History.

Channel 5 first took to the air as KRSC-TV on November 25, 1948, becoming the first television station in the Pacific Northwest. The station was originally owned by Palmer K. Leberman's Radio Sales Corporation, which also operated KRSC radio (1150 AM, now KKNW, and FM 98.1, now KING-FM). The first broadcast on channel 5 was a live remote of a Thanksgiving Day high school football game – the telecast was plagued with technical difficulties, but local viewers reported being impressed nonetheless. Channel 5 was originally a primary CBS affiliate, and carried secondary affiliations with NBC, ABC and DuMont.  Eight months after the television station debuted, KRSC-TV and KRSC-FM were purchased by King Broadcasting Company, owners of KING radio (1090 AM, now KFNQ) and the original KING-FM (94.9, frequency now occupied by KUOW-FM), for $375,000 in May 1949. The station changed its callsign to KING-TV to match its radio sisters (according to legend, King Broadcasting president Dorothy Bullitt purchased the KING call letters while on a fishing boat). For many years, the stations' logo was "King Mike", an anthropomorphized microphone in ermine robes and a crown, drawn by cartoonist Walt Disney (Portland, Oregon sister stations KGW-AM-FM-TV used a similar logo, called "Pioneer Mike"; the King Mike logo was later brought back for KING's 50th anniversary in 1998 and still appears in promotional announcements to this day).  Once the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed freeze on television station license awards ended in 1952, KING-TV lost its monopoly in the market. During 1953, the Seattle–Tacoma area received three new stations: KTNT-TV (channel 11, now KSTW) debuted in March as the market's CBS outlet; while NBC went to KMO-TV (channel 13, now KCPQ), which signed on in August. NBC moved a few months later to KOMO-TV (channel 4), which went on the air in December. By the end of the year, KING-TV was left with poor-performing ABC and DuMont, the latter of which ceased operations in 1956. Subsequently, Bullitt lobbied NBC for a group affiliation for her stations, and in October 1958, KING-TV and KGW-TV in Portland began carrying NBC programming. In Seattle, channel 5 shared NBC and ABC with KOMO-TV for most of the 1958–59 television season. On September 27, 1959, KING-TV became an exclusive NBC station and KOMO-TV affiliated with ABC full-time. KING-TV is one of a few handful of stations in the country to have held a primary affiliation with all of the "Big Three" networks.  Dissatisfied with Stimson Bullitt's management style, Dorothy Bullitt, and Mr. Bullitt's sisters, arranged for his voluntary resignation from King Broadcasting in 1972. Stimson sold his company shares to his sisters, Harriet and Patsy. He then received control of the family's real estate interests. Ancil Payne, who had served as general manager of the company's Portland stations since 1965, became president and CEO. By the 1970s and 1980s, KING-TV was the flagship of a growing regional media empire which at various times included ventures in publishing, the film industry, cable television systems (under the name of King Videocable, the assets of which have by now been absorbed into Comcast) and even various timber assets in the Far East.  Locally produced programs that debuted on the station during the 1970s and 1980s included "Seattle Today"/"Good Company", a mid-morning talk show hosted by Cliff Lenz and Shirley Hudson and later by Susan Michaels and Colby Chester; "Seattle Tonight, Tonite!", hosted by Ross McGowan and later Dick Klinger; "Almost Live!", originally a Sunday night talk and comedy show hosted by Ross Shafer, that later became an ensemble sketch comedy show (that eventually moved to Saturday nights) after Shafer left to become host of "The Late Show" on Fox; and a local "Evening Magazine" franchise, first hosted by Penny LeGate and Brian Tracey. Of these, only "Evening Magazine" (now entitled simply "Evening") exists today. "How Come?", a half-hour early Sunday evening family television program hosted by Al Wallace, won several awards during its run during the 1970s and early 1980s. The show covered topics on how things were made or done in the world. Dick Klinger hosted the show after Al Wallace died.  King Broadcasting's stations included KGW radio and television in Portland, KREM-TV in Spokane, KTVB-TV in Boise, KHNL-TV and KFVE in Honolulu and KYA/KOIT radio in San Francisco. Long-time station-owner Dorothy Bullitt died in June 1989. Dorothy Bullitt's daughters Harriet Bullitt and Priscilla "Patsy" Bullitt Collins decided to sell the King assets in 1992—eventually selling King Broadcasting (including KING, KREM, KGW, KTVB, KHNL/KFVE and the cable provider assets) to The Providence Journal Company. KING-TV and other King Broadcasting stations later became Belo properties as a result of that company's merger with The Providence Journal Company in 1997. As a result, Belo was forced to divest KIRO-TV to Cox Enterprises in order to keep the higher rated KING-TV.  Bonneville International Corporation purchased KING-AM in 1994. During the 1990s, "Almost Live!", as it became a pure comedy show, launched the careers of Bill Nye the Science Guy, Joel McHale (of "The Soup" fame) nationally and locally, Pat Cashman and John Keister (who replaced Ross Shafer as host of that show in 1988). KING-TV was also the home for "Watch This!", a fast-paced Emmy Award-winning show aimed at children and teenagers; the show lasted five years and was hosted by local anchors, Jim Dever and Mimi Gan. On December 18, 1995, King Broadcasting launched Northwest Cable News (NWCN), which was a 24-hour regional cable news channel available primarily to cable providers in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho with lesser cable coverage in Alaska, Montana and California. "Almost Live!" ended after 15 years in 1999.

Gannett/Tegna, move to SoDo.

On June 13, 2013, the Gannett Company announced that it would acquire Belo. The sale was completed on December 23. On June 29, 2015, Gannett's newspaper business was spun out, with KING-TV and Gannett's former TV properties renamed Tegna  In April 2014, KING-TV announced plans to sell its South Lake Union headquarters and re-locate, taking advantage of a booming real estate market in the South Union Lake area. In September 2014, it was reported that the station was planning to lease multiple floors at the Home Plate Center, a complex in the SoDo area of Seattle, and located across the street from T-Mobile Park (formerly Safeco Field). In March 2015, Gannett confirmed that KING, KONG, and NWCN would move to the lower three floors of the Home Plate Center, and announced plans for KING-TV to utilize the lower floor for the market's first street-side studio. The former facilities were sold to Kilroy Realty for nearly $50 million, and were demolished during the summer of 2016, and will be replaced by mixed-use developments.  The choice of a smaller location was in response to concerns that the large size of its previous facility inhibited collaboration. The ground floor contains two studios: a street-side studio for KING-TV's news programming, and the other for local productions such as "New Day Northwest". The newsroom is located on the second floor, and contained NWCN's main set. The new facility was equipped with new Grass Valley master control, graphics, and playout hardware, and Sony automation equipment. After broadcasting its final newscast from the North Dexter Avenue studio on February 12, 2016, KING quietly transitioned its master control to Home Plate Center during that night's broadcast of "Late Night with Seth Meyers", and began broadcasting newscasts from the new facility the following morning.  On January 6, 2017, NWCN was shut down due to declining viewership, the free online streaming of KING and KONG's newscasts, and the reluctance of local cable systems to pay more for the channel to keep it operating.

Digital television.

Digital channels.

The station's digital signal is multiplexed: On December 6, 2011, Belo signed an agreement with the Live Well Network to affiliate with digital subchannels of KING-TV and Spokane sister station KSKN; Live Well Network replaced Universal Sports on digital subchannel 5.2 on January 1, 2012, as Universal Sports transitioned into a cable and satellite channel during the first quarter of 2012. Justice Network replaced Live Well Network on 5.2 in January 2015.

Analog-to-digital conversion.

KING-TV shut down its regular program over analog, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. As the "analog nightlight" station for the Seattle–Tacoma market, it aired a loop reminding viewers to get a digital converter box on analog channel 5 until June 26, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 48, using PSIP to display KING-TV's virtual channel as 5 on digital television receivers.

Programming.

As of September 2014, KING broadcasts only two syndicated programs during its weekday schedule, "Dr. Phil" and "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". This, as part of the station's reliance on NBC's daytime programming and the station's newscast and local programming, makes KING one of several stations in the U.S. to share a similar strategy; other stations relying on this strategy include WTMJ in Milwaukee, WFRV in Green Bay, KSNV and KTNV in Las Vegas, and KPNX in Phoenix (the latter is also owned by Tegna). Despite this, KING was airing 31⁄2 hours of syndicated programming prior to September 2013, consisting of the two aforementioned programs, as well as "Katie" and "Inside Edition". However, "Katie" was cancelled by the end of the 2013–2014 TV season and "Inside Edition" moved to KONG, as newscasts were used to replace the void.  On New Year's Eve, KING broadcasts coverage of the fireworks show on the Space Needle.

Sports programming.

