Background.

Albert del Rosario was born in Manila on November 14, 1939, to Luis del Rosario and Amparo Ferreros. His great grandmother Teresa Sempio was a sister of Felipa Sempio, the mother of Gregorio del Pilar. His grandfather, Judge Simplicio Sempio del Rosario, was a delegate to the Malolos Congress.  Del Rosario graduated from Xavier High School in New York and subsequently attended college at New York University, graduating with a degree in Economics. In 2006, he was inducted into the Xavier High School Hall of Fame.  Before being appointed by Benigno Aquino III to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs post, del Rosario was the Philippine Ambassador to the United States under then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo from 2001 to 2006. He stepped down after disagreements with the Arroyo government. He reportedly opposed the hiring of more lobby groups for the Philippine government and had cautioned the Arroyo government on its move to declare emergency rule in 2006, following reported threats to national security.  In 2008, he wrote that he could not defend the emergency rule to Washington since it was "unjustifiable".  On September 15, 2014, del Rosario was awarded the Tanging Dangal Award (Gawad Dangal na Lipi), the highest recognition given to a Bulakenyo who demonstrated outstanding contributions to society. del Rosario's family hails from Bulakan, Bulacan.  On September 24, 2015, he was conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (Honoris Causa) from New York's College of Mount Saint Vincent for his commitment to democracy, advocacy to the poor, opposing corruption and promoting peaceful change in the Philippines. In his acceptance speech, del Rosario said,  “"As an official of the Philippine government, I am truly humbled to be honored after President Corazon Aquino, a Mount alumna. Thus, the honorary Doctor of Laws that the Mount has conferred upon me will always be my treasure as well as my inspiration. The Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs that I lead closely shares Mount Saint Vincent’s commitment to institutional integrity and excellence. I, therefore, consider the honor bestowed on me as recognition also for the hardworking men and women of the Philippine Foreign Service.”"

Ties with the Aquinos.

His ties with the Aquino family go back to President Aquino's parents. When the late Corazon Aquino was President for 6 years starting in 1986, he accompanied her on her state visits to the United States.  In 1991, Aquino conferred the Philippine Army Award to del Rosario for his initiatives as Chair of the Makati Foundation for Education.

Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

On February 24, 2011, President Benigno Aquino III swore in del Rosario as his Secretary of Foreign Affairs replacing Alberto Romulo.In May 2012, del Rosario called on the United States to supply the Philippines with "naval patrol vessels, aircraft, advanced radar systems and coastal surveillance facilities" in order to maintain his nation's sovereignty against Chinese claims in the South China Sea.  On March 30, 2014, the Philippines submitted its country's Memorial to the Arbitral Tribunal in the Hague that is hearing the case it brought against the People’s Republic of China under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Memorial seeks to have China’s claim of 90% of the South China Sea, including several features within the Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone, declared invalid. The case would be the first time international legal experts formally considered the validity of China’s territorial claims in the South China Sea. Del Rosario stated  "" With firm conviction, the ultimate purpose of the Memorial is our national interest. It is about defending what is legitimately ours. It is about securing our children’s future. It is about guaranteeing freedom of navigation for all nations. It is about helping to preserve regional peace, security and stability. And finally, it is about seeking not just any kind of resolution but a just and durable solution grounded in International Law.""  On July 7, 2015, del Rosario appeared before the Arbitral Tribunal in the Hague to present "Why the Philippines brought this case to Arbitration and its importance to the region and the world".  On February 8, 2016, del Rosario announced that he would resign as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, citing health reasons. He stepped down on March 7, 2016.

Albert Ferreros del Rosario (born November 14, 1939) is a Filipino diplomat. He was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 2011-2016.


Early life.

His grandfather was the famous German physicicist Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919), known for Voigt notation, Voigt profile and the Voigt effect, and who introduced the term tensor in 1898. He was born in February 1907 in Göttingen; he was the oldest of four brothers. His father was Karl Voigt (1879–1965).  He studied at technical high school in Darmstadt, in the south of Hesse.

Career.

Klemm.

He worked for Klemm, designing the Klemm Kl 35.

Messerschmitt.

He joined Messerschmitt, in Bavaria, in 1933.  He was the project leader for the designs of the Messerschmitt Me 264 (four-engined bomber), Messerschmitt Me 328, and the infamous rocket-engined Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet. He oversaw the design of the swept-wing Messerschmitt P.1101 jet fighter, which was never built (by the Germans), but provided a valued contribution to early American swept-wing jet fighters. From October 1938, Messerschmitt had been looking at designs for jet fighter aircraft. He was head of the Projects Department from 1939. At Messerschmitt, other designers included Wolfgang Degel.  In October 1943, the Messerschmitt design department moved to Oberammergau in southern Bavaria, on the Austrian border. The NATO School has been on the site since 1953.

Vought.

He went to work for the American aircraft company Vought, with one of his first designs being the Vought F7U Cutlass, which was developed from German scientists' data on swept-wing jet aircraft.

Personal life.

He married Clara Hollerung (born 12 September 1911) in 1935. He died in June 1980 in America, aged 73. He had lived in Annapolis, Maryland.

Woldemar Voigt (10 February 1907 - June 1980) was a German aerospace engineer, who was responsible for some of the advanced swept wing German jet-powered aircraft at the end of World War II; one of his designs for a jet bomber ended up being built in the 1950s as a British V bomber.


Plot.

After celebrating his 29th and - as everyone including himself knows - last birthday, James, a young man terminally ill with cancer, sets out on a last hiking trip with his three best friends, Davy, Bill and Miles. Their destination is James's favourite beach at Barafundle Bay, on the Pembrokeshire coast.  Davy is a kind, loyal and responsible soul who has been unemployed and helping James's family take care of him for quite a while already. Bill is boisterous and fun-loving, and everybody hopes he is finally getting around to breaking up with his oppressive girlfriend. Miles, lately absent from James's life, is a handsome intellectual turned into a businessman and the son of a successful novelist who died, also of cancer, when Miles was a child. James's and Miles's friendship used to be very close and has always bordered on rivalry, particularly as aspiring writers. James is too weak to walk much any more, so he mostly sits in a special cart and needs a lot of very practical and physical help from his companions, in addition to liquid morphine and other medications at increasing frequency to manage his chronic pain and other symptoms. Having been ill for years already, he seems to be at peace with his rapidly approaching death and takes childlike delight in everything this last journey has to offer. However, his failing strength and increasing discomfort and outright pain also bring out his bitterness in the knowledge that his life will be over before he ever had time to make anything much of it.  Traveling over the rugged and isolated coastal terrain, the young men fool around having light-hearted, juvenile fun to give James the time of his life. They also encounter various odd persons and situations and are faced with a series of setbacks and accidents, including loss of various supplies and finally the cart. Everyone's nerves and patience are sorely tested by James's outbursts at each of his friends in turn: out partly of premeditation and partly of spontaneous pain-induced anger, he seems to attempt to shake them out of mediocrity, settling for things and excessive unselfishness and into making what they actually want out of the lives they still have ahead. Davy is mortified by James's observations; Bill reveals that his girlfriend is pregnant and while he knows that they are not right for each other, he can't and won't leave her; Miles counters James's attacks with equally brutal honesty regarding James himself. Eventually James and Miles come to reveal the guilty secrets each has kept from the other. James found and read a novel manuscript Miles finished years ago without ever telling anyone, and has been jealous ever since but also impressed by Miles's talent. Miles has kept away from James lately because he has been unable and unwilling to cope with his best friend's illness, but he is in love and sleeping with James's married sister, and she and her children will soon come to live with Miles – something he did not intend James ever to know.  On the night they finally arrive at Barafundle Bay, James reveals the true purpose of the trip: he plans to drown himself in the sea before pain takes his life over completely. He asks his friends to let him do so and tell his family and the police that they woke up in the morning and found his body in the water. Horrified at the thought, they refuse; however, after temporarily losing James's morphine supply and witnessing him struggle with severe pain, they change their minds.  In the morning, James swims out with his friends keeping him company, and eventually Miles helps James drown himself near the shore and brings his body back.

Reception.

"The Observer"s Philip French called the film "competent", though "rather familiar and predictable, though not dislikable". The "Santa Monica Daily Press"s Cynthia Citron called it "an absorbing, moving, and captivating experience". "The Guardian"s Phelim O'Neill described it as "picaresque and directionless for quite some time, only falling into focus in the final furlong".

Third Star is a 2010 British drama film directed by Hattie Dalton and starring Benedict Cumberbatch, JJ Feild, Tom Burke, Adam Robertson, and Hugh Bonneville. It premiered at the Edinburgh Film Festival in June 2010, where it was shown as the closing film, and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 May 2011.


History.

TSV Bogen was formed in 1883 and, for most of its history, has been a non-descript amateur side in local Bavarian football. Formed as a gymnastics club "TSV" started operating a football department in 1926. For a short time, after the Second World War, the club was renamed ASV Bogen but soon reverted to its original name. The club briefly rose to the tier four 2. Amateurliga for a season in 1953–54 but was promptly relegated again. After this the club continued, for a time, to be a force in the local A-Klasse but was eventually relegated to the B-Klasse in 1961. Only in 1970 did the club return to the A-Klasse, followed by promotion to the Bezirksliga in 1972.  "TSV" played in one of the two divisions of the Bezirksliga Niederbayern from 1972 to 1985, on occasion coming close to Landesliga promotion without quite succeeding. After 1985 a lengthy decline followed, lasting until 2008 when the club once more won promotion to the Bezirksliga, where it played for two seasons from 2008 to 2010. It finished runners-up on both occasions, earning promotion to the Bezirksoberliga in 2010.  In its first Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern season the club finished sixth, followed by a third place in 2012. With the league disbanded at the end of that season and the Landesligas expanded from three to five divisions Bogen qualified for the new Landesliga Bayern-Mitte. In this league the club came first in the inaugural 2012–13 season and won promotion to the Bayernliga.  In its first season in the southern division of the Bayernliga the club finished in sixth place, followed by a fourth place the year after. Bogen was relegated two seasons later.

