Background and recording.

Jones wrote most of the songs on the album when she was on tour during 2004 and 2005; for example, "Until the End" was written in the South Pacific, "Rosie's Lullaby" in Australia, and "The Sun Doesn't Like You" in Brazil. Jones wrote "Thinking About You" in 1999 with Ilhan Ersahin, her then-bandmate in Wax Poetic, but she thought it was too much of a pop song for her to record and rejected a version she recorded for "Feels like Home". Jones had an acoustic guitar with her on the tour and wrote more songs with it than she previously had: "The guitar is simple and a lot easier to carry than a piano", she said.  After the tour concluded, Jones began recording the album with Alexander, who "tweak[ed]" the lyrics of the songs and "pulled [them] into better shape", according to Jones. "Not Too Late" was mostly recorded at Jones's home studio and is the first album Jones recorded without producer Arif Mardin, who died in the summer of 2006. Jones described the sessions as "fun, relaxed and easy" and without a deadline; executives at Blue Note Records reportedly did not know they were recording an album. Many of the sessions were "spur of the moment", with friends of Jones and musicians they recommended being asked to play. The album features guest appearances by organist Larry Goldings, singer-songwriter M. Ward, and Kronos Quartet cellist Jeff Ziegler. Jones said the songs on the album are "not so cut-and-dried" compared to her earlier material and have "a twist to them". In contrast to her previous albums, the piano, organ and Wurlitzer are not as prominent as the guitar: "the piano is always loud in the mix, but I've never been into it being the main rhythm instrument unless we're playing something funky. I've always liked the guitar as the rhythmic instrument", Jones explained.

Critical reception.

"Not Too Late" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 68 out of 100, which indicates "generally favorable reviews" based on 23 reviews.  "Mojo" gave the album four stars out of five and said that its majority "hums with a placid darkness and neurosis which is as delicious as it is unexpected." "Uncut" also gave it four stars and said, "What's especially daring about "Not Too Late" is the degree to which Jones and [producer Lee] Alexander trust their songs and her languorous voice to hold the listener's interest." musicOMH likewise gave it four stars and said that "This collection of quaint, feel-good numbers is not going to set the world alight, but it offers something warm and comforting to come home to." "Now" gave it the similar four stars out of five score and called it "A very good showcase for Jones's evolution as a writer and musician." "The Phoenix" gave it three stars out of four and said of Jones, "Too good to hate, not exciting enough to love, she still makes most of what’s out there sound like phony baloney." "Hartford Courant" gave it a positive review and also said of Jones, "Subtlety was a defining characteristic of her first two records, and it carries over onto 'Not Too Late,' where even the differences are understated and discreet."  Other reviews are average or mixed: "The Austin Chronicle" gave the album three stars out of five and said, "Jones has concocted a pleasing effort underneath its delicate air." Yahoo! Music UK gave it six stars out of ten and called it "Norah's most personal collection of songs to date." Drowned in Sound likewise gave it a score of six out of ten and said that while the album "is a shade darker than her mega-selling, Grammy-winning template, it's highly unlikely to win all that many new converts, and fans may find this album a little bit of a slog in places." "Q" gave it three stars out of five and said, "With a surfeit of samey country-rock ballads, Not Too Late ultimately proves rather a long haul." "Blender" gave the album two stars out of five and said that "the results are a mutant virus of gorgeous and bland, grainy and slick." "The Village Voice" gave it a mixed review and stated that Jones' voice "is still 'that voice,' but gravity was never what made it fly."

Accolades.

By January 29, 2007, the album had become the most pre-ordered album of all time on Amazon.com, and was Jones' second album ("Feels like Home") to reach Amazon's all-time top ten pre-order list.  The first single from the album was "Thinking About You", which was released in the U.S. in early December 2006 and was one of the first songs by a major artist to be available for paid digital download in mp3 format. "Not Too Late" was released as a radio single in Taiwan in early 2007. For the week beginning January 23, the entire album was streamed on VH1.com's "Hear Music First" program. Jones recorded an hour-long performance for UK BBC radio and television that was aired in late January, and she performed via simulcast on the feature "Live@BT: Norah Jones" for Canada's Citytv in early February. The third single from the album was "Sinkin' Soon", released in March.  Jones was scheduled to embark on a twenty-two date concert tour of North America, beginning on April 13 and ending on May 12. One of the dates was to take place at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, on April 28. On February 16, 2008, "Not Too Late" re-entered the Greek International Albums Chart at number fourteen and climbed to number thirteen the next week. On August 18, the album returned to the top ten on the French Albums Chart and reached number seven.

Commercial performance.

"Not Too Late" debuted at number one on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 405,000. According to Nielsen SoundScan, it was the 18th highest selling album of 2007 in the US, with 1.5 million copies sold. In the United Kingdom, it entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, becoming the 800th number-one album in the history of the chart; it sold 60,500 copies in its first week. It debuted at number five in Japan, opening with sales of 36,400 copies; in Canada, the album entered at number one with opening week sales of 36,000. In Australia, it entered the ARIA Albums Chart at number two and was certified gold with shipments of 35,000 copies. The album reached number one in seventeen countries, including Germany and France. (For more information, see Charts.) According to a press release from EMI, "Not Too Late" is certified gold or platinum in twenty-one countries as of February 2007. In February, the IFPI awarded the album a platinum certification for shipping one million copies in Europe.

Track listing.

Japan bonus track

Personnel.

Musicians  Technical

Not Too Late is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Norah Jones, released on January 30, 2007, through Blue Note Records. It was produced by Lee Alexander, the songwriter and bassist featured on Jones's previous albums, "Come Away with Me" and "Feels like Home". The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, making it Jones' third consecutive number one album.


Novel.

The story was adapted from the novel of Jean-Marc Roberts "Affaires étrangères", which won in 1979 the Prix Renaudot.

Plot.

Louis Coline (Gérard Lanvin) is an executive assistant in a declining Paris department store. While he is not ambitious and has little to do, he is content with his wife Nina (Nathalie Baye), visits to his mother and grandmother and nights out with his friends playing poker. However, the manipulative Bertrand Malair (Michel Piccoli) becomes the store's new manager, and arrives to shake up the company. Louis fears for his job, but Bertrand draws him into his inner circle of confidants. Bertrand starts to control Louis' life, while Louis is afraid of losing his privileged position. To maintain it Louis works overtime, accepts Bertrand's invitations to nightclubs and dinners with an androgynous woman, and places his house at Bertrand's disposal. Nina sees through her husband's behaviour and objects, but Louis cannot refuse Bertrand's demands, and she is unable to make him see how much his personality has changed. Desperate, she leaves her husband, which only draws him further under Bertrand's control. Bertrand soon disappears as mysteriously as he came, and Louis finds himself unable to revert to his previous self.

Awards.

The film won the Louis Delluc Prize and the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and it received César nominations for best actor, best supporting actor, best director and best writing. Michel Piccoli won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 32nd Berlin International Film Festival.

Strange Affair () is a 1981 French drama film directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre, and starring Michel Piccoli, Gérard Lanvin and Nathalie Baye.


Lines.

The station is located at the intersection of:

The station.

History.

The railway reached Abancourt in 1867 when the Nord company built the line between Amiens and Rouen. The station was built approximately 1 km from the town, in the hamlet of Hennicourt. Following test runs, the line entered service on 18 April 1867, with general service trains taking 3 hours 50 minutes to complete the run from Amiens to Rouen, at an average speed of 35 km/h.  The station was enlarged in 1873 when the stretch of line to Longroy-Gamaches (towards Le Tréport-Mers) was opened, and again in 1875 for the Abancourt - Beauvais stretch.  Because of its location at the junction of two lines, as well as arrangements put in place during World War I, the station has approximately ten sidings, in addition to facilities for serving an agricultural silo.

During the Second World War.

Because of its key position in the rail network (between Nord, Picardy, Paris and Le Havre), the German army made use of the Abancourt station. Anti-aircraft railcars were used to protect convoys. The station was bombed multiple times by squadrons of the Royal Air Force.  Reinforced concrete shelters remain in place today beside the sidings.

Today.

The station is served by TER Normandie and TER Hauts-de-France trains on the lines between Beauvais and Le Tréport-Mers and between Rouen and Amiens and Lille.  The line was electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz alternating current on 27 August 1984 (freight lines and branch lines continuing to use diesel), and the restrained permissivity automatic blocking system was installed on the line, offering increasingly less satisfactory service with respect to the growing mixed passenger-goods traffic on the line since the 1990s.  The station is one of the few on the 139 km long line which are still important; according to the SNCF it averaged 95 passengers per operating day in 2003. One of the peculiarities of this line is that goods traffic is far more important than passenger traffic. In 1992-93 8,000 tonnes of freight were transported daily on the line, 60% in the Amiens-Rouen direction. This is explained by the industrial importance of the two regions linked by the line and by the ports of Rouen and Le Havre at the Rouen end. On the other hand, passenger demand is weak but tends to be focussed by the express TER Rouen - Amiens - Arras - Douai - Lille axis.  In 2008 the station underwent renovations as part of a programme of increasing accessibility on the Beauvais - Abancourt stretch of line. The platforms were enhanced and passenger use and information facilities (lighting, signage, shelters, clocks, and ticket machines) were replaced. An audiovisual information system was to be installed in addition. The station approaches and parking facilities were to be modernised.  A TER demand responsive transport service has been put in place to enable residents of Moliens to use the station.

Points of interest.

The station has a manual system of train signage on the platforms which uses sliding metal panels.

Abancourt is a railway station located in the commune of Abancourt in the Oise department, in Picardy, France. It is primarily served by TER Hauts-de-France trains.


Biography.

Early career.