KING opted not to carry NBC's telecasts of the Stanley Cup Finals in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2013, when the games began at 5 p.m. Pacific time, choosing to instead air its regular lineup of local newscasts and syndicated shows. KONG picked up the NBC telecasts of the games, and CBC Television's broadcasts of the games were available to most cable providers in the region through the network's Vancouver owned-and-operated station CBUT. For the 2007 and 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, however, KING aired NBC's Saturday night telecasts, while KONG aired the other NBC telecasts. As for the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals, KING aired games 1, 2 and 5 while KONG aired games 6 and 7.  KING was the official broadcast home of Seattle Seahawks preseason games, with the exception of those shown on national television, from 1981 to 2000 and again from 2005 to 2011 (sister station KONG carried Seahawks preseason games in 2003 and 2004). The station also airs Seahawks games through NBC's broadcast contract with the NFL (via "Sunday Night Football"; it has also served as the team's unofficial home station, carrying most games from 1977 to 1997 when the team played in the AFC, which NBC held the broadcast rights to in those years). Both KING and KONG served as official television broadcasters of the city's Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC from 2009 to 2013, in which KONG aired a weekly magazine program on Sunday nights during the season called "Sounders FC Weekly", and was rebroadcast Mondays on sister cable channel Northwest Cable News.  KING also broadcast all Seattle SuperSonics games covered through NBC's NBA broadcast contract from 1990 to 2002; it also aired select Seattle Mariners games via NBC's MLB broadcast contract from 1977 to 1989, and for the postseason only from 1995 to 2000.

News operation.

KING-TV presently broadcasts 46 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday, six hours on Saturdays and five hours on Sundays).  In 1999, to compete against KOMO-TV, KING-TV began broadcasting its newscasts in high definition; at the time it only had one studio camera that was HD-capable. In April 2007, KING-TV upgraded all of its studio cameras, graphics and weather system to high definition, and began broadcasting its public affairs programming in the format as well. Field reports continue to be broadcast in standard definition (480i converted to 1080i HD for telecast) but are taped in a aspect ratio, giving the appearance of high-definition. According to KING-TV, it is "Seattle's First HD Newscast".  Following its sale to the company, KING-TV adopted Gannett's standardized newscast presentation (which used a color coding system modeled upon co-owned newspaper "USA Today".

Canadian and out-of-market coverage.

KING-TV is one of five Seattle television stations that are available in Canada on satellite providers Bell TV and Shaw Direct, and is available to most cable subscribers in the Vancouver/Victoria, British Columbia area as the NBC affiliate. The station is also carried on several cable providers in southeastern Alaska and northwestern Oregon, as well as in the Yakima DMA cities of Cle Elum and Ellensburg, with NBC programming and some syndicated shows blacked out due to FCC regulations.

References.

Specific citations:  General references:

KING-TV, virtual channel 5 (UHF digital channel 25), is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Seattle, Washington, United States and also serving Tacoma. The station is owned by Tegna Inc., as part of a duopoly with Everett-licensed independent station KONG (channel 16). The two stations share studios at the Home Plate Center in the SoDo district of Seattle and transmitter facilities in the city's Queen Anne neighborhood.


Facts.

Three Iranian offshore oil platforms and a United States Navy warship,, were destroyed when the ship struck a mine in international waters near Bahrain. The basis of the Court's jurisdiction was a bilateral commercial agreement between Iran and the United States: the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights (United States–Iran).

Judgments.

On December 12, 1996, the Court rejected the U.S. preliminary objection to the Court's jurisdiction, by a vote of fourteen to two. The two dissenters were Vice President Schwebel (nationality: U.S.) and Judge Oda (Japan), each of whom wrote dissenting opinions. Among the majority, separate opinions were appended by Judges Shahabuddeen (Guyana), Ranjeva (Madagascar), Higgins (U.K.), and Parra-Aranguren (Venezuela), and Judge ad hoc Rigaux (Belgium, appointed by Iran).  On March 10, 1998, the Court held that the U.S. counter-claim against Iran, for mining and other attacks on U.S. shipping, was admissible.  Oral arguments were held between February 17 and March 7, 2003.  On November 6, 2003, 11 years after the initial application was submitted by Iran, the ICJ rejected the claims of both states. The court found (1) by a vote of 14-2 (dissenting Judges Al-Khasawneh (Jordan), Elaraby (Egypt)) that the U.S. actions against Iranian oil platforms in 1987 and 1988 do not meet the treaty's essential security exception but that they did not breach the treaty's freedom of commerce provision and so Iran's claim against the U.S. could not be upheld, and (2) by a vote of 15-1 (dissenting Judge Simma (Germany)) that the U.S. counter-claim against Iran could not be upheld. (Paragraph 125 of the Decision.) Eleven judges attached declarations or separate opinions.

Oil Platforms case (formally, Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) ICJ 4) is a public international law case decided by the International Court of Justice in 2003.


History.

Wilber was platted in 1873 by C. D. Wilber, and named for him. In 1878, the seat of Saline County was transferred to Wilber from Pleasant Hill. Wilber was declared the official Czech Capital of the United States on July 10, 1987, in a decree signed by president Ronald Reagan. Wilber hosts the annual Czech Days festival which celebrates the city's Czech heritage.

Geography.

Wilber is located at (40.481838, -96.962376).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,855 people, 696 households, and 449 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 782 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 90.5% White, 1.8% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.8% of the population.  There were 696 households of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.01.  The median age in the city was 38.8 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,761 people, 728 households, and 457 families living in the city. The population density was 1,960.2 people per square mile (755.5/km2). There were 795 housing units at an average density of 884.9 per square mile (341.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.33% White, 0.06% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82% of the population.  There were 728 households out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.97.  In the city, the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.  As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $36,513, and the median income for a family was $45,556. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $21,824 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,249. About 4.4% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Wilber is a city in Saline County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,855 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Saline County. Wilber is the official "Czech Capital of the USA" and hosts an annual Czech festival in August. Wilber's school is the Wilber-Clatonia High School.


Club career.

Early career.

He began his footballing career at Plavis, the youth team of his region, Santa Giustina. He then transferred to Montebelluna and immediately after to Treviso, with whom he debuted in the Serie B season of 2000–01, at age 17.  In the summer of 2001 he officially joined Lazio on a two-year loan, and was given a place in the youth team. He played for the youth team for two seasons, but never played for the first team, and in 2003 returned to Treviso at the end of the loan.

Viterbese.

In August 2003 he was sold outright to Viterbese, at the time led by former coach of Genoa Guido Carboni. He was a regular starter for the side, contesting 31 games scoring a goal. He played four games in the promotion play-offs to Serie B, which Viterbo lost in the final against Crotone.  At the end of the season the club was declared bankrupt, and Gazzi and all the players on the team were released on a free transfer.

Bari and Reggina.

In July 2004 he moved definitively to Bari in Serie B, along with his coach and teammates Vincenzo Santoruvo and Lorenzo Sibilano. In his first season in Apulia, he played 34 games and scored 3 goals, contributing to the final placement of 10th in the league standing.  The following year he took to the field 35 times, scoring 1 goal. On 4 January, he signed an extension until 2009. In the following season he played 11 games, but on the last day of the winter transfer market was sold to Reggina in co-ownership, where for the first time in his career he had the opportunity to play in Serie A. He made his debut in the top flight on 11 February 2007 in a win against Torino, and played 9 games until the end of the season. Thanks to his contribution, the team, then led by Walter Mazzarri, attains salvation in spite of an 11-point deduction due to the 2006 Italian football scandal. Gazzi was awarded, together with his companions, the title of honorary citizen of Reggio Calabria.

Return to Bari.

On 22 June 2007 the co-ownership agreement was resolved in favor of Bari, and the player returned to Apulia. On 22 September, during a game against Ravenna, he suffered an eye injury which forced him into hospital and resulted in two weeks on the sideline. On 21 November, he extended his contract with Bari until 2011.  In the 2008–09 season, with 39 appearances, Gazzi was one of the most active players in the promotion of Bari into Serie A, coached by Antonio Conte. The following year he was a fixture of the team led by Giampiero Ventura, playing 32 games in the top flight. On 7 April 2010 he signed a further contract extension until 2013, and during 2011–2012, despite relegation, he was again an impressive player, with 31 games played. On 10 April 2011 he scored his first goal in Serie A against Catania.

Siena.

After the relegation of Bari in Serie B, there were rumours of a possible transfer to Chievo Verona and especially Torino, but on 11 August 2011 a transfer was formalised to Sienna, newly promoted to Serie A.  The anchor of the midfield, made his debut under Giuseppe Sannino on 11 September against Catania and scored his first goal for the "bianconeri" 20 November, in a home game against Atalanta. He played 33 games for the club, scoring 1 goal.

Torino.

On 13 July 2012 Gazzi was sold to Torino for €2.5 million cash, plus Matteo Rubin to Sienna in co-ownership. He officially debuted for Torino on 18 August 2012, in a Coppa Italia fixture against Lecce; his league debut for the "Granata" was on 26 August, against his former club, Siena. He scored his first goal for Torino on 30 September in a 1–5 win away against Atalanta. He concluded the 2012–13 season with 34 appearances and 2 goals - plus an appearance in Coppa Italia. On 28 August 2014 he made his debut in European competition in a 1–0 defeat of HNK Hajduk Split. In February 2015 he renewed his contract with the club until the end of the 2015–16 season.

Palermo.

On 3 August 2016, Palermo announced the signing of Gazzi from Torino. Upon signing for the club, he was handed the number 14 shirt.

Alessandria.

On 2 August 2017, signed a two years deal with Alessandria. In the summer of 2018, his contract was renewed until June 2020.

2011–12 Italian football scandal.