Honours.

The club's honours:

Recent seasons.

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

The TSV Bogen is a German association football club from the town of Bogen, Bavaria. The club's greatest success came in 2013 when it qualified for the southern division of the Bayernliga, the fifth tier of the German football league system.


Career.

Poiares Maduro was Advocate General at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg from 7 October 2003 to 6 October 2009.  He has been a Fulbright Visiting Research Scholar of Law at Harvard University, He is Doctor in Law at the European University Institute and won the Purpose Prize Europe for the best PhD thesis at the Institute that year.  He has worked as a lecturer at numerous institutions, including: College of Europe, Catholic University of Lisbon, the New University of Lisbon, School of Economics London, School of Chicago Law School, Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies in Spain, Instituto Ortega y Gasset in Madrid and Institute of European Studies of Macau.  Maduro belonged to the Political Committee of candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva in the 2011 presidential elections.  Between 2012 and 2013, Poiares Maduro served as member of the European Commission’s High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, an advisory panel set up by European Commissioner Neelie Kroes and chaired by Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga.  From 13 April 2013 to 30 October 2015, Maduro was Minister for Regional Development in the centre-right Portuguese government of Pedro Passos Coelho.  In 2016, Poiraes Maduro was elected as chairman of the FIFA Governance Committee and its independent Review Committee; his co-chairman is Mukul Mudgal.

Recognition.

In 2010 Poiraes Maduro was awarded the Gulbenkian Prize for science. He was made a Commander of the Order of St. James of the Sword by the President of the Portuguese Republic for literary, scientific and artistic merit in 2006 and was the first recipient of the Rowe and Maw Prize at the European University Institute.

Miguel Poiares Maduro (born 3 January 1967) is a Portuguese academic and politician. He was the Portuguese Minister for Regional Development from April 2013 to October 2015. Formerly, he was Director of the Global Governance Program and professor of law at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. Poiares Maduro was also visiting professor at the Faculty of Law at Yale University in the United States of America.


History.

Humiliati.

One group which was a major proponent of apostolic poverty was the Humiliati, the "Humble Ones". Founded by a wool merchant, they established communities scattered around Italy and France, organized on the principle of a simple way of life for the laity, who shared their goods while remaining in family units. They remained primarily a lay movement, and came to reject the authority of the hierarchy and the clergy. For this and other reasons, they were later to be declared heretical by the Catholic Church.  It is often assumed that Saint Francis of Assisi was inspired to form the Franciscans by their movement, in an effort to emulate the poverty of Jesus Christ and to bring his message through a simple life and example, while strictly adhering to the beliefs of the Catholic Church. Saint Dominic founded a similar order, the Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominicans.

Waldenses.

Peter Waldo, founder of the Christian sect which came to known as the Waldenses, also applied this belief. Among other points of dissent with the practices of the Roman Catholic Church at the time, the Waldenses believed in reading the Bible in one's native language—as opposed to having it only in Latin—and were also greatly persecuted by the Church.

Franciscans.

The Franciscans were authorized by Pope Gregory IX to have non-members who would look after their material needs, while the friars themselves would own nothing and would only make use according to the vow of poverty of what was given to them. From the beginning, two tendencies developed. Some friars, referred to as the Zelanti, living more isolated and simpler lives, strictly observed the poverty enjoined by the testament of Saint Francis. Others lived in convents in the towns, tending the attached churches with the necessary liturgical furnishings and devoting themselves also to study and preaching, which required the use of books. They observed the Franciscan Rule in accordance with interpretations officially made by the Popes. Already Gregory IX had indicated that the testament of St Francis did not oblige the friars in conscience. Pope Innocent IV gave the Franciscans permission to appoint "procurators" to buy, sell and administer goods given to them. Bonaventure, who become minister general in 1257, tried to reconcile the two tendencies and is sometimes called the second founder of the Order, to which he gave its first General Constitutions. Conflicts with the secular clergy and with lay teachers in the universities led to accusations of hypocrisy with regard to the profession of poverty from outsiders, as well as from those members of the order formerly known as the Zelanti, but who then began to be referred to as the Spirituals, because of their association with the Age of the Spirit that the apocalyptic writer Joachim of Fiore had foretold would begin in 1260.  In the early years of the 14th century, the conflict between the Spirituals and the Conventual Franciscans came to a head. The Spirituals, who in the 13th century were led by the Joachimist Peter Olivi, adopted more extreme positions that discredited the notion of apostolic poverty in some eyes and led to condemnation by Pope John XXII.  In his 14 August 1279 bull "Exiit qui seminat", Pope Nicholas III had confirmed the arrangement already established by Pope Gregory IX, by which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See, which granted the friars the mere use of it. The bull declared that renunciation of ownership of all things "both individually but also in common, for God's sake, is meritorious and holy; Christ, also, showing the way of perfection, taught it by word and confirmed it by example, and the first founders of the Church militant, as they had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly". Pope Clement V's bull "Exivi de Paradiso" of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John XXII was determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, either separately or jointly, and who were citing "Exiit qui seminat" in support of their view. In 1317, he formally condemned the group of them known as the Fraticelli.  On 26 March 1322, John removed the ban on discussion of Nicholas III's bull and commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the Church's right to have possessions. The Franciscan chapter held in Perugia in May 1322 declared on the contrary: "To say or assert that Christ, in showing the way of perfection, and the Apostles, in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead the perfect life, possessed nothing either severally or in common, either by right of ownership and "dominium" or by personal right, we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical, but true and catholic." By the bull "Ad conditorem canonum" of 8 December of the same year, John XXII, declaring that "it was ridiculous to pretend that every egg and piece of bread given to and eaten by the Friars Minor belonged to the pope", forced them to accept ownership by ending the arrangement according to which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See, which granted the friars the mere use of it. He thus demolished the fictitious structure that gave the appearance of absolute poverty to the life of the Franciscan friars, a structure that "absolved the Franciscans from the moral burden of legal ownership, and enabled them to practise apostolic poverty without the inconvenience of actual poverty". And on 12 November 1323 he issued the short bull "Cum inter nonnullos", which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatever.  Influential members of the order protested, including the minister general Michael of Cesena, the English provincial William of Ockham, and Bonagratia of Bergamo. In 1324, Louis the Bavarian sided with the Spirituals and accused the Pope of heresy. In reply to the argument of his opponents that Nicholas III's bull "Exiit qui seminat" was fixed and irrevocable, John XXII issued the bull "Quia quorundam" of 10 November 1324, in which he declared that it cannot be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing, adding: "Indeed, it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common, since living 'without property' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common."  In 1328 Michael of Cesena was summoned to Avignon to explain the Order's intransigence in refusing the Pope's orders and its complicity with Louis of Bavaria. Michael was imprisoned in Avignon, together with Francesco d'Ascoli, Bonagratia and William of Ockham. In January of that year Louis of Bavaria entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor. Three months later, he declared John XXII deposed and installed the Spiritual Franciscan Pietro Rainalducci as Pope. The Franciscan chapter that opened in Bologna on 28 May reelected Michael of Cesena, who two days before had escaped with his companions from Avignon. But in August Louis the Bavarian and his pope had to flee Rome before an attack by Robert, King of Naples. Only a small part of the Franciscan Order joined the opponents of John XXII, and at a general chapter held in Paris in 1329 the majority of all the houses declared their submission to the Pope. With the bull "Quia vir reprobus" of 16 November 1329, John XXII replied to Michael of Cesena's attacks on "Ad conditorem canonum", "Cum inter" and "Quia quorundam". In 1330 Antipope Nicholas V submitted, followed later by the ex-general Michael, and finally, just before his death, by Ockham.

Apostolic poverty is a Christian doctrine professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious orders, known as the mendicant orders, in direct response to calls for reform in the Roman Catholic Church. In this, these orders attempted to live their lives without ownership of lands or accumulation of money, following the precepts given to the seventy disciples in the Gospel of Luke (10:1-24), and succeeding to varying degrees. The ascetic Pope Paschal II's solution of the Investiture Controversy in his radical Concordat of 1111 with the Emperor, repudiated by the cardinals, was that the ecclesiastics of Germany should surrender to the imperial crown their fiefs and secular offices. Paschal proved to be the last of the Gregorianist popes.


History.