L'Hermite was born to the family of a counselor to the Bailiwick and Présidial of Cotentin. He joined the Navy in 1780, at the age of 14 as a novice on the coast guard cutter "Pilote-des-Indes", cruising the English Channel, and on which he distinguished himself during the capture of an English privateer off Chausey.  In 1780, he joined the "Northumberland" as a volunteer and took part in the battles of the American war of Independence. In 1784, when many French naval ships were put in the reserve, L'Hermite left the Navy and worked as first officer on the fishing ships "Modeste" and "Surveillante" off Newfoundland.  In 1787, with Castries's reform of the Navy, l'Hermite took a commission as a sub-lieutenant on the "Achille", and later of a number of smaller units that escorted merchantmen. One of these was the "Goėland", which was escorting the fishing fleet from Granville to Newfoundland.

French Revolution.

English Channel and Northern Sea.

In February 1793, when war broke out against England, L'Hermite was first officer on the frigate "Résolue", and he engaged in commerce raiding in the Channel and off the Atlantic coast of France. Promoted to lieutenant in August 1793, he received command of the "Tamise", recently captured from the British by the frigate division to which "Résolue" belonged.  After extensive tests, "Tamise" conducted two patrols in the Channel, capturing over 60 prizes, and was then attached to "Montagne", the flagship of the Brest squadron. As such, she took part in the Glorious First of June, in which she ferried orders from the admiral to other ships.  In 1795, l'Hermite took command of a frigate squadron bound to raid commerce off Ireland, with his flag on the frigate "Seine". The squadron captured over 80 of small vessels, including HMS "Hound", a 16-gun sloop returning from Jamaica, on 23 August. L'Hermitte then led the frigates "Seine" and "Galathée" and a corvette to Christiansand, visiting several harbours of the coast of Norway to capture English merchantmen that had fled there. Trapped by cold and disrepair, his ships were forced to spend the winter of 1794-1795 there, where sickness weakened their crews. He returned to France with three prizes, though a storm wrecked "Galathée" off Penmarc'h.

Indian Ocean.

From February 1796, L'Hermite captained the frigate "Vertu" in a squadron led by Admiral Sercey, bound for île de France. He took part in a number of small actions, and was wounded in the Action of 8 September 1796.  In 1798, he took command of the 46-gun frigate "Preneuse". He was tasked to ferry ambassadors sent by Tippu Sultan to Île de France to request help against the British. Spotting two Indiamen off Thalassery, L'Hermite decided to attack. He captured them after a one-hour fight, and in spite of a lightning striking "Preneuse"s main mast. When they arrived at Surabaya, the crew of "Preneuse" mutinied when L'Hermite decided to send the captured flags to Admiral Sercey. Subsequently, five men were court-martialed, found guilty of mutiny, and executed by firing squad.  L'Hermite then set out for a three-month patrol in the Chinese seas with "Preneuse" and "Brûle-Gueule", under Don Álava. In 1799, upon their return to Mauritius, the ships were blockaded by a British squadron of three ships of the line, a frigate and a brig. The French took refuge in Rivière noire, sent seven guns ashore and kept the British at bay for three weeks, before the British squadron renounced and departed.  On 4 September 1799, "Preneuse" engaged a British frigate squadron that she had approached in the fog and mistaken for merchant vessels, escaping after a furious fight that cost her 40 men.  In October 1799, off Cape of Good Hope, "Preneuse" was spotted and chased by the 54-gun HMS "Jupiter", which was cruising to intercept her. After a 22-hour chase, L'Hermite engaged "Jupiter" and managed to manoeuver into a favourable position from which he sent her a raking broadside at pistol range, forcing her to sail back to Cape Town to avoid boarding. His ship damaged and with 80 of his men killed of wounded, L'Hermite returned to Mauritius. On her return to Mauritius, "Preneuse" ran into the 74-gun "Tremendous", anchored in front of Port-Louis. As she attempted to escape by sailing in shallow waters, the 50-gun HMS "Adamant" cut her retreat. Erratic winds then grounded "Preneuse" on a coral bank, and she came under fire from the two ships of the line, able to return fire only from her stern chasers. L'Hermite sent his sick and wounded ashore and was taken prisoner by Commodore Hotham, who boarded "Preneuse" and burnt her. Ailing, L'Hermite was received with extreme courtesy by Hotham, and release on parole with his staff a few days later. He returned to Île de France a hero, the population celebrating him and a 15-shot saluted being fired in his honour.

Career during the First Empire.

L'Hermite returned to France in October 1801, where he was received by Bonaparte who promoted him to Captain, and called him "the Brave". He took command of the 74-gun "Brutus" to ferry her from Lorient to Brest, then of the 80-gun "Alexandre", and eventually of the 120-gun "Vengeur", as flag officer of Admiral Truguet. L'Hermitte's rising star came to a halt, however, when Truguet was dismissed after speaking against the rise of the Empire, and for one year l'Hermite was left without a command. He was appointed Officer of the Legion of Honour at the founding of the Order in late 1805. In 1805, L'Hermite took command of a squadron tasked with raiding commerce in the Atlantic and in the Caribbean, with his flag on the "Régulus"; the squadron further comprised two frigates and two fireships. The squadron departed Lorient on 31 October 1805 and cruised off the Azores, Cape Verde, the coast of Africa up to Benin, crossed the Atlantic to Brazil, and sailed towards the Caribbean. On 6 January 1806 they captured. In August 1806, a storm dispersed the squadron and L'Hermite lost his frigates, and he was forced back to Brest by an epidemic of scurvy. in the Iroise Sea, he ran into four British ships of the line blockading Brest, but managed to elude them and reach Brest harbour on 2 September 1806. Having captured around 50 ships and 10 million franc worth of goods during his 11-month campaign, L'Hermite was promoted to rear admiral and made a Baron of the Empire.  In October 1808, L'Hermite was put in command of the Rochefort squadron, raising his flag on "Ville de Varsovie". He also served as a rapporteur in the Council of war in the aftermath of the Battle of the Basque Roads. By mid-February, his failing health had forced him to resign his command and he never again occupied a command at sea.  From 1811, L'Hermite was préfet maritime in Toulon. In 1812, he briefly commanded the Mediterranean squadron, which did not sail at the time. His chronic illness forced him to rely on captain Christy-Pallière, who supervised the harbour, to relieve him.  After the Bourbon restoration in 1814, L'Hermite commanded the "Ville de Marseille". Louis XVIII sent him to pick up the Duke of Orléans and his family in Palermo. This task earned l'Hermite the cross of the Order of Saint Louis.  During the Hundred Days, L'Hermite declared himself in favour of the King, which caused his immediate dismissal.  L'Hermite retired in 1816 with the honorary rank of vice-admiral, and was appointed Knight of the Order of Saint Louis.

Portraits.

Langlois de Sézanne painted two portraits, representing L'Hermite and his wife, which the family gave to the museum of Coutances. A smaller portrait by Fanish, which shows l'Hermite in 1793, is also on display there.

Jean-Marthe-Adrien L'Hermite (Coutances, Manche, 29 September 1766 — Plessis-Picquet, 28 August 1826) was a French sea captain and rear admiral, notable for his involvement in the "Glorious First of June" and his expedition into the Atlantic in 1805.


Six stories.

"The Angel in the Window to the Orient".

Abstract.

In the Venetian Lagoon, San Francesco del Deserto is an island that home to a Franciscans monastery. In 1917, Corto went here and asked the monks for a copy of a map, drawn on a missionary's skin. This coulds indicate him the location of the Sapa Inca Atahualpa's seven mines, around the Marañón River, at Peru. These mines are also the legendaries Seven Cities of Cibola and the mythic El Dorado. But, on this document, only six are represented on the document and the seventh is missing. Thus, a monk advises Corto to go to Venice, in the Venetian Ghetto, to meet Melchisedech the rabbi, who owns a diary describing all cities. On site, he discovers that a page showing the location of the seventh city is missing from the book. Would the responsible be a strange paralytic woman living in a Venetian palace, nicknamed "The Angel in the Window to the Orient"?  Recently, an Austrian plane often flies over her house. This little game intrigues Antonio Sorrentino, the Carabinieri captain. With few of his men and Corto, he goes to the palace to unravel the mystery. Inside, the sailor discover that the "paralytic woman" is in fact Venexiana Stevenson, his ennemy whom he has already faced in Honduras (cf. the story ""Banana Conga"", in the volume "Beyond the Windy Isles"), who now wants to find the El Dorado. If the Carabinieries liquidated her Austrian complices, she manages to escape their.

Analysis.

This story is a transition between Corto's adventures in the America (in the volume "Under the Sign of Capricorn" and "Beyond the Windy Isles") and in Europe (in this volume). In the previous story, in Peru, the sailor met a monk who told him about this mysterious map kept at Venice. So he went to this city to find it.  To document this story, Hugo Pratt explains that he drew information from the books of a missionary institute in Verona (Veneto, Italy), the Comboni. This place is overflowing with of books nibbled by rats, which were written by missionaries stationed in South America. The latter were in close contact with the natives. So, according to Pratt, this information are so important that people from Peru or Brazil come there to study it and learn Indian dialects.  Hugo Pratt enjoyed to shows his childhood city, Venice, as he will do in other future stories, like "Fable of Venice". Thus, he guides the reader between venetians isles and buildings. Scarso, the man who serves the sole (the "sfogio") really existed, who worked in Malamocco (village of the Lido where the comics creator has a house). In addition, various places are superbly drawn: the Piazza San Marco (with the St Mark's Basilica, the winged lion — the Lion of Venice — and the Doge's Palace), Santa Maria della Salute, etc. Then, through Corto's sentences, Pratt explains this city is so beautiful that it drives lazy, it is difficult to leave it..

"Under the Flag of Gold".

Abstract.