In the month of August 2012, he was investigated by prosecutors in Bari for sporting fraud, along with his other former teammates at A.S. Bari, in regard to match-fixing in the past.  On 6 June 2013, he was suspended for 3 months and 10 days, plus a fine of €40,000.

Style of play.

Although he is capable of playing in several midfield positions, Gazzi is usually deployed as a central or defensive midfielder, due to his work-rate, ball-winning abilities, as well as capacity to organise his team and distribute the ball to team-mates after winning back possession, despite his lack of notable technical skills. Known for his professionalism and consistency, he is a tenacious player of great physicality and determination, who possesses a strong left foot.

Career statistics.

Club.

"Updated 31 May 2015".

Alessandro Gazzi (born 28 January 1983) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Alessandria. He became an honorary citizen of the city of Reggio Calabria on 27 May 2007.


History.

On 2 February 1993, three decorations, including the Medal of Military Valour, were created by Queen Elizabeth II as a family of Canadian military valour decorations. The first awarding of the star was by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, on 27 October 2006; only with Canada's participation in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan did there emerge, for the first time since 1993, circumstances wherein one could carry out actions deserving of the Medal of Military Valour.

Design.

The Medal of Military Valour is in the form of a gold medal with, on the reverse, the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch beneath a St. Edward's Crown—symbolizing the Canadian monarch's roles as both fount of honour and Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces—and the inscription "PRO VALORE". The obverse bears a maple leaf surrounded by a laurel wreath, and the name and rank of the recipient is engraved on the medal's edge.  This medallion is worn on the left chest, on a wide crimson ribbon with three vertical white stripes: for men, hung from a bar, and for women, on a ribbon bow, both pinned to the left chest. Should an individual already possessing a Medal of Military Valour be awarded the medal again for subsequent valourous acts, he or she is granted a simple gold medal bar, bearing a maple leaf at its centre, for wear on the ribbon from which the original medal is suspended;

Eligibility and receipt.

The medal is awarded only to members of the Canadian Forces, or members of allied armed forces serving alongside the Canadian Forces, who have shown conspicuous acts of valiance in the face of enemy hostility. Should a person meet these criteria, nominations are made through his or her chain of command to the Military Valour Decorations Advisory Committee—a part of the Chancellery of Honours at Government House—which then makes its recommendations to the Governor General of Canada, via the Chief of the Defence Staff. Once they have been decorated with the Medal of Military Valour, recipients are granted the right to use the post-nominal letters "MMV". The Medal of Military Valour can be awarded posthumously, as well as multiple times. By August 2009 the decoration had been awarded 38 times. No bars have yet been issued.

The Medal of Military Valour () is a decoration that is, within the Canadian system of honours, the third highest award for military valour, and one of three honours for military valour gifted by the Canadian monarch, generally through his or her viceroy-in-Council. Created in 1993, the medal is presented to both living and deceased members of the Canadian Forces deemed to have carried out "an act of valour or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy," and grants recipients the ability to use the post-nominal letters MMV.


Overview.

The basic premise is to lead the main character Mr. ESC, an escapologist, out of hospitals, underground facilities, offices and other buildings within a time limit. Along the way, the player gets hindered by obstacles such as fires, earthquakes, floods, or even meteor showers.  Sometimes the player must help trapped individuals escape as well, and it will take quick thinking and planning ahead to exit the building successfully.

Gameplay.

Each level includes a starting point for Mr. ESC and an exit point. There may also be one or more trapped individuals within the level, and in many cases, Mr. ESC cannot successfully complete the level unless he rescues some or all of the individuals before he escapes. There is a time limit for completing each level.  Mr. ESC is rather agile, and can swim, run faster, and jump higher, more than any of the other trapped individuals. However, he is still prone to injury from hazards or from falling off of too high heights.  The individuals come in four types: Except for the injured, the player as Mr. ESC can order these people to perform certain tasks, move to specific locations, or pick up, use, or trade tools on the level; however, until Mr. ESC has touched them, they remain in a panicked state and cannot help. These individuals will not willfully put themselves in a bad situation (they will refuse to make a drop they could not survive, for example), but they can still be injured from an indirect event (dropping a crate on them, for example). If a survivor is injured, they are carried to safety by Jet (a competitor of Mr. ESC). If too many survivors are injured to be able to meet the requirement, or if Mr. ESC himself is injured, the level is over and must be restarted.  Obstacles include crates which can be used to create platforms to reach higher ledges, fires that must be extinguished before they can be passed, water hazards which only Mr. ESC can swim in, one-way doors, fallen rock walls, exposed electrical wires, and more. Some tools can be used to remove the obstacle (such as a fire extinguisher to dose a fire or a pick-axe to clear rubble). There are some levels that are dark, and a flashlight is needed to see even part of an area of the level.  After completing a level, a score is given based on the number of people rescued, and the par time for the level. 100 points are possible for each level.  There are a total of 100 different levels, which are designed to appeal to the pick-up-and-play qualities of the PSP. 70 stages are available from the start, and the player can then play through them in any order. A player can repeat the level later to try and beat their previous high score. In addition to the packaged levels, 100 more are available for download off the game's website utilizing the PSP's on-board network functionality. The Xbox Live Arcade version has a total of 220 levels.

Reception.

The PSP and Xbox 360 versions received "generally favorable reviews", while the DS version received "mixed" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, "Famitsu" gave the PSP version a score of two nines and two eights for a total of 34 out of 40. The same magazine later gave the DS version one nine and three eights for a total of 33 out of 40.  Charles Herold of "The New York Times" gave the PSP version a favorable review, saying it was "tremendous fun for fans of logic puzzles, but it has a few annoying quirks. Jumping large gaps in the floor is tricky, and I died far too often doing this. The process for giving commands to other people is a bit cumbersome." "Detroit Free Press" gave it three stars out of four, saying that it "has enough substance to keep you playing for hours and hours." 411Mania gave the DS version a score of 7.5 out of 10, calling it "a pretty simple game with a simple premise but it's hard to master and get down to a science." However, "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave the PSP version three stars out of five, calling it "A good mental workout that can prove to be addictive, despite its punishing quirks."

Sequel.

In late June 2006, "Famitsu" revealed that Taito was working on a sequel to "Exit" titled "Kangaeru Exit", released elsewhere as "Exit 2". It was released in September 2006; a demo of the sequel was released for download in Japan in November 2006. Eventually the game was released for the Xbox Live Arcade on February 25, 2009.

Exit is a 2005 action-puzzle video game that was developed and published by Taito for the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan, on December 15, 2005, in North America on February 14, 2006, in Australia on March 30, 2006, and in Europe on March 31, 2006. A version for Xbox Live Arcade was released on October 24, 2007. A version for the Nintendo DS was released in 2008 as Exit DS.


History.

St-Viateur Bagel was established on May 21, 1957 by Myer Lewkowicz, a Holocaust survivor who moved to Canada in 1953. Lewkowicz spoke of his experience in the Holocaust influencing the opening the shop by stating "At Buchenwald, all I dreamt of was a piece of bread". He also learned the trade as an employee of Montreal Bagel Bakery, another bagel shop owned by Hyman Seligman. Named after the street it is located on, St-Viateur Street, and one of the longest-running bagel shops in Montreal. In 1985 the bagel shop suffered an extensive fire, yet the woodstove remained entirely intact.  St-Viateur Bagel has two bakeries, five bagel cafes, a food truck, the original shop and an online store. Today, the bakery is owned by Joe Morena, who worked at the shop for 15 years, and competes with the nearby Fairmount Bagel for the title of Montreal's best bagel.  In 2017, St-Viateur Bagel celebrates 60 years of baking.

Cultural significance.

St-Viateur Bagel Shop lies on the border of the Jewish Quarter and the Mile End neighborhood. In addition to St-Viateur Bagel Shop, Montreal's Jewish Quarter is also the home of Schwartz's deli, Moishes Steakhouse, Cheskie's Bakery, and Beauty's Luncheonette. All of these establishments have a large presence in the Jewish community in Montreal. A study done by Université de Montréal explains that the large influence of Jewish food in Montreal culinary culture is likely because of how inexpensive and widely accessible items such as bagels and smoked meat were in Montreal in the early 20th century. This is because there was a large Jewish immigrant population which put down roots along Boulevard St. Laurent. Professor of Theology, Oliver Bauer of Université de Montréal, explains in the study that the roundness of a bagel represents infinity and immortality. It is because of this representation that bagels are often served at a bris ceremonies—the celebration of a baby boy's circumcision—and at shiva gatherings—the house of mourning after a death has occurred.

Bagel-making process.

Since the shop opened in 1957, their process of producing the bagels has stayed true to the original recipe. According to the staff and owner Joe Morena, each bagel is hand rolled individually, boiled in honey water for 30–60 seconds, dipped in seeds, and baked on a long wooden plank in a wood-burning oven. In contrast to the New York-style bagel which contains similar ingredients, the Montreal bagel differs in size, taste, and style. The Montreal bagel tends to be sweeter, thinner, and has a larger hole. The authentic wood-burning oven creates the crispy texture that Montreal bagel lovers appreciate

Bagels.