In February 1886, the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in South Africa led to the founding of the city of Johannesburg shortly thereafter. The farm Elandsfontein was about ten kilometers east and belonged to a farmer, Sarel Meyer. Simmer & Jack, a trading company in Harrismith which ran a shop in Chrissiesmeer had, a year earlier, acquired half of Meyer's farm. In September 1886 John Jack registered the mining rights on the farm to Simmer & Jack.  With the founding of the company in August 1887 Simmer and Jack took on board the entrepreneur Sir George Farrar, whose family imported drilling equipment to South Africa. Also added to the team was Harry Struben who from 1884 had run a small gold mine in Roodepoort. The town of Germiston was established and named after John Jack's birthplace in Scotland.  The politician and entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes, who had made a fortune in the diamond business, saw the gold finds as another opportunity and began, with his partner Charles Rudd, to buy up farms, mines and mining rights on the Witwatersrand. To finance their activities they founded the London-based company 'The Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd.' Simmer & Jack was one of the first mines to draw their attention.  It soon became apparent that the gold deposits were very large indeed, but that gold could only be extracted from the pyrite with great difficulty and expense using contemporary technology. Contact with the Scottish chemist John Seward MacArthur, brought news of the cyanide process and made possible the success of the South African gold mining industry.  The initial years of the company were against a background of political turmoil (Jameson Raid, Second Boer War), various economic difficulties and huge investments. By 1888 the company had built a crushing or stamp mill with 25 stampers. The plant was further expanded to 100 stampers by 1895 and 320 stampers by 1899. Gold production at the mine reached its peak in 1922. By 1935 Simmer & Jack had processed 27,000,000 tons of rock and extracted 7.8 million ounces of gold for a gross profit of £10 million. In 1965 Goldfields sold their shares as the gold deposits were almost exhausted. The original mine was closed down in 1969.

Simmer and Jack Mines Ltd (until 1924 known as The Simmer & Jack Gold Mining Co. Ltd.) is a South African company which was founded in 1887 by the German August Simmer and Scotsman John Jack, shortly thereafter selling the majority shareholding to Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd. The company was listed until 2013 at the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.


History.

Alloa Glass Works was established in 1750 by Lady Frances Erskine. Workers were trained by craftsmen from Bohemia (in the present-day Czech Republic), who also oversaw the construction of the first glass cone on the site. This structure was tall.  By 1825, the Edinburgh Glasgow and Alloa Glass Company owned the site; they built another three cones, of which the Northern cone, high, was one. (Its immediate neighbour was correspondingly known as the Southern cone.) The base was octagonal, rather than circular, and had arched entrances. The main body of the cone was of brick laid in English Bond formation. The original cone and one other were demolished before the 1960s, but the Southern cone survived until 1968. At the same time, the Northern cone regained its original appearance when some later additions were removed.

Purpose.

Although glassmaking is an ancient process, it was carried out on a small scale until the development of industrialised methods in Europe allowed it to be mass-produced. The fusion of silica and sodium oxide in a furnace was usually achieved by the burning of wood; but coal was often used instead in Britain, which prompted the development of the glass cone. Glass cones consisted of a large central furnace, a flue to carry waste gas to the top of the structure and away, smaller furnaces around the walls to ensure the finished products stayed warm, and a circular platform on which workers stood while making their glassware. Although invented earlier, they became commonplace in the early 19th century; but further innovations in the glassmaking industry made the float glass production method more efficient and allowed manufacture to be based in fewer but larger works. Most cones were knocked down after they fell out of use, and by the mid-1970s only four survived: the Alloa cone (the only example in Scotland), Catcliffe Glass Cone in South Yorkshire, Lemington Glass Cone in Tyne and Wear, and Red House Cone in Wordsley, West Midlands.

Historic status.

On 10 November 1975, the structure was given the status of a scheduled ancient monument in accordance with the Ancient Monuments Acts of 1913 and 1931. It is one of 17 scheduled ancient monuments in Clackmannanshire.

The Northern Glass Cone is a 19th-century glass cone formerly used in the glass manufacturing process at Alloa Glass Works in the burgh of Alloa, the administrative centre of the central Scottish council area of Clackmannanshire. The brick-built cone is the only such structure to survive in Scotland, and is one of four in the United Kingdom: the other three are at Lemington on Tyneside, Catcliffe in South Yorkshire and Wordsley in the West Midlands. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.


Biography.

Scheiner was not classically trained in art. He began painting as a child and became passionate about art during high school. He originally worked as financial clerk at the Financial General in Prague.  Scheiner began his career with drawings in "Lustige Blätter", a weekly German humour magazine published in Berlin, and other magazines in Germany, Austria and Hungary. From 1880, his drawings were published in humorous Czech periodical magazines such as "Světozor" (from 1897), "Paleček", "Švanda dudák", and "Zlatá Praha". He gradually built a reputation as a talented artist-humorist with a focus on the situational humour of everyday life. In 1902, now freelance, he illustrated his first book, a children's fairy tale "Růženka a Bobeš" by Václav Říha. His black and white pen and ink line drawings in secessionist style gained him popularity and new contracts. He illustrated fairy-tale books from well-known authors such as Božena Němcová's "The Disobedient Kids" and other Czechoslovak Fairy Tales, Karel Jaromír Erben, Hans Christian Andersen and others. In 1928, in the "Romance about the faithful friendship of Amis and Amil" by Julius Zeyer, his work also included soft erotic drawings. These books were also published in expensive high-quality graphic versions to emphasise the drawings.  He illustrated the "Kulihrášek" series, a series of comic books for children written by Marta Voleská.  In 1930 he illustrated "Podivuhodné příběhy barona Prášila" by Adolf Wenig. In 1933 the original fairy-tale illustrations were exhibited in the Prague Central Library for the first time.  Scheiner died 20 December 1938 in Prague.

Other works.

His work included children's books, classic novels, advertising postcards, posters and even theatrical curtains. In 1895 he designed a puppet theatre for the children of his brother Josef Scheiner, who served as mayor of Sokol Prague, handcarving the wooden puppets in a completely new secession style. In the 1920s, his style led to cooperation with a puppet troupe in Prague. His stage curtain designs were used for line production in 1932 by the J. R. Vilímek Publishing House as complete set for small home theatres that were fashionable in the period.  From 1911 to 1913 Scheiner's two oil paintings – Virgin Mary and child, Crucifixion on wood were on display at the Church of Saint John of Nepomuk in Štěchovice, Czech Republic.

Artuš or Artur Scheiner (28 October 1863 – 20 December 1938) was a prolific Bohemian painter, decorative artist, and illustrator, known best for his precise gouache drawing, mostly in secessional style. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, postcards and designs.


History.

Alexander Bruce (d.1747) was a soldier who fought in Flanders during the War of the Spanish Succession, and also fought on the government side during the Jacobite rising of 1715. Bruce married Mary Balfour, daughter of Robert Balfour, 4th Lord Balfour of Burleigh, in 1714. Ten years later he built or substantially remodelled the house of Brucefield. The location of the house was described by the diarist John Ramsay of Ochtertyre as being "upon the top of a moor without a tree". The house passed to Alexander's son Robert (1718–1785), who became a Lord of Session under the title Lord Kennet. Around 1758 he sold Brucefield House to George Abercromby of Tullibody, whose daughter he had married in 1754. George Abercromby's son, Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734–1801), was a prominent soldier in the Napoleonic Wars.  During the 1930s the house was restored for the Bruce family by the architect James Shearer. It is now the home of the current Lady Balfour of Burleigh, a descendant of the 4th Lord Balfour of Burleigh through the Bruces of Kennet.

Architectural history.

Brucefield House comprises a three-storey central block, with a three-storey northern pavilion, and a two-storey pavilion to the south. Different interpretations of the development of the house have been published. Adam Swan states that the 18th-century house was a rebuilding of the 15th-century hunting lodge of Hartshaw, belonging to the Stewarts of Rosyth, and that the stone spiral stair in the north pavilion is a surviving part of this. According to this interpretation, Alexander Bruce remodelled the existing building in a contemporary style, and added the south pavilion. However, the "Stirling and Central Scotland" volume of the Buildings of Scotland series suggests that the central block was newly built in 1724, and attributes the south pavilion to c.1760, and the north pavilion to the early 19th century.  The original entrance was on the east front, where a window now takes the place of the main door. A 19th-century porch now forms the entrance from the west. Above the porch is a panel carved with the arms of Alexander Bruce and Mary Balfour. This panel was moved to the Bruce's other property, Kennet House (now demolished) in 1760, but was returned during the 1930s restorations. The interiors were mostly remodelled at the same time, though several 18th-century chimney pieces survive.  An 18th-century walled garden is located to the south of the house. To the north is Brucefield Mains, the former stables, which dates from the early 18th century and was restored as a dwelling in 2009. The main feature of the stables is the central tower containing a doocot (pigeon house).

Brucefield is an 18th-century country house in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It is located east of Clackmannan. The house was largely built in 1724 by Alexander Bruce, younger of Kennet. It was restored in the early 20th century, and is now protected as a Category A listed building.


Plot.

The story is set in Portland, Maine, in the year 2091. Civilization is concentrated in those cities which escaped the severe bombings of decades past. Travel between cities is highly restricted. Electric fences separate the city from the Wilds—unregulated territory which was presumably mostly destroyed by bombs.  The totalitarian government teaches that love is a disease, named "Amor deliria nervosa", commonly referred to as "the deliria". A surgical cure for the deliria has been developed and is mandatory for citizens 18 years old and over. Lena has looked forward to the procedure for years, convinced as she is by the government that love is a horrible disease that must be destroyed from mankind's system. Lena is an orphan, living with her aunt, uncle and her 2 cousins. Lena has a sister, who was 'cured' and married.  Lena's best friend, Hana, is prettier, more popular and richer than Lena. While Lena is obedient, stays home after curfew and listens to DFA approved music, Hana is rebellious and goes to underground parties after curfew and listens to music that is banned by the DFA  However, mere months before her scheduled procedure, Lena falls in love with an Invalid (a person who has not taken the Cure and lives in the Wilds) named Alex. He was born in the Wilds outside the city, and pretends to be cured in order to live undetected in the city and partake in the resistance. He offers Lena the means of escape from the procedure that will destroy her ability to love. While trying to gain Lena's love, he finds out about her past life and family. When she mentions her "dead" mother and how she always kept a specific necklace with her, he knew who she was. Alex wanted to show Lena that her mother was alive. He brings her to the Crypts (a place where people who have not obeyed the rules stay) to show her that her mother was still alive. When they find the room where her Mother is, they find it empty, with a life-size hole in the wall where the letter 'O' was, in the word LOVE.  Ever since then, Lena thought that her whole childhood was a lie and wanted to leave the city and go to the Wilds. While Lena and Alex were trying to escape to the Wilds, Lena made it over the fence, but Alex got shot before he was able to, and he doesn't make it. Lena leaves the city and starts living in the Wilds, joining the rebels who oppose the procedure and the government.