At the north of the Adriatic Sea, war is raging during the Battle of Caporetto (1917), notably setting against Italians and Austro-Hungarian. The fallen monarchy of Montenegro hid royal gold at Sette Casoni (), in the middle of the Italian front. Thus, the Montenegran Republican Army instructed Corto Maltese to recover it.  This "pirate" has a complexe plan to achieve this goal, imvolving partners of different nationalities. Lieutnant Radesky, an Austrian, secretly wathes operation on board an observation balloon and diverts the attention of his compatriots from the city. Meanwhile, scottishes and frenches soldiers obtain golden bars in a church right under the noses of the Austrians Uhlans. Then, Radesky is recovered by Americans (including a paramedic named Hernestway, who reminds Ernest Hemingway). Also, the fortune is load in a Greek gunboat piloted by Onatis (evoking Aristotle Onassis), where Corto is waiting the end of the operation.

Analysis.

This story takes place during a war overturns European borders and regimes. Since 1910, Montenegro constituted an independent kingdom, before being incorporated in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Fighting with the Allies, the Montenegro was occupied by Austro-Hungarians troops.  Corto Maltese evokes constants moving borders during the conflict. For example, a village can be Italian or Austrian depending on the days. This was the case of Lozzo di Cadore, on the Piave, in Veneto. So he stayed put while the fonts changed. Through this process, he manages to meet people who cans help him. Even if his accomplices are from various nationalities, they all come together under a same flag, gold.

"Concerto in O Minor for Harp and Nitroglycerin".

Abstract.

In octobre 1917, enriched by Montenegrin gold, Corto Maltese helps Sinn Féin to resist against British Army. He learns that one of their members, O’Sullivan, has betreayed them and is responsible for the execution of Pat Finnucan by Britishes. The latter was the leader of the movement and the symbol of the Irish Revolution. In Dublin, the Maltese meets the deceased's wife, Moira "Banshee" O’Danann, who wants to avenge her husband. With her help, Corto enters the British general headquarters (into Dublin Castle) and detonates it.  But inside, he discover an overwhelming secret, which his friend Sean Finnucan confirms. This one explains that his brother Pat was the real traitor. But Sean refused to reveal the truth about him; he had to pass for a hero, a martyr, in order to galvanize the revolutionaries. And the real hero was O’Sullivan, who was a spy against Britishes; so he made it look like he was a traitor. No one should know, even Moira. When Corto finds her on a beach, he suggests her to leave with him. Only, she consider herself a banshee, who brings misfortune to others. Also, she musts stay to help the revolution.

Analysis.

This insolite title speaks of Ireland and its struggle for freedom:  To build this story, Pratt based him on documents and testimonies. Thus, he meets a Pat Finnucan's niece, whose the story inspired him to his episode. He also exchanged with his friend Patricia Frawley, an Irish American, from Wheeling (West Virginia). She physically inspired him the character of Moira O’Danann.  Pat Finnucan's headstone features the quote "Fianna". In the Irish mythology, these were groups of semi-independent warriors. In more recent history, this word has been used for the name Fianna Éireann, an Irish nationalist youth organisation founded in 1909.  Other elements are mentioned in this story, such as the Easter Rising, led by Patrick Pearse. This bloody event led to the recognition of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic, then to the Irish Free State, in 1922.

"A Midwinter Morning’s Dream".

Abstract.

Stonehenge, a legendary place in England, Wiltshire... December 21, 1917, for the winter solstice, many creatures from Celtic mythology are meeting to discuss a dramatic event. Germans will soon attack England. And with them will come characters from Germanic mythology, who coulds threaten them! Exactly as during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain (contemporary to the Arthurian cycle). So it takes a mortal to help them. Corto, who sleeps nearby, is awakened Puck, changed from raven and instructed to support him. The sailor discovers a dying man, Major Vortigern Welsh, of the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry and member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The latter, who committed suicide, warns him against his wife Rowena, a German spy, because of his misfortunes. With her brothers Hengist and Horsa, she plans to attack Tintagel Castle (Cornwall), where Allies are meeting.  On site, spies command a German U-boat to attack the castle, while the personnel of the British corvette is at anchor. Corto therefore pilots a tugboat to sink the submarine. Shortly after, a trial condemns Rowena. But, fair play, she gives her Iron Cross to the sailor. In addition, this one is decorated by a Conspicuous Gallantry Medal. Later, back to Stonehenge, Corto sleeps nearby again. Oberon congratulate Puck, who admits having snatched his medals from the Maltese. So Corto won't know if his adventure was true... or a Midwinter Morning's Dream.

Analysis.

As the title shows, this story clearly alludes to A Midsummer Night's Dream, a famous comedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595/96. Here we find characters from the play, Oberon and Puck. While the play takes place during St. John's Day, the summer solstice, the comic is set during the winter solstice. In this story, Oberon evokes the Huon of Bordeaux, a chanson de geste where he is also present and he is showing like the child of Morgan le Fay and Julius Caesar.  As in the Trojan War, a conflict between two existing countries is combined with a conflict between their respective mythologies. Also, various elements from the Arthurian legend are transposed here. Merlin and Morgan participate in the meeting at Stonehenge, a monument erected by the enchanter, as he recalls. Then, Tintagel Castle is closely related to King Arthur. Also, some semi-legendary characters are transposed in this story. In fact, in legend, Vortigern was a king of the Britons and married Rowena, an Anglo-Saxon. He also made a pact with her brothers Hengist and Horsa, who betrayed him to invade Great Britain. Thus, the British Major Vortigern Welsh is manipulate by his German wife Rowena, who projects to attack England with her brothers Hengist and Horsa.  The idea of this story was inspired by chance to Hugo Pratt. While visiting a cemetery in the northern France, he discorvered a curious tomb. A Canadian was buried there, died in 1918 in a battle against Germany, named... Julius César. Like the famous Roman conqueror, Oberon's father in some stories. It was for the cartoonist a message asking him this story.

"Côtes de Nuit and Picardy Roses".

Abstract.

In northern France, on the banks of the Somme, on April 20, 1918, soldiers are fighting. The Red Baron (Manfred von Richthofen), a German, successfully carried out an air raid on numerous enemy planes in his Fokker Dr.I. Two Australians talk to Corto about a way to kill him. Officer Sandy explain that his friend Clem is a crack shot, but only when he is drunk. So he tries to convince the sailor to open his bottles of Burgundy wine, to make drunk this soldier. But Corto categorically refuses. The latter hopes to see his old friend the British Cain Groovesnore. He is a volunteer in the Royal Air Force and located in an English aviation camp near Bertangles.  The following day, Sandy discretly steals the much-vaunted bottles to inebriate Clem. The latter shot at the Red Baron flying over the area; but he seemed to lack target. Yet, a short time later, Manfred von Richthofen crashed; soldiers strip him and claim responsibility for the exploit. But not doubt for Sandy: it's Clem who had shot him. Unfortunately, an airplane then bombed the truck in which he was brewing and killed him. Sandy feels responsible for the death of his friend; but according to Corto, it's the fault of the war...

Analysis.

This strange title alludes to various things. "Côte de Nuits" is a French wine region located into the Burgundy wine region, renowned for its crus. "Picardy Roses" evokes Roses of Picardy, a popular British song composed in 1916; it was one of the most famous songs of the First World War. It is also a reference to the roses that the Red Baron deposits on the wreckage of planes he shoots down. Finally, this story takes place in the historical territory of Picardy.  In this story, contrasting with his sinister reputation, Manfred von Richthofen appears to be very attached to his mother. Pratt wanted to use some truthful elements about this historical figure. For example, it is a question of glorious track record of this flying ace, officially credited with 80 air combat victories. Other elements are authentic, such as his custom of cutting empennage of the planes he shot down, to make trophies. It is also true that his aunt Frieda von Richthofen married the British novelist D. H. Lawrence.  At the end of this story, an airplane flies, piloted by Hermann Göring, another air ace. He will later be infamous for working with Adolf Hitler.

"Burlesque Between Zuydcoote and Bray-Dunes".

Abstract.

Again in France, between the cities of Zuydcoote and Bray-Dunes (Nord department), a show is performed in a Royal Air Force base by the puppeteer Rico-Rico and the singer Mélodie Gaël. Shortly after, Corto Maltese is talking with is friend Cain Groovesnore, who announces him that his American cousine Pandora is going to marry. Corto, who loved her (cf. the story "The Ballad of the Salty Sea"), remains on a beach, thoughtful. But suddenly, he learns that Cain has been arrested, accused of having shot the Lieutnant De Trécesson. Wanting to defend him, the sailor speaks with Commissaire Rothschild, in charge of the investigation. Together, they question witnesses: Rico-Rico and Mélodie Gaël.  Gradually, they discover that, in reality, the lieutenant had understood that she was a spy, in the service of the Germans. So he came to see her to accuse her. But she hypnotized Cain, also present, so that he would kill him. During the investigation, a fight ensued while the artists killed each other. Ultimately, Cain is exonerated and Trecesson will survive.

Analysis.

At the end of this story, Corto cynically declares to Rothschild that he came to France to drink French wines (allude to Château Lafite Rothschild wines). This, while he is in the midst of the war massacres and witnessed murders. This sentence earned Pratt two cases of wine from the Rothschild family. In this regard, there was also talk of wine in the previous story.  Various cultural references ponctuate this story. Thus, Lieutnant De Trécesson has the same name as the Château de Trécesson, near the Paimpont forest. This place is often associated with the forest of Brocéliande, an important location from the Arthurian legend. Many places of this forest are mentioned: Val sans retour and fountain of Barenton.  Rico-Rico comes from the Venetian Gozzi family. His name is the Carlo Gozzi's nickname, who lived only for his roles and legends which he interpreted went to his head

Artistic elements.

Drawns.

Hugo Pratt has produced numerous additional drawings on the characters and places relating to the stories in this album. As is also the case for the other episodes of the series. Here, for example, he drew different places in Ireland and historical or legendary characters.

Poem on the cover.

Among the many covers existing for Celtic Tales, one of them shows a poem in which Corto Maltese thanks different characters, mostly from Celtic legends:

Awards and Tributes.

Awards.

Hugo Pratt won the "Prix Saint-Michel", for "Best Realistic Writing" in 1977, for the story "A Midwinter Morning’s Dream".