St-Viateur sells several varieties of Montréal-style bagels including: plain, sesame, poppy, all dressed, whole wheat, cinnamon & raisin, rosemary & seasalt, multigrain, and flax. As well, the website provides nutritional information on each bagel including ingredients and allergens. Each bagel ranges between 200 and 240 calories per 2 servings (1 serving is listed as one half of a bagel). An order of two dozen bagels is priced between $9 and $12 CAD.

Services.

In addition to in store and delivery service, St-Viateur offers a catering service with 24 hours' notice. The catering menu includes various options such as smoked salmon platters, cheese platters, and salads. Additionally, a St-Viateur food truck operates exclusively throughout the spring into the fall. The truck is available for bookings for private and corporate events. The shop also offers branded merchandise including T-shirts, tote bags, aprons, pins, key chains, and bread knife. The merchandise is emblazoned with their signature bagel logo. St-Viateur ships bagels nationawide and all over North America.

In the media.

The closing of the Monkland Village location of St-Viateur has been widely reported on across Montreal news outlets. In 2019, Christopher Curtis from the "Montreal Gazette" wrote an article on the permanent closing of the St-Viateur location on Monkland Avenue. The location is reported to close in March 2019 due to a problem re-negotiating the lease with Développement Métro Montreal Corporation. CTV Montreal also discussed its closing and the disappointment of its customers.  In 2018, the "Globe and Mail" published a article detailing how wood-burning businesses that are unable to meet emission by-law requirements will be forced to switch to gas or electric. The article cited St-Viateur among other traditional bagels shops which will be directly impacted by this development.

St-Viateur Bagel is a famous Montreal-style bagel bakery located in the neighbourhood of Mile End in the borough of Le Plateau-Mont-Royal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.


Background and entry list.

The Macau Grand Prix is a Formula Three race considered to be a stepping stone to higher motor racing categories such as Formula One and has been termed the territory's most prestigious international sporting event. The 2000 Macau Grand Prix was the 47th edition of the event and the 18th time the race was held to Formula Three regulations. It took place on the temporary 22-turn Guia Circuit on 18 November 2000 with three preceding days of practice and qualifying.  Thirty drivers representing sixteen nationalities were invited to participate by the Macau Grand Prix Committee. Japan had the highest number of drivers with seven; Macau, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Austria all had two or more drivers competing. Of those, 18 debuted in the race. The drivers' average age was 23.6 years. All drove a Dallara-built chassis (either the F399 and F300) from four engine manufacturers (Mugen-Honda, Opel Spiess, Renault Sodemo and Toyota TOM'S). Within the grid, two of the four major Formula Three series were represented by their respective champions. Sébastien Philippe, the Japanese series winner, was joined in Macau by French champion Jonathan Cochet. British champion Antônio Pizzonia missed the event because of a clashing Champ Car test with Mo Nunn Racing. He was replaced at Manor Motorsport by local driver Lei Kit Meng. André Couto, a International Formula 3000 racer, and Formula Nippon driver Alex Yoong were two competitors outside of Formula Three to receive invitations to compete at Macau.

Practice and qualifying.

Two practice sessions lasting half an hour were held before the race on Sunday: one on Thursday morning and one on Friday morning. Rain fell before the start of the opening practice session which intensified as it progressed but a dry racing line appeared before its conclusion. Narain Karthikeyan was the fastest driver in the session's opening minutes and more than seven seconds faster than any other driver at one stage. His teammate Takuma Sato was fastest overall with a time of 2 minutes and 32.044 seconds. Tiago Monteiro recorded his best lap time when the dry line appeared towards the session's conclusion and was second. Seiji Ara, Karthikeyan, Patrick Friesacher, Toshihiro Kaneishi, Couto, Robert Lechner, Tomas Scheckter and Pierre Kaffer rounded out the session's top ten drivers. Ben Collins' rear wing loosened because of a sheared retaining bolt and Karthikeyan stopped at the Melco hairpin for unknown reasons.  Qualifying was divided into two 45 minute sessions; the first was held on Thursday afternoon, and the second on Friday afternoon. The fastest time set by each driver from either session counted towards their final starting position for Sunday's race. The first qualifying session was held in cloudy weather conditions. Paolo Montin ran consistently within the top five and later set the provisional fastest lap time at 2 minutes and 15.374 seconds with three minutes remaining. Karthikeyan was three-tenths of a second slower in provisional second; he sustained minor damage to his car's rear with minor contact with a barrier at Moorish Hill corner. Slower traffic delayed Cochet in third and lost him seven chances at a full-speed lap on the tight circuit. Sato was fourth after an engine breakage that stopped him from improving his lap time towards the end of qualifying. Lechner was fifth and Gianmaria Bruni took sixth as he crashed into a barrier at Lisboa corner near the session's conclusion. Couto, Kaffer, Ryō Fukuda and Phillipe rounded out the top ten. Peter Sundberg was the fastest driver not to qualify in the provisional top ten because he was 2.002 seconds slower than Montin. Mathieu Zangarelli was next up ahead of Alex Yoong and Scheckter. Collins was 15th. He was followed by the Japanese trio of Ara, Haruki Kurosawa and Yuji Ide in three of the following four places; they were separated by Enrico Toccacelo in 18th. Miloš Pavlović, Andy Priaulx, Friesacher, Zsolt Baumgartner, Ying Kin Lee, Shinichi Takagi, Kaneishi, Lei, Michael Ho, Jo Merszei and Montiero were the last ten drivers on the provisional grid. Monteiro did not set a lap because he crashed at the R Bend corner and stopped the session after five minutes. The R Bend also caught out the Japanese duo of Kaneishi and Ara with the latter's accident prematurely ending the session with five minutes left because his car was on the racing line.  In the second half an hour practice session, held on a dirty track and in cloudy weather conditions, Sato and his teammate Karthikeyan exchanged the fastest lap time throughout, but it was Sato who led at the conclusion of practice with a 2 minutes and 14.087 seconds lap, that he recorded in the session's final minutes having made overnight car setup changes. Karthikeyan was two-tenths of a second slower in second despite minor contact with a barrier beside the track. Provisional pole sitter Montin ran without problems and set the third-fastest lap. Monteiro, Kaffer and Cochet were in positions four to six. Couto duplicated his first practice and qualifying results in seventh. Fukuda, Yoong and Zangarelli completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. While the session passed without the need for a red flag stoppage, Lechner made light contact with a wall at the left-hand corner after the Melco hairpin and could not return to the pit lane. Scheckter hit a barrier at Moorish Hill turn.  The second qualifying session had Priaulx set the early pace and moved past Montin to take the provisional pole position. One third of a way through, Karthikeyan bettered Priaulx's effort to top the time sheets and he held it until Fukuda took over the position. 20 minutes into the session, Karthikeyan reclaimed first with a new track record of the Guia Circuit with a time of 2 minutes and 12.887 seconds and held it to start the first leg from pole position. He was joined on the grid's front row by his teammate Sato who pushed hard to be almost four-tenths of a second slower. Fukuda improved to third as he grazed the circuit's barriers three times while pushing hard to improve his lap and ripped his racing gloves. Kaffer gained fourth places to start the first leg from fourth while Zangarelli advanced seven positions to fifth as the latter was narrowly in front of the sixth-placed Couto. Friesacher qualified in the seventh position, having moved fifteen positions from his first session result. Toccacelo was eighth, ahead of fellow Italian Montin who dropped nine positions to start from ninth and Bruni completed the top ten. Cochet fell from provisional third to eleventh while Monteiro gained the most positions of all competitors to begin from twelfth. Behind Cochet and Monteiro the rest of the grid lined up as Priaulx, Scheckter, Sundberg, Collins, Yoong, Ara, Kurosawa, Phillipe, Takagi, Kaneshi, Lechner, Pavlović, Ide, Baumgartner, Ying, Kit, Merszei and Ho.

Qualifying classification.

A driver's fastest time from the two qualifying sessions is denoted in bold and the winner of the pole position is indicated by a.

Warm-up.

A half an hour warm-up session was held on the morning of the race. A short rain shower fell earlier in the morning, making the track wet, but the surface dried out quickly. Although he spun, Kaffer reported no car problems and set the fastest lap at 2 minutes and 18.293 seconds, almost three seconds faster than Friesacher in second place. Kaneishi recorded a lap time late in warm-up to go third-quickest and Sato was fourth. Collins had his car's set-up altered with his diffuser cut for improved top speed after qualifying and placed fifth. Scheckter, Priaulx, Monteiro, Lee and Couto rounded out the top ten drivers entering the first leg.

Race.

Sunday's race was divided into two aggregate legs lasting a total of 30 laps. The first fifteen lap leg was held in the morning and the results of that leg determined the starting grid of the second leg with the winner starting from pole position. Afterwards, a five-hour interval was observed to allow for the intervening support races to occur. The second fifteen lap leg took place later in the afternoon. The overall Grand Prix winner was the driver who won the second leg provided all of the race's 30 laps were completed in the shortest amount of time.

Leg 1.