Inspiration.

Lauren Oliver says that the inspiration for "Delirium" came to her one day at the gym. She had recently read a Gabriel Garcia Márquez essay where he said that all books were about either love or death. Since her first book, Before I Fall was about death, she wanted to write a book about love. At the gym she was watching a news report about a pandemic, and the two ideas combined in her head to form the central concept of the Delirium books.

Sequels.

"Delirium" is the first installment of a trilogy. Two books set between the first and second books, "Hana" and "Annabel", were released on February 28 and December 26, 2012 respectively. The second book, "Pandemonium", was released on February 28, 2012. The third and final book in the trilogy, "Requiem", was released on March 5, 2013. Another book, set between the second and third books of the trilogy, "Raven", was also released March 5, 2013.  The intermediate books were compiled into one book, "Delirium Stories" subtitled "Hana, Annabel, and Raven", released the same date. "Alex", also between the first and second books, was released with the first edition of the final book in the trilogy, "Requiem".

Adaptation.

Fox ordered a television pilot based on "Delirium". According to The Hollywood Reporter actress Emma Roberts was cast as Lena Haloway, the main role. In February 2013, Gregg Sulkin was cast as the role of Julian Fineman, one of Lena's love interests, but was changed to be the love interest of her best friend Hana Tate for the show. On February 25, 2013 Daren Kagasoff was cast as Alex Sheathes, the male lead and Lena's love interest. Karyn Usher penned the pilot, with Peter Chernin and Katherine Pope as executive producers. On March 1, 2013, Jeanine Mason was cast as Hana Tate. Fox later declined to pick up the pilot.  The pilot episode was picked up by Hulu and was available to stream for a limited time beginning on June 20, 2014.

Reception.

Delirium was a New York Times bestseller. It was released to largely positive reviews, including starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews and the School Library Journal. NPR wrote, "Oliver writes beautifully, with well-measured mastery. The references to The Book of Shhh and The Safety, Health and Happiness Handbook, 12th edition, are exquisitely artful touches."

Delirium is a dystopian young adult novel written by Lauren Oliver, published on January 1, 2011, by HarperCollins (HarperTeen), about a young girl, Lena Haloway, who falls in love in a society where love is seen as a disease. The novel is the first part of a trilogy, followed by Pandemonium.


Franchise history.

The early years.

Basketball has been played in the town of Worthing since 1984, when Worthing Bears called the Worthing Leisure Centre home (the Thunderdome). In 1999, to build on their popularity and boost commercial revenue the Bears decided to relocate to the nearby city of Brighton, where the franchise had originally started. Disappointed local Bears fans, looking for a new team to follow, quickly snapped up the franchise of struggling Stevenage and in 1999, soon after the Bears had moved out, Worthing Thunder was born.  An excellent debut season, playing as the Worthing Rebels, saw them finish runners up in the National Basketball League Division 1, with a 21–3 record, compared to champions Teesside Mohawks' 22–2 record, as well as reaching the National Trophy final, losing 81–78 to Teesside at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield. The following year, 2001, saw the Thunder finish again as runners-up in the renamed NBL Conference (16–5) as well as the Playoff final, both times losing out to Plymouth Raiders.  Worthing's first silverware came in 2004 in the form of the National Trophy, a competition they had finished runners up for the two years previous (2002 and 2003). The 86–72 win against the Sutton Pumas at the University of Worcester capped off a less than memorable league campaign, where the team finished 5th in the new English Basketball League Conference (15–7).  The 2004–2005 season saw mild improvement on the league standings, finishing 4th with a less favourable 13–9 record, but the Southerners did reach the National Trophy final for the fourth time in five years, losing out this time to league winners Sheffield Arrows 83–76. However it was the 2005–2006 season that would see Worthing's biggest triumph to date, crowned as EBL Division 1 winners with a 23–3 record. The Championship playoffs were beyond reach though as the Thunder succumbed to second place Reading Rockets in the showpiece final at Birmingham's National Indoor Arena, losing by 4 points 103–99.  The feats of 2005–2006 were surpassed in the following season when as well as defending their league title with a 21–1 record, Thunder reached both the National Cup and National Trophy finals, losing the former to Manchester Magic and the latter to Reading Rockets. Some element of revenge was gained at the end of the season however, when Worthing defeated Manchester Magic at Newcastle's Metro Radio Arena to claim their first ever play-off Championship title with a 102–94 victory.  On 6 February 2008, it was officially announced that the club would be exchanging hands to a new-look board of directors in a bid to step up to the elite British Basketball League, for the 2008–2009 season. This came just months after the club declined an invitation to compete in the BBL for the 2007–2008 season, a decision which angered some fans and prompted a rival bid for the area franchise from the Brighton Cougars, which eventually failed.  Thunder ended the 2007–2008 rather disappointingly compared to their usually high standards, finishing the League campaign in 3rd place behind rivals Manchester and Reading. After losing not only the National Cup Final 104–89 to Manchester, but also the National Trophy in an 84–68 demolition by Reading, the last chance of silverware was squandered as they fell at the first hurdle in the post-season Play-offs.  However, after years of entertaining the idea of returning top-flight basketball to Worthing, the club felt the time was then right and the decision was made to make the move to the British Basketball League, officially being accepted in May 2008.

Step-up to BBL.

Though Coach Gary Smith retained the bulk of Thunder's Division One roster, players such as Dan Wardrope (Guildford Heat) and Lijah Perkins (London Capital) were brought in to give the team much needed top-flight experience. Thunder's campaign tipped-off ironically against an old foe in Plymouth Raiders, who also made the jump from the EBL several years earlier. The game ended in a disappointing 80–104 defeat for Worthing, and it wasn't until the third game, a road trip to Cheshire Jets, that Thunder grabbed their first win in the BBL with a 91–97 victory. Their season was a mixed one overall, and even though they managed to compete with the big-boys – including a 109–99 victory at home to Scottish Rocks and an 85–88 away win at Sheffield Sharks – Worthing finished one-place above bottom London with a 10–23 record.

Season-by-season records.

Notes:

The Worthing Thunder are an English semi-professional basketball club from Worthing, Sussex, England. Founded in 1999, Thunder competed in the top-tier British Basketball League between 2008 and 2011, having previously dominated the second-tier English Basketball League winning back-to-back Division 1 titles in 2006 and 2007. In the summer of 2011, Thunder returned to Division 1 of the English Basketball League, where they have remained ever since.


Early life.

Upham was born at 32 Gloucester Street in central Christchurch on 21 September 1908, the son of John Hazlitt Upham, a lawyer, and his wife, Agatha Mary Coates. Agatha was a granddaughter of pioneer colonist Guise Brittan. He boarded at Waihi School, near Winchester, South Canterbury, between 1917 and 1922 and at Christ's College, Christchurch, from 1923–27. He attended Canterbury Agricultural College (now known as Lincoln University) where he earned a diploma in agriculture in 1930.  He worked first as a sheep farmer, later as manager, and then valuing farms for the New Zealand government. In 1937, he joined the Valuation Department as assistant district valuer in Timaru. The following year, he became engaged to Mary (Molly) Eileen McTamney (a distant relative of Noel Chavasse, VC and Bar). In 1939, he returned to Lincoln to complete a diploma in valuation and farm management. From an early age he was a quiet and unusually determined boy, and on more than one occasion he intervened to defend schoolmates who were being bullied.

Second World War.

In September 1939, Upham enlisted in the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) at the age of 30, and was posted to the 20th Canterbury-Otago Battalion, part of the New Zealand 2nd Division. Although he already had five years experience in the New Zealand Army Territorial Force, in which he held the rank of sergeant, he signed on as a private. He was soon promoted to temporary lance corporal, but initially declined a place in an Officer Cadet Training Unit (OCTU). In December, he was promoted to sergeant and a week later sailed for Egypt. In July 1940, he was finally persuaded to join an OCTU.

First VC.

In March 1941, Upham's battalion left for Greece and then withdrew to Crete, and it was here that he was wounded in the action, from 22 to 30 May 1941, that gained him his first VC. When informed of the award, his first response was "It's meant for the men."  Citation

Bar to VC.

Upham was evacuated to Egypt, now promoted to captain. He received a Bar to his VC for his actions on 14–15 July 1942, during the First Battle of El Alamein.  Citation  King George VI had invested Upham with his first Victoria Cross at Buckingham Palace on 11 May 1945. When the recommendation was made for a second VC, the King remarked to Major-General Howard Kippenberger that a bar to the cross would be "very unusual indeed" and enquired firmly, "Does he deserve it?" Kippenberger replied, "In my respectful opinion, sir, Upham won the VC several times over."  Colonel Burrows approached Kippenberger after the Minqar Qaim action and was already mooting the nomination for a second VC even before the battle at Ruweisat Ridge and Upham's capture. General Inglis received citations for both Minqar Qaim and Ruweisat that each individually suggested Upham merited the VC for either occasion independently, but because of the excessive rarity of multiple VC awards opted to combine the citations into the single one forwarded to the King.  With this award, Upham became the third man to be awarded a Bar to the VC. The previous recipients were Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Martin-Leake and Captain Noel Godfrey Chavasse, both doctors serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Martin-Leake received his VC for rescuing wounded under fire in the Second Boer War, and the Bar for similar actions in the First World War. Chavasse was similarly decorated for two such actions in the First World War, subsequently dying of wounds received during his second action. Neither of these men were combatants, so Upham remains the only fighting soldier to have been decorated with the VC and Bar.