Tributes.

Twenty years after the death of Hugo Pratt, his ex-assistant, another Italian comic book creator, gave him a tribute album. Entitled ""Twenty after... Homage to Hugo Pratt"", it includes drawings inspired by the story ""A Midwinter Morning’s Dream"", where Corto and characters from Celtic legends await Pratt the day of his death... for welcome him into their world.

Celtic Tales (or The Celts) is a volume of comics that brings together six Corto Maltese's adventures, a Maltese sailor. These stories were written and drawn by the Italian comic book creator Hugo Pratt. They were published for the first time between 1971 and 1972, in the French comic magazine Pif Gadget. They take place in Europe, during the World War I, between 1917 and 1918. The stories are:


Segments.

Marsupilami.

This segment deals with the adventures of Marsupilami (voiced by Steve Mackall) and his friends Maurice the Gorilla (voiced by Jim Cummings) and Stewart the Elephant (voiced by Dan Castellaneta). Some episodes of Marsupilami would have him either evading Eduardo the Jaguar (voiced by Steve Landesberg) or outwitting a human named Norman (voiced by Jim Cummings).  Many one off characters also appears in the series like the three baby monkeys (all voiced by Jim Thurman) and their clown owner, Norman's Aunt Bethie (voiced by June Foray), Leonardo the Lion (voiced by Jim Cummings) and Corpsy, a myth that proved to be real.

Sebastian the Crab.

Sebastian the Crab (voiced by Samuel E. Wright) from "The Little Mermaid" is a segment which takes place in various locations out of the sea after the end of the events of "The Little Mermaid". Ariel has become human, married Prince Eric, moved onto land, and almost never has any time to drop by and visit her old friends in the ocean. Flounder and Scuttle have also moved on with their lives now that their best friend Ariel is living away on land. Sebastian has some new adventures, with some of them having him outwit Chef Louie (voiced by René Auberjonois). The events in this segment seem to show that both Sebastian and Louie moved away from the coastal area where "The Little Mermaid" took place, even though they both returned in.

Shnookums and Meat.

Shnookums and Meat was a secondary segment on this show which would later spin-off into its own show. This segment involves a cat named Shnookums (voiced by Jason Marsden) and a dog named Meat (voiced by Frank Welker) who did not get along very well. Their owners are unseen stock characters only viewed from the neck down and named (appropriately enough) Husband & Wife (voiced by Steve Mackall and Tress MacNeille). Husband is always referring to their home as their "domicile" before the two leave their pets in charge while they are away.

Production.

There were 13 episodes in the series, which lasted one season and ended on December 11, 1993. Reruns of the show were aired on The Disney Channel (from October 1994 to June 1995), and later on Toon Disney from 1998–2009. Each of the 13 episodes would feature one new "Marsupilami" short, then one short either featuring Sebastian the Crab or Shnookums and Meat, and then an old "Marsupilami" short, from "Raw Toonage". Three of the 16 "Marsupilami" shorts made for "Raw Toonage" – "Wanna Be Ruler", "The Young and the Nestless", and "Hot Spots" – were not included in the 1993 "Marsupilami" series, but do appear on the PAL video (Betamax and VHS) releases.  The original Marsupilami comic stories by Franquin never had a speaking Marsupilami and never featured a gorilla or elephant in the Marsupilami's wild habitat, since these species are native to Africa, while the Marsupilami species in the comic version was said to come from South America. Another change is that Disney's animated Marsupilami can speak, whereas his comic counterpart can only mimic sound like a parrot.

Home media.

North American (NTSC) releases.

Three VHS and Betamax compilations, each containing five Marsupilami shorts, were released in North America by Walt Disney Home Video.

European and Oceania (PAL) releases.

Five VHS cassettes and Betamax cassettes, collecting the entire production of Marsupilami shorts produced by Disney, were released in Europe and Oceania by Walt Disney Home Video.

Other cartoons.

In 2000, a second Marsupilami cartoon premiered in France. It was produced by Marathon. Then in 2009, a third Marsupilami premiered in France. And was produced by Samka Productions Inc.

Marsupilami is an American animated television series that first appeared on television as a segment of the 1992 show "Raw Toonage", and was then spun off into his own eponymous show on CBS for the 1993–94 season. The show was based on the character from the popular comic book by Belgian artist André Franquin et al.


Career.

Born in Vyksa, Russian SFSR, Kolobnev spent his neo-pro year in 2002 with. His second season saw him sign with Domina Vacanze–Elitron. There, he took his first victory in Stage 2 of the Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali. He stayed with Domina Vacanze through the 2004 season and signed with UCI ProTeam for 2005. With Rabobank he managed to capture Stage 1 of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana in 2006.  In 2007 he transferred to. He won the third stage of Paris–Nice, became the inaugural winner of the Monte Paschi Eroica, now known as Strade Bianche, and finished second at the UCI Road World Championships. Kolobnev finished fourth in the road race at the 2008 Olympic Games. Second-place finisher Davide Rebellin later tested positive for Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA), causing the IOC to strip him of his silver medal. Though the UCI considers Kolobnev promoted to third in the race's standings, he has not been awarded a bronze medal.

Controversies.

Positive doping test.

In the 2011 Tour de France he tested positive for the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide, a masking agent that can hide the presence of performance-enhancing drugs. He was subsequently pulled from the tour by his team, and his results for that stage were annulled. Despite his B sample also testing positive he only received a fine from the Russian cycling federation. However this was later appealed by the UCI to CAS, although he was subsequently cleared of any charges on 29 February 2012. Kolobnev rejoined in March 2012.

Alleged collusion at 2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège.

In 2012, the Union Cycliste Internationale initiated an investigation of Kolobnev and the Kazakh rider Alexander Vinokourov over allegations brought by the Swiss news magazine "L'lllustre" and Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera". They accused Vinokourov of cutting a deal with Kolobnev in 2010 to aid Vinokourov in winning Liège–Bastogne–Liège, alleging €150,000 exchanged hands. On 12 September 2019, prosecutors requested a six-month jail sentence for Kolobnev and Vinokourov, with an additional fine of €50,000 for Kolobnev, as well as €150,000 to be confiscated from his bank account. Kolobnev and Vinokourov were cleared on 5 November 2019, with the judge citing a "lack of concrete evidence" for the court's decision.

Personal life.

He lives in Dénia, Spain, with his wife Daria and two sons, David, Alexander and Aprelia.

Alexandr Vasilievich Kolobnev (; born 4 May 1981) is a Russian former professional road bicycle racer. His major victories include winning the 2007 Monte Paschi Eroica, a stage of the 2007 Paris–Nice and he is a two-time winner of the Russian National Road Race Championships. In 2011, he was provisionally suspended after testing positive for a potential drug masking agent. He was cleared of intentional doping by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in February 2012, and returned to in March 2012.


History.

The Cree have lived in the region for many centuries but were nomadic. In 1803, the Hudson's Bay Company founded Fort George, a trading post on the north shore which was relocated to the largest island in the mouth of La Grande River in 1837. Fort George became a permanent village as the local Cree population abandoned their nomadic way of life in the early 20th century and settled nearby. In 1940, its population was about 750 and grew to almost 2,000 in 1980.  In the mid 1970s, the construction of the James Bay hydro-electric project began, diverting upstream rivers into La Grande watershed, increasing its flow significantly, resulting in erosion of Fort George Island (also called Governor's Island) and disruption to the formation of a solid ice cover in winter. In response, the Quebec Government built a new community on the mainland's south shore, relocating the population and some 200 houses to the new site in 1981. The village was renamed Chisasibi (official name: Cree Nation of Chisasibi). At the same time, the Fort George Relocation Corporation was formed to oversee the relocation.

The Cree Nation of Chisasibi.

Chisasibi is the most northern Cree village accessible by road, and the northernmost community with year-round road access in eastern North America. A paved road, running from Radisson, and parallel to the Grand River, connects Chisasibi to the James Bay Road (French: "Route de la Baie James"). The James Bay Road (formerly part of Route 109) was built from 1971 to 1974 as part of the James Bay hydroelectric project and connects Matagami to Radisson. Chisasibi Airport is located just west of the village and Air Creebec operates scheduled service from this airport. Though this is the most northern village, this is not where the road ends. From LG-1 (La Grande-1 generating station), the road continues north to a location called Longue Pointe (Long Point). It is the farthest one can go by road east of the Hudson Bay.  Many Cree in Chisasibi engage in hunting, trapping, and fishing activities but all catch is meant for local consumption. Other economic activity includes local services (health care and education), employment by Hydro-Québec and some hospitality services. An elected Chief and Council help administer the Cree Nation of Chisasibi Office.  Other Cree villages near Chisasibi are Whapmagoostui, to the north in Nunavik, on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay near the Northern village of Kuujjuarapik, and Wemindji, about to the south.

Demographics.

The population of Chisasibi comprises approximately 4,000 Cree, about 250 Inuit, and 300 non-native people. Statistics Canada's 2011 Census shows a total population of 4,484. 2006 Census shows the median age of the population is 24.1 years old, the percentage of the population aged 15 and over is 66.2, and the total number of census families was 960.  Total private dwellings (excluding seasonal cottages): 788 (total: 885)

Languages.

Cree and Inuit are spoken as the first language in Chisasibi, in addition to English, as a primary language for official dealings. Only 7.8% of the residents of Chisasibi speak one or both of the official languages as a mother tongue. There has been criticism of the Quebec language policy with respect to native languages, particularly Cree, many related to Hydro-Québec's hydroelectric dam project in the James Bay region.  Mother tongues:

Education.

The Cree School Board operates Waapinichikush Elementary School and the James Bay Eeyou School (JBES; ; ), a high school. Eeyou opened in 1980. Previously the school provided boarding services for high school students for students from other villages of the James Bay region: Eastmain, Whapmagoostui, and Wemindji as at the time all high school classes in the region were in Chisasibi. Eeyou has 398 students.