The first leg began in cloudy and dry weather conditions at 10:15 Macau Standard Time () on 19 November. Karthikeyan made a brisk getaway from his standing start on the grid to maintain his lead on the run into the Reservoir Bend corner but he lost it to his teammate Sato on the straight heading towards Lisboa turn. But Sato missed the braking point for the corner and he crashed into a tyre barrier and retired. This gave the lead back to his teammate Karthikeyan, who opened out a small but comfortable lead over the remainder of the field. That same lap, Ho had an accident leaving Mandarin Oriental Bend corner and retired. Positions changed behind him as Couto overtook Fukuda to move into second on lap two and he soon got ahead of Kaffer for second during the following lap. By the conclusion of the fifth lap, Karthikeyan led Couto by five seconds. However, on the next lap, Karthikeyan lost control of his vehicle at Paiol corner and he ran into a wall beside the circuit and became the third retirement. That prompted the safety car's deployment for two laps to allow for his car to be extricated from the track. In the meantime, Cochet drove over debris from Karthikeyan's car and he lost the opportunity to win the race.  At the lap nine restart, Kaffer began to battle Couto for the first position. He went to the outside line to attempt a pass on Couto on the approach to Lisboa corner on the next lap but the latter maintained the lead on the inside line. That lap, Bruni retired when he crashed into a wall at Lisboa turn. On the 12th lap, Kaffer got ahead of Couto entering Lisboa turn but he braked too late and ran wide entering the corner. This put him close to hitting a barrier as Couto retook the lead. Friesacher brushed a wall at R Bend on the lap 12 but he continued without any major vehicular damage. On lap 14, Couto braked too late for Lisboa turn and the lead was taken by Kaffer. He held the position for the rest of the leg to win by 3.4 seconds over Couto and began the second leg from pole position. Zangarelli and Montin were third and fourth and Fukuda took fifth. Friesacher was sixth, Scheckter finished seventh after he was delayed by a slower driver, Toccacelo took eighth, Priaulx ninth and Monteiro tenth. Kurosawa finished eleventh, having moved up eight places from his starting position of 19th. The final finishers Collins, Sundberg, Yoong, the Japanese duo of Ara and Kaneishi, Lechner, Takagi, Lee, Cochet, Pavlović, Baumgartner, Lei and Merszei.

Leg 2.

The second leg commenced later that day at 15:35 local time under cloudy and dry weather conditions. Couto made a better getaway than pole position starter Kaffer off the line and passed him going into Lisboa corner. Kaffer put Couto under heavy pressure until Montin began to challenge him for second. On the fifth lap, Montin entered Kaffer's slipstream as the two drove towards Lisboa turn and he then turned right to make a pass under braking. From that point on, Couto's lead was reduced as Montin began closing up to him and was close behind him at the beginning of the seventh lap. Montin attempted to pass Couto under braking at Lisboa corner on laps seven and eight but was unsuccessful in both tries. Kaffer was passed by the faster Fukuda for the third position on the eighth lap. Montin could not make any further attempts to get ahead of Couto because the safety car was deployed on lap thirteen as Lechner crashed into a wall beside the circuit at the R Bend and no overtaking was prohibited under these conditions.  The second leg was run behind the safety car for the final two laps in a single line, giving Couto the victory, making him the first Macanese to win the Macau Grand Prix since it adopted Formula Three regulations in 1983. Montin finished in the second position and Fukuda completed the podium placings in third. Off the podium, Kaffer took fourth and Tocacello was fifth after the latter advanced three positions from his first leg result. An engine cut out at the Melco hairpin and the main straight restricted Scheckter to sixth. Seventh place went to Collins and the second British driver competing in the event Priaulx finished eighth overall. Monteiro and Friesacher rounded out the top ten finishers. Outside the top ten, Cochet, Sundberg, Lee, Baumgartner, Takagi, Lei, Ara, Merszei, Zangarelli and Kaneishi were the final classified finishers.

The 2000 Macau Grand Prix (formally the 47th Macau Grand Prix) was a motor race for Formula Three cars that was held on the streets of Macau on 19 November 2000. Unlike other races, such as the Masters of Formula 3, the 2000 Macau Grand Prix was not a part of any Formula Three championship, but was open to entries from all Formula Three championships. The race was divided into two aggregate legs: the first leg was held in the morning and lasted fifteen laps. The second took place in the afternoon and lasted fifteen laps. The overall winner was the driver who completed all 30 laps in the shortest amount of time. The 2000 edition was the 47th running of the Macau Grand Prix and the 18th for Formula Three cars.


Biography.

Chantal Jolis was born in Grenoble, France. Her mother was of Italian origin and her father had Spanish lineage. She became a host on France Inter Paris public radio but felt she was only "tolerated" by her superiors. While taking part in a French-language public-radio exchange program in 1980, Jolis visited Québec for two weeks at the age of 33. She felt very welcome in Montréal, where her open-minded and lively tone was appreciated. Radio-Canada offered her a contract and she made Canada her new home.  Upon her arrival in 1980 in Québec, Jolis exhibited great passions: reading, cinema, music, and a love of people, of life, and humour, creating a soothing atmosphere on her programmes. Journalist Nathalie Petrowski called her "a breath of fresh air for our public radio [...] with spontaneity light years away from the psycho-rigidity Radio-Canada of the time." First in the afternoon, co-hosting "Bouchées doubles" with, and solo with "C'est du Jolis". Then, in "L'oreille musclée", broadcast weekdays from 1983 to 1986 at the end of the morning, she reinvented the morning box and set the way for those who succeeded her.  In 1986 Guy Fournier created a late-night talk show for Jolis, "Jolis à croquer", on Télévision Quatre-Saisons. The series did not have the expected success with an indifferent television audience that was rebuffed by Jolis' "French accent of France", her culture and style. Jolis attempted to return to radio but found Radio-Canada hesitant, unused to private sector raiding at that time. After several years, Jolis was employed to temporarily fill-in for the programmes of others. Disappointed, Jolis agreed in 1991 to co-host a noon radio programme at CKAC with Jean Cournoyer, but was released after a year. When she gained a program at Radio-Canada, it was "reduced in scope, away from prime time", with "C'est du Jolis" which ran from December 1999 through 2000.  On Société Radio-Canada (SRC, French-language CBC television), Jolis conducted numerous sessions of film criticism with René Homier-Roy on the show "À première vue", 1982–1989. She also held several memorable interviews, including with Léo Ferré, Serge Gainsbourg and (a few days before his death in the summer of 1988) Félix Leclerc.

Music and "Les îles jolies".

Starting in the summer of 2002, Jolis hosted and produced "Les îles jolies" from her home in the Magdalen Islands. This was followed by "Un petit air de samedi soir" (A little air on Saturday night), "Bachibouzouk" and "Quand le chat n'est pas là" (When the cat is away).  She also created "Espace Musique" on the world music web-radio channel of Radio-Canada. At the end of 2007, at the age of 60, Jolis was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In 2009 the symptoms of this disease forced her retirement from "Espace Musique" though she hoped for a cure or treatment that could allow her to return to the microphone.  Of a family of Catholic origin, she had spent her childhood in a religious school network in France. "I believed in God, without loving religion. I was lost and revolted," Jolis said in a September 2007 interview to "Le Devoir". She had revealed on Première chaîne's "Pour la suite des choses" that she had converted to Islam on the occasion of a trip to Morocco for a festival of sacred music.  Jolis died of Parkinson's disease on 27 February 2012, in the Magdalen Islands, where she had made her home in June 2011. She was buried there on 2 March at the cemetery of Havre-Aubert. Jolis was survived by her mother Solange (died 28 March 2013), her two sons, Saddia and Alexis (the latter, from her marriage with the journalist and host Michel Désautels), and six grandchildren.

Chantal Jolis (29 April 1947, in Grenoble, France – 27 February 2012,in Îles-de-la-Madeleine) was a radio host in Québec, Canada. She was best known for her daily broadcasts "Bouchée double", "L'Oreille musclée" and "Bachibouzouk" presented on Première chaîne of Radio Canada, and for her dynamic, laid-back and accessible style.


Series synopses.

Series 1.

In 2008 New York City, Simon Doonan, a window-dresser at Barneys, tells his boyfriend Sacha various tales from his childhood in Reading. Most of Simon's stories center around how he came to own some of his most treasured possessions, which he finds a place for in his eccentric window displays. Over the course of the series, young Simon struggles to express his love of music, theatre, and fashion in a working class community, with local hooligans hounding him at school and a supportive but quirky family squashing his efforts at home. While it is implied, sexuality is not relevant.

Series 2.

The second series of "Beautiful People" was broadcast in 2009, when Simon returns to Reading to mend his heart after breaking up with his boyfriend Sacha. As in the first series, Simon recounts stories from his childhood in Reading, but speaks directly to the viewer instead of to Sacha. Simon and Kylie's sexuality becomes more overt in the second series as the two lads become more comfortable with themselves. In the series finale, Simon finds himself attracted to a new boy at school, prompting him to come out to his mother after being dissuaded from running away from home.

Production.

