer's thesis was "The Evolution of Harmonic Style in the Work of Scriabin" for which he received the highest honors ("Très honorable avec félicitations du jury").  He died in Nice on November 23, 1987. Beer's family founded the Joseph & Hanna Beer Foundation to perpetuate the memory of the composer and to increase his recognition by a worldwide audience and inclusion in the standard operatic repertoire.  Beer is the Composer-in-Residence "In Memoriam" of The Atlantic Coast Opera Festival, a Philadelphia-based international summer opera festival.

References.

Works cited

Joseph Beer (; 7 May 1908 – 23 November 1987) was a composer, mainly of operettas, singspiele, and operas. Beer started composing music as a young man in Vienna in the 1930s. His operettas'and'premiered at the Zurich Opera House in 1934 and 1937, respectively.


History.

Dr. A. H. Collins, the town namesake, established a post office on May 28, 1897. Henry P. Cook was the first postmaster. Then it became known as either Collins or Collins Post Office. The name officially became Collinsville by June 1898 and it incorporated as a city in April 1899. The population in 1900 was 376.  The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe routed its line from Kansas to Owasso, Oklahoma about a mile west of Collinsville in 1899, to avoid crossing an additional stream. An earlier community, known as Eli, had developed southeast but moved all their buildings closer to the railroad. The buildings were moved on rollers in 1899 and 1900.  Collinsville originally was located in Rogers County. In 1918, the residents voted to be annexed by Tulsa County, in order to be nearer a county seat. It was only north of Tulsa. An abundant supply of sulfur-free coal lay near the surface, which attracted fifteen hundred to two thousand miners. Oil and gas production and zinc smelting boomed briefly during the first two decades of the 20th Century. The local population swelled to around eight thousand people. But the population swiftly declined as these businesses ceased. By 1930, there were 2,249 residents. Since the 1920s, the economy has been based primarily on agriculture. Several dairies are located in Collinsville, many delivering products to Tulsa. In 1948, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical University (now Oklahoma State University) named Collinsville "the Dairy Capital of Oklahoma."  Several notable people hail from Collinsville. Kelsey Cartwright - Former Miss Oklahoma Haley Ganzel - Trickrider and stuntwoman

Geography.

Collinsville is located at (36.367166, -95.839736). It is about 20 mi north of Tulsa, and lies within a triangle formed by the Caney River, Verdigris River and Bird Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.0 square miles (15.5 km2), of which, 5.9 square miles (15.4 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) of it (1.17%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 5,606 people, 2,111 households, and 1,529 families residing in the city. The population density was 785.7 people per square mile (265.5/km2). There were 1,688 housing units at an average density of 284.8/sq mi (109.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.3% White, 1.2% African American, 12.2% Native American, 2.1% Asian (1.5% Hmong), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 7.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.  There were 1,550 households out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the city, the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $53,874 and the median income for a family was $57,235. The per capita income for the city was $22,661. About 7.3% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

In its early years, Collinsville's economy was largely based on coal mining. That industry declined during the 1920s and was replaced by agriculture as the mainstay of the local economy. The Sallee Family Dairy started up in 1912, with local deliveries by buggy. By 1926, Sallee was delivering by truck to Tulsa. There was also a milk producers' cooperative and a cheese factory in the 1930s.

Government.

Collinsville has a home rule charter form of government.

Media.

Collinsville has one newspaper, the Collinsville Times Star. Originally named the "Collinsville Times", it began publication May 11, 1899. It is Tulsa County's oldest newspaper and Collinsville's oldest continuously operating business. The paper is published every Wednesday. It is owned, edited, and published by Bill Johnston, a 54-year veteran of the media business.  Collinsville news is also included in the Owasso newspaper, the Owasso Reporter. The paper is published every Wednesday. It is owned by Community Publishers, a newspaper and Internet publisher and commercial printer that serves Oklahoma, Missouri, and Arkansas.  Collinsville has a community website, Cvilleok.com that provides everyone in the community a place to view local topics, share status of lives, list events, and share photos and videos.