Climate.

Chisasibi has a subarctic climate (Köppen "Dfc"), typical of the central latitudes of Quebec, with very cold and snowy winters and mild, rainy summers.

Chisasibi ( meaning Great River) is a village on the eastern shore of James Bay, in the Eeyou Istchee equivalent territory (ET) in northern Quebec, Canada. It is situated on the south shore of La Grande River (the Grand River), less than from the river's mouth. Chisasibi is one of nine Cree villages in the region, and is a member of the Grand Council of the Crees of Quebec. The territory surrounding Chisasibi is part of the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory, of which parts are jointly managed by the municipalities of the Jamésie TE and the Cree Regional Authority of the Eeyou Istchee TE.


Playing career.

Club career.

Tottenham Hotspur.

Bunjevčević joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 from Red Star Belgrade for a reported fee of £5 million. He made his Premier League debut on 18 August against Aston Villa in a 0–0 draw. In September of the 2001-02 season Tottenham played Chelsea in the league and Bunjevčević suffered a fractured cheekbone which left him out of the squad till December.  Starting only in League Cup matches, during the 2004-05 season he scored his only goals (two) for the club (in the 6–0 away defeat of Oldham Athletic on 22 September in the competition, and a late equaliser in the 4–3 away win against Bolton Wanderers on 29 October that took the game into extra time). He was released on 26 May 2006 after five years at White Hart Lane and making a total of 58 appearances in all competitions.

ADO Den Haag.

After release by Tottenham, Bunjevčević joined Dutch outfit ADO Den Haag. He played at the club for one season before retiring.

International career.

Bunjevčević was a member of the FR Yugoslavia side at the UEFA Euro 2000 but he did not appear in any matches. In total, he collected sixteen caps between 1998 and 2003 for the national side.

Administrative career.

At the beginning of March 2008 he was named as Red Star Belgrade's sporting director, replacing Stevan Stojanović in the position. Bunjevčević worked at the post under club president Toplica Spasojević. On 2 September 2008 Bunjevčević left Red Star Belgrade along with club president Spasojević.  By December 2014, it had been 3 years since he became the chairman of FK Zemun.  In May 2016, Bunjevčević was elected into an executive board of the Football Association of Serbia under a new president, Slaviša Kokeza.  He became sport director of the association, managing among others the appointment of the national team coach.

Personal life.

His younger brother Mirko was also a footballer.

Death.

On 20 May 2018, Bunjevčević suffered an aneurysm followed by a stroke and had to undergo emergency surgery. While in hospital care, the Serbian national team at the FIFA World Cup beat Costa Rica 1-0, and the team captain and only scorer Aleksandar Kolarov dedicated the goal and the win to Bunjevčević. On 28 June 2018, Bunjevčević died at the age of 45 after over a month in a coma.

Goran Bunjevčević (, ; 17 February 1973 – 28 June 2018) was a Serbian footballer who played as a defender in Serbia, England and the Netherlands.


Traditions.

The word "Hoya".

The University admits that the precise origin of the term "Hoya" is unknown. At some point before 1893, and likely before 1891, students versed in classical languages combined the Greek "hoia" or "hoya", meaning "what" or "such", and the Latin "saxa" to form "Hoya Saxa!", or "What Rocks!" This cheer may either refer to the stalwart defense of the football team, or to the baseball team, which was nicknamed the "Stonewalls", or to the actual stone wall that surrounds the campus. Father William McFadden, S.J., campus Jesuit and the team's in-house announcer at the Capital One Arena, has disputed the Greek and Latin origin, suggesting the classical words were retroactively applied to a nonsensical cheer. After World War I, the term "Hoya" was increasingly used on campus, including for the newspaper and the school mascot. In 1920, students began publishing the campus's first sports newspaper under the name "The Hoya", after successfully petitioning the Dean of the College to use it instead of the proposed name, "The Hilltopper". "Hilltoppers" was also a name sometimes used for the sports teams. By the fall of 1928, the newspaper had taken to referring to the sports teams as the Hoyas. This was influenced by a popular half time show at football games, where the mascot, a dog nicknamed "Hoya," would entertain fans.  Georgetown's unique team name has caused opponents to mock Georgetown with chants including "What's a Hoya?" Harrison High School, located in Kennesaw, Georgia, is the only other institution in the country licensed to share this name. However, Georgetown Preparatory School, which separated from the University in 1927, uses the name "Little Hoyas" for its sports teams and shares the University's blue and gray color scheme.

Mascot.

Georgetown's nickname is The Hoyas, but its mascot is "Jack the Bulldog." Various breeds of dogs have been used by the sports teams as mascots since the early 1900s. Several notable bull terriers like Sergeant Stubby and "Hoya" were used at football games in the 1920s, as was a Great Dane in the 1940s. However, in 1951, the school suspended its football program because of the increasing cost of the game financially and academically, which left the school without an official live mascot.  In 1964, the school permitted exhibition football games to resume, and students financed the purchase of a young English bulldog named Royal Jacket, whom they intended to rename "Hoya", but he only responded to the callname "Jack". This breed was chosen to represent the school because of their "tenacity." The athletics department subsequently adopted as its logo a drawing of a bulldog sporting a blue and gray freshman beanie. The original Jack retired in 1967, but the name was carried over to his successors. In 1977, the university began the tradition of dressing up a student in a blue and gray bulldog costume, replacing the live bulldog, though several dogs periodically joined the costumed mascot during the 1980s and 1990s.  In 1999, Scott R. Pilarz, S.J., with the help of the Hoya Blue fan club, revived the tradition of an official live bulldog named Jack, to work along with the costumed mascot. When Pilarz left for the University of Scranton in 2003, taking Jack with him, Georgetown secured a new bulldog puppy and found another Jesuit, Christopher Steck, S.J., to care for him. The current bulldog is named "John S. Carroll," a play on the name of Georgetown's founder, which name allows for continuation of the "Jack the Bulldog" nickname. After Jack injured his leg in 2012, two Georgetown parents donated a younger bulldog puppy, who the school refers to as "Jack Jr."

Colors.

Blue and gray are the official colors of Georgetown University and its athletic teams. The colors are an important reminder of the school's past. During the American Civil War, Prussian blue was commonly used in Union uniforms, while cadet grey was used in Confederate uniforms. These colors were introduced by the rowing team in 1876, who deemed blue and gray "appropriate colors for the [Boat] Club and expressive of the feeling of unity between the Northern and Southern boys of the College." Girls from neighboring Georgetown Visitation sewed the original uniforms together for the team and presented the Boat Club with a blue and gray banner reading "Ocior Euro" (Swifter than the Wind).  The basketball and lacrosse teams use gray as their primary color in home jerseys, with blue in away jerseys. White is also frequently used as an accent to these colors, and is actually the main color in the football and baseball teams' away jerseys and the soccer team's home jerseys. Campus spirit groups often encourage students to "bleed Hoya blue," a slogan used on teeshirts and bumper stickers sold to fans. Fans are generally encouraged to wear gray to home games, and sellouts are referred to as a "gray out." Though various shades are used, the primary ones suggested by the school's identification policy are pantone 409 and pantone 282, which is the same shade as Oxford Blue.

Fight song.

The Georgetown Fight Song, known as "There Goes Old Georgetown", is actually an amalgamation of three songs, only the oldest of which, 1913's "The Touchdown Song", contains the lyric "here goes old Georgetown". Students combined a version of "The Touchdown Song" with "Cheer for Victory", written in 1915, and "The Hoya Song", written in 1930, both of which are included in their entirety. The authors of these songs, and of the combined version, are unknown.  Georgetown's fight song is rare among U.S. university fight songs for mentioning other colleges by name. Specifically, it mentions Yale University, Harvard University, Princeton University, College of the Holy Cross, the United States Naval Academy, and Cornell University, who were all rivals of Georgetown in the early to mid-20th century, and mocks their fight songs. In recent years the Hoyas only play Cornell and Holy Cross regularly (in football), and many of these schools no longer use the fight songs that Georgetown's song mocks.

Sports sponsored.

Georgetown University fields 23 varsity level sports teams, 11 men's teams, 11 women's teams, and one co-ed team. Intercollegiate sports include (inaugural season in parentheses):

Baseball.

Baseball is Georgetown's oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The Hoyas have seen little national success, with no appearances in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship since the event was established in 1947. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams. The Hoyas play their home games at Shirley Povich Field, a 1,500 seat stadium located in Bethesda, Maryland and named for "Washington Post" sports columnist Shirley Povich. The stadium was built in 2000. The Hoyas also utilize three lighted batting cages and two bullpen areas located on campus above Yates Field House, and adjacent to Kehoe Field.

Basketball.

The Georgetown University men's basketball team is the most well-known Hoya program. Georgetown's first intercollegiate men's basketball team was formed in 1907. Former Georgetown great Patrick Ewing is the head coach. The Hoyas historically have been well regarded not only for their team success, but also for their ability to generate players that after graduation succeed both on the court, such as Patrick Ewing, and off, such as Paul Tagliabue and Henry Hyde. The team has reached the NCAA Tournament Final Four five times including the 1984 national championship, and has won the Big East Tournament seven times, and has also won or shared the Big East regular season title ten times.  The women's basketball also plays in the Big East Conference, and are coached by James Howard. The team was first formed in 1970, and joined the Big East in 1983. They play their home games on campus at McDonough Gymnasium. The women's team so far has not seen the same success as the men's, and have only been invited to the NCAA tournament three times, reaching the Sweet Sixteen in 1993 and 2011, and the second round in 2010. They have been invited to the Women's National Invitation Tournament, five times, progressing furthest in 2009 by reaching the fourth round.

Football.