The comedy was greenlit in May 2008 by Controller of BBC Two Lucy Lumsden and Controller of Comedy Commissioning Roly Keating. The six episodes were written by Jonathan Harvey ("Gimme Gimme Gimme") and directed by Gareth Carrivick. Studio filming was done at Shepperton Studios and exterior locations at South Oxhey and Bushey, Hertfordshire, Harrow, London, Grahame Park concourse and New York City. Exterior scenes of the cul de sac where Simon lives are filmed on Crabtree Close in Bushey. Doonan grew up in Reading in the 1960s but Harvey moved the setting forward to the 1990s. Executive producer Jon Plowman hoped audiences would relate to Simon's childhood; "Every teenager thinks they're different [...] I hope the audience will think: 'That's me as a teenager being laughed at. Everyone else was in a gang together, and I was in a gang of one.' But the truth is, everyone is in a gang of one."  Olivia Colman helped the cast to bond on set by arranging a visit from a mobile blood donor unit.

Broadcast.

Series 1 of "Beautiful People " premiered on 2 October 2008. It was broadcast on Thursdays at 21:30 on BBC Two, during the channel's "Thursdays Are Funny" strand, and at 22:00 on BBC HD.  The second series debuted on 13 November 2009 at 22:00 on BBC Two. The flashbacks in the second series are set in 1998. In the present-day scenes, Sacha and Simon have split up and Simon has returned to Reading. An ongoing storyline in 1998 concerns the unplanned pregnancy of Simon's sister Ashlene.

Reception.

Critical reaction.

The series was previewed by "The Guardian"s Grace Dent as "a sort of camp, working-class British "Arrested Development"". Dent wrote that it "made [her] laugh more than anything [she had] seen so far on TV this year". Tim Teeman, the entertainment editor for "The Times", rated "How I Got My Vase" three out of five stars. Teeman complimented Ward-Wilkinson's and Williams's acting but did not believe the 1990s were long ago enough to feel nostalgia for. Hermione Eyre for "The Independent" praised Williams and Colman, and compared the show to "The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole".

Ratings.

Series 1 of "Beautiful People " was broadcast on Thursdays at 21:30 on BBC Two. Series 2 was broadcast at 22:00 on Fridays on BBC Two.

Awards.

In 2010, "Beautiful People" was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Comedy Series" during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.

Beautiful People is a British comedy drama television series based on the memoirs of Barneys creative director Simon Doonan. The series takes place in Reading, Berkshire, in 1997, where thirteen-year-old Simon Doonan and his best friend Kylie dream of escaping their dreary suburban surroundings and moving to cosmopolitan London "to live amongst the beautiful people". The first episode aired on BBC Two on 2 October 2008 and recorded overnight ratings of 1.5 million viewers and positive critical reaction. Episodes are self-contained, but do follow a loose story arc throughout the course of each series. The second and final series finished airing on 18 December 2009.


Textual history.

In a work called the "Pañca-siddhāntikā" composed in the sixth century by Varāhamihira, five astronomical treatises are named and summarised: "Paulīśa-siddhānta", "Romaka-siddhānta", "Vasiṣṭha-siddhānta", Sūrya-siddhānta, and "Paitāmaha-siddhānta". The surviving version of the text is dated to about the 6th-century BCE by Markandaya and Srivastava. Most scholars, however, had placed the text variously from the 4th-century to 5th-century CE. But this was the period when latest update to Surya Siddhanta was made with one of the earliest update being made in 8th millennium BCE.  According to John Bowman, another version of the text existed wherein it referenced sexagesimal fractions and trigonometric functions, but the text was a living document and revised through about the 10th-century. One of the evidence for the "Surya Siddhanta" being a living text is the work of Indian scholar Utpala, who cites and then quotes ten verses from a version of "Surya Siddhanta", but these ten verses are not found in any surviving manuscripts of the text. According to Kim Plofker, large portions of the more ancient "Sūrya-siddhānta" was incorporated into the "Panca siddhantika" text. Some scholars refer to "Panca siddhantika" as the old "Surya Siddhanta".

Vedic influence.

The "Surya Siddhanta" is a text on astronomy and time keeping, an idea that appears much earlier as the field of Jyotisha (Vedanga) of the Vedic period. The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals. Max Muller, quoting passages by Garga and others, states that the ancient Vedic texts describe four measures of time – savana, solar, lunar and sidereal, as well as twenty seven constellations using "Taras" (stars). According to Pingree, the idea of twenty eight constellations and movement of astronomical bodies already appears in the Hindu text "Atharvaveda".

Similarities with Greek astronomy.

It is hypothesized that there were cultural contacts between the Indian and Greek astronomers via cultural contact with Hellenistic Greece, specifically regarding the work of Hipparchus (2nd-century BCE). There were some similarities between "Suryasiddhanta" and Greek astronomy in Hellenistic period. For example, "Suryasiddhanta" provides table of sines function which parallel the Hipparchus table of chords, though the Indian calculations are more accurate and detailed. According to Alan Cromer, the knowledge share with Greeks may have occurred by about 100 BCE. The influence of Greek ideas on early medieval era Indian astronomical theories, particularly zodiac symbols (astrology), is broadly accepted by scholars. According to Jayant Narlikar, the Vedic literature lacks astrology, the idea of nine planets and any theory that stars or constellation may affect an individual's destiny. One of the manuscripts of the "Surya Siddhanta" mentions deva Surya telling asura Maya to go to Rome with this knowledge I give you in the form of Yavana (Greek), states Narlikar. The astrology field likely developed in the centuries after the arrival of Greek astrology with Alexander the Great, their zodiac signs being nearly identical.  According to Pingree, the 2nd-century CE cave inscriptions of Nasik mention sun, moon and five planets in the same order as found in Babylon, but "there is no hint, however, that the Indian had learned a method of computing planetary positions in this period". In the 2nd-century CE, a scholar named Yavanesvara translated a Greek astrological text, and another unknown individual translated a second Greek text into Sanskrit. Thereafter started the diffusion of Greek and Babylonian ideas on astronomy and astrology into India, states Pingree. The other evidence of European influential on the Indian thought is "Romaka Siddhanta", a title of one of the Siddhanta texts contemporary to "Surya Siddhanta", a name that betrays its origin and probably was derived from a translation of a European text by Indian scholars in Ujjain, then the capital of an influential central Indian large kingdom.  According to John Roche – a professor of Mathematics with publications on the history of measurement, the astronomical and mathematical methods developed by Greeks related arcs to chords of spherical trigonometry. The Indian mathematical astronomers, in their texts such as "Surya Siddhanta" developed other linear measures of angles, made their calculations differently, "introduced the versine, which is the difference between the radius and cosine, and discovered various trigonometrical identities". For instance, states Roche, "where the Greeks had adopted 60 relative units for the radius, and 360 for circumference", the Indians chose 3,438 units and 60x360 for the circumference thereby calculating the "ratio of circumference to diameter [pi, π] of about 3.1414".  The tradition of Hellenistic astronomy ended in the West after Late Antiquity. According to Cromer, the "Surya Siddhanta" and other Indian texts reflect the primitive state of Greek science, nevertheless played an important part in the history of science, through its translation in Arabic and stimulating the Arabic sciences. According to a study by Dennis Duke that compares Greek models with Indian models based on the oldest Indian manuscripts such as the "Surya Siddhanta" with fully described models, the Greek influence on Indian astronomy is strongly likely to be pre-Ptolemaic.  The "Surya Siddhanta" was one of the two books in Sanskrit translated into Arabic in the later half of the eighth century during the reign of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur. According to Muzaffar Iqbal, this translation and that of Aryabhatta was of considerable influence on geographic, astronomy and related Islamic scholarship.

Contents.

The contents of the "Surya Siddhanta" is written in classical Indian poetry tradition, where complex ideas are expressed lyrically with a rhyming meter in the form of a terse "shloka". This method of expressing and sharing knowledge made it easier to remember, recall, transmit and preserve knowledge. However, this method also meant secondary rules of interpretation, because numbers don't have rhyming synonyms. The creative approach adopted in the "Surya Siddhanta" was to use symbolic language with double meanings. For example, instead of one, the text uses a word that means moon because there is one moon. To the skilled reader, the word moon means the number one. The entire table of trigonometric functions, sine tables, steps to calculate complex orbits, predict eclipses and keep time are thus provided by the text in a poetic form. This cryptic approach offers greater flexibility for poetic construction.  The "Surya Siddhanta" thus consists of cryptic rules in Sanskrit verse. It is a compendium of astronomy that is easier to remember, transmit and use as reference or aid for the experienced, but does not aim to offer commentary, explanation or proof. The text has 14 chapters and 500 shlokas. It is one of the eighteen astronomical siddhanta (treatises), but thirteen of the eighteen are believed to be lost to history. The Surya Siddhanta text has survived since the ancient times, has been the best known and the most referred astronomical text in the Indian tradition.  The fourteen chapters of the "Surya Siddhanta" are as follows, per the much cited Burgess translation: The methods for computing time using the shadow cast by a gnomon are discussed in both Chapters 3 and 13.

North pole star and South pole star.

One of the most interesting observation made in "Surya Siddhanta" is the observation of two pole stars, one each at north and south celestial pole. "Surya Siddhanta" chapter 12 verse 42 description is as following:  मेरोरुभयतो मध्ये ध्रुवतारे नभ:स्थिते।  निरक्षदेशसंस्थानामुभये क्षितिजाश्रिये॥१२:४३॥  This translates as "There are two pole stars, one each, near North celestial pole and South celestial pole. From equatorial regions, these stars are seen along the horizon". Currently our North Pole star is Polaris. It is subject to investigation about when this instance occurred in the past to date when this update was made to "Surya Siddhanta".