Prisoner of war.

After being taken prisoner of war (POW), he was sent to an Italian hospital where an Italian doctor recommended his wounded arm be amputated in view of their extremely scarce supplies and inability to prevent or treat gangrene. Upham refused. He knew that the operation would have to be carried out without anaesthetic and he had seen other patients dying in agony under surgery. He later had the wound dressed by an Allied POW doctor.  Upham refused on principle to escape from the hospital, but was branded "dangerous" after several later escape attempts.  One attempt occurred when POWs were being transported in open trucks through Italy. Upham jumped from the truck at a bend and managed to get away before being recaptured. He had broken an ankle in jumping from the moving truck.  By the summer of 1943 Upham was a POW at Campo PG47, near Modena, in the River Po Valley  On another occasion, he tried to escape a camp by climbing its fences in broad daylight. He became entangled in barbed wire when he fell down between the two fences. When a guard pointed a pistol at his head and threatened to shoot, Upham calmly ignored him and lit a cigarette. This scene was photographed by the Germans as "evidence" and later reprinted in a biography, Kenneth Sandford's "Mark of the Lion".  After this incident, Upham was considered dangerous and was placed in solitary confinement. He was only allowed to exercise alone, while accompanied by two armed guards and while covered by a machine gun in a tower. Despite these precautions, Upham bolted from his little courtyard, straight through the German barracks and out through the front gate of the camp. The guard in the machine-gun tower later told other prisoners that he refrained from shooting Upham out of respect, and as he could see German soldiers coming up the road whom he expected to capture Upham. Upham was soon recaptured and sent to the infamous Oflag IV-C (Colditz) on 14 October 1944.  During his transfer on a civilian train while guarded by two Germans, Upham made his final escape attempt. Upham was only allowed to visit the toilet when the train was travelling at high speed to prevent him from jumping through a window. Nevertheless, Upham pried open the toilet window and jumped onto the tracks, knocking himself unconscious. Recovering, he escaped into a nearby orchard, but the even rows of trees and lack of undergrowth provided poor cover and he was recaptured after 12 hours.  At Colditz, there were few opportunities to escape. Upham and most of his fellow prisoners waited until Colditz was liberated.

Aftermath.

When Colditz Castle was captured by American forces, most of the inmates made their own way home immediately. Upham joined an American unit, was armed and equipped, and wanted to fight the Germans.  Upham was keen to see action again, but was instead sent to Britain where he was reunited with Molly McTamney, who was then serving as a nurse. They were married at New Milton, Hampshire, on 20 June 1945. He returned to New Zealand in early September, and she followed him in December.  Upham was also mentioned in despatches on 14 November 1946.

Post-war.

After the war, Upham returned to New Zealand, and the community raised £10,000 to buy him a farm. However, he declined and the money went into the C. H. Upham Scholarship for children of ex-servicemen to study at Lincoln University or the college of Canterbury.  He obtained a war rehabilitation loan and bought a farm on Conway Flat, Hundalee, North Canterbury. It is said that for the remainder of his life, Upham would allow no German manufactured machinery or car onto his property.  Although somewhat hampered by his injuries, he became a successful farmer and served on the board of governors of Christ's College for nearly 20 years. He and Molly had three daughters, and lived on their farm until January 1994, when Upham's poor health forced them to retire to Christchurch.  He died in Canterbury on 22 November 1994, surrounded by his wife and daughters. His funeral in the Christchurch Cathedral was conducted with full military honours. The streets of Christchurch were lined by over 5,000 people. Upham is buried in the graveyard of St Paul's Church Papanui. His death was also marked by a memorial service on 5 May 1995 in London's St Martin-in-the-Fields Church, attended by representatives for the Royal Family; senior New Zealand government and political figures; senior members of the British and New Zealand armed forces; Valerian Freyberg, 3rd Baron Freyberg, grandson of VC holder Lord Freyberg, the commander of Allied forces in Crete and 7th Governor-General of New Zealand; representatives of veterans' organisations; and other VC and George Cross holders.

Victoria Cross and Bar.

In November 2006, Upham's VC and Bar were sold by his daughters to the Imperial War Museum for an undisclosed sum. However, as New Zealand legislation prohibits the export of such historic items, the Imperial War Museum agreed to a permanent loan of the medals to the National Army Museum at Waiouru. On 2 December 2007, Upham's VC was among nine stolen from locked, reinforced glass cabinets at the museum. On 16 February 2008, the New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a NZ$300,000 reward offered by Michael Ashcroft and Tom Sturgess.

Other honours.

In 1992, he was presented with the Order of Honour by the Government of Greece, in recognition of his service in the Battles of Greece and Crete.  HMNZS "Charles Upham", a Royal New Zealand Navy ship, was commissioned in 1995, and decommissioned in 2001.  A bronze statue stands outside the Hurunui District Council buildings in Amberley, North Canterbury, depicting Charles Upham "the observer".  A street in suburban Christchurch is named Charles Upham Avenue, and there is an Upham Terrace in Palmerston North, and an Upham Crescent in Taradale, Napier. There is also an Upham Street in Havelock North, Hawke's Bay, near streets named after fellow VC recipients Elliott, Grant and Crichton.  A Jetconnect Boeing 737-800 was named "Charles Upham" in August 2011.

Charles Hazlitt Upham, (21 September 1908 – 22 November 1994) was a New Zealand soldier who was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) twice during the Second World War; in Crete in May 1941, and at Ruweisat Ridge, Egypt, in July 1942. He was the most recent of only three people to receive the VC twice, the only one to receive two VCs during the Second World War and the only combat soldier to receive the award twice. As a result, Upham is often described as the most highly decorated Commonwealth soldier of that war, as the VC is the Commonwealth's highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy.


Description.

The plant has leaves shaped round or elliptical in cross-section, with darker horizontal lines visible against the light at intervals, like in the jointed rush. During pollination, new branches emerge from the old ones and multiply to resemble a small bush. The flowers have various shades of warm brown and maroon. Fruits look like a small pointed capsule. It grows straight and measures about 3 feet tall. The leaves are straight, smooth and circular in section, hollow, with transverse septa making the leaf feel jointed while touching and holding.

Ecology and habitat.

The plant commonly grows on acid soils in swampy wetlands and wet heathland and woodlands. The species is widespread in the areas of and nearby northern Ireland. This plant is sensitive to nitrate levels in the environment. In a Dutch rich-fen, chlorosis has been noted in stands of "Juncus acutiflorus" at locations where groundwater containing high levels of nitrate reached the surface. Experiments revealed that the chlorosis could be attributed to iron deficiency although iron levels in the shoots were well above the known physiological threshold values for iron deficiency. Nowadays, nitrate concentrations in ground water as high 1000 μM are no longer an exception in the Netherlands.

Similar species.

The species resembles "Juncus articulatus" (the jointed rush) known by the common names 'jointed rush' and 'jointleaf rush'. It is native to Eurasia and much of Canada and the United States. It grows in moist areas, such as wet sand, and thrives in calcareous soils. This is a perennial herb producing a mainly erect stem from a short rhizome. The stem may root at nodes, and it generally has one or more cylindrical leaves up to 10 centimeters long. It resembles this species as the leaves appear same, but the tepals are completely different. They are almost blackish-brown, and the main branches are often almost horizontal in the jointed rush.

Hybrids.

Two hybrids or subspecies of sharp-flowered rush are known – "Juncus acutiflorus" subsp. "acutiflorus" (also called "Juncus acutiflorus" t.infr. "effusus" and "Juncus acutiflorus" var. "exoletus") and "Juncus acutiflorus" ssp. "rugosus". They are formed by the hybridization of sharp-flowered rush and the smaller-sized jointed rush.

Juncus acutiflorus, also called sharp-flowered rush, is a rush or a grassy plant of the genus "Juncus". As the name suggests, the plant has notable sharp-looking flowers, flowering between July and September.


Plot.