The football team at Georgetown was first formed on November 1, 1874, with the earliest recorded games dating to 1887. By the 1940s, Georgetown had one of the better college football teams in America, and played in the 1941 Orange Bowl, where they lost 14–7 to Mississippi State. As the college game became more expensive after World War II, however, Georgetown's program began to lose money rapidly. The Hoyas last successful season was 1949, when they lost in the Sun Bowl against Texas Western. However the program was losing too much money, and on March 22, 1951, the university's president canceled the football program.  In 1964, Georgetown allowed its students to start a football program as an exhibition-only club sport. Varsity football resumed in 1970 at what later became known as the Division III level. Today, Georgetown plays at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision, competing in the Patriot League and perennially plays against Ivy League schools. The Hoyas have also begun a cross-town rivalry with Howard University for a championship known as the D.C. Cup.  "Big Jim" Ricca, an NFL defensive end and offensive lineman, graduated in 1949 and was the last Hoya to play in an NFL game. In 2007, the Washington Redskins made Alex Buzbee a reserve player, becoming the first Georgetown player on an NFL team since Ricca retired in 1956. The 2011 Georgetown Football team finished 8-3, which was their first winning season since the 1999 campaign, giving them a second place in the conference.

Golf.

The men's golf team has won four Big East Conference championships: 1998, 2010, 2016, and 2018. The women's golf team has won two Big East Conference championships: 2017 and 2018. They are coached by Tommy Hunter, who was named Big East Coach of the Year in 2010. They have crowned two national champions: Maurice McCarthy Jr. in 1928 and John Burke in 1938.

Lacrosse.

Both the men's and women's lacrosse teams have been highly competitive in recent years, both in conference and tournament play. A men's lacrosse team was first organized in 1951, and entered Division 1 play in 1970. The team played in the Eastern College Athletic Conference until the 2010 season, when the Big East Conference created a men's league. The men's team made the NCAA Tournament each season from 1996–2007, reaching the Final Four in 1999.  The women's lacrosse team was formed in 1977, and won the first 6 consecutive Big East titles from 2001–2006. The Lady Hoyas reached the NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship final in both 2001 and 2002. In 2005, their first season under new coach Ricky Fried, the team went 13–5 and made the NCAA Tournament for the 8th straight year. Both the men's and women's teams play their home games on Multi-Sport Field.

Rowing.

Rowing at Georgetown has a distinguished history dating back to the founding of the Boat Club in 1876. The team was however suspended from 1909 to 1920 due to lack of interest, and involvement in World War I. Georgetown added a men's lightweight team in 1963, a women's team in 1975, and a women's lightweight team in 1996.  The men have won 5 national championships at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta, the most recent being the men's varsity lightweight fours with coxswain on June 5, 2016. The first national championship win was in 1991 with the varsity heavyweight fours with coxswain.  Under the guidance of coaches Luke Agnini and Steve Full, Georgetown competes as a member of the top leagues in American rowing, the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges and Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges. Georgetown's four crew teams have seen success in recent years, including trips to the Henley Royal Regatta and entry into the Eastern Sprints for the men's heavyweight and lightweight teams and second-in-the-nation finishes for both men's and women's lightweight teams. Many Georgetown oarsmen and -women have gone on to represent the United States on national and Olympic teams. The lightweight women's team has earned bronze medals at Women's Eastern Sprints in the Lightweight Women's Varsity 8+ in 2013 and the Lightweight Women's Varsity 4+ in 2015. The LW8+ crew earning bronze in 2013 was later named Row2k Crew of the Week.  The university rents space in Thompson Boat Center, though it has ongoing plans to build a new boathouse closer to campus. For land workouts, Georgetown rowers have access to the Rowing Training Center, a refurbished storeroom beneath the Leavey Center that was repurposed into an erg room in 2013 (its underground, windowless location has inspired numerous nicknames such as the "Thunder Dungeon"). Notable Georgetown crew alumni include walk-on Mike Vespoli, the founder and chief executive officer of Vespoli USA, Inc.; U.S. team athletes Mike Altman and Jack Carlson; and actor Bradley Cooper.

Sailing.

The sailing team competes in the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association (MAISA) of the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association (ICSA). Under coach Mike Callahan has been ranked number 1 nationally in the ICSA Sailing World College Rankings on multiple occasions. The team sails from the Washington Sailing Marina Andrew Campbell was named U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) Male Sailing Athlete of the Year in 2002 and 2005, and ICSA College Sailor of the Year in 2006. He is one of the six team members awarded as College Sailors of the Year on seven occasions, as Nevin Snow has taken the prize twice, in 2015 and 2016. Campbell helped lead the team to the first of their 14 Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Championships since 2001, and are the reigning national co-ed champions. During this time the team also won seven MAISA conference championships, known as the America Trophy. After the team's 2013 national championship, they were invited to participate in the 2014 World University Match Racing Championships in Trentino, Italy, on Lago di Ledro, which they won 7–1, besting nineteen teams from fourteen countries. The Hoyas won the Leonard M. Fowle Trophy to the best overall collegiate team in 2006.

Soccer.

The men's soccer team was organized in 1952, and won a national championship in 2019. That year was their second national title game, having been runners up in 2012, with nine total NCAA Tournament appearances. They play in the Big East Conference, and have won the conference tournament four times and the regular season seven times. They are coached by Brian Wiese, and play their home games on campus at North Kehoe Field. The women's soccer team began play in 1991, have been coached by Dave Nolan since 1999, and share the same home field. The women's team has been to the NCAA Tournament twice, in 2007 and 2010, when they advanced to the quarterfinals.  Six players from the men's soccer team have played professionally for Major League Soccer: Phil Wellington (drafted in 1996), Brandon Leib (1997), Eric Kvello (1999), Dan Gargan 2004 (Selected 43rd overall in the 2005 MLS Supplemental Draft), Jeff Curtin 2005 (1st round draft Pick #14 overall), and Steve Neumann 2014 (1st round draft pick in 2014 MLS SuperDraft, 4th overall pick). Ricky Schramm, who played on the 2006 Hoyas, was drafted in the 3rd round by D.C. United. Women's team star Ingrid Wells has played on the United States U-23 women's national soccer team and for Göteborg FC.

Tennis.

Georgetown University has both men's and women's varsity tennis teams. In March 2019 federal prosecutors indicted Gordon Ernst, the former Georgetown head coach of the men's and women's teams from 2006 until 2017, for accepting more than $2.7 million in bribes from parents to secure their children’s Georgetown admission by allegedly falsely designating at least 12 applicants, including those who did not play tennis competitively, as recruits for the Georgetown tennis team as part of the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal. Ernst was charged with racketeering conspiracy and ordered to forfeit $2.7 million, a home in Chevy Chase, Maryland, his Chevy Chase country club membership, and a financial account.

Track and field.

Georgetown has been nationally successful in both cross country and track and field. The men and women's track and field teams practice off-campus at Duke Ellington Track in neighboring Burleith. The men's and women's teams have both been ranked #1 by the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association in recent years, both nationally and in the Mid-Atlantic Region. In 2011, the women's cross country program won Georgetown's only other team NCAA Championship by besting Big East rival Villanova. Chris Miltenberg, women's cross country coach, won the 2011 NCAA coach of the year for women's cross country. Patrick Henner is the director of men's and women's track and field. Georgetown track and field has won 21 individual NCAA National Championships, being 15 by male athletes and 6 by female athletes. The first individual NCAA National Champion was Charles Capozzoli in cross country in 1952. To date, there have also been 11 National Champions in indoor and 9 National Champions in outdoor NCAA track and field championships.

NCAA team championships.

Georgetown has won 3 NCAA Division 1 team national championships.

NCAA individual championships.

Georgetown has won 23 NCAA Division 1 individual national championships:  Georgetown has also won 1 NCAA Division 2 individual national championship:

Club teams.

Georgetown University fields numerous club sports teams. They range from club versions of varsity sports, such as tennis or basketball, to sports for which there is no varsity equivalent, such as men and women's Water Polo Clubs or Ultimate Frisbee. The university began supporting club teams in 2000. Though other teams exist, such as the Georgetown University Croquet Society, the Club Sports Board at Georgetown supports eleven men's club teams, ten women's, and three co-ed teams (year founded in parentheses):

Boxing.

The men's and women's boxing teams compete as part of the United States Intercollegiate Boxing Association. The women's boxing team won the 2019 USIBA national championship.

Rugby.

The Georgetown University Rugby Football Club is the intercollegiate men's rugby union team that represents Georgetown in the USA Rugby Division II competition. It was founded in the spring semester of 1967 by former members of the Washington D.C. Rugby Football Club including graduate student Michael Murphy. In 2005, Georgetown's first reached the Final Four of the USA Rugby Collegiate Division II National Tournament. The "Hoya Ruggers" again reached for the semifinals in 2009 in Palo Alto, California, and have had an undefeated 2009-10 season.  A women's rugby team was founded in 2000, and plays in Division II in the Potomac Rugby Union (PRU). They have won the PRU championship four consecutive times from 2006 to 2009. They have also been invited to the Mid-Atlantic Rugby Football Union tournament three times, and were runners-up in 2006-07.

Ice hockey.

Georgetown's ice hockey team plays in the ACHA Division II in the Atlantic Coast Collegiate Hockey League (ACCHL) as one of three teams whose primary conference is not the Atlantic Coast Conference. Since joining this conference in 2003, the team has won the conference championship four times, in 2004-05, 2006–07, 2007–08, and again in 2012-13. The team previously played in the Division III Mason-Dixon Collegiate Hockey Association, where it won the league championship in 1997, 1999, and 2000. In 2001 and 2002, they were invited to the national tournament of the American Collegiate Hockey Association, which the team had joined in 1999. Coach Brad Card now leads the team, taking over the bench for Coach John Kokidko. The team plays its home matches at the Washington Capitals' practice arena, Kettler Capitals Iceplex in Ballston, Arlington, Virginia at the Ballston Common Mall.

Athletic directors.