Calculation of Earth's Obliquity.

In "Surya Siddhanta" chapter 2 and verse 28, it calculated the obliquity of the Earth's axis. The verse says ""The sine of greatest declination(obliquity) is 1397..."," which means that R-sine is 1397 where R is 3438. To obtain the obliquity in degree, we have take the inverse of Sine of the ratio (1397/3438), which gives us 23.975182 and this tilt indicates a period of 3000BCE. It can be noted that this update was made during 3000BCE to the "Surya Siddhanta."

Planets and their characteristics.

The text treats earth as a stationary globe around which sun, moon and five planets orbit. It makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It presents mathematical formulae to calculate the orbits, diameters, predict their future locations and cautions that the minor corrections are necessary over time to the formulae for the various astronomical bodies. However, unlike modern heliocentric model for the solar system, the "Surya Siddhanta" relies on a geocentric point of view.  The text describes some of its formulae with the use of very large numbers for "divya yuga", stating that at the end of this "yuga" earth and all astronomical bodies return to the same starting point and the cycle of existence repeats again. These very large numbers based on "divya-yuga", when divided and converted into decimal numbers for each planet give reasonably accurate sidereal periods when compared to modern era western calculations. For example, the "Surya Siddhanta" states that the sidereal period of moon is 27.322 which compares to 27.32166 in modern calculations. For Mercury it states the period to be 87.97 (modern W: 87.969), Venus 224.7 (W: 224.701), Mars as 687 (W: 686.98), Jupiter as 4,332.3 (W: 4,332.587) and Saturn to be 10,765.77 days (W: 10,759.202).

Calendar.

The solar part of the luni-solar Hindu calendar is based on the "Surya Siddhanta". The various old and new versions of "Surya Siddhanta" manuscripts yield the same solar calendar. According to J. Gordon Melton, both the Hindu and Buddhist calendars in use in South and Southeast Asia are rooted in this text, but the regional calendars adapted and modified them over time.  The "Surya Siddhanta" calculates the solar year to be 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes and 36.56 seconds. On average, according to the text, the lunar month equals 27 days 7 hours 39 minutes 12.63 seconds. It states that the lunar month varies over time, and this needs to be factored in for accurate time keeping.  According to Whitney, the Surya Siddhanta calculations were tolerably accurate and achieved predictive usefulness. In Chapter 1 of "Surya Siddhanta", states Whitney, "the Hindu year is too long by nearly three minutes and a half; but the moon's revolution is right within a second; those of Mercury, Venus and Mars within a few minutes; that of Jupiter within six or seven hours; that of Saturn within six days and a half".

The Surya Siddhanta is the name of a Sanskrit treatise in Indian astronomy. The text has been updated several times in the past and the earliest update was found to be made in 8th millennium BCE. Using computer simulation, a match for the "Surya Siddhanta" latitudinal data was obtained in the time frame of 7300-7800 BCE. The last update took place in the vicinity of 580 AD when Nakshatra data appears to have been updated by adding a fixed precessional increment to all longitudes. As per the second verse of the chapter 1 of "Surya Siddhanta," Maya Asura is the original author of the text. It has fourteen chapters.


Gameplay.

"Wipeout 3" is a racing game that retains the same basic elements of its predecessors, and introduces players to the F7200 Anti-Gravity Race League. Set in 2116, players control futuristic anti-gravity ships owned by racing corporations and pilot them on eight circuits (plus four hidden prototype tracks). Each craft is equipped with an energy shield that absorbs damage sustained on the track; if the shield is disabled, the player's craft can be knocked out of the race. Shields are regenerated in a pit lane set apart from the main course. The less time is spent in the pit lane, the less the shield will regenerate.  In addition to shields, each racing craft contains airbrakes for navigating tight corners, as well as a "Hyperthrust" option. Players can activate Hyperthrust to increase their speed, but using Hyperthrust drains energy from the shields, making the craft more vulnerable.  Scattered across each raceway are weapon grids that bestow random power-ups or items. "Wipeout 3" adds new weapons in addition to the five retained from previous games. Several weapons are defensive: for example, the gravity shield protects the craft from attacks and collisions for a time period. Offensive weapons are also available: crafts can use rockets, Multi-Missiles and mines to disable competitors. Players can use an autopilot to coast through difficult turns safely.  The single race mode awards medals to the top three finishing hovercraft. Each contestant must reach checkpoints on the course within a certain amount of time, or be ejected from the race. Winning consecutive gold medals unlocks new tracks and crafts. "Wipeout 3" features several other game modes, including challenges to complete courses in a set time. In the "Eliminator" mode, players gain points for destroying competitors and finishing laps. The "Tournament" mode has players competing on several tracks, with points being awarded for placement in each race. Players can engage in two-player racing via a split-screen option.

Development.

In developing the next entry in the "Wipeout" series, developer Psygnosis retained many of the developers of the original game to preserve the distinctive racing experience of earlier games. At the same time, Psygnosis sought to make the game more accessible to new players of the fast-paced racer, and kept early courses easier for these players; the difficulty was adjusted for later courses so that experts would still experience a challenge. "Wipeout 3" was the first "Wipeout" game to take advantage of PlayStation controllers with analogue sticks, used to offer smoother control of the player's craft.  Psygnosis turned to the graphic design studio The Designers Republic to assist in development. The Designers Republic, known for its underground techno album covers, provided "visual candy" to "Wipeout 3"s graphics, designing the game's icons, billboards, colour schemes, and custom typefaces. The look and feel of the futuristic courses was bounded by the desire to remain believable: "Wipeout 3" lead artist Nicky Westcott said that "[Psygnosis] tried to make it look like a believable future, instead of making the sky toxic orange with 10 moons flying around and the world gone mad. It's very low-key [and] a lot more refined."  A special edition of "Wipeout 3" was released exclusively in Europe on 14 July 2000. "Wipeout 3 Special Edition" featured many minor changes to gameplay, such as different craft physics, auto-loading of saves and AI bug fixes. In addition, eight courses from previous "Wipeout" titles (three from "Wipeout" and five from "Wipeout XL"), plus two hidden prototype circuits previously only available in the Japanese version of "Wipeout 3", were added giving a total of 22 tracks. The "Special Edition" also allowed for four-person multiplayer, using two televisions and two PlayStation consoles. "Wipeout 3" was the last game in the series made for PlayStation. The next entry in the "Wipeout" series, entitled "Wipeout Fusion", was released in 2002 exclusively for PlayStation 2. The game introduced new courses, crafts, and weaponry, as well as enhanced artificial intelligence.

Music.

Continuing the tradition set by the first game, "Wipeout 3" contains electronica offerings from various artists, including The Chemical Brothers, Orbital, and the Propellerheads. Psygnosis' development manager, Enda Carey, focused on bringing together music early in the game's development cycle, instead of as an afterthought or last-minute addition to the game. Unlike previous soundtracks, Psygnosis selected a single music director, DJ Sasha, who worked with artists to create a cohesive soundtrack. Sasha included several of his own tracks made specifically for the game. The game disc is a Mixed Mode CD that allows "Wipeout 3"s soundtrack to be played in a standard compact disc player. To promote "Wipeout 3" and its game music, Psygnosis sponsored a Global Underground tour for Sasha. Game pods featuring "Wipeout 3" were placed at parties and venues, accompanied by a tie-in marketing campaign.

Reception.

Overall, critical reception of "Wipeout 3" was positive; the game holds an 89/100 at Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews". IGN named "Wipeout 3" the most accessible game of the series, and in 2007 the title was named the 92nd best game by the site. Despite generally positive reviews of the game, "Wipeout 3" was not a commercial success.  The fast-paced gameplay and graphics were singled out as strong features of the game. Jack Schofield of "The Guardian" was surprised by the level of detail, stating that the "graphics are better than you'd expect the [PlayStation] to deliver". Both "GamePro" and Game Revolution reviewers praised the new game features, specifically the new weapons and ability to challenge friends via splitscreen. The Designer Republic's style was consistently praised as helping to make the racing locales seem real, though David Goldfarb of the magazine "International Design" stated that the "techno-meets-Nihonpop-art visuals" had been executed better in previous entries of the series. "Wipeout 3"s soundtrack and sound effects were also lauded.  A major fault reviewers found with "Wipeout 3" was the steep learning curve of the game. David Canter of "The San Diego Union-Tribune" described the difficulty progression as "ludicrous", with the tournament game mode going from "easy as pie to tough as nails". Though the use of the analogue stick was positively noted as helping to increase control over the onscreen craft, "GamePro" found that proper handling required large amounts of patience and practice.  Reviewers who gave "Wipeout 3" lower marks noted a sense of disappointment that the series broke little new ground. Stuart Miles of "The Times" admitted "Wipeout 3" was a good game, but felt that he had been expecting much more from the sequel: "It's as if the programmers have concerned themselves more with the overall look and feel, rather than further developing the existing gameplay." Alistair Wallace of Gamasutra, in a retrospective on "Wipeout 2097", remembered that "I enjoyed ["Wipeout 3"] because it was more of the same and I loved it, but I think the series ran out of its innovation. Doing loop the loops isn't a big deal really." GameSpot summed up its review of the game by judging "Wipeout 3" an excellent racer, but not able to beat "Wipeout 2097" as the best futuristic racing game of all time.  Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the PlayStation version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "It's not terrible, but for a series known for its 'gee whiz' level of quality, this is a serious misstep."