Quiet teenager Marc Hall arrives as a new student at Indian Hills High School in Agoura Hills, California. Soon after arriving, he is befriended by fame-obsessed Rebecca Ahn. While at a party at Rebecca's house, Rebeca persuades Marc to sneak away with her and the pair check unlocked vehicles on the street, taking valuables such as cash and credit cards. The two begin hanging out after school, and Marc begins to see Rebecca as a sister figure. When he briefly mentions that one of his wealthy acquaintances is out of town, she encourages him to join her in breaking into his house. Rebecca steals a handbag, mentioning that her idol, Lindsay Lohan, has the same one. She also steals cash and the keys to a Porsche, which the pair use to flee the scene. With the cash, the two go on a shopping spree, affording themselves the luxury lifestyle they admire in magazines.  Marc visits a nightclub with Rebecca and her friends, who include Nicki Moore, Nicki's adoptive sister Sam, and Chloe Tainer, where they rub shoulders with celebrities such as Kirsten Dunst and Paris Hilton. Later, while researching Hilton on the Internet, Marc and Rebecca realize that she is out of town. The pair find her address, go to her house, and, upon finding the key under the doormat, they break in. They go through Hilton's belongings, taking some jewelry with them, including a bracelet that Rebecca later flaunts to Nicki, Sam, and Chloe at a party.  At Nicki's request, Rebecca and Marc take her, Sam and Chloe back to Hilton's house. The group marvels at the excess of Hilton's lifestyle, and steals shoes, bags, dresses, cash, and jewelry. Marc and Rebecca return to rob Hilton's house on a third occasion. The pair also decides to rob the home of Audrina Patridge, once again using the Internet to determine when she will not be home. The entire group uses the same method to burgle the home of Megan Fox, with Nicki's younger sister Emily squeezing through a pet door to gain access to the home.  The group enters the home of Orlando Bloom and his girlfriend, Miranda Kerr. The girls proceed to steal similar items, while Marc finds a case filled with seven of Bloom's Rolex watches along with a roll of cash. Chloe then helps Marc sell the watches to her friend, a night club manager named Ricky. The group returns once again to Hilton's house, with Sam's boyfriend Rob, who also steals from the home.  A news report releases captured CCTV footage from the robbery at Patridge's home. This concerns Marc, but Rebecca is undeterred and instigates a burglary at the home of Rachel Bilson. Word spreads amongst the group's social circles, and the girls boast of their accomplishments at parties, also posting photographs of the stolen items on social media sites. The group ultimately breaks into Lohan's house and robs it. Shortly after, Rebecca moves to Las Vegas with her father due to troubles at home, leaving some of her stolen items with Marc, who inadvertently helps Rebecca transfer stolen items across state lines.  News reports of the Hollywood Hills burglaries intensify, with the media labeling the group "The Bling Ring". CCTV from several robberies in addition to the evidence on social media allows authorities to identify the group. Police arrest Marc, Nicki, Chloe, Rebecca, Rob, and Ricky, but Sam is not identified in the footage and avoids arrest. Marc cooperates with the police, informing them on the details of the burglaries, much to the chagrin of Rebecca, who has been identified as the ringleader. A "Vanity Fair" journalist interviews Marc, who is remorseful, and Nicki, who vehemently suggests the others were at fault, and that she was simply involved with the wrong people. Rebecca also denies being at fault and tries to pass the blame for all of this to Marc and her other friends. The group is ultimately prosecuted, receiving varying amounts of jail time and is ordered to collectively pay millions of dollars in restitution for the stolen items.  The group serves their jail time, and Marc and Rebecca each go into seclusion and never see or speak to each other again, both of them steadfastly blaming each other for the robberies. In the final scene, set a few months later, Nicki is on a talk show talking about her time in jail, and reveals that her cell was next to Lohan's. After digressing, she turns to the audience (and the viewers) as she finds a way to enhance her newfound notoriety, telling them to visit her now-popular website detailing her life after "The Bling Ring".

Production.

Development.

In December 2011, it was reported that Sofia Coppola was developing a screenplay for a film based on "The Bling Ring" burglaries, to be directed and produced by herself. Her father, Francis Ford Coppola, executive produced the project through his American Zoetrope production company. In April 2012, it was announced that financing had been set up with NALA Films, and Roman Coppola would also serve as a producer.

Casting.

Emma Watson joined the cast of the film on February 29, 2012, and on March 1, Taissa Farmiga was reported to have joined the main cast. Also in early March, "The Hollywood Reporter" confirmed the casting of Leslie Mann and Israel Broussard. On March 16, Claire Julien joined the cast, and Katie Chang and Georgia Rock were also confirmed for roles. That same month, Carlos Miranda was cast in a supporting role. In late March, Kirsten Dunst and Paris Hilton were both confirmed to make cameos in the film, as themselves. Gavin Rossdale was spotted on the set of the film on March 27, 2012.

Filming.

Production primarily took place in and around Los Angeles, California in March and April 2012; notably in West Hollywood, Lynwood, and Venice. Paris Hilton, who was a victim during the actual Bling Ring robberies, and Kirsten Dunst, both made cameo appearances in the film. Some scenes were shot in the celebrity victims' homes and at the Century Regional Detention Facility in Lynwood, California.

Soundtrack.

The Bling Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was supervised by frequent Coppola collaborator Brian Reitzell. The film's soundtrack album was released on June 11, 2013 by Def Jam Recordings. It contains a mix of music ranging between such genres as hip-hop/rap, krautrock, and electronic.  The musical score for the film was written by Reitzell in collaboration with Daniel Lopatin, known mostly under the recording name of Oneohtrix Point Never. Coppola's husband's band, Phoenix, also contributed the title track from their album "Bankrupt!".  In addition, Reitzell worked closely with Coppola to find contemporary music that would fit within the film's setting. After being contacted for song contributions, rapper Kanye West recommended Reitzell use Frank Ocean's then-unreleased "Super Rich Kids".

Distribution.

Release.

In January 2013, A24 acquired domestic distribution rights to the film. The film opened the Un Certain Regard section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival on May 16. The film is Coppola's third in a row that deals heavily with the famous, following "Marie Antoinette" and "Somewhere", a drama about a renowned actor and his 11-year-old daughter. About the premiere in Cannes, she said, "It seems like the perfect setting for "The Bling Ring" when you see people walking around in their heels. It's a glamorous place, so it feels appropriate." The film closed the 39th Seattle International Film Festival on June 9, 2013.

Home media.

"The Bling Ring" was released via digital download on September 6, 2013, and on DVD and Blu-ray on September 17, 2013, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. The extras include a behind the scenes making of the film, an interview with Coppola, and a tour of a crime scene by Bling Ring target Paris Hilton.

Reception.

Box office.

In its debut weekend in the United States, the film opened in five theaters with $214,395, for a per-theater average of $42,879. It was Coppola's best opening per-theater average, beating out "Lost in Translation" intake of $40,221 for each of 23 locations in 2003. The following weekend, "The Bling Ring" expanded to 650 theaters, making $2 million for a per-theater average of $3,080. The film went on to gross $5.8 million domestically and $19.1 million worldwide.

Critical response.

"The Bling Ring" received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 59% approval rating, based on reviews from 204 critics, with a weighted average of 6.23/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While it's certainly timely and beautifully filmed, "The Bling Ring" suffers from director Sofia Coppola's failure to delve beneath the surface of its shallow protagonists' real-life crimes." Metacritic has assigned the film an average score of 66 out of 100, based on 40 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally positive reviews". The film has drawn comparisons to the Day-Glo cinematography of Harmony Korine's "Spring Breakers", which was also released under A24 Films.  Owen Gleiberman from "Entertainment Weekly" had a positive opinion, writing, "Watching "The Bling Ring", the audience is invited to understand the impulses of these child-woman thieves, even as Coppola stands firmly apart from their craziness and sees them for who they are." Robbie Collin from "The Daily Telegraph" said, "Everything comes together for the good here: visuals, performances, raucous soundtrack, Coppola's teasing flirtation with, yet ultimate lack of commitment to, some kind of concrete morality." Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "Coppola's attitude toward her subject seems equivocal, uncertain; there is perhaps a smidgen of social commentary, but she seems far too at home in the world she depicts to offer a rewarding critique of it."  Emma Watson's performance as Nicki received critical acclaim. Richard Roeper called her "comedic gold", while Gleiberman wrote that Watson "proves that her willingness to take chances is only growing, and that she's an actress serious enough to turn a line like 'Your butt looks awesome!' into something that reveals character." Cath Clarke of "Time Out" commented positively on Watson, saying, "The real story here isn't the good-girl-goes-bad stunt casting; it's that Watson can act. Against the odds, the "Harry Potter" star gives a sharp, knowing smart performance as Nicki." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote, "Emma Watson is sensational as Nicki, an underage club girl and actress wanna-be, who lives in a universe of Valley Girl narcissism eons away from Hogwarts." Even critics who gave the film overall negative reviews singled Watson out for praise, with Peter Howell from the "Toronto Star" saying, "The undistinguished young cast of "The Bling Ring" has just one standout, and that's Emma Watson, who plays one of the most vacuous of the juvenile thieves. We know her best as the brainy Hermione Granger from the "Harry Potter" movies, and she can obviously do brainless equally well." Joe Neumaier of "New York Daily News" wrote, "Watson, though, does a great imitation of hollow-eyed gaze; her character is the one who tries to parlay notoriety into success (everyone else can, she figures). The one-time "Harry Potter" star captures the slack-jawed fan only too well."

The Bling Ring is a 2013 satirical crime film written and directed by Sofia Coppola. It features an ensemble cast, led by Katie Chang, Israel Broussard, Emma Watson, Taissa Farmiga, and Claire Julien. It is based on the 2010 "Vanity Fair" article "The Suspects Wore Louboutins" by Nancy Jo Sales, which dealt with a real-life gang known as the Bling Ring. The story follows a group of fame-obsessed teenagers who use the internet to track celebrities' whereabouts in order to burglarize their homes.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water. It is by far the largest city by area in Pine County.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,628 people, 582 households, and 441 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 635 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.4% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.  There were 582 households of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.2% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.05.  The median age in the city was 39.1 years. 25.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.6% male and 47.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,119 people, 389 households, and 301 families living in the city. The population density was 26.0 people per square mile (10.1/km2). There were 417 housing units at an average density of 9.7 per square mile (3.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.30% White, 0.09% African American, 0.80% Native American, 0.45% Asian, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.  There were 389 households out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.24.  In the city, the population was spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $48,482. Males had a median income of $33,523 versus $20,391 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,281. About 6.8% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.2% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Rock Creek is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,628 at the 2010 census. Portions of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation are located within Rock Creek.


Biography.