After Bernard Muir left the position as the Director of the Athletic Department on May 11, 2009, a year long search for a replacement began. Dr. Daniel R. Porterfield, Senior Vice President for Strategic Development, served as Interim Director of Athletics beginning June 3, 2009, until Lee Reed took the position on April 15, 2010.

In popular culture.

With the rise of Georgetown's men's basketball team in the 1980s, the Hoyas became increasingly associated with the black community in the United States and in the Washington, DC, area in particular. Consequently, Georgetown came to be referenced in work by African-American artists, including Spike Lee's "She's Gotta Have It", Outkast's "Aquemini" and Jay-Z's "Kingdom Come".

The Georgetown Hoyas are the intercollegiate athletics teams that officially represent Georgetown University, located in Washington, D.C. Georgetown's athletics department fields 23 men's and women's varsity level teams and competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level as a member of the Big East Conference, with the exception of the Division I FCS Patriot League in football. In late 2012, Georgetown and six other Catholic, non-FBS schools announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference. The rowing and sailing teams also participate in east coast conferences. The men's basketball team is the school's most famous and most successful program, but Hoyas have achieved success in a wide range of sports.


Career.

1996–2001.

"We'll Build Them a Golden Bridge", Destroyer's 1996 debut, is made up of sixteen lo-fi home-recordings. One reviewer suggested that the album combines Bejar's "gift for melodies" with "a concerted effort to make the recording downright inconsumable; the guitars are always out of tune, and the vocals of Fisher-Price quality. 'Static means punk / tuning is junk,' Bejar moans on one track." "Ideas for Songs", released on cassette in 1997, features songs akin to those on his first album. The cassette stemmed from a request to contribute songs for a compilation album.  As Bejar gained popularity in Vancouver's music scene, he was joined by producer John Collins for 1998's "City of Daughters", which was recorded at a proper studio. Pitchfork noted that the songs still sounded "homespun", also noting "[t]he wordiness that would become something of a trademark is in full effect", but that "unlike much of what came later, not every line is worthy of examination."  "Thief" (2000) embodied "Bejar's first stab at matching his grandiose, idiosyncratic vision to a showier sound"; it was the first to feature a backing band on every track. The record's "anthemic yet understated" piano-driven ballads have characteristically enigmatic lyrics, though some reviewers interpreted them as critiques of the music industry.  "" (2001) realized the sonic refinement started with "City of Daughters". Bejar put it this way: "I don't think it gives credence to any kind of conceptualization of the records, but I hope that City of Daughters, Thief, and Streethawk will pop into some kind of a progression that ends with Streethawk." A critical success, the album retrospectively received a rating of 9.1/10 from Pitchfork.

2002–2007.

The 2002 rock album "This Night" was a dramatic change in style. The looser, less rehearsed style was criticized as "messy [and] haphazard without purpose", though other critics praised the "beautiful mess of sounds" as "challenging... [and] a powerful, cohesive whole." In a 2006 interview (after the release of "Your Blues" and "Destroyer's Rubies"), Bejar said the album "came together pretty quickly – we probably could have used more than four or five days to mix the whole thing, but that's all hindsight. It's still my favorite Destroyer record."  "Your Blues" (2004) saw Destroyer take another unexpected turn, using MIDI instrumentation for almost all the backing music. Bejar coined the term "European blues" to describe its unique, theatrical sound. One reviewer pointed out that "Bejar's unusual voice sounds more confident, and higher up" in the synth-rich arrangements. In another twist, the EP "Notorious Lightning & Other Works" reworked six tracks from the record with a live band, the very thing the LP had forsaken (the band was Frog Eyes, who toured with Destroyer in support of "Your Blues").  Bejar returned with a live band for 2006's "Destroyer's Rubies", delivering his most confident record up to that point. The backing band took new-found prominence and, according to Bejar, "[t]he production seems... warm and lush and pretty focused on just making the band sound good and having everything sit well together." "Now" magazine observed, "[w]hile the sheer density of Bejar's writing can be overwhelming, "Destroyer's Rubies" is, on a musical level, the most 'accessible' disc he's released."

2008–2013.

For "Trouble in Dreams" (2008), "there was a scary lack of ideas coming into the record", Bejar admitted. Destroyer's piano player Ted Bois took it upon himself, as an alternative to keyboard and piano accompaniment, to create all string and synth arrangements for the songs. At the time, Bejar said it was the "hardest record" to make.  After the 2009 EP "Bay of Pigs" came 2011's full-length album, "Kaputt" (featuring a slightly modified "Bay of Pigs" track). Bejar cited influences such as Miles Davis and Roxy Music for his new jazz-infused, lounge music-inspired, sophisti-pop direction. In multiple interviews, Bejar variously stressed that he "sang in a completely different manner, almost unconscious of even singing, more like speaking into a vacuum, and was really happy with the results." The record entailed a number of firsts for Destroyer: first national television performance (on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon"); first official music video; first female backing vocals; and the first time Bejar performed without an instrument on tour – his concentration placed solely on his singing. "Kaputt" was short listed for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize and was Pitchfork's second best album of 2011.  Smaller in scale, Destroyer's fourth EP "Five Spanish Songs" is sung entirely in Spanish, Bejar covered songs by Sr. Chinarro (). Bejar's own tongue-in-cheek press release announcing the new songs began: "It was 2013. The English language seemed spent, despicable, not easily singable."

2014–present.

Bejar released "Poison Season" on August 28, 2015. Bejar notes that the album's sound grew from "just really getting into what we were sounding like playing live [following "Kaputt"]." Bejar added that he would not have been able to make such an ambitious album if "Kaputt" had not been successful. Recorded with a live band and a pronounced string section, the album's "grand cinematic set of songs" feature Bejar singing with a broader range than before: "This is the first record that I've ever done that comes close to my idea of myself as a singer", Bejar said.  In 2017, Bejar released "ken", an album produced by Destroyer drummer Joshua Wells of Black Mountain.  Destroyer's twelfth studio album, "Have We Met", was released on January 31, 2020.

Band name.

In 2002, Bejar said about the band name, "I kind of wanted to go for a rock 'n' roll name. In our own special way we're tearing shit apart, you just have to listen very carefully. Musically I knew it was never going to be a metal band, but I thought lyrically there were fangs to the music." Bejar added in 2008, "I was actually so out of it I didn't know that there was a Kiss record called Destroyer because I didn't know anything about Kiss. I still don't know anything about them. I just thought it was a cool rock-and-roll name, and I was kind of blown away that it hadn't been taken already. I was like, 'I have to use this because it's so weird that no one's used it before.'"

Collaborators.

The ever-evolving band lineup can give the impression that Destroyer is a solo project. However, Bejar has insisted "[t]he music is always collaborative and I think that gets lost in the weird cult of personality shit that seems to get whipped up around me." Although Bejar had claimed that the lineup from certain recording sessions would be permanent, later recording sessions and tours added and dropped musicians. Several band members have the commonality of being from the production team of JC/DC (John Collins and David Carswell).  Some songs recorded for "Your Blues" originated from Bejar's musical contribution to Sheila Heti's play "All Our Happy Days Are Stupid".  On the EP "Archer on the Beach" (2010), Bejar worked with ambient-music composer Tim Hecker for the title track. Bejar wrote in the press release: "The reason why this has to be seen as a collaboration, rather than strictly a Destroyer release, is that, for the first time, I'm not responsible for any of the music... aside from the vocals, the general chord progression." On the B-side, the spoken word song "Grief Point", Loscil provided the music. Loscil also composed an extra track, "Loscil's Rubies", on the vinyl version of "Destroyer's Rubies".  American visual artist Kara Walker contributed to the lyrics for "Kaputt"s "Suicide Demo (For Kara Walker)". Organized by Merge, Walker sent cue cards with bits of text to Bejar in 2009.  Vancouver artist and Hello, Blue Roses partner, Sydney Hermant has provided the cover art for multiple Destroyer albums, including "We'll Build Them a Golden Bridge", "This Night", "Your Blues" and "Trouble in Dreams".

Destroyer is a Canadian rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia fronted by singer-songwriter Dan Bejar and formed in 1995. Destroyer songs are characterized by abstract, poetic lyrics and idiosyncratic vocals. The band's discography draws on a variety of musical influences, resulting in albums that can sound markedly distinct from one another; in Bejar's words, "That's kind of my goal: to start from scratch every time."


Pre-colonial literary practice.

Literacy was first established in the West African region now known as Senegal following the introduction of Islam during the 11th century. As a result, a hybridized African form of writing which combined the Arabic script with the phonology of local languages (such as Wolof and Fulfulde) emerged. This came to be known as "Ajami" (“barbarism” in Arabic due to its interpretation being incomprehensible to Arabic speakers).  The literature which emerged as a result of this new form of expression was initially limited to the study and advancement of Islamic theology such as prayers and religious edicts. However, secular functions soon followed during the rapid growth of islam during the 11th-15th century, during which time "Ajami" was used for administrative purposes, eulogies, poetry and public announcements.  The majority of known pieces of literature produced during the era preceding the period of French expansion into Senegal during the 1850s, are mostly poems. Two distinct poetic motifs were used during this period, being didactic and lyrical (the elegy and panegyric). Examples include Ahmad Ayan Sih, whose fluid metaphoric expressions are some of the most well-documented pieces of Arabic poetry to have been produced in Senegal. Another example includes Dhu al-nun, whose panegyric poetry made allusions to the Quran and issues of piety.

Oral tradition.