Collinsville is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a part of the Tulsa, Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was named for Dr. A. H. Collins, an engineer and surveyor who first surveyed the land that became this community. The population was 5,606 according to the 2010 census, an increase of 37.5 percent from 4,077 at the 2000 census.


Club career.

Born in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, he began his career in 1934 with Marino F.C., one of the clubs which fused to create UD Las Palmas.  After the Spanish Civil War, he moved to Atlético Aviación (now Atlético Madrid), with whom he debuted on 7 January 1940 in a Madrid derby against Real Madrid. His first goals were a brace on 4 February in a 4–1 win against Celta de Vigo, and on 8 March he scored a hat-trick against Real Zaragoza as Atlético won 5–1. He finished his first season with 8 goals from 17 appearances, and Atlético won the league.  Atlético retained the league the following season, and Campos scored 16 in 24 games. His most prolific season was 1941–42, with 20 goals in 25 games. In the late 1940s, he was part of the "Delantera de la Seda" frontline with José Juncosa, Alfonso Silva, Antonio Vidal Caturla and Adrián Escudero.  He scored 12 goals in Madrid derbies, the most by an Atlético player. (9 in the league, and another 3 in the cup).  After nine seasons at Atlético, he joined Sporting de Gijón who had just been relegated to the Segunda División. He was their player-manager for the second half of the 1949–50 season, and the following season was part of their team which gained promotion. He scored 7 goals in 11 games on their return to La Liga in 1951–52 and then retired.

International career.

Campos made his debut on 12 January 1941 in a 2–2 friendly draw with Portugal in Lisbon. He followed this game with five goals in his next four internationals, including a brace in a 4–0 win against France at the Estadio de Nervión in Seville on 15 March 1942, eventually finishing with 5 goals from 6 internationals.

Managerial career.

In his native Canary Islands, Campos managed UD Las Palmas in the 1961–62 Segunda División and CD Tenerife in the same league in 1963–64.

Francisco "Paco" Campos Salamanca (8 March 1916 – 8 September 1995) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward. With 127 goals, 120 of which were for Atlético Madrid, he is the highest scoring player from the Canary Islands in La Liga.


Biography.

Lieberfarb was born to a Jewish family, the son of a children's clothing manufacturer. He graduated with a B.S. in Economics from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and a M.B.A. from the University of Michigan. In 1967, he worked as a financial analyst for Paramount Pictures where he was introduced to the concept of films on a disc and was asked by then president Stanley R. Jaffe to research new home video technologies. In 1973, he took a job as vice president for telecommunications at 20th Century Fox. In 1984, he accepted a job as president of Warner Home Video (WHV), the home entertainment arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, where he guided the company through nearly two decades of growth. Lieberfarb’s most significant achievement at WHV was his widely acknowledged role as the architect of the DVD. Called “The Father of DVD” by Variety. it was his initial vision that evolved into today’s DVD, the format that revolutionized the home video business model from rental to purchase, driving unprecedented growth in studio home video revenues. In January 2003, James F. Cardwell was appointed his successor at WHV and Lieberfarb founded Warren N. Lieberfarb & Associates, LLC.  Lieberfarb currently serves on the board of directors of Hughes Telematics, Inc. (HUTC.OB). He has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sirius Satellite Radio and thePlatform (since 2006 a subsidiary of Comcast Interactive Media). He also served on the University of Pennsylvania’s Board of Trustees, and served on the Library Board of Overseers and the Undergraduate Advisory Board of The Wharton School. Lieberfarb also served on the Board of Directors and Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute.

Personal life.

Lieberfarb is married to investment adviser, Gail Kamer. The couple lives in Brentwood, Los Angeles.

Warren N. Lieberfarb (born September 28, 1943) is Chairman of Warren N. Lieberfarb & Associates, LLC (WNLA), a boutique consulting and investment firm based in Los Angeles focused on digital media technology and distribution.