Wipeout 3 is a futuristic racing video game developed by Psygnosis and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for PlayStation. The title is the fourth game in the "Wipeout" series, and was released in Europe and North America in September 1999. Players control extremely fast anti-gravity ships and use weapons to force other contenders out of the race.


History.

The old bridge in Muse, dubbed the "Gun Bridge" by locals in reference to the frequency of illegal armaments trafficking through the bridge, was closed in 2005, replaced by a wider bridge parallel to it.  Since 2014 the governments of Myanmar and China have been seeking to resolve a border dispute in the area of Namkham and Muse.

Transport.

Muse is today connected to Mandalay via Lashio by the National Highway 3 450 km Asian Highway route 14 (AH14), The old Burma Road links the new road to Bhamo in Kachin State which links to the Ledo Road. Mandalay-Lashio-Muse Road included part of the Burma Road and was rebuilt and upgraded for heavy traffic in 1998 on a Build-Operate-Transfer basis (BOT) by the Asia World Company headed by the son of the former opium warlord Lo Hsing Han. It has cut the journey time from 2 days, even a week in the rainy season, to just 12–16 hours. Muse is also connected to central Burma via the Mandalay-Lashio Northern Shan State Railway.

Economy.

Cross-border trade was banned by Ne Win after the military came to power in Burma in 1962 but the ban was lifted following negotiations in 1988. Bilateral trade has risen steadily since, increasing by 60% in the fiscal year ending 31 March 2008, and constitutes 24% of Burma's trade ranking China as a major trading partner second only to Thailand.  Burma exports mainly raw materials such as agricultural produce, fish, timber, gems and minerals, and imports consumer goods, electronics, machinery and processed food. Muse's '105th mile Trade Zone', a border zone of 150 hectares, opened in April 2006, the first and largest border trade camp of its kind in Burma, handling as much as 70% of cross border trade with China. A trade fair has been held annually every December since 2001 alternating between the two border towns each year with India, Bangladesh and Thailand as well as China taking part.  In 2007 the local militia, under orders of the military authorities, seized of land in the area, mainly tea and orange plantations as well as small farms, with little or no compensation, in a drive to cultivate physic nuts for biodiesel as an alternative fuel.  On 8 May 2008, the military seized 20 truck loads of biscuits and other goods at Muse allegedly for the relief of Cyclone Nargis victims.  A joint enterprise between Burma and China to construct oil and gas pipelines from the Bay of Bengal via Mandalay through Muse to Kunming in Yunnan Province starts operations in 2009.

Narcotics.

Recently China built a 4 km long fence on the border near Ruili in order to stop drug trafficking and two more are under construction.Drug addiction is a major problem in the area. The opium poppy harvest had increased since Lo Hsing Han managed to rebuild his drug empire after becoming the intermediary for cease-fire agreements between the military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt and the Kokang and Wa insurgents who had rebelled against and toppled the Communist leadership in 1989. The World Food Program carried out emergency food assistance to former poppy farmers in 2004-2005 as pressure mounted to stop cultivation of the poppy.  Gambling, drugs and prostitution flourished in Ruili, but Muse's own efforts to share in the Las Vegas style business atmosphere met with much less success. The Chinese authorities cracked down on heroin entering - but not the chemical ingredients for the amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) called "yaba" leaving - and also on Chinese men enjoying the same pleasures on the Burmese side of the border. Besides the UNODC, a number of groups and organisations such as the Asian Harm Reduction Network (AHRN) and Buddhist monks are also involved in the amelioration of the HIV/AIDS problem among drug users.

Muse (; ; is the capital town of Mu Se Township (also spelled as Muse Township) in northern Shan State, Myanmar. It is situated on the Shweli River (Nam Mao), and is connected by a bridge and road to Ruili (Shweli,, in Burmese) in Yunnan Province, China.


History.

Justice Finnegan, President of the High Court of the Republic of Ireland, jailed the five on 29 June 2005 for civil contempt of court after refusing to obey a temporary court injunction forbidding them to interfere with work being undertaken by Shell on their land. The committal order was sought by Shell who intended to build a high pressure raw gas pipeline across land in Rossport to pipe gas from the offshore Corrib Gas Field. Three of the five men own land in Rossport: Vincent McGrath and Ó Seighin were brought to court along with them as they had assisted in blocking the Shell workers. About thirty others who had done the same were not charged.  There were protests all over Ireland during the period of the men's imprisonment, with filling stations of Shell, and its junior partner Statoil, being picketed and blockaded by both political activists and ordinary members of the public. The protests were driven by the Shell to Sea campaign (then TD Jerry Cowley liaised with the men in prison) which took its name following a meeting with Burren campaigners in January 2005 Shell to Sea. Defending his company's stance, Shell Ireland's CEO Andy Pyle said: ""The fact is that we've gone through a process, and we have five people who don't like the outcome."" All Shell sites around Rossport and Bellinaboy were blockaded by the men's neighbours, preventing work. Local TD Michael Ring said that Ireland was now a "dictatorship within a democracy". In an unusual move by the Irish judiciary, the men were told that a judge would be on hand at any time of day or night if they wanted to purge their contempt, by promising they would no longer hinder Shell employees.  The men were released from Cloverhill Prison on 30 September 2005, after 94 days, when Shell applied to the High Court to have the injunction lifted. This came after intense media and political scrutiny of the case.

Since.

The five men and their supporters have continued to campaign on the issue. In September 2006, a TNS/MRBI poll of adults in Mayo, commissioned by RTÉ, showed 66% supported the stance taken by the five men in their defiance of the court order, 20% did not.  In December 2006,an account of events leading up their imprisonment was published by the Rossport Five. There was a second printing of the book (Our Story,The Rossport 5)in January 2007.  In April 2007, Willie Corduff won the Goldman Environmental Prize on behalf of Europe. No government representative was present, though representatives were present from other countries for their winners.  In April 2008, Vincent McGrath, Mícheál Ó Seighin, his wife Caitlín and son-in-law John Monaghan, among a few others, split from Shell to Sea and set up Pobal Chill Chomáin (PCC), a parochial grouping concerned primarily with health and safety issues. PCC have not held a public meeting in the parish or elsewhere since early 2011 and are, to all intents and purposes, defunct.

The Rossport Five () are Willie Corduff, brothers Philip and Vincent McGrath, Micheál Ó Seighin and James Brendan Philbin, from Kilcommon parish, Erris, County Mayo, Ireland. In 2005 they were jailed for civil contempt of court after refusing to obey a temporary court injunction forbidding them to interfere with work being undertaken by Shell on their land.


Reasons for restricting.

An increasing number of people were trading their banknotes for gold. Due to the overprinting of banknotes, the Bank of England was losing its supply of gold, and due to the gold standard, the value of each banknote was diminishing. The timing of the act, which had been under consideration for a few months owing to runs on banks in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sunderland, and Durham that had in turn requested monetary support from the Bank of England, was the invasion of Britain on 22–24 February 1797 by French forces in Fishguard. When news of this event, now known as the Battle of Fishguard, became known in London, a much greater run on the Bank of England was feared, had a large number of holders of banknotes attempted to convert them into gold when bullion reserves were heavily reduced. However, because the total face value of the notes in circulation was almost exactly twice the actual gold reserves held (£10,865,050 of notes, compared to £5,322,010 in bullion), this would have bankrupted the Bank, and Parliament decided to suspend these'specie payments' with immediate effect; this suspension was renewed annually until 1821.

Reasons for overprinting.

British banknotes were overprinted by the government of William Pitt the Younger after Britain declared war on revolutionary France in 1793. Passing of the Bank Restriction Act released the government from the fear of mass redemption of such convertible banknotes, and by the end of the war in 1814, the banknotes in circulation had a face value of £28.4 million, yet was backed by only £2.2 million of gold. However, by 1821, and with radical economic policies instigated by Sir Robert Peel (the future Prime Minister, acting as Chairman of the Bullion Committee), this situation was reversed, and with £2,295,360 of notes in circulation being backed by £11,233,390 of bullion, the British government resumed "convertibility" on 1 May 1821 (two years ahead of schedule).

In popular culture.

After the passing of the act, Richard Brinsley Sheridan publicly bemoaned the way in which the Bank of England had fallen under the influence of William Pitt the Younger by describing the institution as "An elderly lady in the City, of great credit and long standing who had unfortunately fallen into bad company". This in turn led to James Gillray’s famous cartoon entitled "Political Ravishment; or the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street in Danger", which depicts Pitt seducing the Bank of England, personified as an old lady attired in £1 and £2 notes, for her fortune. This cartoon is the origin of the Bank's nickname of "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street", still in use today.

The Bank Restriction Act 1797 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (37 Geo. III. c. 45) which removed the requirement for the Bank of England to convert banknotes into gold. The period lasted until 1821, when convertibility was restored. The period between these two dates is known as the Restriction period.