His father made surgical instruments and barbers' tools. He received a broad childhood education, possibly from the Jesuits. His initial art studies were with a local master, José Luzán (who had studied with Francesco Solimena in Naples), Antonio González Velázquez, for whom he worked as an assistant, and. In 1758, when Francisco received a scholarship to study in Madrid, at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, his siblings followed; having been orphaned. González, who was then living in Madrid, helped support the family. While there, he created some religious works; notably at the Charterhouse of Aula Dei.  He was expelled in 1759, after conflicts with his instructors, so he returned to Zaragoza with Ramón, who became his first student. Shortly after his return, he married Sebastiana Merklein, his former teacher's daughter. The marriage was intended as an introduction to society, and commissions soon followed.  In 1763, he was recalled to Madrid by Anton Raphael Mengs, to help decorate the Royal Palace. That same year, was given a position at the Royal Tapestry Factory by King Charles III. There, together with Ramón, he created designs and "cartones" (cartoons). He also re-enrolled at the Academia. In 1766, he received a scholarship to study in Italy. In addition to his tapestry work, he executed numerous decorative paintings at various palaces and churches. In later years, one of his colleagues was Francisco Goya, who had married his sister, Josefa Bayeu.  He was named a professor and Lieutenant-Director of the Academia in 1765, and was appointed a court painter in 1767. After several applications, he became Director of Painting at the Academia in 1788. The death of his brother Ramón, to whom he had been very close, caused his already poor health to deteriorate even further. He was finally named Director of the Academia in 1795, shortly before his death from what contemporaries describe as an "agonizing disease"; possibly the same lead poisoning that had afflicted Ramón.

Francisco Bayeu y Subías (9 March 1734, Zaragoza – 4 August 1795, Madrid) was a Spanish painter in the Neoclassic style, whose main subjects were religious and historical themes. He is best known for his frescoes. His brothers Ramón and Manuel were also well-known painters.


Background and context.

Between 1980 and 1984, Alan Moore became a recurring presence in comic books published in the United Kingdom. Both the British division of Marvel Comics, IPC Magazines (publisher of the comic "2000 AD"), and Quality Communications (publisher of the comic "Warrior") hired Moore to write for them. On more than one occasion Moore worked on comics with artist Dave Gibbons and the two enjoyed working together.  Gibbons' talent caught the attention of DC Comics in 1982. That year, Len Wein hired him as the artist of the "Green Lantern" series.  The following year Moore was also hired by Wein who had been seeking a writer for "Swamp Thing" due to the low sales the title had seen. Alan Moore reinvented the character and introduced new themes, dealing with social and environmental issues. Moore took over the series in 1984 and his scripts soon attracted the attention of audiences and critics.  Both before and while working on "Swamp Thing", Moore submitted numerous proposals to the publisher, seeking to work with characters like the Martian Manhunter and the Challengers of the Unknown, but all ended up being rejected because DC had already developed projects with other writers for the characters with which he intended to work. When the editor Dick Giordano finally approved the project that would become "Watchmen", Moore and Gibbons began working on planning the stories. Shortly after, the editor Julius Schwartz asked Gibbons if he could draw a Superman story. Gibbons said he was available. When Schwartz told Gibbons he could also choose who wrote the story, he immediately requested Moore. "For the Man Who Has Everything" began to take shape.

Plot.

Batman, Robin, and Wonder Woman visit the Fortress of Solitude with gifts on Superman's birthday. They find him catatonic, with an alien plant wrapped around his body. The alien conqueror Mongul reveals himself, explaining that the plant – the "Black Mercy" – has incapacitated Superman while it consumes his bio-aura, feeding him a realistic dream based on his heart's deepest desire. In his catatonic state, Superman dreams of a normal life on his long-destroyed home planet of Krypton, happily married to Lyla Lerrol with children.  While Wonder Woman battles the more powerful Mongul, Batman and Robin try to free Superman. Superman's fantasy takes a dark turn as his father Jor-El, whose prediction of Krypton's doom was unfulfilled, has become discredited and embittered. Superman's mother Lara has died from the "Eating Sickness", further isolating Jor-El from his family. Even the death of his brother Zor-El has not reconciled Jor-El to his sister-in-law Alura and niece Kara Zor-El.  Kryptonian society undergoes political upheaval, and the disgraced Jor-El has become chairman of extremist movement “the Sword of Rao", calling for a return to Krypton's "noble and unspoiled" past through the establishment of a totalitarian theocracy under the leadership of Brother Lor-Em.  The Phantom Zone, Krypton's other-dimensional prison system developed by Jor-El, has become unpopular with the public. Kara Zor-El is assaulted by anti-Zone protesters, for whom the criminal Jax-Ur, sentenced to an eternity in the Zone, is a martyr. Kal-El decides to leave the city, only to witness Jor-El presiding over a political demonstration reminiscent of a Fascist rally, which dissolves into a riot between anti-Zone protesters and the Sword of Rao.  Superman gradually wakes from his increasingly disturbing dream, which finally dissolves as his "son" Van-El slips away at the Kandor crater. Batman pries the Mercy from Superman's chest, and the plant latches on to him instead, submerging Batman in his own dream, in which his parents’ murder is prevented when Thomas Wayne disarms Joe Chill. Superman awakens, infuriated by the Mercy's attack, and attacks Mongul before he can kill Wonder Woman. They battle across the Fortress, causing massive damage.  Robin uses Mongul's discarded gauntlets to pry the Mercy off Batman, stuffing the plant inside a gauntlet to carry it safely toward the battle. Subduing Mongul, Superman is distracted by the sight of the statues of his parents, and Mongul gains the upper hand, but Robin drops the Mercy on him. Seized by the plant, Mongul is submerged in his own fantasy, in which he swats the Mercy aside and kills the heroes, going on to conquer Earth and the universe.  Tending to their wounds, Batman mentions to Wonder Woman that his fantasy included him marrying Kathy Kane and having a teenage daughter, while Wonder Woman confesses envy that she did not find out her heart's desire. Planning to imprison Mongul in a black hole across the galaxy, Superman unwraps his gifts. Wonder Woman brought a replica of Kandor made by the "gem-smiths" of Paradise Island, prompting Superman to hide his own replica of the Bottle City at super-speed. Batman’s gift turns out to be another plant – a new breed of rose named “The Krypton” – which was stepped on during the fight. Musing that it is perhaps for the best, Superman asks that someone make coffee while he cleans up the Fortress. Deep in his fantasy, Mongul is content.

Collected editions.

As well as appearing in "Superman Annual" #11 it has been reprinted in:

Animated episode.

The story was adapted for the second episode of the animated series "Justice League Unlimited". In this version, Robin does not appear and most of his lines and actions are given to Wonder Woman, while some details such as the protective gauntlets are removed, and many other details are altered. Batman simply brings money as his present while Wonder Woman brings the new Krypton rose. While Mongul surmises in the comic that Superman's fantasy may involve "the aboriginal backwater he grew up in" (i.e., Smallville), in the episode he speculates that the Mercy's world involves Superman controlling the universe. Lyla Lerrol, Kal-El's wife in Superman's fantasy, is renamed "Loana" and is an amalgam of both Lois Lane and Lana Lang, the two main loves of Clark Kent's life. Loana is voiced by Dana Delany, who provided the voice of Lois Lane in the earlier series, "", as well as throughout "Justice League Unlimited". The voice of Jor-El is supplied by Christopher McDonald except for Jor-El's final line, which is given by Mike Farrell, who had voiced Pa Kent in "Superman: The Animated Series" (Farrell also voices Brainiac, the household robot). In the original comic story, Kal-El is depicted as the father of two children in Superman's fantasy, but in the animated adaptation, only the son, Van-El, makes an appearance. Also, the dark scenes from Superman's fantasy are replaced with seismic activity that only he actively notices, and it ends with Krypton's destruction as he realizes the false nature of the fantasy while the Black Mercy is gradually removed. Meanwhile Batman's fantasy consists only of his father disarming and beating Joe Chill during his mugging. Similar to Superman's experience, it becomes progressively more dark, with Joe slowly winning against his father, as Wonder Woman gradually frees Batman from the Black Mercy and he realizes the false nature of the fantasy. In the end, Batman does not share his fantasy and Wonder Woman expresses no interest to know her heart's desire, and Mongul's fantasy of conquest is not shown, and instead represented with a soundtrack of screams and explosions as the camera zooms in on his slightly-smiling face.  J. M. DeMatteis adapted the script from the Alan Moore/Dave Gibbons story; they are given credit at the beginning of the episode. According to Dwayne McDuffie, Alan Moore liked the episode, making it the only adaptation of his that he approves.  In 2006, a "Justice League" Superman action figure was released which included a Black Mercy accessory.

"For the Man Who Has Everything" is a comic book story by writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons, first published in "Superman Annual" #11 (1985). It contains the first appearance of the Black Mercy, an extraterrestrial, magical plant-like organism that, upon it attaching parasitically to its victims, exhibits enjoyable hallucinogenic effects onto the victims' minds. The story has been adapted to television twice, first into the same-named episode of the animated TV series "Justice League Unlimited" and then more loosely into "For the Girl Who Has Everything", the episode of the live action "Supergirl" TV series. The story was nominated for the 1986 Kirby Award for Best Single Issue.


Description.