"Main article: Griot"  Prior to the introduction of written language (Arabic and "Ajami") in the greater Senegambian region, spoken word was the medium through which societies preserved their traditions and histories. Masters of this oral tradition, who belong to a specific hereditary caste within cultural hierarchies, are known as griots ("guewel" in Wolof or "Jali" in Mandinka. Griot originates from the French "guiriot", a possible transliteration of the Portuguese term "criado", meaning servant). In Manlinke (Mandinka), Wolof, Futa, Soninke, Bambara and Pulaar culture these storytellers are often limited to the term “praise singers”. However they often play the combined role of historians, genealogists, musicians, spokespeople, advisors, diplomats, interpreters, reporters, composers, teachers and poets. In the precolonial monarchical societies of Senegal (ie. Jolof, Futa Toro and Bundu empires), griots were directly attached as advisors to an aristocratic court. Later, with the expansion of Islam in Senegal from the 11th-15th centuries, some griots became attendants to Islamic scholars. Some, however, remained independent and charged a fee for their services at both solemn (funeral rituals) and festive occasions (births, marriage ceremonies and circumcision rites). Griots tend to be categorised as either "waxkats" (mediators or spokesperson for a noble; or “a person who speaks”) or "woykats" (“someone who sings”).  A griot’s training often involves an apprenticeship with an older man (ie. father or uncle, as griots usually belong to a familial heritage), whereby the apprentice masters a repertoire of stories and songs as well as a specific instrument to accompany them. The chordophones used often include the khalam, xalamkat or ngoni (lute with one to five strings), kora (harp lute) and riti (one-stringed bow handled lute). Percussion instruments include dried, hollow gourds, the tamal (armpit drum) as well as the balafon (percussion instrument akin to the xylophone). One of the most frequently retold oral epics in the geographical region of Senegambia is the mythic story of the Bundu Kingdom’s establishment in the 1690s. The story has varying interpretations and many alternative narratives, however the story follows a common thematic sequence. The tale follows a Pulaar-speaking cleric called Maalik Sii from Suyuuma, a region within the Futa Toro kingdom, located along the modern day border of Senegal and Mauritania. He and his followers, through skillful diplomacy and military strategy, expelled the Soninke-speaking Gajaaga kingdom from the region known as Bundu and granted political independence to the many Pulaar people already inhabiting the area. The story is often told in such a way that justifies the existence of the state legitimises the authority of its rulers.  In the contemporary age, griots have maintained their significance as traditional custodians through performance. Senegalese singers and instrumentalists who fall under the griot genre due to hereditary caste include Mansour Seck, Thione Seck, Ablaye Cissoko and Youssou N'Dour. However many musicians have adopted the role in a break from traditional values. These include Baaba Mal, Nuru Kane and Coumba Gawlo. A typical contemporary example of a “praise-song” would be Khar M’Baye Maadiaga’s (a female musician of griot descent) “Democratie”, which praised the second president of Senegal Abdou Diouf and the Parti Socialiste.

Colonial-era writing.

The most documented authors active during the era of French colonialism in Senegal were David Abbé Boilat, Leopold Panet and Bakary Diallo. David Boilat’s most discussed work "Esquisses Senegalaises" (1853), was a proto-ethnographic piece calling for the full colonisation of Senegal by the French. Having trained as catholic priest in France in the 1840s, Boilat believed in the need for a comprehensive missionary program (outlined in "Esquisses"), which would convert the “heathen” and “misguided” muslim majority in Senegal to Catholicism. Panet’s "Première exploration du Sahara occidental: Relation d’un voyage du Sénégal au Maroc" (1851), is a similarly colonial travel document charting Panet’s exploration of the Sahara desert. Diallo’s most influential work, "Force-bonte" (1926) is yet another widely studied Senegalese francophonic text which displayed the writer’s admiration for the French colonial administration.  Both Boilat’s and Diallo’s work are considered controversial contributions towards the Senegalese literary canon, as both works were heralded as motives for further French expansion into West Africa.

Anti-colonial works and the era of independence.

The era of Senegalese independence produced a wealth of politically conscious works categorised as “national literature”. These were works stressing the engagement between language, national identity and literature. An acclaimed novel composed in the early phases of independence includes Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s "L'Aventure ambiguë" (1961), which explores the interaction between western and African culture as well as concepts of hybrid African identity. Ousmane Sembene, the writer and filmmaker, wrote "Le Docker Noir" (Black Docker) in 1956. The novel is a loose reconstruction of Sembene’s experience of racism as a dock worker in Marseilles. Sembene went on to publish nine more novels and dozens of manuscripts, widening the breadth and thematic coverage of the Senegalese literary canon.  The leader of the Senegalese independence movement Leopold Sedar Senghor, is yet another significant literary figure. Through the publication of his first poetic anthology, "Chants D’Ombre" (1945), Senghor became a founding writer of the philosophy of negritude. The defining feature of Senghor’s philosophy was a sense of cultural nationalism which stressed the importance of indigenous tradition and cultural practices. Senghor’s poetry often placed emphasis on the black experience within the colonial context, encouraging reevaluation and reconciliation of the African identity. Other notable anthologies include "Nocturnes" (1961) and "The Collected Poetry" (1991). He also composed numerous works of nonfiction on linguistics, philosophy, sociology and politics.  In Senghor’s introduction to his anthology of Senegalese literature (1977), the concept of “"francite"” is outlined. Senghor believed that the Senegalese culture maintained a balance of both French “logic” and Senegalese “passion”, forming a hybrid consciousness introduced by colonial rule. Senghor saw Bakary Diallo and David Boilat as founders of the Franco-Senegalese tradition, and praised their works.  Other notable novelists include Boubacar Boris Diop, author of "Le Temps de Tamango" (1981) and "Tamboure de la Memoirs" (1987), and Ibrahima Sall, author of "Les Routiers de Chimères" (1982). Diop’s novels make consistent reference to African revolutions, and explore the grandeur of African history. Sall’s work, particularly in "Les Routiers de Chimeres", has a distinct focus on the intersection of mysticism and realism, with allusions to the postmodernist literary movement.

Women’s contribution and Feminism.

Senegalese women only started to publish their own material after the country gained its independence in 1960. Female writers have since then made significant contributions in literature through the Senegalese novel. Mariama Bâ, feminist author of "So Long a Letter" (1979), is one such figure. Her work is an epistolary novel which explores the female condition within Senegalese society as well as the polygamic family dynamic present in certain African cultures. Her second work, "Scarlet Song" (1985), explores the dynamic of the interracial relationship from a third person perspective, allowing for an unbiased approach regarding the antagonisms of western and African cultures.  Aminata Sow Fall, considered the “grande dame” of Senegalese epistolary, has written four novels. Her subject matter ranges from the corruptibility of power and the nature of Senegalese society and culture to concepts of manhood. Other notable feminist authors include sociologist Fatou Sow, Fatou Diome and Ndeye Fatou Kane.

Film and cinema.

Following its independence in June 1960, Senegalese cinema flourished throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In 1974 alone, six feature-length films were produced by Senegalese filmmakers. Due to the high illiteracy rates at the time, many directors viewed cinema as a means of reconciling the themes of Senegalese writers and artists with the wider populous. Acclaimed filmmaker Ousmane Sembene drew inspiration from Nazi director Leni Riefenstahl’s "Olympiad" with regards to film as a platform for national communication. During the era of independence, film became a manifestation of the post-colonial identity, and is thus intimately tied to the country’s wider social and political history.  Historian and Filmmaker Paulin Soumanou Vieyra as well as writer Ousmane Sembene lay the basis for the film industry in the early 1960s, with "Une nation est née" (A nation was born) in 1961 and short film "Boroom Sarret" (The Wagoner) in 1963 respectively. "Boroom Sarret" captured the changing landscape of Senegalese society, reflecting the challenges of developing a national identity which incorporates over a century of colonial domination. Sembene continued to write and direct a multitude of films, including prize-winning pictures "La noire de..." (Black girl) in 1966, "Xala" in 1975 and "Guelwaar, une légende du 21 ème siècle" (Guelwaar, a Legend of the 21st Century) in 1993.  Other filmmakers who defined the expanding Senegalese film industry during the 1970s and 1980s include Mahama Johnson Traoré, Safi Faye, and Djibril Diop Mambéty, whose first feature-length film was entitled "Touki Bouki" (The Hyena’s Journey), released in 1973. The film portrays the duality of Senegalese identity and the longing for a livelihood in the highly romanticised France, as well as the struggle associated with fleeing one’s homeland.  Following an economic recession during the mid-1980s, Senegal’s film industry fell into decline. Throughout the following decades, the industry would experience severe difficulties with funding, production and exhibition. During the 2010s, however, a new wave of Senegalese cinema arose. Alain Gomis’ film "Tey" was released in 2012 and featured at the Cannes and London Film Festival, whilst Moussa Toure’s "La Pirogue" received international acclaim and was screened worldwide. in 2019, female director Mati Diop released "Atlantique" (Atlantics), which similarly screened at the Cannes Film Festival. Her debut feature film considers the female perspective of arranged marriage as well as the dangers of mass migration from West Africa to Europe.

Senegalese literature is written or literary work (novels, poetry, plays and films) which has been produced by writers born in the West African state. Senegalese literary works are mostly written in French, the language of the colonial administration. However, there are many instances of works being written in Arabic and the native languages of Wolof, Pulaar, Mandinka, Diola, Soninke and Serer. Oral traditions, in the form of Griot storytellers, constitute are a historical element of the Senegalese canon and have persisted as cultural custodians throughout the nation’s history. A form of proto-Senegalese literature arose during the mid 19th century with the works of David Abbé Boilat, who produced written ethnographic literature which supported French Colonial rule. This genre of Senegalese literature continued to expand during the 1920s with the works of Bakary Diallo and Ahmadou Mapaté Diagne. Earlier literary examples exist in the form of which led to the growth of a form African linguistic expressionism using the Arabic alphabet, known as "Ajami". Poets of this genre include Ahmad Ayan Sih and Dhu al-nun. Post-colonial Senegalese work often includes emphasis on “national literature”, a contemporary form of writing which stressed the engagement between language, national identity and literature. Senegalese novelists of this period include Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Boubacar Boris Diop and Ousmane Sembene. Poets include former Senegalese president and philosopher Léopold Sédar Senghor, Birago Diop, Cheikh Aliou Ndao and Alioune Badara Bèye.