San José Ojetenam is located deep in the mountainous highlands of Guatemala. It is located 2 hours by road from the nearest major town, San Marcos/San Pedro Sacatepéquez, and is between 8–10 hours from Guatemala City, which is 325 km (200 miles) to the east. As of 2008 the municipality had a population of 18,000 inhabitants, 3,930 of which lived in the town center. Politically, it is divided into 6 different micro-regions, which are composed of 68 different communities of varying size. The town centre is located at the altitude of 3,050 metres (10,000 feet) above sea level, which makes the average temperature 16° Celsius (61° Fahrenheit), quite cold for tropical standards. However, due to extreme variety of elevations within the municipality there are some very temperate communities in lower elevations, and very frigid communities at higher elevations. In January 2008, for the first time in recent history, snow fell on the Cotzic pass, which is the highest point in the entire municipality (3,700 metres/12,000 ft. above sea level)  During the rainy season (mid-May to mid-November) the town is regularly subjected to white-out conditions and constant drizzle because of cloud accumulation. Despite the inclement weather, the town offers many great vistas and hiking opportunities, especially during the dry season. San José is perched above several river valleys, as the Coatan and Cuilco rivers both have major tributaries born in San José. And on a clear day it is possible to view as far as Volcano Agua to the east, the Cumbre plateau in Huehuetenango to the northeast, and the Mexican/Guatemalan Coast and Tapachula to the southwest. The two tallest points in Central America, Volcano Tajumulco and Volcano Tacaná are also both very close and are regularly visible from San José. Additionally, San José is the home of "El Prado", a trout hatchery, which is a short walk away from the town centre. El Prado has a hotel, a conference center, a playground, and visitors can fish in the pond and take small pedal boats onto the water as well.  In regards to the population, there is a pocket of Ladino (people who belong to the Hispanic culture, and speak Spanish) Guatemalans who live in the town center, and there are a few communities on the fringe of the municipality that speak in Mam, a Mayan language, and dress in traditional indigenous clothing, but the majority of the inhabitants of San José fall into a gray area. Ethnically, they fall into the indigenous category, as their ancestors were indigenous. However, culturally and legally, they self-identify as Ladinos, as this is a social advantage in society. The change of identity originated in the Guatemalan Civil War, when indigenous peoples in the highlands were military targets. Many indigenous people, in San José as well as other places, started dressing more like Ladinos and started speaking solely in Spanish to avoid scrutiny from the army. This change became permanent in San José, and today the only language spoken is Spanish, with the exception of the very few outlying communities who still speak Mam.

Economy.

Ojetecos, as San José residents are known, are mostly subsistence farmers. Their main agricultural products include potatoes, wheat, oats, beans, maize, squash, avocados, peaches, and apples to name a few. These crops are also traded and sold during bi-weekly market days. The majority of income however, does not come from the agricultural sector, but rather from remittances. Most San José families have one or more member working illegally in the United States, sending back money weekly or monthly. The poorest families, those that cannot afford to pay for passage to the United States, usually send a male representative across the border to Chiapas, Mexico once a year, where they can find work picking coffee. These family members also remit their money, making the economy of San José wholly dependent on remittances.

History.

The municipality was settled by a group of people on 23 August 1848 as "San José", where in the 21st century there is a small settlement, by an initiative of Ángel Roblero.  After severe landslides forced the inhabitants to move to a different location, they chose a place called «Ixjoyon» (mam language meaning «land prosperous for potato»), where the main settlement has remained since. During the 1871 revolution, general Justo Rufino Barrios conferenced with his troops prior to invade Tacaná in a hill that surrounds this area, which has been called "Cerro Barrios" ("Barrios hill") since.  In 1935, during general Jorge Ubico's regime, the municipality was dissolved and the settlements was annexed to Ixchiguán. However, this change was short-lived, as once Ubico was overthrown in 1945, new president el doctor Juan José Arévalo, On 21 June 1945 designated it as a municipality once again.  A variety of non-governmental organizations operate in San Jose to assist its people in agricultural projects, forestry projects, small business development, childhood education, and municipal development. Examples of these organizations include: The United States Peace Corps, Intervida, CARE International, and Creciendo Bien. During 2003, the Cuban government deployed two nurses to assist the Guatemalan doctor and two Guatemalan nurses already staffing the municipal clinic. In July 2005, the medical resources of that clinic were overwhelmed when an overloaded bus on the way to market veered off the road and tumbled 200 metres down the hillside. The bus was carrying more than 90 people. More than 30 people died in the accident. 50 more were injured. San Jose's ambulance was not working at the time because it had broken down after being repeatedly used to transport the town's soccer team to and from regional games.

Climate.

San José Ojetenam has temperate climate (Köppen: "Cwb").

Geographic location.

San José Ojetenam is 60 km away from San Marcos, the capital of the Department of San Marcos.

San José Ojetenam (San José: in honor to Saint Joseph, Ojetenam: from mam "oje" that means "ancient" and "tenam" that means "town") is a municipality in the San Marcos department of Guatemala.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.  Four-lane U.S. Highway 2 serves as a main route in the city.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,527 people, 670 households, and 367 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 750 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 94.0% White, 2.9% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.  There were 670 households, of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.2% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.89.  The median age in the city was 43 years. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 26% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,575 people, 681 households, and 379 families living in the city. The population density was 969.1 people per square mile (373.1/km). There were 739 housing units at an average density of 454.7 per square mile (175.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 96.70% White, 0.19% African American, 1.52% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.  There were 681 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.2% were non-families. 40.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.92.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 28.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $27,634, and the median income for a family was $40,521. Males had a median income of $29,688 versus $21,176 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,064. About 11.4% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.

History.

The incorporation papers of Fosston were recorded June 8, 1889, by the Register of Deeds in Crookston, the County Seat of Polk County, Minnesota. Fosston was named for Louis Foss (1849–1920), who was an immigrant from the village Nyttingnes in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. Mr. Foss was the founder and owner of Louis Foss & Company, one of the first business to be established in the community. The city of Fosston is reputed to be the adopted hometown of Cordwood Pete, younger brother of famed lumberjack Paul Bunyan.

High School Sports.

Fosston's boys basketball team won the first-ever state basketball championship in 1913. In 2002, the girls basketball team set the state consecutive win record, winning 78 games between 1999 and 2002.  (studios in Fosston, both licensed to nearby Bagley, MN. Owned by R & J Broadcasting. (Owned by Pine to Prairie Broadcasting. QFM's city of license is Fosston, but studios are split between Grand Forks, ND and Bemidji, MN)

Media.

Radio.

Other radio and television stations from Bemidji, Thief River Falls, Crookston, Grand Forks, ND, and Fargo, ND can also be received.

Print.

There is one local newspaper, "The 13 Towns", with additional newspapers "Grand Forks Herald" (Grand Forks), "The Forum" (Fargo, ND), "The Pioneer" (Bemidji), and "Star Tribune" (Minneapolis) available via subscription or at newsboxes.

Fosston is a city in Polk County, Minnesota, United States. The city is most famous for being the birthplace of celebrity Joe Hanson. It is part of the Grand Forks ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,527 at the 2010 census.


Life and career.

Less was born in Berlin, Germany in 1916. He attended the Upper Forest School in Charlottenburg. In 1933, after the Nazis assumed power, he emigrated to France, where he continued his agricultural studies.  In 1938, he emigrated to Mandatory Palestine, and during his first years there, worked on orange plantations. From 1941 to 1948, he was a police officer in Haifa and price checker for the local district. After Israeli independence in 1948, he became head of the Import-Export Section of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and was Deputy-Director of the Legal Department for price control in the Haifa district. In 1951, he joined the Israel Police, and worked in the Department of Economic Crimes. From 1954 to 1968, while still an officer in the Israel Police, he was loaned to the Foreign Service. He initially served as an attaché in New York City, and as permanent representative of Israel to the annual conference of the UN Drug Commission in Geneva, and as a representative of Israel at Interpol.  In 1960, Less, now a Chief Inspector in the Israel Police, was tasked with interrogating former German SS officer Adolf Eichmann, who was captured by Mossad agents in Argentina in May 1960 and brought to Israel to stand trial. For nine months, Less served as Eichmann's interrogator, questioning him daily for a total of 275 hours. He was the only investigator allowed to speak to Eichmann. The transcripts of the interrogation were forwarded to prosecutors. In 1961, Less testified and was cross-examined at Eichmann's trial. Extracts from the interrogation of Eichmann by Less have been published in the 1983 book "Eichmann Interrogated".  After Eichmann was convicted, Less left for France to serve as Israel's consul in Paris. He was already in Paris when he heard of Eichmann's execution. He lectured on the Eichmann trial in schools throughout Europe, including in Germany. In 1964, Less traveled to Germany at the request of prosecutors to testify at the trial of two Nazi war criminals on trial in Frankfurt over their role in the murder of 400,000 Hungarian Jews. While in Germany, a German nationalist newspaper demanded his arrest as an accessory to the abduction of Adolf Eichmann. This was not taken seriously by authorities.  After completing his term as consul in Paris, Less did not return to Israel and remained in Europe. He settled in Switzerland in 1968, and until 1971 was a member of the "Banque de Crédit International Genève". In 1972, he became head of internal security for "Bank Robinson AG" in Basel. From 1976 to 1979, he worked at the Company for Bank Revisions in Basel, and in 1979, he was employed by "Neutra Treuhand AG" as internal controller. In May 1982, Less's full rapprochement with Germany and the German people became clear when at his request, he was granted citizenship by West Germany, becoming a dual Israeli-German citizen. Less died in Zürich in 1987, at age 71.

Avner Werner Less (18 December 1916 – 7 January 1987) was a German-born Israeli police officer, best known for interrogating former German SS officer Adolf Eichmann after he was captured by Mossad agents in Argentina and brought to Israel to stand trial.